TABLE OF CONTENTS
Item 1.
IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
Item 2.
OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Item 3.
KEY INFORMATION
Item 3.A.
[Reserved]
Item 3.B.
Capitalization and Indebtedness
Item 3.C.
Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
Item 3.D.
Risk Factors
Item 4.
INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
Item 4.A.
History and Development of the Company
Item 4.B.
Business Overview
Item 4.C.
Organizational Structure
Item 4.D.
Property, Plants and Equipment
Item 4A.
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Item 5.
OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
Item 5.A.
Operating Results
Item 5.B.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Item 5.C.
Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.
Item 5.D.
Trend Information
Item 5.E.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Item 6.
DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
Item 6.A.
Directors and Senior Management
Item 6.B.
Compensation
Item 6.C.
Board Practices
Item 6.D.
Employees
Item 6.E.
Share Ownership
Item 6.F.
Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation
Item 7.
MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Item 7.A.
Major Shareholders
Item 7.B.
Related Party Transactions
Item 7.C.
Interests of Experts and Counsel
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Item 8.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 8.A.
Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
Item 8.B.
Significant Changes
Item 9.
THE OFFER AND LISTING
Item 9.A.
Offering and Listing Details
Item 9.B.
Plan of Distribution
Item 9.C.
Markets
Item 9.D.
Selling Shareholders
Item 9.E.
Dilution
Item 9.F.
Expenses of the Issue
Item 10.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Item 10.A.
Share Capital
Item 10.B.
Memorandum and Articles of Association
Item 10.C.
Material Contracts
Item 10.D.
Exchange Controls
Item 10.E.
Taxation
Item 10.F.
Dividends and Paying Agents
Item 10.G.
Statement by Experts
Item 10.H.
Documents on Display
Item 10.I.
Subsidiary Information
Item 10.J.
Annual Report to Security Holders
Item 11.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Item 12.
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
Item 13.
DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
Item 14.
MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Item 15.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 16.
[RESERVED]
Item 16A.
AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
Item 16B.
CODE OF ETHICS
Item 16C.
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Item 16D.
EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
Item 16E.
PURCHASE OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
Item 16F.
CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
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Item 16G.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 16H.
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Item 16I.
DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Item 16J.
INSIDER TRADING POLICIES
Item 16K.
CYBERSECURITY
Item 17.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Item 18.
Item 19.
EXHIBITS
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PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION
The financial statements included in this annual report are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB. As such, we make an explicit and unreserved statement of compliance with IFRS as issued by the IASB with respect to our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 included in this annual report. Unless indicated otherwise, the financial information in this annual report as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 has been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB, which is not comparable to information prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP.
Unless expressly stated otherwise, all financial data included in this annual report are presented on a consolidated basis.
In this annual report:
references to “we,” “us” or “KB Financial Group” are to KB Financial Group Inc. and, unless the context otherwise requires, its subsidiaries;
references to “Korea” are to the Republic of Korea;
references to the “government” are to the government of the Republic of Korea;
references to “Won” or “￦” are to the currency of Korea; and
references to “U.S. dollars,” “$” or “US$” are to United States dollars.
Discrepancies between totals and the sums of the amounts contained in any table may be a result of rounding.
For your convenience, this annual report contains translations of Won amounts into U.S. dollars at the noon buying rate of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for Won in effect on December 31, 2025, which was ￦1,444.6 = US$1.00.
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission encourages companies to disclose forward-looking information so that investors can better understand a company’s future prospects and make informed investment decisions. This annual report contains forward-looking statements.
Words and phrases such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “estimate,” “expect,” “future,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “positioned,” “predict,” “project,” “risk,” “seek to,” “shall,” “should,” “will likely result,” “will pursue,” “plan” and words and terms of similar substance used in connection with any discussion of future operating or financial performance or our expectations, plans, projections or business prospects identify forward-looking statements. In particular, the statements under the headings “Item 3.D. Risk Factors,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and “Item 4.B. Business Overview” regarding our financial condition and other future events or prospects are forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements are management’s present expectations of future events and are subject to a number of factors and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.
In addition to the risks related to our business discussed under “Item 3.D. Risk Factors,” other factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to:
our ability to successfully implement our strategy;
future levels of non-performing loans;
our growth and expansion;
the adequacy of allowances for credit and investment losses;
technological changes;
interest rates;
investment income;
availability of funding and liquidity;
cash flow projections;
our exposure to market risks; and
adverse market and regulatory conditions.
By their nature, certain disclosures relating to these and other risks are only estimates and could be materially different from what actually occurs in the future. As a result, actual future gains, losses or impact on our income or results of operations could materially differ from those that have been estimated. For example, revenues could decrease, costs could increase, capital costs could increase, capital investment could be delayed and anticipated improvements in performance might not be fully realized.
In addition, other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those estimated by the forward-looking statements contained in this annual report could include, but are not limited to:
general economic and political conditions in Korea or other countries that have an impact on our business activities or investments;
the occurrence of severe health epidemics (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) in Korea or other parts of the world;
the monetary and interest rate policies of Korea;
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inflation or deflation;
unanticipated volatility in interest rates;
foreign exchange rates;
prices and yields of equity and debt securities;
the performance of the financial markets in Korea and globally;
changes in domestic and foreign laws, regulations and taxes;
changes in competition and the pricing environments in Korea; and
regional or general changes in asset valuations.
For further discussion of the factors that could cause actual results to differ, see the discussion under “Item 3.D. Risk Factors” contained in this annual report. We caution you not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this annual report. Except as required by law, we are not under any obligation, and expressly disclaim any obligation, to update or alter any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
All subsequent forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this annual report.
Not applicable.
Risks relating to our retail credit portfolio
Future changes in market conditions as well as other factors may lead to increases in delinquency levels of our retail loan portfolio.
For most of the recent past, consumer debt has increased significantly in Korea. Our portfolio of retail loans, including mortgage and home equity loans, increased from ￦184,016 billion as of December 31, 2023 to
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￦193,803 billion as of December 31, 2024 and ￦201,645 billion as of December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, our domestic retail loans represented 40.5% of our total lending. Within our retail loan portfolio, the outstanding balance of other consumer loans, which unlike mortgage or home equity loans are often unsecured and therefore tend to carry a higher credit risk, increased from ￦58,678 billion as of December 31, 2023 to ￦58,840 billion as of December 31, 2025; however, as a percentage of total outstanding retail loans, such balance decreased from 31.9% as of December 31, 2023 to 29.2% as of December 31, 2025. Our retail lending business, which generally offers higher margins than other lending activities, has contributed significantly to our interest income and profitability in recent years.
The growth of our retail loan portfolio in most of the recent past, together with fluctuating economic conditions in Korea and globally in recent years, has led to increases in delinquency levels and a deterioration in asset quality. The amount of our non-performing retail loans (defined as those loans that are past due by 90 days or more) was ￦451 billion as of December 31, 2023, ￦506 billion as of December 31, 2024 and ￦564 billion as of December 31, 2025. Higher delinquencies in our retail loan portfolio in the future will require us to increase our loan loss provisions and charge-offs, which in turn will adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our large exposure to consumer debt means that we are exposed to changes in economic conditions affecting Korean consumers. Accordingly, economic difficulties in Korea that hurt consumers could result in a deterioration in the credit quality of our retail loan and credit card portfolios. For example, a rise in unemployment or an increase in interest rates could adversely affect the ability of consumers to make payments and increase the likelihood of potential defaults, while reducing demand for retail loans and credit card spending. See “Risks relating to Korea—Unfavorable financial and economic developments in Korea may have an adverse effect on us.” Despite our efforts to minimize our risk as a result of such exposure, there is no assurance that we will be able to prevent significant credit quality deterioration in our retail loan portfolio.
In addition, we are exposed to changes in regulations and policies on retail lending by the Korean government, which may adopt measures to restrict retail lending or encourage financial institutions to provide financial support to certain types of retail borrowers. From the second half of 2016 to 2021, the Korean government introduced various measures to tighten regulations on mortgage and other lending and housing subscription in response to the rapid growth in consumer debt and concerns over speculative investments in real estate in certain areas. The Korean government subsequently relaxed some of these measures by introducing a number of policy measures that seek to sustain housing prices and activity levels in the Korean real estate market, in light of an overall decrease in housing prices over the course of 2022. However, in recent years, the Korean government began tightening regulations again in response to the continued rise in the level of consumer debt, most recently in October 2025. Housing prices in Korea fluctuated throughout 2025, with prices increasing in certain areas while decreasing in others. Any sudden changes in housing prices, including as a result of the implementation of such measures, together with the high level of consumer debt and higher interest rate levels, could result in declines in consumer spending and reduced economic growth, which may lead to an increase in the delinquency level of our retail loan portfolio.
The Korean government has also led a number of initiatives for Korean banks, including us, aimed at enhancing the debt-servicing capacity of borrowers. For example, a pre-workout program provides maturity extensions and/or interest reductions to certain eligible retail borrowers with outstanding short-term debt in default. Such borrowers must have total loans of ￦1.5 billion or less (consisting of no more than ￦500 million of unsecured loans and ￦1 billion of secured loans) from one or more financial institutions and must meet certain requirements relating to the length of time such borrowers have been delinquent in their payments. Our participation in such programs may lead to a decrease in our interest income on our outstanding loans, as well as in our overall net interest margin. In addition, in October 2025, the Korean government launched the New Leap Fund, a program under which unsecured debts in the aggregate amount of ￦50 million or less of low-income individuals and small businesses that have been delinquent for seven or more years may be purchased from financial institutions and subsequently extinguished or restructured based on an assessment of the borrowers’
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repayment capacity. In November 2025, Korean banks, including Kookmin Bank, agreed to contribute an aggregate of ￦360 billion to such program, of which Kookmin Bank contributed ￦56.2 billion in December 2025. Our participation in such initiatives led by the Korean government to provide financial support to retail borrowers may lead us to offer credit terms for such borrowers that we would not generally offer, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Our credit card operations may generate losses in the future, which could hurt our financial condition and results of operations.
With respect to our credit card portfolio, our delinquency ratio (which represents the ratio of amounts that are overdue by 30 days or more to total outstanding balances) was 1.08% as of December 31, 2023, which increased to 1.36% as of December 31, 2024 but subsequently decreased to 1.03% as of December 31, 2025. In line with industry practice, we have restructured a portion of delinquent credit card account balances (defined as balances overdue by 30 days or more) as loans. As of December 31, 2025, these restructured loans outstanding amounted to ￦116 billion. Because these loans are not treated as being delinquent at the time of conversion or for a period of time thereafter, our delinquency ratios may not fully reflect all delinquent amounts relating to our outstanding loans. Including all restructured loans, outstanding balances overdue by 30 days or more accounted for 1.5% of our credit card receivables (including credit card loans) as of December 31, 2025, which decreased from 2.1% as of December 31, 2024. Many credit card companies in Korea, including our subsidiary KB Kookmin Card, continued to experience increases in credit card balances and delinquency ratios through 2025, as a response to which KB Kookmin Card has strengthened its contingency plan involving the implementation of different plans of action for each risk level corresponding to the rate of increase in its delinquency ratio. In addition, in June 2023, KB Kookmin Card acquired KB Credit Information from us in order to strengthen its loan collection capabilities. Despite such efforts, delinquencies may further increase in 2026 and in the future as a result of, among other things, adverse economic conditions in Korea, increases in interest rates, increasing inflation rates, additional government regulations or the inability of Korean consumers to manage increased household debt.
Although we continually strive to sustain and improve our credit card asset quality and performance, we may experience increased delinquencies or deterioration of the asset quality of our credit card portfolio, which would require us to increase our loan loss provisions and charge-offs and adversely affect our overall financial condition and results of operations.
Risks relating to our small- and medium-sized enterprise loan portfolio
We have significant exposure to small- and medium-sized enterprises, and any financial difficulties experienced by these customers may result in a deterioration of our asset quality and have an adverse impact on us.
One of our core businesses is lending to small- and medium-sized enterprises (as defined under “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Corporate Banking—Small- and Medium-sized Enterprise Banking”). Our loans to small- and medium-sized enterprises increased from ￦151,892 billion as of December 31, 2023 to ￦167,873 billion as of December 31, 2025. During that period, non-performing loans (defined as those loans that are past due by 90 days or more) to small- and medium-sized enterprises increased from ￦201 billion as of December 31, 2023 to ￦480 billion as of December 31, 2024 but decreased to ￦479 billion as of December 31, 2025. The non-performing loan ratio for such loans increased from 0.13% as of December 31, 2023 to 0.30% as of December 31, 2024 but decreased to 0.29% as of December 31, 2025. Our non-performing loans and non-performing loan ratio may increase in 2026. According to data compiled by the Korea Federation of Banks, the delinquency ratio for Won-currency loans by Korean commercial banks to small- and medium-sized enterprises was 0.70% as of December 31, 2025. The delinquency ratio for Won-currency loans to small- and medium-sized enterprise is calculated as the ratio of (1) the outstanding balance of such loans in respect of which either principal or interest payments are overdue by one month or more to (2) the aggregate outstanding balance
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of such loans. Our delinquency ratio for such Won currency loans increased from 0.26% as of December 31, 2023 to 0.39% as of December 31, 2025. Our delinquency ratio for such Won currency loans may further increase in 2026.
The Korean government has historically introduced policies and initiatives intended to encourage Korean banks to provide financial support to small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers. For example, pursuant to a financial support program announced by the Korean government in December 2023, participating Korean banks, including Kookmin Bank, provided a significant amount of liquidity support to small business owners and those in vulnerable sectors over the past few years. In December 2024, the Korea Federation of Banks, in line with similar initiatives of the Korean government, announced that 20 participating banks, including Kookmin Bank, would collectively provide approximately ￦600 billion to ￦700 billion annually in various forms of financial support to small business owners over the next three years to help them overcome the prevailing adverse economic conditions in Korea. See “—Risks relating to our financial holding company structure and strategy—We may suffer customer attrition or our net interest margin may decrease as a result of government regulations or our competition strategy.”
The overall prospects for the Korean economy in 2026 and beyond remain uncertain, and the Korean government may extend or renew existing or past policies and initiatives or introduce new policies or initiatives to encourage Korean banks to provide financial support to small- and medium-sized enterprises. Our participation in such government-led initiatives may lead us to extend credit to small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers that we would not otherwise lend to, or offer terms for such credit that we would not otherwise offer, in the absence of such initiatives. Furthermore, there is no guarantee that the financial condition and liquidity position of our small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers benefiting from such initiatives will improve sufficiently for them to service their debt on a timely basis, or at all. Accordingly, increases in our exposure to small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers resulting from such government-led initiatives may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
A substantial part of our small- and medium-sized enterprise lending comprises loans to “small office/home office” customers, or SOHOs. SOHOs, which we currently define to include sole proprietorships and individual business interests, are usually dependent on a limited number of suppliers or customers. SOHOs tend to be affected to a greater extent than larger corporate borrowers by fluctuations in the Korean economy. In addition, many SOHOs have close business relationships with the largest Korean commercial conglomerates, known as “chaebols”, primarily as suppliers. Any difficulties encountered by those chaebols would likely hurt the liquidity and financial condition of related small- and medium-sized enterprises, including those to which we have exposure, also resulting in an impairment of their ability to repay loans. Furthermore, SOHOs often maintain less sophisticated financial records than other corporate borrowers. Although we continue to make efforts to improve our internally developed credit rating systems to rate potential borrowers, particularly with respect to SOHOs, and intend to manage our exposure to these borrowers closely in order to prevent any deterioration in the asset quality of our loans to this segment, we may not be able to do so as intended.
In recent years, we have taken measures which sought to stem rising delinquencies in our loans to small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through strengthening of the review of loan applications and closer monitoring of the post-loan performance of small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers in industry sectors that are relatively more sensitive to downturns in the economy and have shown higher delinquency ratios, such as shipping, construction, lodging, retail and wholesale, restaurants and real estate. Despite such efforts, however, there is no assurance that delinquency levels of our loans to small- and medium-sized enterprises will not rise in the future. In particular, financial difficulties experienced by small- and medium-sized enterprises as a result of, among other things, adverse economic conditions in Korea and globally, as well as aggressive marketing and competition among banks to lend to this segment, may lead to a deterioration in the asset quality of our loans to this segment in the future. Any such deterioration would result in increased charge-offs and higher provisioning and reduced interest and fee income from this segment, which would have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
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We have exposure to the Korean real estate project financing, construction, shipbuilding and shipping sectors, and financial difficulties of companies involved in these sectors may have an adverse impact on us.
As of December 31, 2025, we had loans outstanding to real estate project financing, construction (most of which are small- and medium-sized enterprises), shipbuilding and shipping companies in the amount of ￦8,249 billion, ￦5,354 billion, ￦452 billion and ￦64 billion, or 1.66%, 1.08%, 0.09% and 0.01% of our total loans, respectively.
We also have other exposures to Korean real estate project financing, construction, shipbuilding and shipping companies, including in the form of guarantees extended on behalf of such companies and debt and equity securities of such companies held by us. In the case of real estate project financing, such exposures include purchase guarantees, where we subscribe for securities issued by entities in need of project financing to the extent such securities constitute remaining portions that have not been sold to other investors, as well as payment guarantees, where we guarantee the payments of principal and interest on securities issued by such entities, which expose us to credit risk as well as liquidity risk. In the case of construction companies, such exposures include guarantees provided to us by general contractors with respect to financing extended by us for residential and commercial real estate development projects. In the case of shipbuilding companies, such exposures include refund guarantees extended by us on behalf of shipbuilding companies to cover their obligation to return a portion of the ship order contract amount to customers in the event of performance delays or defaults under shipbuilding contracts.
The construction industry in Korea has undergone significant fluctuations in recent years. After undergoing a period of prosperity from 2015 to 2018, the construction industry experienced stagnation from 2019 to 2020, caused mainly by the uncertainty resulting from the Korean government’s strengthening of mortgage and other lending regulations to control the rising real property prices, as well as temporary suspensions in construction projects due to the COVID-19 pandemic. After a brief period of recovery, the construction industry has experienced a rapid downturn starting in the second half of 2022, caused by a rise in interest rates and the resulting decline in demand for residential property throughout Korea, adverse changes in the price and availability of construction materials due to disruptions in global supply chains caused by, among others, the Russia-Ukraine war and financing difficulties faced by construction companies as investors became reluctant to invest in real estate. Such downturn in the construction industry, which continued through 2025, has also resulted in a similar downturn for the real estate project financing industry. The prospects for these industries remain uncertain, among others, due to the decline in the number of new construction projects.
The shipbuilding industry in Korea has also fluctuated significantly in recent years, with a long period of severe downturn followed by rapid growth since 2022, which has continued through 2025, resulting from an increase in demand for large container ships and high-priced environmentally friendly ships, including liquefied natural gas carriers. Such growth is expected to continue in 2026 as its backlog of orders is converted into actual revenue, aided by high ship prices and a depreciation of the Won. While recent shipbuilding initiatives by the United States and the geopolitical tensions between the United States and China have contributed to a favorable near-term outlook, the long-term prospects for this industry remain uncertain. Factors such as a potential “peak-out” in demand for new ships, rising shipbuilding costs, ongoing competition from shipbuilding companies in China and escalations in trade protectionism continue to pose significant risks to the industry’s sustained growth.
Shipping companies in Korea have also experienced significant fluctuations in recent years. The shipping industry experienced a severe downturn in 2020 resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing global lockdown. Following a brief period of recovery as consumer spending and global trade returned to pre-pandemic levels, it has again experienced a downturn since 2022 arising from, among others, a deteriorating global economy, escalations in trade protectionism, an increase in global military conflicts, decreases in shipping volume and freight rates and the strengthening of international shipping regulations.
The allowances that we have established against our credit exposures to companies involved in the Korean real estate project financing, construction, shipbuilding and shipping sectors may not be sufficient to cover all
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future losses arising from such exposures. If the asset quality of our exposures to such companies declines further, we may incur substantial additional provisions (including in connection with restructurings of such companies) and charge-offs, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. See “—Risks relating to our large corporate loan portfolio—We have exposure to large corporate borrowers that are currently or may in the future be put in restructuring, and we may suffer losses as a result of additional loan loss provisions being required and/or the adoption of restructuring plans with which we do not agree.” Furthermore, although a portion of our credit exposures to real estate project financing, construction, shipbuilding and shipping companies are secured by collateral, such collateral may not be sufficient to cover uncollectible amounts in respect of such credit exposures. See “—Other risks relating to our business—A decline in the value of the collateral securing our loans and our inability to realize full collateral value may adversely affect our credit portfolio.”
Risks relating to our financial holding company structure and strategy
We may not succeed in implementing our strategy to take advantage of, or fail to realize the anticipated benefits of, our financial holding company structure.
One of our principal strategies is to take advantage of our financial holding company structure to become a comprehensive financial services provider capable of offering a full range of products and services to our large existing base of retail and corporate banking customers. The continued implementation of these plans may require additional investments of capital, infrastructure, human resources and management attention. This strategy entails certain risks, including the possibility that we may face significant competition from other financial holding companies and more specialized financial institutions in particular segments. If our strategy does not succeed, we may incur losses on our investments and our results of operations and financial condition may suffer.
Furthermore, our success under a financial holding company structure depends on our ability to operate a capital-efficient business portfolio and realize the anticipated synergies, growth opportunities and cost savings from coordinating the businesses of our various subsidiaries. Although we generally operate as a financial holding company, our subsidiaries will generally continue to operate as independent entities with separate management and staff and our ability to direct our subsidiaries’ day-to-day operations may be limited. Some of our major acquisitions include the following:
KB Capital became our wholly-owned subsidiary through our acquisition in March 2014 of 52% of the outstanding shares of KB Capital Co., Ltd. (formerly named Woori Financial Co., Ltd.), a publicly listed Korean specialized credit finance company, from Woori Finance Holdings Co., Ltd. for ￦280 billion, followed by a tender offer in May 2017 and a comprehensive stock swap effected in July 2017.
Through a series of acquisitions of stock between June 2015 and December 2016 for an aggregate of ￦1.1 trillion, followed by a tender offer in May 2017 and a comprehensive stock swap effected in July 2017, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of KB Insurance Co., Ltd. (formerly named LIG Insurance Co., Ltd.), a publicly listed Korean non-life insurance company, as a result of which KB Insurance became our wholly-owned subsidiary.
In May 2016, we acquired 22.6% of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd., a publicly listed Korean securities firm, from Hyundai Merchant Marine Co., Ltd. for ￦1.2 trillion, after which we further increased our shareholding in Hyundai Securities to 29.6% in June 2016. Subsequently, we effected a comprehensive stock swap to acquire all of its remaining shares in October 2016. Following such transactions, we merged an existing subsidiary, KB Investment & Securities, with and into Hyundai Securities in December 2016 and changed the name of the surviving entity to KB Securities Co., Ltd.
In August 2020, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of The Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea, Ltd. (“Prudential Life Insurance”) from Prudential Financial, Inc. for ￦2.3 trillion, as a
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result of which Prudential Life Insurance became a wholly-owned subsidiary. In January 2023, we merged an existing wholly-owned subsidiary, KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd. (the “Former KB Life Insurance”), with and into Prudential Life Insurance, which had been renamed KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd. in December 2022 shortly before the merger and became the surviving entity (“KB Life Insurance”).
See “Item 5.A. Operating Results—Overview—Acquisitions.”
We may continue to increase our equity interest in our subsidiaries or investees and may also consider acquiring or merging with other financial institutions to achieve more balanced growth and further diversify our revenue base. For example, as part of our continued efforts to expand our businesses abroad, in particular in Southeast Asia, we acquired a 70% stake in PRASAC Microfinance Institution Plc., or PRASAC, a provider of microfinance and deposit-taking services in Cambodia, through Kookmin Bank, in April 2020. Subsequently, in October 2021, we acquired the remaining 30% interest in PRASAC, which increased our ownership of PRASAC to 100%. In August 2023, we merged PRASAC with Kookmin Bank’s existing subsidiary in Cambodia, Kookmin Bank Cambodia Plc., to form KB PRASAC Bank Plc. In addition, through a series of acquisitions from July 2018 to September 2020, we obtained a 67% interest in PT Bank Bukopin TBK of Indonesia through Kookmin Bank, and changed its name to PT Bank KB Bukopin, Tbk in February 2021 (which was subsequently renamed PT Bank KB Indonesia Tbk in August 2025). The integration of our new subsidiaries’ or investees’ separate businesses and operations, as well as those of any companies we may acquire or merge with in the future, under our financial holding company structure could require a significant amount of time, financial resources and management attention. Moreover, that process could disrupt our operations (including our risk management operations) or information technology systems, reduce employee morale, produce unintended inconsistencies in our standards, controls, procedures or policies, and affect our relationships with customers and our ability to retain key personnel. The realization of the anticipated benefits of our financial holding company structure and any mergers or acquisitions we decide to pursue may be blocked, delayed or reduced as a result of many factors, some of which may be outside our control. These factors include:
difficulties in integrating the diverse activities and operations of our subsidiaries or investees or any companies we may merge with or acquire, including risk management operations and information technology systems, personnel, policies and procedures;
difficulties in reorganizing or reducing overlapping personnel, branches, networks and administrative functions;
restrictions under the Financial Holding Company Act and other regulations on transactions between a financial holding company and, or among, its subsidiaries;
unforeseen contingent risks, including lack of required capital resources, increased tax liabilities or restrictions in our overseas operations, relating to our financial holding company structure;
unexpected business disruptions;
failure to attract, develop and retain personnel with necessary expertise;
loss of customers; and
labor unrest.
Accordingly, we may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits of our financial holding company structure, and our business, results of operations and financial condition may suffer as a result.
As a financial holding company, we are subject to certain regulatory requirements under Korean law, and our ability to fund our operations is dependent on the dividends we receive from our subsidiaries.
We are a financial holding company with no significant assets other than the shares of our subsidiaries. In addition, as a financial holding company, we are required to meet certain minimum financial ratios under Korean
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law, including with respect to liquidity, leverage and capital adequacy. Our primary sources of funding and liquidity are dividends from our subsidiaries, direct borrowings and issuances of equity or debt securities at the holding company level. Our ability to meet our obligations to our direct creditors and employees and our other liquidity needs and regulatory requirements at the holding company level depends on timely and adequate distributions from our subsidiaries and our ability to sell our securities or obtain credit from our lenders.
In addition, creditors of our subsidiaries will generally have claims that are prior to any claims of our creditors with respect to their assets. Furthermore, our inability to sell our securities or obtain funds from our lenders on favorable terms, or at all, could also result in our inability to meet our liquidity needs and regulatory requirements and may disrupt our operations at the holding company level.
The dividends that we receive from our subsidiaries may be affected by potential restrictions on their ability to pay such dividends, as well as their financial conditions and operating results.
Since our principal assets at the holding company level are the shares of our subsidiaries, our ability to pay dividends on our common stock largely depends on dividend payments from those subsidiaries. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us depends on their financial condition and operating results. In the future, our subsidiaries may enter into agreements, such as credit agreements with lenders or indentures relating to high-yield or subordinated debt instruments, that impose restrictions on their ability to make distributions to us, and the terms of future obligations and the operation of Korean law could prevent our subsidiaries from making sufficient distributions to us to allow us to make payments on our outstanding obligations. Any delay in receipt of or shortfall in payments to us from our subsidiaries could result in our inability to meet our liquidity needs and regulatory requirements, including minimum liquidity and capital adequacy ratios, and may disrupt our operations at the holding company level.
Furthermore, the dividend payments from our shares of our subsidiaries are subject to restrictions under the Korean Commercial Code, the Bank Act and regulations, generally based on capital levels and retained earnings, imposed by the various regulatory agencies with authority over those entities. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends may be subject to regulatory restrictions to the extent that paying dividends would impair their respective non-consolidated profitability, financial condition or cash flow needs.
For example:
under the Korean Commercial Code, dividends may only be paid out of distributable income, an amount which is calculated by subtracting the aggregate amount of a company’s paid-in capital and certain mandatory legal reserves as well as certain unrealized profits from its net assets, in each case as of the end of the prior fiscal period;
under the Bank Act, a bank also must credit at least 10% of its net profit to a legal reserve each time it pays dividends on distributable income until that reserve equals the amount of its total paid-in capital; and
under the Bank Act and the requirements of the Financial Services Commission, if a bank fails to meet its required capital adequacy ratio or otherwise becomes subject to management improvement measures imposed by the Financial Services Commission, then the Financial Services Commission may restrict the declaration and payment of dividends by that bank.
Our subsidiaries may not continue to meet the applicable legal and regulatory requirements for the payment of dividends in the future. If they fail to do so, they may stop paying or reduce the amount of the dividends they pay to us, which would have an adverse effect on our ability to pay dividends on our common stock.
Although increasing our fee income is an important part of our strategy, we may not be able to do so.
We have historically relied on interest income as our primary revenue source. While we have developed new sources of fee income as part of our business strategy, our ability to increase our fee income and thereby
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reduce our dependence on interest income will be affected by the extent to which our customers generally accept the concept of fee-based services. Historically, customers in Korea have generally been reluctant to pay fees in return for value-added financial services, and their continued reluctance to do so will adversely affect the implementation of our strategy to increase our fee income. Furthermore, the fees that we charge to customers are subject to regulation by Korean financial regulatory authorities, which may seek to implement regulations or measures that may also have an adverse impact on our ability to achieve this aspect of our strategy.
We may suffer customer attrition or our net interest margin may decrease as a result of government regulations or our competition strategy.
We have pursued a strategy of enhancing our margins by maximizing our net interest spreads, which represent the difference between the average yield on our interest-earning assets and the average cost of our interest-bearing liabilities. We may need to adjust such strategy, however, if there are any changes in the competitive landscape or government regulations, in order to comply with such government regulations or pursue a more effective competition strategy in order to minimize customer attrition.
For example, the successive increases in interest rates in Korea from August 2021 to the first quarter of 2023 led to a significant increase in the net interest spreads reported by many Korean banks, including Kookmin Bank, as the rise in interest rates for loans outpaced the rise in interest rates for deposit products due to the relatively shorter repricing cycle of loans compared to that of deposits. Although the Bank of Korea began lowering its policy rate in October 2024, the net interest spreads of Korean banks remain relatively high. See “—Significant changes in interest rates could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.” As such increase in net interest spreads and the high levels of profits realized by Korean banks became a point of public interest, the Korean government and the Financial Services Commission have pursued various measures to increase competition among financial institutions in Korea. Such measures could force us to compete to a greater extent based on interest rates, which could lead to a decrease in our net interest margins. In addition, if other banks and financial institutions adopt a strategy of expanding market share through interest rate competition, we may suffer customer attrition due to rate sensitivity. See “—Competition in the Korean financial industry is intense, and we may lose market share and experience declining margins as a result.” In 2025, the Korean government also advanced inclusive finance initiatives intended to improve access to low-income or financially vulnerable borrowers by encouraging banks to provide preferential lending to such borrowers. Our efforts to respond to such policy initiatives could require adjustments to our business practices that may increase the risk of defaults by our customers, which may in turn lead to an increase in our delinquency ratios and a deterioration in our asset quality.
Although it is not possible to predict what, if any, new regulations will ultimately be imposed on us and the financial industry, such regulations could reduce our profit margins, limit our operational flexibility and increase competition, which, in turn, could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Risks relating to competition
Competition in the Korean financial industry is intense, and we may lose market share and experience declining margins as a result.
Competition in the Korean financial industry has been and is likely to remain intense. Some of the financial institutions that we compete with have longer operating histories as financial holding companies, greater financial resources or more specialized capabilities than us and our subsidiaries. In the retail and small- and medium-sized enterprise lending business, which has been our traditional core business, competition is expected to continue to increase. Although most Korean banks had generally been increasing their exposures to large corporate borrowers, they have recently begun to increasingly focus on retail customers and small- and medium-sized enterprises again, and have been focusing on developing fee income businesses, including
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bancassurance, as increasingly important sources of revenue. In addition, the profitability of our retail lending and credit card operations may decline as a result of growing market saturation in the retail lending and credit card segments, increased interest rate competition, pressure to lower the fee rates applicable to our credit cards (particularly merchant fee rates) and higher marketing expenses. Intense and increasing competition has made and continues to make it more difficult for us to secure retail, credit card and small- and medium-sized customers with the credit quality and on credit terms necessary to achieve our business objectives in a commercially acceptable manner.
Furthermore, companies in the banking and financial industries have increasingly adopted new technologies, including artificial intelligence and data science, to provide innovative services to their customers and differentiate themselves from competitors. Our failure to adopt such technologies in a timely and competitive manner could negatively impact our market share and profitability. For example, the introduction of Internet-only banks in Korea has led to an increase in competition in the Korean banking industry. Internet-only banks operate without branches and conduct most of their operations through electronic means, which enables them to minimize costs and offer customers higher interest rates on deposits or lower lending rates. In April 2017, Kbank, the first Internet-only bank in Korea, commenced operations. Kakao Bank, another Internet-only bank, in which Kookmin Bank held a 4.9% equity interest as of December 31, 2025, commenced operations in July 2017, while Toss Bank, another Internet-only bank, commenced operations in October 2021. In recent years, the Financial Services Commission announced various measures designed to encourage competition within the banking industry, including its intention to issue more banking licenses (including those for Internet-only banks) and actively permitting the conversion of existing regional or savings banks into nationwide commercial banks. For example, in May 2024, the Financial Services Commission approved DGB Daegu Bank’s application to convert from a regional bank into a nationwide commercial bank. DGB Daegu Bank subsequently became Korea’s seventh commercial bank and rebranded itself as iM Bank in June 2024.
In the Korean insurance industry, competition is based on a number of factors, including brand recognition, service, product features and pricing, investment performance and perceived financial strength. There has been downward pressure in recent years on margins of insurance products as some of our competitors have sought to obtain or maintain market share by reducing margins and increasing marketing efforts. As the Korean non-life insurance and life insurance sectors continue to mature, they may experience a slowdown in growth as well as a stagnation in market penetration. Due to these and other factors, we believe that competition in the Korean insurance industry will likely remain intense in the future. Sustained or increased competition may lead to decreases in the market share and profitability of our non-life insurance and life insurance businesses.
In addition, we believe that various structural changes to the Korean financial investment industry in recent years are likely to lead to increased competition among financial institutions in Korea. For example, an increase in foreign investments made by Korean investors and the emergence of alternative trading systems in recent years have been reshaping the Korean financial investment market, as well as the competitive strategies of financial institutions. An increase in the overall trading volumes of these investments in recent years has prompted certain securities firms to offer very low commission rates on foreign investments to capitalize on such increase, thereby further intensifying competition. In March 2025, Nextrade emerged as the first alternative to the Korea Exchange, offering extended trading hours and lower fees, although its operations remain subject to certain regulatory restrictions.
Moreover, a number of significant mergers and acquisitions in the financial industry have taken place in Korea in recent years, including Hana Financial Group’s acquisition of a controlling interest in Korea Exchange Bank in 2012 and the subsequent merger of Hana Bank into Korea Exchange Bank in 2015. In addition, as part of the Korean government’s plans to privatize Woori Finance Holdings Co., Ltd. (the former financial holding company of Woori Bank), certain subsidiaries of Woori Finance Holdings were sold to other financial institutions and Woori Finance Holdings itself was merged into Woori Bank in 2014, which established a new financial holding company, Woori Financial Group Inc., in January 2019. In the insurance sector, China’s Anbang Insurance Group acquired controlling interests in TONGYANG Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and Allianz
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Life Insurance Korea Co., Ltd. in 2015 and 2016, respectively, while Mirae Asset Life Insurance Co., Ltd. acquired PCA Life Insurance Co., Ltd. in 2017. Meanwhile, Orange Life Insurance, Ltd. (formerly known as ING Life Insurance Korea, Ltd.) became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shinhan Financial Group following the acquisition of equity interests by Shinhan Financial Group in February 2019 and January 2020, and subsequently merged with and into Shinhan Life Insurance Co., Ltd. in July 2021. In 2022, Shinhan Financial Group also acquired BNP Paribas Cardif General Insurance, which was subsequently renamed Shinhan EZ General Insurance. In July 2025, Woori Financial Group acquired 75.3% of the shares of TONGYANG Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and 100.0% of the shares of ABL Life Insurance Co., Ltd. In the securities sector, in 2016, Mirae Asset Securities Co., Ltd. acquired a 43% interest in KDB Daewoo Securities Co., Ltd., which subsequently merged with and into Mirae Asset Securities to create Mirae Asset Daewoo Securities Co., Ltd. (which was renamed Mirae Asset Securities Co., Ltd. in March 2021), one of the largest securities companies in Korea in terms of capital. In 2024, Woori Financial Group acquired Korea Foss Securities Co., Ltd. by merging it with its then wholly-owned subsidiary Woori Investment Bank Co., Ltd., with Korea Foss Securities Co., Ltd. remaining as the surviving entity, which was subsequently renamed Woori Investment Securities Co., Ltd.
We expect that consolidation in the Korean financial industry will continue. The financial institutions resulting from such consolidation may, by virtue of their increased size and business scope, provide significantly greater competition for us. We intend to review potential acquisition opportunities as they arise. We cannot guarantee that we will not be involved in any future mergers or acquisitions. We also believe that foreign financial institutions, many of which have greater experience and resources than we do, may seek to compete with us in providing financial products and services either by themselves or in partnership with existing Korean financial institutions. Increased competition and continuing consolidation may lead to decreased margins, resulting in a material adverse impact on our future profitability. Accordingly, our results of operations and financial condition may suffer as a result of increasing competition in the Korean financial industry.
Risks relating to our large corporate loan portfolio
We have exposure to chaebols, and, as a result, financial difficulties of chaebols may have an adverse impact on us.
Of our 20 largest corporate exposures (including loans, debt and equity securities and guarantees and acceptances) as of December 31, 2025, nine were to companies that were members of the 41 largest highly-indebted business groups among chaebols in Korea designated as such by the Financial Supervisory Service based on their outstanding exposures. As of that date, the total amount of our exposures to 41 of such largest highly-indebted business groups among chaebols was ￦52,630 billion, or 7.1% of our total exposures. If the credit quality of our exposures to chaebols declines as a result of financial difficulties they experience or for other reasons, we could require substantial additional loan loss provisions, which would hurt our results of operations and financial condition.
We cannot assure you that the allowances we have established against these exposures will be sufficient to cover all future losses arising from these exposures. In addition, with respect to those companies that are in or in the future enter into workout or liquidation proceedings, we may not be able to make any recoveries against such companies. We may, therefore, experience future losses with respect to those loans.
We have exposure to large corporate borrowers that are currently or may in the future be put in restructuring, and we may suffer losses as a result of additional loan loss provisions being required and/or the adoption of restructuring plans with which we do not agree.
As of December 31, 2025, our loans and guarantees to large corporate borrowers that were in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation amounted to ￦133 billion, or 0.03% of our total loans and guarantees, most of which was classified as impaired. As of the same date, our allowances for credit losses on these loans and guarantees amounted to ￦66 billion, or 49.6% of these loans and guarantees. These allowances may not be
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sufficient to cover all future losses arising from our exposure to these companies. Furthermore, we have other exposure to such companies, in the form of debt and equity securities of such companies held by us (including equity securities we acquired as a result of debt-to-equity conversions). Our exposures as of December 31, 2025 with respect to such securities of large corporate borrowers in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation amounted to approximately ￦5 billion, or less than 0.01% of our total debt securities and equity securities, but may increase in the future. In addition, in the case of borrowers that are or become subject to workout or restructuring, we may be forced to restructure our credits pursuant to restructuring plans approved by other creditor financial institutions of the borrower, or to dispose of our credits to other creditors on unfavorable terms.
In particular, as of December 31, 2025, we had ￦21 billion of outstanding exposures to Taeyoung Engineering & Construction Co., or Taeyoung E&C, which had commenced workout procedures in January 2024. Pursuant to the workout procedures, the creditors of Taeyoung E&C, including us, agreed to temporarily defer all of Taeyoung E&C’s payment obligations. Subsequently, the Korea Development Bank, as the lead creditor, worked together with external consultants to evaluate Taeyoung E&C’s ability to maintain its business and repay its loans. In April 2024, the Korea Development Bank proposed a corporate improvement plan to restructure Taeyoung E&C based on such evaluation, which would involve debt-to-equity swaps and capital reductions, among others, and the creditors approved such corporate improvement plan, following which the Korea Development Bank entered into an agreement with Taeyoung E&C to implement such plan. The term of such agreement is three years, and is expected to expire in May 2027.
A large portion of our credit exposure is concentrated in a relatively small number of large corporate borrowers, which increases the risk of our corporate credit portfolio.
As of December 31, 2025, our loans and guarantees to our 20 largest borrowers totaled ￦15,780 billion and accounted for 3.1% of our total loans and guarantees. As of that date, our single largest corporate credit exposure was to the Korea Securities Finance Corporation, to which we had outstanding debt securities of ￦6,312 billion and an additional exposure of ￦168 billion in the form of equity securities. Any deterioration in the financial condition of the Korea Securities Finance Corporation or our other large corporate borrowers may require us to record substantial additional provisions and charge-offs and may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
Risks relating to our insurance operations
Our profitability may be adversely affected if actual benefits and claims amounts on our in-force insurance policies exceed the amounts that we have reserved, or we increase the amount of reserves due to a change in our underlying assumptions.
We operate our insurance business through KB Insurance Co., Ltd., our non-life insurance subsidiary which became a consolidated subsidiary in May 2017, and KB Life Insurance, which was formed in January 2023 through a merger of our existing life insurance subsidiaries, the Former KB Life Insurance and Prudential Life Insurance. With respect to our insurance operations, we establish and carry, as a liability, policy reserves based on the greater of statutory reserves and actuarial estimates of how much we will need to pay for future benefits and claims on our in-force non-life insurance and life insurance policies. The profitability of our insurance operations depends significantly upon the extent to which our actual claims results are consistent with the assumptions used in setting the prices for our insurance products and establishing the liabilities in our financial statements for our obligations for future insurance policy benefits and claims. We establish the liabilities for obligations for future insurance policy benefits and claims based on the expected payout of benefits, calculated through the use of assumptions for investment returns, mortality, morbidity, expenses and persistency, as well as certain macroeconomic factors such as inflation. We also use methods to analyze loss trends with respect to certain risk assumptions relating to natural disasters. These assumptions are based on our previous experience and published data from third party industry sources, as well as judgments made by our management. These assumptions and estimates may deviate from our actual experience due to various factors that are beyond our
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control, including as a result of unexpected changes in the scope of coverage by the Korean national health insurance program and advancements in health care that result in increased life expectancy and early detection of diseases, as well as re-interpretations of our insurance policy terms by Korean regulators or courts. In addition, the occurrence of unexpected catastrophic events in Korea, including pandemics or natural or man-made disasters, may result in claims that significantly exceed our expectations. As a result, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts that we will pay for, or the timing of payment of, actual benefits and claims or whether the assets supporting the insurance policy liabilities will grow to the level we assume prior to payment of benefits or claims. These amounts may vary from the estimated amounts, particularly when those payments may not occur until well into the future.
We evaluate the adequacy of our insurance policy liabilities periodically based on changes in the assumptions used to determine our best estimates of claims, expenses, persistency rates and interest rates, as well as based on our actual policy benefits and claims results. To the extent that trends in actual claims results are less favorable than our underlying assumptions used in establishing these liabilities, and our total insurance policy liabilities are considered to be inadequate to meet our future contractual obligations as and when they arise, we could be required to increase our liabilities. We record increases in our insurance policy liabilities as expenses in the period in which the liabilities are established or re-evaluated. If actual benefits and claims amounts exceed the amounts that we have reserved, or we increase the amount of insurance policy liabilities due to a change in our underlying assumptions, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Our insurance subsidiaries may be required to raise additional capital or reduce their growth or business scale if their solvency ratio deteriorates or the applicable capital requirements change in the future.
Pursuant to the solvency requirements implemented by the Financial Services Commission, insurance companies in Korea are required to maintain a statutory ratio of available capital to required capital of not less than 100% on a consolidated basis. In addition, under the Regulation on Supervision of Insurance Business, a K-ICS (as defined below) ratio of at least 130% (which was lowered from 150% in June 2025) currently applies to certain regulatory matters, including early redemption conditions for subordinated obligations and certain licensing requirements. We believe that a K-ICS ratio of not less than 130% is generally considered standard in the Korean insurance industry. Furthermore, in January 2026, the Financial Services Commission announced new regulations that would require the ratio of core capital to required capital to be maintained at 50% or higher, to become effective on January 1, 2027. Solvency requirements require insurance companies to hold adequate capital to cover their exposures to life/long-term non-life insurance risk, general non-life insurance risk, market risk, credit risk and operational risk by reflecting such risks in their calculation of required capital. Based on preliminary data, which are subject to change, KB Insurance and KB Life Insurance had solvency ratios of 191.42% and 272.19%, respectively, as of December 31, 2025.
On January 1, 2023, the Financial Supervisory Service introduced the Korean-Insurance Capital Standard, or K-ICS, a new regulatory solvency regime for insurance companies based on the International Capital Standard developed by the International Association of Insurance Supervisors, which is similar in substance to the Solvency II Directive of the European Union. The Solvency II Directive, which has been in effect in the European Union since January 1, 2016, is a comprehensive program of regulatory requirements for insurance companies, covering authorization, corporate governance, supervisory reporting, public disclosure and risk assessment and management, as well as solvency. Under K-ICS, insurance contract liabilities are expected to be measured based on market value, rather than book value, at the time of the computation of available capital. K-ICS has also introduced new risk subcategories, including those related to termination, business expenses, longevity, catastrophes and asset concentration, to be considered at the time of the computation of required capital. These changes, among others, have required a number of insurance companies in Korea with a large portfolio of high guaranteed rate of return products to obtain additional capital to meet their solvency requirements. However, the Financial Supervisory Service has allowed for a gradual deduction from available capital and a gradual recognition of risks in relation to required capital, for up to ten years (until 2032). In order
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to ease the burden on insurance companies, corrective measures will be withheld for up to five years (until 2027) even if the solvency ratio under K-ICS is less than 100%, if the risk-based capital adequacy ratio exceeds 100%. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Insurance Companies—Capital Adequacy.”
There is no guarantee that our insurance subsidiaries will not be required to raise additional capital to sustain their solvency ratio above the required level in connection with the implementation of K-ICS. Any material deterioration in the solvency ratio of our insurance subsidiaries, as a result of the implementation of K-ICS or otherwise, could change their customers’ or business counterparties’ perception of their financial health, which in turn could adversely affect their business and profitability. Furthermore, if they grow rapidly or if their asset quality deteriorates in the future, our insurance subsidiaries may be required to raise additional capital, which we may need to provide in whole or in part, to meet their capital adequacy requirements. If we or our insurance subsidiaries are not able to raise any required additional capital, we may be forced to reduce the growth or scale of our insurance operations.
Other risks relating to our business
Unfavorable changes in the global financial markets could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
The overall prospects for the Korean and global economy in 2026 and beyond remain uncertain. In recent years, the global financial markets have experienced significant volatility as a result of, among other things:
escalations in trade protectionism globally and geopolitical tensions in East Asia and the Middle East (including those resulting from the military conflicts between Iran and other countries, including the United States and Israel);
the occurrence of severe health epidemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic;
hostilities, political or social tensions involving Russia (including the Russia-Ukraine war and the ensuing sanctions against Russia) and the resulting adverse effects on the global supply of oil and other natural resources and the global financial markets;
interest rate fluctuations as well as perceived or actual changes in policy rates, or other monetary and fiscal policies set forth, by the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks;
a rise in inflation rates and volatility in stock markets and exchange rates worldwide;
increased uncertainties in the global financial markets and industry, including difficulties faced by several banks in the United States and Europe;
a deterioration in economic and trade relations between the United States and its trading partners, including as a result of the imposition of significant tariffs by the United States on its trading partners, which has been followed by retaliatory tariffs in some cases;
financial and social difficulties affecting many countries worldwide, in particular in Latin America and Europe;
the slowdown of economic growth in China and other major emerging market economies; and
political and social instability in various countries in the Middle East, including Yemen, Iran, Syria and Iraq.
In light of the high level of interdependence of the global economy, unfavorable changes in the global financial markets, including as a result of any of the foregoing developments, could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and financial markets, and in turn on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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We are also exposed to adverse changes and volatility in the global and Korean financial markets as a result of our liabilities and assets denominated in foreign currencies and our holdings of trading and investment securities, including structured products. The value of the Won relative to major foreign currencies in general and the U.S. dollar in particular has fluctuated significantly in recent years and has been subject to significant volatility as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine war and the ensuing sanctions against Russia, the hostilities in the Middle East following the military conflicts between Iran and other countries, including the United States and Israel, the difference in policy rates between the United States and Korea and, more recently, the political situation in Korea following the declaration of martial law by former President Yoon Suk-yeol in December 2024 that led to his impeachment and subsequent removal in April 2025 and the election of Mr. Lee Jae-myung as President in June 2025, among others. A depreciation of the Won will increase our cost in Won of servicing our foreign currency-denominated debt, while continued exchange rate volatility may also result in foreign exchange losses for us. Furthermore, as a result of the deterioration in global and Korean economic conditions, there have been fluctuations in securities prices, including the stock prices of Korean and foreign companies in which we hold an interest. Such developments have resulted in and may lead to further trading and valuation losses on our trading and investment securities portfolio as well as impairment losses on our investments accounted for under the equity method. See “—Significant changes in interest rates could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.”
Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, including events or concerns involving liquidity of financial institutions, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
In early 2023, difficulties at several banks in the United States and Europe have caused uncertainty for financial services companies, in particular the banking sector, and fear of instability in the global financial system generally, including in Korea. Such difficulties were caused, among others, by rising levels of inflation rates and rapid increases in interest rates, which have led to declines in the values of previously issued government securities held by such banks. Although the relevant financial authorities have intervened directly and indirectly in notable cases, there is a risk that other financial institutions could face difficulties, including from contagion disconnected from market fundamentals or for other reasons, and it is unclear what steps regulators would take, if any, in the event of further bank difficulties or continuing (or increasing) market distress. Many financial institutions have experienced volatile stock prices and significant losses in their equity value, and there is concern that depositors have withdrawn, or could withdraw in the future, significant sums from their accounts at these institutions, often at a rapid pace through digital bank runs. Any negative perceptions resulting from such developments concerning the soundness of savings banks, Internet-only banks or the banking system generally in Korea could impact where customers choose to maintain deposits, which could lead certain banks in Korea to experience closure or other significant distress. If any such events occur in the future, the Korean government has in the past and may in the future require us, as one of the largest financial holding companies in Korea, to intervene, which could strain our resources, divert our management’s attention and have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect the financial services industry generally or financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems or increase our risk in various dealings with our counterparties, among others. If, as a result of such developments, any parties with whom we conduct business are unable to access their deposits with a distressed financial institution or any of their other funds loaned to such distressed financial institution, including through financial instruments or lending arrangements, such parties’ credit quality, ability to pay their obligations to us, or to enter into new commercial arrangements requiring additional payments to us could be adversely affected. In addition, our ability to access funding sources and other arrangements in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our current and projected future business operations could also be affected by such disruptions or instability in the financial services industry or financial markets. Furthermore, we could be impacted by current or future negative perceptions and expectations about the
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prospects for the financial services industry, which could worsen over time and result in downward pressure on, and continued or accelerated volatility of, bank securities. Any of these developments resulting from the general instability of the financial services industry could materially adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
Our business may be materially and adversely affected by legal claims and regulatory actions against us.
We are subject to the risk of legal claims and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of our business, which may expose us to substantial monetary damages and legal costs, injunctive relief, criminal and civil penalties, sanctions against our management and employees and regulatory restrictions on our operations, as well as significant reputational harm. See “Item 8A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”
We are unable to predict the outcome of the legal claims and regulatory actions in which we are involved, and the scope of the claims or actions or the total amount in dispute in such matters may increase. Furthermore, adverse final determinations, decisions or resolutions in such matters could encourage other parties to bring related claims and actions against us. Accordingly, the outcome of current and future legal claims and regulatory actions, particularly those for which it is difficult to assess the maximum potential exposure or the ultimate adverse impact with any degree of certainty, may materially and adversely impact our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.
Our risk management system may not be effective in mitigating risk and loss, including operational risk.
We seek to monitor and manage our risk exposure through a group-wide risk management platform, encompassing a multi-layered risk management governance structure, reporting and monitoring systems, early warning systems, credit risk management systems for our banking operations and other risk management infrastructure, using a variety of risk management strategies and techniques. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.” However, there can be no assurance that our risk management efforts will be effective in mitigating our risk and loss, especially since such risk management strategies and techniques employed by us and the judgments that accompany their application cannot anticipate the economic and financial outcome in all market environments, and many of our risk management strategies and techniques have a basis in historical market behavior that may limit the effectiveness of such strategies and techniques in times of significant market stress or other unforeseen circumstances. Furthermore, our risk management strategies may not be effective in a difficult or less liquid market environment, as other market participants may be attempting to use the same or similar strategies as us to deal with such market conditions. In such circumstances, it may be difficult for us to reduce our risk positions due to the activity of such other market participants.
We also seek to identify and manage our exposure to operational risk, which we define broadly to include all financial and non-financial risks, other than credit risk, market risk, interest rate risk and liquidity risk, that may arise from our operations that could negatively impact our capital, including the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events as defined under Basel III. In addition to our internal audits and inspections, the Financial Supervisory Service conducts general annual audits of our operations, as well as special audits and investigations as the need arises on particular aspects of our operations, such as risk management, internal control, credit monitoring and liquidity. Pursuant to certain amendments made to the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies aimed at strengthening the internal control systems of financial companies in Korea, which became effective in July 2024, we established an internal control committee under our board of directors in March 2025. Such committee is responsible for establishing and amending our strategies and standards relating to internal control and overseeing their proper implementation, among others. In the ordinary course of its audits or investigations, the Financial Supervisory Service routinely issues warning notices where it determines that a regulated financial institution or such institution’s employees have failed to comply with the applicable laws or rules, regulations and guidelines of the
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Financial Supervisory Service. We have in the past received, and may in the future receive, such notices, and we have taken and will continue to take appropriate actions in response to such notices. While we intend to fully cooperate with the Financial Supervisory Service in its audits and investigations and take any remedial measures as necessary, no assurance can be given that these remedial measures would be sufficient to prevent similar or more adverse operational risks from materializing.
We may suffer losses due to employee misconduct.
Our businesses are exposed to risk from potential non-compliance by our employees with policies or regulations, employee misconduct or negligence and fraud, which could result in civil, regulatory or criminal investigations, litigations and charges, regulatory sanctions and reputational or financial harm. For example, from time to time, our employees, including those of our subsidiaries, have been discovered to have engaged in various types of misconduct, including insider trading, embezzlement and fraud, among others. There can be no assurance that we will be able to fully recoup any financial losses that we may have sustained as a result of any employee misconduct. Furthermore, it is not always possible to deter or fully prevent employee misconduct and the precautions we take to prevent and detect such activity may not always be fully effective. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that employee misconduct will not occur again in the future.
We are generally subject to Korean corporate governance and disclosure standards, which may differ from those in other countries.
Companies in Korea, including us, are subject to corporate governance standards applicable to Korean public companies which may differ in some respects from standards applicable in other countries, including the United States. As a reporting company registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and listed on the New York Stock Exchange, we are subject to certain corporate governance standards as mandated by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. However, foreign private issuers, including us, are exempt from certain corporate governance requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or under the rules of the New York Stock Exchange. There may also be less publicly available information about Korean companies, such as us, than is regularly made available by public or non-public companies in other countries. Such differences in corporate governance standards and less public information could result in corporate governance practices or disclosures that are perceived as less than satisfactory by investors in certain countries.
A decline in the value of the collateral securing our loans and our inability to realize full collateral value may adversely affect our credit portfolio.
A substantial portion of our loans is secured by real estate, the values of which have fluctuated significantly in recent years. Although it is our general policy to lend up to 60% to 70% of the appraised value of collateral (except in certain regulated areas designated by the Korean government where we generally limit our lending to 40% of the appraised value of collateral and in the case of first-time home buyers where we generally limit our lending to between 70% and 80% of the appraised value of collateral) and to periodically re-appraise our collateral, a downturn in the real estate market in Korea may result in declines in the value of the collateral securing our mortgage and home equity loans. If collateral values decline, they may not be sufficient to cover uncollectible amounts in respect of our secured loans. Any future declines in the value of the real estate or other collateral securing our loans, or our inability to obtain additional collateral in the event of such declines, could result in a deterioration in our asset quality and may require us to take additional loan loss provisions.
In Korea, foreclosure on collateral generally requires a written petition to a court. An application, when made, may be subject to delays and administrative requirements that may result in a decrease in the value realized with respect to such collateral. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to realize the full value on our collateral as a result of, among other factors, delays in foreclosure proceedings and defects in the perfection of our security interest in collateral. Our failure to recover the expected value of collateral could expose us to losses.
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The secondary market for corporate bonds in Korea is not fully developed, and, as a result, we may not be able to realize the full book value of debt securities we hold at the time of any sale of such securities.
As of December 31, 2025, we held debt securities issued by Korean companies and financial institutions (other than those issued by the Bank of Korea, the Korea Development Bank, Korea Housing Finance Corporation, Industrial Bank of Korea and Korea Electric Power Corporation, which are government-owned or -controlled enterprises or financial institutions) with a total carrying amount of ￦58,386 billion in our trading and investment securities portfolio. The market value of these securities could decline significantly due to various factors, including future increases in interest rates or a deterioration in the financial and economic condition of any particular issuer or of Korea in general. Any of these factors individually or a combination of these factors would require us to write down the fair value of these debt securities, resulting in impairment losses. Because the secondary market for corporate bonds in Korea is not fully developed, the market value of many of these securities as reflected on our statements of financial position is determined by references to suggested prices posted by Korean rating agencies or the Korea Financial Investment Association. These valuations, however, may differ significantly from the actual value that we could realize in the event we elect to sell these securities. As a result, we may not be able to realize the full book value at the time of any such sale of these securities and thus may incur losses.
We may be required to make transfers from our general banking operations to cover shortfalls in our guaranteed trust accounts, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
We manage a number of money trust accounts through Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary. Under Korean law, trust account assets of a bank are required to be segregated from the assets of that bank’s general banking operations. Those assets are not available to satisfy the claims of a bank’s depositors or other creditors of its general banking operations. For some of the trust accounts we manage, we have guaranteed either the principal amount of the investor’s investment or the principal and a fixed rate of interest.
If, at any time, the income from our guaranteed trust accounts is not sufficient to pay any guaranteed amount, we will have to cover the shortfall first from the special reserves maintained in these trust accounts, then from our fees from such trust accounts and finally from funds transferred from our general banking operations. As of December 31, 2025, we had ￦113 billion of special reserves in respect of trust accounts for which we provided guarantees of principal. There was no transfer from general banking operations to cover deficiencies in guaranteed trust accounts in 2023, 2024 and 2025. However, we may be required to make transfers from our general banking operations to cover shortfalls, if any, in our guaranteed trust accounts in the future. Such transfers may adversely impact our results of operations.
Our operations have been, and will continue to be, subject to increasing and continually evolving cybersecurity and other technological risks.
With the proliferation of new technologies, including artificial intelligence, and the increasing use of the Internet and mobile devices to conduct financial transactions, our operations as a large financial institution have been, and will continue to be, subject to an increasing risk of cyber incidents relating to these activities, the nature of which is continually evolving. Our computer systems, software and networks are subject to cyber incidents, such as disruptions, delays or other difficulties from our information technology system, computer viruses or other malicious codes, loss or destruction of data (including confidential client information), unauthorized access, account takeover attempts and cyber attacks. A significant portion of our daily operations relies on our information technology systems, including customer service, billing, the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information as well as the timely monitoring of a large number of complex transactions. See “Item 16K. Cybersecurity.” Although we have made substantial and ongoing investments in building systems and protections to address cybersecurity and other related risks, there is no guarantee that such measures will provide complete protection against cyber threats. In addition, because methods used to cause cyber attacks change frequently or, in some cases, are not recognized until launched, we may be unable to implement effective preventive measures or proactively address these methods. Furthermore,
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these cyber threats may arise from human error, accidental technological failure and third parties with whom we do business. Although we maintain insurance coverage that may cover certain aspects of cyber risks, such insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover all losses. If we were to be subject to a cyber incident, it could result in the disclosure of confidential client information, damage to our reputation with our customers and in the market, customer dissatisfaction, additional costs to us, regulatory penalties, exposure to litigation and other financial losses to both us and our customers, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Risks relating to liquidity and capital management
Our funding is highly dependent on short-term deposits, which dependence may adversely affect our operations.
We meet a significant amount of our funding requirements through short-term funding sources, which consist primarily of customer deposits. As of December 31, 2025, approximately 93.9% of our deposits had maturities of one year or less or were payable on demand. In the past, a substantial proportion of our customer deposits have been rolled over upon maturity. We cannot guarantee, however, that depositors will continue to roll over their deposits in the future. In the event that a substantial number of our short-term deposit customers withdraw their funds or fail to roll over their deposits as higher-yielding investment opportunities emerge, our liquidity position could be adversely affected. We may also be required to seek more expensive sources of short-term and long-term funding to finance our operations. See “Item 5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Financial Condition—Liquidity.”
We may be required to raise additional capital if our capital adequacy ratio deteriorates or the applicable capital requirements change in the future, but we may not be able to do so on favorable terms or at all.
Under the capital adequacy requirements of the Financial Services Commission, as of December 31, 2025, both we and Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary, were required to maintain a total minimum common equity Tier I capital adequacy ratio of 9.0%, Tier I capital adequacy ratio of 10.5% and combined Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratio of 12.5%, on a consolidated basis (including applicable additional capital buffers and requirements as described below). As of December 31, 2025, our common equity Tier I capital, Tier I capital and combined Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratios were 13.82%, 15.21% and 16.20%, respectively, and Kookmin Bank’s common equity Tier I capital, Tier I capital and combined Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratios were 14.91%, 15.35% and 17.28%, respectively, all of which exceeded the minimum levels required by the Financial Services Commission. However, our capital base and capital adequacy ratios may deteriorate in the future if our results of operations or financial condition deteriorates for any reason, including as a result of a deterioration in the asset quality of our retail loans (including credit card balances) and loans to small- and medium-sized enterprises, or if we are not able to deploy our funding into suitably low-risk assets.
The current capital adequacy requirements of the Financial Services Commission are derived from a new set of bank capital measures, referred to as Basel III, which the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision initially introduced in 2009 and began phasing in starting from 2013. Commencing in July 2013, the Financial Services Commission promulgated a series of amended regulations implementing Basel III, pursuant to which Korean banks and bank holding companies were required to maintain a minimum ratio of common equity Tier I capital to risk-weighted assets of 3.5% and Tier I capital to risk-weighted assets of 4.5% from December 1, 2013, which minimum ratios were increased to 4.0% and 5.5%, respectively, from January 1, 2014 and increased further to 4.5% and 6.0%, respectively, from January 1, 2015. The amended regulations also require an additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% from January 2019, as well as a potential counter-cyclical capital buffer of up to 2.5%, which is determined on a quarterly basis by the Financial Services Commission and is set at 1.0% as of the date of this annual report. Furthermore, we and Kookmin Bank were each designated as a domestic systemically important bank holding company and a domestic systemically important bank, respectively, for 2025 by the Financial Services Commission and were subject to an additional capital requirement of 1.0% in 2025. In July
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2025, we and Kookmin Bank were each again designated as a domestic systemically important bank holding company and a domestic systemically important bank, respectively, for 2026, which again subjects us to an additional capital requirement of 1.0% in 2026. In addition, the Financial Services Commission has indicated that it may introduce a stress buffer capital requirement of up to 2.5%, which would require banks and bank holding companies to hold additional capital based on stress test results. The introduction of this requirement, initially planned for 2024, has been delayed multiple times and is currently not expected to be introduced until at least June 2026. All such requirements are in addition to the pre-existing requirement for minimum ratios of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to risk-weighted assets set forth above. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Capital Adequacy” and “—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Capital Adequacy.”
We may be required to obtain additional capital in the future in order to remain in compliance with more stringent capital adequacy and other regulatory requirements. However, we may not be able to obtain additional capital on favorable terms, or at all. Our ability to obtain additional capital at any time may be constrained to the extent that banks or other financial institutions in Korea or from other countries are seeking to raise capital at the same time. To the extent that we fail to comply with applicable capital adequacy ratios or other regulatory requirements in the future, Korean regulatory authorities may impose penalties on us ranging from a warning to suspension or revocation of our banking license.
Significant changes in interest rates could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Interest rates in Korea have been subject to significant fluctuations in recent years. For example, the Bank of Korea lowered its policy rate to 0.75% in March 2020 and to 0.50% in May 2020 in response to deteriorating economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. However, as the economy began to show signs of recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic starting from the second half of 2021, the Bank of Korea gradually raised its policy rate to pre-pandemic levels of 1.25% from August 2021 through January 2022. Furthermore, in response to rising levels of household debt and inflation in Korea as well as globally, the Bank of Korea continued to raise its policy rate to 3.50% from April 2022 through January 2023. More recently, however, the Bank of Korea lowered its policy rate to 3.25% in October 2024, 3.00% in November 2024, 2.75% in February 2025 and 2.50% in May 2025 in response to weak economic conditions in Korea.
All else being equal, increases in interest rates could lead to a decline in the value of our portfolio of debt securities, which generally pay interest based on a fixed rate. A sustained increase in interest rates will also raise our funding costs, while reducing loan demand, especially among retail borrowers. Rising interest rates may therefore require us to re-balance our asset portfolio and our liabilities in order to minimize the risk of potential mismatches and maintain our profitability.
In addition, rising interest rate levels may adversely affect the Korean economy and the financial condition and repayment ability of our corporate and retail borrowers both domestically and abroad, including holders of our credit cards, which in turn may lead to a deterioration in our credit portfolio. Since most of our retail and corporate loans bear interest at rates that adjust periodically based on prevailing market rates, a sustained increase in interest rate levels will increase the interest costs of our retail and corporate borrowers and could adversely affect their ability to make payments on their outstanding loans.
Furthermore, in periods of increasing interest rates, the yields on the general account assets of our insurance subsidiaries may not be sufficient to fund the higher floating interest credit rates necessary to keep their interest-sensitive insurance products competitive. They may therefore have to accept a lower spread and thus lower profitability or face a decline in sales and greater attrition among their existing policyholders. In addition, in periods of increasing interest rates, the value of the debt securities and other general account assets of our insurance subsidiaries may decline, resulting in lower unrealized gains within other comprehensive income in their total equity, which in turn would lower their available capital and their solvency ratio. Moreover, surrenders
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and withdrawals of insurance policies may increase as policyholders seek to buy products with perceived higher returns. This process may lead to a cash outflow from our insurance subsidiaries. Such cash outflows may require them to sell their investment assets at a time when the prices of those assets are lower because of the increase in market interest rates, which may result in investment losses.
On the other hand, while a sustained decrease in interest rates may lead to an increase in loan demand among our customers and a reduction in our funding costs as well as an appreciation of the value of our debt securities, it would also lead to decreases in the interest rates we charge on our loan products. If the effects of a decrease in the interest rates we charge on our loan products outweigh the combined effects of increases in loan demand and the value of our debt securities and a decrease in funding costs, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.
Risks relating to government regulation and policy
Strengthening of consumer protection laws applicable to financial institutions could adversely affect our operations.
As a financial service provider, we are subject to a variety of regulations in Korea that are designed to protect financial consumers. In recent years, in light of heightened public concern regarding privacy issues, the Korean government has placed greater emphasis on the protection of personal information by financial institutions and has implemented a number of measures to enhance consumer protection, including considerable restrictions on the transfer or provision of personal information by financial institutions to their affiliates or holding company. Under the Personal Information Protection Act, financial institutions, as personal information managers, may not collect, store, maintain, utilize or provide resident registration numbers of their customers, unless other laws or regulations specifically require or permit the management of resident registration numbers. In addition, under the Use and Protection of Credit Information Act, a financial institution has a higher duty to protect all information that it collects from its customers and is required to treat such information as credit information. There are considerable restrictions on the transfer or provision of the information by financial institutions to their affiliates or holding company. Quintuple damages may be imposed on a financial institution for leakage of such information. Furthermore, under the Electronic Financial Transaction Act, a financial institution is primarily responsible for compensating its customers harmed by a cybersecurity breach affecting the financial institution even if the breach is not directly attributable to the financial institution.
Under the Financial Consumer Protection Act, which was enacted in March 2020, we, as a financial instrument distributor, are subject to heightened investor protection measures, including stricter distribution guidelines, improved financial dispute resolution procedures, increased liability for customer losses and newly imposed penalty surcharges. Following the enactment of the Financial Consumer Protection Act, financial regulators have published subordinate regulations to such Act, including the Enforcement Decree, Supervisory Regulations and Enforcement Rules to the Supervisory Regulations governing consumer protection within the financial industry.
These and other measures that may be implemented by the Korean government to strengthen consumer protection laws applicable to financial institutions may limit our operational flexibility and cause us to incur significant additional compliance costs, as well as subject us to increased potential liability to our customers, which could adversely affect our business and performance.
The Korean government may promote lending and financial support by the Korean financial industry to certain types of borrowers as a matter of policy, which financial institutions, including us, may decide to follow.
Through its policies and recommendations, the Korean government has promoted and, as a matter of policy, may continue to attempt to promote lending by the Korean financial industry to particular types of borrowers. For example, the Korean government has in the past provided and may continue to provide policy loans, which
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encourage lending to particular types of borrowers. It has generally done this by identifying sectors of the economy it wishes to promote and making low interest funding available to financial institutions that may voluntarily choose to lend to these sectors. All loans or credits we choose to make pursuant to such policy loans would be subject to review in accordance with our credit approval procedures. However, the availability of policy loans may influence us to lend to certain sectors or in a manner in which we otherwise would not in the absence of such loans from the government.
The Korean government has also promoted policies under which financial institutions in Korea are encouraged to provide financial support to particular sectors. For example, pursuant to a financial support program announced by the Korean government in December 2023, participating Korean banks, including Kookmin Bank, provided a significant amount of liquidity support to small business owners and those in vulnerable sectors over the past few years. See “—Risks relating to our small- and medium-sized enterprise loan portfolio—We have significant exposure to small- and medium-sized enterprises, and any financial difficulties experienced by these customers may result in a deterioration of our asset quality and have an adverse impact on us.” and “—Risks relating to our retail credit portfolio—Future changes in market conditions as well as other factors may lead to increases in delinquency levels of our retail loan portfolio.” Recently, the Korean government emphasized policies aimed at promoting so-called “productive finance,” encouraging banks to expand lending to, and investments in, strategic and productive industries and to diversify their business models beyond traditional household lending. Furthermore, in December 2025, the Korean government launched the National Growth Fund, a ￦150 trillion program intended to invest in certain designated advanced strategic industries, including artificial intelligence and semiconductors. We, through Kookmin Bank, will be contributing ￦10 trillion to the fund over the next five years. The Korean government may in the future request financial institutions in Korea, including us, to make investments in or provide other forms of financial support to particular sectors of the Korean economy as a matter of policy, which financial institutions, including us, may decide to accept. We may incur costs or losses as a result of providing such financial support.
The Financial Services Commission may impose burdensome measures on us if it deems us or one of our subsidiaries to be financially unsound.
If the Financial Services Commission deems our financial condition or the financial condition of our subsidiaries to be unsound, or if we or our subsidiaries fail to meet applicable regulatory standards, such as minimum capital adequacy and liquidity ratios, the Financial Services Commission may order or recommend, among other things:
capital increases or reductions;
stock cancelations or consolidations;
transfers of businesses;
sale of assets;
closures of subsidiaries or branch offices;
mergers with other financial institutions; and
suspensions of a part of our business operations.
If any of these measures is imposed on us by the Financial Services Commission, they could hurt our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, if the Financial Services Commission orders us to partially or completely reduce our capital, you may lose part or all of your investment.
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Risks relating to Korea
Escalations in tensions with North Korea could have an adverse effect on us and the market value of our ADSs.
Relations between Korea and North Korea have been tense throughout Korea’s modern history. The level of tension between Korea and North Korea has fluctuated and may increase abruptly as a result of current and future events. In particular, there have been heightened security concerns in recent years stemming from North Korea’s nuclear weapon, ballistic missile and satellite programs as well as its hostile military actions against Korea.
North Korea renounced its obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in January 2003 and has conducted six rounds of nuclear tests since October 2006, including claimed detonations of hydrogen bombs and warheads that can be mounted on ballistic missiles. Over the years, North Korea has continued to conduct a series of missile tests, including missiles launched from submarines and intercontinental ballistic missiles that it claims can reach the United States mainland. North Korea has increased the frequency of such activities since the beginning of 2022, firing numerous ballistic missiles, including intercontinental ballistic missiles, and in November 2023, successfully launched its first spy satellite. In response, the Government has repeatedly condemned North Korea’s provocations and flagrant violations of relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions. Over the years, the United Nations Security Council has passed a series of resolutions condemning North Korea’s actions and significantly expanding the scope of sanctions applicable to North Korea, as did the United States and the European Union.
North Korea’s economy also faces severe challenges, which may further aggravate social and political pressures within North Korea. Although bilateral summit meetings were held between Korea and North Korea in April, May and September 2018 and between North Korea and the United States in June 2018, February 2019 and June 2019, there can be no assurance that the level of tensions affecting the Korean peninsula will not escalate in the future. Any increase in tensions, which may occur, for example, if North Korea experiences a leadership crisis, high-level contacts between Korea and North Korea or between the United States and North Korea break down or military hostilities occur, could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and on our business, financial condition and results of operations and the market value of our common stock and ADSs.
Unfavorable financial and economic developments in Korea may have an adverse effect on us.
We are incorporated in Korea, and substantially all of our operations are located in Korea. As a result, we are subject to political, economic, legal and regulatory risks specific to Korea, and our performance and successful fulfillment of our operational strategies are dependent to a large extent on the overall Korean economy.
In addition, the future growth of the Korean economy is subject to many factors beyond our control, including developments in the global economy. In recent years, adverse conditions and volatility in the worldwide financial markets, fluctuations in oil and commodity prices, supply chain disruptions and the increasing weakness of the global economy, mainly due to the Russia-Ukraine war and the ensuing sanctions against Russia, difficulties faced by several banks in the United States and Europe and the hostilities in the Middle East following the military conflicts between Iran and other countries, including the United States and Israel, significant fluctuations in policy interest rates globally and, more recently, the political situation in Korea following the declaration of martial law by former President Yoon Suk-yeol in December 2024 that led to his impeachment and subsequent removal in April 2025 and the election of Mr. Lee Jae-myung as President in June 2025, have contributed to the uncertainty of global economic prospects in general and have adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, the Korean economy. See “—Other risks relating to our business—Unfavorable changes in the global financial markets could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.”
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The value of the Won relative to major foreign currencies, in particular the U.S. dollar, has fluctuated significantly and, as a result of uncertain global and Korean economic, social and political conditions, there recently has been significant volatility in the stock prices of Korean companies. Future declines in the Korea Composite Stock Price Index, or the KOSPI, and large amounts of sales of Korean securities by foreign investors and subsequent repatriation of the proceeds of such sales may adversely affect the value of the Won, the foreign currency reserves held by financial institutions in Korea, and the ability of Korean companies to raise capital. Any future deterioration of the Korean or global economy could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Developments that could have an adverse impact on Korea’s economy include:
declines in consumer confidence and a slowdown in consumer spending in the Korean or global economy, including as a result of higher levels of market interest rates;
political uncertainty or increasing strife among or within political parties in Korea following the declaration of martial law by former President Yoon Suk-yeol in December 2024 that led to his impeachment and subsequent removal in April 2025 and the election of Mr. Lee Jae-myung as President in June 2025;
the imposition of significant tariffs on Korea’s exports by any of its major export markets, including the United States, as well as any countermeasures or policy responses adopted by the Korean government that may entail significant costs;
hostilities or political or social tensions involving countries in the Middle East (including those resulting from the military conflicts between Iran and other countries, including the United States and Israel) and Northern Africa and any material disruption in the global supply of oil or sudden increase in the price of oil;
rising inflationary pressures leading to increases in the costs of goods and services and a decrease in purchasing power;
the occurrence of severe health epidemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, in Korea or other parts of the world;
deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between Korea and its trading partners or allies, including deterioration resulting from territorial or trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy;
adverse conditions or developments in the economies of countries and regions that are important export markets for Korea, such as China, the United States, Europe and Japan, or in emerging market economies in Asia or elsewhere, including as a result of the deterioration of economic and trade relations among such countries (including escalations of tariffs) and increased uncertainties in the global financial markets and industry;
adverse changes or volatility in foreign currency reserve levels, commodity prices (including oil prices), exchange rates (including fluctuation of the U.S. dollar, Euro or Japanese Yen exchange rates or revaluation of the Chinese Renminbi), interest rates, inflation rates or stock markets;
increased sovereign default risks in select countries and the resulting adverse effects on the global financial markets;
a continuing rise in the level of household debt and increasing delinquencies and credit defaults by retail and small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers in Korea;
a deterioration in the financial condition or performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises and other companies in Korea;
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investigations of large Korean business groups and their senior management for possible misconduct;
shortages of imported raw materials, natural resources, rare earth minerals or component parts, including semiconductors, due to disruptions in the global supply chain;
social and labor unrest;
substantial changes in the market prices of Korean real estate;
a substantial decrease in tax revenues or a substantial increase in the Korean government’s expenditures for fiscal stimulus measures, unemployment compensation and other economic and social programs, which could lead to a national budget deficit as well as an increase in the Korean government’s debt;
financial problems or lack of progress in the restructuring of chaebols, other large troubled companies (including those in the construction, shipbuilding, shipping and real estate project financing sectors) and their suppliers or the financial sector;
loss of investor confidence arising from corporate accounting irregularities or corporate governance issues at certain chaebols;
increases in social expenditures to support an aging population in Korea or decreases in economic productivity due to the declining population size in Korea;
a continued decrease in the population and birthrates in Korea;
the economic impact of any pending or future free trade agreements or of any changes to existing free trade agreements;
geo-political uncertainty and the risk of further attacks by terrorist groups around the world;
natural or man-made disasters that have a significant adverse economic or other impact on Korea or its major trading partners;
increased reliance on exports to service foreign currency borrowings, which could cause friction with Korea’s trading partners;
an increase in the level of tensions or an outbreak of hostilities between North Korea and Korea or the United States; and
changes in financial regulations in Korea.
Labor unrest in Korea may adversely affect our operations.
Economic difficulties in Korea or increases in corporate reorganizations and bankruptcies could result in layoffs and higher unemployment. Such developments could lead to social unrest and substantially increase government expenditures for unemployment compensation and other costs for social programs. According to statistics from the Korea National Statistical Office, the unemployment rate increased from 2.7% in 2023 to 2.8% in each of 2024 and 2025. Increases in unemployment and any resulting labor unrest in the future could adversely affect our operations, as well as the operations of many of our customers and their ability to repay their loans, and could adversely affect the financial condition of Korean companies in general, depressing the price of their securities. These developments would likely have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
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Risks relating to our common stock and ADSs
We or our major stockholders may sell shares of our common stock or ADSs in the future, and these and other sales may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and ADSs and may dilute your investment and relative ownership in us.
We have no current plans for any public offerings of our common stock, ADSs or securities exchangeable for or convertible into such securities. However, it is possible that we may decide to offer or sell such securities in the future. In addition, our major stockholder, the Korean National Pension Service, held approximately 8.68% of our total issued common stock (or 9.23% of our total outstanding common stock) as of December 31, 2025, which it may sell at any time.
Any future offerings or sales by us of our common stock or ADSs or securities exchangeable for or convertible into such securities, significant sales of our common stock by a major stockholder, or the public perception that an offering or sales may occur, could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock and ADSs. Furthermore, any offerings by us in the future of any such securities could have a dilutive impact on your investment and relative ownership interest in us.
Ownership of our common stock is restricted under Korean law.
Under the Financial Holding Company Act, a single stockholder, together with its affiliates, is generally prohibited from owning more than 10.0% of the issued and outstanding shares of voting stock of a bank holding company such as us that controls a nationwide bank, with the exception of certain stockholders that are non-financial business group companies, whose applicable limit has been reduced from 9.0% to 4.0% pursuant to an amendment of the Financial Holding Company Act which became effective from February 14, 2014. To the extent that the total number of shares of our common stock (including those represented by ADSs) that a holder and its affiliates own exceeds the applicable limits, that holder will not be entitled to exercise the voting rights for the excess shares, and the Financial Services Commission may order that holder to dispose of the excess shares within a period of up to six months. Failure to comply with such an order would result in an administrative fine of up to 0.03% of the book value of such shares per day until the date of disposal. Non-financial business group companies can no longer acquire more than 4.0% of the issued and outstanding shares of voting stock of a bank holding company pursuant to the amended Financial Holding Company Act, which grants an exception for non-financial business group companies which, at the time of the enactment of the amended provisions, held more than 4.0% of the shares thereof with the approval of the Financial Services Commission before the amendment. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Restrictions on Ownership of a Financial Holding Company.”
A holder of our ADSs may not be able to exercise dissent and appraisal rights unless it has withdrawn the underlying shares of our common stock and become our direct stockholder.
In some limited circumstances, including the transfer of the whole or any significant part of our business and the merger or consolidation of us with another company, dissenting stockholders have the right to require us to purchase their shares under Korean law. However, holders of our ADSs will not be able to exercise such dissent and appraisal rights if the depositary refuses to do so on their behalf. Our deposit agreement does not require the depositary to take any action in respect of exercising dissent and appraisal rights. In such a situation, holders of our ADSs must withdraw the underlying common stock from the ADS facility (and incur charges relating to that withdrawal) and become our direct stockholder prior to the record date of the stockholders’ meeting at which the relevant transaction is to be approved, in order to exercise dissent and appraisal rights.
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A holder of our ADSs may be limited in its ability to deposit or withdraw common stock.
Under the terms of our deposit agreement, holders of common stock may deposit such stock with the depositary’s custodian in Korea and obtain ADSs, and holders of ADSs may surrender ADSs to the depositary and receive common stock. However, to the extent that a deposit of common stock exceeds the difference between:
the aggregate number of common shares we have deposited or we have consented to allow to be deposited for the issuance of ADSs (including deposits in connection with offerings of ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions relating to ADSs); and
the number of shares of common stock on deposit with the custodian for the benefit of the depositary at the time of such proposed deposit,
such common stock will not be accepted for deposit unless:
our consent with respect to such deposit has been obtained; or
such consent is no longer required under Korean laws and regulations.
Under the terms of the deposit agreement, no consent is required if the shares of common stock are obtained through a dividend, free distribution, rights offering or reclassification of such stock. We have consented, under the terms of the deposit agreement, to any deposit to the extent that, after the deposit, the number of deposited shares does not exceed such number of shares as we determine from time to time (which number shall at no time be less than 100,000,000 shares), unless the deposit would be prohibited by applicable laws or ownership restrictions or violate our articles of incorporation. We might not consent to the deposit of any additional common stock. As a result, if a holder surrenders ADSs and withdraws common stock, it may not be able to deposit the stock again to obtain ADSs.
A holder of our ADSs will not have preemptive rights in some circumstances.
The Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation require us, with some exceptions, to offer stockholders the right to subscribe for new shares of our common stock in proportion to their existing shareholding ratio whenever new shares are issued. If we offer any rights to subscribe for additional shares of our common stock or any rights of any other nature, to the extent practicable, the depositary may make the rights available to holders of our ADSs or dispose of the rights on behalf of such holders and make the net proceeds available to such holders. The depositary, however, is not required to make available to holders any rights to purchase any additional shares of our common stock unless it timely receives evidence satisfactory to it from us that it may lawfully do so and:
a registration statement filed by us under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, is in effect with respect to those shares; or
the offering and sale of those shares is exempt from or is not subject to the registration requirements of the Securities Act.
Similarly, holders of our common stock located in the United States may not exercise any such rights they receive absent registration or an exemption from the registration requirements under the Securities Act.
We are under no obligation to file any registration statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, a holder of our ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in its holdings. If a registration statement is required for a holder of our ADSs to exercise preemptive rights but is not filed by us or is not declared effective, the holder will not be able to exercise its preemptive rights for additional ADSs and it will
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suffer dilution of its equity interest in us. If the depositary is unable to sell rights that are not exercised or not distributed or if the sale is not lawful or practicable, it will allow the rights to lapse, in which case the holder will receive no value for these rights.
Dividend payments and the amount a holder of our ADSs may realize upon a sale of its ADSs will be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Won.
Our common stock is listed on the KRX KOSPI Market of the Korea Exchange and quoted and traded in Won. Cash dividends, if any, in respect of the shares represented by the ADSs will be paid to the depositary in Won and then converted by the depositary into U.S. dollars, subject to certain conditions. Accordingly, fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Won and the U.S. dollar will affect, among other things, the amounts a holder of our ADSs will receive from the depositary in respect of dividends, the U.S. dollar value of the proceeds that it would receive upon sale in Korea of the shares of our common stock obtained upon surrender of ADSs and the secondary market price of ADSs. Such fluctuations will also affect the U.S. dollar value of dividends and sales proceeds received by holders of our common stock.
The market value of an investment in our ADSs may fluctuate due to the volatility of the Korean securities market.
Our common stock is listed on the KRX KOSPI Market, which has a smaller market capitalization and is more volatile than other securities markets, such as those in the United States and other countries. The market value of ADSs may fluctuate in response to the fluctuation of the trading price of shares of our common stock on the KRX KOSPI Market. The KRX KOSPI Market has experienced substantial fluctuations in the prices and volumes of sales of listed securities and the KRX KOSPI Market has prescribed a fixed range in which share prices are permitted to move on a daily basis. The KOSPI was 6,615.0 on April 27, 2026. There is no guarantee that the stock prices of Korean companies will not decline again in the future. Like other securities markets, including those in developed markets, the Korean securities market has experienced problems including market manipulation, insider trading and settlement failures. The recurrence of these or similar problems could have a material adverse effect on the market price and liquidity of the securities of Korean companies, including our common stock and ADSs, in both the domestic and the international markets.
The Korean government has the potential ability to exert substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector business community, and in the past has exerted that influence from time to time. For example, the Korean government has promoted mergers to reduce what it considers excess capacity in a particular industry and has also encouraged private companies to publicly offer their securities. Similar actions in the future could have the effect of depressing or boosting the Korean securities market, whether or not intended to do so. Accordingly, actions by the government, or the perception that such actions are taking place, may take place or has ceased, may cause sudden movements in the market prices of the securities of Korean companies in the future, which may affect the market price and liquidity of our common stock and ADSs.
If the Korean government deems that emergency circumstances are likely to occur, it may restrict holders of our ADSs and the depositary from converting and remitting dividends and other amounts in U.S. dollars.
If the Korean government deems that certain emergency circumstances, including, but not limited to, severe and sudden changes in domestic or overseas economic circumstances, extreme difficulty in stabilizing the balance of payments or implementing currency exchange rate and other macroeconomic policies, have occurred or are likely to occur, it may impose certain restrictions provided for under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act, including the suspension of payments or requiring prior approval from governmental authorities for any transaction. See “Item 10.D. Exchange Controls—General.”
A holder of our ADSs may not be able to enforce a judgment of a foreign court against us.
We are a corporation with limited liability organized under the laws of Korea. Substantially all of our directors and officers and other persons named in this document reside in Korea, and all or a significant portion
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of the assets of our directors and officers and other persons named in this document and substantially all of our assets are located in Korea. As a result, it may not be possible for holders of our ADSs to effect service of process within the United States, or to enforce against them or us in the United States judgments obtained in United States courts based on the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States. There is doubt as to the enforceability in Korea, either in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of United States courts, of civil liabilities predicated on the United States federal securities laws.
For certain of the information required by subpart 1400 of Regulation S-K not included in this Item 4, see “Item 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information.”
Overview
We were established as a new financial holding company on September 29, 2008 pursuant to a “comprehensive stock transfer” under Korean law, whereby holders of the common stock of Kookmin Bank and certain of its subsidiaries transferred all of their shares to us in return for shares of our common stock. We were established pursuant to the Financial Holding Company Act, which was enacted in October 2000 and which, together with associated regulations and a related Enforcement Decree, has enabled banks and other financial institutions, including insurance companies, investment trust companies, credit card companies and securities companies, to be organized and managed under the auspices of a single financial holding company.
Our legal and commercial name is KB Financial Group Inc. Our registered office and principal executive offices are located at 26, Gukjegeumyung-ro 8-gil, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07331, Korea. Our telephone number is +82-2-2073-7114. Our agent in the United States, Kookmin Bank, New York Branch, is located at 565 Fifth Avenue, 24th Floor, New York, NY 10017. Its telephone number is (212) 697-6100. The address of our English website is https://www.kbfg.com/eng/index.jsp.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission maintains a website (http://www.sec.gov), which contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
History of the Former Kookmin Bank
The former Kookmin Bank was established by the Korean government in 1963 under its original name of Citizens National Bank under the Citizens National Bank Act of Korea with majority government ownership. Under this Act, we were limited to providing banking services to the general public and to small- and medium-sized enterprises. In September 1994, we completed our initial public offering in Korea and listed our shares on the KRX KOSPI Market.
In January 1995, the Citizens National Bank Act of Korea was repealed and replaced by the Repeal Act of the Citizens National Bank Act. Our status was changed from a specialized bank to a nationwide commercial bank and in February 1995, we changed our name to Kookmin Bank. The Repeal Act allowed us to engage in lending to large businesses.
History of H&CB
H&CB was established by the Korean government in 1967 under the name Korea Housing Finance Corporation. In 1969, Korea Housing Finance Corporation became the Korea Housing Bank pursuant to the Korea Housing Bank Act. H&CB was originally established to provide low and middle income households with long-term, low-interest mortgages in order to help them purchase their own homes, and to promote the increase of housing supply in Korea by providing low-interest housing loans to construction companies. Until 1997 when
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the Korea Housing Bank Act was repealed, H&CB was the only entity in Korea allowed to provide mortgage loans with a term of longer than ten years. H&CB also had the exclusive ability to offer housing-related deposit accounts offering preferential rights to subscribe for newly-built apartments.
Merger of the Former Kookmin Bank and H&CB
Effective November 1, 2001, the former Kookmin Bank and H&CB merged into a new entity named Kookmin Bank. This merger resulted in Kookmin Bank becoming the largest commercial bank in Korea. Kookmin Bank’s ADSs were listed on the New York Stock Exchange on November 1, 2001 and its common shares were listed on the KRX KOSPI Market on November 9, 2001.
Establishment of KB Financial Group
We were established on September 29, 2008 pursuant to a “comprehensive stock transfer” under Article 360-15 of the Korean Commercial Code, whereby holders of the common stock of Kookmin Bank and certain of its subsidiaries transferred all of their shares to us, a new financial holding company, and in return received shares of our common stock. In the stock transfer, each holder of one share of Kookmin Bank common stock received one share of our common stock, par value ￦5,000 per share. Holders of Kookmin Bank ADSs and global depositary shares, each of which represented one share of Kookmin Bank common stock, received one of our ADSs for every ADS or global depositary share they owned. In addition, holders of the common stock of certain of Kookmin Bank’s subsidiaries transferred all of their shares to us and, as consideration for such transferred shares, received shares of our common stock in accordance with the specified stock transfer ratio applicable to each such subsidiary. Following the completion of the stock transfer, Kookmin Bank and these subsidiaries — KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd., KB Asset Management Co., Ltd., KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd., KB Investment Co., Ltd., KB Futures Co., Ltd., KB Credit Information Co., Ltd., and KB Data Systems Co., Ltd. — became our wholly-owned subsidiaries.
The purpose of the stock transfer and our establishment as a financial holding company was to reorganize the different businesses of Kookmin Bank and its subsidiaries under a holding company structure, the adoption of which we believed would:
assist us in creating an integrated system that facilitates the sharing of customer information and the development of integrated products and services by the different businesses within our subsidiaries;
assist us in expanding our business scope to include new types of business with higher profit margins;
enhance our ability to pursue strategic investments or reorganizations by way of mergers, acquisitions, spin-offs or other means;
maximize our management efficiency; and
further enhance our capacity to expand our overseas operations.
Following the stock transfer, our common stock was listed on the KRX KOSPI Market on October 10, 2008 and our ADSs were listed on the New York Stock Exchange on September 29, 2008.
Business
We are one of the largest financial holding companies in Korea, in terms of consolidated total assets, and our operations include Kookmin Bank, one of the leading commercial banks in Korea. Our subsidiaries collectively engage in a broad range of businesses, including commercial banking, credit cards, asset management, non-life and life insurance, capital markets activities and international banking and finance. As of December 31, 2025, we had consolidated total assets of ￦798 trillion, consolidated total deposits of ￦462 trillion and consolidated total equity of ￦61 trillion.
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As part of our commercial banking activities, we provide credit and related financial services to individuals, small- and medium-sized enterprises and large corporate customers. We also provide a full range of deposit products and related services to both individuals and enterprises of all sizes. We provide these services predominantly through Kookmin Bank.
By their nature, our core consumer and small- and medium-sized enterprise operations place a high premium on customer access and convenience. Our combined banking network of 771 branches as of December 31, 2025, one of the most extensive in Korea, provides a solid foundation for our business and is a major source of our competitive strength. This network provides us with a large, stable and cost effective funding source, enables us to provide our customers convenient access and gives us the ability to provide the customer attention and service essential to conducting our business, particularly in an increasingly competitive environment. Our branch network is supplemented by our advanced digital platforms, including KB Star Banking. As of December 31, 2025, we had a customer base of approximately 39.0 million retail customers, which represented over one-half of the Korean population.
The following table sets forth the principal components of our lending business as of the dates indicated. As of December 31, 2025, retail loans and credit card loans and receivables accounted for 45.2% of our total loan portfolio:
Retail
Mortgage and home equity(1)
Other consumer(2)
Total retail
Credit card
Corporate
Foreign
Total loans
Includes ￦5,170 billion and ￦4,205 billion of overdraft loans secured by real estate in connection with home equity loans as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.
Includes ￦11,210 billion and ￦12,109 billion of overdraft loans as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.
We provide a full range of personal lending products and retail banking services to individual customers, including mortgage loans. We are the largest private sector mortgage lender in Korea.
Lending to small- and medium-sized enterprises is the single largest component of our non-retail credit portfolio and represents a widely diversified exposure to a broad spectrum of the Korean corporate community, both by type of lending and type of customer, with one of the categories being collateralized loans to SOHO customers that are among the smallest of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. The volume of our loans to small- and medium-sized enterprises requires a customer-oriented approach that is facilitated by our large and geographically diverse branch network.
With respect to large corporate customers, we continue to seek to maintain and expand quality relationships by providing them with an increasing range of fee-related services.
Strategy
Our strategic focus is to become a world-class financial group that achieves sustainable growth amidst a rapidly evolving financial landscape and an increasingly digitalized environment. We plan to continue to solidify
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our market position as Korea’s leading financial group, enhance our ability to provide comprehensive financial services to our retail and corporate customers and strengthen our overseas operating platform and network. In addition, we continually strive to achieve our goal of creating “a happier life and a better world” through a customer-centric management philosophy. We believe our strong market position in the commercial banking area in Korea is an important competitive advantage, which will enable us to compete more effectively based on convenient delivery, product breadth and differentiation, and service quality while focusing on our profitability.
The key elements of our strategy are as follows:
Providing comprehensive financial services and maximizing synergies among our subsidiaries through our financial holding company structure
We believe the Korean financial services market has been undergoing and will continue to undergo significant change, resulting from, among other things, fluctuations in the Korean and global economy and the evolving social landscape in Korea, including the acceleration of population aging in Korea, the spread of artificial intelligence usage and the growth of the digital asset ecosystem. In the context of such changes, we plan to become a comprehensive financial services provider capable of offering a full range of products and services to our large existing base of retail and corporate customers, as well as a global firm that can effectively compete with leading international financial institutions.
We believe our financial holding company structure gives us a competitive advantage over commercial banks and unaffiliated financial services providers by:
allowing us to offer a more extensive range of financial products and services;
enabling us to share customer information, which is not permitted outside a financial holding company structure, thereby enhancing our risk management capabilities;
enhancing our ability to reduce costs in areas such as back-office processing and procurement; and
enabling us to raise and manage capital on a centralized basis.
Identifying, targeting and marketing to attractive customer segments and providing superior customer value and service to such segments
In recent years, rather than focusing on developing products and services to satisfy the overall needs of the general population, we have increasingly targeted specific market segments in Korea that we expect to generate superior growth and profitability. For example, we have made it a priority to focus on wealth management solutions for high net worth and ultra-high net worth individuals, who seek more personalized and sophisticated financial services to manage and grow their assets. We will continue to implement a targeted marketing approach that seeks to identify the most attractive customer segments and to develop strategies to build market share in those segments.
In particular, we intend to increase our “wallet share” of existing high net worth customers by using our advanced customer relationship management technology to better identify and meet the needs of our most creditworthy customers, on whom we intend to concentrate our marketing efforts. For example, as part of this strategy, we operate a “priority customer” program called KB Star Club through seven of our subsidiaries, Kookmin Bank, KB Securities, KB Insurance, KB Kookmin Card, KB Life Insurance, KB Capital and KB Savings Bank. We select and classify KB Star Club customers based on their transaction history with the seven entities and provide such customers with preferential treatment in various areas, including interest rates and transaction fees, depending upon how they are classified. We also provide private banking services, including wealth management services through our exclusive brand “Gold & Wise,” to increase our share of the high net worth customer market and in turn increase our profitability and strengthen our position in retail banking.
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We are also focusing on attracting and retaining creditworthy customers by offering more differentiated fee-based products and services that are tailored to meet their specific needs. The development and marketing of our products and services are, in part, driven by customer segmentation to ensure that we meet the needs of each customer segment. For instance, we continue to develop hybrid financial products with enhanced features, including various deposit products and investment products, for which consumer demand has increased in recent years. We are also focusing on addressing the needs of our customers by providing the highest-quality products and services and developing an open-architecture strategy, which allows us to sell such products through one of the largest branch networks in Korea. In short, we aim to offer our customers a convenient one-stop financial services destination where they can meet their traditional retail and corporate banking requirements, as well as find a broad array of fee-based products and services tailored to address more specific financial needs, including in investment banking, securities brokerage, insurance and wealth management. We believe such differentiated, comprehensive services and cross-selling will not only enhance customer loyalty but also increase profitability.
One of our key customer-related strategies continues to be creating greater value and better service for our customers. We intend to continue improving our customer service, including through:
Improved customer relationship management technology. Management has devoted substantial resources toward development of our customer relationship management system, which is designed to provide our employees with the information needed to continually improve the level of service and incentives offered to our preferred customers. Our integrated customer relationship system allows for better customer management and streamlines our customer reward system. We have also developed state-of-the-art call centers, mobile applications and online Internet capabilities to provide shorter response times to customers seeking information or to execute transactions. Furthermore, we are focused on improving our customer channels to offer the same quality of service for both our in-branch and non-face-to-face interactions, including online platforms and mobile banking. Our goals are to continually focus on improving customer service to satisfy our customers’ needs through continuing efforts to deliver new and improved services and to upgrade our customer relationship management system to provide the best possible service to our customers in the future.
Enhanced distribution channels. We also believe we can improve customer retention and usage rates by increasing the range of products and services we offer and by developing a differentiated, multi-channel distribution network, including branches, digital platforms and call centers. We are committed to leveraging advanced technology, including artificial intelligence technology, across such channels to offer more efficient and personalized services, ensuring that we meet the evolving expectations of our customers. We believe that our leading market position in the commercial banking area in Korea gives us a competitive advantage in developing and enhancing our distribution capabilities.
Focusing on expanding and improving credit quality in our corporate lending business and increasing market share in the corporate financial services market
We plan to focus on corporate lending as one of our core businesses through attracting top-tier corporate customers and providing customized and distinctive products and services to build our position as a leading service provider in the Korean corporate financial market. To increase our market share in providing financial services to the corporate market, we intend to:
promote a more balanced and strengthened portfolio with respect to our corporate business by developing our large corporate customer base and utilizing our improved credit management operations to better evaluate new large corporate and small- and medium-sized enterprise customers;
develop and sell more varied corporate financial products, consisting of transactional banking products which provide higher margin and less risk;
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generate more fee income from large corporate customers through business-to-business transactions, foreign exchange transactions and derivative and other investment products, as well as investment banking services;
strengthen our marketing system based on our accumulated expertise in order to attract top-tier corporate customers;
focus on enhancing our channel network in order to provide the best service by strengthening our corporate customer management; and
further develop and train our core professionals with respect to this market, including through programs such as the “Career Development Path.”
Strengthening internal risk management capabilities
We believe that ensuring strong asset quality through effective credit risk management is critical to maintaining stable growth and profitability and risk management will continue to be one of our key focus areas. One of our highest priorities is to improve our asset quality and more effectively price our lending products to take into account inherent credit risk in our portfolio. Our goal is to maintain the soundness of our credit portfolio, profitability and capital base. To this end, we intend to continue to strengthen our internal risk management capabilities by tightening our underwriting and management policies and improving our internal compliance policies. To accomplish this objective, we have undertaken the following initiatives:
Strengthening underwriting procedures with advanced credit scoring techniques. We have centralized our credit management operations into our Credit Management and Analysis Group. Through such centralization, we aim to enhance our credit management expertise and improve our system of checks-and-balances with respect to our credit portfolio. We have also improved our ability to evaluate the credit of our small- and medium-sized enterprise customers through assigning experienced credit officers to our regional credit offices. We also require the same officer to evaluate, review and monitor the outstanding loans and other credits with respect to a customer, which we believe enhances the expertise and improves the efficiency and accountability of such officer, while enabling us to maintain a consistent credit policy. We have also, as a general matter, implemented enhanced credit analysis and scoring techniques, which we believe will enable us to make better-informed decisions about the credit we extend and improve our ability to respond more quickly to incipient credit problems. We are also focusing on enhancing our asset quality through improvement of our early monitoring systems and collection procedures.
Improving our internal compliance policy and ensuring strict application in our daily operations. We have improved our monitoring capabilities with respect to our internal compliance by providing training and educational programs to our management and employees. We have also implemented strict compliance policies to maintain the integrity of our risk management system.
Cultivating a performance-based, customer-oriented culture that emphasizes market best practices
We believe a strong and dedicated workforce is critical to our ability to offer our customers the highest quality financial services and is integral to our goal of maintaining our position as one of Korea’s leading financial services providers. In the past, we have dedicated significant resources to develop and train our core professionals, and we intend to continue to enhance the productivity of our employees, including by regularly sponsoring in-house training and educational programs. We have also been seeking to cultivate a performance-based culture to create a work environment where members of our staff are incentivized to maximize their potential and in which our employees are directly rewarded for superior performance. We intend to maintain a professional workforce whose high quality of customer service reflects our goal to achieve and maintain global best practice standards in all areas of operations.
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Retail Banking
Due to Kookmin Bank’s history and development as a retail bank and the know-how and expertise we have acquired from our activities in that market, retail banking has been and will continue to remain one of our core businesses. Our retail banking activities consist primarily of lending and deposit-taking.
Lending Activities
We offer various loan products that target different segments of the population, with features tailored to each segment’s financial profile and other characteristics. The following table sets forth the balances and the percentage of our total retail lending represented by the categories of our retail loans as of the dates indicated:
Retail:
Mortgage and home equity loans
Other consumer loans(1)
Total
Excludes credit card loans, but includes overdraft loans.
Our retail loans consist of:
Mortgage loans, which are loans made to customers to finance home purchases, construction, improvements or rentals; and home equity loans, which are loans made to our customers secured by their homes to ensure loan repayment. We also provide overdraft loans in connection with our home equity loans.
Other consumer loans, which are loans made to customers for any purpose (other than mortgage and home equity loans). These include overdraft loans, which are loans extended to customers to cover insufficient funds when they withdraw funds from their demand deposit accounts with us in excess of the amount in such accounts up to a limit established by us.
For secured loans, including mortgage and home equity loans, our policy is to lend up to 100% of the adjusted collateral value (except in areas of high speculation designated by the government where we generally limit our lending to 40% of the appraised value of collateral) minus the value of any lien or other security interests that are prior to our security interest. In calculating the adjusted collateral value for real estate, we use the appraisal value of the collateral multiplied by a factor, generally between 60% to 70%. This factor varies depending upon the location and use of the real estate and is established in part by taking into account court-supervised auction prices for nearby properties.
A borrower’s eligibility for our mortgage loans depends on the value of the mortgage property, the appropriateness of the use of proceeds and the borrower’s creditworthiness. A borrower’s eligibility for home equity loans is determined by the borrower’s credit and the value of the property, while the borrower’s eligibility for other consumer loans is primarily determined by the borrower’s credit. If the borrower’s credit deteriorates, it may be difficult for us to recover the loan. As a result, we review the borrower’s creditworthiness, collateral value, credit scoring and third party guarantees when evaluating a borrower. In addition, to reduce the interest rate of a loan or to qualify for a loan, a borrower may provide collateral, deposits or guarantees from third parties.
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Mortgage and Home Equity Lending
The housing finance market in Korea is divided into public sector and private sector lending. In the public sector, two government entities, the National Housing and Urban Fund and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, are responsible for most of the mortgage lending.
Private sector mortgage and home equity lending in Korea has expanded substantially in recent years. We provide customers with a number of mortgage and home equity loan products that have flexible features, including terms, repayment schedules, amounts and eligibility for loans, and we offer interest rates on a commercial basis. The maximum term of mortgage loans is 50 years and the majority of our mortgage loans have long-term maturities, which may be renewed. Non-amortizing home equity loans have a maturity of one to five years and home equity loans subject to amortization of principal may have a maximum term of up to 50 years. As of December 31, 2025, we had ￦31,557 billion of amortizing home equity loans, representing 98.8% of our total home equity loans, and ￦389 billion of non-amortizing home equity loans, representing 1.2% of our total home equity loans. Any customer is eligible for a mortgage or an individual home equity loan regardless of whether it participates in one of our housing related savings programs and so long as that customer is not barred by regulation from obtaining a loan because of bad credit history. However, customers with whom we frequently transact business and provide us with significant revenue receive preferential interest rates on loans.
As of December 31, 2025, 51.8% of our mortgage loans were secured by residential property which is the subject of the loan, 25.7% of our mortgage loans were guaranteed by the Housing Finance Credit Guarantee Fund, a government housing-related entity, and the remaining 22.5% of our mortgage loans, contrary to general practices in the United States, were unsecured (although the use of proceeds from these loans is restricted to financing of home purchases and some of these loans are guaranteed by a third party). One reason that a relatively high percentage of our mortgage loans are unsecured is that we, along with other Korean banks, provide advance loans to borrowers for the down payment of new housing (particularly apartments) that is in the process of being built. Once construction is completed, which may take several years, these mortgage loans become secured by the new housing purchased by these borrowers. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the average initial loan-to-value ratio of our mortgage loans, which is a measure of the amount of loan exposure to the appraised value of the security collateralizing the loan, was approximately 49.7%. There are three reasons that our loan-to-value ratio is relatively lower (as is the case with other Korean banks) compared to similar ratios in other countries, such as the United States. The first reason is that housing prices are high in Korea relative to average income, so most people cannot afford to borrow an amount equal to the entire value of their collateral and make interest payments on such an amount. The second reason relates to the “jeonsae” system, through which people provide a key money deposit while residing in the property prior to its purchase. At the time of purchase, most people use the key money deposit as part of their payment and borrow the remaining amount from Korean banks, which results in a loan that will be for an amount smaller than the appraised value of the property for collateral and assessment purposes. The third reason is that Korean banks discount the appraised value of the borrower’s property for collateral and assessment purposes so that a portion of the appraised value is reserved in order to provide recourse to a renter who lives at the borrower’s property. This is in the event that the borrower’s property is seized by a creditor, and the renter is no longer able to reside at that property. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Other risks relating to our business—A decline in the value of the collateral securing our loans and our inability to realize full collateral value may adversely affect our credit portfolio.”
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The following table sets forth our unsecured and secured mortgage loans and home equity loans as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, based on their loan classification categories under IFRS and our internal credit ratings for loans (which are described in Note 4.2.4 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements):
Mortgage:
Secured(1)
Unsecured
Home Equity:
Secured
Includes advance loans guaranteed by the Housing Finance Credit Guarantee Fund to borrowers for the down payment of new housing that is in the process of being built.
Our home equity loan portfolio includes loans that are in a second lien position. In addition to the underwriting procedures we perform when we issue home equity loans in general, we perform additional underwriting procedures with respect to home equity loans secured by a second lien to assess and confirm the value and status of any loans secured by security interests on the collateral which would be prior to our security interest under the second lien home equity loan. Under regulations implemented by the Financial Supervisory Service, our home equity loans are subject to maximum loan-to-value ratios (i.e., the ratio of the aggregate principal amount of loans, including first and second lien loans, secured by a particular item of collateral to the appraised value of such collateral) of between 40% and 70%. As such, for home equity loans, we do not lend more than an amount equal to the adjusted collateral value (i.e., the collateral value as discounted by the required loan-to-value ratio) minus the value of any loans secured by security interests on the collateral that are prior to our security interest. Accordingly, in order to ascertain the value of loans secured by security interests on the collateral which would be prior to our security interest and to confirm the status of such loans, we perform additional underwriting procedures including a review of the relevant title and security interest registration documents and bank documents and certificates regarding such loans. In addition, for purposes of calculating debt-to-income ratios applicable to loans secured by certain types of housing under regulations implemented by the Financial Supervisory Service (see “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Regulations Relating to Retail Household Loans”), which we apply on a nationwide basis for our home equity loans, we perform additional adjustments in our debt-to-income ratio calculations with respect to second lien home equity loans to account for the value of loans secured by security interests on the collateral that are prior to our security interest.
Following the issuance of a home equity loan, we make use of the Korea Credit Information Services’ database of delinquent borrowers to generally monitor the compliance of our borrowers with their other loan
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obligations, including the compliance of our second lien borrowers with their first lien loans. If a borrower in Korea is past due on payments of interest or principal for more than three months on any of its outstanding loans to Korean financial institutions (including mortgage, home equity, other consumer and credit card loans), such borrower is registered on the Korea Credit Information Services’ database of delinquent borrowers, which we monitor on a daily basis. Likewise, if a borrower in Korea is past due on payments of interest or principal for more than five business days and the overdue amount is ￦100,000 or more on any of its outstanding loans to Korean financial institutions (including mortgage, home equity, other consumer and credit card loans), such borrower is registered on the databases of delinquent borrowers of the Korea Credit Bureau and the NICE Information Service, which we also monitor on a daily basis. The information disclosed by such database, which includes the outstanding loan amount which is past due, the identity of the delinquent borrower and the name of the applicable lending institution for such loan, provides an early warning about such borrower to our loan officers at the branch level, who then closely monitor our outstanding loans to such delinquent borrower and take appropriate preventive and remedial measures (including requiring such borrower to provide additional collateral) as necessary. Upon the occurrence of a default in a borrower’s loan obligation at a different lending institution, we treat the borrower’s loan with us as part of our potential problem loans or non-performing loans. More specifically, upon learning of the occurrence of a default at the other lending institution, we deem the borrower’s ability to repay its loans to be precarious and re-classify its loans with us as “precautionary,” “substandard,” “doubtful” or an “estimated loss” according to the asset classification guidelines of the Financial Services Commission. Assuming that such loan is not delinquent, if the outstanding principal amount of the loan at the other lending institution is less than ￦15 million, we classify the loan as “precautionary” and closely monitor it to determine whether it may become problematic. If the outstanding principal amount of the loan at the other lending institution is ￦15 million or more and more than three months have passed since the default, we classify the loan with us as “doubtful.” If the borrower is registered as being in default by the Korea Credit Information Services, then we classify the loan as an “estimated loss.” However, among the mortgage loans that are classified as “doubtful” or an “estimated loss,” if there are any expected amounts to be recovered, we classify such amount as “substandard.”
Pricing. The interest rates on our retail mortgage loans are generally based on a periodic floating rate (which is based on a base rate determined for three-month, six-month or twelve-month periods using our Market Opportunity Rate system, which reflects our internal cost of funding, further adjusted to account for our expenses related to lending). Our interest rates also incorporate a margin based among other things on the type of security, the credit score of the borrower and the estimated loss on the security. We can adjust the price to reflect the borrower’s current and/or expected future contribution to us. The applicable interest rate is determined at the time of the loan. If a loan is terminated prior to its maturity, the borrower is obligated to pay us an early termination fee of approximately 0.55% to 0.75% of the loan amount in addition to the accrued interest.
The interest rates on our home equity loans are determined on the same basis as our retail mortgage loans.
As of December 31, 2025, the Market Opportunity Rate was 2.81% for a three-month period, 2.84% for a six-month period and 2.82% for a twelve-month period.
Other Consumer Loans
Other consumer loans are primarily unsecured. However, such loans may be secured by real estate, deposits or securities. As of December 31, 2025, approximately ￦34,951 billion, or 59.4% of our consumer loans (other than mortgage and home equity loans) were unsecured loans (although some of these loans were guaranteed by a third party). Overdraft loans are also classified as other consumer loans, are primarily unsecured and generally have an initial maturity of one year, which is typically extended automatically on an annual basis and may be extended up to a maximum of ten years. The amount of overdraft loans as of December 31, 2025 was approximately ￦12,109 billion.
Pricing. The interest rates on our other consumer loans (including overdraft loans) are determined on the same basis as on our mortgage and home equity loans, except that, for unsecured loans, the borrower’s credit
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score as determined during our loan approval process is also taken into account. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Credit Risk Management.”
Deposit-taking Activities
Due to our extensive nationwide network of branches, together with our long history of development and our resulting know-how and expertise, as of December 31, 2025, we had one of the largest numbers of retail customers and retail deposits among Korean commercial banks. The balance of our deposits from retail customers was ￦245,846 billion and ￦249,695 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively, which constituted 56.4% and 54.0%, respectively, of the balance of our total deposits.
We offer many deposit products that target different segments of our retail customer base, with features tailored to each segment’s financial profile, characteristics and needs, including:
Demand deposits, which either do not accrue interest or accrue interest at a lower rate than time deposits. Demand deposits allow the customer to deposit and withdraw funds at any time and, if they are interest bearing, accrue interest at a variable rate depending on the amount of deposit. Retail and corporate demand deposits constituted 35.8% of our total deposits as of December 31, 2025 and paid average interest of 0.46% for 2025.
Time deposits, which generally require the customer to maintain a deposit for a fixed term, during which the deposit accrues interest at a fixed rate or a variable rate based on the COFIX, or to deposit specified amounts on an installment basis. If the amount of the deposit is withdrawn prior to the end of the fixed term, the customer will be paid a lower interest rate than that originally offered. The term for time deposits typically ranges from one month to three years, and the term for installment savings deposits ranges from six months to five years. Retail and corporate time deposits constituted 47.9% of our total deposits as of December 31, 2025 and paid average interest of 3.12% for 2025. Most installment savings deposits offer fixed interest rates.
Certificates of deposit, the maturities of which typically range from 30 days to 730 days with a required minimum deposit of ￦10 million. Interest rates on certificates of deposit are determined based on the length of the deposit and prevailing market rates. Our certificates of deposit are sold at a discount to their face value, reflecting the interest payable on the certificates of deposit.
Foreign currency deposits, which are available to Korean and foreign residents, non-residents and overseas immigrants. We offer foreign currency demand deposits and time deposits as well as checking accounts in 11 currencies. Foreign currency demand deposits, which accrue interest at a variable rate, allow customers to deposit and withdraw funds at any time. Foreign currency time deposits generally require customers to maintain the deposit for a fixed term, during which the deposit accrues interest at a fixed rate. If the funds in a foreign currency time deposit are withdrawn prior to the end of the fixed term, the customer will be paid a lower interest rate than that originally offered.
We offer varying interest rates on our deposit products depending upon average funding costs, the rate of return on our interest-earning assets and the interest rates offered by other commercial banks.
We also offer comprehensive savings deposits for housing subscription, which are monthly installment savings deposits that provide the holder with preferential rights to subscribe for both public and private housing under the Housing Act. This law is the basic law setting forth various measures supporting the purchase of houses and the supply of such houses by construction companies. These deposits require monthly installments of ￦20,000 to ￦500,000 and accrue interest at variable rates depending on the term. An eligible account holder with ￦70 million or less in annual salary income may also claim a tax deduction for 40% of its annual installment amounts, subject to a maximum deductible amount, in its income tax return for the year under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law.
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In 2002, after significant research and planning, we launched private banking operations at Kookmin Bank’s headquarters. Shortly thereafter, we launched a comprehensive strategy with respect to customers with higher net worth, which included staffing appropriate representatives, marketing aggressively, establishing IT systems, selecting appropriate branch locations and readying such branches with the necessary facilities to service such customers. As of December 31, 2025, we operated 24 main private banking centers through Kookmin Bank.
The Monetary Policy Board of the Bank of Korea, or the Monetary Policy Board, imposes a reserve requirement on Won currency deposits of commercial banks based generally on the type of deposit instrument. The minimum reserve requirement ratio is 7% of the average balance of Won currency demand deposits outstanding. See “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Liquidity.”
The Depositor Protection Act provides for a deposit insurance system where the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation guarantees to depositors the repayment of their eligible bank deposits. The deposit insurance system insures up to a total of ￦100 million per depositor per bank, which limit increased from ￦50 million through an amendment to the Depositor Protection Act of Korea that became effective in September 2025. See “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Deposit Insurance System.”
Credit Cards
Credit cards are another of our core retail products. We issue most of our credit cards under the “KB Kookmin Card” brand. Our credit card business is operated by our subsidiary, KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.
The following table sets forth certain data relating to our credit card operations, on a non-consolidated basis, as of the dates and for the periods indicated:
(in billions of Won, except percentages and
numbers of holders and merchants)
Number of credit cardholders (at year end) (thousands)
General accounts
Corporate accounts
Number of merchants (at year end) (thousands)
Active ratio (at year end)(2)
Credit card fees
Merchant fees(3)
Installment and cash advance fees
Annual membership fees
Other fees
Charge volume(4)
General purchase
Installment purchase
Cash advance
Card loan(5)
Outstanding balance (at year end)
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Average outstanding balances
Delinquency ratios (at year end)(6)
From 1 month to 3 months
From 3 months to 6 months
Over 6 months
Non-performing loan ratio
Write-offs (gross)
Recoveries(7)
Net write-offs
Gross write-off ratio(8)
Net write-off ratio(9)
Certain figures with respect to our credit card fees, outstanding balances and average outstanding balances as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 above have been restated to reflect certain changes in our accounting policies relating to the accumulation of points for our coupon-type card services.
The active ratio represents the ratio of accounts used at least once within the last six months to total accounts as of year-end.
Merchant fees consist of maintenance fees and costs associated with prepayment by us (on behalf of customers) of sales proceeds to merchants, processing fees relating to sales and membership applications, costs relating to the management of delinquencies and recoveries, provision for loan losses, general variable expenses and other fixed costs that are charged to our member merchants. We typically charge our member merchants fees that range from 0.4% to 2.3%. We offer discounts for member merchants that are small- and medium-sized enterprises pursuant to applicable laws.
Represents the aggregate cumulative amount charged during the year.
Card loans consist of loans that are provided on an unsecured basis to cardholders upon prior agreement. Payment on such a loan can be due either in one payment or in installments after a fixed period, in the case of principal payments, and will be due in installments, in the case of interest payments.
Represents ratio of credit card balances overdue by one month or more to outstanding balance. In line with industry practice, we have restructured a portion of delinquent credit card account balances as loans. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, these restructured loans amounted to ￦169 billion and ￦116 billion, respectively. Because these restructured loans are not treated as being delinquent at the time of conversion or for a period of time thereafter, our delinquency ratios may not fully reflect all delinquent amounts relating to our outstanding balances.
Does not include proceeds that we received from sales of our non-performing loans that were written off.
Represents the ratio of gross write-offs for the year to average outstanding balance for the year. Our charge-off policy is generally to write off balances which have been overdue for four payment cycles or more or which have been classified as expected loss.
Represents the ratio of net write-offs for the year to average outstanding balances for the year. Our charge-off policy is generally to write off balances which have been overdue for four payment cycles or more or which have been classified as expected loss.
In contrast to the system in the United States and many other countries, where most credit cards are revolving cards that allow outstanding amounts to be rolled over from month to month so long as a required minimum percentage is repaid, credit cardholders in Korea are generally required to pay for their purchases within approximately 14 to 44 days of purchase depending on their payment cycle. However, we also offer revolving payment plans to individuals that allow outstanding amounts to be rolled over to subsequent payment periods. Delinquent accounts (defined as amounts overdue for one day or more) are charged penalty interest and closely monitored. For installment purchases, we charge interest on unpaid installments at rates that vary according to the individual cardholder’s membership level, which is based on, among others, transaction history, the length of the cardholder’s relationship with us and contribution to our profitability.
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We are committed to continuing to enhance our credit card business by strengthening our risk management and maximizing our operational efficiency. In addition, we believe that our extensive branch network, brand recognition and overall size will enable us to cross-sell products such as credit cards to our existing and new customers.
To promote our credit card business, we offer services targeted to various financial profiles and customer requirements and are concentrating on:
strengthening cross-sales to existing customers and offering integrated financial services;
offering cards that provide additional benefits such as frequent flyer miles and reward program points that can be redeemed by the customer for complementary services, prizes and cash;
offering platinum cards, VVIP cards and other prime members’ cards, which have a higher credit limit and provide additional services in return for a higher fee;
acquiring new customers through strategic alliances and cross-marketing with retailers;
encouraging increased use of credit cards by existing customers through special offers for frequent users;
introducing new features such as travel services and insurance through alliance partners; and
developing fraud detection and security systems to prevent the misuse of credit cards.
As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately 13.6 million credit cardholders. Of the credit cards outstanding, approximately 91.4% were active, meaning that they had been used at least once during the previous six months.
Our card revenues consist principally of cash advance fees, merchant fees, credit card installment fees, interest income from credit card loans, annual fees paid by cardholders, interest and fees on late payments and, with respect to revolving payment plans we offer, interest and fees relating to revolving balances.
Under non-exclusive license agreements with overseas financial services corporations, we also issue MasterCard, Visa, American Express, JCB and China UnionPay credit cards.
We issue debit cards and charge merchants commissions in the amount of approximately 1.0% of the amounts purchased using a debit card. We also issue “check cards,” which are similar to debit cards except that “check cards” are accepted by all merchants that accept credit cards, and charge merchants commissions that typically range from 0.15% to 1.50%. Much like debit cards, check card purchases are also debited directly from customers’ accounts with us.
Corporate Banking
We lend to and take deposits from small- and medium-sized enterprises and, to a lesser extent, large corporate customers. Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary, had 415,671 small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers and 1,810 large corporate borrowers for Won-currency loans as of December 31, 2025. For 2025, we received fee revenue from cash management services offered to corporate customers, which include “firm-banking” services such as inter-account transfers, transfers of funds from various branches and agencies of a company (such as insurance premium payments) to the account of the headquarters of such company and transfers of funds from various customers of a company to the main account of such company, in the amount of ￦138.1 billion. Of our branch network as of December 31, 2025, we had two branches that primarily handled large corporate banking.
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The following table sets forth the balances and the percentage of our total corporate lending represented by our small- and medium-sized enterprise business loans and our large corporate business loans as of the dates indicated, estimated based on our internal classifications of corporate borrowers:
Corporate:
Small- and medium-sized enterprise loans
Large corporate loans
On the deposit-taking side, we currently offer our corporate customers several types of corporate deposits. Our corporate deposit products can be divided into two general categories: (1) demand deposits that have no restrictions on deposits or withdrawals, but which offer a relatively low interest rate; and (2) deposits from which withdrawals are restricted for a period of time, but offer higher interest rates. We also offer installment savings deposits, certificates of deposit and repurchase instruments. We offer varying interest rates on deposit products depending upon the rate of return on our income-earning assets, average funding costs and interest rates offered by other nationwide commercial banks.
The total amount of deposits from our corporate customers amounted to ￦204,929 billion as of December 31, 2025, or 44.3% of our total deposits.
Small- and Medium-sized Enterprise Banking
Our small- and medium-sized enterprise banking business has traditionally been and will remain one of our core businesses because of both our historical development and our accumulated expertise. We believe that we possess the necessary elements to succeed in the small- and medium-sized enterprise market, including our extensive branch network, our credit rating system for credit approval, our marketing capabilities (which we believe have provided us with significant brand loyalty) and our ability to take advantage of economies of scale.
We use the term “small- and medium-sized enterprises” as defined in the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises and related regulations. Under the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises and related regulations, an enterprise must meet each of the following criteria in order to meet the definition of a small- and medium-sized enterprise: (i) total assets at the end of the immediately preceding fiscal year must be less than ￦500 billion, (ii) the average or annual sales revenue standards as prescribed by the Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises that are applicable to the enterprise’s primary business must be met and (iii) the standards of management independence as prescribed by the Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises must be met. However, pursuant to an amendment to the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises, which became effective in June 2020, an enterprise that qualifies as a small- and medium-sized enterprise pursuant to the above definition shall no longer be considered a small- and medium-sized enterprise if it is incorporated into, or is deemed to be incorporated into, a business group subject to certain disclosure requirements under the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act. Moreover, certified social enterprises (as defined in the Social Enterprise Promotion Act) and cooperatives and federations of cooperatives (each as defined in the Framework Act on Cooperatives, the Consumer Cooperatives Act and the Small and Medium Enterprise Cooperatives Act) that satisfy the requirements prescribed by the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises may also qualify as small- and medium-sized enterprises.
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Our principal loan products for our small- and medium-sized enterprise customers are working capital loans and facilities loans. Working capital loans are provided to finance working capital requirements and include notes discounted and trade financing. Facilities loans are provided to finance the purchase of equipment and the establishment of manufacturing assembly plants. As of December 31, 2025, working capital loans and facilities loans accounted for 46.1% and 53.9%, respectively, of our total small- and medium-sized enterprise loans. As of December 31, 2025, Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary, had 415,671 small- and medium-sized enterprise customers on the lending side.
Loans to small- and medium-sized enterprises may be secured by real estate or deposits or may be unsecured. As of December 31, 2025, secured loans and guaranteed loans accounted for, in the aggregate, 86.9% of our small- and medium-sized enterprise loans. Among the secured loans, 98.1% were secured by real estate and 1.9% were secured by deposits or securities. Working capital loans generally have a maturity of one year, but may be extended for additional terms of up to one year in length for an aggregate term of five years. Facilities loans have a maximum maturity of 15 years for amortizing loans and 20 years for bullet repayment loans.
When evaluating the extension of working capital loans, we review the corporate customer’s creditworthiness and capability to generate cash. Furthermore, we take credit guaranty letters from other financial institutions and use time deposits that the borrower has with us as collateral, and may require additional collateral.
The value of any collateral is defined using a formula that takes into account the appraised value of the property, any prior liens or other claims against the property and an adjustment factor based on a number of considerations including, with respect to property, the value of any nearby property sold in a court-supervised auction during the previous five years. We revalue any collateral on a periodic basis (generally every year) or if a trigger event occurs with respect to the loan in question.
We also offer mortgage loans to home builders or developers who build or sell single- or multi-family housing units, principally apartment buildings. Many of these builders and developers are categorized as small- and medium-sized enterprises. We offer a variety of such mortgage loans, including loans to purchase property or finance the construction of housing units and loans to contractors used for working capital purposes. Such mortgage loans subject us to the risk that the housing units will not be sold. As a result, we review the probability of the sale of the housing unit when evaluating the extension of a loan. We also review the borrower’s creditworthiness and the adequacy of the intended use of proceeds. Furthermore, we take a lien on the land on which the housing unit is to be constructed as collateral. If the collateral is not sufficient to cover the loan, we also take a guarantee from the Housing Finance Credit Guarantee Fund as security.
A substantial number of our small- and medium-sized enterprise customers are SOHOs, which we currently define to include sole proprietorships and individual business interests. With respect to SOHOs, we apply credit risk evaluation models, which not only use quantitative analysis related to a customer’s accounts, personal credit and financial information and due amounts but also require our credit officers to perform a qualitative analysis of each potential SOHO customer. With respect to SOHO loans in excess of ￦2 billion, our credit risk evaluation model also includes a quantitative analysis of the financial statements of the underlying business. We generally lend to SOHOs on a secured basis, although a small portion of our SOHO exposures are unsecured.
Pricing
We establish the price for our corporate loan products based principally on transaction risk, our cost of funding and market considerations. Transaction risk is measured by such factors as the credit rating assigned to a particular borrower, the size of the borrower and the value and type of collateral. Our loans are priced based on the Market Opportunity Rate system, which is a periodic floating rate system that takes into account the current
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market interest rate. For the Market Opportunity Rate as of December 31, 2025, see “—Retail Banking—Lending Activities—Mortgage and Home Equity Lending—Pricing.”
While we generally utilize the Market Opportunity Rate system, depending on the price and other terms set by competing banks for similar borrowers, we may adjust the interest rate we charge to compete more effectively with other banks.
Large Corporate Banking
Large corporate customers include all companies that are not small- and medium-sized enterprise customers. Kookmin Bank’s articles of incorporation provide that financial services to large corporate customers must be no more than 40% of the total amount of our Won-denominated loans. Our business focus with respect to large corporate banking is to selectively increase the proportion of high quality large corporate customers. Specifically, we are carrying out various initiatives to improve our customer relationship with large corporate customers and have been seeking to expand our service offerings to this segment.
Our principal loan products for our large corporate customers are working capital loans and facilities loans. As of December 31, 2025, working capital loans and facilities loans accounted for 75.7% and 24.3%, respectively, of our total large corporate loans. We also offer mortgage loans to large corporate clients who build or sell single- or multi-family housing units, as described above under “—Small- and Medium-sized Enterprise Banking—Lending Activities.”
As of December 31, 2025, secured loans and guaranteed loans accounted for, in the aggregate, 41.7% of our large corporate loans. Among the secured loans, 75.2% were secured by real estate and 24.8% were secured by deposits or securities. Working capital loans generally have a maturity of one year, but may be extended for additional terms ranging from three months to one year in length for an aggregate term of five years. Facilities loans have a maximum maturity of 15 years for amortizing loans and 20 years for bullet repayment loans.
In our unsecured lending to large corporate customers, a critical consideration in our policy regarding the extension of such unsecured loans is the borrower’s creditworthiness. We assign each borrower a credit rating based on the judgment of our experts or scores calculated using the appropriate credit rating system, taking into account both financial factors and non-financial factors (such as our perception of a borrower’s reliability, management and operational risk and risk relating to the borrower’s industry). The credit ratings, along with such factors, are key determinants in our lending to large corporate customers. Large corporate customers generally have higher credit ratings due to their higher repayment capability compared to other types of borrowers, such as small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers. In addition, large corporate borrowers generally are affected to a lesser extent than small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers by fluctuations in the Korean economy and also maintain more sophisticated financial records. As of December 31, 2025, 92.5% of our large corporate customers had credit ratings of BBB- or above according to the internal credit rating system of Kookmin Bank, compared to 78.9% of our small- and medium-sized enterprise customers. A credit rating of BBB- is assigned to customers whose ability to repay the principal and interest on their outstanding loans is determined by us to be generally satisfactory but nonetheless subject to adverse effects under unfavorable economic conditions or during downturns in the business environment. Based on our internal analysis of historical data, we believe that the probability of default for loans extended to large corporate customers with a credit rating of BBB- or above is between 0.00% and 2.26%.
We monitor the credit status of large corporate borrowers and collect information to adjust our ratings appropriately. We also manage and monitor our large corporate customers through a dedicated Corporate Banking Branch and Kookmin Bank’s Large Corporate Business Department. In addition, Kookmin Bank’s Credit Risk Department manages the exposures to each large corporate customer and conducts in-depth analysis of various economic and industry-related risks that are relevant to large corporate customers.
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As of December 31, 2025, in terms of our outstanding loan balance, 30.8% was extended to borrowers in the financial industry, 27.1% was extended to borrowers in the manufacturing industry, and 24.8% was extended to borrowers in the service industry.
We determine pricing of our large corporate loans in the same way as we determine the pricing of our small- and medium-sized enterprise loans. See “—Small- and Medium-sized Enterprise Banking—Pricing” above. As of December 31, 2025, the Market Opportunity Rate, which is utilized in pricing loans offered by us, was the same for our large corporate loans as for our small- and medium-sized enterprise loans.
Capital Markets Activities and International Banking/Finance
Through our capital markets operations, we invest and trade in debt and equity securities and, to a lesser extent, engage in derivatives and asset securitization transactions and make call loans. We also provide investment banking and securities brokerage services.
Securities Investment and Trading
We invest in and trade securities for our own account in order to maintain adequate sources of liquidity and to generate interest and dividend income and capital gains. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, our investment portfolio, which consists primarily of financial assets at amortized cost and financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income, and our trading portfolio had a combined total carrying amount of ￦208,730 billion and ￦222,713 billion (including the investment and trading portfolios of our insurance operations) and represented 27.5% and 27.9% of our total assets, respectively.
Our trading and investment portfolios consist primarily of Korean treasury securities and debt securities issued by Korean government agencies, local governments or certain government-invested enterprises and debt securities issued by financial institutions. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, we held debt securities with a total carrying amount of ￦199,636 billion and ￦208,950 billion, respectively, of which:
financial assets at amortized cost accounted for ￦37,131 billion and ￦35,085 billion, or 18.6% and 16.8%, respectively;
debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income accounted for ￦88,736 billion and ￦93,312 billion, or 44.4% and 44.7%, respectively; and
debt securities at fair value through profit or loss accounted for ￦73,769 billion and ￦80,553 billion, or 36.9% and 38.5%, respectively.
Of these amounts, debt securities issued by the Korean government and government agencies as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 amounted to:
￦6,029 billion and ￦4,944 billion, or 16.2% and 14.1%, respectively, of our financial assets at amortized cost;
￦38,108 billion and ￦43,783 billion, or 42.9% and 46.9%, respectively, of our financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income; and
￦13,390 billion and ￦12,700 billion, or 18.2% and 15.8%, respectively, of our debt securities at fair value through profit or loss.
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From time to time we also purchase equity securities for our securities portfolios. Our equity securities consist primarily of marketable beneficiary certificates and equities listed on the KRX KOSPI Market, the KRX KOSDAQ Market or the KRX KONEX Market. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025:
equity securities at fair value through other comprehensive income had a carrying amount of ￦3,713 billion and ￦4,612 billion, or 4.0% and 4.7%, respectively, of our securities at fair value through other comprehensive income portfolio; and
equity securities at fair value through profit or loss had a carrying amount of ￦4,275 billion and ￦7,601 billion, or 5.5% and 8.6%, respectively, of our securities at fair value through profit or loss portfolio.
Our trading portfolio also includes derivative-linked securities, the underlying assets of which were linked to, among other things, interest rates, exchange rates, stock price indices or credit risks. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, derivative-linked securities in our trading portfolio had a carrying amount of ￦1,924 billion and ￦2,161 billion, or 2.5% and 2.4% of our trading portfolio, respectively. See “—Derivatives Trading.”
The following tables show, as of the dates indicated, the unrealized gains and losses on financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income and financial assets at amortized cost within our investment portfolio, and the amortized cost and fair value of the portfolio by type of financial asset:
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
Debt securities
Korean treasury securities and government agencies
Financial institutions(1)
Corporate(2)
Asset-backed securities(3)
Others
Subtotal
Equity securities
Total financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
Financial assets at amortized cost:
Financial institutions(4)
Corporate(5)
Asset-backed securities(6)
Total financial assets at amortized cost
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Includes debt securities issued by Korea Housing Finance Corporation, the Korea Development Bank, the Bank of Korea, Industrial Bank of Korea and Korea Electric Power Corporation in the aggregate amount of ￦18,749 billion as of December 31, 2024 and debt securities issued by Korea Housing Finance Corporation, the Korea Development Bank, the Bank of Korea, Industrial Bank of Korea and Korea Electric Power Corporation in the aggregate amount of ￦15,783 billion as of December 31, 2025. These financial institutions are owned or controlled by the Korean government.
Includes debt securities issued by Korea Housing Finance Corporation and Korea Electric Power Corporation in the aggregate amount of ￦2,208 billion as of December 31, 2024 and debt securities issued by Korea Housing Finance Corporation and Korea Electric Power Corporation in the aggregate amount of ￦2,297 billion as of December 31, 2025. These entities are owned or controlled by the Korean government.
Includes mortgage-backed securities issued by Korea Housing Finance Corporation, which have residential mortgage loans as underlying assets, in the amount of ￦1,842 billion as of December 31, 2024 and ￦1,677 billion as of December 31, 2025. Korea Housing Finance Corporation is owned by the Korean government.
Includes debt securities issued by the Korea Development Bank, the Bank of Korea and Industrial Bank of Korea in the aggregate amount of ￦1,823 billion as of December 31, 2024 and debt securities issued by the Korea Development Bank, the Bank of Korea and Industrial Bank of Korea in the aggregate amount of ￦3,154 billion as of December 31, 2025. These financial institutions are owned or controlled by the Korean government.
Includes debt securities issued by Korea Housing Finance Corporation, the Korea Development Bank and Korea Electric Power Corporation in the aggregate amount of ￦1,810 billion as of December 31, 2024 and debt securities issued by Korea Housing Finance Corporation and Korea Electric Power Corporation in the aggregate amount of ￦1,734 billion as of December 31, 2025. These entities are owned or controlled by the Korean government.
Includes mortgage-backed securities issued by Korea Housing Finance Corporation, which have residential mortgage loans as underlying assets, in the amount of ￦9,261 billion as of December 31, 2024 and ￦7,271 billion as of December 31, 2025. Korea Housing Finance Corporation is owned by the Korean government.
Gross carrying amount before adjusting for loss allowance for expected credit losses in accordance with IFRS 9.
Net unrealized gain and loss after adjusting for loss allowance for expected credit losses in accordance with IFRS 9.
Loss allowance for expected credit losses in accordance with IFRS 9.
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Derivatives Trading
We engage in derivatives trading, including on behalf of our customers. Our trading volume decreased from ￦684,128 billion in 2023 to ￦605,459 billion in 2024 and ￦532,638 billion in 2025. Our net trading expense from derivatives for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 was ￦(431) billion, ￦(583) billion and ￦(412) billion, respectively.
We provide and trade a range of derivatives products, including:
interest rate swaps and options, relating to interest rate risks;
cross-currency swaps, forwards and options relating to foreign exchange risks; and
stock price index options linked to the KOSPI index.
Our derivatives operations focus on addressing the needs of our corporate clients to hedge their risk exposure and the need to hedge our risk exposure that results from such client contracts. We also engage in derivatives trading activities to hedge the interest rate and foreign currency risk exposures that arise from our own assets and liabilities. In addition, we engage in proprietary trading of derivatives within our regulated open position limits.
The following shows the estimated fair value of our derivatives as of December 31, 2024 and 2025:
Foreign exchange derivatives (1)
Interest rate derivatives (1)
Equity derivatives
Credit derivatives
Commodity derivatives
Includes those for trading purposes and hedging purposes.
The following table shows certain information related to our derivatives designated as fair value hedges for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025:
Foreign exchange derivatives
Interest rate derivatives
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The following table shows certain information related to our derivatives designated as cash flow hedges for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025:
The following table shows certain information related to financial instruments designated as net investment hedges in foreign operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025:
Includes the gain (loss) on a non-derivative instrument designated as a hedging instrument.
Asset Securitization Transactions
We are active in the Korean asset-backed securities market. Based on our diverse experience with respect to product development and management capabilities relating to asset securitization, we offer customers a wide range of financial products and participate in various asset securitization transactions, including through our subsidiary KB Securities, to reinforce our position as a leading financial services provider with respect to the asset securitization market. We were involved in asset securitization transactions with an initial aggregate issue amount of ￦8,502 billion in 2023, ￦8,844 billion in 2024 and ￦11,259 billion in 2025, a significant portion of which were public offerings of asset-backed securities.
Call Loans
We make call loans and borrow call money in the short-term money market. Call loans are defined as short-term lending among banks and financial institutions either in Won or in foreign currencies with maturities of 90 days or less. Typically, call loans have maturities of one day. As of December 31, 2025, we had made call loans of ￦6,402 billion and borrowed call money of ￦4,228 billion, compared to ￦5,403 billion and ￦2,841 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2024.
Investment Banking
We have focused on selectively expanding our investment banking activities in order to increase our fee income and diversify our revenue base. We provide investment banking services primarily through KB Securities and Kookmin Bank. Our principal investment banking services include:
securities underwriting;
financing and financial advisory services for mergers and acquisitions;
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project finance and financial advisory services for social overhead capital projects such as highway, port, power, water and sewage projects;
financing and financial advisory services for real estate development projects; and
structured finance.
In May 2016, we acquired 22.56% of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd., a publicly listed Korean securities firm, and further increased our shareholding in Hyundai Securities to 29.62% in June 2016 by acquiring treasury shares of Hyundai Securities. In October 2016, we effected a comprehensive stock swap of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities for newly issued shares of our company, as a result of which Hyundai Securities became a wholly-owned subsidiary. Following such transaction, we merged our existing subsidiary, KB Investment & Securities, with and into Hyundai Securities in December 2016 and changed the name of the surviving entity to KB Securities. Through the acquisition of Hyundai Securities and the creation of an integrated securities firm, we sought to strengthen our investment banking and securities brokerage capabilities, as well as to achieve economies of scale.
In 2025, we generated net investment banking income of ￦1,846 billion, consisting of ￦596 billion of net interest income and ￦1,250 billion of net non-interest income.
Securities Brokerage
We provide securities brokerage services through KB Securities. Our activities include provision of brokerage services to our retail and corporate customers relating to a wide range of investment products, including stocks, futures, options, equity- and derivative-linked securities and debt instruments, as well as provision of prime brokerage services to hedge funds. In addition, we offer self-directed brokerage services through KB Securities’ online and mobile brokerage platforms.
As of December 31, 2025, KB Securities operated a brokerage network consisting of 74 branches and sub-branches in Korea. In 2025, KB Securities generated commission income of ￦779 billion through its securities brokerage activities.
International Banking and Finance
We engage in various international banking and finance activities, including foreign exchange services and derivatives dealing, import and export-related services, offshore lending, syndicated loans, foreign currency securities investment and non-life insurance. These services are provided primarily to our domestic customers and overseas subsidiaries and affiliates of Korean corporations and, to a limited extent, to local companies and individuals. We also raise foreign currency funds through our international banking and finance operations.
The table below sets forth certain information regarding our foreign currency assets and borrowings:
Total foreign currency assets
Foreign currency borrowings:
Borrowings
Debentures
Total borrowings
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The table below sets forth our overseas subsidiaries, branches and representative and liaison offices in operation as of December 31, 2025:
Business Unit(1)
Subsidiaries (22)
Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd. (including five branches)
KB Microfinance Myanmar Co., Ltd. (including 15 branches)
KB PRASAC Bank Plc. (including 186 branches)
PT Bank KB Indonesia Tbk (including 151 branches)
KB Bank Myanmar Ltd.
KBFG Securities America Inc.
KB Securities Hong Kong Ltd.
KB Securities Vietnam Joint Stock Company (including three branches)
KB FINA Company Limited
PT KB Valbury Sekuritas (including 15 branches)
KBFG Insurance (China) Co., Ltd. (including one branch)
PT. Kookmin Best Insurance Indonesia (including four branches)
Leading Insurance Services, Inc.
KB Daehan Specialized Bank PLC. (including eight branches)
PT. KB Finansia Multi Finance (including 116 branches)
KB J Capital Co., Ltd.
KB Asset Management Singapore Pte. Ltd.
PT KB Valbury Asset Management
KBAM Shanghai Advisory Services Co., Ltd.
KB KOLAO Leasing Co., Ltd. (including one branch)
PT Sunindo Kookmin Best Finance (including one branch)
PT KB Data Systems Indonesia
Kookmin Bank, Tokyo Branch
Kookmin Bank, Auckland Branch
Kookmin Bank, New York Branch
Kookmin Bank, London Branch
Kookmin Bank, Ho Chi Minh City Branch
Kookmin Bank, Hanoi Branch
Kookmin Bank, Hong Kong Branch
Kookmin Bank, Gurugram Branch
Kookmin Bank, Chennai Branch
Kookmin Bank, Pune Branch
Kookmin Bank, Singapore Branch
Kookmin Best Insurance Co., Ltd. U.S. Branch
KBFG Investment, Boston Branch
Representative and Liaison Offices (6)
KB Securities, Shanghai Representative Office
KB Securities, Mumbai Liaison Office
KB Insurance, Hanoi Liaison Office
KB Insurance, Ho Chi Minh City Liaison Office
KB Kookmin Card, Yangon Representative Office
KB Asset Management, Ho Chi Minh City Representative Office
Does not include subsidiaries and branches in liquidation or dissolution.
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Trustee and Custodian Services Relating to Investment Trusts and Other Functions
We act as a trustee for 106 financial investment companies with a collective investment license, which invest in investment assets using funds raised by the sale of beneficiary certificates of investment trusts to investors. We also act as custodian for 278 financial institutions and as fund administrator for 163 financial institutions with respect to various investments, as well as acting as settlement agent in connection with such services. We receive a fee for acting in these capacities and generally perform the following functions:
holding assets for the benefit of the investment trusts or institutional investors;
receiving and making payments in respect of such investments;
acting as settlement agent in respect of such investments on behalf of the investment trust or institutional investors, in the domestic and overseas markets;
providing reports on assets held in custody;
providing certain foreign exchange services for overseas investment and foreign investors; and
providing fund-related administration and accounting services.
For the year ended December 31, 2025, our fee income from our trustee and custodian services was ￦42.8 billion and revenue collected as a result of administration of the underlying investments was ￦28.0 billion.
Other Businesses
Trust Account Management Services
Money Trust Management Services
We provide trust account management services for both specified money trusts and unspecified money trusts. We receive fees for our trust account management services consisting of basic fees that are based upon a percentage of either the net asset value of the assets or the principal under management and, for certain types of trust account operations, performance fees that are based upon the performance of the trust account operations. In 2025, our basic money trust fees ranged from 0.1% to 2.0% of total assets under management depending on the type of trust account. We also charge performance fees with respect to certain types of trust account products. We receive penalty payments when customers terminate their trust accounts prior to the original contract maturity.
We currently provide trust account management services for 20 types of money trusts. The maturities of the money trusts we manage vary by the type of the trust. Approximately 2.0% of our money trusts also provide periodic payments of dividends which are added to the assets held in such trusts and not distributed.
Under Korean law, the assets of our trust accounts are segregated from our banking account assets and are not available to satisfy the claims of any of our potential creditors. We are, however, permitted to deposit surplus funds generated by trust assets into our banking accounts in certain circumstances as set forth under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and the regulations thereunder.
As of December 31, 2025, the total balance of our money trusts was ￦75,597 billion (as calculated in accordance with Statement of Korea Accounting Standard No. 5004, Trust Accounts, and the Enforcement Regulations of Financial Investment Services under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, which we refer to as an “SKAS basis”). As for unspecified money trust accounts, we have investment discretion over all money trusts, which are pooled and managed jointly for each type of trust account. Specified money trust accounts are established on behalf of individual customers who direct our investment of trust assets.
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The following table shows the balances of our money trusts by type as of the dates indicated. Under IFRS, we consolidate trust accounts for which we guarantee both the repayment of the principal amount and a fixed rate of interest as well as trust accounts for which we guarantee only the repayment of the principal amount.
Principal and interest guaranteed trusts(1)
Principal guaranteed trusts(1)
Performance trusts(1)(2)
Calculated on an SKAS basis.
Trusts which are primarily non-guaranteed.
The balance of our money trusts increased 12.1% between December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, the trust assets we managed consisted principally of securities investments and loans from the trust accounts. As of December 31, 2025, on an SKAS basis, our trust accounts had invested in securities in the aggregate amount of ￦24,393 billion, of which ￦8,972 billion was debt securities and derivative-linked securities. Securities investments consist of government-related debt securities, corporate debt securities, including bonds and commercial paper, equity securities, derivative-linked securities and other securities. Loans made by our trust account operations are similar in type to the loans made by our bank account operations. As of December 31, 2025, on an SKAS basis, our trust accounts had made loans in the principal amount of ￦189 billion (excluding loans from the trust accounts to our banking accounts of ￦6,306 billion), which accounted for 0.3% of our money trust assets. Loans by our money trusts are subject to the same credit approval process as loans from our banking accounts. As of December 31, 2025, substantially all loans from our money trust accounts were collateralized or guaranteed.
Our money trust accounts also invest, to a lesser extent, in equity securities, including beneficiary certificates issued by financial investment companies with a collective investment license. On an SKAS basis, as of December 31, 2025, equity securities in our money trust accounts amounted to ￦12,357 billion, which accounted for 16.4% of our total money trust assets. Of this amount, ￦12,286 billion was from specified money trusts and ￦71 billion was from unspecified money trusts.
If the income from a money trust for which we provide a guarantee is less than the amount of the payments we have guaranteed, we will need to pay the amount of the shortfall with funds from special reserves maintained with respect to trust accounts followed by basic fees from that money trust and funds from our general banking operations. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we made no payment from our banking accounts to cover shortfalls in our guaranteed trusts. On an SKAS basis, we derived trust fees with regard to trust account management services (including those fees related to property trust management services) of ￦212 billion in 2023, ￦146 billion in 2024 and ￦221 billion in 2025.
Property Trust Management Services
We also offer property trust management services, where we manage non-monetary assets in return for a fee. Non-monetary assets include mostly securities, but can also include other liquid receivables and real estate. Under these arrangements, we render custodial services for the property in question and collect fee income in return.
In 2025, our basic property trust fees ranged from 0.001% to 1.0% of total assets under management depending on the type of trust accounts. On an SKAS basis, as of December 31, 2025, the aggregate balance of our property trusts was ￦32,522 billion, compared to ￦30,069 billion as of December 31, 2024.
Under IFRS, the property trusts are not consolidated within our financial statements.
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Investment Trust Management
Through KB Asset Management and KB Securities, we offer investment trust products to customers and manage the funds invested by them in investment trusts. As of December 31, 2025, KB Asset Management and KB Securities had an aggregate of ￦125,009 billion of investment trust assets under management.
Insurance
Non-Life Insurance
Through a series of acquisitions of stock between June 2015 and December 2016 for an aggregate of ￦1.1 trillion, followed by a tender offer in May 2017 and a comprehensive stock swap effected in July 2017, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of KB Insurance Co., Ltd. (formerly named LIG Insurance Co., Ltd.), as a result of which KB Insurance became our wholly-owned subsidiary. KB Insurance offers a variety of non-life insurance products, including principally the following:
Long-term insurance products. Long-term insurance products are sold to retail customers and provide protection against various types of losses, with specified coverage periods of at least three years and ranging up to 30 years or ending at specified ages. Unlike general property and casualty insurance products, which usually have a coverage period of one year or less and only have pure protection features, substantially all long-term insurance policies in Korea also have an integrated savings feature. KB Insurance offers a broad range of long-term insurance products covering the policyholder’s injuries, illnesses, long-term care, disabilities, accidents, property losses or other events.
Automobile insurance products. Automobile insurance products are sold to both retail and institutional customers and generally provide coverage for the following types of losses resulting from the policyholder’s ownership or use of an insured automobile: (i) liability to third parties for bodily injuries or death as well as damage to automobiles or other personal property; and (ii) the policyholder’s own bodily injuries and automobile damage or theft. KB Insurance’s automobile insurance policies typically have a coverage period of one year or less.
General property and casualty insurance products. General property and casualty insurance products are sold to institutional customers and include the following: (i) fire and allied lines insurance policies, providing protective coverage for damage to buildings and facilities and their contents against fire, flood, storm, lightening, explosion, theft and other risks; (ii) marine insurance policies, providing protective coverage for damage to marine vessels and their cargo; and (iii) specialty insurance policies, which cover various other types of specified risks faced by businesses, including liabilities and business interruption.
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the operations of KB Insurance, on a standalone basis, as of the dates or for the periods indicated:
Total policies in force (in thousands)
Number of new policies sold (in thousands)
Gross direct written premiums(1)
Long-term insurance
Automobile insurance
General property and casualty insurance
Other
Net earned premiums(2)
Loss ratio(3)
Solvency ratio(4)
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The amount of direct written premiums recognized in a specified period in respect of policies in force during such period, on a standalone basis.
The sum of (i) gross direct written premiums for the specified period, (ii) reinsurance premium income for such period, (iii) return of surrender refunds for such period and (iv) total unearned premiums deferred from the previous period, less the sum of (x) reinsurance expenses for the specified period, (y) surrender refunds for such period and (z) total unearned premiums deferred to the next period, on a standalone basis.
The ratio of (i) total claims paid for the specified period to (ii) net earned premiums for such period, on a standalone basis.
Calculated in accordance with the applicable requirements of the Financial Supervisory Service. See “—Regulation and Supervision—Principal Regulations Applicable to Insurance Companies—Capital Adequacy.”
KB Insurance operates a multi-channel distribution platform in Korea, comprising agencies (which are independent insurance brokerage companies), a network of financial consultants, bancassurance arrangements with commercial banks and other financial institutions, direct marketing channels (including home shopping television networks and the Internet) and a corporate sales force.
As of December 31, 2025, KB Insurance had W42,204 billion of general account investment assets on a standalone basis, of which domestic debt securities, loans, beneficiary certificates, domestic equity securities and overseas securities accounted for 39.6%, 21.6%, 18.1%, 0.4% and 9.2%, respectively.
Life Insurance
In January 2023, in order to maximize the synergy effects in our life insurance operations, we merged the Former KB Life Insurance with and into Prudential Life Insurance, with the surviving entity being called KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd. Through KB Life Insurance, we offer a variety of individual and group life insurance products, including annuities, savings insurance, variable life insurance, whole life insurance and term life insurance as well as health insurance. We utilize our multi-channel distribution platforms to market these products, which includes sales through agencies, financial consultants, telemarketers and bancassurance arrangements with commercial banks and other financial institutions.
In 2025, KB Life Insurance generated gross premium of ￦5,008 billion, on a standalone basis. As of December 31, 2025, KB Life Insurance had ￦27,253 billion of general account investment assets on a standalone basis, of which domestic debt securities, beneficiary certificates, loans, domestic equity securities and overseas securities accounted for 79.0%, 12.2%, 0.0%, 0.0% and 5.4%, respectively. Based on preliminary data, which are subject to change, KB Life Insurance had a solvency ratio of 272.19% as of December 31, 2025.
For further information regarding our insurance-related assets and liabilities, see Note 38 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Bancassurance
Through the bancassurance operations of Kookmin Bank, we offer insurance products of other institutions to retail customers in Korea. We currently market a wide range of bancassurance products and seek to generate additional fee-based revenues by expanding our offering of these products.
Currently, our bancassurance business has alliances with 22 life insurance companies (including our subsidiary, KB Life Insurance) and 10 non-life insurance companies (including our subsidiary, KB Insurance) and offers 108 different products through our branch network. These products are composed of 91 types of life insurance policies, such as annuities, savings insurance and variable life insurance, and 17 types of non-life insurance products. In 2025, our commission income from our bancassurance business amounted to ￦172.5 billion.
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Consumer Finance
We provide consumer finance services through KB Capital Co., Ltd. We acquired 52.02% of the outstanding shares of KB Capital (formerly known as Woori Financial Co., Ltd.) in March 2014 for ￦280 billion. We conducted a tender offer in May 2017, through which we acquired 5,949,300 shares of KB Capital at ￦27,500 per share, increasing our shareholding in KB Capital to 79.70%. We subsequently acquired the remaining outstanding shares of KB Capital in exchange for 2,269,057 shares of common stock of our company through a comprehensive stock swap effected in July 2017, as a result of which KB Capital became a wholly-owned subsidiary. KB Capital provides leasing services and installment finance services for various products, including automobiles, heavy machineries and medical equipment, as well as microlending services. We expect KB Capital to continue to expand our customer base by providing a variety of non-banking financial services to retail customers, as well as synergies through coordinated business operations with our other subsidiaries, including Kookmin Bank.
Management of the National Housing and Urban Fund
The National Housing and Urban Fund is a government fund that provides financial support to low-income households in Korea by providing mortgage financing and construction loans for projects to build small-sized housing. The operations of the National Housing and Urban Fund include providing and managing National Housing and Urban Fund loans, issuing National Housing and Urban Fund bonds and collecting subscription savings deposits.
In February 2013, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (formerly the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) designated us as one of the managers of the National Housing and Urban Fund. In 2025, we received total fees of ￦22 billion for managing the National Housing and Urban Fund, compared to ￦26 billion in 2024 and ￦27 billion in 2023.
The financial accounting for the National Housing and Urban Fund is entirely separate from our financial accounting, and the non-performing loans and loan losses of the National Housing and Urban Fund, in general, do not impact our financial condition. Regulations and guidelines for managing the National Housing and Urban Fund are issued by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport pursuant to the Housing and Urban Fund Act.
Distribution Channels
Banking Branch Network
As of December 31, 2025, Kookmin Bank operated a network of 771 branches and sub-branches in Korea, which was one of the largest branch networks among Korean commercial banks. An extensive branch network is important to attracting and maintaining retail customers, who use branches extensively and value convenience. We believe that our extensive branch network in Korea and retail customer base provide us with a source of stable and relatively low cost funding. Approximately 37.7% of our branches and sub-branches are located in Seoul, and approximately 21.3% of our branches are located in the six next largest cities. The following table presents the geographical distribution of our branch network in Korea as of December 31, 2025:
Area
Seoul
Six largest cities (other than Seoul)
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In addition, we have continued to implement the specialization of our branch functions. Of our branch network as of December 31, 2025, we had two branches that primarily handled large corporate banking.
In order to support our branch network, we have established an extensive network of ATMs, which are located in branches and in unmanned outlets known as “autobanks.” As of December 31, 2025, we had 4,162 ATMs, and the aggregate number of transactions conducted using our ATMs amounted to approximately 205 million in 2023, 192 million in 2024 and 176 million in 2025.
Other Banking Channels
The following table sets forth information, for the periods indicated, on the number of users and transactions of the other banking channels for our retail and corporate banking customers, which are discussed below:
Internet banking:
Number of users(1)
Number of transactions (thousands)(2)
Phone banking:
Number of users(3)
Mobile banking:
Number of users(4)
Number of users is defined as the total cumulative number of retail and corporate customers who have registered through our branch offices to use our Internet banking services.
Number of transactions includes balance and transaction inquiries, fund transfers and other transactions.
Number of users is defined as the total cumulative number of retail and corporate customers who have registered through our branch offices to use our phone banking services.
Number of users is defined as the total cumulative number of retail customers who have registered through our branch offices, or the customers’ smartphones, to use our mobile banking services.
Internet Banking
Our goal is to consolidate our position as a market leader in online banking. Our Internet banking services currently include:
basic banking services, including fund transfers, balance and transaction inquiries, pre-set automatic transfers, product inquiries, online bill and tax payments and foreign exchange services;
investment services, including opening deposit accounts and investing in funds;
processing of loan applications;
electronic certification services, which permit users to authenticate their identity and transactions on a confidential basis through digital signatures; and
wealth management and advisory services, including financial planning and real estate information services.
Phone Banking
We offer a variety of phone banking services, including inter-account fund transfers, balance and transaction inquiries, customer service inquiries and bill payments. We also have call centers, which we primarily use to:
advise clients with respect to deposits, loans and credit cards and to provide our customers a way to report any emergencies with respect to their accounts;
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allow our customers to conduct transactions with respect to their accounts, such as balance and transfer inquiries, transfers or payments and opening accounts; and
conduct telemarketing to our customers or potential customers to advertise products or services.
Mobile Banking
“KB Star Banking,” our mobile banking application for smartphones, allows our customers the flexibility to conduct a variety of financial transactions, including balance and transaction inquiries, fund transfers and asset management, anywhere at any time. It is also intended to act as a hub for all of our finance services, including securities transactions and insurance, by providing our customers with access to the key services offered by a number of our subsidiaries, such as KB Securities and KB Insurance. Our mobile banking services currently include:
basic banking services, including fund transfers, balance and transaction inquiries, bill payments and foreign exchange services;
investment services, including investing in savings deposits that are designed specifically for and offered to mobile banking customers;
wealth management services, including investment portfolio management services and retirement and pension planning services; and
processing of loan applications and bancassurance services.
We also continue to develop innovative mobile applications that cater to specific customer needs and lifestyles. For example, we offer “KB StarTeens,” a service offered through our main KB Star Banking mobile application that provides easy-to-use banking services as well as a variety of non-banking services to our teenage customers. We also offer a range of other mobile applications, including “Liiv Talk Talk,” our mobile peer-to-peer payment and messaging application, “KB Liiv M,” a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) that offers a fusion of finance and mobile services and “KB Real Estate,” our new cloud-based real estate application that provides various information on real properties. We also offer MyData services through several channels including KB Star Banking, our mobile banking application, KB Pay, our credit card services application, KB M-able, our securities trading application, and KB Insurance, our insurance service application.
Other Channels
We provide cash management services, which include automatic transfers, connection services to other financial institutions, real-time firm banking, automatic fund concentration and transmittal of trading information.
Distribution Channels for Other Services
Through our non-banking subsidiaries, we operate a network of dedicated branches and other distribution channels through which our customers can access credit card, securities brokerage, insurance and consumer finance products and services. The following table sets forth information regarding the number and geographical distribution of the branches in Korea operated by KB Kookmin Card, KB Securities and KB Insurance as of December 31, 2025:
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Our other non-banking subsidiaries also operate a number of branches in Seoul and other areas. We also provide credit card, securities brokerage, insurance and consumer finance services through dedicated call centers, mobile applications and Internet websites operated by KB Kookmin Card, KB Securities, KB Insurance, KB Life Insurance and KB Capital.
Competition
We compete principally with other financial holding companies and nationwide commercial banks, as well as regional banks, development banks, specialized banks and branches of foreign banks operating in Korea. We also compete with other types of financial institutions in Korea, including savings institutions (such as mutual savings and finance companies and credit unions and credit cooperatives), investment institutions (such as merchant banking corporations), life insurance companies, non-life insurance companies, securities companies and other financial investment companies.
Competition in the domestic banking industry is generally based on the types and quality of the products and services offered, including the size and location of retail networks, the level of automation and interest rates charged and paid. Competition has increased significantly in our traditional core businesses, retail banking, small- and medium-sized enterprise banking and credit card lending, contributing to some extent to the asset quality deterioration in retail and small- and medium-sized loans. As a result, our margins on lending activities may decrease in the future.
Furthermore, companies in the banking and financial industries have increasingly adopted new technologies, including artificial intelligence and data science, to provide innovative services to their customers and differentiate themselves from competitors. For example, the introduction of Internet-only banks in Korea has led to an increase in competition in the Korean banking industry. Internet-only banks operate without branches and conduct most of their operations through electronic means, which enables them to minimize costs and offer customers higher interest rates on deposits or lower lending rates. In April 2017, Kbank, the first Internet-only bank in Korea, commenced operations. Kakao Bank, another Internet-only bank, in which Kookmin Bank held a 4.9% equity interest as of December 31, 2025, commenced operations in July 2017, while Toss Bank, another Internet-only bank, commenced operations in October 2021. In recent years, the Financial Services Commission announced various measures designed to encourage competition within the banking industry, including its intention to issue more banking licenses (including those for Internet-only banks) and actively permitting the conversion of existing regional or savings banks into nationwide commercial banks. For example, in May 2024, the Financial Services Commission approved DGB Daegu Bank’s application to convert from a regional bank into a nationwide commercial bank. DGB Daegu Bank subsequently became Korea’s seventh commercial bank and rebranded itself as iM Bank in June 2024.
In the Korean insurance industry, competition is based on a number of factors, including brand recognition, service, product features and pricing, investment performance and perceived financial strength. There has been downward pressure in recent years on margins of insurance products as some of our competitors have sought to obtain or maintain market share by reducing margins and increasing marketing efforts. As the Korean non-life insurance and life insurance sectors continue to mature, they may experience a slowdown in growth as well as a stagnation in market penetration. Due to these and other factors, we believe that competition in the Korean insurance industry will likely remain intense in the future.
In addition, we believe that various structural changes to the Korean financial investment industry in recent years are likely to lead to increased competition among financial institutions in Korea. For example, an increase in foreign investments made by Korean investors and the emergence of alternative trading systems in recent years have been reshaping the Korean financial investment market, as well as the competitive strategies of financial institutions. An increase in the overall trading volumes of these investments in recent years has prompted certain securities firms to offer very low commission rates on foreign investments to capitalize on such
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increase, thereby further intensifying competition. In March 2025, Nextrade emerged as the first alternative to the Korea Exchange, offering extended trading hours and lower fees, although its operations remain subject to certain regulatory restrictions.
Moreover, the Korean financial industry is undergoing significant consolidation. The number of nationwide commercial banks in Korea has decreased from 16 as of December 31, 1997, to seven as of December 31, 2025. A number of significant mergers and acquisitions in the financial industry have taken place in Korea in recent years, including Hana Financial Group’s acquisition of a controlling interest in Korea Exchange Bank in 2012 and the subsequent merger of Hana Bank into Korea Exchange Bank in 2015. In addition, as part of the Korean government’s plans to privatize Woori Finance Holdings Co., Ltd. (the former financial holding company of Woori Bank), certain subsidiaries of Woori Finance Holdings were sold to other financial institutions and Woori Finance Holdings itself was merged into Woori Bank in 2014, which established a new financial holding company, Woori Financial Group Inc., in January 2019. In the insurance sector, China’s Anbang Insurance Group acquired controlling interests in TONGYANG Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and Allianz Life Insurance Korea Co., Ltd. in 2015 and 2016, respectively, while Mirae Asset Life Insurance Co., Ltd. acquired PCA Life Insurance Co., Ltd. in 2017. Meanwhile, Orange Life Insurance, Ltd. (formerly known as ING Life Insurance Korea, Ltd.) became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shinhan Financial Group following the acquisition of equity interests by Shinhan Financial Group in February 2019 and January 2020, and subsequently merged with and into Shinhan Life Insurance Co., Ltd. in July 2021. In 2022, Shinhan Financial Group also acquired BNP Paribas Cardif General Insurance, which was subsequently renamed Shinhan EZ General Insurance. In July 2025, Woori Financial Group acquired 75.3% of the shares of TONGYANG Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and 100.0% of the shares of ABL Life Insurance Co., Ltd. In the securities sector, in 2016, Mirae Asset Securities Co., Ltd. acquired a 43% interest in KDB Daewoo Securities Co., Ltd., which subsequently merged with and into Mirae Asset Securities to create Mirae Asset Daewoo Securities Co., Ltd. (which was renamed Mirae Asset Securities Co., Ltd. in March 2021), one of the largest securities companies in Korea in terms of capital. In 2024, Woori Financial Group acquired Korea Foss Securities Co., Ltd. by merging it with its then wholly-owned subsidiary Woori Investment Bank Co., Ltd., with Korea Foss Securities Co., Ltd. remaining as the surviving entity, which was subsequently renamed Woori Investment Securities Co., Ltd.
We expect that consolidation in the Korean financial industry will continue. The financial institutions resulting from such consolidation may, by virtue of their increased size and business scope, provide significantly greater competition for us. We intend to review potential acquisition opportunities as they arise. We cannot guarantee that we will not be involved in any future mergers or acquisitions. We also believe that foreign financial institutions, many of which have greater experience and resources than we do, may seek to compete with us in providing financial products and services either by themselves or in partnership with existing Korean financial institutions.
Information Technology
We regularly implement various IT system-related initiatives and upgrades at the group and subsidiary level. We believe that continual improvement of our IT systems is crucial in supporting our operations and management and providing high-quality customer service. Accordingly, we continue to upgrade and improve our systems through various activities, including projects to develop next generation banking systems for Kookmin Bank, further strengthen system security and timely develop and implement various new IT systems and services (including group-wide software) that support our business operations and risk management activities.
Our mainframe-based banking and X86 Linux-based credit card systems are designed to ensure continuity of services even where there is a failure of the host data center due to a natural disaster or other accidents by utilizing backup systems in disaster recovery data centers. In addition, through the implementation of Parallel Sysplex, a “multi-CPU system,” our bank and credit card systems are designed and operated to be able to process transactions without material interruption in the event of CPU failure. From 2019 to 2020, we implemented a next-generation credit card IT system that applies an enhanced platform to ensure greater flexibility and versatility, as well as a
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banking IT system designed to promote digital transformation and innovation in our IT infrastructure. In addition, we implemented new technologies, including Multi Channel Integration and Enterprise Application Integration systems, to standardize our IT system and better manage IT system operational risk.
The integrity of our IT systems, and their ability to withstand potential catastrophic events (such as natural calamities and internal system failures), are crucial to our continuing operations. We currently test our disaster recovery systems on a quarterly basis using a new disaster recovery system that has been implemented to ensure the continuity of our operations. For additional information, see “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Operational Risk Management” and “Item 16K. Cybersecurity.”
In 2025, we spent approximately ￦980 billion for our IT system implementation and operations, including expenses related to the construction of new IT systems, implementation of hardware and software technologies and other new systems, as well as related labor costs.
As of December 31, 2025, we employed a total of 2,312 full-time employees in our IT operations.
Assets and Liabilities
The tables below set out selected financial highlights regarding our operations and our assets and liabilities. Except as otherwise indicated, amounts as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 are presented on a consolidated basis under IFRS.
Certain information with respect to our loan portfolio and the asset quality of our loans is presented below on a basis consistent with certain requirements of the Financial Services Commission applicable to Korean financial institutions, which differs (as described below where applicable) from the presentation of such information in our financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS, as we believe that such alternative presentation allows us to provide additional details regarding our loan portfolio and the asset quality of our loans which would be helpful to our investors.
Loan Portfolio
As of December 31, 2025, our total loan portfolio was ￦497,384 billion compared to ￦477,705 billion as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2025, 90.4% of our total loans were Won-denominated loans compared to 90.1% as of December 31, 2024.
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Loan Types
The following table presents loans by type as of the dates indicated. Except where we specify otherwise, all loan amounts stated below are before deduction of allowances for loan losses. Total loans reflect our loan portfolio, including past due amounts.
Domestic:
Small- and medium-sized enterprise
Large corporate(1)
Mortgage and home equity
Other consumer
Credit cards
Total domestic
Total gross loans
Large corporate loans include ￦2,635 billion and ￦1,387 billion of loans to the Korean government and government related agencies (including the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation) as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.
Loan Concentrations
On a consolidated basis, our exposure to any single person (including an individual or an entity) or any single borrower (any single person together with any individual and/or entity that shares the same credit risk with such person) is limited by law to 20% and 25%, respectively, of our “net aggregate equity capital,” as defined under the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act. See “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Financial Exposure to Any Individual Customer and Major Investor.” In addition, Kookmin Bank’s exposure to any single person or any single borrower is limited by the Bank Act to 20% and 25%, respectively, of its total Tier I and Tier II capital. Starting in 2024, Basel III also restricts the total exposure of a bank to any single counterparty or counterparty group to 25% (or 20% in the case of domestic or global systemically important banks) of the bank’s total Tier I capital.
Loan Concentration by Industry
The following table presents the aggregate balance of our domestic and foreign corporate loans, by industry concentration, as of December 31, 2024 and 2025:
Industry
Services
Manufacturing
Wholesale and retail
Financial institutions
Construction
Public sector
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Maturity Analysis
We typically roll over our working capital loans and unsecured consumer loans (other than those payable in installments) after we conduct our normal loan review in accordance with our loan review procedures. Working capital loans may generally be extended on an annual basis for an aggregate term of five years and unsecured consumer loans may generally be extended for another term of up to 12 months for an aggregate term of 10 years.
The following table sets out the scheduled maturities (time remaining until maturity) of our loan portfolio as of December 31, 2025. The amounts disclosed are before deduction of allowances for loan losses:
Small- and medium-sized enterprises
Large corporate
Total corporate
Foreign:
Interest Rate Sensitivity
The following table shows, as of December 31, 2025, the total amount of loans due after one year, which have fixed interest rates and variable or adjustable interest rates:
Fixed rate loans are loans for which the interest rate is fixed for the entire term.
Variable or adjustable rate loans are loans for which the interest rate is not fixed for the entire term.
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For additional information regarding our management of interest rate risk, see “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Market Risk Management—Market Risk Management for Non-Trading Activities.”
Credit Exposures to Companies in Workout, Restructuring or Rehabilitation
Workout is a voluntary procedure through which we, together with the borrower and its other creditors, seek to restore the borrower’s financial stability and viability. Previously, workouts were regulated under a series of Corporate Restructuring Promotion Acts, which expired on June 30, 2018. In September 2018, the National Assembly of Korea adopted a new Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act, which became effective in October 2018 and expired as scheduled in October 2023. In December 2023, the National Assembly enacted another new Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act, which was subsequently amended in October 2025 and will remain effective until December 2026. Under the Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act, creditors of a financially troubled borrower may participate in a creditors’ committee, which is authorized to prohibit such creditors from exercising their rights against the borrower, commence workout procedures and approve or make revisions to a reorganization plan prepared by the lead creditor bank, the borrower and external experts. The composition of the creditors’ committee is determined at the initial meeting of the committee by the approval of creditors holding not less than 75% of the borrower’s total outstanding debt held by creditors who were notified of the initial meeting of the committee. Although creditors that are not financial institutions or hold less than 1% of the total outstanding debt of the borrower need not be notified of the initial meeting of the creditors’ committee, if such creditors wish to participate, they may not be excluded. Any decision of the creditors’ committee requires the approval of creditors holding not less than 75% of the total outstanding debt of the borrower. However, if a single creditor holds 75% or more of the borrower’s total outstanding debt held by the creditors comprising the creditors’ committee, any decision of the creditors’ committee requires the approval of not less than 40% of the total number of creditors (including such single creditor) comprising the committee. An additional approval of creditors holding not less than 75% of the secured debt is required with respect to the borrower’s debt restructuring. Once approved, any decision made by the creditors’ committee is binding on all creditors of the borrower, with the exception of those creditors that were excluded by a resolution of the committee at its initial meeting and those who exercised their right to request that their claims be purchased. Creditors that voted against commencement of workout, approval or revision of the reorganization plan, debt restructuring, granting of new credit, extension of the joint management process or other resolutions of the committee have the right to request the creditors that voted in favor of such matters to purchase their claims at a mutually agreed price. In the event that the parties are not able to agree on the terms of purchase, a coordination committee consisting of experts would determine the terms. The creditors that oppose a decision made by the coordination committee may request a court to change such decision.
Upon approval of the workout plan, a credit exposure is initially classified as precautionary or lower and thereafter cannot be reclassified to be higher than precautionary with limited exceptions. If a corporate borrower is in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation, we take the status of the borrower into account in valuing our loans to and collateral from that borrower for purposes of establishing our allowances for credit losses.
Korean law also provides for corporate rehabilitation proceedings, which are court-supervised procedures to rehabilitate an insolvent company. Under these procedures, a restructuring plan is adopted at a meeting of interested parties, including creditors of the company. Such restructuring plan is subject to court approval.
A portion of our loans to and debt securities of corporate customers are currently in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation. As of December 31, 2025, ￦555 billion or 0.08% of our total loans and debt securities were in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation. This included ￦126 billion of loans to large corporate borrowers and ￦429 billion of loans to and debt securities of small- and medium-sized enterprises.
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Provisioning Policy
Under IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, or IFRS 9, we establish allowances for credit losses based on expected credit losses instead of incurred losses by assessing changes in expected credit losses and recognizing such changes as impairment loss (or reversal of impairment loss) in profit or loss. According to the three stages of credit risk deterioration under IFRS 9, the allowance required to be established with respect to a loan or receivable since its initial recognition is (i) the amount of the expected 12-month credit loss for stage 1 loans or receivables and (ii) the expected lifetime credit loss for stages 2 and 3 loans or receivables.
If additions or changes to the allowances for loan losses are required, then we record a provision for loan losses, which is included in impairment losses on credit loss and treated as a charge against current income. Credit exposures that we deem to be uncollectible, including actual loan losses, net of recoveries of previously charged-off amounts, are charged directly against the allowances for loan losses.
We generally consider the following loans to be impaired loans:
loans that are past due by 90 days or more;
loans that are subject to legal proceedings related to collection;
loans to a borrower that has received a warning from the Korea Credit Information Services indicating that such borrower has exhibited difficulties in making timely payments of principal and interest;
loans to corporate borrowers that are rated C or D according to Kookmin Bank’s internal credit ratings for large companies or small-and medium-sized enterprises;
loans for which account-specific provisions have been made resulting from a significant perceived decline in credit quality; and
loans with respect to which the amount of principal and interest payable has been materially decreased due to restructuring.
We regularly evaluate the adequacy of the overall allowances for loan losses and we believe that the allowances for loan losses reflect our best estimate of probable loan losses as of each balance sheet date.
Non-Performing Loans
Non-performing loans are defined as loans that are past due by 90 days or more. These loans are generally classified as “substandard” or below. For further information on the classification of non-performing loans under Korean regulatory requirements, see “—Regulatory Reserve for Credit Losses” below.
The following table shows, as of the dates indicated, certain details of our total non-performing loan portfolio:
Total non-performing loans
As a percentage of total loans
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Analysis of Non-Performing Loans
The following table sets forth, as of the dates indicated, our total non-performing loans by type of borrower:
Top 20 Non-Performing Loans
As of December 31, 2025, our 20 largest non-performing loans accounted for 8.5% of our total non-performing loan portfolio. The following table shows, as of December 31, 2025, certain information regarding our 20 largest non-performing loans:
Borrower A
Borrower B
Borrower C
Borrower D
Borrower E
Borrower F
Borrower G
Borrower H
Borrower I
Borrower J
Borrower K
Borrower L
Borrower M
Borrower N
Borrower O
Borrower P
Borrower Q
Borrower R
Borrower S
Borrower T
If the estimated recovery value of collateral for a non-performing loan is sufficient compared to the outstanding loan balance, we record no allowances for loan losses for such non-performing loan.
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Non-Performing Loan Strategy
One of our primary objectives is to prevent our loans from becoming non-performing. Through our corporate credit rating systems, we believe that we have reduced our risks relating to future non-performing loans. Our credit rating systems are designed to prevent our loan officers from extending new loans to borrowers with high credit risks based on the borrower’s credit rating. Our early warning system is designed to bring any sudden increase in a borrower’s credit risk to the attention of our loan officers, who then closely monitor such loans. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Credit Risk Management—Credit Review and Monitoring.”
Notwithstanding the above, if a loan becomes non-performing, an officer at the branch level responsible for monitoring non-performing loans will commence a due diligence review of the borrower’s assets, send a notice either demanding payment or stating that we will take legal action and prepare for legal action.
At the same time, we also initiate our non-performing loan management process, which begins with:
identifying loans subject to a proposed sale by assessing the estimated losses from such sale based on the estimated recovery value of collateral, if any, for such non-performing loans;
identifying loans subject to charge-off based on the estimated recovery value of collateral, if any, for such non-performing loans and the estimated rate of recovery of unsecured loans; and
on a limited basis, identifying corporate loans subject to normalization efforts based on the cash-flow situation of the borrower.
Once the details of a non-performing loan are identified, we pursue early solutions for recovery. While the overall process is the responsibility of Kookmin Bank’s Credit Division, actual recovery efforts on non-performing loans are handled at the operating branch level.
In addition, we use the services of KB Kookmin Card’s wholly-owned loan collection subsidiary, KB Credit Information Co., Ltd. (which KB Kookmin Card acquired from us in June 2023), which receives payments from recoveries made on charged-off loans and certain loans that are overdue for over three months (28 days on average in the case of credit card loans). KB Credit Information has approximately 125 employees, including legal experts and management employees. The fees that it receives are based on the amounts of non-performing and charged-off loans that are recovered. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, the amount recovered was ￦316 billion, ￦341 billion and ￦359 billion, respectively.
Methods for resolving non-performing loans include the following:
non-performing loans are managed by the operating branches of Kookmin Bank until such loans are charged off;
a demand note is dispatched by mail if payment is generally one month past due;
calls and visits are made by Kookmin Bank’s operating branches to customers encouraging them to make payments;
borrowers who are past due on payments of interest and principal are registered on the Korea Credit Information Services’ database of non-performing loans;
for unsecured loans other than credit card loans, the loans are transferred to KB Credit Information for collection on a case-by-case basis;
for secured loans, actions to enforce or protect the security interests (including foreclosure and auction of the collateral) are commenced within five months of such loans becoming past due; and
charged-off loans are given to KB Credit Information for collection, except for loans where the cost of collection exceeds the possible recovery or where the statute of limitations for collection has expired.
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In addition, credit card loans that are in arrears for over 28 days on average are transferred to KB Credit Information for collection.
If a loan becomes non-performing, it is managed by an operating branch of Kookmin Bank until such loan is charged off. However, in order to promote speedy recovery on loans subject to foreclosures and litigation, our policy is to permit the branch responsible for handling these loans to request one of Kookmin Bank’s regional head offices for assistance with litigation proceedings and proceedings related to foreclosure and auction of the collateral.
In addition to making efforts to collect on these non-performing loans, we also undertake measures to reduce the level of our non-performing loans, which include:
selling our non-performing loans to third parties, including the Korea Asset Management Corporation; and
entering into asset securitization transactions with respect to our non-performing loans.
We generally expect to suffer a partial loss on loans that we sell or securitize, to the extent such sales and securitizations are recognized under IFRS as sale transactions.
Regulatory Reserve for Credit Losses
If our allowances for credit losses are deemed insufficient for regulatory purposes, we are required to compensate for the difference by recording a regulatory reserve for credit losses, which is segregated within our retained earnings. Regulatory reserve for credit losses are not available for distribution to shareholders as dividends. The level of regulatory reserve for credit losses required to be recorded is equal to the amount by which our allowances for credit losses under IFRS are less than the greater of (x) the amount of expected loss calculated using the internal ratings-based approach under Basel III and as approved by the Financial Supervisory Service and (y) the required amount of credit loss reserve calculated based on standards prescribed by the Financial Services Commission. In November 2023, the Financial Services Commission amended the Regulation on Supervision of Banking Business to allow the Financial Services Commission to ask banks to increase their reserves for credit losses if the banks’ existing allowances and reserves for credit losses are deemed insufficient to cover their expected future losses, taking into account a number of factors, including the banks’ existing allowances and reserves for credit losses, expected changes in delinquency rates or the level of distressed debt and general market conditions. As of December 31, 2025, our regulatory reserve for credit losses was ￦4,190 billion.
The following tables set forth the Financial Services Commission’s guidelines for the classification of loans and the minimum percentages of the outstanding principal amount of the relevant loans or balances that the credit loss reserve must cover:
Loan Classification
Loan Characteristics
Normal
Precautionary
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Substandard
(i) Loans extended to customers that, based on our consideration of their business, financial position and future cash flows, are judged to have incurred considerable default risks as their ability to repay has deteriorated; or
(ii) the portion that we expect to collect of total loans (a) extended to customers that have been in arrears for three months or more, (b) extended to customers that have incurred serious default risks due to the occurrence of, among other things, final refusal to pay their debt instruments, entry into liquidation or bankruptcy proceedings or closure of their businesses, or (c) extended to customers who have outstanding loans that are classified as “doubtful” or “estimated loss.”
Doubtful
Loans exceeding the amount that we expect to collect of total loans to customers that:
(i) based on our consideration of their business, financial position and future cash flows, have incurred serious default risks due to noticeable deterioration in their ability to repay; or
(ii) have been in arrears for three months or more but less than 12 months.
Estimated loss
(i) based on our consideration of their business, financial position and future cash flows, are judged to be accounted as a loss because the inability to repay became certain due to serious deterioration in their ability to repay;
(ii) have been in arrears for 12 months or more; or
(iii) have incurred serious risks of default in repayment due to the occurrence of, among other things, final refusal to pay their debt instruments, liquidation or bankruptcy proceedings or closure of their business.
Loan Classifications
Subject to certain exceptions pursuant to the Banking Industry Supervision Regulations of Korea.
Applicable for credit card balances from general purchases.
Applicable for cash advances, card loans and revolving credit card assets.
Or 0.90% or above for certain industries that are more vulnerable to fluctuations in market conditions, such as the construction, retail and wholesale, lodging and food, and real estate industries.
Loan Charge-Offs
Basic Principles
We attempt to minimize loans to be charged off by adhering to a sound credit approval process based on credit risk analysis prior to extending loans and a systematic management of outstanding loans. However, if charge-offs are necessary, we charge off loans subject to our charge-off policy at an early stage in order to maximize accounting transparency, to minimize any waste of resources in managing loans which have a low probability of being collected and to reduce our non-performing loan ratio.
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Loans To Be Charged Off
Loans are charged off if they are deemed to be uncollectible by falling under any of the following categories:
loans for which collection is not foreseeable due to insolvency, bankruptcy, compulsory execution, disorganization, dissolution or the shutting down of the business of the debtor;
loans for which collection is not foreseeable due to the death or disappearance of the debtor;
loans for which expenses of collection exceed the collectable amount;
loans on which collection is not possible through legal or any other means;
payments in arrears in respect of credit cards that have been overdue for a period of six months or more and have been classified as expected loss (excluding instances where there has been partial payment of the overdue balance, where a related balance is not overdue or where a charge off is not possible due to Korean regulations); and
the portion of loans classified as “estimated loss,” net of any recovery from collateral, which is deemed to be uncollectible.
Procedure for Charge-off Approval
In order to charge off corporate loans, an application for a charge-off must be submitted to Kookmin Bank’s Credit Management Department promptly after the corporate loan is classified as estimated loss or deemed uncollectible. The Credit Management Department refers the charge-off application to Kookmin Bank’s Audit Department for their review to ensure compliance with our internal procedures for charge-offs. Then, the Credit Management Department, after reviewing the application to confirm that it meets relevant requirements, seeks an approval from the Financial Supervisory Service for our charge-offs, which is typically granted. Once we receive approval from the Financial Supervisory Service, we must also obtain approval from our senior management to charge off those loans.
With respect to credit card balances and unsecured retail loans, we follow a different process to determine which credit card balances and unsecured retail loans should be charged off, based on the length of time those loans or balances are past due. We charge off unsecured retail loans deemed to be uncollectible and credit card balances which have been overdue for a period of six months or more or which have been deemed to be uncollectible under IFRS.
Treatment of Loans Charged Off
Once loans are charged off, we classify them as charged-off loans and remove them from our balance sheet. These loans are managed based on a different set of procedures. We continue our collection efforts in respect of these loans, including through KB Kookmin Card’s subsidiary, KB Credit Information, although loans may be charged off before we begin collection efforts in some circumstances.
If a collateralized loan is overdue, we will, typically within one year from the time that such loan became overdue (or after a longer period in certain circumstances), petition a court to foreclose and sell the collateral through a court-supervised auction. If a debtor ultimately fails to repay and the court grants its approval for foreclosure, we will sell the collateral, net of expenses incurred from the auction.
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Net Charge-Offs
The following table presents our net charge-offs for each of the years indicated:
Investment Portfolio
Investment Policy
We invest in and trade Won-denominated and, to a lesser extent, foreign currency-denominated securities for our own account to:
maintain the stability and diversification of our assets;
maintain adequate sources of back-up liquidity to match our funding requirements; and
supplement income from our core lending activities.
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We also invest in and trade such securities as part of the general account investments of our insurance subsidiaries that support their insurance policy liabilities. In making securities investments, we take into account a number of factors, including macroeconomic trends, industry analysis, credit evaluation and maturity in determining whether to make particular investments in securities.
Our investments in securities are also subject to a number of guidelines, including limitations prescribed under the Financial Holding Company Act and the Bank Act. Under these regulations, a bank holding company may not own (i) more than 5% of the total issued and outstanding shares of another finance-related company, (ii) any shares of its affiliates, other than its direct or indirect subsidiaries or (iii) any shares of a non-finance-related company. In addition, Kookmin Bank must limit its investments in equity securities and debt securities with a redemption period of over three years (other than government bonds, the Monetary Stabilization Bonds issued by the Bank of Korea, among others) to 100.0% of its total Tier I and Tier II capital amount (less any capital deductions). Generally, Kookmin Bank is also prohibited from acquiring more than 15.0% of the shares with voting rights issued by any other corporation subject to certain exceptions. Pursuant to the Bank Act, a bank and its trust accounts are prohibited from acquiring the shares of a major shareholder (for the definition of “major shareholder,” see “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Financial Exposure to Any Individual Customer and Major Shareholder”) of that bank in excess of an amount equal to 1% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions). Further information on the regulatory environment governing our investment activities is set out in “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Liquidity,” “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Restrictions on Shareholdings in Other Companies,” “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Liquidity” and “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Restrictions on Shareholdings in Other Companies.”
The following table sets out the definitions of the three categories of securities we hold:
Category
Classification
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
Debt instruments held with a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets, and are consistent with representing solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding; or
Equity instruments not held for trading with the objective of generating a profit from short-term fluctuations in price or dealers’ margin, designated as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income.
Financial assets at amortized cost
We also hold limited balances of venture capital securities, non-marketable and restricted equity securities and derivative instruments.
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The following table categorizes our debt securities by maturity and weighted average yield as of December 31, 2025:
Debt securities issued by financial institutions
Corporate debt securities
Asset-backed securities
Other debt securities
The weighted average yield for the portfolio represents the yield to maturity for each individual security, weighted using its carrying amount (which is the amortized cost in the case of financial assets at amortized cost and the fair value in the case of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income).
Funding
We obtain funding for our lending activities from a variety of sources, both domestic and foreign. Our principal source of funding is customer deposits. In addition, we acquire funding through long-term borrowings (comprising debentures and borrowings), short-term borrowings, including borrowings from the Bank of Korea, and call money.
Our primary funding strategy has been to achieve low-cost funding by increasing the average balances of low-cost retail deposits, in particular demand deposits and time deposits. We also have focused our marketing efforts on higher net worth individuals, who account for a significant portion of the assets in our retail deposit base. Customer deposits accounted for 75.1% of total funding as of December 31, 2024 and 75.4% of total funding as of December 31, 2025.
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Our borrowings consist of issuances of debentures and borrowings from financial institutions, the Korean government and government-affiliated funds. The majority of our borrowings is long-term, with maturities ranging from one year to 15 years.
Deposits
Although the majority of our deposits are short-term, it has been our experience that the majority of our depositors generally roll over their deposits at maturity, providing us with a stable source of funding.
The following table shows the average balances of our deposits and the average rates paid on our deposits for the periods indicated:
Demand deposits:
Non-interest bearing
Interest bearing
Time deposits
Certificates of deposit
Average total deposits
Average balances are based on daily balances for our banking, credit card and securities operations and monthly or quarterly balances for our other operations.
For a description of our retail deposit products, see “—Business—Retail Banking—Deposit-Taking Activities.”
Uninsured deposits, including uninsured time deposits, are not subject to Korean regulatory reporting requirements. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Depositor Protection Act provides insurance for certain deposits of banks in Korea through a deposit insurance system. See “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Deposit Insurance System.” Other than the maximum ￦100 million per individual or entity for deposits and interest in a single financial institution insured by the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation in accordance with the foregoing, all deposits are uninsured. Although the Depositor Protection Act provides insurance for the deposits at our foreign branches, to the extent those deposits are recognized by the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation to also be protected by the deposit insurance systems of the countries where such foreign branches are located, such deposits are not protected by the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation under the Depositor Protection Act.
The insured status of deposits in our foreign branches, the amount of which we do not consider to be material as of the date of this annual report, are determined based on the individual insurance limits enacted within local regulations, and are thus subject to differing national deposit insurance regimes.
Our total uninsured deposits, including uninsured deposits at our foreign branches, amounted to ￦310,380 billion, ￦342,992 billion and ￦324,862 billion as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.
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Uninsured Time Deposits
The following table presents the remaining maturities of our uninsured time deposits, including uninsured time deposits at our foreign subsidiaries, as of December 31, 2025:
Maturing within three months
After three but within six months
After six but within 12 months
After 12 months
Supervision and Regulation
Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies
General
The Financial Holding Company Act, last amended in September 2023, regulates Korean financial holding companies and their subsidiaries. The entities that regulate and supervise Korean financial holding companies and their subsidiaries are the Financial Services Commission and the Financial Supervisory Service.
The Financial Services Commission exerts direct control over financial holding companies pursuant to the Financial Holding Company Act. Among other things, the Financial Services Commission approves the establishment of financial holding companies, issues regulations on the capital adequacy of financial holding companies and their subsidiaries, and drafts regulations relating to the supervision of financial holding companies.
Following the instructions and directives of the Financial Services Commission, the Financial Supervisory Service supervises and examines financial holding companies and their subsidiaries. In particular, the Financial Supervisory Service sets requirements relating to Korean financial holding companies’ liquidity and capital adequacy ratios and establishes reporting requirements within the authority delegated under the Financial Services Commission regulations. Financial holding companies must submit quarterly reports to the Financial Supervisory Service discussing business performance, financial status and other matters identified in the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act.
Under the Financial Holding Company Act, a financial holding company is a company which primarily engages in controlling its subsidiaries by holding equity stakes in them equal in aggregate to at least 50% of the financial holding company’s aggregate assets based on its balance sheet as of the end of the immediately preceding fiscal year. A company is required to obtain approval from the Financial Services Commission to become a financial holding company.
A financial holding company may engage only in controlling the management of its subsidiaries, as well as certain ancillary activities including:
financially supporting its direct and indirect subsidiaries;
raising capital necessary for investment in its subsidiaries or providing financial support to its direct and indirect subsidiaries;
supporting the business of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, including the development and marketing of financial products;
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providing data processing, legal, accounting and other resources and services that have been commissioned by its direct and indirect subsidiaries so as to support their operations; and
any other businesses exempted from authorization, permission or approval under the applicable laws and regulations.
The Financial Holding Company Act requires every financial holding company (other than a financial holding company that is controlled by another financial holding company) and its subsidiaries to obtain prior approval from the Financial Services Commission before acquiring control of another company or to file a report with the Financial Services Commission within 30 days thereafter in certain cases (including acquiring control of another financial company whose assets are less than ￦100 billion as of the end of the immediately preceding fiscal year). In addition, the Financial Services Commission must grant permission to liquidate or to merge with any other company before the liquidation or merger. A financial holding company must report to the Financial Services Commission when certain events, including the following, occur:
when the largest shareholder changes;
in the case of a bank holding company, when a major investor changes;
when the shareholding of the controlling shareholder (i.e., the “largest shareholder” or a “principal shareholder,” each as defined in the Financial Holding Company Act) or a person who has a “special relationship” with such controlling shareholder (as defined in the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act) changes by 1% or more of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of the financial holding company;
when it changes its corporate name;
when there is a cause for its dissolution; and
when it or its subsidiaries cease to control any of their respective direct or indirect subsidiaries by disposing of their shares of such direct or indirect subsidiary.
Capital Adequacy
The Financial Holding Company Act does not provide for a minimum paid-in capital requirement related to financial holding companies. However, all financial holding companies are required to maintain a specified level of solvency. In addition, with respect to the allocation of net profit earned in a fiscal term, a financial holding company must set aside in its legal reserve an amount equal to at least 10% of its net income after tax each time it pays dividends on its net profits earned until its legal reserve reaches at least the aggregate amount of its paid-in capital.
A bank holding company, which is a financial holding company controlling banks or other financial institutions conducting banking business as prescribed in the Financial Holding Company Act, is required to maintain a total minimum consolidated capital adequacy ratio of 12.5% (including applicable additional capital buffers and requirements as described below), which was increased from 11.5% in May 2024. “Consolidated capital adequacy ratio” is defined as the ratio of equity capital as a percentage of risk-weighted assets on a consolidated basis, determined in accordance with the Financial Services Commission requirements that have been formulated based on Bank of International Settlements (or BIS) standards. “Equity capital,” as applicable to bank holding companies, is defined as the sum of common equity Tier I capital, additional Tier I capital and Tier II capital less any deductible items, each as defined under the Regulation on the Supervision of Financial Holding Companies. “Risk-weighted assets” is defined as the sum of credit risk-weighted assets and market risk-weighted assets.
Pursuant to regulations promulgated by the Financial Services Commission commencing in 2013 to implement Basel III, Korean bank holding companies were required to maintain a minimum ratio of common
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equity Tier I capital to risk-weighted assets of 3.5% and Tier I capital to risk-weighted assets of 4.5% from December 1, 2013, which minimum ratios were increased to 4.0% and 5.5%, respectively, from January 1, 2014 and increased further to 4.5% and 6.0%, respectively, from January 1, 2015. The amended regulations also require an additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% from January 2019, as well as a potential counter-cyclical capital buffer of up to 2.5%, which is determined on a quarterly basis by the Financial Services Commission and is set at 1.0% as of the date of this annual report. Furthermore, we and Kookmin Bank were each designated as a domestic systemically important bank holding company and a domestic systemically important bank, respectively, for 2025 by the Financial Services Commission and were subject to an additional capital requirement of 1.0% in 2025. In July 2025, we and Kookmin Bank were each again designated as a domestic systemically important bank holding company and a domestic systemically important bank, respectively, for 2026, which again subjects us to an additional capital requirement of 1.0% in 2026. In addition, the Financial Services Commission has indicated that it may introduce a stress buffer capital requirement of up to 2.5%, which would require banks and bank holding companies to hold additional capital based on stress test results. The introduction of this requirement, initially planned for 2024, has been delayed multiple times and is currently not expected to be introduced until at least June 2026. All such requirements are in addition to the pre-existing requirement for minimum ratios of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to risk-weighted assets set forth above.
Liquidity
All financial holding companies are required to match the maturities of their assets and liabilities on a non-consolidated basis in accordance with the Financial Holding Company Act in order to ensure liquidity. Financial holding companies must:
maintain a Won liquidity ratio (defined as Won assets due within one month, including marketable securities, divided by Won liabilities due within one month) of not less than 100% on a non-consolidated basis;
maintain a foreign currency liquidity ratio (defined as foreign currency liquid assets due within three months divided by foreign currency liabilities due within three months) of not less than 80% on a non-consolidated basis (except that such requirement is not applicable to a financial holding company whose foreign currency liabilities constitute less than 1% of its total assets);
maintain a maturity mismatch ratio for foreign currency assets and liabilities due within seven days (defined as foreign currency assets due within seven days less foreign currency liabilities due within seven days, divided by total foreign currency assets) of 0% or more on a non-consolidated basis (except that such requirement is not applicable to a financial holding company whose foreign currency liabilities constitute less than 1% of its total assets);
maintain a maturity mismatch ratio for foreign currency liabilities and assets due within a month (defined as foreign currency liabilities due within a month less foreign currency assets due within a month, divided by total foreign currency assets) of 10% or less on a non-consolidated basis (except that such requirement is not applicable to a financial holding company whose foreign currency liabilities constitute less than 1% of its total assets); and
make quarterly reports regarding their Won liquidity and foreign currency liquidity to the Financial Supervisory Service.
Financial Exposure to Any Individual Customer and Major Investor
Subject to certain exceptions, the aggregate credit (as defined in the Financial Holding Company Act, the Bank Act, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Mutual Savings Bank Act and the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, respectively) of a financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries that are banks, merchant banks, financial investment companies,
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insurance companies, savings banks or specialized credit financial business companies (which we refer to as “Financial Holding Company Total Credit”) to a single group of companies that belong to the same conglomerate as defined in the Monopoly Regulations and Fair Trade Act will not be permitted to exceed 25% of net aggregate equity capital (as defined below).
“Net aggregate equity capital” is defined under the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act as the sum of:
in case of a financial holding company, the capital amount as defined in Article 24-3(7), Item 2 of the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act;
in case of a bank, the capital amount as defined in Article 2(1), Item 5 of the Bank Act;
in case of a merchant bank, the capital amount as defined in Article 342(1) of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act; and
in case of a financial investment company, the capital amount as defined in Article 37(3) of the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act;
in case of an insurance company, the capital amount as defined in Article 2, Item 15 of the Insurance Business Act;
in case of a savings bank, the capital amount as defined in Article 2, Item 4 of the Mutual Savings Bank Act; and
in case of a specialized credit financial business company, the capital amount as defined in Article 2, Item 19 of the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act;
less the sum of:
the amount of shares of direct and indirect subsidiaries held by the financial holding company;
the amount of shares that are cross-held by each direct and indirect subsidiary that is a bank, merchant bank, financial investment company, insurance company, savings bank or specialized credit financial business company; and
the amount of shares of a financial holding company held by such direct and indirect subsidiaries that are banks, merchant banks, financial investment companies, insurance companies, savings banks or specialized credit financial business companies.
The Financial Holding Company Total Credit to a single individual or judicial person may not exceed 20% of the net aggregate equity capital. In addition, the Financial Holding Company Total Credit to a shareholder holding (together with the persons who have a “special relationship” with the shareholder, as defined in the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act) in aggregate more than 10% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of a financial holding company generally may not exceed the lesser of (x) 25% of the net aggregate equity capital and (y) the amount of the equity capital of the financial holding company multiplied by the shareholding ratio of the shareholder (together with the persons who have a special relationship with the shareholder).
Further, the total sum of credits (as defined in the Financial Holding Company Act, the Bank Act, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Mutual Savings Bank Act and the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, respectively) of a bank holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries that are banks, merchant banks, financial investment companies, insurance companies, savings banks or specialized credit financial business companies as applicable (“Bank Holding Company Total Credit”) extended to a “major investor” (as defined below) (together with the persons who have a special relationship with that major investor) will not be permitted to exceed the lesser of (x) 25% of the net aggregate equity capital and (y) the amount of the equity capital of the bank holding company multiplied by the shareholding ratio of the major investor, except for certain cases.
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“Major investor” is defined as:
a shareholder holding (together with persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder) in excess of 10% (or in the case of a bank holding company controlling regional banks only, 15%) in the aggregate of the bank holding company’s total issued and outstanding voting shares; or
a shareholder holding (together with persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder) more than 4% in the aggregate of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of the bank holding company controlling nationwide banks, where the shareholder is the largest shareholder or has actual control over the major business affairs of the bank holding company through, for example, appointment and dismissal of the officers pursuant to the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act.
In addition, the total sum of the Bank Holding Company Total Credit granted to all of a bank holding company’s major investor must not exceed 25% of the bank holding company’s net aggregate equity capital. Furthermore, any bank holding company that, together with its direct and indirect subsidiaries, intends to extend credit to the bank holding company’s major investor in an amount equal to or exceeding the lesser of (x) the amount equivalent to 0.1% of the net aggregate equity capital and (y) ￦5 billion, in any single transaction, must obtain prior unanimous board resolutions and then, immediately after providing the credit, must file a report to the Financial Services Commission and publicly disclose the filing of the report.
Restrictions on Transactions Among Direct and Indirect Subsidiaries and Financial Holding Company
Generally, a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company may not extend credits (excluding the amount of corporate credit card payments issued by a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company that is engaged in the banking business) to that financial holding company. In addition, a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company may not extend credits (excluding the amount of corporate credit card payments issued by a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company that is engaged in the banking business) to other direct or indirect subsidiaries of the financial holding company in excess of 10% of its capital amount on an individual basis or to those subsidiaries in excess of 20% of its capital amount on an aggregate basis. The subsidiary extending the credit must also obtain an adequate level of collateral depending on the type of such collateral from the other subsidiaries unless the credit is otherwise approved by the Financial Services Commission. The adequate level of collateral for each type of collateral is as follows:
for deposits and installment savings, obligations of the Korean government or the Bank of Korea, obligations guaranteed by the Korean government or the Bank of Korea, obligations secured by securities issued or guaranteed by the Korean government or the Bank of Korea, 100% of the credit extended;
for obligations of municipal governments under the Local Autonomy Act, local public enterprise under the Local Public Enterprises Act and investment institutions and other quasi-investment institutions under the Basic Act on the Management of Government-Invested Institution or for obligations guaranteed by, or secured by the securities issued or guaranteed by, the aforementioned entities pursuant to the relevant regulations, 110% of the credit extended; and
for any property other than those set forth in paragraphs (1) and (2) above, 130% of the credit extended.
Subject to certain exceptions, a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company is prohibited from owning the shares of any other direct or indirect subsidiaries (other than those directly controlled by that direct or indirect subsidiary) under the common control of the financial holding company.
Subject to certain exceptions, a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company is also prohibited from owning the shares of the financial holding company controlling that direct or indirect subsidiary.
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The transfer of certain assets classified as precautionary or below between a financial holding company and its direct or indirect subsidiary or between the direct and indirect subsidiaries of a financial holding company is prohibited except for:
transfers to a special purpose company, or entrustment with a trust company, for an asset-backed securitization transaction under the Asset-Backed Securitization Act;
transfers or in-kind contributions to a corporate restructuring vehicle under the Corporate Restructuring Investment Companies Act; and
transfers to a corporate restructuring company under the Industrial Development Act.
Disclosure of Management Performance
For the purpose of protecting the depositors and investors in the direct or indirect subsidiaries of financial holding companies, the Financial Services Commission requires financial holding companies to disclose certain material matters including:
financial condition and profit and loss of the financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries;
fund-raising by the financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries and the appropriation of such funds;
any sanctions levied on the financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries under the Financial Holding Company Act or any corrective measures or sanctions under the Law on Improvement of Structure of Financial Industry; and
occurrence of any non-performing assets or financial incident that may have a material adverse effect, or any other event as prescribed in the applicable regulations.
Restrictions on Shareholdings in Other Companies
Generally, a financial holding company may not own (i) more than 5% of the total issued and outstanding shares of another finance-related company, (ii) any shares of its affiliates, other than its direct or indirect subsidiaries or (iii) any shares of a non-finance-related company.
Restrictions on Shareholdings by Direct and Indirect Subsidiaries
Generally, a direct subsidiary of a financial holding company may not control any other company other than, as an indirect subsidiary of the financial holding company:
financial institutions established in foreign jurisdictions that are relevant to the business of the direct subsidiary;
certain financial institutions that are relevant to the business of the direct subsidiary, which are engaged in any business that the direct subsidiary may conduct without any licenses or permits;
certain financial institutions whose business is related to the business of the direct subsidiary as described by the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act (for example, a bank subsidiary may control only credit information companies, credit card companies and financial investment companies with a dealing, brokerage, collective investment, investment advice, discretionary investment management and/or trust license);
certain financial institutions whose business is related to the financial business as prescribed by the Ordinance of the Prime Minister; and
certain companies which are not financial institutions but whose business is related to the financial business of the financial holding company as prescribed by the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act (for example, a finance-related research company or a finance-related information technology company).
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Acquisition of such indirect subsidiaries by direct subsidiaries of a financial holding company requires prior permission from the Financial Services Commission or the submission of a report to the Financial Services Commission, depending on the types of the indirect subsidiaries and the amount of total assets of the indirect subsidiaries.
Subject to certain exceptions, an indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company may not control any other company. If an indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company had control over another company at the time it became such an indirect subsidiary, the indirect subsidiary is required to dispose of its interest in the other company within two years from such time.
Restrictions on Transactions between a Bank Holding Company and its Major Investor
A bank holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries may not acquire (including through their respective trust accounts) shares issued by the bank holding company’s major investor in excess of 1% of the net aggregate equity capital (as defined above). In addition, if those entities intend to acquire shares issued by that major investor in any single transaction equal to or exceeding the lesser of (x) the amount equivalent to 0.1% of the net aggregate equity capital and (y) ￦5 billion, that entity must obtain prior unanimous board resolutions and then, immediately after the acquisition, file a report to the Financial Services Commission and publicly disclose the filing of the report.
Restrictions on Ownership of a Financial Holding Company
Under the Financial Holding Company Act, a financial institution generally may not control a financial holding company. In addition, any single shareholder and persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder may acquire beneficial ownership of up to 10% of the total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights of a bank holding company that controls nationwide banks or 15% of the total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights of a bank holding company that controls only regional banks, subject to certain exceptions. Among others, the Korean government and the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation are not subject to this limit. “Non-financial business group companies” (as defined below), however, may not acquire the beneficial ownership of shares of a bank holding company controlling nationwide banks in excess of 4% of that bank holding company’s outstanding voting shares unless they obtain the approval of the Financial Services Commission and agree not to exercise voting rights in respect of shares in excess of the 4% limit, in which case they may acquire beneficial ownership of up to 10%. Any other person (whether a Korean national or a foreign investor) may acquire no more than 10% of total voting shares issued and outstanding of a bank holding company controlling nationwide banks unless they obtain approval from the Financial Services Commission in each instance where the total holding will exceed 10% (or 15% in the case of a bank holding company controlling only regional banks), 25% or 33% of the total voting shares issued and outstanding of that bank holding company controlling nationwide banks.
Furthermore, in the case where a person (including Korean and foreign investors, but excluding certain persons prescribed under the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act) (i) acquires in excess of 4% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of any bank holding company (other than a bank holding company controlling only regional banks), (ii) becomes the largest shareholder of such bank holding company in which such person has acquired in excess of 4% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares, (iii) changes its shareholding in such bank holding company, in which it has acquired in excess of 4% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares, by 1% or more of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of such bank holding company or (iv) is a private equity fund or an investment purpose company holding in excess of 4% of the total outstanding voting shares of a bank holding company and changes its members or shareholders, such person must file a report on such change with the Financial Services Commission (x) in case of (i) and (iii), by the last day of the month immediately following the month in which such change occurred, or (y) in case of (ii) and (iv), within ten days after the end of the month in which such change occurred.
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“Non-financial business group companies” as defined under the Financial Holding Company Act include:
any same shareholder group where the aggregate net assets of all non-financial business companies belonging to that group equals or exceeds 25% of the aggregate net assets of all members of that group;
any same shareholder group where the aggregate assets of all non-financial business companies belonging to that group equals or exceeds ￦2 trillion;
any mutual fund where a same shareholder group identified in (1) or (2) above beneficially owns and/or exercises the voting rights of more than 4% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of that mutual fund;
any private equity fund (a) where a person falling under any of items (1) through (3) above is a limited partner holding not less than 10% of the total amount of contributions to the private equity fund, or (b) where a person falling under any of items (1) through (3) above is a general partner, or (c) where the total equity of the private equity fund acquired by each affiliate belonging to several enterprise groups subject to the limitation on mutual investment is 30% or more of the total amount of contributions to the private equity fund; or
the investment purpose company concerned, where a private equity fund falling under item (4) above acquires or holds stocks in excess of 4% of the stock or equity of such company or exercises de facto control over significant managerial matters of such company through appointment or dismissal of executives or in any other manner.
Sharing of Customer Information among Financial Holding Company and its Subsidiaries
Under the Act on Use and Protection of Credit Information, any individual customer’s credit information may be disclosed only after obtaining consent in writing or otherwise to use that information. In addition, under the Act on Real Name Financial Transactions and Confidentiality, an individual working at a financial institution may not provide or reveal information or data concerning the contents of financial transactions to other persons unless such individual receives a request or consent in writing from the holder of a title deed, except under certain exceptions stipulated in the Act. Under the Financial Holding Company Act, a financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, however, may share certain credit information of individual customers among themselves for internal management purposes outlined in the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act (such as credit risk management, internal control and customer analysis), without the customers’ written consent, subject to the methods and procedures for provision of such information set forth therein. A subsidiary financial investment company with a dealing and/or brokerage license of a financial holding company may provide that financial holding company and its other direct and indirect subsidiaries information relating to the aggregate amount of cash or securities that a customer of the financial investment company with a dealing and/or brokerage license has deposited, for internal management purposes outlined in the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act, subject to the methods and procedures for provision of such information set forth therein. Certain amendments to the Financial Holding Company Act, which became effective on November 29, 2014, limit the scope of credit information that may be shared without the customers’ prior consent and require certain procedures for provision of customer information as prescribed by the Financial Services Commission. Beginning on November 29, 2014, notice must be given to customers at least once a year regarding (i) the provider of customer information, (ii) the recipient of customer information, (iii) the purpose of providing the information and (iv) the categories of the information provided.
Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks
The banking system in Korea is governed by the Bank Act and the Bank of Korea Act of 1950, as amended (the “Bank of Korea Act”). In addition, Korean banks are subject to the regulations and supervision of the Bank of Korea, the Monetary Policy Board of the Bank of Korea, the Financial Services Commission and its executive body, the Financial Supervisory Service.
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The Bank of Korea, established in June 1950 under the Bank of Korea Act, performs the customary functions of a central bank. It seeks to contribute to the sound development of the national economy by price stabilization through establishing and implementing efficient monetary and credit policies with a focus on financial stability. The Bank of Korea acts under instructions of the Monetary Policy Board, the supreme policy-making body of the Bank of Korea.
Under the Bank of Korea Act, the Monetary Policy Board’s primary responsibilities are to formulate monetary and credit policies and to determine the operations, management and administration of the Bank of Korea.
The Financial Services Commission, established in April 1998, regulates commercial banks pursuant to the Bank Act, including establishing guidelines on capital adequacy of commercial banks, and promulgates regulations relating to supervision of banks. Furthermore, the Financial Services Commission regulates market entry into the banking business.
The Financial Supervisory Service, established in January 1999, is subject to the instructions and directives of the Financial Services Commission and carries out supervision and examination of commercial banks. In particular, the Financial Supervisory Service sets requirements both for the prudent control of liquidity and for capital adequacy and establishes reporting requirements pursuant to the authority delegated to it under the Financial Services Commission regulations, pursuant to which banks are required to submit annual reports on financial performance and shareholdings, regular reports on management strategy and non-performing loans, including write-offs, and management of problem companies and plans for the settlement of bad loans.
Under the Bank Act, approval to commence a commercial banking business or a long-term financing business must be obtained from the Financial Services Commission. Commercial banking business is defined as the lending of funds acquired predominantly from the acceptance of demand deposits for a period not exceeding one year or subject to the limitation established by the Financial Services Commission, for a period between one year and three years. Long-term financing business is defined as the lending, for periods in excess of one year, of funds acquired predominantly from paid-in capital, reserves or other retained earnings, the acceptance of time deposits with maturities of at least one year, or the issuance of debentures or other bonds. A bank wishing to enter into any business other than commercial banking and long-term financing businesses must file a report to the Financial Services Commission. For businesses that are subject to a license or approval requirement under applicable laws, such as approval to commence a trust business under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, such report must be filed concurrently with a relevant license or approval application to the Financial Services Commission. In addition, approval to merge with any other banking institution, to liquidate, spin off or close a banking business or to transfer all or a part of a business must be obtained from the Financial Services Commission.
If the Financial Services Commission deems a bank’s financial condition to be unsound or if a bank fails to meet the applicable capital adequacy ratio set forth under Korean law, the Financial Services Commission may order:
admonitions or warnings with respect to the bank or its officers;
assignments of contractual rights and obligations relating to financial transactions;
a suspension of performance by its officers of their duties and the appointment of receivers;
disposals of property holdings or closures of subsidiaries or branch offices or downsizing;
mergers with other financial institutions;
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acquisition of such bank by a third party; and
suspensions of a part or all of its business operations for not more than six months.
The Bank Act requires nationwide banks, such as us, to maintain a minimum paid-in capital of ￦100 billion and regional banks to maintain a minimum paid-in capital of ￦25 billion. All banks, including foreign bank branches in Korea, are also required to maintain a prescribed solvency position. A bank must also set aside in its legal reserve an amount equal to at least 10% of the net income after tax each time it pays dividends on net profits earned until its legal reserve reaches at least the aggregate amount of its paid-in capital.
Under the Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business, the capital of a bank is divided into two categories, Tier I and Tier II capital. Tier I capital (core capital) consists of (i) common equity Tier I capital, including paid-in capital, capital surplus and retained earnings related to common equity and accumulated other comprehensive gains and losses, and (ii) additional Tier I capital, including paid-in capital and capital surplus from the issuance of additional Tier I capital, hybrid capital instruments and other capital securities which meet the standards prescribed by the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service under relevant regulations. Tier II capital (supplementary capital) consists of, among other things, capital and capital surplus from the issuance of Tier II capital, allowances for loan losses on loans classified as “normal” or “precautionary,” subordinated debt and other capital securities which meet the standards prescribed by the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service under Article 26(2) of the Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business.
All banks must meet minimum ratios of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to risk-weighted assets, determined in accordance with Financial Services Commission requirements that have been formulated based on BIS standards. These requirements were adopted and became effective in 1996, and were amended effective January 1, 2008 upon the implementation by the Financial Supervisory Service of Basel II. Under such requirements, all domestic banks and foreign bank branches are required to meet a minimum ratio of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to risk-weighted assets. Commencing in July 2013, the Financial Services Commission promulgated a series of amended regulations implementing Basel III, pursuant to which Korean banks and bank holding companies were required to maintain a minimum ratio of common equity Tier I capital to risk-weighted assets of 3.5% and Tier I capital to risk-weighted assets of 4.5% from December 1, 2013, which minimum ratios were increased to 4.0% and 5.5%, respectively, from January 1, 2014 and increased further to 4.5% and 6.0%, respectively, from January 1, 2015. The amended regulations also require an additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% from January 2019, as well as a potential counter-cyclical capital buffer of up to 2.5%, which is determined on a quarterly basis by the Financial Services Commission and is set at 1.0% as of the date of this annual report. Furthermore, we and Kookmin Bank were each designated as a domestic systemically important bank holding company and a domestic systemically important bank, respectively, for 2025 by the Financial Services Commission and were subject to an additional capital requirement of 1.0% in 2025. In July 2025, we and Kookmin Bank were each again designated as a domestic systemically important bank holding company and a domestic systemically important bank, respectively, for 2026, which again subjects us to an additional capital requirement of 1.0% in 2026. In addition, the Financial Services Commission has indicated that it may introduce a stress buffer capital requirement of up to 2.5%, which would require banks and bank holding companies to hold additional capital based on stress test results. The introduction of this requirement, initially planned for 2024, has been delayed multiple times and is currently not expected to be introduced until at least June 2026. All such requirements are in addition to the pre-existing requirement for minimum ratios of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to risk-weighted assets set forth above.
Under the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business, the following risk-weight ratios must be applied by Korean banks in respect of home mortgage loans:
for those banks which adopted a standardized approach for calculating credit risk capital requirements, a risk-weight ratio between 20% and 70% depending on the loan-to-value ratio, to the extent that the
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for those banks which adopted an internal ratings-based approach for calculating credit risk capital requirements, a risk-weight ratio calculated with reference to the probability of default, loss given default and exposure at default, each as defined under the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business; provided, however, that such risk-weight ratio must be at least 20%.
All banks are required to ensure adequate liquidity by matching the maturities of their assets and liabilities in accordance with the Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business. Banks may not invest an amount exceeding 100% of their Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) in equity securities and certain other securities with a redemption period of over three years. This stipulation does not apply to Korean government bonds, Monetary Stabilization Bonds issued by the Bank of Korea or debentures and stocks referred to in items 1 and 2, respectively, of paragraph (6) of Article 11 of the Act on the Structural Improvement of the Financial Industry. The Financial Services Commission uses the liquidity coverage ratio (described below) as the principal liquidity risk management measure, and currently requires each Korean bank to:
maintain a liquidity coverage ratio (defined as the ratio of highly liquid assets to total net cash outflows over a 30-day period) of not less than 100%;
maintain a foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio of not less than 80%; and
submit monthly reports with respect to the maintenance of these ratios.
The Monetary Policy Board of the Bank of Korea is empowered to fix and alter minimum reserve requirements that banks must maintain against their deposit liabilities. The current minimum reserve ratios are:
7% of average balances for Won currency demand deposits outstanding;
0% of average balances for Won currency employee asset establishment savings deposits, employee long-term savings deposits, employee house purchase savings deposits, long-term house purchase savings deposits, household long-term savings deposits and employee preferential savings deposits outstanding (with respect to employee-related deposits and household long-term savings deposits, only if such deposits were made prior to February 28, 2013); and
2% of average balances for Won currency time deposits, installment savings deposits, mutual installments, housing installments and certificates of deposit outstanding.
For foreign currency deposit liabilities, a 2% minimum reserve ratio is applied to time deposits with a maturity of one month or longer, certificates of deposit with a maturity of 30 days or longer and savings deposits with a maturity of six months or longer and a 7% minimum reserve ratio is applied to other deposits. A 1% minimum reserve ratio applies to deposits in offshore accounts, immigrant accounts and resident accounts opened by financial institutions (excluding bank holding companies) and the Export-Import Bank of Korea, as well as foreign currency certificates of deposit held by account holders of such offshore accounts, immigrant accounts and resident accounts opened by such financial institutions.
Furthermore, under the Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business, Kookmin Bank is required to maintain a minimum “mid- to long-term foreign exchange funding ratio” of 100%. “Mid-to long term foreign exchange funding ratio” refers to the ratio of (1) the total outstanding amount of foreign exchange borrowing with a maturity of more than one year to (2) the total outstanding amount of foreign exchange lending with a maturity of one year or more.
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Net Stable Funding Ratio and Leverage Ratio Requirements
The Financial Services Commission has implemented the Regulation on Supervision of the Banking Business that impose certain liquidity- and leverage-related ratio requirements on banks in Korea, in accordance with Basel III. Pursuant to such Regulation, each Korean bank is required to:
maintain a net stable funding ratio (defined as the ratio of the available amount of stable funding to the required amount of stable funding) of not less than 100%, where (i) the available amount of stable funding generally refers to the portion of liabilities and capital expected to be reliable over a one-year time horizon and (ii) the required amount of stable funding generally refers to the amount of stable funding that is required to be maintained based on the liquidity characteristics, residual maturities and off-balance sheet exposures of the bank’s assets, each as calculated in accordance with the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business;
maintain a leverage ratio (defined as the ratio of core capital to total exposures) of not less than 3%, where (i) the core capital includes paid-in capital, capital surplus, retained earnings and hybrid Tier I capital instruments and (ii) total exposures include on-balance sheet exposures, derivative exposures, securities financing transaction exposures and off-balance sheet exposures, each as calculated in accordance with the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business; and
submit periodic reports with respect to the maintenance of these ratios (monthly reports for the net stable funding ratio and quarterly reports for the leverage ratio).
Financial Exposure to Any Individual Customer or Major Shareholder
Under the Bank Act, subject to certain exceptions, the sum of large exposures by a bank—in other words, the total sum of its credits to single individuals, juridical persons or business groups that exceed 10% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions)—generally must not exceed five times the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions). In addition, subject to certain exceptions, banks generally may not extend credit (including loans, guarantees, purchases of securities (extended for financial support) and any other transactions that directly or indirectly create credit risk) in excess of 20% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to a single individual or juridical person, or grant credit in excess of 25% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to a single group of companies as defined in the Monopoly Regulations and Fair Trade Act.
The Bank Act also provides for certain restrictions on extending credits to a major shareholder. A “major shareholder” is defined as:
a shareholder holding (together with persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder) in excess of 10% (or 15% in the case of regional banks) in the aggregate of the bank’s total issued and outstanding voting shares; or
a shareholder holding (together with persons who have a special relationship with such shareholder) in excess of 4% in the aggregate of the bank’s (excluding regional banks) total issued and outstanding voting shares of a bank (excluding shares subject to the shareholding restrictions on “non-financial business group companies” as described below), where such shareholder is the largest shareholder or has actual control over the major business affairs of the bank through, for example, appointment and dismissal of the officers as prescribed by the Enforcement Decree of the Bank Act. Non-financial business group companies primarily consist of: (i) any single shareholding group whose non-financial company assets comprise no less than 25% of its aggregate net assets; (ii) any single shareholding group whose non-financial company assets comprise no less than ￦2 trillion in aggregate; or (iii) any investment company under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act of which any single shareholding group identified in (i) or (ii) above, owns more than 4% of the total issued and outstanding shares.
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Under these restrictions, banks may not extend credits to a major shareholder (together with persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder) in an amount greater than the lesser of (x) 25% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) and (y) the relevant major shareholder’s shareholding ratio multiplied by the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions). In addition, the total sum of credits granted to all major shareholders must not exceed 25% of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions).
Interest Rates
Korean banks generally depend on deposits as their primary funding source. Under the Act on Registration of Credit Business, Etc. and Protection of Finance Users and the regulations thereunder, interest rates on loans made by registered banks in Korea may not exceed 20% per annum, commencing July 2021. Historically, interest rates on deposits and lending were regulated by the Monetary Policy Board. There are no controls on deposit interest rates in Korea, except for the prohibition on interest payments on current account deposits.
Lending to Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises
In order to obtain funding from the Bank of Korea at concessionary rates for their small- and medium-sized enterprise loans, banks are required to allocate a certain minimum percentage of any quarterly increase in their Won currency lending to small- and medium-sized enterprises. Currently, this minimum percentage is 50% for both nationwide banks and regional banks. If a bank does not comply with this requirement, the Bank of Korea may:
require the bank to prepay all or a portion of funds provided to that bank in support of loans to small- and medium-sized enterprises; or
lower the bank’s credit limit.
For the purpose of protecting depositors and investors in commercial banks, the Financial Services Commission requires commercial banks to publicly disclose certain material matters, including:
the financial condition and profit and loss of the bank and its subsidiaries;
fundraising by the bank and the appropriation of such funds;
any sanctions levied on the bank under the Bank Act or any corrective measures or sanctions under the Act on the Structural Improvement of the Financial Industry; and
the occurrence of any of the following events or any other event as prescribed by the applicable regulations, that have damaged or are likely to damage the soundness of the bank’s management, except as may otherwise have been disclosed by a bank or its financial holding company listed on the KRX KOSPI Market in accordance with the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act:
loans bearing no profit made to a single business group in an amount exceeding 10% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) as of the end of the previous month (where the loan exposure to that borrower is calculated pursuant to the criteria under the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business), unless the loan exposure to that group is not more than ￦4 billion; and
any loss due to court judgments or similar decisions in civil proceedings in an amount exceeding 1% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) as of the end of the previous month, unless the loss is not more than ￦1 billion.
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Restrictions on Lending
Pursuant to the Bank Act and its sub-regulations, a commercial bank may not provide:
loans secured by a pledge of the bank’s own shares, whether direct or indirect;
loans to enable a natural or juridical person to buy the shares issued by the bank, whether direct or indirect;
loans to any of the bank’s officers or employees, other than de minimis loans of up to (i) ￦20 million in the case of a general loan, (ii) ￦50 million in the case of a general loan plus a housing loan or (iii) ￦60 million in the aggregate for general loans, housing loans and loans to pay damages arising from wrongful acts of employees in financial transactions;
credit (including loans) secured by a pledge of the equity securities of its subsidiary corporation or to enable a natural or juridical person to buy shares of the bank’s subsidiary corporation; or
loans to any officers or employees of the bank’s subsidiary corporation, other than general loans of up to ￦20 million or general and housing loans of up to ￦50 million in the aggregate.
Regulations Relating to Retail Household Loans
The Financial Services Commission has implemented a number of changes in recent years, most recently in October 2025 (which supplemented measures adopted in June and September 2025), to the regulations relating to retail household lending by banks. Under the currently applicable regulations:
as to any new loans secured by housing (including apartments) located in the Seoul metropolitan area and other regulated zones, a differentiated loan limit based on the market price of the property is applied: (i) for homes with a market price of up to ￦1.5 billion, the mortgage loan limit shall be ￦600 million; (ii) for homes with a market price exceeding ￦1.5 billion and up to ￦2.5 billion, the limit shall be ￦400 million; and (iii) for homes with a market price exceeding ￦2.5 billion, the limit shall be ￦200 million;
as to any new loans secured by housing (including apartments) located nationwide, the loan to value ratio (the aggregate principal amount of loans secured by such collateral over the appraised value of the collateral) should not exceed 70%;
as to any new loans secured by housing (including apartments) located in “excessive investment,” “high speculation” or “adjustment target” areas, in each case as designated by the government, the loan to value ratio should not exceed 40%, except that such maximum loan-to-value ratio shall be 70% for low-income households that (i) have a combined annual income of no more than ￦90 million, (ii) do not currently own any housing and (iii) are using the loan to purchase low-price housing valued at no more than ￦900 million (or ￦800 million in the case of adjustment target areas as designated by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport);
as to any new loans secured by housing (including apartments) located nationwide to be extended to a household that already owns one or more houses, the maximum loan-to-value ratio must be adjusted to 10% lower than the applicable loan-to-value ratio described above;
as to any new loans secured by housing (including apartments) located in excessive investment, high speculation or adjustment target areas, in each case as designated by the government, a household that already owns one or more houses in the Seoul metropolitan area or other regulated zones is prohibited from obtaining any new mortgage loans for the purpose of purchasing additional housing, except that a household that owns only one house may obtain new mortgage loans for the purpose of purchasing additional housing under the condition that the existing house is disposed of within six months of such additional purchase, in which case the same maximum loan-to-value ratio that applies to a household that does not own any houses shall apply);
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as to any new loans secured by housing (including apartments) located in excessive investment or high speculation areas, in each case as designated by the government, the borrower’s debt-to-income ratio (calculated as (1) the aggregate annual total payment amount of (x) the principal of and interest on loans secured by such housing and existing mortgage and home equity loans and (y) the interest on other borrowings of the borrower over (2) the borrower’s annual income) should not exceed 40%, except that such maximum debt-to-income ratio is increased to 60% for (i) low-income households that (x) have an annual income of less than ￦90 million, (y) do not currently own any housing and (z) are using the loan to purchase low-price housing valued at ￦900 million or less (￦800 million or less in the case of adjustment target areas) or (ii) first-time homebuyers;
as to any new loans secured by housing (including apartments) located in adjustment target areas designated by the government, the borrower’s debt-to-income ratio should not exceed 50%, except that such maximum debt-to-income ratio is increased to 60% for low-income households that (a)(i) have an annual income of less than ￦90 million, (ii) do not currently own any housing and (iii) are using the loan to purchase low-price housing valued at ￦800 million or less or (b) are first-time homebuyers; and
as to any new loans extended to a household that has already obtained loans in an aggregate principal amount of more than ￦100 million (including the new loan being applied for), the borrower’s debt-service-ratio (calculated as (1) the aggregate annual total payment amount of the principal of and interest on financial liabilities, including (i) the loans secured by such high-priced housing, subject to certain adjustments relating to stress buffers and (ii) the interest portion of any jeonse loans for single-home owners, divided by (2) the borrower’s annual income) should not exceed 40% unless otherwise specified by the applicable regulations.
Restrictions on Investments in Property
A bank may not invest in the following securities in excess of 100% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions):
debt securities (within the meaning of paragraph (3) of Article 4 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act) the maturity of which exceeds three years, but excluding government bonds, monetary stabilization bonds issued by the Bank of Korea and bonds within the meaning of item 2, paragraph (6) of Article 11 of the Act on the Structural Improvement of the Financial Industry;
equity securities, but excluding securities within the meaning of item 1, paragraph (6) of Article 11 of the Act on the Structural Improvement of the Financial Industry;
derivatives-linked securities (within the meaning of paragraph (7) of Article 4 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act) the maturity of which exceeds three years; and
beneficiary certificates, investment contracts and depositary receipts (within the meaning of paragraph (2) of Article 4 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act) the maturity of which exceeds three years.
A bank may possess real estate property only to the extent necessary to conduct its business. The aggregate value of such property may not exceed 60% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions). Any property that a bank acquires by exercising its rights as a secured party, or which a bank is prohibited from acquiring under the Bank Act, must be disposed of within three years, unless otherwise specified by the regulations thereunder.
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Under the Bank Act, a bank may not own more than 15% of the shares outstanding with voting rights of another corporation, except where, among other reasons:
that corporation engages in a category of financial businesses set forth by the Financial Services Commission; or
the acquisition of such shares by the bank is necessary for the corporate restructuring of such corporation and is approved by the Financial Services Commission.
In the above exceptional cases, the total investment in corporations in which the bank owns more than 15% of the outstanding shares with voting rights may not exceed (i) 20% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) or (ii) 30% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) where the acquisition satisfies the requirements determined by the Financial Services Commission.
The Bank Act provides that a bank using its bank accounts and its trust accounts is not permitted to acquire the equity securities issued by the major shareholder of such bank in excess of an amount equal to 1% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions).
Restrictions on Bank Ownership
Under the Bank Act, a single shareholder and persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder generally may acquire beneficial ownership of no more than 10% of a nationwide bank’s total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights and no more than 15% of a regional bank’s total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights. The Korean government, the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation and bank holding companies qualifying under the Financial Holding Company Act are not subject to this limit. Pursuant to the Bank Act, non-financial business group companies may not acquire beneficial ownership of shares of a nationwide bank in excess of 4% (or 15% in the case of a regional bank) of that bank’s outstanding voting shares, unless they satisfy certain requirements set forth by the Enforcement Decree of the Bank Act, obtain the approval of the Financial Services Commission and agree not to exercise voting rights in respect of shares in excess of the 4% limit (or the 15% limit in the case of a regional bank), in which case they may acquire beneficial ownership of up to 10% of a nationwide bank’s outstanding voting shares. The Bank Act grants an exception for non-financial business group companies which, at the time of the enactment of the amended provisions, held more than 4% of the shares of a bank.
In addition, if a foreign investor, as defined in the Foreign Investment Promotion Act, owns in excess of 4% of a nationwide bank’s outstanding voting shares, non-financial business group companies may acquire beneficial ownership of up to 10% (or 15% in the case of a regional bank) of that bank’s outstanding voting shares, and in excess of 10% (or 15% in the case of a regional bank), 25% or 33% of that bank’s outstanding voting shares with the approval of the Financial Services Commission in each instance, up to the number of shares owned by the foreign investor. Any other person (whether a Korean national or a foreign investor), with the exception of non-financial business group companies described above, may acquire no more than 10% of a nationwide bank’s total voting shares issued and outstanding, unless they obtain approval from the Financial Services Commission in each instance where the total holding will exceed 10% (or 15% in the case of regional banks), 25% or 33% of the bank’s total voting shares issued and outstanding provided that, in addition to the foregoing threshold shareholding ratios, the Financial Services Commission may, at its discretion, designate a separate and additional threshold shareholding ratio.
Deposit Insurance System
The Depositor Protection Act provides insurance for certain deposits of banks in Korea through a deposit insurance system. Under the Depositor Protection Act, all banks governed by the Bank Act are required to pay an
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insurance premium to the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation on a quarterly basis and the rate is determined under the Enforcement Decree to the Depositor Protection Act. If the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation makes a payment on an insured amount, it will acquire the depositors’ claims with respect to that payment amount. The Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation insures a maximum of ￦100 million per individual for deposits and interest in a single financial institution, regardless of when the deposits were made and the size of the deposits, which limit increased from ￦50 million through an amendment to the Depositor Protection Act of Korea that became effective in September 2025.
Restrictions on Foreign Exchange Position
Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act of Korea, each of a bank’s net overpurchased and oversold positions may not exceed 50% of its shareholder’s equity as of the end of the prior month.
Laws and Regulations Governing Other Business Activities
A bank must register with the Ministry of Economy and Finance to enter the foreign exchange business, which is governed by the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act of Korea. A bank must obtain the permission of the Financial Services Commission to enter the securities business, which is governed by regulations under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. Under these laws, a bank may engage in the foreign exchange business, securities repurchase business, governmental/public bond underwriting business and governmental bond dealing business, among others.
Trust Business
A bank must obtain approval from the Financial Services Commission to engage in trust businesses. The Trust Act and the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act govern the trust activities of banks, and they are subject to various legal and accounting procedures and requirements, including the following:
under the Trust Act, assets accepted in trust by a bank in Korea must be segregated from other assets in the accounts of that bank; and
depositors and other general creditors cannot obtain or assert claims against the assets comprising the trust accounts in the event the bank is liquidated or wound-up.
The bank must make a special reserve of 25% or more of fees from each unspecified money trust account for which a bank guarantees the principal amount and a fixed rate of interest until the total reserve for that account equals 5% of the trust amount.
Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, a bank with a trust business license (such as Kookmin Bank) is permitted to offer both specified money trust account products and unspecified money trust account products. However, pursuant to guidelines from regulatory authorities that discourage the sale of unspecified money trust account products, sales of such products have generally been suspended.
Credit Card Business
In order to enter the credit card business, a company must obtain a license from the Financial Services Commission. Credit card businesses are governed by the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, which sets forth specific requirements with respect to the credit card business as well as generally prohibiting unsound business practices relating to the credit card business which may infringe on the rights of credit card holders or negatively affect the soundness of the credit card industry. Credit card companies, including our wholly-owned subsidiary, KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd., are regulated by the Financial Services Commission and the Financial Supervisory Service.
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Disclosure and Reports
Under the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act and the regulations thereunder, a credit card company is required to disclose on a periodic and on-going basis certain material matters and events. In addition, a credit card company must submit periodic reports with respect to its results of operations to the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service, in accordance with the guidelines of the Financial Supervisory Service.
Restrictions on Funding
Under the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act and the regulations thereunder, a credit card company must ensure that its total assets do not exceed an amount equal to eight times its equity capital and that the ratio of its adjusted equity capital to its adjusted total assets is not less than 8.0%. However, if a credit card company is unable to comply with such limit upon the occurrence of unavoidable events, such as drastic changes in the domestic and global financial markets, such limit may be adjusted through a resolution of the Financial Services Commission.
Risk of Loss Due to Lost, Stolen, Forged or Altered Credit Cards
Under the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, a credit card company is liable for any loss arising from the unauthorized use of credit cards or debit cards after it has received notice from the holder of the loss or theft of the card. A credit card company is also responsible for any losses resulting from the use of forged or altered credit cards, debit cards and pre-paid cards. A credit card company may, however, transfer all or part of this latter risk of loss to holders of credit card in the event of willful misconduct or gross negligence by holders of credit card if the terms and conditions of the agreement entered between the credit card company and members of such cards specifically provide for that transfer.
For these purposes, disclosure of a customer’s password that is made intentionally or through gross negligence, or the transfer of or giving as collateral of the credit card or debit card, is considered willful misconduct or gross negligence. However, a disclosure of a cardholder’s password that is made under irresistible force or threat to cardholder or his/her relatives’ life or health will not be deemed as willful misconduct or negligence of the cardholder.
Each credit card company must institute appropriate measures to fulfill these obligations, such as establishing provisions, purchasing insurance or joining a cooperative association.
Pursuant to the Enforcement Decree to Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, a credit card company will be liable for any losses arising from loss or theft of a credit card (which was not from the holder’s willful misconduct or negligence) during the period beginning 60 days before the notice by the holder to the credit card company.
Pursuant to the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, the Financial Services Commission may either restrict the limit or take other necessary measures against the credit card company with respect to such matters as the maximum limits on the amount per credit card, details of credit card terms and conditions, management of credit card merchants and collection of claims, including the following:
maximum limits for cash advances on credit cards;
use restrictions on debit cards with respect to per day or per transaction usage;
aggregate issuance limits and maximum limits on the amount per card on pre-paid cards; and
other matters prescribed by the Enforcement Decree to the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act.
Lending Ratio in Ancillary Business
Pursuant to the Enforcement Decree to the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, a credit card company must maintain an aggregate quarterly average outstanding lending balance to credit cardholders (including cash
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advances and credit card loans, but excluding restructured loans) no greater than the sum of (i) its aggregate quarterly average outstanding credit card balance arising from the purchase of goods and services and (ii) the aggregate quarterly debit card transaction volume.
Issuance of New Cards and Solicitation of New Cardholders
The Enforcement Decree to the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act establishes the conditions under which a credit card company may issue new cards and solicit new members. New credit cards may be issued only to the following persons:
persons who are at least 19 years old when they apply for a credit card;
persons whose capability to pay bills as they come due has been verified using standards established by the credit card company; and
in the case of minors who are 18 years old, persons who submit documents evidencing employment as of the date of the credit card application, such as an employment certificate, or persons for whom the issuance of a credit card is necessitated by governmental policies, such as financial aid.
In addition, a credit card company may not solicit credit card members by:
providing economic benefits or promising to provide economic benefits in excess of 100% of the annual credit card fee (in the case of credit cards with annual fees that are less than the average of the annual fees charged by major credit cards in Korea, the annual fee will be deemed to be equal to such average annual fee) in connection with issuing a credit card;
soliciting applicants on roads, public places or along corridors used by the general public;
soliciting applicants through visits, except those visits made upon prior consent and visits to a business area;
soliciting applicants through the Internet without verifying whether the applicant is who he or she purports to be, by means of a digital signature (limited, however, to cases where it can be confirmed that the applicant is the person in question by using identifiable information) under the Digital Signature Act; and
soliciting applicants through pyramid sales methods.
Compliance Rules on Collection of Receivable Claims
Pursuant to Supervisory Regulation on the Specialized Credit Financial Business, a credit card company may not:
exert violence or threaten violence;
inform a related party (a guarantor of the debtor, blood relative or fiancé(e) of the debtor, a person living in the same household as the debtor or a person working in the same workplace as the debtor) of the debtor’s obligations without just cause;
provide false information relating to the debtor’s obligation to the debtor or his or her related parties;
threaten to sue or sue the debtor for fraud despite lack of affirmative evidence to establish that the debtor has submitted forged or false documentation with respect to his or her ability to make payment;
visit or telephone the debtor during late evening hours (between the hours of 9:00 p.m. and 8:00 a.m.); and
utilize other uncustomary methods to collect the receivables that interfere with the privacy or the peace in the workplace of the debtor or his or her related parties.
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Principal Regulations Applicable to Insurance Companies
Under the Insurance Business Act, a company seeking to engage in the insurance business in Korea is required to obtain business authorizations and licenses from the Financial Services Commission, and such company is required to comply with the Insurance Business Act and the regulations thereunder. These rules and regulations cover, among other things: (i) the requirements for obtaining business authorizations and licenses to operate an insurance company; (ii) the scope of business an insurance company may undertake; (iii) the operations of an insurance company, including its asset management activities; (iv) the methods of insurance solicitation; (v) the supervision of the insurance business; and (vi) the disciplinary actions for violation of the Insurance Business Act, which may include revocation of a license, imprisonment, suspension of operations, fines, surcharges and penalties.
The Financial Services Commission has the authority to oversee matters involving licenses necessary for, and supervision of, the operation of an insurance business. Pursuant to the Regulation on Supervision of Insurance Business and the Regulation on Corporate Governance of Financial Companies, the Financial Services Commission sets forth detailed criteria for obtaining the authorization necessary to engage in the insurance business, as well as various comprehensive standards required to be met by an insurance company. The Financial Services Commission entrusts the Financial Supervisory Service with certain matters pursuant to the Regulation on Supervision of Insurance Business, as specified under the Detailed Enforcement Regulations on Insurance Supervision.
Since an insurance company falls within the scope of a financial institution under the Act on the Structural Improvement of the Financial Industry, special provisions thereunder apply to an insurance company in the event (i) it merges with, or converts into, another financial institution, (ii) it becomes bankrupt or insolvent or is dissolved or (iii) members of its business group acquire shares of another company in excess of a certain percentage. In addition, an insurance company that offers and sells investment-type insurance products, such as variable insurance products, and manages assets under special accounts for variable insurance policies is deemed a financial investment company under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. Such insurance company is subject to certain provisions under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, such as regulations on the control of conflicts of interest as well as the establishment and maintenance of firewalls for asset management of special accounts related to variable insurance policies. In addition, pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Transactions Act, an insurance company is required to obtain prior approval from the Ministry of Economy and Finance, the Bank of Korea, the Financial Supervisory Service or a foreign exchange bank and may be required to file periodic reports if the company engages in any of the following: (a) a transaction involving a foreign currency; (b) a transaction with a non-resident involving either the Won or a foreign currency; (c) a transaction that requires an outgoing overseas payment; (d) a transaction that requires receipt of an overseas payment; and (e) any other transaction prescribed under the Foreign Exchange Transactions Act. Furthermore, an insurance company is required to comply with the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies.
Scope of Business of Insurance Companies
Under the Insurance Business Act, an insurance company is prohibited from concurrently operating a life insurance business and a non-life insurance business (including property, marine and cargo and liability insurance), provided that an insurance company may concurrently operate a “type three” insurance business (including casualty, disease and health care insurance) and provide reinsurance to other insurance companies. However, limited cross-selling of life insurance and non-life insurance products by insurance sales agents working for life insurance or non-life insurance companies in Korea is permitted by the Financial Services Commission.
Upon approval by the Financial Services Commission, a life insurance company may operate (i) a life insurance business, (ii) a pension insurance (including retirement insurance) business and (iii) type three
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insurance businesses, while a non-life insurance company may operate (i) various types of non-life insurance businesses (including property, marine and cargo, automobile, guarantee, reinsurance and certain other enumerated non-life insurance as designated under the Enforcement Decree of the Insurance Business Act as well as liability insurance) and (ii) type three insurance businesses.
Both life insurance and non-life insurance companies may also operate certain financial businesses and incidental businesses designated under the Enforcement Decree of the Insurance Business Act.
Requirements Relating to Insurance Solicitation
The Insurance Business Act limits entities that may engage in insurance solicitation to insurance sales agents, insurance agencies (including those of financial institutions), insurance brokers and officers and employees of an insurance company. Any person or entity wishing to act as an insurance sales agent, insurance agency (including those of financial institutions) or insurance broker must register with the Financial Services Commission and report promptly to the Financial Services Commission the occurrence of certain changes prescribed under the Insurance Business Act.
Insurance brochures used for insurance solicitation must clearly specify the terms required under the Insurance Business Act in an easy-to-understand manner. Where an insurance company or any person engaging in insurance solicitation persuades an ordinary policyholder to enter into an insurance contract, it must explain to such ordinary policyholder about certain critical matters of the insurance contract prescribed by the Financial Consumer Protection Act, including details of insurance products, insurance premiums (including mutual aid premiums), procedures for payment of insurance proceeds (including mutual aid) and grounds for restricting the payment and coverage scope in a manner the policyholder can easily understand.
Where an insurance company or any person engaging in insurance solicitation advertises an insurance product, it must include the details of such insurance product in such advertisement as prescribed under the Financial Consumer Protection Act and must not engage in any act which, among other things, may lead to a misunderstanding that such insurance product would provide a large amount of insurance proceeds by emphasizing selective terms and conditions of such product or introducing cases where a large amount of insurance proceeds were paid.
In connection with the execution or solicitation of an insurance contract, any person engaging in insurance solicitation must not engage in any act prohibited under the Insurance Business Act and the Financial Consumer Protection Act, including acts of providing a policyholder with false information regarding an insurance product and acts intended to interrupt or prevent a policyholder (including interested parties prescribed by the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Consumer Protection Act) from notifying an insurance company of an important matter relevant to an insurance policy.
Any person engaging in insurance solicitation is prohibited from providing special benefits (including, but not limited to, cash over a certain amount and discounts on insurance premiums) in connection with the execution of an insurance contract unless such special benefits are stipulated in the underlying documents for such insurance product. In addition, an insurance company is prohibited from entrusting any person other than those who are eligible under the Insurance Business Act to engage in insurance solicitation or paying any compensation to any ineligible persons for his or her insurance solicitation. The Insurance Business Act and the Financial Consumer Protection Act also prescribe in detail certain practices that insurance agencies of financial institutions are restricted from engaging in, including, but not limited to:
forcing entry into contracts on financial products against the will of the policyholder using a position of advantage; and
including insurance premiums in loan transactions without the prior consent of the borrower.
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The Insurance Business Act permits insurance sales agents working for life insurance companies to cross-sell non-life insurance products of one non-life insurance company, and insurance sales agents working for non-life insurance companies are correspondingly permitted to cross-sell the life insurance products of one life insurance company.
Pursuant to the solvency requirements implemented by the Financial Services Commission, insurance companies in Korea are required to maintain a statutory ratio of available capital to required capital of not less than 100% on a consolidated basis (although a K-ICS ratio of not less than 130% is generally considered standard in the Korean insurance industry). Solvency requirements require insurance companies to hold adequate capital to cover their exposures to life/long-term non-life insurance risk, general non-life insurance risk, market risk, credit risk and operational risk by reflecting such risks in their calculation of required capital. The statutory solvency ratio for insurance companies is computed by dividing available capital by required capital. Available capital of an insurance company is computed as the sum of, among other things, capital stock, reserve for policyholder dividends and bad debt allowance after deducting the amount of assets and/or capital from the financial soundness balance sheet that are recognized by the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service as unable to be used to cover losses incurred by unforeseen risks of an insurance company, such as stock discounts and treasury stocks. Required capital is calculated based on the sum of (a) basic required capital, which is calculated as the sum of (i) the square root of the sum of the squares of (w) life/long-term non-life insurance risk, (x) general non-life insurance risk amounts, (y) credit risk amounts and (z) market risk amounts, and (ii) operating risk amounts, with each risk amount being calculated in accordance with the detailed criteria set forth under the Regulation on Supervision of Insurance Business and the Detailed Enforcement Regulations on Insurance Supervision, and (b) (xx) other required capital, which is the required capital for subsidiaries or other entities to which basic required capital is difficult to apply, which is calculated in accordance with the criteria set forth by the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service minus (yy) the amount of adjusted corporate tax calculated in accordance with the criteria determined by the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service as the amount of loss that can be compensated by increased net deferred corporate tax assets, in the event the loss corresponds to the amount of the basic required capital.
On January 1, 2023, the Financial Supervisory Service introduced K-ICS, a new regulatory solvency regime for insurance companies based on the International Capital Standard developed by the International Association of Insurance Supervisors, which is similar in substance to the Solvency II Directive of the European Union. The Solvency II Directive, which has been in effect in the European Union since January 1, 2016, is a comprehensive program of regulatory requirements for insurance companies, covering authorization, corporate governance, supervisory reporting, public disclosure and risk assessment and management, as well as solvency. Under K-ICS, insurance contract liabilities are expected to be measured based on market value, rather than book value, at the time of the computation of available capital. K-ICS has also introduced new risk subcategories, including those related to termination, business expenses, longevity, catastrophes and asset concentration, to be considered at the time of the computation of required capital. It is expected that these changes, among others, would require a number of insurance companies in Korea with a large portfolio of high guaranteed rate of return products to obtain additional capital to meet their capital adequacy requirements. However, the Financial Supervisory Service has allowed for a gradual deduction from available capital and a gradual recognition of risks in relation to required capital, for up to ten years. In order to ease the burden on insurance companies, corrective measures will be withheld for up to five years even if the solvency ratio under K-ICS is less than 100%, if the risk-based capital adequacy ratio exceeds 100%.
Regulations on Class Actions Regarding Securities
The Law on Class Actions Regarding Securities was enacted as of January 20, 2004 and last amended on May 28, 2013. The Law on Class Actions Regarding Securities governs class actions suits instituted by one or more representative plaintiff(s) on behalf of 50 or more persons who claim to have been damaged in a capital markets transaction involving securities issued by a listed company in Korea.
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Applicable causes of action with respect to such suits include:
claims for damages caused by misleading information contained in a securities statement;
claims for damages caused by the filing of a misleading business report, semi-annual report, or quarterly report;
claims for damages caused by insider trading or market manipulation; and
claims instituted against auditors for damages caused by accounting irregularities.
Any such class action may be instituted upon approval from the presiding court and the outcome of such class action will have a binding effect on all potential plaintiffs who have not joined the action, with the exception of those who have filed an opt out notice with such court.
Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act
The Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, which became effective in February 2009, regulates and governs the financial investment business in Korea. The entities that regulate and supervise financial investment companies are the Financial Services Commission, the Financial Supervisory Service and the Securities and Futures Commission.
Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, a company must obtain a license from the Financial Services Commission to commence a financial investment business such as a brokerage business, a dealing business or an underwriting business, or register with the Financial Services Commission to commence a financial investment business such as an investment advisory business or a discretionary investment management business. A bank is permitted to engage in certain types of financial investment business as specified under the Enforcement Decree of the Bank Act. Prior to commencing a financial investment business, a bank must file a report with the Financial Services Commission and apply for a license pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act.
Consolidation of Capital Markets-Related Laws
Prior to the effectiveness of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, there were separate laws regulating various types of financial institutions depending on the type of financial institution (for example, securities companies, futures companies, trust business companies and asset management companies) and subjecting financial institutions to different licensing and ongoing regulatory requirements (for example, the Korean Securities Exchange Act, the Futures Business Act and the Indirect Investment Asset Management Business Act). By applying one uniform set of rules to the same financial business having the same economic function, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act attempts to improve and address issues caused by the previous regulatory system under which the same economic function relating to capital markets-related businesses are governed by multiple regulations. To this end, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act categorizes capital markets-related businesses into six different functions, as follows:
dealing, trading and underwriting of “financial investment products” (as defined below);
brokerage of financial investment products;
establishment of collective investment schemes and the management thereof;
investment advice;
discretionary investment management; and
trusts (together with the five businesses set forth above, the “Financial Investment Businesses”).
Accordingly, all financial businesses relating to financial investment products have been reclassified as one or more of the Financial Investment Businesses described above, and financial institutions are subject to the
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regulations applicable to their relevant Financial Investment Businesses, regardless of the type of the financial institution. For example, under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, derivative businesses conducted by former securities companies and future companies will be subject to the same regulations.
Banking and insurance businesses are not subject to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and will continue to be regulated under separate laws. However, they may become subject to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act if their activities involve any financial investment businesses requiring a license pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act.
Comprehensive Definition of Financial Investment Products
In an effort to encompass the various types of securities and derivative products available in the capital markets, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act sets forth a comprehensive term “financial investment products,” defined to mean all financial products with a risk of loss in the invested amount (in contrast to “deposits,” which are financial products for which the invested amount is protected or preserved). Financial investment products are classified into two major categories: (i) “securities” (financial investment products in which the risk of loss is limited to the invested amount) and (ii) “derivatives” (financial investment products in which the risk of loss may exceed the invested amount). As a result of the general and broad definition of financial investment products, a variety of financial products may be defined as a financial investment product, which would enable Financial Investment Companies (defined below) to handle a broader range of financial products. Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, entities formerly licensed as securities companies, asset management companies, futures companies and other entities engaging in any Financial Investment Business are classified as “Financial Investment Companies.”
New License System and the Conversion of Existing Licenses
Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, Financial Investment Companies are able to choose the type of Financial Investment Business in which to engage (through a “check the box” method set forth in the relevant license application), by specifying the desired (i) Financial Investment Business, (ii) financial investment product and (iii) target customers to which financial investment products may be sold or distributed (that is, general investors or professional investors). Licenses will be issued under the specific business sub-categories described in the foregoing sentence. For example, it would be possible for a Financial Investment Company to obtain a license to engage in the Financial Investment Business of (i) dealing (ii) over the counter derivatives products (iii) only with sophisticated investors.
Financial institutions that engage in business activities constituting a Financial Investment Business are required to take certain steps, such as renewal of their license or registration, in order to continue engaging in such business activities. Financial institutions that are not licensed Financial Investment Companies are not permitted to engage in any Financial Investment Business.
Expanded Business Scope of Financial Investment Companies
Under the previous regulatory regime in Korea, it was difficult for a financial institution to explore a new line of business or expand upon its existing line of business. For example, previously a financial institution licensed as a securities company generally was not permitted to engage in the asset management business. In contrast, under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, pursuant to the integration of its current businesses involving financial investment products into a single Financial Investment Business, a licensed Financial Investment Company is permitted to engage in all types of Financial Investment Businesses, subject to satisfying relevant regulations (for example, maintaining an adequate “Chinese Wall,” to the extent required). As to incidental businesses (that is, a financial related business which is not a Financial Investment Business), the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act generally allows a Financial Investment Company to freely engage in such incidental businesses by shifting away from the previous positive-list system
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towards a more comprehensive system. In addition, a Financial Investment Company is permitted to (i) outsource marketing activities by contracting “introducing brokers” that are individuals but not employees of the Financial Investment Company, (ii) engage in foreign exchange businesses related to their Financial Investment Business and (iii) participate in the settlement network, pursuant to an agreement among the settlement network participants.
Improvement in Investor Protection Mechanism
While the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act widens the scope of financial businesses in which financial institutions are permitted to engage, a more rigorous investor-protection mechanism is also imposed upon Financial Investment Companies dealing in financial investment products. The Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act distinguishes general investors from sophisticated investors and provides new or enhanced protections to general investors. For instance, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act expressly provides for a strict know-your-customer rule for general investors and imposes an obligation that Financial Investment Companies should market financial investment products suitable to each general investor, using written explanatory materials. Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, a Financial Investment Company could be liable if a general investor proves (i) damage or losses relating to such general investor’s investment in financial investment products solicited by such Financial Investment Company and (ii) the absence of the requisite written explanatory materials, without having to prove fault or causation. With respect to conflicts of interest between Financial Investment Companies and investors, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act expressly requires (i) disclosure of any conflict of interest to investors and (ii) mitigation of conflicts of interest to a comfortable level or abstention from the relevant transaction.
Other Changes to Securities / Fund Regulations
The Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act changed various securities regulations including those relating to public disclosure, insider trading and proxy contests, which were previously governed by the Korean Securities Exchange Act. For example, the 5% and 10% reporting obligations under the Korean Securities Exchange Act have become more stringent. The Indirect Investment and Asset Management Business Act strictly limited the kind of vehicles that could be utilized under a collective investment scheme, restricting the range of potential vehicles to trusts and corporations, and the type of funds that can be used for investments. However, under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, these restrictions have been significantly liberalized, permitting all vehicles that may be created under Korean law, such as limited liability companies or partnerships, to be used for the purpose of collective investments and allowing investment funds to be more flexible as to their investments.
Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies
The Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies, which became effective on August 1, 2016, was enacted to address the need for strengthened regulations on corporate governance of financial institutions and to serve as a uniform set of regulations on corporate governance matters applicable to financial institutions across a variety of industry sectors. It contains several key measures, including (i) eligibility requirements for officers of financial institutions and standards for determining whether officers of financial institutions may hold concurrent positions in other companies, (ii) standards for composition and operation of the board of directors of financial institutions, (iii) standards for establishment, composition and operation of various committees of the board of directors of financial institutions, (iv) regulations on internal control and risk management, (v) requirements and procedures for the approval of a change of major shareholders and (vi) special regulations to protect the rights of minority shareholders of financial institutions. An amendment to the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies, which became effective on July 3, 2024, added certain additional requirements including (i) preparing and submitting a “responsibilities map” to the financial authorities which clarifies the scope and details of each officer’s accountability concerning internal control matters and (ii) establishing an internal control committee, of which more than half of the members must be outside directors.
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Financial Consumer Protection Act
The Financial Consumer Protection Act became effective on March 25, 2021, and certain provisions relating to internal control under such Act have become effective on September 25, 2021. The Financial Consumer Protection Act aims to enhance measures to protect financial consumers and to establish a sound market order in the financial product sales and advisory businesses. The Financial Consumer Protection Act consolidates existing regulations relating to the sale of financial products and consumer protection stipulated in other laws governing the financial sector, such as the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, the Banking Act and the Insurance Business Act, and applies to the financial industry on a cross-sectoral basis.
Application of the Financial Consumer Protection Act
All financial products that are classified as (i) deposits, (ii) loans, (iii) investment products or (iv) insurance products are subject to the Financial Consumer Protection Act. These four types of products encompass most of the products covered by the Bank Act, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and the Insurance Business Act. Financial products offered by credit unions, peer-to-peer (P2P) lending firms and registered credit service providers are also regulated by the Financial Consumer Protection Act.
Six Principles Regulating Selling Activities
The Financial Consumer Protection Act consolidates previously scattered regulations regarding financial business operations into six uniform standards that cover the following: (i) suitability, (ii) appropriateness, (iii) duty to explain, (iv) unfair sales practices, (v) improper solicitation and (vi) advertisements. Among these six principles, suitability, appropriateness and duty to explain apply only to “general financial consumers,” although “professional financial consumers” may elect to be treated as “general financial consumers,” in which case all six principles would apply to them.
Internal Control Requirements for Consumer Protection
The Financial Consumer Protection Act requires sellers of financial products to have adequate internal control standards to protect consumers. The Enforcement Decree to the Financial Consumer Protection Act sets forth details of certain of the internal control standards as follows:
Establishment of the authority and responsibilities of the decision maker, such as the representative director or a director, in the implementation of internal control measures;
Development of an organizational structure and designation of personnel responsible for consumer protection matters, including the establishment of a financial consumer protection committee;
Implementation of (i) inter-departmental consultation procedures for the development and sale of financial products, (ii) processes for internal deliberations and the incorporation of opinions from independent third party advisors, (iii) standards for vetting advertisements, (iv) mandatory training requirements for officers and employees and implementation of qualification requirements, (v) standards for the prevention of conflicts of interest, (vi) proper management of confidential information, and (vii) disclosure obligations when potential harm to consumers arises; and
Establishment of standards for performance-based compensation of officers and employees in charge of sales of financial products.
Right to Withdraw Subscriptions and Right to Terminate Contracts
Under the Financial Consumer Protection Act, consumers have the right to withdraw subscriptions, allowing them to receive a refund during a statutory cooling-off period following the execution of the relevant subscription agreement. This right generally applies to all types of financial products with the exception of deposits, although in the case of investment products, the right to withdraw applies only to highly complex funds and trusts. Consumers also have the right to terminate a contract if the sellers violate the Financial Consumer Protection Act
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in relation to the sales process. The right to terminate contracts applies to long-term contracts but such right must be exercised within one year from the time that the customer becomes aware that the financial product was sold in violation of the regulatory requirements.
Punitive Penalty Surcharges
In case of a violation of the principles regarding the duty to explain, unfair sales practices, improper solicitation and advertisements, sellers are subject to a punitive penalty of up to half the “amount that is the purpose of the contract” (which would be the deposit amount in case of deposit products, loan amount in case of loan products, investment amount in case of investment products, and insurance premium in case of insurance products), depending on the severity of the violation of the Financial Consumer Protection Act.
Amendments to the Korean Commercial Code
In 2025 and 2026, the National Assembly of Korea enacted a series of amendments to the Korean Commercial Code to strengthen shareholder protection and enhance corporate governance standards for listed companies.
In July 2025, the first round of amendments expanded the scope of a director’s fiduciary duty to include “the total body of shareholders,” renamed the term “Outside Directors” to “Independent Directors,” and extended the 3% cap on voting rights for major shareholders and their related parties to the election of all audit committee members, regardless of their status as an independent director. For large-scale listed companies like us, the amendments also mandated electronic shareholder meetings to strengthen minority shareholder protection.
In September 2025, a second round of amendments further mandated the use of cumulative voting for large-scale listed companies and increased the minimum number of audit committee members elected separately from one to two.
In March 2026, a third round of amendments mandated the cancelation of treasury shares within one year of acquisition. As an exception, a company may continue holding or disposing of its treasury shares if its board of directors formulates a holding or disposal plan and obtains approval from the general meeting of shareholders, which approval must be re-obtained for each fiscal year.
Environment, Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance
Under our mission slogan, “financial services delivering changes,” we are committed to a management philosophy focused on issues relating to the environment, social responsibility and corporate governance (“ESG”). Our ESG strategy focuses on embedding ESG principles across all business operations by strengthening climate risk management, fostering an inclusive society, and enhancing corporate governance transparency.
We have also developed the “KB Green Wave 2030” program to fulfill our responsibility as a leading financial group and to become a more trusted company by our stakeholders. Under this program, we plan to increase the total value of our ESG-related products, investments and loans to ￦50 trillion by 2030. In addition, we have established a group-wide carbon neutrality program called “KB Net Zero S.T.A.R.” to effectively respond to the challenges posed by climate change. Pursuant to the program, we intend to reduce our own carbon emissions by 42% by 2030 to achieve carbon neutrality by 2040 and to reduce carbon emissions from our asset portfolio companies by 33% by 2030 to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Moreover, we have established the “KB Diversity 2027” program, which is our mid- to long-term plan aimed at achieving our diversity goals and cultivating a more inclusive culture. The program includes specific goals to promote diversity, such as increasing the share of hires from diverse backgrounds, including people with disabilities, veterans, people from multicultural families and basic livelihood security recipients, to 15%, as well as increasing the ratio of female leaders to 20% and female core professionals to 30%, by 2027.
Since 2011, we have published a group-wide sustainability report on our website on an annual basis.
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The following chart provides an overview of our structure, including our significant subsidiaries and our ownership of such subsidiaries as of March 31, 2026:
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Our largest subsidiary is Kookmin Bank, the assets of which represented approximately 73.3% of our total assets as of December 31, 2025. The following table provides summary information for our operating subsidiaries that are consolidated in our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025, including their consolidated total assets, operating revenue, profit (loss) and total equity:
Subsidiaries
Kookmin Bank
KB Securities Co., Ltd.
KB Insurance Co., Ltd.
KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.
KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.
KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.
KB Capital Co., Ltd.
KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.
KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd.
KB Investment Co., Ltd.
KB Data Systems Co., Ltd.
Further information regarding our subsidiaries is provided below:
Kookmin Bank was established in Korea in 2001 as a result of the merger of the former Kookmin Bank (established in 1963) and H&CB (established in 1967). Kookmin Bank provides a wide range of banking and other financial services to individuals, small- and medium-sized enterprises and large corporations in Korea. As of December 31, 2025, Kookmin Bank was one of the largest commercial banks in Korea based on total assets (including loans) and deposits. As of December 31, 2025, Kookmin Bank had approximately 34.7 million customers, with 771 branches nationwide.
KB Securities Co., Ltd., formerly known as Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd., was established in Korea in 1962 to provide various securities brokerage and investment banking services. In 2016, we acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities, merged another subsidiary, KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd., with and into Hyundai Securities and changed the name of the surviving entity to KB Securities Co., Ltd.
KB Insurance Co., Ltd., formerly known as LIG Insurance Co., Ltd., was established in Korea in January 1959 to provide non-life insurance products. KB Insurance became our wholly-owned subsidiary in July 2017 after a series of stock purchases, a tender offer and a comprehensive stock swap.
KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd. was established in March 2011 as a separate entity upon the completion of a horizontal spin-off of Kookmin Bank’s credit card business, to provide credit card services.
KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd. was established in January 2023 as a result of the merger between the Former KB Life Insurance (established in April 2004) and Prudential Life Insurance (acquired from Prudential Financial, Inc. in August 2020), to provide life insurance and wealth management products.
KB Asset Management Co., Ltd. was established in Korea in April 1988 as a subsidiary of Citizens Investment Trust Company to provide investment advisory services.
KB Capital Co., Ltd., which provides leasing services and installment finance services, was formerly known as Woori Financial Co., Ltd. and was acquired by us in March 2014. KB Capital became our wholly-owned subsidiary in July 2017 after a tender offer followed by a comprehensive stock swap.
KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd. was established in Korea in January 2012 to provide small-loan finance services. KB Savings Bank was established in connection with our purchase of assets and assumption of liabilities of Jeil Savings Bank in January 2012. We acquired Yehansoul Savings Bank, which
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provided small-loan finance services, in September 2013 and merged it with KB Savings Bank in January 2014, with KB Savings Bank as the surviving entity.
KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd. was established in Korea in December 1996 to provide real estate development and brokerage services by managing trusts related to the real estate industry.
KB Investment Co., Ltd. was established in Korea in March 1990 to invest in and finance small- and medium-sized enterprises.
KB Data Systems Co., Ltd. was established in Korea in September 1991 to provide software services to us and other financial institutions.
In June 2023, KB Kookmin Card acquired all of the shares of KB Credit Information from us, as a result of which it is now a wholly-owned subsidiary of KB Kookmin Card.
Our registered office and corporate headquarters are located at 26, Gukjegeumyung-ro 8-gil, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07331, Korea. The following table presents information regarding certain of our properties in Korea:
Type of facility/building
Location
Registered office and corporate headquarters and Kookmin Bank headquarters #1
26, Gukjegeumyung-ro 8-gil
Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07331
Kookmin Bank headquarters #2
KB Kookmin Card headquarters building
Kookmin Bank training institute
Kookmin Bank IT center
Kookmin Bank support center
KB Securities training institute
As of December 31, 2025, we had a countrywide network of 771 banking branches and sub-branches, as well as 486 branches and sub-branches and 191 representative offices for our other operations including our credit card, securities brokerage, insurance and consumer finance businesses. Approximately one-fifth of these facilities are housed in buildings owned by us, while the remaining branches are leased properties. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Capital Markets Activities and International Banking/Finance—International Banking/Finance” for a list of our overseas subsidiaries, branches and representative and liaison offices in operation as of December 31, 2025. Kookmin Bank, Gurgaon Representative Office in India converted to Kookmin Bank, Gurugram Branch in February 2019 and Kookmin Bank, Hanoi Representative Office was liquidated in September 2020. In December 2020, we established KB Bank Myanmar Ltd., a subsidiary, in Myanmar, and in January 2022, we established Kookmin Bank, Singapore Branch in Singapore. Kookmin Bank, Yangon Representative Office was liquidated in February 2023. In October 2024, we established two branches in India, Kookmin Bank, Chennai Branch and Kookmin Bank, Pune Branch. Lease terms are generally from two to three years and seldom exceed five years. We do not own any material properties outside of Korea.
The net carrying amount of all the properties owned by us at December 31, 2025 was ￦3,855 billion.
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We do not have any unresolved comments from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission staff regarding our periodic reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.
The following discussion is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of subsidiaries over which substantive control is exercised through majority ownership of voting stock and/or other means. Investments in jointly controlled entities and associates (which are companies over which we have the ability to exercise significant influence) are accounted for by the equity method of accounting.
Trends in the Korean Economy
Our financial position and results of operations have been and will continue to be significantly affected by financial and economic conditions in Korea. In recent years, commercial banks, consumer finance companies and other financial institutions in Korea have made significant investments and engaged in aggressive marketing in retail lending (including mortgage and home equity loans), leading to substantially increased competition in this segment. From the second half of 2016 to 2021, the Korean government introduced various measures to tighten regulations on mortgage and other lending and housing subscription in response to the rapid growth in consumer debt and concerns over speculative investments in real estate in certain areas. The Korean government subsequently relaxed some of these measures by introducing a number of policy measures that seek to sustain housing prices and activity levels in the Korean real estate market, in light of an overall decrease in housing prices over the course of 2022. However, in recent years, the Korean government began tightening regulations again in response to the continued rise in the level of consumer debt, most recently in October 2025. Housing prices in Korea fluctuated throughout 2025, with prices increasing in certain areas while decreasing in others. Any sudden changes in housing prices, including as a result of changes in Korean government policies, together with the high level of consumer debt and deteriorating domestic and global economic conditions, could result in declines in consumer spending and reduced economic growth, which may lead to increases in delinquency levels of our portfolio of retail loans. Our portfolio of retail loans increased from ￦193,803 billion as of December 31, 2024 to ￦201,645 billion as of December 31, 2025. In 2025, we recorded charge-offs of ￦621 billion and provision for credit losses of ￦631 billion in respect of our retail loan portfolio, compared to charge-offs of ￦480 billion and provision for credit losses of ￦637 billion in 2024 and charge-offs of ￦449 billion and provision for credit losses of ￦507 billion in 2023. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to our retail credit portfolio.”
Our loans to small- and medium-sized enterprises increased from ￦161,239 billion as of December 31, 2024 to ￦167,873 billion as of December 31, 2025. Substantial growth in lending in Korea to small- and medium-sized enterprises in recent years, and financial difficulties experienced by such enterprises as a result of, among other things, adverse changes in economic conditions in Korea and globally, may lead to increasing delinquencies and a deterioration in overall asset quality in the credit exposures of Korean banks to small- and medium-sized enterprises. In 2025, we recorded charge-offs of ￦100 billion in respect of our loans to small- and medium-sized enterprises, compared to charge-offs of ￦34 billion in 2024 and ￦54 billion in 2023. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to our small- and medium-sized enterprise loan portfolio—We have significant exposure to small- and medium-sized enterprises, and any financial difficulties experienced by these customers may result in a deterioration of our asset quality and have an adverse impact on us.”
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The Korean economy is closely tied to, and is affected by developments in, the global economy. The overall prospects for the Korean and global economy in 2026 and beyond remain uncertain. In recent years, the global financial markets have experienced significant volatility as a result of, among other things:
the slowdown of economic growth in China and other major emerging market economies;
the occurrence of severe health epidemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic; and
financial and social difficulties affecting many countries worldwide, in particular Latin America and Europe.
In light of the high level of interdependence of the global economy, unfavorable changes in the global financial markets, including as a result of any of the foregoing developments, could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and financial markets, and in turn on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in early 2023, difficulties at several banks in the United States and Europe caused uncertainty for financial services companies, in particular the banking sector, and fear of instability in the global financial system generally, including in Korea. Future events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect the financial services industry generally or financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, may lead to market-wide liquidity problems or increase our risk in various dealings with our counterparties, among others. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Other risks relating to our business— Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, such as actual events or concerns involving liquidity, could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.”
In addition, the interest rates on our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and therefore our net interest income, are affected by The Bank of Korea’s policy rates. Amid rising concerns of a potential global recession as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bank of Korea reduced its policy rate to 0.75% in March 2020 and 0.50% in May 2020. However, as the economy began to show signs of recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic starting from the second half of 2021, the Bank of Korea gradually raised its policy rate to pre-pandemic levels of 1.25% from August 2021 through January 2022. Furthermore, in response to rising levels of household debt and inflation in Korea as well as globally, the Bank of Korea continued to raise its policy rate to 3.50% from April 2022 through January 2023. More recently, the Bank of Korea lowered its policy rate to 3.25% in October 2024, 3.00% in November 2024, 2.75% in February 2025 and 2.50% in May 2025 in response to weak economic conditions in Korea.
We are also exposed to adverse changes and volatility in the global and Korean financial markets as a result of our liabilities and assets denominated in foreign currencies and our holdings of trading and investment
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securities, including structured products. The value of the Won relative to major foreign currencies in general and the U.S. dollar in particular has depreciated significantly in recent years and has been subject to significant volatility as a result of the Russia-Ukraine war and the ensuing sanctions against Russia, the escalating hostilities in the Middle East following the military conflicts between Iran and other countries, including the United States and Israel, the difference in policy rates between the United States and Korea and, more recently, the political situation in Korea following the declaration of martial law by former President Yoon Suk-yeol in December 2024 that led to his impeachment and subsequent removal in April 2025 and the election of Mr. Lee Jae-myung as President in June 2025, among others. A depreciation of the Won will increase our cost in Won of servicing our foreign currency-denominated borrowings, while continued exchange rate volatility may also result in foreign exchange losses for us. Furthermore, there have been significant fluctuations in securities prices in recent years, including the stock prices of Korean and foreign companies in which we hold an interest. Such developments may lead to trading and valuation losses on our trading and investment securities portfolio as well as impairment losses on our investments accounted for under the equity method.
As a result of the volatile conditions on the Korean and global economies and financial markets, as well as factors such as fluctuations in oil and commodity prices, high inflation rates, difficulties faced by several banks in the United States and Europe, increased uncertainties resulting from geopolitical tensions, interest and exchange rate fluctuations, higher unemployment, lower consumer confidence, stock market volatility, changes in fiscal and monetary policies and continued tensions with North Korea, the economic outlook for the financial services sector in Korea in 2026 and for the foreseeable future remains highly uncertain.
Acquisitions
In recent years, we have engaged in a number of acquisitions, which have affected, and may continue to affect, our results of operations and their comparability from period to period.
In August 2020, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of Prudential Life Insurance, which we then subsequently merged with the Former KB Life Insurance in January 2023 to form KB Life Insurance.
Changes in Securities Values, Exchange Rates and Interest Rates
Fluctuations of exchange rates, interest rates and stock prices affect, among other things, the demand for our products and services, the value of and rate of return on our assets, the availability and cost of funding and the financial condition of our customers. The following table shows, for the dates indicated, the stock price index of all equities listed on the KRX KOSPI Market as published in the KOSPI, the Won to U.S. dollar exchange rates and benchmark Won borrowing interest rates.
KOSPI
￦/US$ exchange rates(1)
Corporate bond rates(2)
Treasury bond rates(3)
Represents the noon buying rate on the dates indicated.
Measured by the yield on three-year Korean corporate bonds rated as A+ by the Korean credit rating agencies.
Measured by the yield on three-year treasury bonds issued by the Ministry of Finance and Economy of Korea.
As of December 30, 2021, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2021.
As of December 29, 2022, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2022.
As of December 28, 2023, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2023.
As of December 30, 2024, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2024.
As of December 30, 2025, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2025.
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Results of Operations
Net Interest Income
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the principal components of our net interest income:
Interest income
Due from financial institutions measured at amortized cost(1)
Financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss(2)
Loans(3)
Financial investments (debt securities)(4)
Insurance finance income
Total interest income
Interest expense
Borrowings(5)
Insurance finance expense
Total interest expense
Net interest income
Net interest margin(6)
Consists of cash and interest-earning deposits in other banks.
Consists of deposits, loans and securities at fair value through profit or loss. For information on interest income arising from such financial instruments, see Note 28 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Consists of loans measured at amortized cost and others. For information on interest income arising from such loans, see Note 28 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Consists of securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income and at amortized cost and loans at fair value through other comprehensive income. For information on interest income arising from such financial instruments, see Note 28 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Consists of borrowings and others. For information on interest expense arising from such borrowings, see Note 28 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
The ratio of net interest income to average interest-earning assets. See “Item 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Profitability ratios and other data.”
Comparison of 2025 to 2024
Interest income. Interest income decreased 4.4% from ￦30,491 billion in 2024 to ￦29,156 billion in 2025, primarily as a result of a 5.2% decrease in interest on loans. The average yield on our interest-earning assets decreased 44 basis points from 4.79% in 2024 to 4.35% in 2025, which mainly reflected the lower overall level of interest rates prevailing in Korea in 2025 compared to 2024, as discussed above in “—Overview—Trends in the Korean Economy.” The effect of such decrease was offset in part by a 5.4% increase in the average volume of our interest-earning assets from ￦635,903 billion in 2024 to ￦670,389 billion in 2025, principally due to growths in our loan portfolios and, to a lesser extent, our financial assets at fair value through profit or loss.
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The 5.2% decrease in interest on loans from ￦24,621 billion in 2024 to ￦23,346 billion in 2025 was primarily the result of:
a 58 basis point decrease in the average yield on corporate loans from 4.65% in 2024 to 4.07% in 2025, which was offset in part by a 6.3% increase in the average volume of such loans from ￦214,225 billion in 2024 to ￦227,811 billion in 2025;
a 52 basis point decrease in the average yield on other consumer loans from 6.88% in 2024 to 6.36% in 2025, which was slightly enhanced by a 0.2% decrease in the average volume of such loans from ￦59,016 billion in 2024 to ￦58,902 billion in 2025; and
a 62 basis point decrease in the average yield on foreign-currency loans from 8.48% in 2024 to 7.86% in 2025, which was slightly offset by a 0.1% increase in the average volume of such loans from ￦36,721 billion in 2024 to ￦36,746 billion in 2025.
The decreases in the average yields on corporate, other consumer and foreign-currency loans primarily reflected the lower overall level of interest rates prevailing in Korea and certain overseas markets in 2025 compared to 2024. The increases in the average volumes of corporate and foreign-currency loans were attributable primarily to increased demand for such loans from borrowers in need of financing in light of the continuing uncertainty in the Korean and global financial markets in 2025 compared to 2024. The decrease in the average volume of other consumer loans was mainly due to decreased demand for such loans, primarily reflecting the Korean government’s efforts to manage the delinquency levels of such loans in 2025. Overall, the average yield on our loans decreased by 50 basis points from 5.30% in 2024 to 4.80% in 2025, while the average volume of our loans increased by 4.7% from ￦464,544 billion in 2024 to ￦486,317 billion in 2025.
Interest expense. Interest expense decreased 9.0% from ￦17,665 billion in 2024 to ￦16,083 billion in 2025, primarily due to a 12.3% decrease in interest expense on deposits, which was enhanced by a 10.7% decrease in interest expense on borrowings. The average cost of our interest-bearing liabilities decreased 40 basis points from 2.83% in 2024 to 2.43% in 2025, which was mainly due to the lower overall level of interest rates prevailing in Korea in 2025 compared to 2024, as discussed above in “—Overview—Trends in the Korean Economy.” The effect of such decrease was offset in part by a 5.9% increase in the average volume of our interest-bearing liabilities from ￦624,548 billion in 2024 to ￦661,313 billion in 2025, which was principally due to an increase in the average volume of our deposits, which was enhanced by increases in the average volumes of our insurance liabilities, borrowings and debentures.
The 12.3% decrease in interest expense on deposits from ￦10,379 billion in 2024 to ￦9,098 billion in 2025 was primarily due to a 65 basis point decrease in the average cost of time deposits from 3.77% in 2024 to 3.12% in 2025, which was offset in part by a 5.6% increase in the average volume of such deposits from ￦242,061 billion in 2024 to ￦255,654 billion in 2025. The decrease in the average cost of such deposits was principally due to the lower overall level of interest rates prevailing in Korea in 2025 compared to 2024. The increase in the average volume of such deposits mainly reflected certain of our customers’ preference for low-risk products in light of the continuing uncertainty in financial markets in 2025. Overall, the average cost of our deposits decreased by 41 basis points from 2.49% in 2024 to 2.08% in 2025, while the average volume of our deposits increased 5.2% from ￦416,310 billion in 2024 to ￦437,896 billion in 2025.
The 10.7% decrease in interest expense on borrowings from ￦3,185 billion in 2024 to ￦2,845 billion in 2025 was due to a 62 basis point decrease in the average cost of borrowings from 3.86% in 2024 to 3.24% in 2025, which was offset in part by a 6.5% increase in the average volume of borrowings from ￦82,444 billion in 2024 to ￦87,811 billion in 2025. The decrease in the average cost of borrowings was principally due to the lower overall level of interest rates prevailing in Korea in 2025 compared to 2024. The increase in the average volume of borrowings mainly reflected increases in the average volumes of bonds sold under repurchase agreements and borrowings from the Bank of Korea.
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Net interest margin. Net interest margin represents the ratio of net interest income to average interest-earning assets. Our overall net interest margin decreased from 2.02% in 2024 to 1.95% in 2025, as a 1.9% increase in our net interest income from ￦12,827 billion in 2024 to ￦13,073 billion in 2025 was outpaced by a 5.4% increase in the average volume of our interest-earning assets from ￦635,903 billion in 2024 to ￦670,389 billion in 2025. The amount of decrease in interest expense outpaced the amount of decrease in interest income, resulting in the increase in net interest income. The growth rate in average interest-earning assets was more than offset by a 5.9% increase in average interest-bearing liabilities from ￦624,548 billion in 2024 to ￦661,313 billion in 2025. Our net interest spread, which represents the difference between the average yield on our interest-earning assets and the average cost of our interest-bearing liabilities, decreased from 1.96% in 2024 to 1.92% in 2025, as the decrease in the average yield on interest-earning assets outpaced the decrease in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities between the two periods.
Comparison of 2024 to 2023
Interest income. Interest income increased 4.6% from ￦29,142 billion in 2023 to ￦30,491 billion in 2024, primarily as a result of a 2.7% increase in interest on loans and a 17.6% increase in interest on financial investments. The average volume of our interest-earning assets increased 5.5% from ￦602,961 billion in 2023 to ￦635,903 billion in 2024, principally due to growths in our loan portfolios and our financial investments. The effect of such increase was slightly offset by a 4 basis point decrease in the average yield on our interest-earning assets from 4.83% in 2023 to 4.79% in 2024, which reflected the lower overall level of interest rates prevailing in Korea in 2024 compared to 2023 in anticipation of a decrease in policy rates, which occurred toward the end of 2024, as discussed above in “—Overview—Trends in the Korean Economy.”
The 2.7% increase in interest on loans from ￦23,965 billion in 2023 to ￦24,621 billion in 2024 was primarily the result of:
a 7.9% increase in the average volume of foreign-currency loans from ￦34,045 billion in 2023 to ￦36,721 billion in 2024, which was enhanced by an 11 basis point increase in the average yield on such loans from 8.37% in 2023 to 8.48% in 2024;
a 5.0% increase in the average volume of corporate loans from ￦203,950 billion in 2023 to ￦214,225 billion in 2024, which was offset in part by a 14 basis point decrease in the average yield on such loans from 4.79% in 2023 to 4.65% in 2024; and
a 17.5% increase in the average volume of home equity loans from ￦28,213 billion in 2023 to ￦33,158 billion in 2024, which was offset in part by a 14 basis point decrease in the average yield on such loans from 4.46% in 2023 to 4.32% in 2024.
The effects of such changes were offset in part by a 4.7% decrease in the average volume of other consumer loans from ￦61,922 billion in 2023 to ￦59,016 billion in 2024, which was in turn slightly offset by a 6 basis point increase in the average yield on such loans from 6.82% in 2023 to 6.88% in 2024.
The increases in the average volumes of foreign-currency and corporate loans were attributable primarily to an increase in demand for such loans in light of the continuing uncertainty in the Korean and global financial markets in 2024 compared to 2023. The increase in the average volume of home equity loans was primarily attributable to an overall increase in the number of houses purchased in Korea, as the Korean real estate market recovered slightly in 2024 compared to 2023. The decrease in the average volume of other consumer loans was primarily due to a decrease in demand for such loans, reflecting lower consumer confidence in light of the increased volatility in the Korean and global economies and financial markets in 2024 compared to 2023. The increase in the average yield on foreign-currency loans primarily reflected the higher levels of interest rates applicable to loans provided by certain of our foreign subsidiaries in 2024 compared to 2023, while the increase in the average yield on other consumer loans primarily reflected the higher levels of interest rates applicable to such loans following a deterioration of the overall credit quality of such loans in 2024. The decreases in the average yields on corporate and home equity loans were mainly due to the lower overall level of interest rates
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prevailing in Korea in 2024 compared to 2023 in anticipation of a decrease in policy rates, which occurred toward the end of 2024. Overall, the average volume of our loans increased 4.8% from ￦443,344 billion in 2023 to ￦464,544 billion in 2024, while the average yield on our loans decreased by 11 basis points from 5.41% in 2023 to 5.30% in 2024.
Our financial investments portfolio consists of securities and loans measured at fair value through other comprehensive income and securities measured at amortized cost, including debt securities issued by government-owned or -controlled enterprises or financial institutions and debt securities issued by Korean banks and other financial institutions. The 17.6% increase in interest on financial investments from ￦3,389 billion in 2023 to ￦3,985 billion in 2024 was the result of a 26 basis point increase in the average yield on financial investments from 2.96% in 2023 to 3.22% in 2024, which was enhanced by an 8.1% increase in the average volume of financial investments from ￦114,524 billion in 2023 to ￦123,799 billion in 2024. The increase in the average yield on financial investments resulted primarily from a re-balancing of our financial investments portfolio, as we reinvested the proceeds of certain older investments with low interest rates that matured in 2024 at relatively higher interest rate levels. The increase in the average volume of financial investments was primarily due to an increase in our purchases of bonds issued by financial institutions and government and public bonds.
Interest expense. Interest expense increased 4.2% from ￦16,961 billion in 2023 to ￦17,665 billion in 2024, primarily due to a 3.2% increase in interest expense on deposits and a 13.7% increase in interest expense on debentures, the effects of which were enhanced by a 3.8% increase in interest expense on borrowings. The average volume of our interest-bearing liabilities increased 6.2% from ￦588,122 billion in 2023 to ￦624,548 billion in 2024, which was principally due to an increase in the average volume of our deposits, which was enhanced by increases in the average volumes of our insurance liabilities and debentures. The effect of such increase was offset in part by a 5 basis point decrease in the average cost of our interest-bearing liabilities from 2.88% in 2023 to 2.83% in 2024, which was driven mainly by an increase in the proportion of deposits within our overall interest-bearing liabilities, which have a relatively lower average cost than our other interest-bearing liabilities.
The 3.2% increase in interest expense on deposits from ￦10,053 billion in 2023 to ￦10,379 billion in 2024 was primarily due to an 8.3% increase in the average volume of time deposits from ￦223,607 billion in 2023 to ￦242,061 billion in 2024, which was offset in part by a 23 basis point decrease in the average cost of such deposits from 4.00% in 2023 to 3.77% in 2024. The increase in the average volume of such deposits mainly reflected customers’ continuing preference for low-risk products in Korea in light of the continuing uncertainty in financial markets in 2024, as well as customers’ desire to lock in the relatively higher interest rates applicable to such products in anticipation of future declines in interest rates. The decrease in the average cost of such deposits was principally due to the lower overall level of interest rates prevailing in Korea in 2024 compared to 2023 in anticipation of a decrease in policy rates, which occurred toward the end of 2024. Overall, the average volume of our deposits increased 6.3% from ￦391,511 billion in 2023 to ￦416,310 billion in 2024, while the average cost of our deposits decreased by 8 basis points from 2.57% in 2023 to 2.49% in 2024.
The 13.7% increase in interest expense on debentures from ￦2,307 billion in 2023 to ￦2,623 billion in 2024 was due to a 25 basis point increase in the average cost of debentures from 3.34% in 2023 to 3.59% in 2024, which was enhanced by a 5.7% increase in the average volume of debentures from ￦69,119 billion in 2023 to ￦73,062 billion in 2024. The increase in the average cost of debentures mainly reflected a decrease in the proportion of some of our short-term debentures with low interest rates coupled with an increase in the proportion of some of our long-term debentures with relatively higher interest rates. The increase in the average volume of debentures was principally due to our increased use of debentures to meet our funding needs.
The 3.8% increase in interest expense on borrowings from ￦3,067 billion in 2023 to ￦3,185 billion in 2024 was due to a 2.0% increase in the average volume of borrowings from ￦80,839 billion in 2023 to ￦82,444 billion in 2024 and a 6 basis point increase in the average cost of borrowings from 3.80% in 2023 to 3.86% in 2024. The increase in the average volume of borrowings mainly reflected our increased use of borrowings to meet our funding needs, while the increase in the average cost of borrowings mainly reflected an increase in the
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proportion of some of our call moneys with high interest rates coupled with a decrease in the proportion of some of our short-term borrowings denominated in foreign currencies with relatively lower interest rates.
Net interest margin. Our overall net interest margin remained stable at 2.02% in 2023 and 2024, as a 5.3% increase in our net interest income from ￦12,181 billion in 2023 to ￦12,827 billion in 2024 was matched by a 5.5% increase in the average volume of our interest-earning assets from ￦602,961 billion in 2023 to ￦635,903 billion in 2024. The amount of increase in interest income outpaced the amount of increase in interest expense, resulting in an increase in net interest income. The growth rate in average interest-earning assets was more than offset by a 6.2% increase in average interest-bearing liabilities from ￦588,122 billion in 2023 to ￦624,548 billion in 2024. Our net interest spread increased slightly from 1.95% in 2023 to 1.96% in 2024, as a decrease in the average yield on interest-earning assets was slightly outpaced by the decrease in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities between the two periods.
Provision for Credit Losses
Provision for credit losses includes provision for credit losses of loans, provision for credit losses of unused loan commitments, provision for credit losses of acceptances and guarantees, provision for credit losses of financial guarantee contracts, provision for credit losses of financial investments and provision for credit losses of other financial assets, in each case net of reversal of provisions. For a discussion of our credit losses provisioning policy, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Assets and Liabilities—Loan Portfolio—Provisioning Policy.”
In accordance with the guidelines of the Financial Supervisory Service, if our allowances and provisions for credit losses are deemed insufficient for regulatory purposes, we compensate for the difference by recording a regulatory reserve for credit losses, which is segregated within retained earnings. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Assets and Liabilities—Loan Portfolio—Regulatory Reserve for Credit Losses” and Note 27.5 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Our provision for credit losses increased 15.6% from ￦2,044 billion in 2024 to ￦2,363 billion in 2025, primarily due to an increase in provision for credit losses of loans and a decrease in reversal of provisions for credit losses of acceptances and guarantees.
Our provision for credit losses of loans increased 8.5% from ￦2,097 billion in 2024 to ￦2,276 billion in 2025, mainly due to an increase in our provision for credit losses in respect of our corporate loans. Such increase mainly reflected our provisioning strategy pursuant to which we preemptively accounted for a potential increase in credit losses that could result from a deterioration in the overall asset quality of our corporate loans, mainly due to an increasing likelihood of default by corporate borrowers in light of the general slowdown in the economy in Korea. The effect of such increase was offset in part by a decrease in our provision for credit losses in respect of our credit card receivables, mainly reflecting the re-balancing of our portfolio to improve our overall asset quality. Our loan write-offs increased 16.4% from ￦1,984 billion in 2024 to ￦2,309 billion in 2025, primarily due to increases in write-offs of retail loans and corporate loans.
Our reversal of provisions for credit losses of acceptances and guarantees decreased 95.0% from ￦140 billion in 2024 to ￦7 billion in 2025, mainly reflecting the reversal of such provisions relating to Hanwha Ocean Co., Ltd. in 2024, which did not recur in 2025.
Our provision for credit losses decreased 35.0% from ￦3,146 billion in 2023 to ￦2,044 billion in 2024, primarily due to a decrease in provision for credit losses of loans.
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Our provision for credit losses of loans decreased 26.8% from ￦2,863 billion in 2023 to ￦2,097 billion in 2024, mainly due to a decrease in our provision for credit losses in respect of our corporate loans. Such decrease mainly reflected an improvement in the overall asset quality of such loans. Such decrease was offset in part by an increase in provision for credit losses in respect of our retail loans, which resulted from our provisioning strategy pursuant to which we preemptively accounted for a potential increase in credit losses that could result from a deterioration in the overall asset quality of our loan portfolios, mainly due to an increasing likelihood of default by borrowers in light of the general slowdown in the economy in Korea. Our loan write-offs increased 12.9% from ￦1,758 billion in 2023 to ￦1,984 billion in 2024, due to increases in write-offs of corporate loans, credit card receivables and retail loans.
Allowances for Credit Losses of Loans
We establish allowances for credit losses of loans with respect to loans to absorb such losses. We assess individually significant loans on a case-by-case basis and other loans on a collective basis.
Corporate Loans. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, certain information regarding our impaired corporate loans:
Impaired corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans
Allowances for credit losses for corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans
Allowances for credit losses for corporate loans as a percentage of impaired corporate loans
Net charge-offs of corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans
During 2025, impaired corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans decreased, as a decrease in our impaired corporate loans was enhanced by an increase in our total corporate loans. Allowances for credit losses for corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans remained stable while allowances for credit losses for corporate loans as a percentage of impaired corporate loans increased, as an increase in allowances for credit losses for corporate loans was accompanied by the increase in total corporate loans and was enhanced by the decrease in impaired corporate loans.
During 2024, impaired corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans remained stable, as our impaired corporate loans and our total corporate loans increased. Allowances for credit losses for corporate loans as a percentage of both total corporate loans and impaired corporate loans decreased during 2024, as the increases in our total corporate loans and our impaired corporate loans outpaced the increase in our allowances for credit losses for corporate loans.
Retail Loans. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, certain information regarding our impaired retail loans:
Impaired retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans
Allowances for credit losses for retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans
Allowances for credit losses for retail loans as a percentage of impaired retail loans
Net charge-offs of retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans
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During 2025, impaired retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans remained stable, as our impaired retail loans and our total retail loans increased. Allowances for credit losses for retail loans as a percentage of both total retail loans and impaired retail loans decreased during 2025, as a decrease in our allowances for credit losses for retail loans was enhanced by the increases in both our total retail loans and our impaired retail loans.
During 2024, impaired retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans remained stable, as our impaired retail loans and our total retail loans increased. Allowances for credit losses for retail loans as a percentage of both total retail loans and impaired retail loans increased during 2024, as an increase in our allowances for credit losses for retail loans outpaced the increases in both our total retail loans and our impaired retail loans.
Credit Card Balances. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, certain information regarding our impaired credit card balances:
Impaired credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances
Allowances for credit losses for credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances
Allowances for credit losses for credit card balances as a percentage of impaired credit card balances
Net charge-offs as a percentage of total credit card balances
During 2025, impaired credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances decreased as the rate of decrease in our impaired credit card balances outpaced the rate of decrease in our total credit card balances. Allowances for credit losses for credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances decreased during 2025, as the rate of decrease in allowances for credit losses for credit card balances outpaced the rate of decrease in our total credit card balances. However, allowances for credit losses for credit card balances as a percentage of impaired credit card balances increased, as the rate of decrease in the amount of our allowances for credit losses for credit card balances was outpaced by the rate of decrease of our impaired credit card balances.
During 2024, impaired credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances decreased due to a decrease in our impaired credit card balances, as well as an increase in our total credit card balances. Allowances for credit losses for credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances decreased during 2024, as allowances for credit losses for credit card balances decreased while our total credit card balances increased. However, allowances for credit losses for credit card balances as a percentage of impaired credit card balances increased, as the rate of decrease in the amount of our allowances for credit losses for credit card balances was outpaced by the rate of decrease of our impaired credit card balances.
Net Fee and Commission Income
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our net fee and commission income:
Fee and commission income
Fee and commission expense
Net fee and commission income
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Our net fee and commission income increased 6.4% from ￦3,850 billion in 2024 to ￦4,098 billion in 2025, due to 5.3% increase in fee and commission income from ￦5,482 billion in 2024 to ￦5,774 billion in 2025, which was offset in part by a 2.6% increase in fee and commission expense from ￦1,632 billion in 2024 to ￦1,675 billion in 2025.
The 5.3% increase in fee and commission income was primarily due to a 16.7% increase in commissions received on securities business from ￦663 billion in 2024 to ￦774 billion in 2025 and a 24.3% increase in foreign currency related fees received from ￦362 billion in 2024 to ￦450 billion in 2025, which were enhanced by, to lesser extents, increases in fund management related fees received, trust and other fiduciary fees received, miscellaneous other fees received, securities agency fees received and agent activity fees received. The effects of such increases were offset in part by a 5.5% decrease in credit card and debit card related fees received from ￦1,662 billion in 2024 to ￦1,571 billion in 2025 and, to a lesser extent, a 3.8% decrease in lease fees received from ￦1,120 billion in 2024 to ￦1,078 billion in 2025. The increase in commissions received on securities business was mainly due to an increase in securities brokerage commissions, while the increase in foreign currency related fees was primarily attributable to an increase in the number of foreign currency transactions, each of which resulted from an increase in the volume of activities in the Korean securities trading market in 2025 compared to 2024. The decrease in credit card and debit card related fees received was primarily due to a decrease in the rate of merchant fees charged, while the decrease in lease fees received was mainly due to a decrease in fees received on automobile rental fees and other lease-related income.
The 2.6% increase in fee and commission expense was principally attributable to 9.5% increase in other miscellaneous fees paid from ￦454 billion in 2024 to ￦497 billion in 2025, which in turn was mainly due to increases in other miscellaneous fees paid by KB Securities and KB Kookmin Card.
Our net fee and commission income increased 4.8% from ￦3,674 billion in 2023 to ￦3,850 billion in 2024, due to a 2.1% increase in fee and commission income from ￦5,368 billion in 2023 to ￦5,482 billion in 2024, which was enhanced by a 3.7% decrease in fee and commission expense from ￦1,695 billion in 2023 to ￦1,632 billion in 2024.
The 2.1% increase in fee and commission income was primarily due to a 3.9% increase in credit card and debit card related fees received from ￦1,599 billion in 2023 to ￦1,662 billion in 2024 and a 17.2% increase in foreign currency related fees received from ￦309 billion in 2023 to ￦362 billion in 2024, which were enhanced by, to lesser extents, increases in lease fees, acceptances and guarantees fees, lending activity fees and agent activity fees received. The effects of such increases were offset in part by a 23.2% decrease in trust and other fiduciary fees received from ￦375 billion in 2023 to ￦288 billion in 2024. The increase in credit card and debit card related fees received was mainly due to an increase in the use of credit cards and debit cards by our customers, and the increase in foreign currency related fees received was mainly due to an increase in the number of foreign currency transactions conducted by our customers. The decrease in trust and other fiduciary fees received was primarily due to a decrease in trust fees, which in turn resulted mainly from a decrease in land trust fees received by KB Real Estate Trust.
The 3.7% decrease in fee and commission expense was principally attributable to a 4.3% decrease in credit card and debit card related fees paid from ￦862 billion in 2023 to ￦825 billion in 2024, a 5.6% decrease in other miscellaneous fees paid from ￦481 billion in 2023 to ￦454 billion in 2024 and a 10.7% decrease in outsourcing related fees paid from ￦168 billion in 2023 to ￦150 billion in 2024. The effects of such decreases were offset in part by a 26.9% increase in foreign currency related fees paid from ￦93 billion in 2023 to ￦118 billion in 2024. The decrease in credit card and debit card related fees paid was mainly due to a decrease in marketing fees paid by KB Kookmin Card, the decrease in other miscellaneous fees paid was mainly due to a
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decrease in securitization-related commission expenses paid by KB Kookmin Card, and the decrease in outsourcing related fees paid was primarily due to decreases in consulting and other miscellaneous fees paid by KB Kookmin Card and KB Insurance. The increase in foreign currency related fees paid was mainly due to an increase in the number of foreign currency transactions conducted by our customers.
Net Insurance Income
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our net insurance income:
Insurance income
Insurance expense
Net insurance income
Our net insurance income decreased 21.0% from ￦1,650 billion in 2024 to ￦1,303 billion in 2025, due to a 12.9% increase in insurance expense from ￦9,806 billion in 2024 to ￦11,073 billion in 2025, which was offset in part by an 8.0% increase in insurance income from ￦11,456 billion in 2024 to ￦12,377 billion in 2025.
The increase in insurance expense was due to a 15.0% increase in insurance service expense from ￦8,884 billion in 2024 to ￦10,213 billion in 2025, which was slightly offset by a 6.7% decrease in reinsurance expense from ￦922 billion in 2024 to ￦860 billion in 2025. The increase in insurance service expense was primarily due to a 15.4% increase in long-term non-life insurance expense from ￦4,728 billion in 2024 to ￦5,455 billion in 2025, which was enhanced by a 45.2% increase in general non-life insurance expense from ￦897 billion in 2024 to ￦1,302 billion in 2025 and, to a lesser extent, a 4.6% increase in automobile insurance expense from ￦2,792 billion in 2024 to ￦2,921 billion in 2025.
The increase in insurance income was primarily due to a 5.8% increase in insurance revenue from ￦11,017 billion in 2024 to ￦11,652 billion in 2025, which was enhanced by a 65.1% increase in reinsurance revenue from ￦439 billion in 2024 to ￦725 billion in 2025. The increase in insurance revenue was primarily due to a 9.1% increase in long-term non-life insurance income from ￦5,800 billion in 2024 to ￦6,325 billion in 2025, which was enhanced by a 4.2% increase in general non-life insurance income from ￦1,362 billion in 2024 to ￦1,419 billion in 2025.
Our net insurance income increased 14.0% from ￦1,447 billion in 2023 to ￦1,650 billion in 2024, due to a 4.1% increase in insurance income from ￦11,005 billion in 2023 to ￦11,456 billion in 2024, which was offset in part by a 2.6% increase in insurance expense from ￦9,559 billion in 2023 to ￦9,806 billion in 2024.
The increase in insurance income was due to a 6.7% increase in insurance revenue from ￦10,322 billion in 2023 to ￦11,017 billion in 2024, which was offset in part by a 35.7% decrease in reinsurance revenue from ￦683 billion in 2023 to ￦439 billion in 2024. The increase in insurance revenue was primarily due to a 9.3% increase in long-term non-life insurance income from ￦5,306 billion in 2023 to ￦5,800 billion in 2024, which was enhanced by a 3.9% increase in automobile insurance income from ￦2,715 billion in 2023 to ￦2,820 billion in 2024.
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The increase in insurance expense was primarily attributable to a 1.9% increase in insurance service expense from ￦8,721 billion in 2023 to ￦8,884 billion in 2024 and, to a lesser extent, a 10.0% increase in reinsurance expense from ￦838 billion in 2023 to ￦922 billion in 2024. The increase in insurance service expense was primarily due to a 6.0% increase in long-term non-life insurance expense from ￦4,459 billion in 2023 to ￦4,728 billion in 2024, which was enhanced by a 5.7% increase in automobile insurance expense from ￦2,642 billion in 2023 to ￦2,792 billion in 2024, the effects of which were offset in part by an 86.4% decrease in overseas insurance expense from ￦162 billion in 2023 to ￦22 billion in 2024.
For further information regarding our net insurance income, see Note 38 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Net Gains on Financial Instruments at Fair Value through Profit or Loss
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss:
Net gains on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Net losses on derivatives held for trading
Net losses on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
Net losses on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
“N/M” means not meaningful.
Our net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss increased three-fold from ￦1,012 billion in 2024 to ￦3,380 billion in 2025. Such increase was primarily attributable to a 157.8% increase in net gains on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, the effect of which was offset in part by a significant increase in net losses on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss.
Our net gains on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss increased 157.8% from ￦1,914 billion in 2024 to ￦4,934 billion in 2025, due to a change in net gains (losses) on equity securities held for trading from net losses of ￦167 billion in 2024 to net gains of ￦2,612 billion in 2025, which was enhanced by an 11.6% increase in net gains on debt securities held for trading from ￦2,081 billion in 2024 to ￦2,322 billion in 2025.
Our net losses on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss increased significantly from ￦2 billion in 2024 to ￦628 billion in 2025. Such increase was attributable to a 121.5% increase in losses on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss from ￦358 billion in 2024 to ￦793 billion in 2025, which was enhanced by a 54.1% decrease in gains on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss from ￦357 billion in 2024 to ￦164 billion in 2025.
Our net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss decreased 53.2% from ￦2,163 billion in 2023 to ￦1,012 billion in 2024. Such decrease was primarily attributable to a 41.0% decrease in net
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gains on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, the effect of which was offset in part by a 99.4% decrease in net losses on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss.
Our net gains on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss decreased 41.0% from ￦3,243 billion in 2023 to ￦1,914 billion in 2024, due to a 25.6% decrease in net gain on debt securities held for trading from ￦2,797 billion in 2023 to ￦2,081 billion in 2024, which was enhanced by a change in net gains (losses) on equity securities held for trading from net gains of ￦446 billion in 2023 to net losses of ￦167 billion in 2024.
Our net losses on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss decreased by 99.4% from ￦318 billion in 2023 to ￦2 billion in 2024. Such change was attributable to an 85.9% increase in gains on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss from ￦192 billion in 2023 to ￦357 billion in 2024 and a 29.8% decrease in losses on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss from ￦510 billion in 2023 to ￦358 billion in 2024.
For further information regarding our net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss, see Note 30 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Net Other Insurance Finance Income (Expenses)
Other insurance finance income (expense) arising on insurance contracts reflects the change in the effect of the time value of money arising from the passage of time and the effect of changes in financial assumptions. For a detailed description of items that comprise other insurance finance income (expense), see Note 38.8 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Our net other insurance finance expenses increased 135.0% from ￦437 billion in 2024 to ￦1,027 billion in 2025, primarily due to an increase in other insurance finance expenses from our variable life insurance products.
Our net other insurance finance expenses decreased 23.6% from ￦572 billion in 2023 to ￦437 billion in 2024, primarily due to a decrease in other insurance finance expenses of our variable life insurance.
General and Administrative Expenses
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our general and administrative expenses:
Expenses related to employees
Depreciation and amortization
Other general and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses
Our general and administrative expenses increased 1.8% from ￦6,939 billion in 2024 to ￦7,065 billion in 2025, primarily due to a 2.2% increase in expenses related to employees from ￦4,221 billion in 2024 to ￦4,315 billion in 2025, and to a lesser extent, a 1.8% increase in other general and administrative expenses from ￦1,801 billion in 2024 to ￦1,834 billion in 2025.
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The increase in expenses related to employees was attributable mainly to a 4.5% increase in salaries from ￦2,707 billion in 2024 to ￦2,828 billion in 2025, which was offset in part by a 14.3% decrease in termination benefits from ￦307 billion in 2024 to ￦263 billion in 2025. The increase in salaries paid was mainly due to general increases in wages paid to the employees of KB Securities. The decrease in termination benefits was mainly due to decreases in the number of employees participating in our early retirement programs and the amount of termination benefits granted per employee.
The increase in other general and administrative expenses was mainly attributable to a 7.6% increase in electronic data processing expenses paid from ￦353 billion in 2024 to ￦380 billion in 2025 and a 5.2% increase in taxes and dues paid from ￦325 billion in 2024 to ￦342 billion in 2025, the effects of which were offset in part by a 6.0% decrease in service fees paid from ￦250 billion in 2024 to ￦235 billion in 2025.
Our general and administrative expenses increased 4.4% from ￦6,647 billion in 2023 to ￦6,939 billion in 2024, as a result of a 5.2% increase in expenses related to employees from ￦4,014 billion in 2023 to ￦4,221 billion in 2024, and to lesser extents, a 5.8% increase in depreciation and amortization expenses from ￦866 billion in 2023 to ￦916 billion in 2024 and a 1.9% increase in other general and administrative expenses from ￦1,767 billion in 2023 to ￦1,801 billion in 2024.
The increase in expenses related to employees was attributable mainly to a 3.3% increase in salaries from ￦2,621 billion in 2023 to ￦2,707 billion in 2024 and a 100.0% increase in share-based payments from ￦70 billion in 2023 to ￦140 billion in 2024, which was enhanced by an 11.2% increase in termination benefits from ￦276 billion in 2023 to ￦307 billion in 2024. The increase in salaries paid was mainly due to general increases in wages paid to the employees of Kookmin Bank, KB Kookmin Card and KB Capital, while the increase in share-based payments mainly reflected increases in stock grants provided to employees of Kookmin Bank and KB Securities. The increase in termination benefits was mainly due to increases in the number of employees participating in our early retirement programs and the amount of termination benefits granted per employee.
The increase in depreciation and amortization expenses was mainly due to increases in the depreciation of our right-of-use buildings and amortization of our software assets.
The increase in other general and administrative expenses was mainly attributable to a 6.9% increase in taxes and dues paid from ￦304 billion in 2023 to ￦325 billion in 2024 and a 7.3% increase in service fees paid from ￦233 billion in 2023 to ￦250 billion in 2024.
Net Other Operating Expenses
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our net other operating expenses:
Other operating income
Other operating expenses
Net other operating expenses
Our net other operating expenses increased 53.9% from ￦1,873 billion in 2024 to ￦2,883 billion in 2025, due to a 15.1% increase in other operating expenses from ￦9,459 billion in 2024 to ￦10,884 billion in 2025, which was partially offset by a 5.5% increase in other operating income from ￦7,586 billion in 2024 to ￦8,001 billion in 2025.
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Other operating expenses include principally losses on foreign exchange transactions, losses on hedge accounting, losses on financial assets at amortized cost, losses on securities at fair value through other comprehensive income, depreciation expenses of operating lease assets, deposit insurance fees, credit guarantee fund fees and miscellaneous other operating expenses. The 15.1% increase in other operating expenses was mainly the result of a 17.5% increase in losses on foreign exchange transactions from ￦5,375 billion in 2024 to ￦6,318 billion in 2025, which was enhanced by a nearly five-fold increase in losses on financial assets at amortized cost from ￦115 billion in 2024 to ￦567 billion in 2025. The increase in losses on foreign exchange transactions, which was primarily due to an overall increase in the volume of our foreign exchange transactions, was offset in part by an increase in gains on foreign exchange transactions, which is recorded as part of other operating income. The increase in losses on financial assets at amortized cost was due to an increase in losses on sale of loans measured at amortized cost, which was in turn due to such losses recorded by KB Kookmin Card and Kookmin Bank.
Other operating income includes principally gains on foreign exchange transactions, gains on hedge accounting, gains on financial assets at amortized cost, gains on securities at fair value through other comprehensive income, dividend income and miscellaneous other operating income. The 5.5% increase in other operating income was primarily attributable to a 4.1% increase in gains on foreign exchange transactions from ￦6,070 billion in 2024 to ￦6,317 billion in 2025, a 23.3% increase in miscellaneous other operating income from ￦673 billion in 2024 to ￦830 billion in 2025 and an 87.0% increase in gains on securities at fair value through other comprehensive income from ￦138 billion in 2024 to ￦258 billion in 2025. The effects of such increases were offset in part by a 44.3% decrease in gains on hedge accounting from ￦481 billion in 2024 to ￦268 billion in 2025. The increase in gains on foreign exchange transactions, which was mainly due to an overall increase in the volume of our foreign exchange transactions, was more than offset by an increase in losses on foreign exchange transactions, which is recorded as part of other operating expenses, as discussed above. On a net basis, our net gains (losses) on foreign exchange transactions changed from net gains of ￦695 billion in 2024 to net losses of ￦1 billion in 2025. The increase in miscellaneous other operating income was mainly due to increases in gains on sales of rental assets of KB Capital and miscellaneous other operating income of KB Data Systems. The increase in gains on securities at fair value through other comprehensive income was mainly due to increases in gains on the disposal of such securities of KB Insurance, Kookmin Bank and KB Securities. The decrease in gains on hedge accounting was mainly due to decreases in gains on other fair value hedges of KB Life Insurance and KB Insurance, and was offset in part by a decrease in losses on hedge accounting, which is recorded as part of other operating expenses.
Our net other operating expenses decreased 31.0% from ￦2,713 billion in 2023 to ￦1,873 billion in 2024, due to an 8.7% decrease in other operating expenses from ￦10,364 billion in 2023 to ￦9,459 billion in 2024, which was slightly offset by a 0.8% decrease in other operating income from ￦7,651 billion in 2023 to ￦7,586 billion in 2024.
The 8.7% decrease in other operating expenses was mainly the result of a 12.3% decrease in losses on foreign exchange transactions from ￦6,130 billion in 2023 to ￦5,375 billion in 2024, which was enhanced by a 12.0% decrease in miscellaneous other operating expenses from ￦1,870 billion in 2023 to ￦1,646 billion in 2024. The decrease in losses on foreign exchange transactions, which was primarily due to an overall decrease in the volume of our foreign exchange transactions, was offset in large part by a decrease in gains on foreign exchange transactions, which is recorded as part of other operating income. The decrease in miscellaneous other operating expenses was mainly due to a decrease in expenses relating to membership points at KB Kookmin Card.
The 0.8% decrease in other operating income was primarily attributable to a 6.3% decrease in gains on foreign exchange transactions from ￦6,481 billion in 2023 to ￦6,070 billion in 2024, the effect of which was largely offset by a 33.2% increase in gains on hedge accounting from ￦361 billion in 2023 to ￦481 billion in
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2024, a 13.3% increase in miscellaneous other operating income from ￦594 billion in 2023 to ￦673 billion in 2024 and a 106.0% increase in gains related to financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income from ￦67 billion in 2023 to ￦138 billion in 2024. The decrease in gains on foreign exchange transactions, which was mainly the result of an overall decrease in the volume of foreign exchange transactions conducted by us, was more than offset by a decrease in losses on foreign exchange transactions, which is recorded as part of other operating expenses, as discussed above. The increase in gains on hedge accounting, which was mainly the result of higher interest rate and exchange rate volatility in 2024 compared to 2023, was offset in part by an increase in losses on hedge accounting, which is recorded as part of other operating expenses. The increase in gains related to financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income was primarily due to an increase in gains on the disposal of securities at fair value through other comprehensive income, which was in turn due to an increase in gains on Kookmin Bank’s sales of foreign currency-denominated bonds.
For further information regarding our net other operating expenses, see Note 31 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Net Non-operating Expenses
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our net non-operating expenses:
Share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures
Net other non-operating expenses
Net non-operating expenses
Our net non-operating expenses decreased 68.4% from ￦1,060 billion in 2024 to ￦335 billion in 2025, as a 65.4% decrease in net other non-operating expenses from ￦1,043 billion in 2024 to ￦361 billion in 2025 was slightly enhanced by a change in share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures from a net loss of ￦17 billion in 2024 to a net profit of ￦27 billion in 2025.
The 65.4% decrease in net other non-operating expenses was attributable to a more than three-fold increase in other non-operating income from ￦184 billion in 2024 to ￦682 billion in 2025 and, to a lesser extent, a 14.9% decrease in other non-operating expenses from ￦1,227 billion in 2024 to ￦1,044 billion in 2025. The increase in other non-operating income was primarily attributable to a ten-fold increase in gains on disposal of property and equipment from ￦30 billion in 2024 to ￦304 billion in 2025, which mainly reflected an increase in gains on the sale of investment properties by our consolidated funds. The decrease in other non-operating expenses was mainly due to a 36.0% decrease in miscellaneous other non-operating expenses from ￦1,003 billion in 2024 to ￦642 billion in 2025, which was mainly attributable to the one-time payment of voluntary compensation made by Kookmin Bank in connection with its past sales of certain equity-linked securities products tied to the performance of the Hang Seng China Enterprise Index during 2024 (see “Item 8A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”), which was not repeated in 2025. The effect of such decrease was offset in part by a more than three-fold increase in impairment losses on goodwill from ￦60 billion in 2024 to ￦224 billion in 2025, which was mainly due to an increase in impairment losses on goodwill of KB PRASAC Bank Plc.
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The change in share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures from a net loss to a net profit was primarily due to an increase in profit of equity-method investees of Kookmin Bank.
Our net non-operating expenses increased four-fold from ￦265 billion in 2023 to ￦1,060 billion in 2024, as a more than three-fold increase in net other non-operating expenses from ￦298 billion in 2023 to ￦1,043 billion in 2024 was slightly enhanced by a change in share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures from a net profit of ￦33 billion in 2023 to a net loss of ￦17 billion in 2024.
The more than three-fold increase in net other non-operating expenses was attributable to a 169.7% increase in other non-operating expenses from ￦455 billion in 2023 to ￦1,227 billion in 2024, which was slightly offset by a 17.2% increase in other non-operating income from ￦157 billion in 2023 to ￦184 billion in 2024. The increase in other non-operating expenses was mainly due to a more than three-fold increase in miscellaneous other non-operating expenses from ￦319 billion in 2023 to ￦1,003 billion in 2024, which was mainly attributable to the payment of voluntary compensation made by Kookmin Bank in connection with its past sales of certain equity-linked securities products tied to the performance of the Hang Seng China Enterprise Index during 2024 (see “Item 8A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”). The increase in other non-operating income was primarily attributable to a significant increase in gains on disposal of property and equipment from ￦2 billion in 2023 to ￦30 billion in 2024, which mainly reflected the gains from the sale of certain investment properties held by Kookmin Bank in 2024.
The change in share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures from a net profit to a net loss was primarily due to losses on valuation using the equity-method of certain of our investees that are considered to be our consolidated affiliates including, in particular, the affiliates of KB Securities.
Income Tax Expense
Our income tax expense is calculated by adding or subtracting changes in deferred income tax liabilities and assets to income tax amounts payable for the period. Deferred income tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits, while deferred income tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are those between the carrying values of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and their respective tax bases. Deferred income tax assets, including unused tax losses and credits, are recognized only to the extent it is probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available against which such deferred income tax assets can be utilized.
Income tax expense increased 19.7% from ￦1,957 billion in 2024 to ￦2,342 billion in 2025, primarily due to a 17.2% increase in profit before income tax from ￦6,985 billion in 2024 to ￦8,183 billion in 2025. Such increase was enhanced by a change in temporary differences for which no deferred tax is recognized, from a reduction in tax expenses of ￦76 billion in 2024 to an increase in tax expenses of ￦97 billion in 2025, as well as an additional ￦85 billion of tax expenses recognized in 2025 due to an increase in corporate income tax rates following an amendment to the tax laws at the end of 2025. The effects of such increases were offset in part by a 68.1% decrease in changes in recognition and measurement of deferred tax from ￦232 billion in 2024 to ￦74 billion in 2025. Our effective tax rate was 28.6% in 2025 compared to 28.0% in 2024.
Income tax expense increased 22.8% from ￦1,594 billion in 2023 to ￦1,957 billion in 2024, primarily due to a 14.1% increase in profit before income tax from ￦6,120 billion in 2023 to ￦6,985 billion in 2024, which was enhanced by a 241.2% increase in changes in recognition and measurement of deferred tax from ￦68 billion
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in 2023 to ￦232 billion in 2024. Such effects were offset in part by a significant increase in net reductions in tax expenses due to temporary differences for which no deferred tax is recognized from ￦4 billion in 2023 to ￦76 billion in 2024. Our effective tax rate was 28.0% in 2024 compared to 26.0% in 2023.
See Note 34 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Profit for the Year
As a result of the factors described above, our profit for the year increased 16.1% from ￦5,029 billion in 2024 to ￦5,841 billion in 2025.
As a result of the factors described above, our profit for the year increased 11.1% from ￦4,526 billion in 2023 to ￦5,029 billion in 2024.
Results by Principal Business Segment
We compile and analyze financial information for our business segments based upon segment information used by our management for the purposes of resource allocation and performance evaluation. We are organized into seven major business segments: retail banking operations, corporate banking operations, other banking operations, credit card operations, securities operations, life insurance operations and non-life insurance operations.
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our results of operations by segment:
Retail banking operations
Corporate banking operations
Other banking operations
Credit card operations
Securities operations
Life insurance operations
Non-life insurance operations
Total(3)
After deduction of income tax allocated to each segment. See Note 5 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Represents net operating revenue (expenses) from external customers. See Note 5 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Prior to adjustments for consolidation, inter-segment transactions and certain differences in classification under our management reporting system.
Our other banking operations, which include treasury activities, provide funding to our retail banking operations and corporate banking operations and receive funds procured through the financing activities of such segments, such as deposit-taking activities. When our retail banking operations or corporate banking operations engage in an investing activity, such as lending, the relevant amount is recognized as an inter-segment borrowing from the other banking operations. When our retail banking operations or corporate banking operations engage in
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a financing activity, such as deposit-taking, the relevant amount is recognized as an inter-segment lending to the other banking operations (or as a reduction in inter-segment borrowings from the other banking operations). Generally, for our retail banking operations, the amounts procured from financing activities are greater than the amounts used in investing activities, whereas for our corporate banking operations, the amounts used in investing activities are greater than the amounts procured from financing activities. The cost of borrowing from the other banking operations is calculated by multiplying the average balance of the amounts used in investing activities by the applicable internal funding rate on such inter-segment borrowings, whereas the income from lending to the other banking operations is calculated by multiplying the average balance of the amounts procured from financing activities by the applicable internal funding rate on such inter-segment lendings. The applicable internal funding rates on inter-segment borrowings tend to be generally higher than the applicable internal funding rates on inter-segment lendings, primarily due to the difference in the maturity structure of interest rates on the amounts used in investing activities and the amounts procured from financing activities. The cost of borrowing from the other banking operations is offset by the income from lending to the other banking operations, and the difference is recorded as expenses related to inter-segment borrowings, within net other operating expenses, for our retail banking operations and corporate banking operations, while a corresponding amount is recorded as income from inter-segment lending, within net other operating income, for our other banking operations.
Retail Banking Operations
This segment consists of retail banking services provided by Kookmin Bank. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
Income statement data
Net other operating income
Provision for credit losses
Profit before income tax expense
Income tax expense
Profit for the year
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment decreased 3.7% from ￦1,984 billion in 2024 to ￦1,911 billion in 2025.
Interest income from our retail banking operations decreased 3.3% from ￦7,761 billion in 2024 to ￦7,506 billion in 2025, which was mainly due to decreases in the average yields on other consumer loans, mortgage loans and home equity loans, the effects of which were offset in part by an increase in the average volume of mortgage loans.
Interest expense for this segment decreased 12.6% from ￦4,441 billion in 2024 to ￦3,880 billion in 2025. Our largest and most important funding source is deposits from retail customers, which represent more than half of our total deposits. The decrease in interest expense for this segment was mainly due to a decrease in the average cost of time deposits held by retail customers, which was offset in part by an increase in the average volume of such deposits.
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Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 37.6% from ￦242 billion in 2024 to ￦333 billion in 2025, mainly due to increases in trust fees received for specified money trusts, securities agency fees received and bancassurance fees received.
Net other operating income attributable to this segment decreased 97.7% from ￦604 billion in 2024 to ￦14 billion in 2025, which was primarily due to a significant decrease in gains related to inter-segment borrowings.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment decreased 6.3% from ￦1,985 billion in 2024 to ￦1,860 billion in 2025, primarily due to a decrease in common general and administrative expenses allocated to this segment, which was partially offset by an increase in expenses related to employee benefits.
Provision for credit losses increased 2.5% from ￦197 billion in 2024 to ￦202 billion in 2025, mainly due to an increase in provisions for credit losses of retail loans. Such increase mainly reflected our provisioning strategy pursuant to which we preemptively accounted for a potential increase in credit losses that could result from a deterioration in the overall asset quality of our loan portfolios, mainly due to an increasing likelihood of default by borrowers in light of the general slowdown in the economy in Korea.
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment decreased 17.3% from ￦2,399 billion in 2023 to ￦1,984 billion in 2024.
Interest income from our retail banking operations increased 0.5% from ￦7,723 billion in 2023 to ￦7,761 billion in 2024, which was mainly due to increases in the average volumes of mortgage loans and home equity loans, the effects of which were offset in part by a decrease in the average yields on such loans.
Interest expense for this segment increased 2.7% from ￦4,326 billion in 2023 to ￦4,441 billion in 2024. Our largest and most important funding source is deposits from retail customers, which represent more than half of our total deposits. The increase in interest expense for this segment was mainly due to an increase in the average volume of time deposits held by retail customers, which was offset in significant part by a decrease in the average cost of such deposits.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment decreased 4.0% from ￦252 billion in 2023 to ￦242 billion in 2024, mainly due to a decrease in trust fees received for specified money trusts, which was offset in large part by an increase in bancassurance fees received.
Net other operating income attributable to this segment decreased 24.0% from ￦795 billion in 2023 to ￦604 billion in 2024, which was primarily due to a decrease in gains related to inter-segment borrowings.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 1.7% from ￦1,952 billion in 2023 to ￦1,985 billion in 2024, primarily due to an increase in depreciation and amortization expenses, which was offset in part by a decrease in employee-related expenses.
Provision for credit losses increased 114.1% from ￦92 billion in 2023 to ￦197 billion in 2024, mainly due to an increase in provisions for credit losses of retail loans. Such increase mainly reflected our provisioning strategy pursuant to which we preemptively accounted for a potential increase in credit losses that could result from a deterioration in the overall asset quality of our loan portfolios, mainly due to an increasing likelihood of default by borrowers in light of the general slowdown in the economy in Korea.
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Corporate Banking Operations
This segment consists of corporate banking services provided by Kookmin Bank. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment decreased 26.8% from ￦2,824 billion in 2024 to ￦2,068 billion in 2025.
Interest income from our corporate banking operations decreased 8.0% from ￦12,101 billion in 2024 to ￦11,132 billion in 2025. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in the average yield on corporate loans of Kookmin Bank, which was offset in part by an increase in the average volume of such loans.
Interest expense for this segment decreased 16.5% from ￦6,335 billion in 2024 to ￦5,292 billion in 2025. This decrease was principally due to a decrease in the average cost of deposits held by corporate customers of Kookmin Bank, which was offset in part by an increase in the average volume of such deposits.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 11.5% from ￦410 billion in 2024 to ￦457 billion in 2025, primarily due to a decrease in participation fees paid to participate in transactions originated by other financial institutions, the effect of which was enhanced by increases in wire transfer fees received and trust fees received.
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment changed from net gains of ￦24 billion in 2024 to net losses of ￦1 billion in 2025, principally due to a decrease in net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss held by Kookmin Bank’s overseas subsidiaries and a decrease in gains related to fair value hedges, the effects of which were offset in part by an increase in the distribution income received on certain investment funds.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 76.5%from ￦827 billion in 2024 to ￦1,460 billion in 2025, mainly as a result of an increase in expenses related to inter-segment borrowings.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment decreased 3.2% from ￦2,005 billion in 2024 to ￦1,941 billion in 2025, principally due to a decrease in common administrative expenses allocated to
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this segment, which was enhanced by a decrease in employee-related expenses and partially offset by increases in the general and administrative expenses of KB PRASAC Bank Plc. and Bank Bukopin, Kookmin Bank’s overseas subsidiaries.
Provision for credit losses attributable to this segment increased 70.1% from ￦482 billion in 2024 to ￦820 billion in 2025, mainly due to increases in provisions for credit losses of loans and payment guarantees to Kookmin Bank’s corporate customers.
Net other non-operating expenses attributable to this segment decreased 88.7% from ￦62 billion in 2024 to ￦7 billion in 2025, primarily due to an increase in miscellaneous other non-operating expenses of Bank Bukopin in 2024, which did not recur in 2025.
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 27.1% from ￦2,221 billion in 2023 to ￦2,824 billion in 2024.
Interest income from our corporate banking operations increased 3.5% from ￦11,688 billion in 2023 to ￦12,101 billion in 2024. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the average volume of corporate loans of Kookmin Bank, which was offset in significant part by a decrease in the average yields on such loans.
Interest expense for this segment increased 4.8% from ￦6,042 billion in 2023 to ￦6,335 billion in 2024. This increase was principally due to an increase in the average volume of deposits held by corporate customers of Kookmin Bank, which was offset in part by a decrease in the average costs of such deposits.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment decreased 4.0% from ￦427 billion in 2023 to ￦410 billion in 2024, primarily due to a decrease in foreign currency transaction fees received and a decrease in fees and commissions received from Kookmin Bank’s overseas subsidiaries, the effects of which were offset in part by increases in retirement pension management fees, bancassurance commissions and beneficiary certificate sales commission fees received.
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment changed from net losses of ￦6 billion in 2023 to net gains of ￦24 billion in 2024, principally due to an increase in net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss held by Kookmin Bank’s overseas subsidiaries, which was enhanced by an increase in gains related to fair value hedges.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 167.6% from ￦309 billion in 2023 to ￦827 billion in 2024, mainly as a result of an increase in expenses related to inter-segment borrowings.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 2.3% from ￦1,959 billion in 2023 to ￦2,005 billion in 2024, principally due to an increase in employee-related expenses, which was enhanced by increases in the general and administrative expenses of PRASAC and Bank Bukopin, Kookmin Bank’s overseas subsidiaries.
Provision for credit losses attributable to this segment decreased 69.2% from ￦1,563 billion in 2023 to ￦482 billion in 2024, mainly due to a decrease in provisions for credit losses of loans and payment guarantees to Kookmin Bank’s corporate customers.
Net other non-operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 313.3% from ￦15 billion in 2023 to ￦62 billion in 2024, primarily due to an increase in miscellaneous other non-operating expenses of Bank Bukopin.
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Other Banking Operations
This segment primarily consists of Kookmin Bank’s banking operations other than retail and corporate banking operations, including treasury activities and Kookmin Bank’s “back office” administrative operations. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
Net other operating income (expenses)
Reversal of (Provision for) credit losses
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures
Profit (loss) before income tax expense
Income tax benefit (expense)
Profit (loss) for the year
“N/A” means not applicable.
Our profit (loss) before income tax expense for this segment changed from a loss of ￦362 billion in 2024 to a profit of ￦1,336 billion in 2025.
Interest income from our other banking operations decreased 3.7% from ￦3,349 billion in 2024 to ￦3,224 billion in 2025, mainly due to decreases in the average yields on other banking loans and debt securities in this segment, which was enhanced by a decrease in the average volume of banking loans and offset in part by an increase in the average volume of debt securities.
Interest expense for this segment decreased 8.1% from ￦2,211 billion in 2024 to ￦2,033 billion in 2025, primarily due to decreases in the average costs of debentures and other liabilities in this segment, the effects of which were offset in part by increases in the average volumes of such debentures and liabilities.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment decreased 10.2% from ￦461 billion in 2024 to ￦414 billion in 2025, mainly due to decreases in participation fees paid to participate in transactions originated by other financial institutions and other investment finance fees paid.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased 25.5% from ￦744 billion in 2024 to ￦934 billion in 2025, principally as a result of an increase in net gain on derivatives held-for-trading of Kookmin Bank, the effect of which was mostly offset by a decrease in net gain on the valuation of securities held-for-trading of Kookmin Bank.
Net other operating income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from net expenses of ￦1,168 billion in 2024 to net income of ￦55 billion in 2025, mainly as a result of an increase in gains related to inter-segment borrowings.
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General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 31.5% from ￦645 billion in 2024 to ￦848 billion in 2025, primarily due to an increase in administrative expenses allocated to this segment, which was offset in part by decreases in write-offs and expenses related to employees.
Provision for credit losses attributable to this segment increased eleven-fold from ￦1 billion in 2024 to ￦11 billion in 2025, due mainly to an increase in provisions for credit losses of other financial liabilities and an increase in consolidation adjustments relating to foreign currency guarantees and provisions for foreign currency loan losses.
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment increased more than ten-fold from ￦7 billion in 2024 to ￦76 billion in 2025, principally as a result of an increase in gains on equity-method investees of Kookmin Bank.
Net other non-operating expenses attributable to this segment decreased 47.3% from ￦899 billion in 2024 to ￦474 billion in 2025, primarily due to a decrease in impairment losses recognized by equity-method investees of Kookmin Bank and an increase in gains on disposals of property, plant and equipment and assets held for sale.
Our loss before income tax expense for this segment decreased 7.2% from ￦390 billion in 2023 to ￦362 billion in 2024.
Interest income from our other banking operations increased 14.1% from ￦2,936 billion in 2023 to ￦3,349 billion in 2024, mainly due to an increase in the average volume of debt securities in this segment, which was enhanced by an increase in the average yield on such securities.
Interest expense for this segment increased 4.8% from ￦2,109 billion in 2023 to ￦2,211 billion in 2024, primarily due to increases in the average volumes of borrowings and debentures in this segment, which were enhanced by increases in the average costs of such borrowings and debentures.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment decreased 5.7% from ￦489 billion in 2023 to ￦461 billion in 2024, mainly due to decreases in agent activity fees and foreign exchange transaction fees received, the effects of which were offset in part by an increase in asset securitization fees received.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased 2.9% from ￦766 billion in 2023 to ￦744 billion in 2024, principally as a result of a decrease in net gain on the valuation of securities held-for-trading of Kookmin Bank. The effect of such decrease was offset in part by an increase in net gain on derivatives held-for-trading of Kookmin Bank.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment decreased 36.0% from ￦1,826 billion in 2023 to ￦1,168 billion in 2024, mainly as a result of a decrease in funding costs, which was enhanced by a decrease in net losses on foreign exchange valuation.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 5.7% from ￦610 billion in 2023 to ￦645 billion in 2024, primarily due to an increase in expenses related to employees as well as an increase in administrative expenses allocated to the trusts and funds in this segment.
Reversal of (provision for) credit losses attributable to this segment changed from a reversal of provisions of ￦48 billion in 2023 to provisions of ￦1 billion in 2024, due mainly to an increase in provisions for credit losses of loans in foreign currencies held by one of our consolidated subsidiaries.
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment increased significantly from ￦0 billion in 2023 to ￦7 billion in 2024, principally as a result of a decrease in losses of equity-method investees of Kookmin Bank.
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Net other non-operating expenses attributable to this segment increased more than ten-fold from ￦84 billion in 2023 to ￦899 billion in 2024, primarily due to the payment of voluntary compensation made by Kookmin Bank in connection with its past sales of certain equity-linked securities products tied to the performance of the Hang Seng China Enterprise Index during 2024 (see “Item 8A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”).
Credit Card Operations
This segment consists of credit card activities conducted by KB Kookmin Card. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
Net other non-operating income (expenses)
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment decreased 17.7% from ￦525 billion in 2024 to ￦432 billion in 2025.
Interest income from our credit card operations decreased 3.7% from ￦2,464 billion in 2024 to ￦2,374 billion in 2025. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in the average yield on credit card receivables, which was enhanced by a decrease in the average volume of such receivables.
Interest expense for this segment decreased 2.7% from ￦803 billion in 2024 to ￦781 billion in 2025. This decrease was primarily due to decreases in the average costs of borrowings and debentures, the effects of which were enhanced by a decrease in the average volume of borrowings and offset in part by an increase in the average balance of debentures.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment decreased 7.9% from ￦770 billion in 2024 to ￦709 billion in 2025, mainly due to a decrease in commissions received related to payment gateways, which was offset in part by an increase in credit card annual fees received and a decrease in credit card commissions paid in Korean Won.
Net insurance income attributable to this segment decreased 12.5% from ￦8 billion in 2024 to ￦7 billion in 2025, primarily due to a decrease in insurance income received, which was in turn primarily due to a decrease
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in the number of customers using certain services for which KB Kookmin Card stopped accepting new customers. The effect of such decrease was offset in part by a corresponding decrease in insurance expenses paid.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased 8.3% from ￦12 billion in 2024 to ￦11 billion in 2025, primarily due to a decrease in gains from sales of investment trust beneficiary certificates, which was mostly offset by an increase in gains on the valuation of other securities.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 26.3% from ￦403 billion in 2024 to ￦509 billion in 2025, primarily due to an increase in losses on disposal of loans measured at amortized cost, the effect of which was offset in part by an increase in gains on disposal of loans measured at amortized cost and a decrease in expenses related to membership points.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment decreased 5.5% from ￦641 billion in 2024 to ￦606 billion in 2025, mainly due to a decrease in expenses related to employees.
Provision for credit losses attributable to this segment decreased 14.3% from ￦893 billion in 2024 to ￦765 billion in 2025, mainly due to a decrease in provisions for credit losses of credit card receivables, the effect of which was enhanced by a decrease in provisions for credit losses of foreign currency loans and offset in part by an increase in provisions for credit losses of installment loans.
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment remained stable at ￦1 billion in 2024 and 2025.
Net other non-operating income (expense) attributable to this segment changed from net income of ￦10 billion in 2024 to net expenses of ￦8 billion in 2025, primarily due to the effect of damages awarded to KB Kookmin Card in connection with a lawsuit relating to customer data theft in 2024, which did not recur in 2025.
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 11.0% from ￦473 billion in 2023 to ￦525 billion in 2024.
Interest income from our credit card operations increased 5.2% from ￦2,343 billion in 2023 to ￦2,464 billion in 2024. This increase was primarily due to increases in both the average yields on, and the average volume of, credit card receivables.
Interest expense for this segment increased 14.1% from ￦704 billion in 2023 to ￦803 billion in 2024. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the average cost of debentures, which was enhanced by an increase in the average balance of debentures.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 25.4% from ￦614 billion in 2023 to ￦770 billion in 2024, mainly due to a decrease in credit card commissions paid, the effect of which was enhanced by increases in commissions received related to payment gateways and debit card processing fees received.
Net insurance income attributable to this segment decreased 20.0% from ￦10 billion in 2023 to ￦8 billion in 2024, primarily due to a decrease in insurance income received, which was in turn due to a decrease in the number of customers using certain services for which KB Kookmin Card stopped accepting new customers.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased 71.4% from ￦7 billion in 2023 to ￦12 billion in 2024, primarily due an increase in gains on valuations of investment trust beneficiary certificates, which was partially offset by a decrease in gains on the valuation of equity securities.
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Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 3.1% from ￦391 billion in 2023 to ￦403 billion in 2024, primarily due to an increase in losses on disposal of loans measured at amortized cost and an increase in non-financial operating expenses, which were offset in part by a decrease in expenses related to membership points.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 2.6% from ￦625 billion in 2023 to ￦641 billion in 2024, mainly due to increases in expenses related to employees and IT related expenses, which were offset in part by a decrease in depreciation and amortization expenses.
Provision for credit losses attributable to this segment increased 8.0% from ￦827 billion in 2023 to ￦893 billion in 2024, mainly due to increases in provisions for credit losses of foreign currency loans and installment loans, the effects of which were offset in part by an increase in reversal of provisions for unused loan commitments.
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment remained stable at ￦1 billion in 2023 and 2024.
Net other non-operating income attributable to this segment decreased 77.3% from ￦44 billion in 2023 to ￦10 billion in 2024, primarily due to a decrease in damages awarded to KB Kookmin Card in connection with a lawsuit relating to customer data theft in 2024, the amount of which was smaller than that received in 2023.
Securities Operations
This segment consists primarily of securities brokerage, investment banking, securities investment and trading and other capital markets activities conducted by KB Securities, including its predecessor entities. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 21.3% from ￦741 billion in 2024 to ￦899 billion in 2025.
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Interest income from this segment decreased 1.1% from ￦1,783 billion in 2024 to ￦1,764 billion in 2025, primarily due to a decrease in the average yield on debt securities held by KB Securities, which was offset in part by an increase in the average volume of such securities.
Interest expense for this segment decreased 3.9% from ￦1,179 billion in 2024 to ￦1,133 billion in 2025, principally as a result of a decrease in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities held by KB Securities, which was offset in part by an increase in the average volume of such liabilities.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 20.5% from ￦789 billion in 2024 to ￦951 billion in 2025, primarily due to an increase in securities brokerage commissions received, resulting from an increase in the volume of activity in the Korean securities trading market in 2025 compared to 2024, the effect of which was offset in part by an increase in other Won-denominated fees paid.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased 59.9% from ￦267 billion in 2024 to ￦427 billion in 2025, principally due to an increase in gains on valuation of derivatives at fair value through profit or loss.
Net other operating income attributable to this segment decreased 63.4% from ￦161 billion in 2024 to ￦59 billion in 2025, primarily due to an increase in net losses on foreign currency valuation with respect to foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities, which was offset in part by an increase in net gains on foreign exchange transactions with respect to such assets and liabilities.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 9.2% from ￦980 billion in 2024 to ￦1,070 billion in 2025, primarily due to increases in employee expenses, other expenses and depreciation and amortization expenses.
Provision for credit losses increased 40.3% from ￦67 billion in 2024 to ￦94 billion in 2025, primarily due to an increase in provisions for credit losses of Won-denominated loans, which was offset in part by decreases in provisions for credit losses of foreign currency-denominated loans and provisions for credit losses of privately placed bonds.
Share of loss of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment decreased 77.1% from ￦35 billion in 2024 to ￦8 billion in 2025, primarily due to a decrease in losses on sales of investments accounted for using the equity method of KB Securities.
Net other non-operating income attributable to this segment increased 33.3% from ￦3 billion in 2024 to ￦4 billion in 2025, mainly due to an increase in gains on the disposal of a parcel of land owned by KB Securities, which was mostly offset by an increase in impairment losses on land and buildings owned by KB Securities and an increase in regulatory penalties paid.
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 52.8% from ￦485 billion in 2023 to ￦741 billion in 2024.
Interest income from this segment increased 1.1% from ￦1,763 billion in 2023 to ￦1,783 billion in 2024, primarily due to an increase in the average volume of debt securities held by KB Securities, which was enhanced by an increase in the average yield on such securities.
Interest expense for this segment increased 2.6% from ￦1,149 billion in 2023 to ￦1,179 billion in 2024, principally as a result of increases in the average costs of interest-bearing liabilities held by KB Securities, which were enhanced by increases in the average volumes of such liabilities.
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Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 6.2% from ￦743 billion in 2023 to ￦789 billion in 2024, primarily due to an increase in advisory fees received and a decrease in other miscellaneous fees paid, the effects of which were offset in part by a decrease in operating lease fees received.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased 25.2% from ￦357 billion in 2023 to ￦267 billion in 2024, principally due to a decrease in net gains on transactions and valuation of derivative-linked securities at fair value through profit or loss.
Net other operating income attributable to this segment increased significantly from ￦6 billion in 2023 to ￦161 billion in 2024, primarily due to an increase in net gains on foreign currency valuation with respect to foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities, mainly as a result of a depreciation in the value of the Korean Won against other currencies, including the U.S. dollar.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 8.5% from ￦903 billion in 2023 to ￦980 billion in 2024, primarily due to increases in employee benefits, depreciation and amortization and other general and administrative expenses.
Provision for credit losses decreased 53.5% from ￦144 billion in 2023 to ￦67 billion in 2024, primarily due to an increase in reversals of provisions for credit losses of Won-denominated loans, the effect of which was offset in part by an increase in provisions for credit losses of foreign currency-denominated loans.
Share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment changed from a net profit of ￦3 billion in 2023 to net loss of ￦35 billion in 2024, primarily due to a decrease in gains on valuation of equity-method investees of KB Securities.
Net other non-operating income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from net expenses of ￦190 billion in 2023 to net income of ￦3 billion in 2024, mainly due to an increase in miscellaneous other non-operating income and a decrease in impairment losses on land and buildings owned by KB Securities.
Life Insurance Operations
This segment consists of the life insurance operations of KB Life Insurance, which was formed in January 2023 through a merger between the Former KB Life Insurance and Prudential Life Insurance. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
Net fee and commission income (expense)
Net other insurance finance expenses
Net other non-operating income
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Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 0.9% from ￦225 billion in 2024 to ￦227 billion in 2025.
Interest income from this segment increased 8.0% from ￦646 billion in 2024 to ￦698 billion in 2025, primarily due to increases in interest on government bonds, corporate bonds and other debentures.
Interest expense for this segment increased 2.3% from ￦783 billion in 2024 to ￦801 billion in 2025, principally due to an increase in interest expenses categorized under insurance finance expenses of KB Life Insurance, which was offset in part by a decrease in interest expenses on investment contract liabilities.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 87.5% from ￦8 billion in 2024 to ￦15 billion in 2025, primarily due to an increase in other miscellaneous fees and commissions received.
Net insurance income attributable to this segment decreased 3.3% from ￦480 billion in 2024 to ￦464 billion in 2025, due to an increase in insurance service expenses, which was in turn mainly attributable to increases in incurred claims and recognition of loss components, the effects of which were offset in part by an increase in insurance income, which was in turn mainly attributable to an increase in the amount of contractual service margins recognized as profit.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased more than four-fold from ￦284 billion in 2024 to ￦1,172 billion in 2025, primarily due to increases in gains on valuation of equity securities, gains on valuation of investment trust beneficiary certificates and gains on sales of equity securities.
Net other insurance finance expenses attributable to this segment increased more than two-fold from ￦381 billion in 2024 to ￦1,073 billion in 2025, primarily due to an increase in other insurance finance expenses related to the direct insurance contracts of KB Life Insurance, which was offset in part by a decrease in foreign exchange translation losses.
Net other operating income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from net income of ￦112 billion in 2024 to net expenses of ￦90 billion in 2025, principally due to decreases in gains on valuations of foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities and gains on other fair value hedges, the effects of which were offset in part by a decrease in losses on sales of currency forward contracts.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 15.5% from ￦148 billion in 2024 to ￦171 billion in 2025, primarily due to increases in expenses related to employees and depreciation and amortization expenses.
Reversal of (provision for) credit losses attributable to this segment changed from reversal of provisions of ￦1 billion in 2024 to provisions of ￦1 billion in 2025, primarily due to an increase in provisions for credit losses on Won-denominated loans.
Net other non-operating income attributable to this segment increased 100.0% from ￦7 billion in 2024 to ￦14 billion in 2025, mainly due to an increase in miscellaneous other non-operating income.
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Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 104.5% from ￦110 billion in 2023 to ￦225 billion in 2024.
Interest income from this segment increased 11.0% from ￦582 billion in 2023 to ￦646 billion in 2024, primarily due to increases in interest income from government bonds, corporate bonds and asset-backed securities.
Interest expense for this segment decreased 0.8% from ￦789 billion in 2023 to ￦783 billion in 2024, principally due to a decrease in interest expenses categorized under insurance finance expenses of KB Life Insurance as well as a decrease in interest expenses on investment contract liabilities.
Net fee and commission income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from net expenses of ￦8 billion in 2023 to net income of ￦8 billion in 2024, primarily due to an increase in other miscellaneous fees and commissions received and a decrease in other service-related fees paid.
Net insurance income attributable to this segment increased 7.4% from ￦447 billion in 2023 to ￦480 billion in 2024, primarily due to an increase in insurance income, which in turn was mainly attributable to increases in recoveries from reinsurance contracts and expected policy maintenance cost incurred by the customers of KB Life Insurance, the effects of which were offset in part by an increase in insurance claims paid.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased 56.9% from ￦659 billion in 2023 to ￦284 billion in 2024, primarily due to change in net gains (losses) on valuations of equity securities from a net gain in 2023 to a net loss in 2024, an increase in losses on currency futures held-for-trading and decreases in gains on valuations of debt securities and foreign investment securities.
Net other insurance finance expenses attributable to this segment decreased 30.3% from ￦547 billion in 2023 to ￦381 billion in 2024, primarily due to a decrease in other insurance finance expenses related to the direct insurance contracts of KB Life Insurance, which was offset in part by an increase in foreign exchange translation losses.
Net other operating income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from net expenses of ￦137 billion in 2023 to net income of ￦112 billion in 2024, principally due to increases in gains on valuations of foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities and gains on other fair value hedges, the effects of which were offset in part by an increase in losses on sales of currency forward contracts.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 48.0% from ￦100 billion in 2023 to ￦148 billion in 2024, primarily due to increases in depreciation and amortization expenses, expenses related to employees and other miscellaneous general and administrative expenses.
Reversal of (provision for) credit losses attributable to this segment changed from provisions of ￦2 billion in 2023 to reversal of provisions of ￦1 billion in 2024.
Net other non-operating income attributable to this segment increased 40.0% from ￦5 billion in 2023 to ￦7 billion in 2024, mainly due to decreases in losses related to lease modification and other non-operating expenses.
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Non-Life Insurance Operations
This segment consists of the non-life insurance operations of KB Insurance. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
Net fee and commission expense
Net other insurance finance income (expenses)
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 1.4% from ￦1,126 billion in 2024 to ￦1,142 billion in 2025.
Interest income attributable to this segment increased 12.1% from ￦900 billion in 2024 to ￦1,009 billion in 2025, primarily due to increases in interest income earned on other loans, government bonds, corporate bonds and privately placed bonds held by KB Insurance.
Interest expense attributable to this segment increased 10.1% from ￦927 billion in 2024 to ￦1,021 billion in 2025, primarily due to increases in interest expenses on investment contract liabilities and debentures.
Net fee and commission expense attributable to this segment increased 2.8% from ￦36 billion in 2024 to ￦37 billion in 2025, mainly due to a decrease in loan-related fees received and an increase in other miscellaneous fees and commissions paid.
Net insurance income attributable to this segment decreased 29.8% from ￦1,092 billion in 2024 to ￦767 billion in 2025, primarily due to an increase in insurance service expense, which in turn was mainly due to higher incurred claims, changes relating to past services and increased expenses relating to contracts accounted for under the premium allocation approach, the effects of which were offset in part by increases in insurance income and reinsurance income. The increase in insurance income was mainly due to an increase in expected incurred claims, while the increase in reinsurance income was mainly due to loss-recovery components.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased 49.0% from ￦345 billion in 2024 to ￦514 billion in 2025, primarily as a result of a change in net gains (losses) on other foreign currency-denominated investment securities from net losses in 2024 to net gains in 2025, an
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increase in net valuation gains on foreign currency-denominated beneficiary certificates and a change in net gains (losses) on currency forward transactions from net losses in 2024 to net gains in 2025. The effects of such changes were offset in part by a change in net gains (losses) on investment trust beneficiary certificates from net gains in 2024 to net losses in 2025.
Net other insurance finance income (expenses) changed from net expenses of ￦56 billion in 2024 to net income of ￦46 billion in 2025, due to increases in both net insurance finance income and net reinsurance finance income.
Net other operating income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from net expenses of ￦43 billion in 2024 to net income of ￦42 billion in 2025, primarily due to a change in net gains (losses) on sales of debt securities from net losses in 2024 to net gains in 2025 and a decrease in losses on valuations of currency forward contracts, the effects of which were offset in part by a change in net gains (losses) on valuations of foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities from net gains in 2024 to net losses in 2025.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 15.0% from ￦140 billion in 2024 to ￦161 billion in 2025, principally due to increases in early retirement benefits paid, depreciation and amortization expenses and employee salaries paid.
Reversal of (provision for) credit losses attributable to this segment changed from a reversal of provisions of ￦2 billion in 2024 to a provision of ￦19 billion in 2025, primarily due to an increase in provisions for credit losses of Won-denominated loans.
Net other non-operating expenses attributable to this segment decreased 84.6% from ￦13 billion in 2024 to ￦2 billion in 2025, principally due to a decrease in miscellaneous other non-operating expenses.
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 16.8% from ￦964 billion in 2023 to ￦1,126 billion in 2024.
Interest income attributable to this segment increased 11.4% from ￦808 billion in 2023 to ￦900 billion in 2024, primarily due to increases in interest income earned on government bonds, other loans and privately placed bonds held by KB Insurance.
Interest expense attributable to this segment decreased 9.8% from ￦1,028 billion in 2023 to ￦927 billion in 2024, primarily due to a decrease in interest expenses incurred by KB Insurance from direct insurance contracts and investment contract liabilities.
Net fee and commission expense attributable to this segment increased 5.9% from ￦34 billion in 2023 to ￦36 billion in 2024, mainly due to a decrease in miscellaneous other fees received, which was mostly offset by decreases in other service fees and miscellaneous other fees paid.
Net insurance income attributable to this segment increased 13.8% from ￦960 billion in 2023 to ￦1,092 billion in 2024, primarily due to an increase in insurance income, mainly reflecting increases in expected incurred claims and recoveries from reinsurance contracts, the effects of which were mostly offset by a decrease in reinsurance income and an increase in insurance expenses.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased 24.2% from ￦455 billion in 2023 to ￦345 billion in 2024, primarily as a result of a change in net valuation gains (losses) on other foreign currency-denominated investment securities from a net gain in 2023 to a net loss in 2024 and an increase in trading losses on foreign currency beneficiary certificates.
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Net other insurance finance expenses increased 115.4% from ￦26 billion in 2023 to ￦56 billion in 2024, primarily due to a decrease in net insurance finance income, the effect of which was offset in part by an increase in net reinsurance finance income.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 30.3% from ￦33 billion in 2023 to ￦43 billion in 2024, primarily due to increases in losses on valuations of currency forward contracts and sales of debt securities, the effects of which were mostly offset by an increase in other gains on fair value hedges.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment decreased 1.4% from ￦142 billion in 2023 to ￦140 billion in 2024, principally due to a decrease in supplies expense, which was mostly offset by an increase in depreciation and amortization.
Reversal of (provision for) credit losses attributable to this segment changed from a provision of ￦14 billion in 2023 to a reversal of provisions of ￦2 billion in 2024, primarily due to a decrease in provisions for credit losses of Won-denominated loans.
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment remained stable at ￦2 billion in 2023 and 2024.
Net other non-operating income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from net income of ￦15 billion in 2023 to net expenses of ￦13 billion in 2024, principally due to a decrease in miscellaneous other non-operating income and an increase in donations.
“Other” includes the operations of our holding company and all of our subsidiaries that were consolidated under IFRS as issued by the IASB as of December 31, 2025 except Kookmin Bank, KB Kookmin Card, KB Securities, KB Life Insurance and KB Insurance, including principally KB Asset Management, KB Real Estate Trust, KB Investment, KB Credit Information, KB Data System, KB Savings Bank and KB Capital. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
Income tax expense(3)
Represents income tax attributable to our holding company and all of our subsidiaries that were consolidated under IFRS as issued by the IASB except Kookmin Bank, KB Kookmin Card, KB Securities (including its predecessor entities), KB Life Insurance and KB Insurance.
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Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 47.3% from ￦562 billion in 2024 to ￦828 billion in 2025.
Interest income attributable to this segment decreased 3.1% from ￦1,586 billion in 2024 to ￦1,537 billion in 2025, primarily due to decreases in the average yield on, and the average volume of, retail loans of KB Capital, which was enhanced by a decrease in the average yield on corporate loans of KB Savings Bank but offset in part by an increase in the average balance of such loans.
Interest expense attributable to this segment increased 12.9% from ￦898 billion in 2024 to ￦1,014 billion in 2025, mainly due to an increase in funding costs associated with certain of our financial liabilities measured at amortized cost.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 4.2% from ￦1,249 billion in 2024 to ￦1,302 billion in 2025, principally reflecting increases in trust fees received by KB Asset Management and other fees received by KB Real Estate Trust and a decrease in fees and commissions paid by our consolidated funds, the effects of which were offset in part by decreases in trust fees received by KB Real Estate Trust and rental fees received by KB Capital.
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment changed from net losses of ￦13 billion in 2024 to net gains of ￦594 billion in 2025, primarily as a result of increases in the gains on valuations of equity securities held by KB Investment and our consolidated funds, as well as increases in the distribution income received on certain investment funds and gains on currency forward contracts.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 102.4% from ￦378 billion in 2024 to ￦765 billion in 2025, principally due to an increase in expenses relating to our dividend income adjustments and losses on sales of rental assets by KB Capital, the effects of which were offset in part by an increase in our other operating income.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 2.3% from ￦523 billion in 2024 to ￦535 billion in 2025, which mainly reflected increases in the employee-related expenses of KB Asset Management and KB Capital, the stock grant-related expenses of us and KB Capital, and the short-term employee benefits of KB Investment.
Provision for credit losses increased 9.2% from ￦414 billion in 2024 to ￦452 billion in 2025, primarily due to increases in provisions for credit losses of loans of KB Capital and our consolidated funds, which was offset in part by a decrease in provisions for credit losses of other financial assets of KB Real Estate Trust.
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment increased from ￦0 billion in 2024 to ￦12 billion in 2025, mainly reflecting an increase in equity method gains of KB Investment.
Net other non-operating income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from net expenses of ￦47 billion in 2024 to net income of ￦149 billion in 2025, principally reflecting increases in gains on the sales of land and buildings, which was offset in part by increases in miscellaneous other non-operating expenses and impairment losses on buildings.
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 51.9% from ￦370 billion in 2023 to ￦562 billion in 2024.
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Interest income attributable to this segment increased 12.6% from ￦1,408 billion in 2023 to ￦1,586 billion in 2024, primarily due to increases in the average volumes of, and average yields on, loans and installment finance receivables of KB Capital.
Interest expense attributable to this segment increased 19.9% from ￦749 billion in 2023 to ￦898 billion in 2024, mainly due to increases in the average volume and average cost of debentures of KB Capital.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 3.0% from ￦1,213 billion in 2023 to ￦1,249 billion in 2024, principally reflecting increases in trust fees received by KB Asset Management and credit-related fees received by KB Capital, the effects of which were offset in part by an increase in fees and commissions paid by our holding company and our consolidated funds.
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment changed from net gains of ￦284 billion in 2023 to net losses of ￦13 billion in 2024, primarily as a result of an increase in losses on valuation of currency forward contracts held by our holding company and consolidated funds and, to a lesser extent, an increase in losses on valuation of other investment securities held by KB Investment.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment decreased 49.5% from ￦749 billion in 2023 to ￦378 billion in 2024, principally due to increases in gains on the valuation of foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities of our consolidated funds and KB Investment.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 8.3% from ￦483 billion in 2023 to ￦523 billion in 2024, which mainly reflected increases in the employee-related expenses of KB Asset Management and KB Capital.
Provision for credit losses decreased 25.3% from ￦554 billion in 2023 to ￦414 billion in 2024, primarily due to decreases in provisions for credit losses of loans of KB Savings Bank and KB Capital, as well as provisions for credit losses of other financial assets of KB Real Estate Trust.
Share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment changed from profit of ￦11 billion in 2023 to losses of ￦0 billion in 2024, mainly reflecting a decrease in equity method gains of KB Investment.
Net other non-operating expenses attributable to this segment increased more than four-fold from ￦11 billion in 2023 to ￦47 billion in 2024, principally reflecting an increase in impairment losses on land and buildings held by our holding company and our consolidated funds.
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Financial Condition
Assets
The following table sets forth, as of the dates indicated, the principal components of our assets:
Cash and due from financial institutions
Derivative financial assets
Financial investments
Loans measured at amortized cost:
Loans to banks
Loans to customers other than banks:
Loans in Korean Won
Loans in foreign currencies
Domestic import usance bills
Off-shore funding loans
Call loans
Bills bought in Korean Won
Bills bought in foreign currencies
Guarantee payments under acceptances and guarantees
Credit card receivables in Korean Won
Credit card receivables in foreign currencies
Bonds purchased under repurchase agreements
Privately placed bonds
Factored receivables
Lease receivables
Loans for installment credit
Total loans to customers other than banks
Less:
Allowances for credit losses
Total loans measured at amortized cost, net
Insurance contract assets
Reinsurance contract assets
Property and equipment
Other assets(2)
Total assets
Includes investments in associates and joint ventures, investment property, intangible assets, net defined benefit assets, current income tax assets, deferred income tax assets, assets held for sale, assets included in disposal groups classified as held for sale and miscellaneous other assets.
For further information on our assets, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Assets and Liabilities.”
Our total assets increased 5.3% from ￦757,846 billion as of December 31, 2024 to ￦797,923 billion as of December 31, 2025, principally due to a 4.2% increase in loans from ￦472,072 billion as of December 31, 2024
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to ￦491,978 billion as of December 31, 2025, which was enhanced by a 13.1% increase in financial assets at fair value through profit or loss from ￦79,450 billion as of December 31, 2024 to ￦89,863 billion as of December 31, 2025 and, to lesser extents, a 16.4% increase in cash and due from financial institutions from ￦29,869 billion as of December 31, 2024 to ￦34,777 billion as of December 31, 2025 and a 17.6% increase in other assets from ￦26,551 billion as of December 31, 2024 to ￦31,220 billion as of December 31, 2025. The increase in loans was mainly due to an increase in loans in Korean Won and, to a lesser extent, an increase in bonds purchased under repurchase agreements. The increase in financial assets at fair value through profit or loss was primarily due to increases in beneficiary certificates, equity assets and debentures at fair value through profit or loss. The increase in other assets was mainly due to an increase in miscellaneous other assets, which was in turn primarily due to an increase in our accounts receivable from securities brokerage activities.
Liabilities and Equity
The following table sets forth, as of the dates indicated, the principal components of our liabilities and our equity:
Liabilities:
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
Insurance contract liabilities
Reinsurance contract liabilities
Provisions
Other liabilities(1)
Total liabilities
Equity:
Share capital
Hybrid securities
Capital surplus
Accumulated other comprehensive income
Retained earnings
Treasury shares
Equity attributable to shareholders of the Parent Company
Non-controlling interests
Total equity
Total liabilities and equity
Includes derivative financial liabilities, current income tax liabilities, deferred income tax liabilities, net defined benefit liabilities, liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale and miscellaneous other liabilities.
Our total liabilities increased 5.6% from ￦698,030 billion as of December 31, 2024 to ￦737,093 billion as of December 31, 2025. Such increase was primarily due to a 6.1% increase in deposits from ￦435,688 billion as of December 31, 2024 to ￦462,397 billion as of December 31, 2025, which was enhanced by, to lesser extents, a 7.8% increase in other liabilities from ￦50,526 billion as of December 31, 2024 to ￦54,484 billion as of December 31, 2025 and a 5.1% increase in debentures from ￦76,171 billion as of December 31, 2024 to
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￦80,049 billion as of December 31, 2025. Our deposits increased mainly as a result of an increase in demand deposits and, to lesser extents, increases in investment contract liabilities and certificates of deposit. The increase in other liabilities was mainly due to an increase in miscellaneous other liabilities, which was in turn primarily due to increases in our other financial accounts payable to customers and clearing organizations, and trust accounts payable, which were offset in part by a decrease in derivative financial liabilities. The increase in debentures resulted mainly from an increase in debentures denominated in Korean Won and, to a lesser extent, debentures denominated in foreign currencies.
Our total equity increased 1.7% from ￦59,815 billion as of December 31, 2024 to ￦60,830 billion as of December 31, 2025. This increase resulted from an increase in our retained earnings, which was offset in part by a change in our accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) from income to loss and decreases in our hybrid securities and treasury shares.
Our primary source of funding has historically been and continues to be deposits. Deposits amounted to ￦435,688 billion and ￦462,397 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, which represented approximately 75.1% and 75.4% of our total funding, respectively. We have been able to use customer deposits to finance our operations generally, including meeting a portion of our liquidity requirements. Although the majority of deposits are short-term, it has been our experience that the majority of our depositors generally roll over their deposits at maturity, thus providing us with a stable source of funding. However, in the event that a substantial number of our depositors do not roll over their deposits or otherwise decide to withdraw their deposited funds, we would need to place increased reliance on alternative sources of funding, some of which may be more expensive than customer deposits, in order to finance our operations. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to liquidity and capital management—Our funding is highly dependent on short-term deposits, which dependence may adversely affect our operations.” In particular, we may increase our utilization of alternative funding sources such as short-term borrowings and cash and cash equivalents (including funds from maturing loans), as well as liquidating our positions in financial assets and using the proceeds to fund parts of our operations, as necessary.
We also obtain funding through debentures and borrowings to meet our liquidity needs. Debentures represented 13.1% and 13.1% of our total funding as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Borrowings represented 11.7% and 11.5% of our total funding as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. For further information on our sources of funding, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Assets and Liabilities—Funding.”
The Financial Services Commission of Korea requires each financial holding company in Korea to maintain specific Won and foreign currency liquidity ratios and each bank in Korea to maintain a liquidity coverage ratio and a foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio. These ratios require us and Kookmin Bank to keep the ratio of liquid assets to liquid liabilities above certain minimum levels. For a description of these requirements, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Liquidity” and “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Liquidity.”
We are exposed to liquidity risk arising from withdrawals of deposits, payments of insurance contract claims and refunds, and maturities of our debentures and borrowings, as well as the need to fund our lending, trading and investment activities (including our capital expenditures) and the management of our trading positions. The goal of liquidity management is for us to be able, even under adverse conditions, to meet all of our liability repayments on time and fund all investment opportunities. For an explanation of how we manage our liquidity risk, see “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Liquidity Risk Management.” From time to time, we engage in the purchase and/or cancelation of our own equity securities, as part of our efforts to generate additional shareholder value. See “Item 16E. Purchase of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers” and Note 27.6 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements.
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We are a financial holding company, and substantially all of our operations are in our subsidiaries. Accordingly, we rely on distributions from our subsidiaries (as well as associates), direct borrowings and issuances of debt and equity securities to fund our liquidity obligations at the holding company level. We received aggregate dividends of ￦2,192 billion, ￦2,243 billion and ￦3,778 billion from our subsidiaries and associates in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to our financial holding company structure and strategy.”
Asset Encumbrance
Part of our future funding and collateral needs are supported by assets readily available and unrestricted. The following table sets forth our assets that are available and those that are encumbered and not available to support our future funding and collateral needs as of December 31, 2025.
On-balance sheet
Loans measured at amortized cost
Investments in associates and joint ventures
Investment property
Intangible assets
Net defined benefit assets
Current income tax assets
Deferred income tax assets
Assets held for sale
Assets of a disposal group held for sale
Other assets
Total on-balance sheet
Off-balance sheet
Fair value of securities accepted as collateral
Total off-balance sheet
Represents assets that have been pledged as collateral against an existing liability or are otherwise restricted in their use to secure funding.
Represents those on- and off-balance sheet assets that are not otherwise encumbered, and which are in freely transferable form.
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Commitments and Guarantees
The following table sets forth our commitments and guarantees as of December 31, 2025. These commitments and guarantees are not included within our consolidated statements of financial position.
Financial guarantees(1)
Confirmed acceptances and guarantees
Commitments
Includes ￦5,380 billion of irrevocable commitments to provide contingent liquidity credit lines to special purpose entities for which we serve as the administrator. See Note 40 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Kookmin Bank is subject to capital adequacy requirements of the Financial Services Commission applicable to Korean banks. The requirements applicable commencing in December 2013 pursuant to amended Financial Services Commission regulations promulgated in July 2013 were formulated based on Basel III, which was first introduced by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements in December 2009. Under the amended Financial Services Commission regulations, all banks in Korea are required to maintain certain minimum ratios of common equity Tier I capital, total Tier I capital and total Tier I and Tier II capital to risk-weighted assets. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Capital Adequacy.”
As of December 31, 2025, Kookmin Bank’s total Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratio was 17.28%.
The following table sets forth a summary of Kookmin Bank’s capital and capital adequacy ratios as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, based on applicable regulatory reporting standards.
Tier I capital:
Common equity Tier I capital
Paid-in capital
Capital reserves
Non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries
Additional Tier I capital
Tier II capital:
Revaluation reserves
Allowances for credit losses(1)
Hybrid debt
Subordinated debt
Valuation gain on financial investments
Total core and supplementary capital
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Risk-weighted assets
Credit risk:
Market risk
Operational risk
Total Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratio
Tier I capital adequacy ratio
Common equity Tier I capital adequacy ratio
Tier II capital adequacy ratio
Under the standardized approach, allowances for credit losses in respect of credits classified as normal or precautionary are used to calculate Tier II capital only to the extent they represent up to 1.25% of credit risk-weighted assets. Under the internal ratings-based approach, allowances for credit losses, less estimated losses, are used to calculate Tier II capital only to the extent they represent up to 0.6% of credit risk-weighted assets.
In addition, we, as a bank holding company, are required to maintain certain minimum capital adequacy ratios pursuant to applicable regulations of the Financial Services Commission. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Capital Adequacy.”
The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated capital adequacy ratio as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, based on applicable regulatory reporting standards.
Tier I capital
Total Tier I capital
Tier II capital
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2.1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for a description of other recent accounting pronouncements under IFRS as issued by the IASB that have been issued but are not yet effective.
These matters are discussed under Item 5.A. and Item 5.B. above where relevant.
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Board of Directors
Our board of directors, currently consisting of one executive director, one non-standing director and seven non-executive directors, has the ultimate responsibility for the management of our affairs.
Our articles of incorporation provide that:
we may have no more than 30 directors;
the number of executive directors must be less than 50% of the total number of directors; and
we have five or more non-executive directors.
The term of office for each director is renewable and is subject to the Korean Commercial Code, the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies and related regulations.
Our board of directors meets on a regular basis to discuss and resolve material corporate matters. Additional extraordinary meetings may also be convened at the request of any director or any committee that serves under the board of directors.
The names and positions of our directors are set forth below. The business address of all of the directors is our registered office at 26, Gukjegeumyung-ro 8-gil, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07331, Korea.
Executive Director
The table below identifies our executive director as of the date of this annual report:
Name
Position
Jong Hee Yang
Our executive director does not have any significant activities outside KB Financial Group.
Jong Hee Yang is our chairman and chief executive officer. He became an executive director in November 2023. He previously served as our vice chairman, as well as the head of our retail customer business unit, our wealth management and pension business unit and our small and medium enterprise business unit. He has also served as the chief executive officer of KB Insurance Co., Ltd. Mr. Yang received a B.A. in Korean history from Seoul National University.
Non-standing Director
The table below identifies our non-standing director as of the date of this annual report:
Director Since
End of Term
Hwan Ju Lee
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Hwan Ju Lee has been a non-standing director since March 2025. He currently serves as the president and chief executive officer of Kookmin Bank. Mr. Lee previously served as the chairman and chief executive officer of KB Life Insurance (before and after the merger with Prudential Life Insurance in 2022), our senior executive vice president and chief financial officer, and the senior executive vice president and head of strategy and finance planning group of Kookmin Bank. Mr. Lee received a B.A. in management from Sungkyunkwan University and an M.B.A. from the Helsinki School of Economics.
Non-executive Directors
Our non-executive directors are selected based on the candidates’ knowledge and experience in diverse areas, such as finance, business management, economics and risk management, accounting, law and internal control, digital and information technology, ESG and consumer protection. All seven non-executive directors below were nominated by our Non-executive Director Nominating Committee and approved by our shareholders.
The table below identifies our non-executive directors as of the date of this annual report:
Date of Birth
Whajoon Cho
Jaehong Choi
Eun Young Chah
Myong-Hwal Lee
Sung-Yong Kim
Sun Yeop Kim
Jeongho Seo
The date on which each term will end will be the date of the general stockholders’ meeting in the relevant year unless otherwise specified.
Whajoon Cho has been a non-executive director since March 2023. She previously served as the auditor of Mercedes-Benz Financial Services Korea Limited, the president, chief executive officer and chief financial officer of KT Capital Corporation, the chief financial officer of BC Card Co., Ltd. and the investor relations officer at KT Corporation. Ms. Cho received a B.A. in mass communication from Sogang University, an M.A. in sociology from Indiana University, an M.S. in accounting from University of Wisconsin, Madison and a Ph.D. in accounting from Indiana University.
Jaehong Choi has been a non-executive director since March 2022. He is currently a professor at the Startup College of Gachon University. He previously served as a non-executive director at Kakao Corp., an advisor at NHN Japan Corp. and an advisor at eSamsung Japan Corp. Mr. Choi received a B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. in electronic engineering from Hanyang University.
Eun Young Chah has been a non-executive director since March 2025. She is currently a professor of economics and the dean of the College of Social Sciences and Graduate School of Policy Sciences at Ewha Womans University. She previously served as the president of the Korean Women Economists Association, an advisory member of the Financial Supervisory Service, a non-executive director of Samsung Card and Hana Financial Group and a member of the National Economic Advisory Council of the President. Ms. Chah received a B.A. in economics from Ewha Womans University and an M.A. and a Ph.D. in economics from the University of California, San Diego.
Myong-Hwal Lee has been a non-executive director since March 2024. He is currently a senior research fellow and a director at the Korea Institute of Finance. He previously served as a member of the sanction review committee of the Financial Supervisory Service, a member of the Postal Services Steering Committee, the vice president of the Korea Institute of Finance and the vice president of the Korea Money and Finance Association. Mr. Lee received a B.A. in economics from Seoul National University and an M.S. and Ph.D. in economics from the University of Texas at Austin.
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Sung-Yong Kim has been a non-executive director since March 2023. He is currently a professor at Sungkyunkwan University Law School. He previously served as the chair of the Insolvency Law Institute of Korea, a non-standing commissioner of the Securities and Futures Commission, a member of the management committee for the Key Industries Stabilization Fund and a non-executive director at Woori Bank. Mr. Kim received an LL.B. from Seoul National University College of Law and an LL.M. from the University of Pennsylvania Law School.
Sun Yeop Kim has been a non-executive director since March 2025. He is currently the chief executive officer of E-Jung Accounting Corporation. He previously served as a non-executive director at FARMSCO, a member of the Public Institutions Management Evaluation Committee of the Ministry of Economy and Finance and the head of the financial services/strategy division at Deloitte Anjin LLC. He is also a certified public accountant in Korea and the United States. Mr. Kim received a B.A. and M.S. in business administration from Seoul National University and a Ph.D. in ESG accounting from the University of Seoul.
Jeongho Seo has been a non-executive director since March 2026. He is currently an attorney-at-law and partner at The WIZ Law Firm, specializing in financial regulation, capital markets and corporate governance (specifically, tax law). He previously served as a non-executive director at Hyundai Capital Services and Hanwha Solutions, overseeing strategic risk and governance, a member of the Legal Interpretation Committee of the Financial Services Commission, and a former member of the Sanctions Deliberation Committee of the Financial Supervisory Service. Mr. Seo received a B.A. in business administration from Seoul National University.
Any director having an interest in a transaction that is subject to approval by the board of directors may not vote at the meeting during which the board approves the transaction.
Executive Officers
The table below identifies our executive officers who are not executive directors as of the date of this annual report:
Chang Kwon Lee
Jae Keun Lee
Sung Hyun Kim
Young Suh Cho
Seok Mun Choi
Keoung Nam Kim
Sang Rok Na
Hong Sun Yum
Shin Dong Jeung
Young Gi Seo
Young June Park
Hee Seung Yun
Dong Wook Joo
Seung Ho Kang
Sun Hyun Park
Jin Young Park
Hyoung Joo Park
Sang Won Oh
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Kyeong Jong Lee
Hyun Jung Lee
Byoung Ha Choi
Myoung Hwa Park
Jae Yong Lee
None of the executive officers has any significant activities outside KB Financial Group.
Chang Kwon Lee is a senior executive vice president and our chief strategy officer. He previously served as the CEO of KB Kookmin Card. Mr. Lee received a B.A. in applied statistics from Korea University.
Jae Keun Lee is a senior executive vice president and our chief business officer of global and chief business officer of wealth management and corporate finance. He previously served as our non-standing director and the president and chief executive officer of Kookmin Bank. Mr. Lee received a B.A. in mathematics and an M.A. in economics from Sogang University, and an M.B.A. in financial engineering from KAIST.
Sung Hyun Kim is a senior executive vice president and our chief business officer of corporate investment banking and capital markets. He previously served as the CEO of KB Securities. Mr. Kim received a B.A. in economics from Yonsei University.
Young Suh Cho is an executive vice president and our deputy chief strategy officer. He previously served as the head of our AI·Digital division and a senior executive vice president of Kookmin Bank’s AI·Digitial transformation initiative group. Mr. Cho received a B.A. in economics from Seoul National University and an M.B.A. from Columbia University.
Seok Mun Choi is an executive vice president and our chief ethics and compliance officer. He previously served as a senior executive vice president and head of the corporate support group at Kookmin Bank. Mr. Choi received a B.A. in public administration from Chosun University, an M.A. in public policy from Sungkyunkwan University and an M.B.A. from the Helsinki School of Economics.
Keoung Nam Kim is a senior managing director and the head of our ESG division. She previously served as the head of the foreign exchange business division at Kookmin Bank. Ms. Kim received a B.A. in German language from Chung-Ang University and an M.A. in economics from Sogang University.
Sang Rok Na is a senior managing director and our chief financial officer. He previously served as a general manager at the Seongsuyeok branch of Kookmin Bank. Mr. Na received a B.A. in economics from Sogang University and an M.A. in business administration from Emory University.
Hong Sun Yum is a senior managing director and our chief risk management officer. He previously served as a senior managing director of the risk management division at KB Securities. Mr. Yum received a B.A. in journalism from Sogang University.
Shin Dong Jeung is a senior managing director and the head of KB Research. He previously served as the chief audit executive at KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd. Mr. Jeung received a B.A. and an M.A. in economics from Seoul National University and a Ph.D. in economics from Michigan State University.
Young Gi Seo is a senior managing director and the head of the Financial Policy and Institution Research Center under KB Research, as well as the vice head of KB Research. Mr. Seo received a B.A. in philosophy from Yonsei University and an M.A. in business administration from Soongsil University.
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Young June Park is a senior managing director and our head of the audit department. He previously served as a senior managing director and our chief strategy officer. Mr. Park received a B.A. in economics from Korea University.
Hee Seung Yun is a managing director and our chief business officer of insurance. He previously served as a managing director of the long-term insurance product division at KB Insurance. Mr. Yun received a B.A. in business administration from Yonsei University.
Dong Wook Joo is a managing director and our chief human resources officer. He previously served as a general manager of our compliance department. Mr. Joo received a B.A. in law from Korea University.
Seung Ho Kang is a managing director and the head of our secretariat. He previously served as a general manager of our secretariat. Mr. Kang received a B.A. in business administration from Chung-Ang University and an M.B.A. from Yonsei University.
Sun Hyun Park is our chief consumer protection officer. She also serves as a senior executive vice president of Kookmin Bank’s consumer protection group. She previously served as a senior executive vice president of Gangbuk regional sales group at Kookmin Bank. Ms. Park received a B.S. in food engineering from Hyosung woman’s University.
Jin Young Park is our chief public relations officer. He also serves as a senior executive vice president of Kookmin Bank’s brand and public relations group. He previously served as a general manager of our brand strategy department. Mr. Park received a B.A. and an M.A. in business administration from Sogang University.
Hyoung Joo Park is our head of the AI-DT initiative division. He also serves as the head of Kookmin Bank’s AI·DT Initiative Division. He previously served as the head of star banking sales division at Kookmin Bank. Mr. Park received a B.A. in Russian language from Hankuk University of Foreign Studies and M.A. in business administration from Kookmin University.
Sang Won Oh is the head of our IT division. He also serves as a senior executive vice president of the tech group at Kookmin Bank. He previously served as the head of the tech service division at Kookmin Bank. Mr. Oh received a B.S. in statistics from Dong-A University.
Kyeong Jong Lee is the head of our Financial AI Center 2. He also serves as a managing director of Kookmin Bank’s Financial AI Center 2. He previously served as the head of the AI center of NCSoft Corporation. Mr. Lee received a B.S. in computer science from Korea University and an M.S. in computer engineering from Seoul National University.
Hyun Jung Lee is the head of our customer experience design center. She also serves as the head of the customer experience design center at Kookmin Bank. She previously served as a principal designer of the customer experience strategy group at Samsung SDS. Ms. Lee received a B.S. in mathematics and an M.A. in business administration from Seoul National University.
Byoung Ha Choi is the head of our group architecture center. He also serves as the head of the tech development division of Kookmin Bank. He previously served as the general manager of the tech development department of Kookmin Bank. Mr. Choi received a B.A. in management information from Kookmin University.
Myoung Hwa Park is the head of our planning and coordination department. He is also the head of Kookmin Bank’s planning and coordination department. He previously served as the head of Kookmin Bank’s embedded sales division. Mr. Park received a B.A. in law from Pai Chai University and an M.B.A. from the Helsinki School of Economics.
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Jae Yong Lee is the head of our information security department. He also serves as a managing director of Kookmin Bank’s information security division. He previously served as the head of the information security department at Kookmin Bank. Mr. Lee received a B.S. in computer science from Chungju University and an M.S. in financial security from Korea University.
The aggregate remuneration paid and benefits-in-kind granted, excluding stock grants, by us and our subsidiaries to our chairman and chief executive officer, our other executive and non-standing directors, our non-executive directors and our executive officers for the year ended December 31, 2025 was ￦19,284 million. For the year ended December 31, 2025, we set aside ￦596 million for allowances for severance and retirement benefits for our chairman and chief executive officer, the other executive directors and our executive officers.
Among those who received total annual compensation exceeding ￦500 million in 2025 at the holding company level, the five highest-paid individuals were as follows:
Total Compensation in 2025(in millions of Won)(1)
Bong Joong Kwon
Dae Hwan Lim
Includes annual salary and performance-based incentive payments paid by the holding company.
Consists of performance-based shares expected to be granted by the holding company in the future. The actual payment amount will be determined at the time of payment based on the then-current market price of our common shares.
We do not have service contracts with any of our directors or executive officers providing for benefits upon termination of their employment with us.
In 2008, we established a stock grant plan. Pursuant to this plan, we have entered into performance share agreements with certain of our and our subsidiaries’ directors and executive officers, whereby we may grant shares of our common stock (or the equivalent monetary amount based on the market value of such shares) within specified periods as long-term incentive performance shares in accordance with pre-determined performance targets. See “Item 6.E. Share Ownership—Performance Share Agreements.” In 2025, we incurred ￦48,585 million of compensation costs relating to stock grants under such agreements. See Note 43 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
See “Item 6.A. Directors and Senior Management” above for information concerning the terms of office and contractual employment arrangements with our directors and executive officers.
Committees of the Board of Directors
We currently have the following committees that serve under the board:
the Audit Committee;
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the Risk Management Committee;
the Evaluation and Compensation Committee;
the Non-Executive Director Nominating Committee;
the Audit Committee Member Nominating Committee;
the Chairman Nominating Committee (formerly, the CEO Nominating Committee);
the Subsidiaries’ Representative Director Nominating Committee (formerly, the Subsidiaries’ CEO Director Nominating Committee);
the Internal Control Committee; and
the ESG Committee.
Each committee member is appointed by the board of directors, except for members of the Audit Committee, who are elected at the general meeting of stockholders.
Audit Committee
The committee currently consists of four non-executive directors, Sun Yeop Kim, Whajoon Cho, Sung-Yong Kim and Jeongho Seo. The chairperson of the committee is Sun Yeop Kim. The committee oversees our financial reporting and approves the appointment of our independent registered public accounting firm. The committee also reviews our financial information, auditor’s examinations, key financial statement issues, the plans and evaluation of internal control and the administration of our financial affairs by the board of directors. In connection with the general meetings of stockholders, the committee examines the agenda for, and financial statements and other reports to be submitted by, the board of directors to each general meeting of stockholders. The committee holds regular meetings every quarter and on an ad hoc basis as deemed necessary by the chairperson.
Risk Management Committee
The committee currently consists of four non-executive directors, Sung-Yong Kim, Eun Young Chah, Myong-Hwal Lee and Sun Yeop Kim. The chairperson of the committee is Sung-Yong Kim. The committee oversees and makes determinations on all issues relating to our comprehensive risk management function. In order to ensure our stable financial condition and to maximize our profits, the committee monitors our overall risk exposure and reviews our compliance with risk policies and risk limits. In addition, the committee reviews risk and control strategies and policies, evaluates whether each risk is at an adequate level, establishes or abolishes risk management divisions and reviews solvency allocations as well as recovery and resolution plans. The committee holds regular meetings every quarter and on an ad hoc basis as deemed necessary by the chairperson.
Evaluation and Compensation Committee
The committee currently consists of four non-executive directors, Eun Young Chah, Whajoon Cho, Jaehong Choi and Jeongho Seo. The chairperson of the committee is Eun Young Chah. The committee reviews compensation schemes and compensation levels of us and our subsidiaries. The committee is also responsible for deliberating and deciding the compensation of directors, evaluating management’s performance and implementing management training programs, as well as deciding and supervising the performance-based annual salary of the president and the executive officers of us and our subsidiaries. The committee holds regular meetings semi-annually and on an ad hoc basis as deemed necessary by the chairperson.
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Non-executive Director Nominating Committee
The committee currently consists of four non-executive directors, Jaehong Choi, Whajoon Cho, Eun Young Chah and Myong-Hwal Lee. The chairperson of the committee is Jaehong Choi. The committee is responsible for the management and evaluation of a pool of non-executive director candidates and recommendation of the non-executive director candidates to be nominated at the annual general meeting of shareholders.
Audit Committee Member Nominating Committee
The committee currently consists of all seven of our non-executive directors. As of the date of this annual report, the committee has not appointed a chairperson. The committee oversees the selection of Audit Committee member candidates and recommends them annually sometime prior to the general stockholders meeting. The term of office of its members runs from the first meeting of the committee held to nominate the Audit Committee members until the Audit Committee members are appointed.
Chairman Nominating Committee
The committee currently consists of all seven of our non-executive directors. The chairperson of the committee is Whajoon Cho. The committee is responsible for establishing and monitoring procedures for our CEO candidate cultivation and succession program pursuant to our “Chairman Succession Regulations,” which cover, among other things, the qualifications of CEO candidates, continued maintenance of the candidate pool and the CEO candidate nomination process. The committee holds regular meetings semi-annually and on an ad hoc basis as deemed necessary by the chairperson.
Subsidiaries’ Representative Director Nominating Committee
The committee currently consists of one non-standing director, Hwan Ju Lee, and three non-executive directors, Jaehong Choi, Myong-Hwal Lee and Jeongho Seo, together with our chairman and chief executive officer, Jong Hee Yang, who is also the chairperson of the committee. The committee is responsible for candidate cultivation and succession programs for chief executive officers of our subsidiaries. The committee holds regular meetings semi-annually and on an ad hoc basis as deemed necessary by the chairperson.
Internal Control Committee
We established the committee in March 2025 in accordance with recent amendments to the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies, which provides for the establishment of an internal control committee as a means of enhancing the internal control systems of financial companies in Korea. The committee currently consists of four non-executive directors, Myong-Hwal Lee, Whajoon Cho, Jaehong Choi and Sung-Yong Kim. The chairperson of the committee is Myong-Hwal Lee. The committee is responsible for establishing and amending our strategies and standards relating to internal control and overseeing their proper implementation, except that the Audit Committee continues to oversee matters relating to internal control over financial reporting, among others. The committee holds regular meetings semi-annually and ad hoc meetings as deemed necessary by the chairperson.
ESG Committee
The committee currently consists of one non-standing director, Hwan Ju Lee, and three non-executive directors, Jeongho Seo, Eun Young Chah and Sun Yeop Kim, together with our chairman and chief executive officer, Jong Hee Yang. The chairperson of the committee is Jeongho Seo. The committee is responsible for establishing and enforcing strategies and policies relating to non-financial aspects of our business, which consist of the environment, social responsibility and corporate governance, in order to promote sustainable development and enhance our corporate value. The committee also manages ESG-related products and investments and monitors ESG-related global initiatives and community outreach efforts. The committee holds regular meetings semi-annually and ad hoc meetings as deemed necessary by the chairperson.
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As of December 31, 2025, we had a total of 130 full-time employees, excluding 13 executive officers, at our financial holding company.
The following table sets forth information regarding our employees at both our financial holding company and our subsidiaries as of the dates indicated:
KB Financial Group
Other subsidiaries
Excluding executive officers.
We consider our relations with our employees to be satisfactory. We and our subsidiaries each have a joint labor-management council which serves as a forum for ongoing discussions between our management and employees. At eight of our direct subsidiaries, Kookmin Bank, KB Securities, KB Insurance, KB Kookmin Card, KB Life Insurance, KB Capital, KB Real Estate Trust and KB Data Systems, our employees have a labor union. Every year, the unions at Kookmin Bank, KB Securities, KB Insurance, KB Kookmin Card, KB Life Insurance, KB Capital, KB Real Estate Trust and KB Data Systems and their respective managements negotiate and enter into new collective bargaining agreements and negotiate annual wage adjustments.
Our compensation packages consist of base salary and base bonuses. We also provide performance-based compensation to employees and management officers, including those of our subsidiaries, depending on the level of responsibility of the employee or officer and business of the relevant subsidiary. Typically, executive officers, heads of regional headquarters and employees in positions that require professional skills, such as fund managers and dealers, are compensated depending on their individual annual performance evaluation. Also, Kookmin Bank has implemented a profit-sharing system in order to enhance the performance of Kookmin Bank’s employees. Under this system, Kookmin Bank pays bonuses to its employees, in addition to the base salary and depending on Kookmin Bank’s annual performance.
In January 2016, Kookmin Bank implemented a “mileage stock” program, pursuant to which its employees may receive performance-based cash payments that correspond to the market value of our common shares. The accumulated “mileages” of common shares can be exercised for cash during a four-year period commencing on the one-year anniversary of the grant date.
We provide a wide range of benefits to our employees, including our executive directors. Specific benefits provided may vary for each of our subsidiaries but generally include medical insurance, employment insurance, workers compensation, employee and spouse life insurance, free medical examinations, child tuition and fee reimbursement, disabled child financial assistance and reimbursement for medical expenses, and other benefits may be provided depending on the subsidiary.
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In accordance with the National Pension Act, we contribute an amount equal to 4.75% of employee wages, and each employee contributes 4.75% of his or her wages, into each employee’s personal pension account, as of the date of this annual report. Such rates, however, are scheduled to gradually increase to 6.5% by 2033. In addition, in accordance with the Guarantee of Worker’s Retirement Benefits Act, we have adopted a retirement pension plan for our employees. Contributions under the retirement pension plan are deposited annually into a financial institution, and an employee may elect to receive a monthly pension or a lump-sum amount upon retirement. Our retirement pension plans are provided in the form of a defined benefit plan and a defined contribution plan. The defined benefit plan guarantees a certain payout at retirement, according to a fixed formula based on the employee’s average salary and the number of years for which the employee has been a plan member. The defined contribution plan, in which the employer’s contribution is determined in advance based on one twelfth of an employee’s total annual pay, is managed directly by the employees. Under Korean law, we may not terminate the employment of full-time employees except under certain limited circumstances. However, from time to time, we invite our employees to apply for our early retirement programs, which provide for varying amounts of severance pay based on the duration of time an employee has worked for us, along with several other key features. We believe that such programs enhance our productivity and efficiency by improving our labor structure.
In June 2009, we established an employee stock ownership association. All of our employees are eligible to participate in this association. We are not required to, and do not, make cash contributions to this plan. Members of our employee stock ownership association have pre-emptive rights to acquire up to 20% of our shares issued in public offerings by us pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. The employee stock ownership association held 9,445,559 shares of our common stock as of December 31, 2025.
Employees of Kookmin Bank have been eligible to participate in its employee stock ownership association, which will be terminated once all of our common stock held by the association (which the association received following the transfer of Kookmin Bank shares held by it as a result of the comprehensive stock transfer pursuant to which we were established) have been distributed to the relevant Kookmin Bank employees at the requests of such employees following the expiration of the required holding periods. As of December 31, 2025, such employee stock ownership association held 154,076 shares of our common stock.
In order to develop our next generation of leaders and enhance the operational capability of our employees at each of our subsidiaries, we operate various employee training programs. These programs, which are aimed at cultivating financial specialists with higher levels of management and business skills, developing regional experts for increased global capabilities and enhancing employee loyalty, comprise a number of customized programs such as training courses for employees of different positions, domestic and foreign M.B.A. courses and intensive human resources development programs for high performers to cultivate future leaders. For example, Kookmin Bank offers training programs at its employees’ worksites to facilitate access to training, as well as a foreign regional expert training program and a global language training course. We also provide financial and other support for our employees to develop their finance-related knowledge and skills by enrolling in training courses or engaging in self-study programs. The broad spectrum of training programs, combined with the state-of-the-art technologies such as cyber training, satellite broadcasting and mobile-learning, maximizes the level of exposure of the trainees to the contents of the programs. We also believe that our training scheme based on classified training courses and a development evaluation system has facilitated systemic development of employee skills and a spontaneous learning environment.
Common Stock
As of March 13, 2026, the persons who are currently our directors or executive officers, as a group, held an aggregate of 56,670 shares of our common stock, representing approximately 0.01% of the issued shares of our common stock as of such date. None of these persons individually held more than 1% of the outstanding shares
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of our common stock as of such date. The following table presents information regarding our directors and executive officers who beneficially owned our shares as of March 13, 2026:
Name of Executive Officer or Director
Performance Share Agreements
Pursuant to a stock grant plan we established in 2008, we have entered into performance share agreements with certain of our and our subsidiaries’ directors and executive officers, pursuant to which we may grant shares of our common stock (or the equivalent monetary amount based on the market value of such shares) within specified periods as long-term incentive performance shares in accordance with pre-determined performance targets. January 2010, in accordance with the best practice guidelines for outside directors of banking institutions announced by the Korea Federation of Banks, which have been replaced with the Financial Corporate Governance Code issued by the Financial Services Commission in December 2014, we have not entered into any performance share agreements with our non-executive directors.
The following table presents information regarding the beneficial ownership of our shares at December 31, 2025 by each person or entity known to us to own beneficially more than 5% of our issued and outstanding shares.
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Except as otherwise indicated, each stockholder identified by name has:
sole voting and investment power with respect to its shares; and
record and beneficial ownership with respect to its shares.
Beneficial Owner
Korean National Pension Service
Capital Research and Management Company
JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.(3)
BlackRock, Inc.
Calculated based on 358,587,722 shares of our common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2025.
As of September 30, 2025 based on disclosure made by Capital Research and Management Company through a report on significant holdings of stocks filed on the Data Analysis, Retrieval and Transfer System of the Financial Supervisory Service on October 14, 2025. Prior to September 30, 2025, such shares had previously been held by The Capital Group Companies, Inc.
As depositary bank.
As of June 30, 2025, based on disclosure made by BlackRock, Inc. in a beneficial ownership filing on July 18, 2025.
Other than as set forth above, no other person or entity known by us to be acting in concert, directly or indirectly, jointly or separately, owned 5% or more of the issued shares of our common stock or exercised control or could exercise control over us as of December 31, 2025. None of our major stockholders has different voting rights from our other stockholders.
As of December 31, 2025, there were 358,587,722 shares of common stock outstanding. Of the total outstanding shares, 20,492,038 shares were held in the form of ADSs and 118,653,670 shares were held of record in the form of common stock by residents in the United States. As of December 31, 2025, the number of registered holders of our ADSs was 27 and the number of holders of our common stock in the United States was 769.
As of December 31, 2025, we had an aggregate of ￦9,248 million in loans outstanding to our executive officers and directors, executive officers and directors of Kookmin Bank and chief executive officers of our other subsidiaries, including family members of such individuals. In addition, as of such date, we had loans outstanding to various companies whose directors or executive officers were serving concurrently as our directors or executive officers. See Note 43 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. All of these loans were made in the ordinary course of business, on substantially the same terms, including interest rate and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons and did not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features.
None of our directors or officers have or had any interest in any transactions effected by us that are or were unusual in their nature or conditions or significant to our business which were effected during the current or immediately preceding year or were effected during an earlier year and remain in any respect outstanding or unperformed.
See “Item 18. Financial Statements” and pages F-1 through F-315.
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You should read the following data together with the more detailed information contained in “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Historical results do not necessarily predict future results.
Profitability ratios and other data
Net interest spread(1)
Net interest margin(2)
Average asset liability ratio(3)
Efficiency ratio(4)
Cost-to-average assets ratio(5)
Won loans (gross) as a percentage of Won deposits
Total loans (gross) as a percentage of total deposits
Represents the difference between the yield on average interest-earning assets and cost of average interest-bearing liabilities.
Represents the ratio of net interest income to average interest-earning assets.
Represents the ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities.
Represents the ratio of general and administrative expenses to the sum of net interest income, net fee and commission income, net insurance income, net gain on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, other insurance finance income and net other operating income.
Represents the ratio of general and administrative expenses to average total assets.
Capital ratios
Consolidated capital adequacy ratio of KB Financial Group(1)
Capital adequacy ratios of Kookmin Bank
Tier I capital adequacy ratio(2)
Common equity Tier I capital adequacy ratio(2)
Tier II capital adequacy ratio(2)
Average stockholders’ equity as a percentage of average total assets
Under applicable guidelines of the Financial Services Commission, we, as a bank holding company, were required to maintain a total minimum consolidated capital adequacy ratio of 12.5% (including applicable additional capital buffers and requirements) as of December 31, 2025. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Capital Adequacy.”
Kookmin Bank’s capital adequacy ratios are computed in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Financial Services Commission. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Capital Adequacy.”
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Credit portfolio ratios and other data
Total loans(1)
Total non-performing loans(2)
Other impaired loans not included in non-performing loans
Total of non-performing loans and other impaired loans
Total allowances for loan losses
Non-performing loans as a percentage of total loans
Non-performing loans as a percentage of total assets
Total of non-performing loans and other impaired loans as a percentage of total loans
Allowances for loan losses as a percentage of total loans
Before deduction of allowances for loan losses.
Non-performing loans are defined as those loans, including corporate, retail and other loans, which are past due by 90 days or more.
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Selected Statistical Information
Average Balance Sheets and Related Interest
The following table shows our average balances and interest rates for the past three years:
Due from financial institutions measured at amortized cost
Financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss (debt securities)(3)
Loans:
Mortgage
Home equity
Other consumer(5)
Credit cards(6)
Foreign(7)
Loans (total)
Insurance assets
Total average interest-earning assets
Cash and due from banks
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (excluding debt securities):
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (excluding debt securities) (total)
Financial investment (equity securities)
Investment in associates
Premises and equipment
Allowances for loan losses
Other non-interest-earning assets
Total average non-interest earning assets
Total average assets
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Liabilities
Deposits:
Demand deposits
Deposits (total)
Borrowings:
Bonds sold under repurchase agreements
Other borrowings(8)
Borrowings (total)
Insurance liabilities
Total average interest-bearing liabilities
Non-interest bearing demand deposits
Derivative financial liabilities
Other non-interest-bearing liabilities
Total average non-interest bearing liabilities
Total average liabilities
Total average liabilities and equity
We do not invest in any tax-exempt securities.
Includes deposits and loans at fair value through profit or loss. For information on interest income arising from such financial instruments, see Note 28 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Comprises financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income and at amortized cost, and includes loans at fair value through other comprehensive income. For information on interest income arising from such financial instruments, see Note 28 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Information related to investment securities classified as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income has been computed using amortized cost, and therefore does not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected as a component of total equity.
Includes other interest income.
Interest income from credit cards includes principally cash advance fees of ￦209 billion, ￦195 billion and ￦162 billion and interest on credit card loans of ￦820 billion, ￦880 billion and ￦866 billion for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, but does not include interchange fees.
Consists primarily of loans from the overseas branches of our subsidiaries to affiliates of large Korean manufacturing companies for trade financing and working capital.
Includes (i) lease-related interest expense pursuant to our adoption of IFRS 16 Leases and (ii) other interest expense.
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Analysis of Changes in Net Interest Income—Volume and Rate Analysis
The following table provides an analysis of changes in interest income, interest expense and net interest income based on changes in volume and changes in rate for 2023 compared to 2024 and 2024 compared to 2025. Information is provided with respect to: (1) effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate) and (2) effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). Changes attributable to the combined impact of changes in rate and volume have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume changes and changes due to rate changes.
Interest-earning assets
Financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss (debt securities)(1)
Financial investments (debt securities)(2)
Interest-bearing liabilities
Other borrowings
Total net interest income
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Legal Proceedings
Excluding the legal proceedings discussed below, we and our subsidiaries are not a party to any legal or administrative proceedings and no proceedings are known by any of us or our subsidiaries to be contemplated by governmental authorities or third parties, which, if adversely determined, may have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
In June 2010, Fairfield Sentry Limited, or Fairfield, which is currently in liquidation and whose assets were directly or indirectly invested with Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, or BLMIS, filed a lawsuit in the Supreme Court of the State of New York against Kookmin Bank, which acted as a trustee bank for its clients who invested in Fairfield. Fairfield seeks recovery of approximately US$42 million it paid to Kookmin Bank in connection with share redemptions on the ground that such payments were made by mistake, based on inflated values resulting from BLMIS’ fraud. In September 2010, the case was transferred to the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York, or the Bankruptcy Court, which in turn ordered that the case be returned to a state court in September 2011 but then stayed the lawsuit before it was sent to state court. In August 2019, the Bankruptcy Court issued an order to the effect that the case would proceed in a federal court, instead of returning to a state court, on the condition that the proceedings be halted temporarily until a similar lawsuit that Fairfield had filed against a different fund investor (the “Parallel Case”), then pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, or the District Court, was decided. The Bankruptcy Court had dismissed the Parallel Case in December 2018, which Fairfield had then subsequently appealed to the District Court. In August 2022, the District Court dismissed Fairfield’s appeal related to the Parallel Case, and in September 2022, Fairfield again appealed such dismissal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, or the Second Circuit. In August 2025, the Second Circuit dismissed Fairfield’s appeal. Fairfield has filed similar actions against numerous other fund investors to seek recovery of redemption payments.
In May 2012, the trustee appointed for the liquidation of BLMIS filed a lawsuit against Kookmin Bank in the Bankruptcy Court. The trustee seeks recovery of approximately US$42 million, the amount of funds that were allegedly redeemed by Kookmin Bank from Fairfield between June 2004 and January 2006 as described in the paragraph above. The trustee alleges that Fairfield was a “feeder fund” that invested in BLMIS and that redemptions from such BLMIS feeder fund are avoidable and recoverable under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code and New York law. The Bankruptcy Court issued an order to dismiss the case during the pleading stage of the litigation in March 2017, and the trustee appealed such decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, or the Second Circuit, which reversed the dismissal and vacated the judgment in February 2019. Kookmin Bank, along with other defendants, filed a motion asking the Second Circuit to reconsider its ruling and, after such motion was denied, filed a petition for a writ of certiorari asking the United States Supreme Court to accept an appeal of the Second Circuit’s ruling, which was denied in June 2020. Subsequently, the Second Circuit remanded the case to the Bankruptcy Court for further proceedings, and in December 2022, Kookmin Bank’s motion to dismiss the case was denied. Kookmin Bank filed its response denying liability in March 2023, and the case is currently ongoing. The trustee has filed similar claw back actions against numerous other institutions.
Commencing in December 2019, a number of plaintiffs brought legal action against KB Securities, alleging that they invested in JB Australia NDIS Private Equity Investment Trust No. 1 through KB Securities based on an offering circular that had made untrue statements of a material fact. The plaintiffs are seeking to terminate the related investment contract on the basis of either breach of contract or mistake and are demanding an aggregate of ￦76.5 billion from KB Securities as compensation for the alleged unjust enrichment. In the alternative, they are seeking aggregate damages of ￦62.1 billion from KB Securities for violations of the relevant securities law, among others. As of the date of this annual report, the final outcome of the lawsuits remains uncertain.
In November 2023, the Financial Supervisory Service commenced an on-site inspection at Kookmin Bank in order to determine whether Kookmin Bank was in compliance with the Financial Consumer Protection Act in connection with its past sales of certain equity-linked securities products tied to the performance of the Hang
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Seng China Enterprise Index, or the HSCEI, which resulted in substantial losses to the customers who purchased such products upon maturity. The Financial Supervisory Service commenced similar inspections at other banks in Korea as well starting in January 2024. Approximately ￦5.2 trillion of such products sold by Kookmin Bank matured in 2024, and Kookmin Bank has ceased all sales of equity-linked securities products tied to the performance of the HSCEI, which has fluctuated widely in recent years. In March 2024, the Financial Supervisory Service released an interim inspection report on Kookmin Bank and other banks involved as well as dispute resolution guidelines for those customers who incurred losses from the purchase of such products. Subsequently, in March 2024, the board of directors of Kookmin Bank resolved to compensate such customers on a voluntary basis by engaging in private negotiations with each one of such customers based on the Financial Supervisory Service’s dispute resolution guidelines. The compensation amount recognized as provisions in 2025 is ￦28.4 billion. In February 2026, the Financial Supervisory Service completed its sanctions review and announced the levels of penalties and administrative fines to be imposed on the banks involved, including Kookmin Bank. The proposed sanctions have been submitted to the Financial Services Commission and are expected to be finalized during 2026. No assurance can be given that the final resolution of such matter will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
In February 2023, the Korea Fair Trade Commission commenced investigations into banks in Korea with respect to whether they had engaged in any unfair practices in violation of competition laws. In January 2024, the Korea Fair Trade Commission issued a review report addressed to the four largest banks in Korea, including Kookmin Bank, which alleged that the banks had colluded among themselves by sharing certain information to maintain similar loan-to-value ratios for real estate collateral. In April 2024, Kookmin Bank responded to the Korea Fair Trade Commission with a denial of such allegations, to which the Korea Fair Trade Commission responded in November 2024 with a decision made through a plenary session of its members to conduct a reexamination of the incident. In April 2025, the Korea Fair Trade Commission sent a report to the four relevant banks, including Kookmin Bank, maintaining its allegations that the banks had colluded among themselves. Although the four relevant banks, including Kookmin Bank, submitted written responses to the Korea Fair Trade Commission denying such allegations in August 2025, the Korea Fair Trade Commission imposed an aggregate fine of ￦272 billion on the four banks in February 2026, including ￦69.7 billion on Kookmin Bank. In March 2026, the four banks, including Kookmin Bank, filed an administrative lawsuit with the Seoul High Court challenging the imposition of such fines.
In November 2023, MTS Bank, a Russian bank, filed a lawsuit against Kookmin Bank in the Arbitrazh Court of the City of Moscow, seeking the return of approximately US$109.2 million of its funds held at Kookmin Bank. Kookmin Bank had frozen such assets in compliance with applicable sanctions in February 2023, after the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, added MTS Bank to its Specially Designated Nationals And Blocked Persons List, or the SDN List. In December 2025, the Arbitrazh Court ordered that Kookmin Bank return the principal amount of the funds, but that no accrued interest needed to be paid. In January 2026, Kookmin Bank appealed such decision. We believe that such ruling will not have any material adverse impact on our financial position, as the frozen assets of MTS Bank held by Kookmin Bank are all that need to be returned to MTS Bank, pursuant to such ruling. In addition, regardless of the final outcome, Kookmin Bank currently plans to continue to hold MTS Bank’s assets frozen in compliance with all applicable sanctions. As of the date of this annual report, Kookmin Bank is subject to similar lawsuits filed by three other Russian Banks that are currently on the SDN List.
Dividends
Dividends must be approved by the stockholders at the annual general meeting of stockholders. Cash dividends may be paid out of retained earnings that have not been appropriated to statutory reserves. See “Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Description of Capital Stock— Dividends and Other Distributions.” In addition to annual dividends, we may declare, and distribute in cash, interim dividends pursuant to board resolutions.
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The table below sets forth, for the periods indicated, the dividend per share of common stock and the total amount of dividends declared and paid by us in respect of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. Except as otherwise noted, the dividends set forth below with respect to each year were paid within 30 days after our annual stockholders meeting, which was held no later than March of the following year.
Fiscal Year
2023(2)(3)
2024(4)(5)
2025(6)(7)
Won amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars at the noon buying rate in effect at the end of the relevant periods as quoted by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in the United States.
On February 7, 2024, our board of directors passed a board resolution recommending a cash dividend of ￦1,530 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 30.6% of the par value of each share, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. This resolution was approved and ratified by our stockholders on March 22, 2024.
Includes an interim cash dividend of ￦510 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 10.2% of the par value of each share, declared in April 2023 and paid in May 2023, an interim cash dividend of ￦510 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 10.2% of the par value of each share, declared in July 2023 and paid in August 2023 and an interim cash dividend of ￦510 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 10.2% of the par value of each share, declared in October 2023 and paid in November 2023.
On February 5, 2025, our board of directors passed a board resolution recommending a cash dividend of ￦804 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 16.1% of the par value of each share, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. This resolution was approved and ratified by our stockholders on March 26, 2025.
Includes an interim cash dividend of ￦784 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 15.7% of the par value of each share, declared in April 2024 and paid in May 2024, an interim cash dividend of ￦791 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 15.8% of the par value of each share, declared in July 2024 and paid in August 2024 and an interim cash dividend of ￦795 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 15.9% of the par value of each share, declared in October 2024 and paid in November 2024.
On February 5, 2026, our board of directors passed a board resolution recommending a cash dividend of ￦1,605 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 32.1% of the par value of each share, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. This resolution was approved and ratified by our stockholders on March 26, 2026.
Includes an interim cash dividend of ￦912 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 18.2% of the par value of each share, declared in April 2025 and paid in May 2025, an interim cash dividend of ￦920 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 18.4% of the par value of each share, declared in July 2025 and paid in August 2025 and an interim cash dividend of ￦930 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 18.6% of the par value of each share, declared in October 2025 and paid in November 2025.
Future dividends will depend upon our revenues, cash flow, financial condition and other factors. As an owner of ADSs, you will be entitled to receive dividends payable in respect of the shares of common stock represented by such ADSs.
For a description of the tax consequences of dividends paid to our stockholders, see “Item 10.E. Taxation—United States Taxation” and “—Korean Taxation—Taxation of Dividends on Common Shares or ADSs.”
Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, there have been no significant changes since the date of our audited financial statements included in this annual report.
Principal Trading Market
The principal trading market for our common stock is the KRX KOSPI Market. Our common stock has been listed on the KRX KOSPI Market since October 10, 2008 under the identifying code 105560, and the ADSs have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “KB” since September 29, 2008. The ADSs are identified by the CUSIP number 48241A105.
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Restrictions Applicable to ADSs
No Korean governmental approval is necessary for the sale and purchase of our ADSs in the secondary market outside Korea or for the withdrawal of shares of our common stock underlying the ADSs and the delivery inside Korea of shares in connection with the withdrawal, provided that a foreigner procures a Legal Entity Identifier (passport number for individuals) as described below. The acquisition of the shares by a foreigner must be immediately reported to the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service, either by the foreigner or by his standing proxy in Korea.
Persons who have acquired shares of our common stock as a result of the withdrawal of shares underlying our ADSs may exercise their preemptive rights for new shares, participate in free distributions and receive dividends on shares without any further Korean governmental approval.
Under current Korean laws and regulations, the depositary is required to obtain our prior consent for the number of shares of our common stock to be deposited in any given proposed deposit that exceeds the difference between:
the aggregate number of shares of our common stock deposited by us for the issuance of our ADSs (including deposits in connection with the initial issuance and all subsequent offerings of our ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions related to these ADSs); and
the number of shares of our common stock on deposit with the depositary at the time of such proposed deposit.
We have agreed to grant such consent to the extent that the total number of shares on deposit with the depositary would not exceed 116,583,985 at any time.
Restrictions Applicable to Shares
As a result of amendments to the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act of Korea, the regulations thereunder and Financial Services Commission regulations (which we refer to collectively as the “Investment Rules”), foreigners may invest, with limited exceptions and subject to procedural requirements, in all shares of Korean companies, whether listed on the KRX KOSPI Market or on the KRX KOSDAQ Market, unless prohibited by specific laws. Foreign investors may trade shares listed on the KRX KOSPI Market or on the KRX KOSDAQ Market only through public securities markets, including alternative trading systems, except in limited circumstances, including:
odd-lot trading of shares;
acquisition of shares (which we refer to as “Converted Shares”) by exercise of warrants, conversion rights or exchange rights under bonds with warrants, convertible bonds or exchangeable bonds or withdrawal rights under depositary receipts issued outside of Korea by a Korean company;
acquisition of shares as a result of inheritance, donation, bequest or exercise of stockholders’ rights, including preemptive rights or rights to participate in free distributions and receive dividends;
over-the-counter transactions between foreigners of a class of shares for which the ceiling on aggregate acquisition by foreigners has been reached or exceeded subject to certain exceptions; and
sale and purchase of shares at fair value between foreigners who are part of an investor group comprised of foreign companies investing under the control of a common investment manager pursuant to applicable laws or contract.
The Investment Rules require a foreign investor who wishes to invest in shares on the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market (including Converted Shares) to prove its identity with the Legal Entity Identifier or passport number prior to making any such investment.
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Upon a foreign investor’s purchase of shares through the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market, no separate report is required to be made by the investor. However, a foreign investor’s acquisition or sale of shares outside the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market (as discussed above) must be reported by the foreign investor or his standing proxy to the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service immediately following each such acquisition or sale. In particular, if a foreign investor acquires or sells his shares in connection with a tender offer or odd-lot trading of shares, such foreign investor or his standing proxy must ensure that the financial investment company that was engaged to facilitate the transaction reports such transaction to the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service. A foreign investor may appoint a standing proxy from among the Korea Securities Depository, foreign exchange banks (including domestic branches of foreign banks), financial investment companies with a dealing and/or brokerage license (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license), financial investment companies with a collective investment license (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license) and internationally recognized custodians which will act as a standing proxy to exercise stockholders’ rights or perform any matters related to the foregoing activities if the foreign investor does not perform these activities himself. Generally, a foreign investor may not permit any person, other than its standing proxy, to exercise rights relating to his shares or perform any tasks related thereto on his behalf. However, a foreign investor may be exempted from complying with these standing proxy rules with the approval of the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service in cases deemed inevitable, including by reason of conflict between laws of Korea and the home country of the foreign investor.
The shares of a listed Korean company owned by a foreign investor must be electronically registered in accordance with the Act on Electronic Registration of Stocks, Bonds, Etc. through an eligible custodian in Korea. The same entities eligible to act as a standing proxy are eligible to act as a custodian of shares for a non-resident or foreign investor. A foreign investor may be exempted from complying with the above requirement if it (i) acquires shares publicly offered or sold outside Korea for the purpose of listing on an overseas stock exchange or (ii) acquires or disposes of shares through an overseas stock exchange if such shares are simultaneously listed on the Korea Exchange and such overseas stock exchange.
An investment by a foreign investor in 10% or more of the issued and outstanding shares with voting rights of a Korean company is defined as a foreign direct investment under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act of Korea. Generally, a foreign direct investment must be reported to the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of Korea. The acquisition of shares of a Korean company by a foreign investor may also be subject to certain foreign or other shareholding restrictions in the event that the restrictions are prescribed in a specific law that regulates the business of the Korean company. For a description of such restrictions applicable to Korean banks and bank holding companies (such as us), see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation.”
See “Item 9.A. Offering and Listing Details.”
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Description of Capital Stock
Set forth below is information relating to our capital stock, including brief summaries of certain provisions of our articles of incorporation, the Korean Commercial Code, Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and certain related laws of Korea, all as currently in effect. The following summaries do not purport to be complete and are subject to the articles of incorporation and the applicable provisions of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, the Korean Commercial Code, and certain other related laws of Korea.
As of December 31, 2025, our authorized share capital is 1,000,000,000 shares. Pursuant to our articles of incorporation, we are authorized to issue shares with preferred dividend, non-voting shares, class shares with conversion rights, class shares with redemption rights and shares with a combination of all or any of the foregoing characteristics (which we refer to collectively as “Class Shares”), as well as common shares. Subject to applicable laws and regulations, we are authorized to issue Class Shares up to one-half of all of our issued and outstanding shares.
Under our articles of incorporation, dividends on non-voting shares with preferred dividend are required to be at least 1% per annum of the par value and the board of directors must determine at the time of issuance of such shares the dividend rate, type of distributable properties, method of determining the value of distributable properties and conditions on payment of dividends. Also, we may, pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors, issue such non-voting shares with preferred dividend as redeemable shares that may be redeemed with profits at the relevant shareholder’s or our discretion, up to one-half of all of our issued and outstanding shares.
In addition, pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors, we may issue shares that are convertible into common shares or Class Shares at the request of the relevant shareholders, up to 20% of all of our issued and outstanding shares. The period during which a relevant shareholder may make a request for conversion may be determined by a resolution of the board of directors and must be a period between one and ten years from the issue date.
Furthermore, through an amendment of the articles of incorporation, we may create new classes of shares, which may be common shares or Class Shares having additional features as prescribed under the Korean Commercial Code. See “—Voting Rights.”
As of March 31, 2026, 372,850,455 shares of common stock were issued and 355,387,722 shares of common stock were outstanding. No Class Shares are currently outstanding. All of the issued and outstanding shares are fully-paid and non-assessable, and are in registered form. Our authorized but unissued share capital consists of 627,149,545 shares. We may issue the unissued shares without further stockholder approval, subject to a board resolution as provided in the articles of incorporation. See “—Preemptive Rights and Issuances of Additional Shares” and “—Dividends and Other Distributions—Distribution of Free Shares.”
Our articles of incorporation provide that our stockholders may, by special resolution, grant to our and our subsidiaries’ officers and employees stock options exercisable for up to 15% of the total number of our issued
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and outstanding shares. Our board of directors may also grant stock options to officers and employees other than directors exercisable for up to 1% of our issued and outstanding shares, provided that such grant must be approved by a resolution of the subsequent general meeting of stockholders. As of March 31, 2026, none of our officers, directors and employees held options to purchase shares of our common stock.
Organization and Register
We are a financial holding company established under the Financial Holding Company Act. We are registered with the commercial registry office of Seoul Central District Court.
Dividends and Other Distributions
Dividends are distributed to stockholders in proportion to the number of shares of the relevant class of capital stock owned by each stockholder following approval by the stockholders at an annual general meeting of stockholders. Subject to the requirements of the Korean Commercial Code and other applicable laws and regulations, we expect to pay full annual dividends on newly issued shares for the year in which the new shares are issued.
We declare our dividend annually at the annual general meeting of stockholders, which are held within three months after the end of each fiscal year. Once declared, the annual dividend must be paid to the stockholders of record as of the end of the preceding fiscal year within one month after the annual general meeting unless otherwise resolved thereby. Annual dividends may be distributed either in cash or in shares provided that shares must be distributed at par value and, if the market price of the shares is less than their par value, dividends in shares may not exceed one-half of the total annual dividend (including dividends in shares). In addition, we may declare and distribute interim dividends pursuant to a board resolution.
Under the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation, we do not have an obligation to pay any annual or interim dividend unclaimed for five years from the payment date.
The Financial Holding Company Act and related regulations require that each time a Korean financial holding company pays an annual dividend, it must set aside in its legal reserve to stated capital an amount equal to at least one-tenth of its net income after tax until the amount set aside reaches at least the aggregate amount of its stated capital. Unless it sets aside this amount, a Korean financial holding company may not pay an annual dividend. We intend to set aside allowances for loan losses and reserves for severance pay in addition to this legal reserve.
For information regarding Korean taxes on dividends, see “Item 10.E. Taxation—Korean Taxation.”
Distribution of Free Shares
In addition to permitting dividends in the form of shares to be paid out of retained or current earnings, the Korean Commercial Code permits a company to distribute to its stockholders, in the form of free shares, an amount transferred from the capital surplus or legal reserve to stated capital. These free shares must be distributed pro rata to all stockholders. Our articles of incorporation provide that the types of shares to be distributed to the holders of non-voting shares with preferred dividend will be the same type of non-voting shares with preferred dividend held by such holders.
Preemptive Rights and Issuances of Additional Shares
Unless otherwise provided in the Korean Commercial Code, a company may issue authorized but unissued shares at such times and upon such terms as the board of directors of the company may determine. The company
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must offer the new shares on uniform terms to all stockholders who have preemptive rights and who are listed on the stockholders’ register as of the applicable record date. Our stockholders will be entitled to subscribe for any newly issued shares in proportion to their existing shareholdings. However, as provided in our articles of incorporation, new shares may be issued to persons other than existing stockholders if such shares are: (1) publicly offered pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, (2) issued to an employee stock ownership association, (3) issued upon exercise of stock options pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, (4) issued for the issuance of our depositary receipts, (5) issued to certain foreign or domestic financial institutions or institutional investors to raise funds to meet urgent needs for our management or operations or (6) issued primarily to a third party who has contributed to the management of our business, including by providing financing, credit, advanced financing technique, know-how or entering into close business alliances, except that, in the case of issuances of new shares under (1), (4), (5) and (6) above, the number of new shares issued to persons other than existing stockholders may not exceed 50% of our total issued and outstanding capital stock.
Public notice of the preemptive rights to new shares and the transferability thereof must be given not less than two weeks (excluding the period during which the stockholders’ register is closed) prior to the record date. We will notify the stockholders or persons other than existing stockholders, who are entitled to subscribe for newly issued shares of the deadline for subscription at least two weeks prior to the deadline. If such stockholders or persons fail to subscribe on or before such deadline, their preemptive rights will lapse. Our board of directors may determine how to distribute shares in respect of which preemptive rights have not been exercised or where fractions of shares occur.
Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, members of a company’s employee stock ownership association, whether or not they are stockholders, will have a preemptive right, subject to certain exceptions, to subscribe for up to 20% of the shares publicly offered pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. This right is exercisable only to the extent that the total number of shares so acquired and held by such members does not exceed 20% of the total number of shares then issued and outstanding.
Voting Rights
Each outstanding share of our common stock is entitled to one vote per share. However, voting rights with respect to shares of common stock that we hold or any of our subsidiaries holds may not be exercised. Unless stated otherwise in a company’s articles of incorporation, the Korean Commercial Code permits holders of an aggregate of 1% or more of the issued and outstanding shares with voting rights to request cumulative voting when electing two or more directors. Our articles of incorporation do not prohibit cumulative voting. The Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation provide that an ordinary resolution may be adopted if approval is obtained from the holders of at least a majority of those shares of common stock present or represented at such meeting and such majority also represents at least one-fourth of the total of our issued and outstanding voting shares. Holders of non-voting shares (other than enfranchised non-voting shares) will not be entitled to vote on any resolution or to receive notice of any general meeting of stockholders unless the agenda of the meeting includes consideration of a resolution on which such holders are entitled to vote. The Korean Commercial Code provides that a company’s articles of incorporation may prescribe conditions for the enfranchisement of non-voting shares. For example, if our annual general stockholders’ meeting resolves not to pay to holders of non-voting shares with preferred dividend the annual dividend as determined by the board of directors at the time of issuance of such shares, the holders of non-voting shares with preferred dividend will be entitled to exercise voting rights from the general stockholders’ meeting following the meeting adopting such resolution to the end of a meeting to declare to pay such dividend with respect to the non-voting shares with preferred dividend. Holders of such enfranchised non-voting shares with preferred dividend will have the same rights as holders of common stock to request, receive notice of, attend and vote at a general meeting of stockholders.
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The Korean Commercial Code provides that to amend the articles of incorporation, which is also required for any change to the authorized share capital of the company, and in certain other instances, including removal of a director of a company, dissolution, merger or consolidation of a company, transfer of the whole or a significant part of the business of a company, acquisition of all of the business of any other company, acquisition of a part of the business of any other company having a material effect on the business of the company or issuance of new shares at a price lower than their par value, a special resolution must be adopted by the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of those shares present or represented at such meeting and such special majority also represents at least one-third of the total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights of the company.
In addition, in the case of amendments to the articles of incorporation or any merger or consolidation of a company or in certain other cases, where the rights or interest of the holders of Class Shares are adversely affected, a resolution must be adopted by a separate meeting of holders of Class Shares. Such a resolution may be adopted if the approval is obtained from stockholders of at least two-thirds of the Class Shares present or represented at such meeting and such shares also represent at least one-third of the total issued and outstanding Class Shares of the company.
A stockholder may exercise his voting rights by proxy given to another stockholder. The proxy must present the power of attorney prior to the start of a meeting of stockholders.
Liquidation Rights
In the event we are liquidated, the assets remaining after the payment of all borrowings, liquidation expenses and taxes will first be distributed to holders of Class Shares which have a preference right in respect of the distribution of residual properties as determined by our board of directors at the time of their issuance, and the residue thereafter will be distributed to the other stockholders in proportion to the number of shares held by them.
General Meetings of Stockholders
There are two types of general meetings of stockholders: annual general meetings and extraordinary general meetings. We are required to convene our annual general meeting within three months after the end of each fiscal year. Subject to a board resolution or court approval, an extraordinary general meeting of stockholders may be held when necessary or at the request of the holders of an aggregate of 3% or more of our issued and outstanding shares, or the holders of an aggregate of 0.75% or more of our issued and outstanding stock with voting rights, who have held those shares at least for six months, under the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies and its sub-regulations. Under the Korean Commercial Code, an extraordinary general meeting of stockholders may also be convened at the request of our Audit Committee, subject to a board resolution or court approval. Holders of non-voting shares may be entitled to request a general meeting of stockholders only to the extent the non-voting shares have become enfranchised as described under the section entitled “—Voting Rights” above, hereinafter referred to as “enfranchised non-voting shares.” Meeting agendas will be determined by the board of directors or proposed by holders of an aggregate of 3% or more of the issued and outstanding shares with voting rights, or by holders of an aggregate of 0.1% or more of our issued and outstanding shares with voting rights, who have held those shares for at least six months, by way of a written proposal to the board of directors at least six weeks prior to the meeting, under the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies and its sub-regulations. Written notices or e-mail notices stating the date, place and agenda of the meeting must be given to the stockholders at least two weeks prior to the date of the general meeting of stockholders. Notice may, however, be given to holders of 1% or less of the total number of issued and outstanding shares which are entitled to vote, either by placing at least two public notices at least two weeks in advance of the meeting in at least two daily newspapers or by placing a notice through the electronic disclosure system operated by the Financial Supervisory Service or the Korea Exchange. Stockholders who are not on the stockholders’ register as of the record date will not be entitled to receive notice of the general meeting of
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stockholders, and they will not be entitled to attend or vote at such meeting. Holders of enfranchised non-voting shares who are on the stockholders’ register as of the record date will be entitled to receive notice of the general meeting of stockholders and they will be entitled to attend and vote at such meeting. Otherwise, holders of non-voting shares will not be entitled to receive notice of or vote at general meetings of stockholders.
The general meeting of stockholders will be held at our head office, which is our registered head office, or, if necessary, may be held anywhere in the vicinity of our head office.
Rights of Dissenting Stockholders
Pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and the Act on the Improvement of the Structure of the Financial Industry, in certain limited circumstances (including, without limitation, if we transfer all or any significant part of our business, if we acquire a part of the business of any other company and such acquisition has a material effect on our business or if we merge or consolidate with another company), dissenting holders of shares of our common stock and our stock with preferred dividends will have the right to require us to purchase their shares. To exercise such a right, stockholders must submit to us a written notice of their intention to dissent prior to the general meeting of stockholders. Within 20 days (10 days in the case of a stock transfer or exchange for the purposes of establishing a financial holding company or acquiring all issued shares of an existing subsidiary under the Financial Holding Company Act) after the date on which the relevant resolution is passed at such meeting, such dissenting stockholders must request in writing that we purchase their shares. We are obligated to purchase the shares from dissenting stockholders within one month after the end of such request period at a price to be determined by negotiation between the stockholder and us. If we cannot agree on a price with the stockholder through such negotiations, the purchase price will be the arithmetic mean of:
the weighted average of the closing stock prices on the KRX KOSPI Market for the two-month period prior to the date of the adoption of the relevant board of directors’ resolution;
the weighted average of the closing stock prices on the KRX KOSPI Market for the one-month period prior to the date of the adoption of the relevant board of directors’ resolution; and
the weighted average of the closing stock prices on the KRX KOSPI Market for the one-week period prior to the date of the adoption of the relevant board of directors’ resolution.
However, any dissenting stockholder who wishes to contest the purchase price may bring a claim in court.
Required Disclosure of Ownership
Any person whose direct or beneficial ownership of our common stock with voting rights, whether in the form of shares of common stock or ADSs, certificates representing the rights to subscribe for shares or equity-related debt securities including convertible bonds and bonds with warrants (which we refer to collectively as “Equity Securities”), together with the Equity Securities beneficially owned by certain related persons or by any person acting in concert with the person, accounts for 5% or more of the total issued and outstanding shares (Equity Securities of us held by such persons and treasury stock) is required to report the status and purpose (in terms of whether the purpose of the shareholding is to exercise control over our management) of the holdings to the Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market within five business days after reaching the 5% ownership interest. In addition, any change in (i) the ownership interest subsequent to the report that equals or exceeds 1% of the total issued and outstanding Equity Securities of us or (ii) the purpose of the shareholding is required to be reported to the Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market within five business days from the date of the change.
Violation of these reporting requirements may subject a person to criminal sanctions such as fines or imprisonment, an administrative fine of up to 0.001% of the aggregate market value of the total issued and outstanding stock or ￦500 million, whichever is lower, and/or a loss of voting rights with respect to the
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ownership of Equity Securities exceeding 5% of the total issued and outstanding Equity Securities with respect to which the reporting requirements were violated. Furthermore, the Financial Services Commission may order the disposal of the unreported Equity Securities.
In addition to the reporting requirements described above, any person whose direct or beneficial ownership of our stock accounts for 10% or more of the total issued and outstanding stock (which we refer to as a “major stockholder”) must report the status of his/her shareholding to the Korea Securities and Futures Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market within five days after becoming a major stockholder. In addition, any change in the ownership interest subsequent to the report must be reported to the Korea Securities and Futures Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market within five days of the occurrence of the change, provided that such reporting obligation would not apply if the change in the ownership interest consists of less than 1,000 shares and the amount of such change is less than ￦10 million. Violation of these reporting requirements may subject a person to criminal sanctions such as fines or imprisonment.
Other Provisions
Register of Stockholders and Record Dates
We maintain the register of our stockholders at our principal office in Seoul, Korea. We register transfers of shares on the register of stockholders upon presentation of the share certificates.
The record dates for our annual dividends and quarterly dividends (if any) are determined through a resolution of our board of directors. Further, the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation permit us upon at least two weeks’ public notice to set a record date for the purpose of determining the stockholders entitled to certain rights pertaining to the shares, provided, however, that the Korean Commercial Code further requires that the register of stockholders shall not be closed for such purposes for more than three months. The trading of shares and the delivery of certificates in respect thereof may continue while the register of stockholders is closed.
Annual Reports
Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, we must file with the Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market an annual business report within 90 days after the end of each fiscal year, a half-year business report within 45 days after the end of the first six months of each fiscal year and quarterly business reports within 45 days after the end of the first three months and nine months of each fiscal year, respectively. In addition, in accordance with the Enforcement Decree of the Korean Commercial Code, we must make available our annual business report and audit report to our shareholders by sending such reports electronically or posting them on our website at least one week before the annual general meeting of stockholders. Copies of such business reports will be available for public inspection at the Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market.
Transfer of Shares
Under the Korean Commercial Code, the transfer of shares is effected by the delivery of share certificates. The Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act provides, however, that in case of a company listed on the KRX KOSPI Market such as us, share transfers can be effected by the book-entry method. In order to assert stockholders’ rights against us, the transferee must have his name and address registered on the register of stockholders. For this purpose, stockholders are required to file with us their name, address and seal. Non-resident stockholders must notify us of the name of their proxy in Korea to which our notice can be sent.
Under current Korean regulations, the following entities may act as agents and provide related services for foreign stockholders:
the Korea Securities Depository;
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internationally recognized foreign custodians;
financial investment companies with a dealing license (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license);
financial investment companies with a brokerage license (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license);
foreign exchange banks (including domestic branches of foreign banks); and
financial investment companies with a collective investment license (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license).
In addition, foreign stockholders may appoint a standing proxy among the foregoing and generally may not allow any person other than the standing proxy to exercise rights to the acquired shares or perform any tasks related thereto on their behalf. Certain foreign exchange controls and securities regulations apply to the transfer of shares by non-residents or non-Koreans. See “Item 9.A. Offering and Listing Details” and “Item 10.D. Exchange Controls.” Except as provided in the Financial Holding Company Act, the ceiling on the aggregate shareholdings of a single stockholder and persons who stand in a special relationship with such stockholder is 10% of our issued and outstanding voting shares. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Restrictions on Ownership of a Financial Holding Company.”
Acquisition of Our Shares
Under the Korean Commercial Code, we may acquire our own shares upon a resolution of a general meeting of shareholders by either (i) purchasing them on a stock exchange or (ii) purchasing a number of shares, other than redeemable shares as set forth in Article 345, Paragraph (1) of the Korean Commercial Code, from each shareholder in proportion to their existing shareholding ratio through the methods set forth in the Presidential Decree, provided that the total purchase price does not exceed the amount of our profit that may be distributed as dividends in respect of the immediately preceding fiscal year.
Additionally, pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and regulations under the Financial Holding Company Act and after submission of certain reports to the Financial Services Commission, we may purchase our own shares on the KRX KOSPI Market or through a tender offer, subject to the restrictions that:
the aggregate purchase price of such shares may not exceed the total amount available for distribution of dividends at the end of the preceding fiscal year; and
the purchase of such shares shall meet the risk-weighted capital adequacy ratio requirements prescribed in the regulations under the Financial Holding Company Act based on Bank for International Settlements standards.
Subject to certain limited exceptions, our subsidiaries will not be permitted to acquire our shares pursuant to the Financial Holding Company Act.
In March 2026, the Korean Commercial Code was amended to, among others, mandate the cancelation of all treasury shares held by a company, including those held prior to the amendment, subject to certain limited exceptions.
None.
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The Foreign Exchange Transaction Act of Korea and the Enforcement Decree and regulations under that Act and Decree, which we refer to collectively as the “Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws,” regulate investment in Korean securities by non-residents and issuance of securities outside Korea by Korean companies. Non-residents may invest in Korean securities pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws. The Financial Services Commission has also adopted, pursuant to its authority under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, regulations that restrict investment by foreigners in Korean securities and regulate issuance of securities outside Korea by Korean companies.
Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, (1) if the Korean government deems that it is inevitable due to the outbreak of natural calamities, wars, conflict of arms or grave and sudden changes in domestic or foreign economic circumstances or other situations equivalent thereto, the Ministry of Economy and Finance may temporarily suspend payment, receipt or the whole or part of transactions to which the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws apply, or impose an obligation to safe-keep, deposit or sell means of payment in or to certain Korean governmental agencies or financial institutions; and (2) if the Korean government deems that international balance of payments and international finance are confronted or are likely to be confronted with serious difficulty or the movement of capital between Korea and abroad brings or is likely to bring about serious obstacles in carrying out its currency policies, exchange rate policies and other macroeconomic policies, the Ministry of Economy and Finance may take measures to require any person who intends to perform capital transactions to obtain permission or to require any person who performs capital transactions to deposit part of the payments received in such transactions at certain Korean governmental agencies or financial institutions, in each case subject to certain limitations.
Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, a foreign investor who intends to acquire shares must designate a foreign exchange bank at which he must open a foreign currency account and a Won account exclusively for stock investments. No approval is required for remittance into Korea and deposit of foreign currency funds in the foreign currency account. Foreign currency funds may be transferred from the foreign currency account at the time required to place a deposit for, or settle the purchase price of, a stock purchase transaction to a Won account opened at a financial investment company with a dealing and/or brokerage license. Funds in the foreign currency account may be remitted abroad without any Korean governmental approval.
Dividends on shares of Korean companies are paid in Won. No Korean governmental approval is required for foreign investors to receive dividends on, or the Won proceeds of the sale of, any shares to be paid, received and retained in Korea. Dividends paid on, and the Won proceeds of the sale of, any shares held by a non-resident of Korea must be deposited either in a Won account with the investor’s financial investment company with a dealing and/or brokerage license or in his Won account. Funds in the investor’s Won account may be transferred to his foreign currency account or withdrawn for local living expenses up to certain limitations. Funds in the Won account may also be used for future investment in shares or for payment of the subscription price of new shares obtained through the exercise of preemptive rights.
Financial investment companies with dealing and/or brokerage licenses are allowed to open foreign currency accounts with foreign exchange banks exclusively for accommodating foreign investors’ stock investments in Korea. Through these accounts, such financial investment companies may enter into foreign exchange transactions on a limited basis, such as conversion of foreign currency funds and Won funds, either as a counterparty to or on behalf of foreign investors, without the investors having to open their own accounts with foreign exchange banks.
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United States Taxation
This summary describes certain U.S. federal income tax consequences for a U.S. holder (as defined below) of acquiring, owning, and disposing of common shares or ADSs. This summary applies to you only if you hold the common shares or ADSs as capital assets for tax purposes. This summary does not apply to you if you are a member of a class of holders subject to special rules, such as:
a broker or dealer in securities or currencies;
a trader in securities that elects to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for securities holdings;
a bank;
a life insurance company;
a tax-exempt organization;
an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes or a partner in such partnership;
a person that holds common shares or ADSs that are a hedge or that are hedged against interest rate or currency risks;
a person that holds common shares or ADSs as part of a straddle or conversion transaction for tax purposes;
a person whose functional currency for tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar; or
a person that owns or is deemed to own 10% or more of our stock, measured by voting power or value.
This summary is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, its legislative history, existing and proposed regulations promulgated thereunder, and published rulings and court decisions, all as currently in effect. These laws are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis.
This summary does not discuss the application of the U.S. federal estate and gift taxes, the Medicare net investment income tax or any alternative minimum tax, or any state, local or non-U.S. taxes.
Please consult your own tax advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local, and other tax consequences of purchasing, owning, and disposing of common shares or ADSs in your particular circumstances.
For purposes of this summary, you are a “U.S. holder” if you are the beneficial owner of a common share or an ADS and are:
a citizen or resident of the United States;
a U.S. domestic corporation; or
otherwise subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis with respect to income from the common share or ADS.
In general, if you are the beneficial owner of ADSs, you will be treated as the beneficial owner of the common shares represented by those ADSs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and no gain or loss will be recognized if you exchange an ADS for the common share represented by that ADS.
The gross amount of cash dividends that you receive (prior to deduction of Korean taxes) generally will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction. Dividends paid in Won will be included in your income in a
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U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of your receipt of the dividend, in the case of common shares, or the depositary’s receipt, in the case of ADSs, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If such a dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, you generally should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income.
The U.S. dollar amount of dividends received by an individual with respect to the ADSs will be subject to taxation at reduced rates if the dividends are “qualified dividends.” Subject to certain exceptions for short-term and hedged positions, dividends paid on the common shares or ADSs will be treated as qualified dividends if (i) the common shares or ADSs are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States or we are eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States that the U.S. Treasury determines is satisfactory for purposes of this provision and that includes an exchange of information program; and (ii) we were not, in the year prior to the year in which the dividend was paid, and are not, in the year in which the dividend is paid, a passive foreign investment company as defined for U.S. federal income tax purposes (“PFIC”). The ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, and will qualify as readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States so long as they are so listed. In addition, the U.S. Treasury has determined that the Korea-United States income tax treaty (the “Treaty”) meets the requirements for reduced rates of taxation, and we believe we are eligible for the benefits of that treaty. Based on our audited financial statements, we believe that we were not a PFIC in our 2024 or 2025 taxable year. In addition, based on our audited financial statements and current expectations regarding our income, assets and activities, we do not anticipate becoming a PFIC for our 2026 taxable year. Therefore, we believe that dividends received by a U.S. holder with respect to either common shares or ADSs will be “qualified dividends,” provided the holder satisfies the holding period requirement. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the availability of the reduced dividend tax rate in light of their own particular circumstances.
Distributions of additional shares in respect of common shares or ADSs that are made as part of a pro-rata distribution to all of our stockholders generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.
Sale or Other Disposition
Upon a sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of the shares of common stock, you will realize gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized on the disposition and your adjusted tax basis in the common shares or ADSs, as applicable, as determined in U.S. dollars as discussed below. Such gain or loss will be treated as U.S. source capital gain or loss, and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the common shares or ADSs were held for more than one year. Your ability to offset capital losses against ordinary income is limited. Long-term capital gain recognized by an individual U.S. holder generally is subject to taxation at reduced rates.
If you sell or otherwise dispose of our common shares or ADSs in exchange for currency other than U.S. dollars, the amount realized generally will be the U.S. dollar value of the currency received at the spot rate on the date of sale or other disposition (or, if the shares are traded on an established securities market at such time, in the case of cash basis and electing accrual basis U.S. holders, the settlement date). An accrual basis U.S. holder that does not elect to determine the amount realized using the spot exchange rate on the settlement date will recognize foreign currency gain or loss equal to the difference between the U.S. dollar value of the amount received based on the spot exchange rates in effect on the date of the sale or other disposition and the settlement date. If you are an accrual basis U.S. holder that makes the election described in the first sentence of this paragraph, it must be applied consistently from year to year and cannot be revoked without the consent of the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS. U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the treatment of any foreign currency gain or loss realized with respect to any currency received in a sale or other disposition of the common shares or ADSs.
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Foreign Tax Credit Considerations
Subject to generally applicable limitations and conditions, Korean tax on dividends paid at the appropriate rate applicable to you may be eligible for a credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability. These generally applicable limitations and conditions include requirements adopted by the IRS in regulations promulgated in December 2021, and any Korean tax generally will need to satisfy these requirements in order to be eligible to be a creditable tax for a U.S. holder. If you consistently elect to apply a modified version of these rules under temporary guidance, and comply with specific requirements as set forth in such guidance, the Korean tax on dividends will be treated as meeting the requirements and therefore as a creditable tax. In the case of all other U.S. holders, the application of these requirements to the Korean tax on dividends is uncertain and we have not determined whether these requirements are met, including requirements applicable to the Treaty. If the Korean tax is not a creditable tax for you or you do not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for any foreign income taxes paid or accrued in the same taxable year, you may be able to deduct the Korean tax in computing your taxable income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Dividends will constitute income from sources without the United States and, if the withholding tax is a creditable tax for a U.S. holder that elects to claim foreign tax credits, generally will constitute “passive category income” for foreign tax credit purposes.
Additionally, under the foreign tax credit requirements discussed above, any Korean tax imposed on the sale or other disposition of the common shares or ADSs generally will not be treated as a creditable tax for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes except if you consistently elect to apply a modified version of the U.S. foreign tax credit rules that is permitted under the temporary guidance discussed above and comply with the specific requirements set forth in such guidance. Additionally, any capital gain or loss recognized on the sale or other disposition of the common shares or ADSs generally will be U.S. source gain or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. Consequently, even if the withholding tax qualifies as a creditable tax, you may not be able to credit the tax against your U.S. federal income tax liability unless such credit can be applied (subject to generally applicable conditions and limitations) against tax due on other income treated as derived from foreign sources. If the Korean tax is not a creditable tax, the tax would reduce the amount realized on the sale or other disposition of the common shares or ADSs even if you have elected to claim a foreign tax credit for other taxes in the same year. You should consult your own tax advisors regarding the application of the foreign tax credit rules to a sale or other disposition of the common shares or ADSs and any Korean tax imposed on such sale or disposition.
Any Korean securities transaction tax or agriculture and fishery special surtax that you pay will not be creditable for foreign tax credit purposes.
Similarly, a U.S. holder will not be able to claim a foreign tax credit against its U.S. federal income tax liability for any Korean inheritance or gift tax imposed in respect of the common shares or ADSs.
The availability and calculation of foreign tax credits and deductions for foreign taxes depend upon your particular circumstances and involve the application of complex rules to those circumstances. The temporary guidance discussed above also indicates that the Treasury and the IRS are considering proposing amendments to the December 2021 regulations and that the temporary guidance can be relied upon until additional guidance is issued that withdraws or modifies the temporary guidance. You should consult your own tax advisors regarding the application of these rules to your particular situation.
Specified Foreign Financial Assets
Certain U.S. holders that own “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate value in excess of US$50,000 on the last day of the taxable year or US$75,000 at any time during the taxable year are generally required to file an information statement along with their tax returns, currently on IRS Form 8938, with respect to such assets. “Specified foreign financial assets” include any financial accounts held at a non-U.S. financial institution, as well as securities issued by a non-U.S. issuer (which would include the common shares or ADSs) that are not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions. Higher reporting thresholds apply to certain
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individuals living abroad and to certain married individuals. Regulations extend this reporting requirement to certain entities that are treated as formed or availed of to hold direct or indirect interests in specified foreign financial assets based on certain objective criteria. U.S. holders who fail to report the required information could be subject to substantial penalties. Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisors concerning the application of these rules to their investment in the common shares or ADSs, including the application of the rules to their particular circumstances.
U.S. Information Reporting and Backup Withholding Rules
Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries are subject to information reporting and may be subject to backup withholding unless the U.S. holder provides an accurate taxpayer identification number and makes any other required certification or otherwise establishes an exemption. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. holder will be allowed as a refund or credit against the U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the required information is furnished to the IRS in a timely manner.
Holders that are not “United States persons” (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended) generally are not subject to information reporting or backup withholding. However, such a holder may be required to provide a certification of its non-U.S. status in connection with payments received within the United States or through a U.S.-related financial intermediary.
Korean Taxation
The following summary of Korean tax considerations applies to you so long as you are not:
a resident of Korea;
a corporation with its head office, principal place of business or place of effective management in Korea; or
engaged in a trade or business in Korea through a permanent establishment or a fixed base to which the relevant income is attributable or with which the relevant income is effectively connected.
Taxation of Dividends on Common Shares or ADSs
We will deduct Korean withholding tax from dividends paid to you (whether payable in cash or in shares) at a rate of 22.0% (inclusive of local income surtax). If you are a qualified resident and a beneficial owner of the dividends in a country that has entered into a tax treaty with Korea, you may qualify for a reduced rate of Korean withholding tax. See “—Tax Treaties” below for a discussion on treaty benefits. If we distribute to you free shares representing a transfer of earning surplus or certain capital reserves into paid-in capital, that distribution may be subject to Korean withholding tax.
Taxation of Capital Gains from Transfer of Common Shares or ADSs
As a general rule, capital gains earned by non-residents upon transfer of our common shares or ADSs are subject to Korean withholding tax at the lower of (1) 11.0% (inclusive of local income surtax) of the gross proceeds realized or (2) subject to the production of satisfactory evidence of acquisition costs and certain direct transaction costs of the common shares or ADSs, 22.0% (inclusive of local income surtax) of the net realized gain, unless exempt from Korean income taxation under the applicable Korean tax treaty with the non-resident’s country of tax residence. See “—Tax Treaties” below for a discussion on treaty benefits. Even if you do not qualify for an exemption under a tax treaty, you will not be subject to the foregoing withholding tax on capital
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gains if you qualify under the relevant Korean domestic tax law exemptions discussed in the following paragraphs.
In regards to the transfer of our common shares through the Korea Exchange, you will not be subject to the withholding tax on capital gains (as described in the preceding paragraph) if you (1) have no permanent establishment in Korea and (2) did not own or have not owned (together with any shares owned by any person with which you have a certain special relationship) 25% or more of the total issued and outstanding shares, which may include the common shares represented by the ADSs, at any time during the calendar year in which the sale occurs and during the five consecutive calendar years prior to the calendar year in which the sale occurs.
Under Korean tax law, ADSs are viewed as shares of common stock for capital gains tax purposes. Accordingly, capital gains from the sale or disposition of ADSs are taxed (if such sale or disposition constitutes a taxable event) as if such gains are from the sale or disposition of the underlying common shares. Capital gains that you earn (regardless of whether you have a permanent establishment in Korea) from a transfer of ADSs outside of Korea will generally be exempt from Korean income taxation by virtue of the Special Tax Treatment Control Law of Korea, or STTCL, provided that the issuance of the ADSs is deemed to be an overseas issuance under the STTCL. However, if you transfer ADSs after having converted the underlying common shares, such exemption under the STTCL will not apply and you will be required to file a corporate income tax return and pay tax in Korea with respect to any capital gains derived from such transfer unless the purchaser or a financial investment company with a brokerage license, as applicable, withholds and pays such tax.
If you are subject to tax on capital gains with respect to the sale of ADSs, or of our common shares you acquired as a result of a withdrawal, the purchaser or, in the case of the sale of the common shares on the Korea Exchange or through a financial investment company with a brokerage license in Korea, such financial investment company is required to withhold Korean tax on capital gains from the sales price in an amount equal to the lower of (1) 11.0% (inclusive of local income surtax) of the gross realization proceeds or (2) subject to the production of satisfactory evidence of acquisition costs and certain direct transaction costs of the common shares or ADSs, 22.0% (inclusive of local income surtax) of the net realized gain, and to make payment of these amounts to the Korean tax authority, unless you establish your entitlement to an exemption under an applicable tax treaty or domestic tax law. See the discussion under “—Tax Treaties” below for an additional explanation on claiming treaty benefits.
Tax Treaties
Korea has entered into a number of income tax treaties with other countries (including the United States), which would reduce or exempt Korean withholding tax on dividends on, and capital gains on transfer of, the common shares or ADSs. For example, under the Korea-United States income tax treaty, reduced rates of Korean withholding tax of 16.5% or 11.0% (depending on your shareholding ratio and inclusive of local income surtax) on dividends and an exemption from Korean withholding tax on capital gains are available to residents of the United States that are beneficial owners of the relevant dividend income or capital gains, subject to certain exceptions. However, under Article 17 (Investment or Holding Companies) of the Korea-United States income tax treaty, such reduced rates and exemption do not apply if (i) you are a United States corporation, (ii) by reason of any special measures, the tax imposed on you by the United States with respect to such dividend income or capital gains is substantially less than the tax generally imposed by the United States on corporate profits and (iii) 25% or more of your capital is held of record or is otherwise determined, after consultation between competent authorities of the United States and Korea, to be owned directly or indirectly by one or more persons who are not individual residents of the United States. Also, under Article 16 (Capital Gains) of the Korea-United States income tax treaty, the exemption on capital gains does not apply if (a) you have a permanent establishment in Korea and any shares of common stock in which you hold an interest and which gives rise to capital gains are effectively connected with such permanent establishment, (b) you are an individual and you maintain a fixed base in Korea for an aggregate of 183 days or more during a given taxable year and your ADSs or common shares giving rise to capital gains are effectively connected with such fixed base or (c) you are an individual and you are present in Korea for an aggregate of 183 days or more during a given taxable year.
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You should inquire for yourself whether you are entitled to the benefit of a tax treaty between Korea and the country where you are a resident. It is the responsibility of the party claiming the benefits of an income tax treaty in respect of dividend payments or capital gains to submit to us, the purchaser or the financial investment company, as applicable, a certificate as to his tax residence. In the absence of sufficient proof, we, the purchaser or the financial investment company, as applicable, must withhold tax at the normal rates. Furthermore, in order for you to claim the benefit of a tax rate reduction or tax exemption on certain Korean source income (such as dividends or capital gains) under an applicable tax treaty, Korean tax law requires you (or your agent) to submit an application (for reduced withholding tax rate, “application for entitlement to reduced tax rate,” and in the case of exemptions from withholding tax, “application for tax exemption,” along with a certificate of your tax residency issued by a competent authority of your country of tax residence, subject to certain exceptions) as the beneficial owner of such Korean source income (“BO application”). For example, a U.S. resident would be required to provide Form 6166 as a certificate of tax residency together with the application for entitlement to reduced tax rate or the application for tax exemption. However, if such tax exemption is being sought by a corporate entity for an amount that is ￦1 billion or more (including where the aggregate amount exempted within one year from the last day of the month in which the payment was made is ￦1 billion or more), you will be required to submit, in addition to the certificate of tax residence issued by a competent authority of your country of residence, (i) the names and addresses of all of the members of your board of directors, (ii) the identities and shareholding percentages of all of your shareholders (provided that if there are more than 100 shareholders, you may instead provide a statement showing the total number of shareholders and the aggregate investment amount from each country), and (iii) audit reports for the most recent three years submitted to your country of residence (or, if you are an entity that has been in existence for less than three years, audit reports since your incorporation). Such application should be submitted to the withholding agent prior to the payment date of the relevant income. Subject to certain exceptions, where the relevant income is paid to an overseas investment vehicle (which is not the beneficial owner of such income) (“OIV”), a beneficial owner claiming the benefit of an applicable tax treaty with respect to such income must submit its BO application to such OIV, which must submit an OIV report and a schedule of beneficial owners (and the BO applications collected from each beneficial owner, if such beneficial owner is applying for tax exemption) to the withholding agent prior to the payment date of such income. Effective from January 1, 2022, an OIV is deemed to be a beneficial owner of the Korean source income if (i) under the applicable tax treaty, the OIV bears tax liabilities in the country in which it is established and (ii) the Korean source income is eligible for benefits under the tax treaty. The benefits under a tax treaty between Korea and the country of such OIV’s residence will apply with respect to the relevant income paid to such OIV, subject to certain application requirements as prescribed by the Corporate Income Tax or Individual Income Tax Law. In the case of a tax exemption application, the withholding agent is required to submit such applications (together with the applicable OIV report in the case of income paid to an OIV) to the relevant district tax office by the ninth day of the month following the date of the payment of such income. On the other hand, if a payer applies for a reduced tax rate, the withholding agent is required to submit the application (together with the applicable OIV report if an income is paid to an OIV) to the relevant district tax office by the end of February of the year after such income is paid.
Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax
If you die while holding an ADS or donate an ADS, it is unclear whether, for Korean inheritance tax and gift tax purposes, you will be treated as the owner of the common shares underlying the ADSs. If the tax authority interprets depositary receipts as the underlying share certificates, you may be treated as the owner of the common shares and your heir or the donee (or in certain circumstances, you as the donor) will be subject to Korean inheritance tax or gift tax presently at the rate of 10% to 50%, provided that the value of the ADSs or the common shares is greater than a specified amount.
If you die while holding a common share or donate a common share, your heir or donee (or in certain circumstances, you as the donor) will be subject to Korean inheritance tax or gift tax at the same rate as indicated above.
At present, Korea has not entered into any tax treaty relating to inheritance tax or gift tax.
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Securities Transaction Tax
If you transfer our common shares on the Korea Exchange, you will be subject to a securities transaction tax at the rate of 0.05% and an agriculture and fishery special surtax at the rate of 0.15% of the sale price of the common shares. If your transfer of the common shares is not made on the Korea Exchange, subject to certain exceptions, you will be subject to a securities transaction tax at the rate of 0.35% and will not be subject to an agriculture and fishery special surtax.
Under the Securities Transaction Tax Law, depositary receipts (such as American depositary receipts) constitute share certificates subject to the securities transaction tax. However, the transfer of depositary receipts listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the Nasdaq Global Market, or other qualified foreign exchanges is exempt from the securities transaction tax.
In principle, the securities transaction tax, if applicable, must be paid by the transferor of the common shares or ADSs. When the transfer is effected through a securities settlement company in Korea, such settlement company is generally required to withhold and pay the tax to the tax authorities. When such transfer is made through a financial investment company only, such financial investment company is required to withhold and pay the tax. Where the transfer is effected by a non-resident without a permanent establishment in Korea, other than through a securities settlement company or a financial investment company, the transferee is required to withhold the securities transaction tax.
Non-reporting or under-reporting of securities transaction tax will generally result in penalties equal to 20% to 60% of the non-reported tax amount or 10% to 60% of under-reported tax amount. Also, a failure to timely pay securities transaction tax will result in a penalty equal to 8.03% per annum of the due but unpaid tax amount. The penalties are imposed on the party responsible for paying the securities transaction tax or, if such tax is required to be withheld, on the party that has the obligation to withhold.
We are subject to the information requirements of the Exchange Act, and, in accordance therewith, are required to file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, and other information with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. As a foreign private issuer, we are also required to make filings with the Commission by electronic means. Any filings we make electronically will be available to the public over the Internet at the Commission’s web site at http://www.sec.gov.
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As a financial services provider, we are exposed to various risks related to our lending and trading businesses, our funding activities and our operating environment, principally through Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary. Our goal in risk management is to ensure that we identify, measure, monitor and control the various risks that arise, and that our organization adheres strictly to the strategies and procedures which we establish to address these risks. Under our internal regulations pertaining to our consolidated capital adequacy ratio and internal standards for risk appetite and internal capital under Basel III, we identify the following eight separate categories of risk inherent in our business activities: credit risk, market risk, operational risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, credit concentration risk, reputation risk and strategic risk. Of these, the principal risks to which we are exposed are credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk and operational risk, and we strive to manage these and other risks within acceptable limits.
Organization
We have a multi-tiered risk management governance structure. Our Risk Management Committee is ultimately responsible for group-wide risk management, and directs our various subordinate risk management entities. The Risk Management Council coordinates the implementation of policies set forth by the Risk Management Committee with the relevant risk management units of our subsidiaries. The Subsidiary Risk Management Committee of each of our subsidiaries, based on the Risk Management Committee’s policies, determines risk management strategies and guidelines for such subsidiary and directs the activities of the subsidiary’s risk management units within the risk guidelines set at the group level. Each Subsidiary Risk Management Committee generally receives inputs from the respective risk management units of such subsidiary, which report to the Risk Management Committee.
The following chart sets out our risk management governance structure as of the date of this annual report:
Our Risk Management Committee is a board-level committee that is responsible for overseeing all risks and advising the board of directors with respect to risk management-related issues. The committee consists of four non-executive directors (one of whom serves as the chairman of the committee), and convenes on a quarterly basis. Its major roles include:
establishing risk management policies in accordance with the directives of the board of directors;
determining our target risk appetite;
allocating risk capital to each subsidiary and approving our subsidiaries’ risk limits;
reviewing the level of risks we are exposed to and the appropriateness of our risk management systems and operations; and
reviewing recovery and resolution plans.
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Risk Management Council
Our Risk Management Council is responsible for coordinating with the risk management units of our subsidiaries to ensure that they implement the strategies, guidelines and limits established by the Risk Management Committee. The Risk Management Council is comprised of our chief risk management officer and the chief risk management officers of all of our subsidiaries. It operates independently from all business units and convenes on a quarterly basis. Its responsibilities include:
analyzing our risk status by using information provided by our subsidiary-level risk management units;
deliberating adjustments to the integrated risk capital allocation plan and risk limits for each of our subsidiaries; and
coordinating issues relating to the group-wide integration of our risk management functions.
Subsidiary Risk Management Committees
Each of our subsidiaries has delegated risk management authority to its Subsidiary Risk Management Committee. Each Subsidiary Risk Management Committee measures and monitors the various risks faced by the relevant subsidiary and reports to that subsidiary’s board of directors regarding decisions that it makes on risk management issues. It also makes certain strategic risk-related decisions regarding the operations of the relevant subsidiary, such as setting total exposure limits, allocating credit risk limits and market risk-related limits and determining which market risk derivatives instruments the subsidiary can trade. The major activities of each Subsidiary Risk Management Committee include:
determining and monitoring risk strategies, guidelines, limits and tolerance levels and the level of subsidiary risk in accordance with group policy;
reviewing and analyzing the subsidiary’s risk profile;
setting limits for and adjusting the risk capital allocation plan and risk levels for each business unit within the subsidiary; and
monitoring compliance with our group-wide risk management strategies at the business unit and subsidiary level.
Credit Risk Management
Credit risk is the risk of expected and unexpected losses in the event of borrower or counterparty defaults. Credit risk management aims to improve asset quality and generate stable profits while reducing risk through diversified and balanced loan portfolios. We determine the creditworthiness of each type of borrower or counterparty through reviews conducted by our credit experts and through our credit rating systems, and we set a credit limit for each borrower or counterparty.
We assess and manage all credit exposures. We measure expected losses and internal capital on assets (whether on- or off-balance sheet) that are subject to credit risk management and use expected losses and internal capital as management indicators. We manage credit risk by allocating credit risk internal capital limits. In addition, we control credit concentration risk exposure by applying and managing total exposure limits to prevent excessive risk concentration to particular industries or borrowers. Credit exposures that we assess and manage include loans to borrowers and counterparties, investments in securities, letters of credit, bankers’ acceptances, derivatives and commitments. Our risk appetite, which is the ratio of our required internal capital to our estimated available capital, is approved by the Risk Management Committee once a year. Thereafter, we calculate internal capital every month for all of our subsidiaries and on a holding company level based on attributed internal capital in accordance with the risk appetite as approved by the Risk Management Committee, and measure and report profiles of credit risk on a holding company level and by subsidiary regularly to our senior management, including our Risk Management Committee.
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We use expected default rates and loss given default rates to determine the expected loss rate of a borrower or counterparty. We use the expected loss rate to make credit related decisions, including pricing, loan approval and establishment of standards to be followed at each level of decision making. These rates are calculated using information gathered from our internal database. With respect to large corporate borrowers, we also use information provided by external credit rating services to calculate default rates and loss given default rates.
Our credit risk management processes include:
establishing credit policy;
credit evaluation and approval;
industry assessment;
total exposure management;
collateral evaluation and monitoring;
credit risk assessment;
early warning and credit review; and
post-credit extension monitoring.
Credit Evaluation
With respect to corporate loans, Kookmin Bank evaluates the ability of all loan applicants to repay their borrowings before it approves any loans, except for loans fully guaranteed by letters of guarantee issued by the Credit Guarantee Fund and the Korea Technology Credit Guarantee Fund, for loans fully secured by deposits and for other loans similarly guaranteed or secured. Kookmin Bank assigns each borrower or guarantor a credit rating based on the judgment of its experts or scores calculated using the appropriate credit rating system. Factors that Kookmin Bank considers in assigning credit ratings include both financial factors and non-financial factors, such as its perception of the borrower’s ability to meet its payment obligations, risks relating to the industry in which the borrower operates, management and operational risks relating to the borrower, the borrower’s financial flexibility and the borrower’s level of reliability based on its transaction history. With respect to retail loans, Kookmin Bank assigns credit ratings based on its internal information regarding the borrower that has been accumulated as well as external information gathered from credit bureaus relating to various criteria, such as the borrower’s profession, annual income, credit card overdue information and transaction history involving both Kookmin Bank and other financial institutions. The credit rating process differs according to the type, size and characteristics of the borrower.
Kookmin Bank uses its internally developed credit rating systems to rate potential borrowers. As the characteristics of each customer segment differ, Kookmin Bank uses several credit rating systems for its customers. The nature of the credit rating system used for a particular borrower depends on whether the borrower is an individual, a SOHO customer, a small- and medium-sized enterprise or a large company. For large companies and small- and medium-sized enterprises, Kookmin Bank has 17 credit ratings ranging from AAA to D for risk management purposes. For retail customers, it has 13 credit ratings ranging from grade 1 to grade 13.
Based on the credit rating of a borrower, Kookmin Bank applies different credit policies, which affect factors such as credit limit, loan period, loan pricing, loan classification and provisioning. Kookmin Bank also uses these credit ratings in evaluating its bank-wide risk management strategy. Factors Kookmin Bank considers in making this evaluation include the profitability of each company or transaction, performance of each business unit and portfolio management. Kookmin Bank monitors the credit status of borrowers and collect information to adjust its ratings appropriately. If Kookmin Bank changes a borrower’s credit rating, it will also change the credit policies relating to that borrower and may also change the policies underlying its loan portfolio.
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Retail Loan Approval Process
Mortgage Loans and Secured Retail Loans. Branch staff employees of Kookmin Bank forward loan applications to processing centers and Kookmin Bank’s processing center staff reviews mortgage loans and retail loans secured by real estate or guarantees. However, in the case of loans secured by deposits with Kookmin Bank, its branch staff approves such loans. Kookmin Bank makes lending decisions based on its assessment of the value of the collateral, debt service capability and the borrower’s score generated from its credit scoring systems.
For mortgage loans and loans secured by real estate, Kookmin Bank evaluates the value of the real estate offered as collateral using a database it has developed that contains information about real estate values throughout Korea. Kookmin Bank also uses information from a third party provider about the real estate market in Korea, which gives it up-to-date market value information for Korean real estate. In addition, Kookmin Bank’s processing center staff employees review the value of real estate provided by the evaluation system to ensure there are no significant discrepancies. Kookmin Bank bases decisions regarding the approval of such loans primarily on the results of its credit scoring systems.
For loans secured by deposits, Kookmin Bank will generally grant loans up to 95% of the deposit amount if it holds the deposit.
Kookmin Bank generally decides whether to evaluate a loan application within three to five days after recording the relevant information in its credit scoring systems.
Unsecured Retail Loans. Kookmin Bank reviews applications for unsecured retail loans in accordance with its credit scoring systems. These automated systems evaluate loan applications and determine an appropriate pricing for the loan. The major benefits of using a credit scoring system are that it yields uniform results regardless of the user and that it can be used effectively by employees who do not necessarily have extensive experience in credit evaluation. The staff of Kookmin Bank’s processing centers reviews the results of the credit scoring system based on information input by its branch staff and, if approved, issues the loan.
Kookmin Bank’s credit scoring systems take into account factors including the borrower’s income, assets, profession, transaction history (with both it and other financial institutions) and other relevant credit information. The systems rank each borrower in an appropriate grade, and that grade is used as a factor in deciding whether to approve loans as well as to determine loan amounts. Kookmin Bank generally bases its decisions on the results of its credit scoring systems to evaluate applications.
Corporate Loan Approval Process
We approve corporate loans at different levels of our organization depending on the size and type of the loan, the credit risk level assessed by the credit rating system, whether the loan is secured by collateral and, if secured, the value of the collateral. The lowest level of authority is the branch staff employee of Kookmin Bank, who can approve small loans and loans that have the lowest range of credit risk. Larger loans and loans with higher credit risk are approved by higher levels of authority depending on where they fall in a matrix of loan size and credit risk. Depending on the size and terms of any particular loan or the credit risk relating to a particular borrower, more than one entity may review the application, although generally loan applications are reviewed only by the entity having corresponding authority to approve the loan.
Kookmin Bank evaluates all of its corporate borrowers by using credit rating systems, except for applicants whose borrowings are fully secured by deposits or applicants who have obtained third-party guarantees from the government or certain other very highly rated guarantors. See “—Credit Evaluation.”
For owner-operated enterprises, or small office home office customers (which we refer to as SOHOs), Kookmin Bank has put in place a credit rating system known as Small Office Home Office Corporate Rating
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System, or SOHO CRS. For other small- and medium-sized enterprises, Kookmin Bank has put in place a similar credit rating system known as Corporate Rating System, or CRS. For large corporations, Kookmin Bank has put in place a similar credit rating system known as Large Corporate Rating System, or LCRS. For financial institutions, certain non-profit organizations and public institutions, Kookmin Bank has put in place a credit rating system known as Financial Institute, Non-profit, Public Corporate Rating System, or FNP CRS. The SOHO CRS, the CRS, the LCRS and the FNP CRS models consist of the following four parts:
Financial Model. The financial model uses financial ratios such as stability ratio, profitability ratio and cash flow ratio to make credit determinations.
Non-financial Model. The non-financial model uses various qualitative and quantitative factors, such as future repayment capability, industry-related risks, management-related risks and operation-related risks, to evaluate borrowers.
CEO Evaluation Model. The CEO evaluation model is relevant for the SOHO CRS in particular (including business entities without external audits), and evaluates the credit information of the individual owner of SOHOs by reviewing such owner’s personal information, bank transaction records and external credit ratings.
Default Signal Check Model. The default signal check model checks factors that have low frequency of occurrence but are highly likely to lead to a default in the event of an occurrence. The results of the default signal check model may be used to cap a borrower’s credit grade.
Credit Card Approval Process
We make decisions on all credit card approvals based on the Financial Supervisory Service standard of review for payment ability (such as the occupation and income of the applicant), as well as a combination of KB Kookmin Card’s internal application scoring system and a credit scoring system developed by independent credit bureaus.
KB Kookmin Card’s application scoring system reflects various credit information, including basic customer information (such as credit history), transaction history with it, if any, delinquency and transaction history with other card companies and financial institutions and credit information provided by Korea Credit Information Services and other credit bureaus. KB Kookmin Card also considers repayment ability, total assets, total outstanding borrowings and the length of the applicant’s relationship, if any, and past contribution to our profitability, if any.
The credit scoring system developed by credit bureaus, reflects various sources of information regarding the credit risk of customers, including delinquency and transaction history with other credit card companies and financial institutions.
On the basis of the standard of review for payment ability and the combination of the scores from our application scoring system and the credit scoring system developed by independent credit bureaus, KB Kookmin Card establishes, among other things, the term of any new approvals, initial limits and differentiation of fee rates with respect to its credit cards. KB Kookmin Card’s systems allow it to differentiate applicants into groups that receive immediate credit card approval or rejection, or that may require it to further investigate that applicant’s credit qualifications. The initial limits of new applicants are based on their estimated disposable income, which is based on their occupation and the value of their personal assets. KB Kookmin Card applies its fee rates to applicants differently according to risk premium and profitability.
Total Exposure Management
We establish and manage total exposure limits for industries, chaebols and corporations, as well as certain small- and medium-sized enterprises, in order to efficiently manage financial assets and to optimize our credit
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portfolio. Kookmin Bank establishes total exposure limits for (i) main debtor groups designated by the Financial Supervisory Service, (ii) groups to which Kookmin Bank has total exposure of ￦70 billion or more, (iii) enterprises that belong to a main debtor group or large enterprises, in both cases to which Kookmin Bank has total exposure of ￦40 billion or more, (iv) small- and medium-sized enterprises to which Kookmin Bank has total exposure of ￦30 billion or more and (v) other groups or individual enterprises designated by the head of Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Group as necessary. Kookmin Bank establishes total exposure limit by reviewing factors such as industry, size, cash flows, financial ratios and credit ratings, while establishing exposure limits for industries by reviewing the sales growth rate and risk concentration for each industry. The total exposure limits for a specific industry are set following approval by Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council after review by the Credit Risk Management Subcommittee, while the exposure limits for a specific company or company group are set during the review of their credit application by the relevant approval authority.
Kookmin Bank’s maximum exposure limit is within 25% of its Tier I and Tier II capital for a single group, and within 10% of its Tier I and Tier II capital for a single corporation.
We manage and control exposure limits on a daily basis. The principal system that we use for this purpose is the Total Exposure Management System. This system allows us to monitor and control our total exposure to corporations, chaebols and industries. Kookmin Bank monitors its exposure to large corporations and companies affiliated with the 41 largest highly-indebted business groups (such groups being the main debtor groups in Korea designated as such by the Financial Supervisory Service based on their outstanding exposures) to which it has an exposure of ￦40 billion or more, small- and medium-sized enterprises to which it has an exposure of ￦30 billion or more, and also its exposure to 143 business groups, which comprise the 41 largest highly-indebted business groups as well as 102 business groups to which it has exposures (in the form of securities or loans) of ￦70 billion or more. We also monitor our exposure across 37 industries. Our Total Exposure Management System integrates all of our credit-related risk including credit extended by our overseas branches and affiliates. The assets subject to the system include all Won-denominated and foreign currency-denominated loans, all assets in trust accounts except specified money trusts, guarantees, trade-related credits, commercial paper, corporate bonds and other securities and derivatives.
Collateral Evaluation and Monitoring System
Kookmin Bank uses the Collateral Evaluation and Monitoring System to manage the liquidation value of collateral it holds. The Collateral Evaluation and Monitoring System is a computerized collateral management system that can be accessed from Kookmin Bank’s headquarters and its branches. Using this system, Kookmin Bank can more accurately assess the actual liquidation value of collateral, determine the recovery rate on its loans and use this information in setting its credit risk management and loan policies. Kookmin Bank can monitor the value of all the collateral a borrower provides and the value of that collateral based on its liquidation value. When appraising the value of real estate collateral, which makes up the largest part of Kookmin Bank’s collateral, Kookmin Bank consults a regularly updated database provided by a third party that tracks the prices at which various types of real estate in various regions of Korea are sold. Kookmin Bank appraises the value of collateral when it makes a loan, when the loan is due for renewal and when events occur that may change the value of the collateral.
Credit Risk Management and Monitoring
Kookmin Bank’s Credit Risk Department establishes loan portfolio policies and appropriate credit risk limits, including those applicable to internal capital and total exposures to certain assets and business groups, to prevent excessive credit risk. It also analyzes and monitors our loan portfolios on a regular basis to preemptively manage any risk, and continually monitors our management of such portfolios to ensure high credit quality. In addition, it implements an industrial risk management plan by monitoring industry trends and evaluating industry ratings. It also separately manages high-risk products, such as real estate project financing loans and over-the-counter derivative products, by setting appropriate limits.
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Credit Review
Kookmin Bank’s credit review function is independent of the business groups which manage our assets. Its Credit Review Department:
reviews internal credit regulations, policies and systems;
analyzes the credit status of selected loan assets and verifies the appropriateness of the credit evaluations/approvals made by branches and headquarters; and
evaluates the corporate credit risk of potentially insolvent companies.
More specifically, Kookmin Bank’s Credit Review Department continually reviews the financial condition of selected borrowers with respect to their current debt, collateral, business, transactions with related parties and debt service capability. Based on such review, Kookmin Bank may adjust the borrower’s credit rating, lending policy or asset quality classification of the loan provided to the borrower, depending on the applicable circumstances. Kookmin Bank also regularly reviews other aspects of the lending process, including industries and regions in which its borrowers operate and the quality of its domestic and overseas assets. Kookmin Bank’s industry reviews focus on growth, stability, competition and ability to adapt to a changing environment. Based on the results of a particular industry review, Kookmin Bank may revise the total exposure limit assigned to that industry and lending policy for each company within that industry. When a review takes place, Kookmin Bank may adjust not only the credit ratings of its borrowers based on a variety of factors, but also asset quality classification, credit limits and its credit policies. Credit review results are reported to Kookmin Bank’s chief risk management officer and its Risk Management Committee on a quarterly basis.
Kookmin Bank’s Credit Review Department also conducts on-site reviews of selected branches that are experiencing increasing delinquency ratios and bad debts. During these visits Kookmin Bank examines the loan processes and recommends improvement plans and appropriate follow-up measures.
Also, based on guidelines provided by the Financial Supervisory Service to all Korean banks, Kookmin Bank operates a corporate credit risk assessment program to facilitate the identification of weak companies and possible commencement of corporate restructuring. Through this program, Kookmin Bank, together with other banks, is able to detect symptoms of financially troubled companies at an early stage, assess related credit risk and support the normalization of companies that are likely to turnaround through a workout process, or seek to liquidate those companies that are not likely to recover.
Kookmin Bank’s Credit Review Department also analyzes issues related to credit risk and provides information necessary for the formulation of effective credit policies and strategies and for effective credit risk management.
Market Risk Management
The major risks to which we are exposed are general interest rate risk on debt instruments and interest bearing securities, credit spread risk and foreign exchange risk and, to a lesser extent, stock price risk. The financial instruments that expose us to these risks are securities and financial derivatives. We are also exposed to interest rate risk and liquidity risk in Kookmin Bank’s banking book. We divide market risk into risks arising from trading activities and risks arising from non-trading activities.
Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council establishes overall market risk management principles. It has delegated the responsibility for the market risk management for trading activities to the Market Risk Management Subcommittee of Kookmin Bank, which is chaired by Kookmin Bank’s chief risk management officer. This subcommittee meets on a regular basis each month and as required to respond to developments in the market and the economy. Based on the policies approved by Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council, the Market Risk Management Subcommittee reviews and approves reports as required that include trading profits and losses, position reports, limit utilization and sensitivity analysis results for our trading activities.
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Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council is responsible for interest rate and liquidity risk management for its non-trading activities. The council meets on a regular basis and as required to respond to developments in the market and the economy. Members of the Risk Management Council, acting through Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department, review Kookmin Bank’s interest rate and liquidity gap position monthly, as well as the business profile and its impact on asset and liability management.
To ensure adequate interest rate and liquidity risk management, we have assigned the responsibilities for our asset and liability risk management to Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department in Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Group, which monitors and reviews the asset and liability operating procedures and activities of Kookmin Bank’s Financial Planning Department, and independently reports to the management on the related issues.
Market Risk Management for Trading Activities
Our trading activities consist of:
trading activities for our own account to realize short-term trading profits in Won-denominated debt and equities markets and foreign exchange markets based on our short-term forecast of changes in the market situation; and
trading activities involving derivatives, such as swaps, forwards, futures and option transactions, to realize profits primarily from selling derivative products to our customers and to hedge market risk incurred from those activities.
We use derivative instruments to hedge our market risk and, to a limited extent, to make profits by trading derivative products within acceptable risk limits. The principal objective of our hedging strategy is to manage our market risk within established limits. We use the following hedging instruments to manage relevant risks:
to hedge interest rate risk arising from its trading activities, the Capital Markets Group of Kookmin Bank occasionally uses interest rate futures (Korea Treasury Bond Futures) and interest rate swaps;
to hedge interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk arising from our foreign currency-denominated asset and liability positions as well as our trading activities, the Capital Markets Group of Kookmin Bank uses interest rate swaps, cross-currency interest rate swaps, foreign exchange forwards and futures, Euro-dollar futures and currency options; and
to change the interest rate characteristics of certain assets and liabilities after the original investment or funding, we use swaps. For example, depending on the market situation, we may choose to obtain fixed rate funding instead of floating rate funding if we believe that the terms are more favorable, which we can achieve by entering into interest rate swaps.
We generally manage our market risk at the portfolio level. To control our exposure to market risk, we use internal capital limits set by Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Committee for Kookmin Bank and at the group level within Kookmin Bank, position and stop loss limits set by Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council for Kookmin Bank and at the group level within Kookmin Bank, and position, stop loss and sensitivity limits (PVBP, Delta, Gamma, Vega) set by Kookmin Bank’s Market Risk Management Subcommittee at the department or desk level within Kookmin Bank. We prepared our risk control and management guidelines for derivative trading based on the regulations and guidelines promulgated by the Financial Supervisory Service.
In addition, we have implemented internal processes which include a number of key controls designed to ensure that fair value is measured appropriately, particularly where a fair value model is internally developed and used to price a significant product. See Notes 4.4 and 6 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements. For example, each year, Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department reviews the existing pricing and valuation models, with a focus on their underlying modeling assumptions and restrictions, to assess the appropriateness of
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their continued use. In consultation with Kookmin Bank’s Trading Department, the Risk Management Department recommends potential valuation models to Kookmin Bank’s Fair Value Evaluation Committee. Upon approval by Kookmin Bank’s Fair Value Evaluation Committee, the selected valuation models are reported to its Market Risk Management Subcommittee.
We monitor market risk arising from trading activities of our business groups and departments. Kookmin Bank uses an integrated market risk management system to manage market risks for both Won-denominated trading operations and foreign currency-denominated trading operations.
Basel III Standardized Method. Commencing in 2023, Kookmin Bank replaced the use of daily VaR with the Basel III standardized method to measure market risk. Under such method, Kookmin Bank measures its market risk capital by aggregating (i) risk capital measured using the sensitivities-based method, (ii) default risk capital and (iii) residual risk add-on capital:
risk capital measured using the sensitivities-based method represents the linear and non-linear losses that can result from adverse changes in interest rates, credit spreads, equity prices, foreign exchange rates and commodities prices;
default risk capital represents the losses that can result from any unexpected default of an entity not contemplated under the sensitivities-based method; and
residual risk add-on capital represents any other losses that are not contemplated under the sensitivities-based method or are not considered to result from the risk of default.
The following table shows Kookmin Bank’s market risk capital for each category of market risk as of December 31, 2024 and 2025:
Risk categories
Credit spread risk: securitizations
(non-correlation trading portfolio)
Default risk
Residual risk add-on
Stress testing. In addition, we use stress testing to assess our market risk exposure to abnormal market fluctuations. Abnormal market fluctuations include significant declines in the stock market and significant changes in the general level of interest rates. As the Basel III standardized method assumes normal market situations, stress testing is an important way to supplement this method since it does not cover potential loss if the market moves in a manner that is outside our normal expectations. Stress testing projects the anticipated change in value of holding positions under certain scenarios assuming that no action is taken during a stress event to change the risk profile of a portfolio. According to Kookmin Bank’s stress testing, we estimate that as of December 31, 2025, Kookmin Bank’s trading portfolio could have lost ￦650 billion for an assumed short-term extreme decline of approximately 25% in the equity market and an approximate 71 basis point decrease in the Korean treasury bond rates under an abnormal stress environment.
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We monitor the impact of market turmoil or any abnormality by conducting stress tests and confirming that the results are within our market risk limits. If the impact is large, Kookmin Bank’s chief risk management officer may request that our portfolio be restructured or other appropriate action be taken.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk from trading activities arises mainly from our trading of Won-denominated debt securities. Our trading strategy is to benefit from short-term movements in the prices of debt securities arising from changes in interest rates. As our trading accounts are marked-to-market daily, we manage the interest rate risk related to our trading accounts using market value-based tools such as sensitivity analysis through a price value of a basis point method.
Under Basel III, interest rate risk can be divided into general interest rate risk and credit spread risk. General interest rate risk arises from fluctuations in the risk-free yield curve, which is caused by fluctuations in the general macroeconomic environment. Credit spread risk arises from fluctuations in the credit spread of the underlying assets, and is further divided into credit spread risks for (i) non-securitized positions, (ii) correlation trading portfolios and (iii) non-correlation trading portfolios, depending on the underlying asset.
Foreign Exchange Risk
Foreign exchange risk arises because we have assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than Won, as well as off-balance sheet items such as foreign exchange forwards and currency swaps. Our assets and liabilities denominated in U.S. dollars, Japanese Yen, Euro, Chinese Renminbi and Indonesian IDR have typically accounted for the majority of our foreign currency assets and liabilities.
The difference between our foreign currency assets and liabilities is offset against forward foreign exchange positions, currency options and currency swaps to obtain our net foreign currency open position. Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council and Market Risk Management Subcommittee oversee Kookmin Bank’s foreign exchange exposure for both trading and non-trading purposes by establishing a limit for this net foreign currency open position, together with stop loss limits.
The following table shows Kookmin Bank’s non-consolidated net open positions at the end of 2024 and 2025. Positive amounts represent long positions and negative amounts represent short positions. The net open positions held by subsidiaries other than Kookmin Bank are not significant.
Currency:
U.S. dollars
Japanese Yen
Euro
Chinese Renminbi
Indonesian IDR
Amounts prepared on a non-consolidated basis.
Equity Price Risk
Equity price risk results from our equity derivatives trading portfolio in Won since we do not have any trading exposure to shares denominated in foreign currencies.
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The equity derivatives trading portfolio in Won consists of exchange-traded stocks and equity derivatives under strict limits on diversification as well as position limits and stop loss limits.
Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council and Market Risk Management Subcommittee set annual and monthly stop loss limits that are monitored by Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department. In order to ensure timely action, the stop loss limit of individual securities is monitored by the relevant middle office.
As of December 31, 2025, Kookmin Bank’s equity trading position was ￦38.3 billion.
Derivative Market Risk
Our derivative trading includes interest rate and cross-currency swaps, foreign exchange forwards, stock index and interest rate futures and currency options. These activities consist primarily of the following:
sales of tailor-made derivative products that meet various needs of our corporate customers and related transactions to reduce our exposure resulting from those sales;
taking positions in limited cases when we expect short-swing profits based on our market forecasts; and
trading to hedge our interest rate and foreign currency risk exposure as described above.
Market risk from trading derivatives is not significant since our derivative trading activities are primarily driven by customer deals with very limited open trading positions.
Market Risk Management for Non-Trading Activities
Our principal market risk from non-trading activities is interest rate risk. Interest rate risk arises due to mismatches in the maturities or re-pricing periods of these rate-sensitive assets and liabilities. We measure interest rate risk for Won and foreign currency assets and liabilities in our bank accounts (including derivatives) and our principal guaranteed trust accounts. Most of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities are denominated in Won and our foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities are mostly denominated in U.S. dollars.
Our principal interest rate risk management objectives are to generate stable net interest revenues and to protect our asset value against interest rate fluctuations. We principally manage this risk for our non-trading activities by analyzing and managing maturity and duration gaps between our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. In addition, we use hedging instruments for interest rate risk management for our non-trading assets and liabilities.
Interest rate gap analysis measures expected changes in net interest revenues by calculating the difference in the amounts of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities at each maturity and interest resetting date. We perform interest rate gap analysis for Won-denominated and foreign currency-denominated assets and trust assets on a monthly basis or more frequently when deemed necessary.
Interest Rate Gap Analysis. We perform interest rate gap analysis based on interest rate repricing maturities of assets and liabilities. However, for some of our assets and liabilities with either no maturities or unique characteristics, we use or assume certain maturities, including the following examples:
With respect to asset maturities, we assume remaining maturities of prime rate-linked loans with remaining maturities of over one year to be one year and use the actual maturities for prime rate-linked loans with remaining maturities of less than one year.
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With respect to liability maturities, we use last 120 months’ average balance to segregate “non-core” and “core” demand deposits. We assume “non-core” demand deposits to have remaining maturities of one day or less, and we assume “core” demand deposits to have remaining maturities between one month and five years.
The following table shows Kookmin Bank’s interest rate gap for Won-denominated accounts and foreign currency-denominated accounts as of December 31, 2025.
Won-denominatedInterest-earning assets:
Loans
Securities
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Sensitivity gap
Cumulative gap
% of total assets
Foreign currency-denominatedInterest-earning assets:
Due from banks
Duration Gap Analysis. We also perform duration gap analysis to measure and manage interest rate risk. Duration gap analysis is a more long-term risk indicator than interest rate gap analysis, as interest rate gap analysis focuses more on accounting income as opposed to the market value of the assets and liabilities. We emphasize duration gap analysis because, in the long run, our principal concern with respect to interest rate fluctuations is the net asset value rather than net interest revenue changes. In 2025, our Won-denominated asset and liability duration gap was positive and it moved between +0.104 years and +0.203 years. Accordingly, our net asset value would have declined (or increased) between ￦460 billion and ￦905 billion if interest rates had increased (or decreased) by one percentage point.
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For duration gap analysis we use or assume the same maturities for different assets and liabilities that we use or assume for our interest rate gap analysis.
The following table shows Kookmin Bank’s duration gaps and net asset value changes when interest rates decrease by one percentage point as of the specified dates, on a consolidated basis.
Date
June 30, 2025
December 31, 2025
We set interest rate risk limits using the Interest Rate Risk in the Banking Book, or IRRBB, method, as described below, with respect to expected asset and liability positions based on our annual business plans. The Risk Management Department in Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Group submits interest rate gap analysis reports, duration gap analysis reports and interest rate risk limit compliance reports monthly to Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council and quarterly to Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Committee.
The following table summarizes Kookmin Bank’s interest rate risk, taking into account asset and liability durations as of December 31, 2025.
Won-denominated:
Asset position
Liability position
Gap
Average maturity
Interest rate volatility
Amount at risk
Foreign currency-denominated:
IRRBB Analysis. Since November 2019, banks, including Kookmin Bank, have been required to adopt the standards of the IRRBB issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision for calculating interest rate risk exposure. Such requirements were adopted in order to promote more financial stability for banks by requiring them to maintain a sufficient level of capital through a more robust risk management system. Kookmin Bank estimates its interest rate risk pursuant to such standards by calculating the changes in economic value of equity
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and the changes in net interest income based on various interest rate risk scenarios. Under this method, Kookmin Bank’s interest rate risk exposure was ￦990 billion as of December 31, 2025.
For additional information, see Note 4.4 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
We manage foreign exchange rate risk arising from our non-trading operations together with such risks arising from our trading operations. See “—Market Risk Management for Trading Activities—Foreign Exchange Risk” above.
Liquidity Risk Management
Liquidity risk is the risk of insolvency or loss due to a disparity between the inflow and outflow of funds resulting from, for example, maturity mismatches, obtaining funds at a high price or disposing of securities at an unfavorable price due to lack of available funds. We manage our liquidity in order to meet our financial liabilities from withdrawals of deposits, redemption of matured debentures and repayments at maturity of borrowed funds. We also require sufficient liquidity to fund loans, to extend other credits and to invest in securities. Our liquidity management goal is to meet all our liability repayments on time and fund all investment opportunities even under adverse conditions. To date, we have not experienced significant liquidity risk.
We maintain liquidity by holding sufficient quantities of assets that can be liquidated to meet actual or potential demands for funds from depositors and others. We also manage liquidity by ensuring that the excess of maturing liabilities over maturing assets in any period is kept to manageable levels relative to the amount of funds we believe we could raise by issuing securities. We seek to minimize our liquidity costs by managing our liquidity position on a daily basis and by limiting the amount of cash at any time that is not invested in interest-earning assets or securities.
We maintain diverse sources of liquidity to facilitate flexibility in meeting our funding requirements. We fund our operations principally by accepting deposits from retail and corporate depositors, accessing the call loan market (a short-term market for loans with maturities of less than 90 days), issuing debentures and borrowing from the Bank of Korea. We use the majority of funds we raise to extend loans or purchase securities. Generally, deposits are of shorter average maturity than loans or investments.
For Won-denominated assets and liabilities, we manage liquidity using a cash flow structure based on holding short-term liabilities and long-term assets. Generally, the average initial contract maturity of our new Won-denominated time deposits was less than one year, while during the same period most of our new loans and securities had maturities over one year.
We manage liquidity risk within the limits set on Won and foreign currency accounts in accordance with the regulations of the Financial Services Commission. The Financial Services Commission generally requires Korean banks, including Kookmin Bank, to maintain a liquidity coverage ratio of not less than 100%. The Financial Services Commission defines the liquidity coverage ratio as the ratio of highly liquid assets to total net cash outflows over a 30-day period. The highly liquid assets and total net cash outflows included in the calculation of the liquid coverage ratio are determined in accordance with the “Standards for Calculation of Liquidity Coverage Ratio” under the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business. In addition, the Financial Services Commission requires Korean banks, including Kookmin Bank, to maintain a foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio of not less than 80%.
Kookmin Bank’s Financial Planning Department is responsible for daily liquidity management with respect to its Won and foreign currency exposure. It reports monthly plans for funding and operations to the Asset
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Liability Management Committee of Kookmin Bank, which discusses factors such as interest rate movements and maturity structures of its deposits, loans and securities and establishes strategies with respect to deposit and lending rates.
The following table shows Kookmin Bank’s liquidity coverage ratio and foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio on an average balance basis for the month of December 2025 in accordance with Financial Services Commission regulations:
Liquidity coverage ratio:
Highly liquid assets (A)
Cash outflows (B)
Cash inflows (C)
Total net cash outflows (D = B-C)
Liquidity coverage ratio (A/D)
Minimum limit
Foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio:
The Risk Management Department in Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Group reports whether it is complying with these limits monthly to Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council and quarterly to Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Committee.
Operational Risk Management
Overall Status
There is no complete consensus on the definition of operational risk in the banking industry. We define operational risk broadly to include all financial and non-financial risks, other than credit risk, market risk, interest rate risk and liquidity risk, that may arise from our operations that could negatively impact our capital, including the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events as defined under Basel III. Our operational risk management objectives include not only satisfying regulatory requirements, but also providing internal support through the growth of a strong risk management culture, reinforcement of internal controls, improvement of work processes and provision of timely feedback to management members and staff throughout the group.
Each of our subsidiaries manages operational risks related to its own business, and we regularly monitor them. Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary, uses an operational risk management framework meeting the Basel III standards. Specifically, Kookmin Bank calculates its operational risk-weighted assets under the Basel III standardized method, pursuant to which it:
calculates its operational risk-weighted assets on a quarterly basis using its business indicator components, or BICs, and internal loss multipliers, or ILMs;
monitors operational risk in terms of Key Risk Indicators, or KRIs, using tolerance levels for each indicator;
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executes integrated compliance and operational risk Control Self Assessments, or CSAs, that enhance the effect on internal controls, which Kookmin Bank employees are able to access and use for process improvement;
collects and analyzes internal and external loss data;
conducts scenario analyses to recognize the operational risks for incidents with a high probability of potential loss and to identify weaknesses and areas of improvement;
manages certain insurance-related activities relating to insurance strategies established to mitigate operational risk;
examines operational risks arising in connection with the development of, changes in or discontinuance of products, policies or systems;
uses a detailed business continuity plan covering all of its operations and locations to prepare against unexpected events, including an alternate back-up site for use in disaster events as well as annual full-scale testing of such site;
refines bank-wide operational risk policies and procedures;
provides appropriate training and support to business line operational risk managers; and
reports overall operational risk status to our senior management.
While Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department advises relevant business units with respect to the review of and suggested improvements on related operational processes and procedures, each of Kookmin Bank’s relevant business units has primary responsibility for the management of its own operational risk. In addition, the Operational Risk Unit, which is part of Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department, monitors bank-wide operational risk. Kookmin Bank also has business line operational risk managers in all of its subsidiaries, departments and branches who periodically conduct CSAs and monitor KRIs. For example, Kookmin Bank has developed KRIs relating to customer data protection, which are applied and monitored at all domestic branches and offices. In addition, in order to strengthen risk management of its overseas operations, Kookmin Bank designates expert auditors for overseas branches and conducts internal audits designed especially to check key risks identified for each overseas branch. Kookmin Bank has also established a risk CSA system for overseas branches, pursuant to which all employees (including locally hired staff) of such branches are required to perform a risk CSA on a quarterly basis. Furthermore, Kookmin Bank regularly monitors operational risks related to new businesses as well as existing operating processes and seeks to develop appropriate new KRIs and risk CSA measures on an ongoing basis. Through such methods, Kookmin Bank is able to ensure proper monitoring of operational risk in each of its business groups and overseas operations.
Internal Control
To monitor and control operational risks, we maintain a system of comprehensive policies and have put in place a control framework designed to provide a stable and well-managed operational environment throughout our organization. We have in place a prescribed leave policy for employees in certain high-risk categories to safeguard against fraud and to check for weaknesses in internal controls. In addition, we maintain an external whistleblower “ombudsman” channel to encourage whistleblowing and voluntary reporting of fraudulent behavior. As part of our efforts to strengthen our internal reporting system, we amended our whistleblower policy in May 2023 to expand the scope of reportable subjects, explicitly stipulate the rewards for such reporting and require mandatory investigations of any violations of the duty to report financial incidents. Furthermore, in August 2025, we strengthened our protection of whistleblowers by specifying the types of retaliatory actions that are prohibited against whistleblowers.
Each of our subsidiaries establishes its own internal control system in accordance with the group-level internal control principles. Our Compliance Supporting Department is responsible for monitoring and advising
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our subsidiaries regarding their internal control systems. Our Audit Committee, which consists of four non-executive directors, is an independent authority that evaluates the effectiveness and efficiency of our group-wide internal control systems and business processes and monitors our subsidiaries’ compliance with such systems and processes, as well as reviews the reliability of our financial statements to secure the transparency and stability of our management (including through the activities of our independent auditors). Supplementally, pursuant to certain amendments made to the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies aimed at strengthening the internal control systems of financial companies in Korea, which became effective in July 2024, we established an Internal Control Committee under our board of directors in March 2025. The Internal Control Committee is mainly responsible for establishing and amending our strategies and standards relating to internal control, ensuring that our management take appropriate managerial actions required for the effective functioning of internal control related to their respective responsibilities set forth in a “Responsibilities Map” prepared by us in accordance with the amended rules, and overseeing steps to improve any deficiencies identified in our internal control systems. However, the Audit Committee continues to oversee matters relating to internal control over financial reporting, among others. We have also established group-wide internal guidelines with respect to our subsidiaries’ reporting requirements. Our subsidiaries review their operations and their level of compliance with internal control systems and business processes on a periodic basis and, as part of this process, they are required to report any problems discovered and any remedial actions taken to our chief compliance officer, who is responsible for reporting to our Audit Committee or Internal Control Committee, as necessary. Based on the results of these reports, or on an ad hoc basis in response to any problem or potential problem that it identifies, the Audit Committee may direct a subsidiary to conduct an audit of its operations or, if it chooses to do so, conduct its own audit of those operations. The Audit Committee interacts on a regular basis with our Audit Department, Internal Control Committee, Compliance Supporting Department and our independent auditors. In carrying out these duties, the Audit Committee ultimately protects our property for the benefit of our shareholders, investors and customers by independently monitoring our management.
Our Audit Department supports our Audit Committee in monitoring our accounting and business operations and overseeing the management of our subsidiaries’ internal control systems by performing the following activities:
general audits, which include full-scale audits of the overall operations performed according to an annual audit plan, and sectional audits of selected operations; and
special audits of troubled or weak operations, which are performed when our Audit Committee or executive officer responsible for audits deems it necessary or pursuant to requests by our board, executive officers or supervisory authorities, such as the Financial Supervisory Service.
The Financial Supervisory Service periodically conducts a general examination of our operations. It also performs specific audits on particular aspects of our operations, such as risk management, credit monitoring and liquidity, as the need arises. We and our subsidiaries have in the past been subject to, and may in the future be subject to, the receipt of warning notices or the imposition of penalties in connection with our or our subsidiaries’ failure to comply with the applicable laws or rules, regulations and guidelines of the Financial Supervisory Service. Kookmin Bank’s Audit Department is the execution body for its audit committee and supports Kookmin Bank’s management objectives by auditing the operations of its branches using a risk analysis system and reviewing the operations of its headquarters and subsidiaries through the use of “risk-based audit” in accordance with the “business measurement process” audit methodology, which requires that the Audit Department evaluate the risk and process of its business units and concentrate its audit capacity with respect to high risk areas. As a result of recent regulatory trends, Kookmin Bank’s Audit Department is continuing its efforts to establish an advanced audit system and value-added internal audit by introducing risk-based audit techniques. In addition, in December 2024, Kookmin Bank newly established an internal control committee in order to enhance its internal control systems.
Our Compliance Supporting Department operates a compliance system to ensure that all of our employees comply with the relevant laws and regulations. This system’s main function is to establish and manage our compliance program, educate employees and management and improve our internal control process.
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Legal Risk
We consider legal risk as a part of our operational risk. The uncertainty of the enforceability of the obligations of our customers and counterparties creates legal risk. Changes in laws and regulations could also adversely affect us. Legal risk is higher in new areas of business where the law is often untested in the courts, although legal risk can also increase in our traditional business to the extent that the legal and regulatory landscape in Korea is changing and many new laws and regulations governing the financial industry remain untested. Our Compliance Supporting Department seeks to minimize legal risk by using stringent legal documentation, employing procedures designed to ensure that transactions are properly authorized and consulting legal advisers.
IT System Operational Risk
The integrity of our IT systems, and their ability to withstand potential catastrophic events, are crucial to our continuing operations. Accordingly, we are continuing to strengthen our disaster recovery capabilities. In order to minimize operational risks relating to our IT systems, we have implemented a multi-CPU system that runs multiple CPUs simultaneously on-site and ensures system continuity in case any of the CPUs fails. This system backs up our data systems at an off-site location on a real-time basis to ensure that our operations can be carried out normally and without material interruption in the event of CPU failure. Also, in order to protect our Internet banking services from system failures and cyber attacks, we process our Internet transactions through two separate data processing centers.
We currently test our disaster recovery systems every six months, with the comprehensive testing covering our branches and the main IT center’s disaster recovery system, and our Infrastructure System Department monitoring all of our computerized network processes and IT systems. In addition, we monitor and report on any unusual delays or irregularities reported by our branches. Kookmin Bank currently tests its disaster recovery systems on a quarterly basis, and its Information Security Department is responsible for the daily monitoring of its information security system. Our business operations regularly conduct IT security inspections with respect to such operations and have implemented measures to identify and respond collectively to security breach attempts, such as hacking attempts. Furthermore, KB Kookmin Card and Kookmin Bank have each established technical as well as management-related standards governing information protection under which they operate their businesses.
In particular, at Kookmin Bank, we have taken steps to establish a comprehensive security system aimed at detecting and responding to internal and external threats to its IT system and have implemented network segregation on the computers of all employees so that Intranet and Extranet functions are segregated. We have endeavored to enhance protection of customer data by using personal identification numbers internally generated and managed by Kookmin Bank in all customer financial transactions, in lieu of the resident registration numbers of its customers, and by amending forms and templates to minimize collection of potentially sensitive customer data. Kookmin Bank’s chief information security officer is responsible for ensuring protection of information assets and technologies and reducing IT risks.
At KB Kookmin Card, we have taken steps to strengthen its information security infrastructure by implementing a solution to prevent attacks on its website and a security system to prevent unauthorized access to local networks and information. As part of its efforts to strengthen its operational processes and procedures for customer information protection and to ensure compliance with relevant laws and regulations, KB Kookmin Card continually conducts annual status reviews, monthly information security inspections, information protection training for its employees and officers and mock training sessions for responding to malicious e-mails.
Kookmin Bank and KB Kookmin Card have each obtained ISO 27001 certification, which relates to information security. Kookmin Bank has also obtained ISO 20000 certification, which relates to information technology service management, and BS 25999 (now ISO 22301) certification, which relates to business
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continuity management. Kookmin Bank is the first Korean bank to have obtained all three such international certifications and it continually renews such certifications following annual reviews. In addition, we, Kookmin Bank and KB Insurance have each obtained ISMS certification, which relates to information security management, and KB Securities, KB Kookmin Card, Kookmin Bank and KB Capital have obtained ISMS-P certification, which relates to personal information in addition to information security management. KB Kookmin Card has also obtained PCI DSS certification, which relates to the protection of credit card data, and ISO 27701 certification, which relates to the management of personally identifiable information.
We implement various year-round education programs and training sessions designed to raise the information security awareness of both management and employees.
For further information regarding our cybersecurity measures, see “Item 16K. Cybersecurity.”
Fees and Charges
Under the terms of the deposit agreement, as a holder of our ADSs, you are required to pay the following service fees to the depositary:
Fees
Issuance of ADSs
Delivery of deposited shares against surrender of ADSs
Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions
Transfer of ADSs, combination and split-up of American depositary receipts or interchange of certificated and uncertificated ADSs
Distribution or sale of securities pursuant to stock dividends, free stock distributions, exercise of rights or any other non-cash distributions
Depositary Services
As a holder of our ADSs, you are also responsible for paying certain fees and expenses incurred by the depositary and certain taxes and governmental charges such as:
Fees for the transfer and registration of shares charged by the registrar and transfer agent for the shares in Korea (i.e., upon deposit and withdrawal of shares).
Expenses incurred for converting foreign currency into U.S. dollars.
Expenses for cable, telex and fax transmissions and for delivery of securities.
Taxes and duties upon the transfer of securities (i.e., when shares are deposited or withdrawn from deposit).
Fees and expenses incurred in connection with the delivery or servicing of shares on deposit or other deposited securities.
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Depositary fees payable upon the issuance and surrender of ADSs are typically paid to the depositary by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) receiving the newly issued ADSs from the depositary and by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) delivering the ADSs to the depositary for surrender. The brokers in turn charge these fees to their clients. Depositary fees payable in connection with distributions of cash or securities to ADS holders and the depositary services fee are charged by the depositary to the holders of record of ADSs as of the applicable ADS record date.
The depositary fees payable for cash distributions are generally deducted from the cash being distributed. In the case of distributions other than cash (i.e., stock dividend, rights), the depositary charges the applicable fee to the ADS record date holders concurrent with the distribution. In the case of ADSs registered in the name of the investor (whether certificated or uncertificated in direct registration), the depositary sends invoices to the applicable record date ADS holders. In the case of ADSs held in brokerage and custodian accounts (via the Depository Trust Company, or DTC), the depositary generally collects its fees through the systems provided by DTC (whose nominee is the registered holder of the ADSs held in DTC) from the brokers and custodians holding ADSs in their DTC accounts. The brokers and custodians who hold their clients’ ADSs in DTC accounts in turn charge their clients’ accounts the amount of the fees paid to the depositary.
In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to such holder of ADSs.
Note that the fees and charges you may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. You will receive prior notice of such changes.
Fees and Payments from the Depositary to Us
In 2025, we received the following payments from the depositary:
Reimbursement of listing fees:
Reimbursement of SEC filing fees:
Reimbursement of expenses related to our investor relations activities (investor conferences and investor relations agency fees, etc.) and legal fees (expenses related to the preparation of our Form 20-F for fiscal year 2024):
In addition, as part of its service to us, the depositary waives its fees for the standard costs and operating expenses associated with the administration of the ADS facility.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We have evaluated, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2025. There are inherent limitations
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to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based upon our evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2025 were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework 2013 issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Based on our evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 has been audited by Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report included herein, which expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025.
Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm
The attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm is included in Item 18 of this Form 20-F.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during 2025 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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Our board of directors has determined that Whajoon Cho and Sun Yeop Kim, our non-executive directors and members of our Audit Committee, qualify as “audit committee financial experts” and are independent within the meaning of this Item 16A.
We have adopted a code of ethics, as defined in Item 16B of Form 20-F under the Exchange Act. Our code of ethics applies to our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as well as to our non-executive directors, non-standing directors and other officers and employees. Our code of ethics is available on our website at https://www.kbfg.com/eng/about/ethics/code.htm. If we amend the provisions of our code of ethics that apply to our chief executive officer and chief financial officer and persons performing similar functions, or if we grant any waiver of such provisions, we will disclose such amendment or waiver on our website at the same address.
Audit and Non-audit Fees
The following table sets forth the fees billed or expected to be billed to us by independent registered public accounting firm Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025:
Audit fees
Audit-related fees
Tax fees
Total fees
Audit fees in the above table are the aggregate fees billed by Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers in connection with:
the audits of our annual financial statements and the review of our interim financial statements;
the audits of our special purpose entities in connection with the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act; and
our financial debenture offering services.
Audit-related fees in the above table are the aggregate fees billed by Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers in connection with due diligence services rendered in the ordinary course of our business.
Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
Our Audit Committee pre-approves the engagement of our independent auditors for audit services with respect to our financial statements. Our Audit Committee has implemented a policy regarding pre-approval of certain other services provided by our independent auditors to our subsidiaries that the Audit Committee has deemed as not affecting their independence. Under this policy, pre-approvals for the following services to our subsidiaries have been granted by our Audit Committee to each of our subsidiaries’ audit committees: (i) services related to the audit of financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS as adopted by Korea and internal controls under Korean laws and regulations; (ii) general tax services; (iii) issuance of comfort letters in
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connection with offering of securities; (iv) educational services provided to employees and (v) certifications and verifications required by applicable laws or regulatory authorities to be performed by independent auditors, or that can be performed more efficiently by independent auditors.
Any other audit or permitted non-audit service must be pre-approved by the Audit Committee on a case-by-case basis. Our Audit Committee did not pre-approve any non-audit services under the de minimis exception of Rule 2.01(c)(7)(i)(C) of Regulation S-X as promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
The following table sets forth information regarding purchases by us of our common shares during the period covered by this annual report.
Period
January 1 to January 31, 2025
February 1 to February 28, 2025(1)
March 1 to March 31, 2025(1)
April 1 to April 30, 2025(1)(2)
May 1 to May 31, 2025(2)
June 1 to June 30, 2025(2)
July 1 to July 31, 2025(2)(3)
August 1 to August 31, 2025(3)
September 1 to September 30, 2025(3)
October 1 to October 31, 2025(3)
November 1 to November 30, 2025(3)
December 1 to December 31, 2025(3)
Comprises common shares that were purchased through a broker in a series of open-market transactions in Korea in the periods indicated above, pursuant to a resolution by our board of directors to acquire up to ￦520 billion, or approximately US$360.5 million (as of February 5, 2025), worth of treasury shares between February 6, 2025 and May 5, 2025, as announced via our report of foreign private issuer furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission via Form 6-K on February 5, 2025. We completed such purchases on April 10, 2025 and subsequently canceled all such shares.
Comprises common shares that were purchased through a broker in a series of open-market transactions in Korea in the periods indicated above, pursuant to a resolution by our board of directors to acquire up to ￦300 billion, or approximately US$209.4 million (as of April 24, 2025), worth of treasury shares between April 25, 2025 and July 24, 2025, as announced via our report of foreign private issuer furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission via Form 6-K on April 24, 2025. We completed such purchases on June 26, 2025 and subsequently canceled all such shares.
Comprises common shares that were purchased through a broker in a series of open-market transactions in Korea in the periods indicated above, pursuant to a trust agreement for the acquisition of up to ￦660 billion, or approximately US$485.7 million (as of July 24, 2025), worth of treasury shares between July 24, 2025 and January 9, 2026, as announced via our report of foreign private issuer furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission via Form 6-K on July 24, 2025. Following the expiration of the agreement on January 9, 2026, we subsequently canceled all of the shares that we purchased.
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In February 2026, our board of directors resolved to acquire, through a broker in a series of open-market transactions in Korea between February 6, 2026 and April 20, 2026, up to ￦600 billion of our common shares, or approximately US$407.7 million (as of February 5, 2026), with all such shares subject to cancelation upon the completion of the acquisition.
Other than as described above, neither we nor any “affiliated purchaser,” as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) of the Exchange Act, purchased any of our equity securities during the period covered by this annual report.
Differences in Corporate Governance Practices
Pursuant to the rules of the New York Stock Exchange applicable to foreign private issuers like us that are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, we are required to disclose significant differences between the New York Stock Exchange’s corporate governance standards and those that we follow under Korean law and in accordance with our own internal procedures. The following is a summary of such significant differences:
NYSE Corporate Governance Standards
Executive Session
Nomination/Corporate Governance Committee
We maintain a Non-executive Director Nominating Committee composed of four non-executive directors.
We maintain a Chairman Nominating Committee composed of all seven of our non-executive directors.
Compensation Committee
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Additionally, the committee may obtain or retain the advice of a compensation adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to determining that adviser’s independence from management.
Audit Committee Additional Requirements
Shareholder Approval of Equity Compensation Plan
We currently have two equity compensation plans: (i) performance share agreements with certain of our directors and executive officers and (ii) an employee stock ownership plan, or ESOP. Matters related to the performance share agreements or ESOP are not subject to shareholders’ approval under Korean law.
Our Articles of Incorporation provide that our stockholders may, by special resolution, grant stock options to officers, directors and employees. All material matters related to stock options are provided in our Articles of Incorporation, and any amendments to the Articles of Incorporation are subject to shareholders’ approval.
Corporate Governance Guidelines
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Reference is made to Item 19(a) for a list of all financial statements filed as part of this annual report.
List of Financial Statements:
Audited consolidated financial statements of KB Financial Group Inc. and subsidiaries, prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB
Report of independent registered public accounting firm
Consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31, 2024 and 2025
Consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025
Consolidated statements of changes in equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025
Consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025
Notes to consolidated financial statements
Exhibits
Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, KB Financial Group has filed certain agreements as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 20-F. These agreements may contain representations and warranties made by the parties. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other party or parties to such agreements and (i) may be intended not as statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties to such agreements if those statements turn out to be inaccurate, (ii) may have been qualified by disclosures that were made to such other party or parties and that either have been reflected in the company’s filings or are not required to be disclosed in those filings, (iii) may apply materiality standards different from what may be viewed as material to investors and (iv) were made only as of the date of such agreements or such other date(s) as may be specified in such agreements and are subject to more recent developments. Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe KB Financial Group’s actual state of affairs at the date of this annual report.
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Number
Description
1.1
2.1(1)
2.2(2)
2.3(3)
2.4(4)
8.1(5)
11.1(6)
12.1
13.1
97.1(7)
101.INS
101.SCH
Incorporated by reference to the registrant’s filing on Form 20-F (No. 000-53445), filed on June 15, 2009 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1445930/000095012309013901/h03411exv2w1.htm).
Incorporated by reference to the registrant’s filing on Form F-6 (No. 333-208008), filed on November 13, 2015 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1445930/000119380515001876/e614274_ex99-a.htm).
Incorporated by reference to “Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Description of Capital Stock” of this annual report.
Incorporated by reference to exhibit 2.4 to the registrant’s filing on Form 20-F (No. 000-53445) filed on April 24, 2020 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1445930/000119312520118233/d862752dex24.htm).
Incorporated by reference to Note 41 of the consolidated financial statements of the registrant included in this annual report.
Incorporated by reference to the registrant’s filing on Form 20-F (No. 000-53445), filed on April 28, 2016 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1445930/000119312516561071/d181570dex111.htm).
Incorporated by reference to the registrant’s filing on Form 20-F (No. 000-53445), filed on April 26, 2024 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1445930/000119312524115465/d727549dex971.htm).
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SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.
Date: April 28, 2026
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