Alexandria Real Estate Equities - 10-Q quarterly report FY2018 Q3

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____________ to ____________

Commission file number 1-12993

ALEXANDRIA REAL ESTATE EQUITIES, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Maryland		95-4502084
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

385 East Colorado Boulevard, Suite 299, Pasadena, California 91101

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(626) 578-0777

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

N/A

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer x	Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company o
	Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

As of October 15, 2018, 107,526,601 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS



		Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017	1

	Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	2

	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	3

	Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity and Noncontrolling Interests for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018	4

	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	5

	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	7

Item 2.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	57

Item 3.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	125

Item 4.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	126

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1A.	RISK FACTORS	127

Item 6.	EXHIBITS	133

SIGNATURES		136

GLOSSARY

The following abbreviations or acronyms that may be used in this document shall have the adjacent meanings set forth below:



ASU	Accounting Standards Update
ATM	At the Market
BBA	British Bankers’ Association
BPS	Basis Points
CIP	Construction in Progress
EPS	Earnings per Share
FASB	Financial Accounting Standards Board
GAAP	U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
HVAC	Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
JV	Joint Venture
LEED^®	Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
LIBOR	London Interbank Offered Rate
Nareit	National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts
REIT	Real Estate Investment Trust
RSF	Rentable Square Feet/Foot
SEC	Securities and Exchange Commission
SF	Square Feet/Foot
SoMa	South of Market (submarket of the San Francisco market)
U.S.	United States
VIE	Variable Interest Entity

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Assets
Investments in real estate	$	11,587,312		$	10,298,019
Investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures	197,970			110,618
Cash and cash equivalents	204,181			254,381
Restricted cash	29,699			22,805
Tenant receivables	11,041			10,262
Deferred rent	511,680			434,731
Deferred leasing costs	238,295			221,430
Investments	957,356			523,254
Other assets	368,032			228,453
Total assets	$	14,105,566		$	12,103,953

Liabilities, Noncontrolling Interests, and Equity
Secured notes payable	$	632,792		$	771,061
Unsecured senior notes payable	4,290,906			3,395,804
Unsecured senior line of credit	413,000			50,000
Unsecured senior bank term loans	347,306			547,942
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security deposits	907,094			763,832
Dividends payable	101,084			92,145
Total liabilities	6,692,182			5,620,784

Commitments and contingencies

Redeemable noncontrolling interests	10,771			11,509

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity:
7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock	74,386			74,386
Common stock	1,058			998
Additional paid-in capital	6,801,150			5,824,258
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(3,811		)	50,024
Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity	6,872,783			5,949,666
Noncontrolling interests	529,830			521,994
Total equity	7,402,613			6,471,660
Total liabilities, noncontrolling interests, and equity	$	14,105,566		$	12,103,953

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Income

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenues:
Rental	$	255,496		$	216,021		$	750,616		$	635,156
Tenant recoveries	81,051			67,058			226,380			188,874
Other income	5,276			2,291			10,000			5,276
Total revenues	341,823			285,370			986,996			829,306

Expenses:
Rental operations	99,759			83,469			283,438			237,536
General and administrative	22,660			17,636			68,020			56,099
Interest	42,244			31,031			117,256			92,563
Depreciation and amortization	119,600			107,788			352,671			309,069
Impairment of real estate	—			—			6,311			203
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	1,122			—			1,122			670
Total expenses	285,385			239,924			828,818			696,140

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures	40,718			14,100			42,952			15,050
Investment income	122,203			—			220,294			—
Gain on sales of real estate – rental properties	—			—			—			270
Gain on sales of real estate – land parcels	—			—			—			111
Net income	219,359			59,546			421,424			148,597
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(5,723		)	(5,773		)	(17,428		)	(18,892		)
Net income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders	213,636			53,773			403,996			129,705
Dividends on preferred stock	(1,301		)	(1,302		)	(3,905		)	(6,364		)
Preferred stock redemption charge	—			—			—			(11,279		)
Net income attributable to unvested restricted stock awards	(3,395		)	(1,198		)	(6,010		)	(3,498		)
Net income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders	$	208,940		$	51,273		$	394,081		$	108,564

Net income per share attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders:
Basic	$	2.01		$	0.55		$	3.86		$	1.20
Diluted	$	1.99		$	0.55		$	3.85		$	1.20

Dividends declared per share of common stock	$	0.93		$	0.86		$	2.76		$	2.55

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net income	$	219,359		$	59,546		$	421,424		$	148,597
Other comprehensive (loss) income
Unrealized gains on public investments:
Unrealized holding gains arising during the period	—			17,018			—			23,414
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income	—			—			—			2,482
Unrealized gains on public investments, net	—			17,018			—			25,896

Unrealized (losses) gains on interest rate hedge agreements:
Unrealized interest rate hedge gains arising during the period	165			145			2,808			812
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of interest (income) expense included in net income	(1,432		)	198			(3,241		)	1,810
Unrealized (losses) gains on interest rate hedge agreements, net	(1,267		)	343			(433		)	2,622

Unrealized (losses) gains on foreign currency translation:
Unrealized foreign currency translation (losses) gains arising during the period	(59		)	3,836			(3,631		)	7,592
Reclassification adjustment for cumulative foreign currency translation losses included in net income upon sale or liquidation	—			—			—			2,421
Unrealized (losses) gains on foreign currency translation, net	(59		)	3,836			(3,631		)	10,013

Total other comprehensive (loss) income	(1,326		)	21,197			(4,064		)	38,531
Comprehensive income	218,033			80,743			417,360			187,128
Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(5,723		)	(5,783		)	(17,428		)	(18,914		)
Comprehensive income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders	$	212,310		$	74,960		$	399,932		$	168,214

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity and Noncontrolling Interests

(Dollars in thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s Stockholders’ Equity
	7.00% Series D Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock		Number of Common Shares	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interests			Total Equity			Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	74,386	99,783,686	$	998	$	5,824,258	$	—		$	50,024		$	521,994		$	6,471,660		$	11,509
Net income	—		—	—		—		403,996			—			16,781			420,777			647
Total other comprehensive loss	—		—	—		—		—			(4,064		)	—			(4,064		)	—
Reclassification of net unrealized gains on non-real estate investments upon adoption of new ASU on financial instruments on January 1, 2018	—		—	—		—		140,521			(49,771		)	—			90,750			—
Redemption of noncontrolling interests	—		—	—		—		—			—			—			—			(1,497		)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	—		—	—		—		—			—			(23,775		)	(23,775		)	(638		)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	—		—	—		257		—			—			14,830			15,087			750
Issuance of common stock	—		5,716,420	57		696,475		—			—			—			696,532			—
Issuance pursuant to stock plan	—		303,488	3		29,119		—			—			—			29,122			—
Dividends declared on common stock	—		—	—		—		(289,571		)	—			—			(289,571		)	—
Dividends declared on preferred stock	—		—	—		—		(3,905		)	—			—			(3,905		)	—
Reclassification of distributions in excess of earnings	—		—	—		251,041		(251,041		)	—			—			—			—
Balance as of September 30, 2018	$	74,386	105,803,594	$	1,058	$	6,801,150	$	—		$	(3,811	)	$	529,830		$	7,402,613		$	10,771

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.



Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) (Unaudited)
	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Operating Activities
Net income	$	421,424		$	148,597
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	352,671			309,069
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	1,122			670
Gain on sales of real estate – rental properties	—			(270		)
Impairment of real estate	6,311			203
Gain on sales of real estate – land parcels	—			(111		)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures	(42,952		)	(15,050		)
Distributions of earnings from unconsolidated real estate joint ventures	430			249
Amortization of loan fees	7,870			8,578
Amortization of debt premiums	(1,795		)	(1,873		)
Amortization of acquired below-market leases	(16,588		)	(14,908		)
Deferred rent	(75,960		)	(74,362		)
Stock compensation expense	25,209			18,649
Investment income	(220,294		)	(2,007		)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Tenant receivables	(807		)	(224		)
Deferred leasing costs	(42,821		)	(39,925		)
Other assets	(21,629		)	(10,662		)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security deposits	21,897			30,619
Net cash provided by operating activities	414,088			357,242

Investing Activities
Proceeds from sales of real estate	5,748			4,263
Additions to real estate	(663,688		)	(660,877		)
Purchases of real estate	(947,013		)	(590,884		)
Deposits for investing activities	2,500			4,700
Acquisitions of interests in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures	(35,922		)	—
Investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures	(77,501		)	(248		)
Return of capital from unconsolidated real estate joint ventures	68,592			38,576
Additions to investments	(174,195		)	(128,190		)
Sales of investments	57,330			18,896
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(1,764,149	)	$	(1,313,764	)



Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) (Unaudited)
	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Financing Activities
Borrowings from secured notes payable	$	17,784		$	145,272
Repayments of borrowings from secured notes payable	(155,155		)	(2,882		)
Proceeds from issuance of unsecured senior notes payable	899,321			424,384
Borrowings from unsecured senior line of credit	3,894,000			2,634,000
Repayments of borrowings from unsecured senior line of credit	(3,531,000		)	(2,348,000		)
Repayments of borrowings from unsecured senior bank term loans	(200,000		)	(200,000		)
Payment of loan fees	(19,066		)	(4,343		)
Repurchase of 7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock	—			(17,934		)
Redemption of 6.45% Series E cumulative redeemable preferred stock	—			(130,350		)
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock	696,532			705,391
Dividends on common stock	(280,632		)	(229,814		)
Dividends on preferred stock	(3,905		)	(8,317		)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	15,837			9,877
Distributions to and purchases of noncontrolling interests	(25,910		)	(17,432		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	1,307,806			959,852

Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(1,051		)	1,579

Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(43,306		)	4,909
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as of the beginning of period	277,186			141,366
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as of the end of period	$	233,880		$	146,275

Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information:
Cash paid during the period for interest, net of interest capitalized	$	99,638		$	86,232

Non-Cash Investing Activities:
Change in accrued construction	$	69,654		$	(38,767	)
Contribution of real estate to an unconsolidated real estate joint venture	$	—		$	6,998

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)


1.	Organization and basis of presentation

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (NYSE:ARE), an S&P 500^® company, is an urban office REIT uniquely focused on collaborative life science and technology campuses in AAA innovation cluster locations. As used in this quarterly report on Form 10‑Q, references to the “Company,” “Alexandria,” “ARE,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

We have prepared the accompanying interim consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP and in conformity with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In our opinion, the interim consolidated financial statements presented herein reflect all adjustments, of a normal recurring nature, that are necessary to fairly present the interim consolidated financial statements. The results of operations for the interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2018. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in our annual report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Any references to our market capitalization, number or quality of buildings or tenants, quality of location, square footage, number of leases, or occupancy percentage, and any amounts derived from these values in these notes to consolidated financial statements, are outside the scope of our independent registered public accounting firm’s interim review.


2.	Summary of significant accounting policies

Consolidation

On an ongoing basis, as circumstances indicate the need for reconsideration, we evaluate each legal entity that is not wholly owned by us in accordance with the consolidation guidance. Our evaluation considers all of our variable interests, including equity ownership, as well as fees paid to us for our involvement in the management of each partially owned entity. To fall within the scope of the consolidation guidance, an entity must meet both of the following criteria:


•	The entity has a legal structure that has been established to conduct business activities and to hold assets; such entity can be in the form of a partnership, limited liability company, or corporation, among others; and


•	We have a variable interest in the legal entity – i.e., variable interests that are contractual, such as equity ownership, or other financial interests that change with changes in the fair value of the entity’s net assets.

If an entity does not meet both criteria above, we apply other accounting literature, such as the cost or equity method of accounting. If an entity does meet both criteria above, we evaluate such entity for consolidation under either the variable interest model if the legal entity meets any of the following characteristics to qualify as a VIE, or under the voting model for all other legal entities that are not VIEs.

A legal entity is determined to be a VIE if it has any of the following three characteristics:


1)	The entity does not have sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support;


2)	The entity is established with non-substantive voting rights (i.e., where the entity deprives the majority economic interest holder(s) of voting rights); or


3)	The equity holders, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. Equity holders meet this criterion if they lack any of the following:


•	The power, through voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly influence the entity’s economic performance, as evidenced by:


•	Substantive participating rights in day-to-day management of the entity’s activities; or


•	Substantive kick-out rights over the party responsible for significant decisions;


•	The obligation to absorb the entity’s expected losses; or


•	The right to receive the entity’s expected residual returns.


2.	Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Once we consider the sufficiency of equity and voting rights of each legal entity, we then evaluate the characteristics of the equity holders’ interests, as a group, to see if they qualify as controlling financial interests. Our real estate joint ventures consist of limited partnerships or limited liability companies. For an entity structured as a limited partnership or a limited liability company, our evaluation of whether the equity holders (equity partners other than us in each of our joint ventures) lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest includes the evaluation of whether the limited partners or non-managing members (the noncontrolling equity holders) lack both substantive participating rights and substantive kick-out rights, defined as follows:


•	Participating rights provide the noncontrolling equity holders the ability to direct significant financial and operating decisions made in the ordinary course of business that most significantly influence the entity’s economic performance.


•	Kick-out rights allow the noncontrolling equity holders to remove the general partner or managing member without cause.

If we conclude that any of the three characteristics of a VIE are met, including that the equity holders lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest because they lack both substantive participating rights and substantive kick-out rights, we conclude that the entity is a VIE and evaluate it for consolidation under the variable interest model.

Variable interest model

If an entity is determined to be a VIE, we evaluate whether we are the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary analysis is a qualitative analysis based on power and benefits. We consolidate a VIE if we have both power and benefits – that is, (i) we have the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly influence the VIE’s economic performance (power), and (ii) we have the obligation to absorb losses of or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE (benefits). We consolidate VIEs whenever we determine that we are the primary beneficiary. Refer to Note 4 – “Consolidated and Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for information on specific joint ventures that qualify as VIEs. If we have a variable interest in a VIE but we are not the primary beneficiary, we account for our investment using the equity method of accounting.

Voting model

If a legal entity fails to meet any of the three characteristics of a VIE (due to insufficiency of equity, existence of non-substantive voting rights, or lack of a controlling financial interest), we then evaluate such entity under the voting model. Under the voting model, we consolidate the entity if we determine that we, directly or indirectly, have greater than 50% of the voting shares and that other equity holders do not have substantive participating rights. Refer to Note 4 – “Consolidated and Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for further information on our unconsolidated real estate joint ventures that qualify for evaluation under the voting model.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and equity; the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements; and the amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Investments in real estate

Evaluation of business combination or asset acquisition

We evaluate each acquisition of real estate or in-substance real estate (including equity interests in entities that predominantly hold real estate assets) to determine whether the integrated set of assets and activities acquired meets the definition of a business and needs to be accounted as a business combination. An acquisition of an integrated set of assets and activities that does not meet the definition of a business is accounted for as an asset acquisition. If either of the following criteria is met, the integrated set of assets and activities acquired would not qualify as a business:


•	Substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in either a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets; or


•	The integrated set of assets and activities is lacking, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs (i.e., revenue generated before and after the transaction).


2.	Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

An acquired process is considered substantive if:


•	The process includes an organized workforce (or includes an acquired contract that provides access to an organized workforce) that is skilled, knowledgeable, and experienced in performing the process;


•	The process cannot be replaced without significant cost, effort, or delay; or


•	The process is considered unique or scarce.

Generally, we expect that acquisitions of real estate or in-substance real estate will not meet the definition of a business because substantially all of the fair value is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets (i.e., land, buildings, and related intangible assets) or because the acquisition does not include a substantive process in the form of an acquired workforce or an acquired contract that cannot be replaced without significant cost, effort, or delay. When evaluating acquired service or management contracts, we consider the nature of the services performed, the terms of the contract relative to similar arm’s-length contracts, and the availability of comparable vendors in evaluating whether the acquired contract constitutes a substantive process.

Recognition of real estate acquired

For acquisitions of real estate or in-substance real estate that are accounted for as business combinations, we recognize the assets acquired (including the intangible value of acquired above- or below-market leases, acquired in-place leases, tenant relationships, and other intangible assets or liabilities), liabilities assumed, noncontrolling interests, and previously existing ownership interests at fair value as of the acquisition date. Any excess (deficit) of the consideration transferred relative to the fair value of the net assets acquired is accounted for as goodwill (bargain purchase gain). Acquisition costs related to business combinations are expensed as incurred.

Acquisitions of real estate and in-substance real estate that do not meet the definition of a business are accounted for as asset acquisitions. The accounting model for asset acquisitions is similar to the accounting model for business combinations except that the acquisition consideration (including acquisition costs) is allocated to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis. As a result, asset acquisitions do not result in the recognition of goodwill or a bargain purchase gain. Additionally, because the accounting model for asset acquisitions is a cost accumulation model, preexisting interests in the acquired assets, if any, are not remeasured to fair value but continue to be accounted for at their historical cost. Direct acquisition costs are capitalized if an asset acquisition is probable. If we determine that an asset acquisition is no longer probable, no new costs are capitalized and all capitalized costs that are not recoverable are expensed.

The relative fair values used to allocate the cost of an asset acquisition are determined by the same methodologies and assumptions we utilize to determine fair value in a business combination.

If a real estate property is acquired with an in-place lease that contains a bargain fixed-rate renewal option for the period beyond the non-cancelable lease term, we evaluate factors, such as the business conditions in the industry in which the lessee operates, the economic conditions in the area in which the property is located, and the ability of the lessee to sublease its space during the renewal term, in order to determine the likelihood that the lessee will renew. When we determine there is reasonable assurance that such bargain renewal option will be exercised, we consider the option in determining the intangible value of such lease and its related amortization period. The value of tangible assets acquired is based upon our estimation of value on an “as if vacant” basis. The value of acquired in-place leases includes the estimated costs during the hypothetical lease-up period and other costs that would have been incurred in the execution of similar leases under the market conditions at the acquisition date of the acquired in-place lease. We assess the fair value of tangible and intangible assets based on numerous factors, including estimated cash flow projections that utilize appropriate discount and capitalization rates and available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors, including the historical operating results, known trends, and market/economic conditions, that may affect the property.

The values allocated to buildings and building improvements, land improvements, tenant improvements, and equipment are depreciated on a straight-line basis using the shorter of the term of the respective ground lease and up to 40 years for buildings and building improvements, an estimated life of up to 20 years for land improvements, the respective lease term for tenant improvements, and the estimated useful life for equipment. The values of acquired above- and below-market leases are amortized over the terms of the related leases and recognized as either increases (for below-market leases) or decreases (for above-market leases) to rental revenue. The values of acquired above- and below-market ground leases are amortized over the terms of the related ground leases and recognized as either increases (for below-market ground leases) or decreases (for above-market ground leases) to rental operating expense. The values of acquired in-place leases are classified in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and amortized over the remaining terms of the related leases.


2.	Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Capitalized project costs

We capitalize project costs, including pre-construction costs, interest, property taxes, insurance, and other costs directly related and essential to the development, redevelopment, pre-construction, or construction of a project. Capitalization of development, redevelopment, pre-construction, and construction costs is required while activities are ongoing to prepare an asset for its intended use. Fluctuations in our development, redevelopment, pre-construction, and construction activities could result in significant changes to total expenses and net income. Costs incurred after a project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use are expensed as incurred. Should development, redevelopment, pre-construction, or construction activity cease, interest, property taxes, insurance, and certain other costs would no longer be eligible for capitalization and would be expensed as incurred. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

Real estate sales

A property is classified as held for sale when all of the following criteria for a plan of sale have been met: (i) management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the property; (ii) the property is available for immediate sale in its present condition, subject only to terms that are usual and customary; (iii) an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to complete the plan to sell have been initiated; (iv) the sale of the property is probable and is expected to be completed within one year; (v) the property is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value; and (vi) actions necessary to complete the plan of sale indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. Depreciation of assets ceases upon designation of a property as held for sale.

If the disposal of a property represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on our operations or financial results, such as (i) a major line of business, (ii) a major geographic area, (iii) a major equity method investment, or (iv) other major parts of an entity, then the operations of the property, including any interest expense directly attributable to it, are classified as discontinued operations in our consolidated statements of income, and amounts for all prior periods presented are reclassified from continuing operations to discontinued operations. The disposal of an individual property generally will not represent a strategic shift and therefore will typically not meet the criteria for classification as a discontinued operation.

Impairment of long-lived assets

On a quarterly basis, we review current activities and changes in the business conditions of all of our properties prior to and subsequent to the end of each quarter to determine the existence of any triggering events requiring an impairment analysis. If triggering events are identified, we review an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows for the properties, including, if necessary, a probability-weighted approach if multiple outcomes are under consideration.

Long-lived assets to be held and used, including our rental properties, CIP, land held for development, and intangibles, are individually evaluated for impairment when conditions exist that may indicate that the carrying amount of a long-lived asset may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset to be held and used is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. Impairment indicators or triggering events for long-lived assets to be held and used, including our rental properties, CIP, land held for development, and intangibles, are assessed by project and include significant fluctuations in estimated net operating income, occupancy changes, significant near-term lease expirations, current and historical operating and/or cash flow losses, construction costs, estimated completion dates, rental rates, and other market factors. We assess the expected undiscounted cash flows based upon numerous factors, including, but not limited to, construction costs, available market information, current and historical operating results, known trends, current market/economic conditions that may affect the property, and our assumptions about the use of the asset, including, if necessary, a probability-weighted approach if multiple outcomes are under consideration. Upon determination that an impairment has occurred, a write-down is recognized to reduce the carrying amount to its estimated fair value. If an impairment loss is not required to be recognized, the recognition of depreciation is adjusted prospectively, as necessary, to reduce the carrying amount of the real estate to its estimated disposition value over the remaining period that the real estate is expected to be held and used. We may adjust depreciation of properties that are expected to be disposed of or redeveloped prior to the end of their useful lives.

We use the held for sale impairment model for our properties classified as held for sale. The held for sale impairment model is different from the held and used impairment model. Under the held for sale impairment model, an impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of the long-lived asset classified as held for sale exceeds its fair value less cost to sell. Because of these two different models, it is possible for a long-lived asset previously classified as held and used to require the recognition of an impairment charge upon classification as held for sale.


2.	Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

International operations

In addition to operating properties in the U.S., we have three operating properties in Canada and one operating property in China. The functional currency for our subsidiaries operating in the U.S. is the U.S. dollar. The functional currencies for our foreign subsidiaries are the local currencies in each respective country. The assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect as of the financial statement date. Income statement accounts of our foreign subsidiaries are translated using the weighted-average exchange rate for the periods presented. Gains or losses resulting from the translation are classified in accumulated other comprehensive income as a separate component of total equity and are excluded from net income.

Whenever a foreign investment meets the criteria for classification as held for sale, we evaluate the recoverability of the investment under the held for sale impairment model. We may recognize an impairment charge if the carrying amount of the investment exceeds its fair value less cost to sell. In determining an investment’s carrying amount, we consider its net book value and any cumulative unrealized foreign currency translation adjustment related to the investment.

The appropriate amounts of foreign exchange rate gains or losses classified in accumulated other comprehensive income are reclassified to net income when realized upon the sale of our investment or upon the complete or substantially complete liquidation of our investment.

Investments

We hold investments in publicly traded companies and privately held entities primarily involved in the life science and technology industries. As a REIT, we generally limit our ownership percentage in the voting stock of each individual entity to less than 10%.

Prior to January 1, 2018

Prior to the adoption of a new ASU on financial instruments effective January 1, 2018, all of our equity investments in actively traded public companies were considered available-for-sale and were presented in our consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Fair value was determined based upon the closing price as of each balance sheet date, with unrealized gains and losses shown as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income within total equity (excluded from net income). The classification of each investment was determined at the time each investment was made, and such determination was reevaluated at each balance sheet date. The cost of each investment sold was determined by the specific identification method, with realized gains or losses classified in other income in our consolidated statements of income. Investments in privately held entities were generally accounted for under the cost method when our interest in the entity was so minor that we had virtually no influence over the entity’s operating and financial policies. Investments in privately held entities were accounted for under the equity method unless our interest in the entity was deemed to be so minor that we had virtually no influence over the entity’s operating and financial policies. Under the equity method of accounting, we recognized our investment initially at cost and adjusted the carrying amount of the investment to recognize our share of the earnings or losses of the investee subsequent to the date of our investment.

We periodically assessed our investments in available-for-sale equity securities and privately held companies accounted for under the cost method for other-than-temporary impairment. We monitored each of our investments throughout the year for new developments, including operating results, results of clinical trials, capital-raising events, and merger and acquisition activities. Individual investments were evaluated for impairment when changes in conditions indicated an impairment may exist. The factors that we considered in making these assessments included, but were not limited to, market prices, market conditions, available financing, prospects for favorable or unfavorable clinical trial results, new product initiatives, and new collaborative agreements. If an unrealized loss related to an available-for-sale equity security was determined to be other-than-temporary, such unrealized loss was reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income within total equity into earnings. For a cost method investment, if a decline in the fair value of an investment below its carrying value was determined to be other-than-temporary, such investment was written down to its estimated fair value with a charge to earnings. If there were no identified events or changes in circumstances that might have had an adverse effect on our cost method investments, we did not estimate the investment’s fair value.


2.	Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Effective January 1, 2018

Beginning on January 1, 2018, under the new ASU, equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method and those that result in consolidation of the investee) are measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in net income, as follows:

•

Investments in publicly traded companies are classified as investments with readily determinable fair values. These investments are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in net income, rather than in accumulated other comprehensive income within total equity. The fair values for our investments in publicly traded companies continue to be determined based on sales prices/quotes available on securities exchanges, or published prices that serve as the basis for current transactions.


•	Investments in privately held entities without readily determinable fair values fall into two categories:

•Investments in privately held entities that report net asset value per share (“NAV”), such as our privately held investments in limited partnerships, are carried at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient with changes in fair value recognized in net income.

•Investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV are accounted for using a measurement alternative that allows these investments to be measured at cost, adjusted for observable price changes and impairments, with changes recognized in net income.

For investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV, an observable price is a price observed in an orderly transaction for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. Observable price changes result from, among other things, equity transactions for the same issuer executed during the reporting period, including subsequent equity offerings or other reported equity transactions related to the same issuer. For these transactions to be considered observable price changes, we evaluate whether these transactions have similar rights and obligations, including voting rights, distribution preferences, conversion rights, and other factors, to the investments we hold.

Investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV continue to be evaluated on the basis of a qualitative assessment for indicators of impairment by utilizing the same monitoring criteria described above. If such indicators are present, we are required to estimate the investment’s fair value and immediately recognize an impairment loss, without consideration as to whether the impairment is other-than-temporary, in an amount equal to the investment’s carrying value in excess of its estimated fair value.

Investments in privately held entities continue to be accounted for under the equity method unless our interest in the entity is deemed to be so minor that we have virtually no influence over the entity’s operating and financial policies. Under the equity method of accounting, we initially recognize our investment at cost and adjust the carrying amount of the investment to recognize our share of the earnings or losses of the investee subsequent to the date of our investment.

Initial adoption of new ASU

On January 1, 2018, we recognized the following adjustments upon adoption of the new ASU:


•	For investments in publicly traded companies, reclassification of cumulative unrealized gains as of December 31, 2017, aggregating $49.8 million, from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings.


•	For investments in privately held entities without readily determinable fair values that were previously accounted for under the cost method:


•	Adjustment to investments for unrealized gains aggregating $90.8 million related to investments in privately held entities that report NAV, representing the difference between fair value as of December 31, 2017, using NAV as a practical expedient and the carrying value of the investments as of December 31, 2017, with a corresponding adjustment to retained earnings.

•

No adjustment was required for investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV. The ASU requires a prospective transition approach for investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV. The FASB clarified that it would be difficult for entities to determine the last observable transaction price existing prior to the adoption of this ASU. Therefore, unlike our investments in privately held entities that report NAV that were adjusted to reflect fair values upon adoption of the new ASU, our investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV were not retrospectively adjusted to fair values upon adoption. As such, any initial valuation adjustments made for investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV subsequent to January 1, 2018, as a result of future observable price changes include recognition of unrealized gains or losses equal to the difference between the carrying basis of the investment and the observable price at the date of remeasurement.


2.	Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Revenue recognition

Recognition of revenue arising from contracts with customers

On January 1, 2018, we adopted an ASU on revenue recognition that requires a new model for recognition of revenue arising from contracts with customers, as well as recognition of gains and losses from the transfer of nonfinancial assets arising from contracts with noncustomers. A customer is distinguished from a noncustomer by the nature of the goods or services that are transferred. Customers are provided with goods or services that are generated by a company’s ordinary output activities, whereas noncustomers are provided with nonfinancial assets that are outside of a company’s ordinary output activities.

The core principle underlying the ASU on recognition of revenue arising from contracts with customers is that an entity must recognize revenue to represent the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in such exchange. This requires entities to identify contractual performance obligations and determine whether revenue should be recognized at a point in time or over time, based on when control of goods and services transfers to a customer. The ASU requires the use of a new five-step model to recognize revenue from customer contracts. The five-step model requires that we (i) identify the contract with the customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, including variable consideration to the extent that it is probable that a significant future reversal will not occur, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligation.

An entity is also required to determine if it controls the goods or services prior to the transfer to the customer in order to determine if it should account for the arrangement as a principal or agent. Principal arrangements, where the entity controls the goods or services provided, result in the recognition of the gross amount of consideration expected in the exchange. Agent arrangements, where the entity simply arranges but does not control the goods or services being transferred to the customer, result in the recognition of the net amount the entity is entitled to retain in the exchange. Upon adoption of the new lease ASU in 2019, we will be required to classify our tenant recoveries into lease and nonlease components, whereby the nonlease components would be subject to the ASU on recognition of revenue arising from contracts with customers. However, if we elect to use a practical expedient, as discussed in “Lessor Accounting” within the “Lease Accounting” subsection of the “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” section in Note 2 - “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” tenant recoveries for goods and services that are categorized as nonlease components but have the same timing and pattern of transfer as the related lease component may (subject to the predominance test) be accounted for under the new lease ASU. Tenant recoveries that do not qualify for the practical expedient will be accounted for under the ASU on recognition of revenue arising from contracts with customers upon adoption of the new lease ASU. Property services categorized as nonlease components that are reimbursed by our tenants may need to be presented on a net basis if it is determined that we hold an agent arrangement.

Entities had the option to transition to the ASU on recognition of revenue arising from contracts with customers using either the full retrospective or the modified retrospective method. We adopted this ASU using the modified retrospective method, which requires a cumulative adjustment for the effects of applying the new standard to periods prior to 2018 to be recorded in retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. We also elected to apply this ASU only to contracts not completed as of January 1, 2018. For all contracts within the scope of this ASU that were not completed as of January 1, 2018, we evaluated the revenue recognition under accounting standards in effect prior to January 1, 2018, and under the new ASU, and determined that amounts recognized and the pattern of revenue recognition were consistent. Therefore, the adoption of the ASU on recognition of revenue arising from contracts with customers did not result in an adjustment to our retained earnings on January 1, 2018.


2.	Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

The table below provides the detail of our consolidated revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, by (i) revenues that are subject to the ASU on recognition of revenue arising from contracts with customers, and (ii) revenues subject to lease accounting and other accounting standards (in thousands):



	Date of ASU Adoption	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Revenues subject to the lease ASU:
Rental revenues	1/1/19	$	243,951	$	716,552
Tenant recoveries	1/1/19	81,051		226,380
		325,002		942,932
Revenues subject to the revenue recognition ASU:
Parking and other revenues	1/1/18	11,545		34,064
Other income	1/1/18	4,473		7,988
		16,018		42,052

Interest and other income within the scope of other existing accounting standards	N/A	803		2,012

Total revenues		$	341,823	$	986,996

Parking revenues subject to the new revenue recognition ASU, aggregating $11.5 million and $34.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and classified in rental revenues in our consolidated income statements, consist primarily of short term rental revenues that are not considered lease revenue. Under the previous accounting standards, we recognized parking and other revenue when the amounts were fixed or determinable, collectibility was reasonably assured, and services were rendered. Under the new ASU, the recognition of such revenue occurs when the services are provided and the performance obligations are satisfied. Parking services are normally provided at a point in time; therefore, revenue recognition under the new ASU is substantially similar to the recognition pattern under accounting standards that were in effect prior to January 1, 2018.

Other income, subject to the new revenue recognition ASU, aggregating $4.5 million and $8.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, consists primarily of construction management fees. We earn construction management fees for the day-to-day management of third-party construction projects. Construction management services represent a series of services that are substantially the same and that can be combined into a single performance obligation. Under the previous accounting guidance, we recognized construction management fees using the percentage of completion method. Under the new ASU, we recognize construction management fees using the output method, which is substantially similar to the percentage of completion method used under the guidance in effect prior to January 1, 2018.

In addition to the analysis above, we evaluated the following qualitative and quantitative disclosure requirements outlined in this ASU during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as follows:


•	Prior to the adoption of this ASU, we did not have material contract assets or contract liabilities related to contracts with customers subject to the new revenue recognition ASU, and no additional contract assets or contract liabilities were necessary subsequent to adoption on January 1, 2018.


•	Parking and construction management services subject to the new revenue recognition ASU do not normally create obligations for returns, refunds, warranties, and other similar obligations. Therefore, no corresponding disclosures were necessary.


2.	Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Recognition of revenue arising from contracts with noncustomers

On January 1, 2018, we also adopted a new ASU on the derecognition of nonfinancial assets in transactions, including real estate sales, with noncustomers. Our ordinary output activities consist of the leasing of space to our tenants in our operating properties, not the sales of real estate. Therefore, sales of real estate qualify as contracts with noncustomers and are subject to this new ASU.

The new ASU on the derecognition of nonfinancial assets requires entities to apply certain recognition and measurement principles consistent with the new ASU on recognition of revenue arising from contracts with customers. The derecognition model is based on the transfer of control. If a real estate sales contract includes ongoing involvement by the seller with the property, the seller must evaluate each promised good or service under the contract to determine whether it represents a separate performance obligation, constitutes a guarantee, or prevents the transfer of control. If a good or service is considered a separate performance obligation, an allocated portion of the transaction price should be recognized as revenue as the entity transfers the related good or service to the buyer.

The recognition of gain or loss on the sale of a partial interest also depends on whether the seller retains a controlling or noncontrolling interest. Under the new standards, a partial sale of real estate in which the seller retains a controlling interest results in the seller’s continuing to reflect the asset at its current book value, recording a noncontrolling interest for the book value of the partial interest sold, and recognizing additional paid-in capital for the difference between the consideration received and the partial interest at book value, consistent with the prior accounting standards. Conversely, a partial sale of real estate in which a seller retains a noncontrolling interest results in the recognition by the seller of a gain or loss as if 100% of the real estate were sold.

We adopted the new ASU on the derecognition of nonfinancial assets using the modified retrospective method, the same transition method used to adopt the ASU on recognition of revenue arising from contracts with customers. We also elected to apply this ASU on the derecognition of nonfinancial assets only to contracts not completed as of January 1, 2018. We had no contracts with noncustomers that were not completed as of January 1, 2018; therefore, the adoption of the ASU on the derecognition of nonfinancial assets had no effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Recognition of rental income and tenant recoveries

Rental revenue from operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the respective lease terms. We classify amounts currently recognized as rental revenue in our consolidated statements of income, and amounts expected to be received in later years as deferred rent in our consolidated balance sheets. Amounts received currently but recognized as revenue in future years are classified in accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security deposits to our consolidated balance sheets. We commence recognition of rental revenue at the date the property is ready for its intended use and the tenant takes possession of, or controls the physical use of, the property.

Rental revenue from direct financing leases is recognized over the respective lease terms using the effective interest rate method. At lease inception, we record an asset within other assets in our consolidated balance sheets, which represents our net investment in the direct financing lease. This initial net investment is determined by aggregating the total future minimum lease payments attributable to the direct financing lease and the estimated residual value of the property less unearned income. Over the lease term, the investment in the direct financing lease is reduced and rental income is recognized as rental revenue in our consolidated statements of income and produces a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment in the direct financing lease.

Tenant recoveries related to reimbursement of real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, repairs and maintenance, common area expenses, and other operating expenses are recognized as revenue in the period during which the applicable expenses are incurred and the tenant’s obligation to reimburse us arises.

Tenant receivables consist primarily of amounts due for contractual lease payments and tenant recoveries. These tenant receivables are expected to be collected within one year. We may maintain an allowance for estimated losses that may result from the inability of our tenants to make payments required under the terms of the lease and for tenant recoveries due. If a tenant fails to make contractual payments beyond any allowance, we may recognize additional bad debt expense in future periods equal to the amount of uncollectible tenant receivables and deferred rent arising from the straight-lining of rent. As of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, no allowance for uncollectible tenant receivables and deferred rent was deemed necessary.


2.	Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Monitoring tenant credit quality

During the term of each lease, we monitor the credit quality and any related material changes of our tenants by (i) monitoring the credit rating of tenants that are rated by a nationally recognized credit rating agency, (ii) reviewing financial statements of the tenants that are publicly available or that are required to be delivered to us pursuant to the applicable lease, (iii) monitoring news reports regarding our tenants and their respective businesses, and (iv) monitoring the timeliness of lease payments.

Income taxes

We are organized and operate as a REIT pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”). Under the Code, a REIT that distributes at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders annually (excluding net capital gains) and meets certain other conditions is not subject to federal income tax on its distributed taxable income, but could be subject to certain federal, foreign, state, and local taxes. We distribute 100% of our taxable income annually; therefore, a provision for federal income taxes is not required. In addition to our REIT returns, we file federal, foreign, state, and local tax returns for our subsidiaries. We file with jurisdictions located in the U.S., Canada, India, China, and other international locations. Our tax returns are subject to routine examination in various jurisdictions for the 2012 through 2017 calendar years.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. President signed a tax reform bill commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act into law. The tax reform legislation is a far-reaching and complex revision to the U.S. federal income tax laws with disparate and, in some cases, countervailing effects on different categories of taxpayers and industries. The legislation is unclear in many respects and will require clarification and interpretation by the U.S. Treasury Department and the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) in the form of amendments, technical corrections, regulations, or other forms of guidance, any of which could lessen or increase the effect of the legislation on us or our stockholders. The outcome of this legislation on state and local tax authorities, and the response by such authorities, is also unclear. We continue to monitor changes made to, or as a result of, the federal tax law and its potential effect on us.

Employee and non-employee share-based payments

We account for forfeitures of share-based awards granted to employees and non-employees when they occur. This entity-wide accounting policy election only applies to service conditions; for performance conditions, we continue to assess the probability that such conditions will be achieved. As a result of this election, we recognize expense on share-based awards with time-based vesting conditions without reductions for an estimate of forfeitures. Expenses related to forfeited awards are reversed as forfeitures occur. In addition, all nonforfeitable dividends paid on share-based payment awards are initially recognized in retained earnings and reclassified to compensation cost only if forfeitures of the underlying awards occur. On July 1, 2018, we early adopted an ASU on share-based payments to non-employees. Under the new ASU, our non-employee share-based awards are measured on the grant date and are recognized over the required service period of the recipient, in the same way as share-based awards granted to employees. Under the previous guidance, non-employee share-based awards were remeasured to their fair value quarterly. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Recent accounting pronouncements

Lease accounting

Overview related to both lessee and lessor accounting

In February 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of leases for both parties to a lease agreement (i.e., lessees and lessors). Subsequently, the FASB issued additional ASUs that further clarify the original ASU. The ASUs are effective for us no later than January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt the new lease accounting standards on January 1, 2019. The ASUs require us to identify lease and nonlease components of a lease agreement. These ASUs will govern the recognition of revenue for lease components. Revenue related to nonlease components under our lease agreements will be subject to the new revenue recognition ASU, effective upon adoption of the new lease accounting standards. In July 2018, the FASB issued an ASU to modify the application of the original ASU by lessors to lease and nonlease components within lease agreements. See further discussion related to this update and other changes in the “Lessor Accounting” subsection below.


2.	Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Recent accounting pronouncements (continued)

Lease accounting (continued)

The lease ASUs set new criteria for determining the classification of finance leases for lessees and sales-type leases for lessors. The criteria to determine if a lease should be accounted for as a finance (sales-type) lease include the following: (i) ownership is transferred from lessor to lessee by the end of the lease term, (ii) an option to purchase is reasonably certain to be exercised, (iii) the lease term is for the major part of the underlying asset’s remaining economic life, (iv) the present value of lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset, and (v) the underlying asset is specialized and is expected to have no alternative use at the end of the lease term. If any of these criteria is met, a lease will be classified as a finance lease by the lessee and as a sales-type lease by the lessor. If none of the criteria are met, a lease will be classified as an operating lease by the lessee, but may still qualify as a direct financing lease or an operating lease for the lessor. The existence of a residual value guarantee from an unrelated third party other than the lessee may qualify the lease as a direct financing lease by the lessor. Otherwise, the lease will be classified as an operating lease by both the lessee and lessor.

The lease ASUs require the use of the modified retrospective transition method and do not allow for a full retrospective approach. However, they provide two options for the application of the modified retrospective transition method:

•

Under the first option, the ASUs require application of the standards to all leases that exist as of, or commence after, January 1, 2017 (the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the 2019 financial statements), with a cumulative adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings on January 1, 2017, for the effect of applying the standards at the date of initial application, and restatement of the amounts presented prior to January 1, 2019.


•	Under the second option, an entity may elect a practical expedient package, which allows an entity not to reassess:


•	Whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases;


•	The lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and


•	Initial direct costs for any existing leases.

The practical expedient package is available as a single election that must be consistently applied to all existing leases at the date of adoption. Lessors and lessees that adopt this package are not expected to reassess expired or existing leases at the date of initial application, which is January 1, 2017, under the ASUs. This option enables entities to “run off” their existing leases for the remainder of the respective lease terms, which eliminates the need to calculate a cumulative adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings.

Furthermore, in July 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that provides an optional transition method to make the initial application date of the ASUs on January 1, 2019, rather than on January 1, 2017. Consequently, entities that elect both the practical expedient package and the optional transition method will apply the new lease ASUs prospectively to leases commencing or modified after January 1, 2019, and will not be required to apply the disclosures under the new lease ASUs to comparative periods.

Under either option above, lessees will be required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all operating leases on the date of the initial application based on the present value of the remaining minimum rental payments that were tracked and disclosed under current accounting standards.

The FASB has also clarified that the lease ASUs will require an assessment of whether a land easement meets the definition of a lease under the new lease ASUs. An entity with existing land easements that are not accounted for as leases under the current lease accounting standards, however, may elect a practical expedient to exclude those land easements from assessment under the new lease accounting standards. The new lease ASUs will be applied to all land easement arrangements entered into or modified on and after the ASUs’ effective date; however, they are expected to have little or no effect on land easements that contain minimal or no consideration.

Lessor accounting

We recognized revenue from our lease agreements aggregating $942.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. This revenue consisted primarily of rental revenues and tenant recoveries for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, aggregating $716.6 million and $226.4 million, respectively.


2.	Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Recent accounting pronouncements (continued)

Lease accounting (continued)

Under current lease accounting standards, we recognize rental revenue from our operating leases on a straight-line basis over the respective lease terms. We commence recognition of rental revenue at the date the property is ready for its intended use and the tenant takes possession of, or controls the physical use of, the property. We recognize rental revenue from direct financing leases over the lease term by using the effective interest rate method.

Under current lease accounting standards, tenant recoveries related to payments of real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, repairs and maintenance, common area expenses, and other operating expenses are considered lease components. We recognize these tenant recoveries as revenue when services are rendered in an amount equal to the related operating expenses incurred that are recoverable under the terms of the applicable lease.

Under the new lease ASUs, each lease agreement will be evaluated to identify the lease components and nonlease components at lease inception. Tenant recoveries for utilities, repairs and maintenance, and common area expenses are considered nonlease components, and tenant recoveries for taxes and insurance are neither lease nor nonlease components under the new lease ASUs. Unless the practical expedient discussed below is elected, the total consideration in the lease agreement will be allocated to the lease and nonlease components based on their relative stand-alone selling prices. Upon adoption of the new lease accounting standards, the new lease ASUs will govern the recognition of revenue for lease components, and revenue related to nonlease components will be subject to the revenue recognition ASU. Lessors will continue to recognize the lease revenue component using an approach that is substantially equivalent to existing guidance for operating leases (straight-line basis).

In July 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that allows lessors to elect, as a practical expedient, not to allocate the total consideration to the lease and nonlease components based on their relative stand-alone selling prices. If adopted, this single component practical expedient will allow lessors to account for the lease component and nonlease component(s) associated with that lease as a single component if (i) the timing and pattern of transfer of the lease component and the nonlease component(s) associated with it are the same, and (ii) the lease component would be classified as an operating lease if it were accounted for separately. Nonlease components that do not meet the criteria of this practical expedient will be accounted for under the new revenue recognition ASU. The FASB also decided to require lessors to account for a combined component that meets these two criteria under the new revenue recognition ASU if the nonlease component is the predominant component. If the lease component is the predominant component, entities will be able to account for the combined component as an operating lease in accordance with the new lease ASUs.

The table below provides the detail of our consolidated revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, by (i) lease revenues that meet the single component practical expedient criteria and qualify to be accounted for under the new lease ASUs, and (ii) revenues subject to other accounting standards, including the ASU on recognition of revenue arising from contracts with customers. The table below assumes that the new lease ASUs and the single component practical expedient were in effect as of and adopted on January 1, 2018 (in thousands):



	Date of ASU Adoption	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Revenues subject to the new lease ASUs⁽¹⁾:
Rental revenues	1/1/19	$	716,552
Tenant recoveries	1/1/19	226,380
		942,932

Revenues subject to the revenue recognition ASU:
Parking and other revenues	1/1/18	34,064
Other income	1/1/18	7,988
		42,052

Interest and other income within the scope of other existing accounting standards	N/A	2,012

Total revenues		$	986,996


(1)	Assumes election of all practical expedients available under the new lease ASUs, as described on the prior page.


2.	Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Recent accounting pronouncements (continued)

Lease accounting (continued)

If we elect the single component practical expedient described above, tenant recoveries that qualify for this expedient will be accounted for as a single component under the new lease ASUs, primarily as variable consideration. Tenant recoveries that do not qualify for the single component practical expedient and are considered nonlease components will be accounted for under the new revenue recognition ASU upon adoption of the new lease ASUs. Based on our preliminary analysis, we expect that most of our operating leases for which we are the lessor will qualify for the single component practical expedient accounting under the new lease ASUs.

The new lease ASUs also require a lessor to recognize lessor’s costs (i.e., real estate taxes and insurance) paid directly by a lessee to a third party on a gross basis as lease revenue and lease expense. However, in August 2018, the FASB issued a proposed ASU that will require a lessor not to estimate lessor’s costs paid by the lessee directly to a third party when the lessor cannot reasonably determine the amount of those costs. In these cases, lessors will not recognize these costs in their income statements. This proposed ASU has not been finalized as of the date of this report.

Under the new lease ASUs, sales-type and direct financing leases will be accounted for as financing transactions, with the lease payments allocated to principal and interest utilizing the effective interest rate method.

Costs to execute leases

The new lease ASUs will require that lessors and lessees capitalize, as initial direct costs, only incremental costs of a lease that would not have been incurred if the lease had not been obtained. Under these ASUs, costs that would have been incurred to negotiate or arrange a lease regardless of its outcome such as fixed employee compensation, tax or legal advice to negotiate lease terms, lessor costs related to advertising or soliciting potential tenants will be expensed as incurred. We will have the option, under the practical expedient package provided by the new lease ASUs, to continue amortizing previously capitalized initial direct costs incurred prior to the adoption of the ASUs. We expect that upon adoption of the new lease ASUs, a portion of initial direct leasing costs will be expensed. We are still evaluating the effect of these rule changes on our consolidated financial statements.

Lessee accounting

Under the new lease ASUs, lessees are required to apply a dual approach by classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether the lease is effectively a financed purchase of the leased asset by the lessee. This classification will determine whether the lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, which corresponds to a similar evaluation performed by lessors. In addition to this classification, a lessee is also required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification, whereas a lessor is not required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for any operating leases.

Lessees will be permitted to make an accounting policy election to account for short-term leases (i.e., leases with a term of 12 months or less) in a manner similar to the one permitted under existing guidance for operating leases (i.e., on a straight-line basis). As a practical expedient, lessees will also be allowed to make an accounting policy election to not separate nonlease components from lease components and instead to account for each separate lease component and the nonlease components associated with that lease component as a single lease component.

The new lease ASUs require the recognition of a right-of-use asset and a related liability to account for our future obligations under our ground and office lease agreements for which we are the lessee. At the date of initial application, depending on the practical expedients we elect as discussed above, we will be required to recognize a lease liability measured based on the present value of the remaining lease payments. The present value of the remaining lease payments will be calculated using the rate implicit in the lease, and, if not determinable, the incremental borrowing rate, which is the interest rate that we estimate we would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term for an amount equal to the lease payments. The right-of-use asset will be equal to the corresponding lease liability, adjusted for initial direct leasing costs and any other consideration exchanged with the landlord prior to the commencement of the lease.

As of September 30, 2018, the remaining contractual payments under our ground and office lease agreements for which we are the lessee aggregated $607.2 million, and the estimated present value of these payments is in the range from $200.0 million to $230.0 million. This estimated present value range is based on a weighted-average remaining term of our existing ground leases and a


2.	Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Recent accounting pronouncements (continued)

Lease accounting (continued)

preliminary estimate of our weighted-average borrowing rate over that remaining lease term. The actual lease liability and right-of-use asset to be recognized upon adoption of the new lease ASUs will vary depending on changes to our incremental borrowing rate and the practical expedients we elect as discussed above.

All of our existing ground and office leases for which we are the lessee are currently classified as operating leases. Under the practical expedient package provided by the lease ASUs, we will have the option to continue classifying these leases as operating leases upon adoption of the lease ASUs. We are still evaluating the effect on our consolidated financial statements of the initial recognition of each lease asset and liability upon adoption.

Allowance for credit losses

In June 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that changes the impairment model for most financial instruments by requiring companies to recognize an allowance for expected losses, rather than incurred losses as required currently by the other-than-temporary impairment model. The ASU will apply to most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including trade and other receivables, loans, held-to-maturity debt securities, net investments in leases, and off-balance-sheet credit exposures (i.e., loan commitments). The ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted, and will be applied as a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings as of the effective date. We are currently assessing the potential effect the adoption of this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.

Fair value measurement disclosures

In August 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that modifies certain fair value disclosure requirements, including those related to investments measured at NAV as a practical expedient to estimate their fair value. Entities that use this practical expedient will be required to disclose the timing of liquidation of an investee’s assets and the date when redemption restrictions will lapse, but only if the investee has communicated this information to the entity or announced it publicly. If the timing is unknown, entities will be required to disclose that fact. We early adopted this guidance effective on July 1, 2018. The adoption of this ASU had no effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Joint venture distributions

On January 1, 2018, we adopted an ASU that provides guidance on the classification in the statement of cash flows of cash distributions received from equity method investments, including unconsolidated joint ventures. The ASU provides two approaches to determine the classification of cash distributions received from equity method investees: (i) the “cumulative earnings” approach, under which distributions up to the amount of cumulative equity in earnings recognized are classified as cash inflows from operating activities, and those in excess of that amount are classified as cash inflows from investing activities, and (ii) the “nature of the distribution” approach, under which distributions are classified based on the nature of the underlying activity that generated cash distributions. An entity could elect either the “cumulative earnings” or the “nature of the distribution” approach. If the “nature of the distribution” approach is elected and the entity lacks the information necessary to apply it in the future, that entity will have to apply the “cumulative earnings” approach as an accounting change on a retrospective basis. We adopted this ASU using the “nature of the distribution” approach and applied it retrospectively, as required by the ASU. We previously presented distributions from our equity method investees by utilizing the “nature of the distribution” approach; therefore, the adoption of this ASU had no effect on our consolidated financial statements.


2.	Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

Recent accounting pronouncements (continued)

Restricted cash

On January 1, 2018, we adopted an ASU that requires entities to include restricted cash with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of period and end of period total amounts shown in the statement of cash flows. The ASU requires disclosure of a reconciliation between the balance sheet and the statement of cash flows when the balance sheet includes more than one line item for cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents. An entity with material restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents balances is required to disclose the nature of the restrictions. The ASU required a retrospective application to all periods presented. Subsequent to the adoption of this ASU, restricted cash balances are included with cash and cash equivalents balances as of the beginning and ending of each period presented in our consolidated statements of cash flows; separate line items reconciling changes in restricted cash balances to the changes in cash and cash equivalents are no longer presented within the operating, investing, and financing sections of our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Hedge accounting

On January 1, 2018, we adopted an ASU that simplifies hedge accounting. The ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The purpose of this ASU is to better align a company’s financial reporting for hedging activities with the economic objectives of those activities. For cash flow hedges that are highly effective, the new standard requires all changes (effective and ineffective components) in the fair value of the hedging instrument to be recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income within total equity and to be reclassified into earnings only when the hedged item affects earnings.

Prior to the adoption of this ASU, a quantitative assessment was made on an ongoing basis to determine whether a hedge is highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows associated with the hedged item. Previously applied hedge accounting guidance required hedge ineffectiveness to be recognized in earnings. Under the new ASU, an entity is still required to perform an initial quantitative test. However, the new standard allows an entity to elect to subsequently perform only a qualitative assessment, unless facts and circumstances change. We made this election upon adoption of the new ASU on January 1, 2018.

We utilize interest rate hedge agreements to hedge a portion of our exposure to variable interest rates primarily associated with borrowings based on LIBOR. As a result, all of our interest rate hedge agreements are designated as cash flow hedges. For cash flow hedges in existence at the date of adoption, an entity is required to apply a cumulative-effect adjustment for previously recognized ineffectiveness from retained earnings to accumulated other comprehensive income as of the beginning of the fiscal year when an entity adopts the amendments in this ASU.

We performed an analysis of all our cash flow hedges existing on January 1, 2018, and determined that all hedges had been highly effective since their inception; therefore, no cumulative-effect adjustment of previously recognized ineffectiveness from retained earnings to accumulated other comprehensive income was needed. The adoption of this ASU had no effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Additionally, in October 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that expands the list of U.S. benchmark interest rates permitted in the application of hedge accounting to include the Overnight Index Swap (“OIS”) rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). SOFR is a new index calculated by reference to short-term repurchase agreements backed by Treasury securities. It was selected as a preferred replacement for U.S. dollar LIBOR, which will be phased out by the end of 2021. Currently we use LIBOR as our benchmark interest rate to account for our interest rate hedge instruments associated with certain of our existing LIBOR-based variable-rate debt. The ASU is effective for us no later than January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted, and will be applied prospectively for new or redesignated hedging relationships entered into on or after the date of adoption. We expect to adopt the new standard on January 1, 2019. At this time we are evaluating the potential effect this new benchmark interest rate option will have on our consolidated financial statements.


3.	Investments in real estate

Our consolidated investments in real estate consisted of the following as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Land (related to rental properties)	$	1,576,898		$	1,312,072
Buildings and building improvements	9,660,891			9,000,626
Other improvements	906,597			780,117
Rental properties	12,144,386			11,092,815
Development and redevelopment of new Class A properties:
Development and redevelopment projects (under construction, marketing, or pre-construction)	1,518,264			955,218
Future development projects	62,860			96,112
Gross investments in real estate	13,725,510			12,144,145
Less: accumulated depreciation	(2,166,330		)	(1,875,810		)
Net investments in real estate – North America	11,559,180			10,268,335
Net investments in real estate – Asia	28,132			29,684
Investments in real estate	$	11,587,312		$	10,298,019

Acquisitions

Our real estate asset acquisitions during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and subsequently, consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):



		Square Footage
Market	Number of Properties	Operating	Operating with Future Redevelopment	Active Development/Redevelopment	Future Development	Purchase Price
San Francisco	6	148,951	—	642,312	—	$	167,950
San Diego	4	316,531	—	—	50,000	148,650
Other	1	21,745	—	58,186	—	22,800
Three months ended March 31, 2018	11	487,227	—	700,498	50,000	339,400

Greater Boston	1	200,431	—	—	300,000	87,250
Seattle	1	197,136	—	—	—	95,000
Maryland	8	376,106	39,505	—	—	146,500
Other	1	8,715	—	—	493,000	77,105
Three months ended June 30, 2018	11	782,388	39,505	—	793,000	405,855

New York City	1	—	349,947	—	230,000	203,000
Seattle	—	—	—	—	217,000	33,500
Other	1	45,626	—	—	—	20,500
Three months ended September 30, 2018	2	45,626	349,947	—	447,000	257,000

Subsequent acquisition	1	—	36,661	140,098	—	75,000
Total acquisitions	25	1,315,241	426,113	840,596	1,290,000	$	1,077,255


3.	Investments in real estate (continued)

We evaluated each acquisition to determine whether the integrated set of assets and activities acquired met the definition of a business. Acquisitions that do not meet the definition of a business are accounted for as asset acquisitions. An integrated set of assets and activities does not qualify as a business if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets is concentrated in either a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, or if the acquired assets do not include a substantive process.

We evaluated each of the completed acquisitions and determined that substantially all of the fair value related to each acquisition is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, or is a land parcel with no operations. Accordingly, each transaction did not meet the definition of a business and consequently was accounted for as an asset acquisition. In each of these transactions, we allocated the total consideration for each acquisition to the individual assets and liabilities acquired on a relative fair value basis.

Sales of real estate assets

During the three months ended June 30, 2018, we classified a land parcel located in Northern Virginia as held for sale. As a result, we recognized an impairment charge of $6.3 million to lower the carrying amount to the estimated fair value less selling costs during the three months ended June 30, 2018. We completed the sale of the land parcel in July 2018 for a sales price of $6.0 million with no gain or loss.

In January 2017, we completed the sale of a vacant property at 6146 Nancy Ridge Drive, located in our Sorrento Mesa submarket of San Diego, for a sales price of $3.0 million and recognized a gain of $270 thousand.

In June 2017, we recognized an impairment charge of $203 thousand on a 20,580 RSF property located in a non-cluster market. We completed the sale of this property in July 2017 for a gross sales price of $800 thousand with no gain or loss.


4.	Consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint ventures

From time to time, we enter into joint venture agreements through which we own a partial interest in real estate entities that own, develop, and operate real estate properties. As of September 30, 2018, we had the following properties that were held by our real estate joint ventures:



	Property⁽¹⁾	Market	Submarket	Our Ownership Interest				RSF
Consolidated joint ventures:
	225 Binney Street	Greater Boston	Cambridge		30.0	%		305,212
	409 and 499 Illinois Street	San Francisco	Mission Bay/SoMa		60.0	%		455,069
	1500 Owens Street	San Francisco	Mission Bay/SoMa		50.1	%		158,267
	Campus Pointe by Alexandria	San Diego	University Town Center		55.0	%		798,799
	9625 Towne Centre Drive	San Diego	University Town Center		50.1	%		163,648
Unconsolidated joint ventures:
	Menlo Gateway	San Francisco	Greater Stanford		33.7	%	⁽²⁾	772,983
	1401/1413 Research Boulevard	Maryland	Rockville		65.0	%	⁽³⁾	(4)
	704 Quince Orchard Road	Maryland	Gaithersburg		56.8	%	⁽³⁾	79,931
	1655 and 1725 Third Street	San Francisco	Mission Bay/SoMa		10.0	%		593,765


(1)	In addition to the consolidated real estate joint ventures listed, various partners hold insignificant noncontrolling interests in four other joint ventures in North America, and we hold an insignificant noncontrolling interest in one unconsolidated real estate joint venture in North America.


(2)	As of September 30, 2018, we have an ownership interest in Menlo Gateway of 33.7% and expect our ownership to increase to 49% through future funding of construction costs in 2019.


(3)	Represents our ownership interest; our voting interest is limited to 50%.


(4)	Joint venture with a distinguished retail real estate developer for the development of an approximate 90,000 RSF retail shopping center.

Our consolidation policy is fully described under the “Consolidation” section within Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements. Consolidation accounting is highly technical, but its framework is primarily based on the controlling financial interests and benefits of the joint ventures. We generally consolidate a joint venture that is a legal entity that we control (i.e., we have the power to direct the activities of the joint venture that most significantly affect its economic performance) through contractual rights, regardless of our ownership interest, and where we determine that we have benefits through the allocation of earnings or losses and fees paid to us that could be significant to the joint venture (the “VIE model”). We also generally consolidate joint ventures when we have a controlling financial interest through voting rights and where our voting interest is greater than 50% (the “voting model”). Voting interest differs from ownership interest for some joint ventures. We account for joint ventures that do not meet the consolidation criteria under the equity method of accounting by recognizing our share of income and losses. The table below shows our categorization of our existing joint ventures under the consolidation framework:



Property	Consolidation Model	Voting Interest	Consolidation Analysis	Conclusion

225 Binney Street	VIE model	Not applicable under VIE model	We have control and benefits that can be significant to the joint venture; therefore, we are the primary beneficiary of each VIE	Consolidated
409 and 499 Illinois Street
1500 Owens Street
Campus Pointe by Alexandria
9625 Towne Centre Drive
Menlo Gateway			We do not control the joint venture and therefore are not the primary beneficiary	Equity method of accounting
1401/1413 Research Boulevard
704 Quince Orchard Road	Voting model	Does not exceed 50%	Our voting interest is 50% or less
1655 and 1725 Third Street	Voting model	Does not exceed 50%	Our voting interest is 50% or less

4. Consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint ventures (continued)

Consolidated VIEs’ balance sheet information

The table below aggregates the balance sheet information of our consolidated VIEs as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Investments in real estate	$	1,105,290	$	1,047,472
Cash and cash equivalents	38,783		41,112
Other assets	71,823		68,754
Total assets	$	1,215,896	$	1,157,338

Secured notes payable	$	—	$	—
Other liabilities	74,463		52,201
Total liabilities	74,463		52,201
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	759		—
Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s share of equity	611,894		584,160
Noncontrolling interests’ share of equity	528,780		520,977
Total liabilities and equity	$	1,215,896	$	1,157,338

In determining whether to aggregate the balance sheet information of our consolidated VIEs, we considered the similarity of each VIE, including the primary purpose of these entities to own, manage, operate, and lease real estate properties owned by the VIEs, and the similar nature of our involvement in each VIE as a managing member. Due to the similarity of the characteristics, we present the balance sheet information of these entities on an aggregated basis. For each of our consolidated VIEs, none of its assets have restrictions that limit their use to settle specific obligations of the VIE. There are no creditors or other partners of our consolidated VIEs that have recourse to our general credit. Our maximum exposure to our consolidated VIEs is limited to our variable interests in each VIE.

Unconsolidated real estate joint ventures

As of September 30, 2018, our investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures accounted for under the equity method of accounting presented in our consolidated balance sheet consist of the following (in thousands):



Property	September 30, 2018
Menlo Gateway	$	150,632
1401/1413 Research Boulevard	7,958
704 Quince Orchard Road	4,484
1655 and 1725 Third Street	34,387
Other	509
	$	197,970

Our maximum exposure to our unconsolidated VIEs is limited to our investment in each VIE.

We had a 27.5% ownership interest in an unconsolidated real estate joint venture that owned a building aggregating 210,709 RSF, located in our Longwood Medical Area submarket of Greater Boston. In September 2018, we sold our partial interest in this unconsolidated real estate joint venture for a contractual sales price, net of debt repaid, of $70.0 million, which represents a sales price of $1,659 per RSF. We received proceeds of $68.6 million, net of closing costs. We have elected as an accounting policy to reflect unconsolidated joint venture distributions in our consolidated statements of cash flows using the nature of the distribution approach. Accordingly, the net proceeds were classified as return of capital from unconsolidated real estate joint ventures within the investing activities section of our consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, in connection with the sale, we recognized a gain of $35.7 million, net of closing costs and other liabilities of the joint venture, which is reflected in equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures.

4. Consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint ventures (continued)

In August 2018, our unconsolidated real estate joint venture at Menlo Gateway, located in our Greater Stanford submarket of San Francisco refinanced the secured note payable related to Phase I of the project. The new $145.0 million loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.15%, and the net proceeds were used to repay the outstanding balance of $133.1 million of the previous secured note payable. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, in connection with the refinancing, we recognized a gain on early extinguishment of debt of $761 thousand related to our share of the write-off of unamortized premiums, which is reflected in equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures.

As of September 30, 2018, our unconsolidated real estate joint ventures have the following non-recourse secured loans that include the following key terms (dollars in thousands):



		Maturity Date		Stated Interest Rate	Interest Rate⁽¹⁾	100% at Joint Venture Level
Unconsolidated Joint Venture	Our Share	Maturity Date		Stated Interest Rate	Interest Rate⁽¹⁾	Debt Balance⁽²⁾		Remaining Commitments
1401/1413 Research Boulevard	65.0%		5/17/20	L+2.50%	5.60%	$	18,415	$	9,131
1655 and 1725 Third Street	10.0%		6/29/21	L+3.70%	5.80%	121,889		253,111
704 Quince Orchard Road	56.8%		3/16/23	L+1.95%	4.36%	2,932		11,901
Menlo Gateway, Phase II	33.7%		5/1/35	4.53%	N/A	—		157,270
Menlo Gateway, Phase I	33.7%		8/1/35	4.15%	4.18%	144,336		N/A
						$	287,572	$	431,413


(1)	Includes interest expense, amortization of loan fees, and amortization of premiums (discounts) as of September 30, 2018.


(2)	Represents outstanding principal, net of unamortized deferred financing costs and premiums (discounts) as of September 30, 2018.


5.	Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash consisted of the following as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	204,181	$	254,381
Restricted cash:
Funds held in trust under the terms of certain secured notes payable	20,837		12,301
Funds held in escrow related to construction projects and investing activities	5,054		4,546
Other	3,808		5,958
	29,699		22,805
Total	$	233,880	$	277,186


6.	Investments

We hold investments in publicly traded companies and privately held entities primarily involved in the life science and technology industries. On January 1, 2018, we adopted a new ASU on financial instruments that prospectively changed how we recognize, measure, present, and disclose these investments.

Key differences between prior accounting standards and the new ASU

Prior to January 1, 2018:


•	Investments in publicly traded companies were presented at fair value in our consolidated balance sheet, with changes in fair value recognized in other comprehensive income classified in accumulated other comprehensive income within total equity.


•	Investments in privately held entities were accounted for under the cost method of accounting.


•	Gains or losses were recognized in net income upon the sale of an investment.

•

Investments in privately held entities required accounting under the equity method unless our interest in the entity was deemed to be so minor that we had virtually no influence over the entity’s operating and financial policies. Under the equity method of accounting, we recognized our investment initially at cost and adjusted the carrying amount of the investment to recognize our share of the earnings or losses of the investee subsequent to the date of our investment. We had no investments accounted for under the equity method as of December 31, 2017.


•	Investments were evaluated for impairment, with other-than-temporary impairments recognized in net income.

Effective January 1, 2018:


•	Investments in publicly traded companies are presented at fair value in our consolidated balance sheet, with changes in fair value recognized in net income.


•	Investments in privately held entities without readily determinable fair values previously accounted for under the cost method are accounted for as follows:


•	Investments in privately held entities that report NAV are presented at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient, with changes in fair value recognized in net income.


•	Investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV are carried at cost, adjusted for observable price changes and impairments, with changes recognized in net income.


•	One-time adjustments recognized upon adoption on January 1, 2018, are as follows:


•	For investments in publicly traded companies, reclassification of net unrealized gains as of December 31, 2017, aggregating $49.8 million, from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings.


•	For investments in privately held entities without readily determinable fair values that were previously accounted for under the cost method:


•	Adjustment to investments for unrealized gains aggregating $90.8 million related to investments in privately held entities that report NAV, representing the difference between fair value as of December 31, 2017, using NAV as a practical expedient and the carrying value of the investments as of December 31, 2017, with a corresponding adjustment to retained earnings.

•

No adjustment was required for investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV. The ASU requires a prospective transition approach for investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV. The FASB clarified that it would be difficult for entities to determine the last observable transaction price existing prior to the adoption of this ASU. Therefore, unlike our investments in privately held entities that report NAV that were adjusted to reflect fair values upon adoption of the new ASU, our investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV were not retrospectively adjusted to fair values upon adoption. As such, any initial valuation adjustments made for investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV subsequent to January 1, 2018, as a result of future observable price changes will include recognition of unrealized gains or losses equal to the difference between the carrying basis of the investment and the observable price at the date of remeasurement.

•

Investments in privately held entities continue to require accounting under the equity method unless our interest in the entity is deemed to be so minor that we have virtually no influence over the entity’s operating and financial policies. Under the equity method of accounting, we initially recognize our investment at cost and adjust the carrying amount of the investment to recognize our share of the earnings or losses of the investee subsequent to the date of our investment. We had no investments accounted for under the equity method as of September 30, 2018.

We recognize changes in fair value for investments in publicly traded companies and changes in NAV, as a practical expedient to estimate fair value, reported by limited partnerships, as unrealized gains and losses within investment income in our consolidated income statements.


6.	Investments (continued)

For investments in privately held entities without readily determinable fair values, we adjust the cost basis and record unrealized gains or losses within investment income in our consolidated income statements, whenever such investments have an observable price change or impairment. Further adjustments to these revised carrying amounts are not made until another price change, if any, is observed. For further information regarding the new ASU, refer to the “Investments” section within Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

The following tables summarize our investments as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	September 30, 2018
	Cost		Adjustments		Carrying Amount
Investments at fair value:
Publicly traded companies	$	119,634	$	136,310	$	255,944
Entities that report NAV	186,098		139,891		325,989

Entities that do not report NAV:
Entities with observable price changes since January 1, 2018	30,522		59,206		89,728
Entities without observable price changes since January 1, 2018	285,695		—		285,695
Total investments	$	621,949	$	335,407	$	957,356



	December 31, 2017
	Cost		Adjustments		Total
Investments in publicly traded companies	$	59,740	$	49,771	$	109,511
Investments in privately held entities without readily determinable fair values (cost method investments):
Investments in privately held entities that report NAV	148,627		N/A		148,627
Investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV	265,116		N/A		265,116
Total investments	$	473,483	$	49,771	$	523,254

Adjustments recorded in investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV aggregating $59.2 million as of September 30, 2018, consisted of upward adjustments representing unrealized gains of $59.4 million and downward adjustments representing unrealized losses of $200 thousand. We adjusted our investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV based on observable price changes from subsequent equity offerings. The subsequent equity offerings observed were for similar securities to those we hold as the securities had similar voting rights, distribution preferences, and conversion rights.

Investments in privately held entities that report NAV

Investments in privately held entities that report NAV consist primarily of investments in limited partnerships. We are committed to funding approximately $199.1 million for all investments, primarily consisting of $196.4 million related to investments in limited partnerships. Our funding commitments expire at various dates during the next 11 years, with a weighted-average expiration of 8.5 years.

These investments are not redeemable by us, but we normally receive distributions from these investments throughout their term. Our investments in privately held entities that report NAV generally have expected initial terms in excess of 10 years. The weighted-average remaining term during which these investments are expected to be liquidated was 8.8 years as of September 30, 2018.


6.	Investments (continued)

Our investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, consisted of the following (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
	Unrealized Gains			Realized Gains		Total
Investments at fair value, held at period end:
Publicly traded companies	$	40,342		$	—	$	40,342
Entities that report NAV	28,948			—		28,948
Entities that do not report NAV with observable price changes since July 1, 2018, held at period end:	48,917			—		48,917
Total investments at fair value, held at period end	118,207			—		118,207
Investment dispositions during the period:
Recognized in the current period	—			3,996		3,996
Previously recognized gains	(1,019		)	1,019		—
Total investment dispositions during the period	(1,019		)	5,015		3,996
Investment income	$	117,188		$	5,015	$	122,203



	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
	Unrealized Gains			Realized Gains		Total
Investments at fair value, held at period end:
Publicly traded companies	$	92,148		$	—	$	92,148
Entities that report NAV	48,718			—		48,718
Entities that do not report NAV with observable price changes since January 1, 2018, held at period end	59,206			—		59,206
Total investments at fair value, held at period end	200,072			—		200,072
Investment dispositions during the period:
Recognized in the current period	—			20,222		20,222
Previously recognized gains	(5,588		)	5,588		—
Total investment dispositions during the period	(5,588		)	25,810		20,222
Investment income	$	194,484		$	25,810	$	220,294

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recognized unrealized gains of $17.0 million and $23.4 million, respectively, on our equity securities classified as available-for-sale as of September 30, 2017. These unrealized gains were recognized in our other comprehensive income and classified in accumulated other comprehensive income within total equity, in accordance with the accounting standards in effect prior to January 1, 2018.


7.	Other assets

The following table summarizes the components of other assets as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Acquired below-market ground leases	$	17,529	$	12,684
Acquired in-place leases	140,129		64,979
Deferred compensation plan	20,110		15,534
Deferred financing costs – $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit	16,640		10,525
Deposits	8,315		10,576
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment	12,958		11,070
Interest rate hedge assets	4,724		5,260
Net investment in direct financing lease	38,954		38,382
Notes receivable	550		614
Prepaid expenses	17,179		10,972
Property, plant, and equipment	71,080		32,073
Other assets	19,864		15,784
Total	$	368,032	$	228,453

The components of our net investment in direct financing lease as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, are summarized in the table below (in thousands):



	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Gross investment in direct financing lease	$	262,514		$	263,719
Less: unearned income	(223,560		)	(225,337		)
Net investment in direct financing lease	$	38,954		$	38,382

Future minimum lease payments to be received under our direct financing lease as of September 30, 2018, were as follows (in thousands):



Year	Total
2018	$	403
2019	1,655
2020	1,705
2021	1,756
2022	1,809
Thereafter	255,186
Total	$	262,514


8.	Fair value measurements

We provide fair value information about all financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate fair value. We measure and disclose the estimated fair value of financial assets and liabilities by utilizing a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity and the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions. This hierarchy consists of three broad levels, as follows: (i) quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1), (ii) significant other observable inputs (Level 2), and (iii) significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). Significant other observable inputs can include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and yield curves. Significant unobservable inputs are typically based on an entity’s own assumptions, since there is little, if any, related market activity. In instances in which the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. There were no transfers between the levels in the fair value hierarchy during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

The following tables set forth the assets and liabilities that we measure at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



			September 30, 2018
Description	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Investments in publicly traded companies	$	255,944	$	255,944	$	—	$	—
Interest rate hedge agreements	$	4,724	$	—	$	4,724	$	—



			December 31, 2017
Description	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Investments in publicly traded companies	$	109,511	$	109,511	$	—	$	—
Interest rate hedge agreements	$	5,260	$	—	$	5,260	$	—
Liabilities:
Interest rate hedge agreements	$	103	$	—	$	103	$	—

Our investments in publicly traded companies have been recognized at fair value. Investments in privately held entities are excluded from the fair value hierarchy above as required by the fair value standards. Refer to Note 6 – “Investments” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for further details.

Our interest rate hedge agreements have been recognized at fair value. Refer to Note 10 – “Interest Rate Hedge Agreements” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for further details. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, tenant receivables, other assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security deposits approximate fair value.


8.	Fair value measurements (continued)

The fair values of our secured notes payable, unsecured senior notes payable, $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit, and unsecured senior bank term loans were estimated using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analyses using significant other observable inputs such as available market information on discount and borrowing rates with similar terms, maturities, and credit ratings. Because the valuations of our financial instruments are based on these types of estimates, the actual fair value of our financial instruments may differ materially if our estimates do not prove to be accurate. Additionally, the use of different market assumptions or estimation methods may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

As of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, the book and estimated fair values of our investments in privately held entities that report NAV, secured notes payable, unsecured senior notes payable, unsecured senior line of credit, and unsecured senior bank term loans were as follows (in thousands):



	September 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Book Value		Fair Value		Book Value		Fair Value
Assets:
Investments in privately held entities that report NAV	$	325,989	$	325,989	N/A		N/A

Liabilities:
Secured notes payable	$	632,792	$	623,887	$	771,061	$	776,222
Unsecured senior notes payable	$	4,290,906	$	4,294,053	$	3,395,804	$	3,529,713
Unsecured senior line of credit	$	413,000	$	411,428	$	50,000	$	49,986
Unsecured senior bank term loans	$	347,306	$	346,743	$	547,942	$	549,361

Nonrecurring fair value measurements

Refer to Note 6 – “Investments” and Note 15 – “Assets Classified as Held for Sale” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for further discussion.


9.	Secured and unsecured senior debt

The following table summarizes our secured and unsecured senior debt as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):



	Fixed-Rate/Hedged Variable-Rate Debt			Unhedged Variable-Rate Debt								Weighted-Average
												Interest		Remaining Term (in years)
							Total			Percentage		Rate ⁽¹⁾		Remaining Term (in years)
Secured notes payable	$	439,689		$	193,103		$	632,792		11.1	%	4.42	%	3.0
Unsecured senior notes payable	4,290,906			—			4,290,906			75.5		4.15		6.6
$2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit	250,000			163,000			413,000			7.3		2.79		5.3
Unsecured senior bank term loan	347,306			—			347,306			6.1		2.21		5.3
Total/weighted average	$	5,327,901		$	356,103		$	5,684,004		100.0	%	3.96	%	6.1
Percentage of total debt	94		%	6		%	100		%


(1)	Represents the weighted-average interest rate as of the end of the applicable period, including expense/income related to our interest rate hedge agreements, amortization of loan fees, amortization of debt premiums (discounts), and other bank fees.


9.	Secured and unsecured senior debt (continued)

The following table summarizes our outstanding indebtedness and respective principal payments as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):



	Stated Rate		Interest Rate ⁽¹⁾		Maturity Date ⁽²⁾				Unamortized (Deferred Financing Cost), (Discount) Premium
Debt	Stated Rate		Interest Rate ⁽¹⁾		Maturity Date ⁽²⁾		Principal		Unamortized (Deferred Financing Cost), (Discount) Premium			Total
Secured notes payable
Greater Boston	L+1.50	%	3.94	%	1/28/19	⁽³⁾	$	193,103	$	(228	)	$	192,875
Greater Boston, San Diego, Seattle, and Maryland	7.75	%	8.15		4/1/20		106,999		(501		)	106,498
San Diego	4.66	%	4.90		1/1/23		33,773		(280		)	33,493
Greater Boston	3.93	%	3.19		3/10/23		81,276		2,435			83,711
Greater Boston	4.82	%	3.40		2/6/24		201,269		14,195			215,464
San Francisco	6.50	%	6.50		7/1/36		751		—			751
Secured debt weighted-average interest rate/subtotal	4.87	%	4.42				617,171		15,621			632,792

$2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit	L+0.825	%	2.79		1/28/24		413,000		—			413,000
Unsecured senior bank term loan	L+0.90	%	2.21		1/28/24		350,000		(2,694		)	347,306
Unsecured senior notes payable	2.75	%	2.96		1/15/20		400,000		(1,041		)	398,959
Unsecured senior notes payable	4.60	%	4.75		4/1/22		550,000		(2,277		)	547,723
Unsecured senior notes payable	3.90	%	4.04		6/15/23		500,000		(2,800		)	497,200
Unsecured senior notes payable	4.00	%	4.18		1/15/24		450,000		(3,867		)	446,133
Unsecured senior notes payable	3.45	%	3.62		4/30/25		600,000		(5,740		)	594,260
Unsecured senior notes payable	4.30	%	4.50		1/15/26		300,000		(3,531		)	296,469
Unsecured senior notes payable	3.95	%	4.13		1/15/27		350,000		(4,158		)	345,842
Unsecured senior notes payable	3.95	%	4.07		1/15/28		425,000		(3,921		)	421,079
Unsecured senior notes payable	4.50	%	4.60		7/30/29		300,000		(2,398		)	297,602
Unsecured senior notes payable	4.70	%	4.81		7/1/30		450,000		(4,361		)	445,639
Unsecured debt weighted average/subtotal			3.90				5,088,000		(36,788		)	5,051,212
Weighted-average interest rate/total			3.96	%			$	5,705,171	$	(21,167	)	$	5,684,004


(1)	Represents the weighted-average interest rate as of the end of the applicable period, including expense/income related to our interest rate hedge agreements, amortization of loan fees, amortization of debt premiums (discounts), and other bank fees.


(2)	Reflects any extension options that we control.


(3)	We have two one-year options to extend the stated maturity date to January 28, 2021, subject to certain conditions. We expect to exercise the first right to extend the maturity date to January 28, 2020.

4.00% and 4.70% Unsecured senior notes payables

In June 2018, we completed an offering of $900.0 million of unsecured senior notes for net proceeds of $891.4 million. The offering consisted of $450.0 million of 4.00% unsecured senior notes payable on January 15, 2024 (“4.00% Unsecured Senior Notes”), which will be used to fund certain eligible green development and redevelopment projects that have received or are expected to receive LEED^® Gold or Platinum certification, and $450.0 million of 4.70% unsecured senior notes payable on July 1, 2030 (“4.70% Unsecured Senior Notes”).

Amendment of unsecured senior line of credit and unsecured senior bank term loan

On September 28, 2018, we amended our unsecured senior line of credit and unsecured senior bank term loan to extend the maturity date of each to January 28, 2024, including two six-month extension options related to our unsecured senior line of credit, and to increase the aggregate commitment for our unsecured senior line of credit to $2.2 billion from $1.65 billion.

As a result of the amendment and improvement in our Moody’s credit rating during the three months ended September 30, 2018, the overall applicable interest rate margin decreased to 0.825% from 1.00% for our unsecured senior line of credit, and to 0.90% from 1.10% for our unsecured senior bank term loan. The facility fee related to our unsecured senior line of credit also decreased to 0.15% from 0.20%. In connection with these amendments, we recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt of approximately $634 thousand related to the write-off of unamortized loan fees.


9.	Secured and unsecured senior debt (continued)

Repayment of unsecured senior bank term loan

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we repaid the remaining $200.0 million balance under our 2019 unsecured senior bank term loan and recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt of $189 thousand related to the write-off of unamortized loan fees.

Repayment of secured construction loan

In July 2018, we repaid $150.0 million of the outstanding balance of our secured construction loan and reduced aggregate commitments to $200.0 million. In connection with the partial repayment of the secured construction loan, we recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt of $299 thousand related to the write-off of unamortized loan fees.

Interest expense

The following table summarizes interest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Gross interest	$	59,675		$	48,123		$	163,574		$	137,888
Capitalized interest	(17,431		)	(17,092		)	(46,318		)	(45,325		)
Interest expense	$	42,244		$	31,031		$	117,256		$	92,563


10.	Interest rate hedge agreements

We use interest rate derivatives to hedge the variable cash flows associated with certain of our existing LIBOR-based variable-rate debt, including our $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit, unsecured senior bank term loan, and secured notes payable, and to manage our exposure to interest rate volatility.

The fair value of each interest rate hedge agreement is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analyses on the expected cash flows of each derivative. These analyses reflect the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and use observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. The fair values of our interest rate hedge agreements are determined using the market-standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed-cash payments and the discounted expected variable-cash receipts. The variable-cash receipts are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. The fair value calculation also includes an amount for risk of non-performance of our counterparties using “significant unobservable inputs” such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default, which we have determined to be insignificant to the overall fair value of our interest rate hedge agreements.

Changes in fair value, including accrued interest and adjustments for non-performance risk, on our interest rate hedge agreements that are designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges are classified in accumulated other comprehensive income. Amounts classified in accumulated other comprehensive income are subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period during which the hedged transactions affect earnings. During the next 12 months, we expect to reclassify approximately $4.2 million from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings as a decrease of interest expense. As of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, the fair values of our interest rate hedge agreements aggregating an asset balance were classified in other assets, and the fair values of our interest rate hedge agreements aggregating a liability balance were classified in accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security deposits, based upon their respective fair values, without any offsetting pursuant to master netting agreements. Refer to Note 8 – “Fair Value Measurements” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for further details. Under our interest rate hedge agreements, we have no collateral posting requirements.

We have agreements with certain of our derivative counterparties that contain a provision wherein we could be declared in default on our derivative obligations (i) if repayment of the underlying indebtedness is accelerated by the lender due to our default on the indebtedness, or (ii) if we default on any of its indebtedness, including default where repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender. If we had breached any of these provisions, we could have been required to settle our obligations under the agreements at their termination value. As of September 30, 2018, none of our interest rate hedge agreements were in a liability position, so there were no associated termination obligations.

We had the following outstanding interest rate hedge agreements that were designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):



		Number of Contracts	Weighted-Average Interest Pay Rate⁽¹⁾	Fair Value as of 9/30/18		Notional Amount in Effect as of
Effective Date	Maturity Date	Number of Contracts	Weighted-Average Interest Pay Rate⁽¹⁾	Fair Value as of 9/30/18		9/30/18		12/31/18		12/31/19
March 29, 2018	March 31, 2019	8	1.16%	$	3,732	$	600,000	$	600,000	$	—
March 29, 2019	March 31, 2020	1	1.89%	992		—		—		100,000
Total				$	4,724	$	600,000	$	600,000	$	100,000

(1)

In addition to the interest pay rate for each swap agreement, interest is payable at an applicable margin over LIBOR for borrowings outstanding as of September 30, 2018, as listed under the column heading “Stated Rate” in our summary table of outstanding indebtedness and respective principal payments under Note 9 – “Secured and Unsecured Senior Debt” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements.


11.	Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security deposits

The following table summarizes the components of accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security deposits as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	445,943	$	349,884
Acquired below-market leases	128,011		88,184
Conditional asset retirement obligations	13,195		7,397
Deferred rent liabilities	28,977		27,953
Interest rate hedge liabilities	—		103
Unearned rent and tenant security deposits	237,589		248,924
Other liabilities	53,379		41,387
Total	$	907,094	$	763,832

Some of our properties may contain asbestos, which, under certain conditions, requires remediation. Although we believe that the asbestos is appropriately contained in accordance with environmental regulations, our practice is to remediate the asbestos upon the development or redevelopment of the affected property. We recognize a liability for the fair value of a conditional asset retirement obligation (including asbestos) when the fair value of the liability can be reasonably estimated. For certain properties we do not recognize an asset retirement obligation when there is an indeterminate settlement date for the obligation because the period in which we may remediate the obligation may not be estimated with any level of precision to provide for a meaningful estimate of the retirement obligation.


12.	Earnings per share

In January 2018, we entered into forward equity sales agreements to sell an aggregate of 6.9 million shares of our common stock (including the exercise of underwriters’ option) at a public offering price of $123.50 per share, before underwriting discounts. The remaining forward equity sales agreements expire no later than April 2019; we expect to settle these agreements with shares of common stock prior to the expiration in April 2019.

In March 2017, we entered into agreements to sell an aggregate of 6.9 million shares of our common stock, which consisted of an initial issuance of 2.1 million shares and 4.8 million shares subject to forward equity sales agreements, at a public offering price of $108.55 per share less issuance costs, underwriters’ discount, and further adjustments as provided in the sales agreements. We issued the initial 2.1 million shares at closing in March 2017 and settled the remaining 4.8 million shares of common stock in December 2017.

Refer to Note 13 – “Stockholders’ Equity” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for a discussion related to our forward equity sales agreements executed in January 2018 and March 2017.

To account for the forward equity sales agreements, we considered the accounting guidance governing financial instruments and derivatives and concluded that our forward equity sales agreements were not liabilities as they did not embody obligations to repurchase our shares, nor did they embody obligations to issue a variable number of shares for which the monetary value was predominantly fixed, varying with something other than the fair value of our shares, or varying inversely in relation to our shares. We then evaluated whether the agreements met the derivatives and hedging guidance scope exception to be accounted for as equity instruments and concluded that the agreements can be classified as equity contracts based on the following assessment: (i) none of the agreements’ exercise contingencies were based on observable markets or indices besides those related to the market for our own stock price and operations; and (ii) none of the settlement provisions precluded the agreements from being indexed to our own stock.


12.	Earnings per share (continued)

We also considered the potential dilution resulting from the forward equity sales agreements on the EPS calculations. At inception, the agreements do not have an effect on the computation of basic EPS as no shares are delivered until settlement. We use the treasury stock method to determine the dilution resulting from the forward equity sales agreements during the period of time prior to settlement. The common shares issued upon the settlement of the forward equity sales agreements, weighted for the period these

common shares were outstanding, are included in the denominator of basic EPS. The number of weighted-average shares outstanding – diluted used in the computation of EPS for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, includes the effect from the assumed issuance of common stock pursuant to the settlement of forward equity sales agreements outstanding during the period at the contractual price, less the assumed repurchase of common shares at the average market price using the net proceeds, adjusted as provided in the forward equity sales agreements. The effect on our weighted-average shares – diluted for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, was 462 thousand and 363 thousand weighted-average incremental shares, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the effect on our weighted-average shares – diluted from the forward equity sales agreements entered into in March 2017 was 698 thousand and 430 thousand weighted-average incremental shares, respectively. The common shares issued upon the partial settlement of the forward equity sales agreements were weighted for the period these common shares were outstanding and were included in the denominator of basic EPS for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

For purposes of calculating diluted EPS, we assumed conversion of our 7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock (“Series D Convertible Preferred Stock”) for the three months ended September 30, 2018 since the result was dilutive to EPS attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders from continuing operations during the period. The result was antidilutive to EPS attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders from continuing operations during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. Refer to Note 13 – “Stockholders’ Equity” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the partial repurchases of our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock.

We account for unvested restricted stock awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends as participating securities and include these securities in the computation of EPS using the two-class method. Our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock and forward equity sales agreements are not participating securities and therefore are not included in the computation of EPS using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, we allocate net income (after amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests, dividends on preferred stock, and preferred stock redemption charge) to common stockholders and unvested restricted stock awards by using the weighted-average shares of each class outstanding for quarter-to-date and year-to-date periods independently, based on their respective participation rights to dividends declared (or accumulated) and undistributed earnings.


12.	Earnings per share (continued)

The table below is a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted EPS computations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands, except per share amounts):



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net income	$	219,359		$	59,546		$	421,424		$	148,597
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(5,723		)	(5,773		)	(17,428		)	(18,892		)
Dividends on preferred stock	(1,301		)	(1,302		)	(3,905		)	(6,364		)
Preferred stock redemption charge	—			—			—			(11,279		)
Net income attributable to unvested restricted stock awards	(3,395		)	(1,198		)	(6,010		)	(3,498		)
Numerator for basic EPS – net income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders	208,940			51,273			394,081			108,564
Dilutive effect of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock	1,301			—			—			—
Numerator for diluted EPS – net income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders	$	210,241		$	51,273		$	394,081		$	108,564

Denominator for basic EPS – weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding	104,179			92,598			101,991			90,336
Dilutive effect of forward equity sales agreements	462			698			363			430
Dilutive effect of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock	744			—			—			—
Denominator for diluted EPS – weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding	105,385			93,296			102,354			90,766
Net income per share attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders:
Basic	$	2.01		$	0.55		$	3.86		$	1.20
Diluted	$	1.99		$	0.55		$	3.85		$	1.20


13.	Stockholders’ equity

ATM common stock offering programs

In August 2017, we established an ATM common stock offering program that allows us to sell up to an aggregate of $750.0 million of our common stock. The following table presents a detail of shares of common stock sold and the remaining aggregate amount available for future sales of common stock under this program since its inception (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):



	Shares Issued	Average Issue Price per Share		Gross Proceeds		Net Proceeds
Three Months Ended
September 30, 2017	2,083,526	$	119.94	$	249,895	$	245,785
December 31, 2017	689,792	$	125.70	86,708		85,375
	2,773,318			336,603		331,160
March 31, 2018	—	—		—		—
June 30, 2018	2,456,037	$	124.46	305,675		300,837
September 30, 2018	703,625	$	127.91	90,000		88,548
	3,159,662			395,675		389,385
Cumulative activity through September 30, 2018	5,932,980			732,278		$	720,545
Remaining availability as of September 30, 2018				17,722
Total August 2017 ATM common stock offering program				$	750,000

In August 2018, we established a new ATM common stock offering program that allows us to sell up to an aggregate of $750.0 million of our common stock. The following table presents a detail of shares of common stock sold and the remaining aggregate amount available for future sales of common stock under our new ATM program (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):



	Shares Issued	Average Issue Price per Share		Gross Proceeds		Net Proceeds
Three months ended September 30, 2018	855,458	$	127.45	$	109,031	$	106,956
Remaining availability as of September 30, 2018				640,969
Total August 2018 ATM common stock offering program				$	750,000

Forward equity sales agreements

In January 2018, we entered into forward equity sales agreements to sell an aggregate of 6.9 million shares of our common stock (including the exercise of underwriters’ option) at a public offering price of $123.50 per share, before underwriting discounts. The following table presents a summary of shares of common stock settled and the amount remaining available for future settlement under the forward equity sales agreements entered into in January 2018 for the sale of an aggregate of 6.9 million shares of our common stock (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):



	Number of Shares	Average Issue Price per Share		Net Proceeds
Forward equity sales agreements settled during the three months ended:
March 31, 2018	843,600	$	118.74	$	100,169
June 30, 2018	—	—		—
September 30, 2018	857,700	116.62		100,022
Activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2018	1,701,300			200,191

Remaining forward equity sales agreements to settle no later than April 2019, as of September 30, 2018	5,198,700
Total under our forward equity sales agreements	6,900,000			$	806,537


13.	Stockholders’ equity (continued)

We expect to receive additional proceeds of $606.3 million, to be further adjusted as provided in the sales agreements, upon settlement of the remaining forward equity sales agreements by April 2019. The proceeds of $606.3 million were calculated assuming the forward equity sales agreements will be settled entirely by the full physical delivery of shares of our common stock in exchange for cash proceeds. Although we expect to settle remaining forward equity sales agreements by the full physical delivery of shares of our common stock, we may elect cash settlement or net share settlement for all or a portion of our obligations under these agreements, either of which could result in no additional cash proceeds to us.

7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock repurchases

As of September 30, 2018 and 2017, we had 3.0 million shares of our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock outstanding. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we repurchased, in privately negotiated transactions, 501,115 outstanding shares of our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock at an aggregate price of $17.9 million, or $35.79 per share. We recognized a preferred stock redemption charge of $5.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, including the write-off of original issuance costs of approximately $391 thousand.

In October 2018, we repurchased, in privately negotiated transactions, 214,000 shares of our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock for $7.5 million, or $35.00 per share, and recognized a preferred stock redemption charge of $2.3 million.

6.45% Series E cumulative redeemable preferred stock redemption

In March 2017, we announced the redemption of our 6.45% Series E cumulative redeemable preferred stock (“Series E Redeemable Preferred Stock”) and recognized a preferred stock redemption charge of $5.5 million related to the write-off of original issuance costs. On April 14, 2017, we completed the redemption of all 5.2 million outstanding shares of our Series E Redeemable Preferred Stock at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, or an aggregate of $130.0 million, plus accrued dividends, using funds primarily from the proceeds of our March 2017 common stock offering.

Dividends

In September 2018, we declared cash dividends on our common stock for the three months ended September 30, 2018, aggregating $100.0 million, or $0.93 per share. Also in September 2018, we declared cash dividends on our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock for the three months ended September 30, 2018, aggregating approximately $1.3 million, or $0.4375 per share. In October 2018, we paid the cash dividends on our common stock and Series D Convertible Preferred Stock declared for the three months ended September 30, 2018.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, our declared cash dividends on our common stock aggregated $289.6 million, or $2.76 per share, and our declared cash dividends on our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock aggregated $3.9 million, or $1.3125 per share.


13.	Stockholders’ equity (continued)

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders consists of the following (in thousands):



	Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) on:
	Available-for- Sale Equity Securities				Interest Rate Hedge Agreements			Foreign Currency Translation			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	49,771			$	5,157		$	(4,904	)	$	50,024
Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income to retained earnings	(49,771		)	⁽¹⁾	—			—			(49,771		)

Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	—				2,808			(3,631		)	(823		)
Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income to net income	—				(3,241		)	—			(3,241		)
Net other comprehensive loss	—				(433		)	(3,631		)	(4,064		)

Balance as of September 30, 2018	$	—			$	4,724		$	(8,535	)	$	(3,811	)


(1)	Refer to Note 6 – “Investments” to these unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Common stock, preferred stock, and excess stock authorizations

Our charter authorizes the issuance of 200.0 million shares of common stock, of which 105.8 million shares were issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2018. Our charter also authorizes the issuance of up to 100.0 million shares of preferred stock, of which 3.0 million shares were issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2018. In addition, 200.0 million shares of “excess stock” (as defined in our charter) are authorized, none of which were issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2018.


14.	Noncontrolling interests

Noncontrolling interests represent the third-party interests in certain entities in which we have a controlling interest. These entities owned 11 properties as of September 30, 2018, and are included in our unaudited consolidated financial statements. Noncontrolling interests are adjusted for additional contributions and distributions, the proportionate share of the net earnings or losses, and other comprehensive income or loss. Distributions, profits, and losses related to these entities are allocated in accordance with the respective operating agreements. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we distributed $24.4 million and $17.4 million, respectively, to our consolidated real estate joint venture partners.

Certain of our noncontrolling interests have the right to require us to redeem their ownership interests in the respective entities. We classify these ownership interests in the entities as redeemable noncontrolling interests outside of total equity in our consolidated balance sheets. Redeemable noncontrolling interests are adjusted for additional contributions and distributions, the proportionate share of the net earnings or losses, and other comprehensive income or loss. If the amount of a redeemable noncontrolling interest is less than the maximum redemption value at the balance sheet date, such amount is adjusted to the maximum redemption value. Subsequent declines in the redemption value are recognized only to the extent that previous increases have been recognized.


15.	Assets classified as held for sale

As of September 30, 2018, two buildings aggregating 389,018 RSF were classified as held for sale, neither of which met the criteria for classification as discontinued operations in our consolidated financial statements.

The following is a summary of net assets as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, for our real estate investments that were classified as held for sale as of each respective date (in thousands):



	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Total assets	$	35,812		$	31,578
Total liabilities	(1,899		)	(1,809		)
Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	735			(1,021		)
Net assets classified as held for sale	$	34,648		$	28,748


16.	Subsequent events

In October 2018, we completed the acquisition of a redevelopment building at 30-02 48th Avenue for a purchase price of $75.0 million, aggregating 176,759 RSF, in New York City, of which 140,098 RSF is undergoing conversion from existing office space to office/laboratory space. We also have the opportunity to convert the remaining space of 36,661 RSF, which is currently occupied, from existing office space to office/laboratory space through future redevelopment.

In October 2018, we repurchased, in privately negotiated transactions, 214,000 shares of our 7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock for $7.5 million, or $35.00 per share, and recognized a preferred stock redemption charge of $2.3 million.


17.	Condensed consolidating financial information

Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (the “Issuer”) has sold certain debt securities registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, that are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (the “LP” or the “Guarantor Subsidiary”), an indirectly 100% owned subsidiary of the Issuer. The Issuer’s other subsidiaries, including, but not limited to, the subsidiaries that own substantially all of its real estate (collectively, the “Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries”), will not provide a guarantee of such securities, including the subsidiaries that are partially or 100% owned by the LP. The following condensed consolidating financial information presents the condensed consolidating balance sheets as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, the condensed consolidating statements of income and comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, and the condensed consolidating statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, for the Issuer, the Guarantor Subsidiary, and the Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries, as well as the eliminations necessary to arrive at the information on a consolidated basis. In presenting the condensed consolidating financial statements, the equity method of accounting has been applied to (i) the Issuer’s interests in the Guarantor Subsidiary and the Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries, (ii) the Guarantor Subsidiary’s interests in the Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries, and (iii) the Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries’ interests in the Guarantor Subsidiary, where applicable, even though all such subsidiaries meet the requirements to be consolidated under GAAP. All intercompany balances and transactions between the Issuer, the Guarantor Subsidiary, and the Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries have been eliminated, as shown in the column “Eliminations.” All assets and liabilities have been allocated to the Issuer, the Guarantor Subsidiary, and the Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries generally based on legal entity ownership.


17.	Condensed consolidating financial information (continued)

Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet

as of September 30, 2018

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (Issuer)		Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (Guarantor Subsidiary)		Combined Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries		Eliminations			Consolidated
Assets
Investments in real estate	$	—	$	—	$	11,587,312	$	—		$	11,587,312
Investments in unconsolidated real estate JVs	—		—		197,970		—			197,970
Cash and cash equivalents	94,559		—		109,622		—			204,181
Restricted cash	175		—		29,524		—			29,699
Tenant receivables	—		—		11,041		—			11,041
Deferred rent	—		—		511,680		—			511,680
Deferred leasing costs	—		—		238,295		—			238,295
Investments	—		1,757		955,599		—			957,356
Investments in and advances to affiliates	11,966,279		10,610,856		216,136		(22,793,271		)	—
Other assets	60,814		—		307,218		—			368,032
Total assets	$	12,121,827	$	10,612,613	$	14,164,397	$	(22,793,271	)	$	14,105,566
Liabilities, Noncontrolling Interests, and Equity
Secured notes payable	$	—	$	—	$	632,792	$	—		$	632,792
Unsecured senior notes payable	4,290,906		—		—		—			4,290,906
Unsecured senior line of credit	413,000		—		—		—			413,000
Unsecured senior bank term loans	347,306		—		—		—			347,306
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security deposits	96,748		—		810,346		—			907,094
Dividends payable	101,084		—		—		—			101,084
Total liabilities	5,249,044		—		1,443,138		—			6,692,182
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	—		—		10,771		—			10,771
Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity	6,872,783		10,612,613		12,180,658		(22,793,271		)	6,872,783
Noncontrolling interests	—		—		529,830		—			529,830
Total equity	6,872,783		10,612,613		12,710,488		(22,793,271		)	7,402,613
Total liabilities, noncontrolling interests, and equity	$	12,121,827	$	10,612,613	$	14,164,397	$	(22,793,271	)	$	14,105,566


17.	Condensed consolidating financial information (continued)

Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet

as of December 31, 2017

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (Issuer)		Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (Guarantor Subsidiary)		Combined Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries		Eliminations			Consolidated
Assets
Investments in real estate	$	—	$	—	$	10,298,019	$	—		$	10,298,019
Investments in unconsolidated real estate JVs	—		—		110,618		—			110,618
Cash and cash equivalents	130,364		9		124,008		—			254,381
Restricted cash	152		—		22,653		—			22,805
Tenant receivables	—		—		10,262		—			10,262
Deferred rent	—		—		434,731		—			434,731
Deferred leasing costs	—		—		221,430		—			221,430
Investments	—		1,655		521,599		—			523,254
Investments in and advances to affiliates	9,949,861		9,030,994		183,850		(19,164,705		)	—
Other assets	45,108		—		183,345		—			228,453
Total assets	$	10,125,485	$	9,032,658	$	12,110,515	$	(19,164,705	)	$	12,103,953
Liabilities, Noncontrolling Interests, and Equity
Secured notes payable	$	—	$	—	$	771,061	$	—		$	771,061
Unsecured senior notes payable	3,395,804		—		—		—			3,395,804
Unsecured senior line of credit	50,000		—		—		—			50,000
Unsecured senior bank term loans	547,942		—		—		—			547,942
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security deposits	89,928		—		673,904		—			763,832
Dividends payable	92,145		—		—		—			92,145
Total liabilities	4,175,819		—		1,444,965		—			5,620,784
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	—		—		11,509		—			11,509
Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity	5,949,666		9,032,658		10,132,047		(19,164,705		)	5,949,666
Noncontrolling interests	—		—		521,994		—			521,994
Total equity	5,949,666		9,032,658		10,654,041		(19,164,705		)	6,471,660
Total liabilities, noncontrolling interests, and equity	$	10,125,485	$	9,032,658	$	12,110,515	$	(19,164,705	)	$	12,103,953


17.	Condensed consolidating financial information (continued)

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Income

for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (Issuer)			Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (Guarantor Subsidiary)		Combined Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Revenues:
Rental	$	—		$	—	$	255,496		$	—		$	255,496
Tenant recoveries	—			—		81,051			—			81,051
Other income	5,017			—		5,723			(5,464		)	5,276
Total revenues	5,017			—		342,270			(5,464		)	341,823

Expenses:
Rental operations	—			—		99,759			—			99,759
General and administrative	21,803			—		6,321			(5,464		)	22,660
Interest	37,236			—		5,008			—			42,244
Depreciation and amortization	1,506			—		118,094			—			119,600
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	823			—		299			—			1,122
Total expenses	61,368			—		229,481			(5,464		)	285,385

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate JVs	—			—		40,718			—			40,718
Equity in earnings of affiliates	269,987			147,999		2,912			(420,898		)	—
Investment income	—			111		122,092			—			122,203
Net income	213,636			148,110		278,511			(420,898		)	219,359
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	—			—		(5,723		)	—			(5,723		)
Net income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders	213,636			148,110		272,788			(420,898		)	213,636
Dividends on preferred stock	(1,301		)	—		—			—			(1,301		)
Net income attributable to unvested restricted stock awards	(3,395		)	—		—			—			(3,395		)
Net income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders	$	208,940		$	148,110	$	272,788		$	(420,898	)	$	208,940


17.	Condensed consolidating financial information (continued)

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Income

for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (Issuer)			Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (Guarantor Subsidiary)			Combined Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Revenues:
Rental	$	—		$	—		$	216,021		$	—		$	216,021
Tenant recoveries	—			—			67,058			—			67,058
Other income	3,230			(2,589		)	5,736			(4,086		)	2,291
Total revenues	3,230			(2,589		)	288,815			(4,086		)	285,370

Expenses:
Rental operations	—			—			83,469			—			83,469
General and administrative	16,598			—			5,124			(4,086		)	17,636
Interest	23,958			—			7,073			—			31,031
Depreciation and amortization	1,787			—			106,001			—			107,788
Total expenses	42,343			—			201,667			(4,086		)	239,924

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate JVs	—			—			14,100			—			14,100
Equity in earnings of affiliates	92,886			88,900			1,702			(183,488		)	—
Net income	53,773			86,311			102,950			(183,488		)	59,546
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	—			—			(5,773		)	—			(5,773		)
Net income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders	53,773			86,311			97,177			(183,488		)	53,773
Dividends on preferred stock	(1,302		)	—			—			—			(1,302		)
Net income attributable to unvested restricted stock awards	(1,198		)	—			—			—			(1,198		)
Net income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders	$	51,273		$	86,311		$	97,177		$	(183,488	)	$	51,273


17.	Condensed consolidating financial information (continued)

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Income

for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (Issuer)			Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (Guarantor Subsidiary)		Combined Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Revenues:
Rental	$	—		$	—	$	750,616		$	—		$	750,616
Tenant recoveries	—			—		226,380			—			226,380
Other income	14,106			—		11,760			(15,866		)	10,000
Total revenues	14,106			—		988,756			(15,866		)	986,996

Expenses:
Rental operations	—			—		283,438			—			283,438
General and administrative	66,694			—		17,192			(15,866		)	68,020
Interest	100,470			—		16,786			—			117,256
Depreciation and amortization	4,830			—		347,841			—			352,671
Impairment of real estate	—			—		6,311			—			6,311
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	823			—		299			—			1,122
Total expenses	172,817			—		671,867			(15,866		)	828,818

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate JVs	—			—		42,952			—			42,952
Equity in earnings of affiliates	562,707			345,676		6,809			(915,192		)	—
Investment income	—			487		219,807			—			220,294
Net income	403,996			346,163		586,457			(915,192		)	421,424
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	—			—		(17,428		)	—			(17,428		)
Net income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders	403,996			346,163		569,029			(915,192		)	403,996
Dividends on preferred stock	(3,905		)	—		—			—			(3,905		)
Net income attributable to unvested restricted stock awards	(6,010		)	—		—			—			(6,010		)
Net income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders	$	394,081		$	346,163	$	569,029		$	(915,192	)	$	394,081


17.	Condensed consolidating financial information (continued)

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Income

for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (Issuer)			Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (Guarantor Subsidiary)			Combined Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Revenues:
Rental	$	—		$	—		$	635,156		$	—		$	635,156
Tenant recoveries	—			—			188,874			—			188,874
Other income	11,337			(2,577		)	10,199			(13,683		)	5,276
Total revenues	11,337			(2,577		)	834,229			(13,683		)	829,306

Expenses:
Rental operations	—			—			237,536			—			237,536
General and administrative	55,272			—			14,510			(13,683		)	56,099
Interest	72,907			—			19,656			—			92,563
Depreciation and amortization	5,217			—			303,852			—			309,069
Impairment of real estate	—			—			203			—			203
Loss of early extinguishment of debt	670			—			—			—			670
Total expenses	134,066			—			575,757			(13,683		)	696,140

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate JVs	—			—			15,050			—			15,050
Equity in earnings of affiliates	252,434			242,345			4,694			(499,473		)	—
Gain on sales of real estate – rental properties	—			—			270			—			270
Gain on sales of real estate – land parcels	—			—			111			—			111
Net income	129,705			239,768			278,597			(499,473		)	148,597
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	—			—			(18,892		)	—			(18,892		)
Net income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders	129,705			239,768			259,705			(499,473		)	129,705
Dividends on preferred stock	(6,364		)	—			—			—			(6,364		)
Preferred stock redemption charge	(11,279		)	—			—			—			(11,279		)
Net income attributable to unvested restricted stock awards	(3,498		)	—			—			—			(3,498		)
Net income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders	$	108,564		$	239,768		$	259,705		$	(499,473	)	$	108,564


17.	Condensed consolidating financial information (continued)

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Comprehensive Income

for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (Issuer)			Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (Guarantor Subsidiary)		Combined Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Net income	$	213,636		$	148,110	$	278,511		$	(420,898	)	$	219,359
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized losses on interest rate hedge agreements:
Unrealized interest rate hedge gains arising during the period	165			—		—			—			165
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of interest income included in net income	(1,432		)	—		—			—			(1,432		)
Unrealized losses on interest rate hedge agreements, net	(1,267		)	—		—			—			(1,267		)

Unrealized losses on foreign currency translation:
Unrealized foreign currency translation losses arising during the period	—			—		(59		)	—			(59		)
Reclassification adjustment for cumulative foreign currency translation losses included in net income upon sale or liquidation	—			—		—			—			—
Unrealized losses on foreign currency translation, net	—			—		(59		)	—			(59		)

Total other comprehensive loss	(1,267		)	—		(59		)	—			(1,326		)
Comprehensive income	212,369			148,110		278,452			(420,898		)	218,033
Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	—			—		(5,723		)	—			(5,723		)
Comprehensive income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders	$	212,369		$	148,110	$	272,729		$	(420,898	)	$	212,310


17.	Condensed consolidating financial information (continued)

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Comprehensive Income

for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (Issuer)		Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (Guarantor Subsidiary)		Combined Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Net income	$	53,773	$	86,311	$	102,950		$	(183,488	)	$	59,546
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale equity securities:
Unrealized holding gains arising during the period	—		65		16,953			—			17,018
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income	—		—		—			—			—
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale equity securities, net	—		65		16,953			—			17,018

Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate hedge agreements:
Unrealized interest rate hedge gains (losses) arising during the period	174		—		(29		)	—			145
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of interest expense included in net income	195		—		3			—			198
Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate hedge agreements, net	369		—		(26		)	—			343

Unrealized gains on foreign currency translation:
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains arising during the period	—		—		3,836			—			3,836
Reclassification adjustment for cumulative foreign currency translation losses included in net income upon sale or liquidation	—		—		—			—			—
Unrealized gains on foreign currency translation, net	—		—		3,836			—			3,836

Total other comprehensive income	369		65		20,763			—			21,197
Comprehensive income	54,142		86,376		123,713			(183,488		)	80,743
Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	—		—		(5,783		)	—			(5,783		)
Comprehensive income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders	$	54,142	$	86,376	$	117,930		$	(183,488	)	$	74,960


17.	Condensed consolidating financial information (continued)

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Comprehensive Income

for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (Issuer)			Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (Guarantor Subsidiary)		Combined Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Net income	$	403,996		$	346,163	$	586,457		$	(915,192	)	$	421,424
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized losses on interest rate hedge agreements:
Unrealized interest rate hedge gains arising during the period	2,808			—		—			—			2,808
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of interest income included in net income	(3,241		)	—		—			—			(3,241		)
Unrealized losses on interest rate hedge agreements, net	(433		)	—		—			—			(433		)

Unrealized losses on foreign currency translation:
Unrealized foreign currency translation losses arising during the period	—			—		(3,631		)	—			(3,631		)
Reclassification adjustment for cumulative foreign currency translation losses included in net income upon sale or liquidation	—			—		—			—			—
Unrealized losses on foreign currency translation, net	—			—		(3,631		)	—			(3,631		)

Total other comprehensive loss	(433		)	—		(3,631		)	—			(4,064		)
Comprehensive income	403,563			346,163		582,826			(915,192		)	417,360
Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	—			—		(17,428		)	—			(17,428		)
Comprehensive income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders	$	403,563		$	346,163	$	565,398		$	(915,192	)	$	399,932


17.	Condensed consolidating financial information (continued)

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Comprehensive Income

for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (Issuer)		Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (Guarantor Subsidiary)		Combined Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Net income	$	129,705	$	239,768	$	278,597		$	(499,473	)	$	148,597
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale equity securities:
Unrealized holding gains arising during the period	—		20		23,394			—			23,414
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income	—		4		2,478			—			2,482
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale equity securities, net	—		24		25,872			—			25,896

Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate hedge agreements:
Unrealized interest rate hedge gains (losses) arising during the period	1,062		—		(250		)	—			812
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of interest expense included in net income	1,804		—		6			—			1,810
Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate hedge agreements, net	2,866		—		(244		)	—			2,622

Unrealized gains on foreign currency translation:
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains arising during the period	—		—		7,592			—			7,592
Reclassification adjustment for cumulative foreign currency translation losses included in net income upon sale or liquidation	—		—		2,421			—			2,421
Unrealized gains on foreign currency translation, net	—		—		10,013			—			10,013

Total other comprehensive income	2,866		24		35,641			—			38,531
Comprehensive income	132,571		239,792		314,238			(499,473		)	187,128
Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	—		—		(18,914		)	—			(18,914		)
Comprehensive income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s stockholders	$	132,571	$	239,792	$	295,324		$	(499,473	)	$	168,214


17.	Condensed consolidating financial information (continued)

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows

for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (Issuer)			Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (Guarantor Subsidiary)			Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Operating Activities
Net income	$	403,996		$	346,163		$	586,457		$	(915,192	)	$	421,424
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	4,830			—			347,841			—			352,671
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	823			—			299			—			1,122
Impairment of real estate	—			—			6,311			—			6,311
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate JVs	—			—			(42,952		)	—			(42,952		)
Distributions of earnings from unconsolidated real estate JVs	—			—			430			—			430
Amortization of loan fees	6,685			—			1,185			—			7,870
Amortization of debt discounts (premiums)	587			—			(2,382		)	—			(1,795		)
Amortization of acquired below-market leases	—			—			(16,588		)	—			(16,588		)
Deferred rent	—			—			(75,960		)	—			(75,960		)
Stock compensation expense	25,209			—			—			—			25,209
Equity in earnings of affiliates	(562,707		)	(345,676		)	(6,809		)	915,192			—
Investment loss (income)	—			(487		)	(219,807		)	—			(220,294		)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Tenant receivables	—			—			(807		)	—			(807		)
Deferred leasing costs	—			—			(42,821		)	—			(42,821		)
Other assets	(14,955		)	—			(6,674		)	—			(21,629		)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security deposits	(4,371		)	—			26,268			—			21,897
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	(139,903		)	—			553,991			—			414,088

Investing Activities
Proceeds from sales of real estate	—			—			5,748			—			5,748
Additions to real estate	—			—			(663,688		)	—			(663,688		)
Purchases of real estate	—			—			(947,013		)	—			(947,013		)
Deposits for investing activities	—			—			2,500			—			2,500
Investments in subsidiaries	(1,453,711		)	(1,234,186		)	(25,477		)	2,713,374			—
Acquisitions of interests in unconsolidated real estate JVs	—			—			(35,922		)	—			(35,922		)
Investments in unconsolidated real estate JVs	—			—			(77,501		)	—			(77,501		)
Return of capital from unconsolidated real estate joint ventures	—			—			68,592			—			68,592
Additions to investments	—			—			(174,195		)	—			(174,195		)
Sales of investments	—			420			56,910			—			57,330
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(1,453,711	)	$	(1,233,766	)	$	(1,790,046	)	$	2,713,374		$	(1,764,149	)


17.	Condensed consolidating financial information (continued)

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows (continued)

for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (Issuer)			Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (Guarantor Subsidiary)			Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Financing Activities
Borrowings from secured notes payable	$	—		$	—		$	17,784		$	—		$	17,784
Repayments of borrowings from secured notes payable	—			—			(155,155		)	—			(155,155		)
Proceeds from issuance of unsecured senior notes payable	899,321			—			—			—			899,321
Borrowings from unsecured senior line of credit	3,894,000			—			—			—			3,894,000
Repayments of borrowings from unsecured senior line of credit	(3,531,000		)	—			—			—			(3,531,000		)
Repayments of borrowings from unsecured senior bank term loans	(200,000		)	—			—			—			(200,000		)
Transfers to/from parent company	102,582			1,233,757			1,377,035			(2,713,374		)	—
Payment of loan fees	(19,066		)	—			—			—			(19,066		)
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock	696,532			—			—			—			696,532
Dividends on common stock	(280,632		)	—			—			—			(280,632		)
Dividends on preferred stock	(3,905		)	—			—			—			(3,905		)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	—			—			15,837			—			15,837
Distributions to and purchases of noncontrolling interests	—			—			(25,910		)	—			(25,910		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	1,557,832			1,233,757			1,229,591			(2,713,374		)	1,307,806

Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	—			—			(1,051		)	—			(1,051		)

Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(35,782		)	(9		)	(7,515		)	—			(43,306		)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as of the beginning of period	130,516			9			146,661			—			277,186
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as of the end of period	$	94,734		$	—		$	139,146		$	—		$	233,880

Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information:
Cash paid during the period for interest, net of interest capitalized	$	81,888		$	—		$	17,750		$	—		$	99,638

Non-Cash Investing Activities:
Change in accrued construction	$	—		$	—		$	69,654		$	—		$	69,654


17.	Condensed consolidating financial information (continued)

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows

for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (Issuer)			Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (Guarantor Subsidiary)			Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Operating Activities
Net income	$	129,705		$	239,768		$	278,597		$	(499,473	)	$	148,597
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	5,217			—			303,852			—			309,069
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	670			—			—			—			670
Gain on sales of real estate – rental properties	—			—			(270		)	—			(270		)
Impairment of real estate	—			—			203			—			203
Gain on sales of real estate – land parcels	—			—			(111		)	—			(111		)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate JVs	—			—			(15,050		)	—			(15,050		)
Distributions of earnings from unconsolidated real estate JVs	—			—			249			—			249
Amortization of loan fees	5,665			—			2,913			—			8,578
Amortization of debt discounts (premiums)	441			—			(2,314		)	—			(1,873		)
Amortization of acquired below-market leases	—			—			(14,908		)	—			(14,908		)
Deferred rent	—			—			(74,362		)	—			(74,362		)
Stock compensation expense	18,649			—			—			—			18,649
Equity in earnings of affiliates	(252,434		)	(242,345		)	(4,694		)	499,473			—
Investment loss (income)	—			2,582			(4,589		)	—			(2,007		)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Tenant receivables	—			—			(224		)	—			(224		)
Deferred leasing costs	—			—			(39,925		)	—			(39,925		)
Other assets	(10,576		)	—			(86		)	—			(10,662		)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and tenant security deposits	(9,813		)	(9		)	40,441			—			30,619
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	(112,476		)	(4		)	469,722			—			357,242

Investing Activities
Proceeds from sales of real estate	—			—			4,263			—			4,263
Additions to real estate	—			—			(660,877		)	—			(660,877		)
Purchases of real estate	—			—			(590,884		)	—			(590,884		)
Deposits for investing activities	—			—			4,700			—			4,700
Investments in subsidiaries	(753,137		)	(588,808		)	(12,160		)	1,354,105			—
Investments in unconsolidated real estate JVs	—			—			(248		)	—			(248		)
Return of capital from unconsolidated real estate JVs	—			—			38,576			—			38,576
Additions to investments	—			—			(128,190		)	—			(128,190		)
Sales of investments	—			204			18,692			—			18,896
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(753,137	)	$	(588,604	)	$	(1,326,128	)	$	1,354,105		$	(1,313,764	)


17.	Condensed consolidating financial information (continued)

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows (continued)

for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (Issuer)			Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P. (Guarantor Subsidiary)		Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated
Financing Activities
Borrowings from secured notes payable	$	—		$	—	$	145,272		$	—		$	145,272
Repayments of borrowings from secured notes payable	—			—		(2,882		)	—			(2,882		)
Proceeds from issuance of unsecured senior notes payable	424,384			—		—			—			424,384
Borrowings from unsecured senior line of credit	2,634,000			—		—			—			2,634,000
Repayments of borrowings from unsecured senior line of credit	(2,348,000		)	—		—			—			(2,348,000		)
Repayments of borrowings from unsecured bank term loans	(200,000		)	—		—			—			(200,000		)
Transfers to/from parent company	47,558			588,608		717,939			(1,354,105		)	—
Payment of loan fees	(3,956		)	—		(387		)	—			(4,343		)
Repurchase of 7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock	(17,934		)	—		—			—			(17,934		)
Redemption of 6.45% Series E cumulative redeemable preferred stock	(130,350		)	—		—			—			(130,350		)
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock	705,391			—		—			—			705,391
Dividends on common stock	(229,814		)	—		—			—			(229,814		)
Dividends on preferred stock	(8,317		)	—		—			—			(8,317		)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	—			—		9,877			—			9,877
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	—			—		(17,432		)	—			(17,432		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	872,962			588,608		852,387			(1,354,105		)	959,852

Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	—			—		1,579			—			1,579

Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	7,349			—		(2,440		)	—			4,909
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as of the beginning of period	30,705			—		110,661			—			141,366
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as of the end of period	$	38,054		$	—	$	108,221		$	—		$	146,275

Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information:
Cash paid during the period for interest, net of interest capitalized	$	67,091		$	—	$	19,141		$	—		$	86,232

Non-Cash Investing Activities:
Change in accrued construction	$	—		$	—	$	(38,767	)	$	—		$	(38,767	)
Contribution of real estate to an unconsolidated real estate JV	$	—		$	—	$	6,998		$	—		$	6,998

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Certain information and statements included in this quarterly report on Form 10‑Q, including, without limitation, statements containing the words “forecast,” “guidance,” “projects,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “goals,” “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “seeks,” “should,” or “will,” or the negative of those words or similar words, constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties regarding events, conditions, and financial trends that may affect our future plans of operations, business strategy, results of operations, and financial position. A number of important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those included within or contemplated by the forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the following:


•	Operating factors such as a failure to operate our business successfully in comparison to market expectations or in comparison to our competitors, our inability to obtain capital when desired or refinance debt maturities when desired, and/or a failure to maintain our status as a REIT for federal tax purposes.


•	Market and industry factors such as adverse developments concerning the life science and technology industries and/or our tenants.


•	Government factors such as any unfavorable effects resulting from federal, state, local, and/or foreign government policies, laws, and/or funding levels.


•	Global factors such as negative economic, political, financial, credit market, and/or banking conditions.


•	Other factors such as climate change, cyber intrusions, and/or changes in laws, regulations, and financial accounting standards.

This list of risks and uncertainties is not exhaustive. Additional information regarding risk factors that may affect us is included under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our annual report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Readers of this quarterly report on Form 10‑Q should also read our other documents filed publicly with the SEC for further discussion regarding such factors.

In addition, on December 22, 2017, the U.S. President signed a tax reform bill commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act into law. The tax reform legislation is a far-reaching and complex revision to the U.S. federal income tax laws with disparate and, in some cases, countervailing effects on different categories of taxpayers and industries. The legislation is unclear in many respects and will require clarification and interpretation by the U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS in the form of amendments, technical corrections, regulations, or other forms of guidance, any of which could lessen or increase the effect of the legislation on us or our stockholders. The outcome of this legislation on state and local tax authorities, and the response by such authorities, is also unclear. We continue to monitor changes made to, or as a result of, the federal tax law and its potential effect on us.

Overview

We are a Maryland corporation formed in October 1994 that has elected to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. We are anS&P 500^®urban office REIT uniquely focused on collaborative life science and technology campuses in AAA innovation cluster locations with a total market capitalization of $19.1 billion and an asset base in North America of 32.2 million SF as of September 30, 2018. The asset base in North America includes 21.6 million RSF of operating properties and 2.6 million RSF of development and redevelopment of new Class A properties currently undergoing construction and pre-construction activities with target delivery dates ranging from 2018 through 2019. Additionally, the asset base in North America includes 8.0 million SF of intermediate-term and future development projects. Founded in 1994, we pioneered this niche and have since established a significant market presence in key locations, including Greater Boston, San Francisco, New York City, San Diego, Seattle, Maryland, and Research Triangle Park. We have a longstanding and proven track record of developing Class A properties clustered in urban life science and technology campuses that provide our innovative tenants with highly dynamic and collaborative environments that enhance their ability to successfully recruit and retain world-class talent and inspire productivity, efficiency, creativity, and success. Alexandria also provides strategic capital to transformative life science and technology companies through our venture capital arm. We believe these advantages result in higher occupancy levels, longer lease terms, higher rental income, higher returns, and greater long-term asset value.

As of September 30, 2018:


•	Investment-grade or publicly traded large cap tenants represented 52% of our total annual rental revenue;


•	Approximately 97% of our leases (on an RSF basis) were triple net leases, which require tenants to pay substantially all real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, repairs and maintenance, common area expenses, and other operating expenses (including increases thereto) in addition to base rent;


•	Approximately 94% of our leases (on an RSF basis) contained effective annual rent escalations that were either fixed (generally ranging from approximately 3% to 3.5%) or indexed based on a consumer price index or other index; and


•	Approximately 95% of our leases (on an RSF basis) provided for the recapture of capital expenditures (such as HVAC systems maintenance and/or replacement, roof replacement, and parking lot resurfacing) that we believe would typically be borne by the landlord in traditional office leases.

Our primary business objective is to maximize stockholder value by providing our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and long-term asset value based on a multifaceted platform of internal and external growth. A key element of our strategy is our unique focus on Class A properties clustered in urban campuses. These key urban campus locations are characterized by high barriers to entry for new landlords, high barriers to exit for tenants, and a limited supply of available space. They represent highly desirable locations for tenancy by life science and technology entities because of their close proximity to concentrations of specialized skills, knowledge, institutions, and related businesses. Our strategy also includes drawing upon our deep and broad real estate, life science, and technology relationships in order to identify and attract new and leading tenants and to source additional value-creation real estate.

Executive summary

Core asset sale

We expect to sell a partial joint venture interest in a Class A property located in our Cambridge submarket with proceeds of approximately $400 million or greater. We can provide no assurance this transaction will be completed.

Key sale of unconsolidated real estate joint venture interest

In September 2018, we sold our remaining 27.5% ownership interest in our 360 Longwood Avenue unconsolidated real estate joint venture, located in our Longwood Medical Area submarket at a sales price of $1,659 per RSF, with capitalization rates of 5.1% and 4.7% (cash basis). Our share of the contractual sales price, net of debt repaid, was $70.0 million, and our gain on sale was $35.7 million.

Credit rating upgrade

In September 2018, Moody’s Investors Service upgraded our corporate issuer credit rating to Baa1/Stable from Baa2/Stable. The rating upgrade reflects the continued and significant improvement of Alexandria’s credit profile resulting from a diversified portfolio of life science properties in key markets with consistently high occupancy and high-quality tenants, many of which are less sensitive to economic cyclicality.

A REIT Industry Leading Tenant Roster

52% of annual rental revenue from investment-grade or publicly traded large cap tenants.

Continuation of strong rental rate growth

Solid rental rate increases for the three months ended September 30, 2018, of 35.4% and 16.9% (cash basis). Rental rate increase of 35.4% represents the highest increase during the past 10 years.

Increased common stock dividend

Common stock dividend for the three months ended September 30, 2018, of $0.93 per common share, up 7 cents, or 8.1%, over the three months ended September 30, 2017; represents the continuation of our strategy to share growth in cash flows from operating activities with our stockholders while also retaining a significant portion for reinvestment.

Strong internal growth


•	Total revenues:


•	$341.8 million, up 19.8%, for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $285.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017


•	$987.0 million, up 19.0%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $829.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017


•	Net operating income (cash basis) of $867.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, annualized, up $48.4 million, or 5.9%, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2018, annualized, and up $173.9 million, or 25.1%, compared to the three months ended December 31, 2017, annualized.


•	Same property net operating income growth:


•	3.4% and 8.9% (cash basis) for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017


•	3.8% and 9.9% (cash basis) for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017


•	Continued solid leasing activity and strong rental rate growth, in light of modest contractual lease expirations at the beginning of 2018, and a highly leased value-creation pipeline:



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Total leasing activity – RSF	696,468	3,163,628
Lease renewals and re-leasing of space:
Rental rate increases	35.4%	26.9%
Rental rate increases (cash basis)	16.9%	15.0%
RSF (included in total leasing activity above)	475,863	1,437,676

Strong external growth; disciplined allocation of capital to visible, multiyear, highly leased value-creation pipeline


•	Highly leased value-creation pipeline with deliveries targeted for 2018 and 2019:



					Unlevered Yields
Target Delivery				Property Leased %	Initial Stabilized	Initial Stabilized (Cash)
2018	489,363	RSF		78%	7.5%	7.0%
2019	2,119,260	RSF	⁽¹⁾	89%	7.3%	6.7%
	2,608,623	RSF		86%	7.3%	6.8%
(1) Commencement during the three months ended September 30, 2018 includes our redevelopment project aggregating 142,400 RSF at 681 Gateway Boulevard in our South San Francisco submarket.


•	We expect to present our value-creation pipeline with deliveries targeted for 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022 at our annual Investor Day event on November 28, 2018.

Recent and future growth in net operating income (cash basis) driven by recently delivered projects


•	Strong near-term contractual growth in annual cash rents of $29 million related to initial free rent granted on development and redevelopment projects recently placed into service (and no longer included in our value-creation pipeline) that are currently generating rental revenue.

Completed strategic acquisitions

Refer to “Acquisitions” under the “Investments in Real Estate” section within this Item 2 of this report for information on our opportunistic acquisitions that are completed or under contract.

Operating results

On January 1, 2018, we adopted a new accounting standard which requires us, on a prospective basis, to generally present our equity investments at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in earnings. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized unrealized gains from changes in fair value of our equity investments aggregating $117.2 million and $194.5 million, respectively.



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Net income attributable to Alexandria’s common stockholders – diluted:
In millions	$	210.2	$	51.3	$	394.1	$	108.6
Per share	$	1.99	$	0.55	$	3.85	$	1.20
Funds from operations attributable to Alexandria’s common stockholders – diluted, as adjusted:
In millions	$	173.6	$	140.8	$	504.0	$	407.5
Per share	$	1.66	$	1.51	$	4.92	$	4.49

The operating results shown above include certain items related to corporate-level investing and financing decisions. Refer to the tabular presentation of these items at the beginning of the “Results of Operations” section within this Item 2 for additional information.

Core operating metrics as of or for the quarter ended September 30, 2018

High-quality revenues and cash flows and operational excellence


•	Percentage of annual rental revenue in effect from:


•	Investment-grade or publicly traded large cap tenants: 52%


•	Class A properties in AAA locations: 77%


•	Occupancy of operating properties in North America: 97.3%


•	Operating margin: 71%


•	Adjusted EBITDA margin: 69%


•	Weighted-average remaining lease term:


•	All tenants: 8.6 years


•	Top 20 tenants: 12.3 years


•	See “Strong Internal Growth” in the above section for information on our total revenues, same property net operating income growth, leasing activity, and rental rate growth.

Balance sheet management

Key metrics


•	$19.1 billion of total market capitalization


•	$2.9 billion of liquidity



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018		Goal for Fourth Quarter of 2018
	Quarter Annualized	Trailing 12 Months	Goal for Fourth Quarter of 2018
Net debt to Adjusted EBITDA	5.7x	6.1x	Less than 5.5x
Fixed-charge coverage ratio	4.1x	4.3x	Greater than 4.0x
Unhedged variable-rate debt as a percentage of total debt	6%	N/A	Less than 5%
Current and future value-creation pipeline as a percentage of gross investments in real estate in North America	12%	N/A	8% to 12%

Key capital events


•	During three months ended September 30, 2018, we amended our unsecured senior line of credit and unsecured senior bank term loan to extend the maturity date of each to January 28, 2024. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt of $634 thousand related to the write-off of unamortized loan fees associated with these amendments. The key changes are summarized below:



	Amended Agreement		Change
	Line of Credit	Term Loan	Line of Credit	Term Loan
Aggregate commitments	$2.2 billion	$350.0 million	Up $550 million	No change
Maturity date	January 2024	January 2024	Extended by 27 months	Extended by 36 months
Interest rate	L+0.825%	L+0.90%	Down 17.5 bps⁽¹⁾	Down 20 bps⁽¹⁾


(1)	Includes interest rate reduction of 10 bps and 15 bps on our unsecured senior line of credit and unsecured senior bank term loan, respectively, associated with the upgrade of our corporate issuer credit rating from Moody’s Investors Service. See “Credit Rating Upgrade” on the previous page for additional information.


•	Debt repayments during the three months ended September 30, 2018 consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):



Debt	Payment Date	Stated Rate	Amount		(Loss) Gain on Early Extinguishment of Debt
2019 Unsecured Senior Bank Term Loan	September 2018	L+1.20%	$	200,000		$	(189	)
Secured construction loan	July 2018	L+1.50%	$	150,000		$	(299	)
Menlo Gateway, Phase I⁽¹⁾	August 2018	L+2.50%	$	133,137		$	761		⁽¹⁾


(1)	This loan for our unconsolidated real estate joint venture was refinanced with a new loan for $145.0 million that bears an interest rate of 4.15%. Gain on early extinguishment of debt is included in equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures in our consolidated statements of income under Item 1 of this report.

•

In September 2018, we settled 857,700 shares from our January 2018 forward equity sales agreements and received proceeds of $100.0 million, net of underwriting discounts and adjustments provided in the agreements. We expect to receive additional proceeds of $606.3 million, to be further adjusted as provided in the sales agreements, upon settlement of the remaining outstanding forward equity sales agreements by April 2019. The proceeds of $606.3 million were calculated assuming the forward equity sales agreements will be settled entirely by the full physical delivery of shares of our common stock in exchange for cash proceeds. Although we expect to settle remaining forward equity sales agreements by the full physical delivery of shares of our common stock, we may elect cash settlement or net share settlement for all or a portion of our obligations under these agreements, either of which could result in no additional cash proceeds to us.


•	In August 2018, we entered into a new ATM common stock offering program, which allows us to sell up to an aggregate of $750.0 million of our common stock. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, activities under our existing and new ATM common stock offering programs were as follows:



(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Shares issued		1,559,083
Average price per share		$	127.66
Net proceeds		$	195,504
Remaining availability		$	658,691

Corporate responsibility and industry leadership


•	During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we received the following awards and recognitions:


•	Second consecutive “Green Star” designation and first “A” disclosure score by GRESB, and were recognized as the #1 real estate company in the world in GRESB’s Health & Well-being Module


•	Two design awards related to our interior build-out at 505 Brannan Street in our Mission Bay/SoMa submarket:


•	Architizer A+ Award for Commercial Office Interiors greater than 25,000 SF


•	Award of Merit for Best Projects 2018 from ENR California


•	First place in the High-Rise category of the City of Seattle’s 2017 People’s Choice Urban Design Awards for our 400 Dexter Avenue North building


•	Sustainable Design Awards winner in the Sustainable Private Organization category from the San Diego Green Building Council


•	Silver Tier recognition in SANDAG’s Diamond Awards program for our commuting programs that encourage alternative transportation

Subsequent events

•

In October 2018, we initiated the development of the North Tower at the Alexandria Center^®for Life Science – New York City, with the signing of an amendment to our long-term ground lease with the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation and New York City Economic Development Corporation. The amendment enables us to begin due diligence, design, and permitting for the North Tower, the campus’s third tower, which has been increased from the originally planned 420,000 RSF to approximately 550,000 RSF. The Alexandria Center^®for Life Science – New York City currently comprises 728,000 RSF in the East and West Towers, and upon completion of the North Tower, the campus will consist of nearly 1.3 million RSF.

Operating summary



Favorable Lease Structure⁽¹⁾			Same Property Net Operating Income Growth

Stable cash flows
Percentage of triple net leases		97%
Increasing cash flows
Percentage of leases containing annual rent escalations		94%
Lower capex burden
Percentage of leases providing for the recapture of capital expenditures		95%

Margins⁽²⁾			Rental Rate Growth: Renewed/Re-Leased Space

Adjusted EBITDA	Operating
69%	71%
69%	71%


(1)	Percentages calculated based on RSF as of September 30, 2018.


(2)	Represents percentages for the three months ended September 30, 2018.



	Cash Flows from High-Quality, Diverse, and Innovative Tenants

	Annual Rental Revenue⁽¹⁾from Investment-Grade or Publicly Traded Large Cap Tenants ^{A REIT Industry-Leading Tenant Roster}

	52%

	Tenant Mix





	Percentage of ARE’s Annual Rental Revenue⁽¹⁾


(1)	Represents annual rental revenue in effect as of September 30, 2018.


(2)	Our annual rental revenue from technology tenants consists of:


•	39% from investment-grade credit rated or publicly traded large cap tenants


•	52% from Uber Technologies, Inc., Stripe, Inc., and Pinterest, Inc.


•	9% from all other technology tenants



High-Quality Cash Flows from Class A Properties in AAA Locations

Class A Properties in AAA Locations	AAA Locations

77%
of ARE’s Annual Rental Revenue⁽¹⁾
	Percentage of ARE’s Annual Rental Revenue⁽¹⁾

Solid Demand for Class A Properties in AAA Locations Drives Solid Occupancy

Solid Historical Occupancy⁽²⁾	Occupancy across Key Locations

96%
Over 10 Years


(1)	Represents annual rental revenue in effect as of September 30, 2018.


(2)	Average occupancy of operating properties in North America as of each December 31 for the last 10 years and as of September 30, 2018.

Leasing

The following table summarizes our leasing activity at our properties:



	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended						Year Ended
	September 30, 2018						September 30, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Including Straight-Line Rent			Cash Basis			Including Straight-Line Rent			Cash Basis			Including Straight-Line Rent		Cash Basis
(Dollars per RSF)
Leasing activity:
Renewed/re-leased space⁽¹⁾
Rental rate changes	35.4%			16.9%		⁽²⁾	26.9%			15.0%		⁽²⁾	25.1%		12.7%
New rates	$	69.64		$	64.71		$	55.97		$	53.29		$	51.05	$	47.99
Expiring rates	$	51.44		$	55.36		$	44.12		$	46.32		$	40.80	$	42.60
Rentable square footage	475,863						1,437,676						2,525,099
Tenant improvements/leasing commissions	$	33.53	⁽³⁾				$	21.75					$	18.74
Weighted-average lease term	6.9 years						5.8 years						6.2 years

Developed/redeveloped/previously vacant space leased
New rates	$	55.42		$	53.12		$	66.49		$	56.23		$	47.56	$	42.93
Rentable square footage	220,605						1,725,952						2,044,083
Tenant improvements/leasing commissions	$	15.67					$	13.76					$	9.83
Weighted-average lease term	7.0 years						12.8 years						10.1 years

Leasing activity summary (totals):
New rates	$	65.14		$	61.04		$	61.71		$	54.90		$	49.49	$	45.72
Rentable square footage	696,468						3,163,628		⁽⁴⁾				4,569,182
Tenant improvements/leasing commissions	$	27.88					$	17.39					$	14.75
Weighted-average lease term	7.0 years						9.6 years						7.9 years

Lease expirations:⁽¹⁾
Expiring rates	$	46.82		$	50.90		$	43.01		$	45.65		$	39.99	$	41.71
Rentable square footage	745,839						2,072,452						2,919,259

Leasing activity includes 100% of results for properties in which we have an investment in North America. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures” section within this Item 2 for a description of the basis used to compute the measures above.


(1)	Excludes month-to-month leases aggregating 40,020 RSF and 37,006 RSF as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively.

(2)

Includes rental rate increases related to the early re-leasing and re-tenanting of space subject to significantly below-market leases at our Alexandria Center^® at One Kendall Square campus in our Cambridge submarket. Since our acquisition of the campus during the three months ended December 31, 2016, we have re-leased and renewed approximately 291,000 RSF of below-market space, or four times the volume we initially forecasted to be executed through the three months ended September 30, 2018, at rental rate (cash basis) increases of approximately 27%.

(3)

Includes $8.4 million of tenant improvements related to the 12-year lease renewal of 129,424 RSF with Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. at 300 Third Street in our Cambridge submarket. The increase in rental rates, net of tenant improvements and leasing commissions per RSF, on this renewal was 77%. Excluding this lease, new tenant improvements and leasing commissions for renewed/re-leased space was $16.25 per RSF during the three months ended September 30, 2018.


(4)	During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we granted tenant concessions/free rent averaging 1.9 months with respect to the 3,163,628 RSF leased. Approximately 61% of the leases executed during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, did not include concessions for free rent.

Summary of contractual lease expirations

The following table summarizes information with respect to the contractual lease expirations at our properties as of

September 30, 2018:



Year			Number of Leases		RSF		Percentage of Occupied RSF			Annual Rental Revenue (per RSF)⁽¹⁾			Percentage of Total Annual Rental Revenue

	2018	⁽²⁾		22		267,899		1.3	%		$	44.66		1.2	%
	2019			94		1,299,961		6.2	%		$	40.99		5.4	%
	2020			116		1,853,802		8.8	%		$	37.69		7.0	%
	2021			98		1,562,885		7.5	%		$	39.65		6.2	%
	2022			91		1,596,193		7.6	%		$	44.34		7.1	%
	2023			79		2,178,296		10.4	%		$	43.45		9.5	%
	2024			45		1,673,364		8.0	%		$	48.08		8.1	%
	2025			32		1,469,393		7.0	%		$	46.49		6.9	%
	2026			23		860,002		4.1	%		$	43.05		3.7	%
	2027			24		1,928,376		9.2	%		$	43.84		8.5	%
Thereafter				57		6,277,695		29.9	%		$	57.83		36.4	%


(1)	Represents amounts in effect as of September 30, 2018.


(2)	Excludes month-to-month leases for 40,020 RSF as of September 30, 2018.

The following tables present information by market with respect to our lease expirations in North America as of September 30, 2018, for the remainder of 2018 and all of 2019:



	2018 Contractual Lease Expirations (in RSF)										Annual Rental Revenue (per RSF)⁽²⁾
Market	Leased		Negotiating/ Anticipating		Targeted for Redevelopment		Remaining Expiring Leases		Total ⁽¹⁾
Market	Leased		Negotiating/ Anticipating		Targeted for Redevelopment		Remaining Expiring Leases		Total ⁽¹⁾
Greater Boston	61,244		3,404		—		—		64,648		$	66.10
San Francisco	3,994		9,122		—		—		13,116		51.10
New York City	3,573		—		—		11,168		14,741		N/A
San Diego	—		14,685		—		57,177		71,862		28.29
Seattle	—		—		—		7,770		7,770		N/A
Maryland	—		—		—		11,326		11,326		19.51
Research Triangle Park	—		9,307		—		16,027		25,334		19.36
Canada	31,006		8,889		—		15,070		54,965		19.61
Non-cluster markets	—		—		—		4,137		4,137		14.86
Total	99,817		45,407		—		122,675		267,899		$	44.66
Percentage of expiring leases	37	%	17	%	—	%	46	%	100	%

	2019 Contractual Lease Expirations (in RSF)										Annual Rental Revenue (per RSF)⁽²⁾
Market	Leased		Negotiating/ Anticipating		Targeted for Redevelopment		Remaining Expiring Leases⁽³⁾		Total
Market	Leased		Negotiating/ Anticipating		Targeted for Redevelopment		Remaining Expiring Leases⁽³⁾		Total
Greater Boston	99,744		9,071		—		222,773		331,588		$	51.11
San Francisco	19,415		12,778		—		175,936		208,129		42.08
New York City	—		—		—		4,467		4,467		N/A
San Diego	90,193		—		—		190,039		280,232		32.40
Seattle	106,003		75,545		—		60,689		242,237		43.96
Maryland	—		47,180		—		72,606		119,786		29.30
Research Triangle Park	—		2,923		—		46,913		49,836		22.13
Canada	—		—		—		—		—		—
Non-cluster markets	3,508		6,178		—		54,000		63,686		33.31
Total	318,863		153,675		—		827,423		1,299,961		$	40.99
Percentage of expiring leases	25	%	12	%	—	%	63	%	100	%


(1)	Excludes month-to-month leases for 40,020 RSF as of September 30, 2018.


(2)	Represents amounts in effect as of September 30, 2018.


(3)	Includes 116,556 RSF expiring in June 2019 at 3545 Cray Court in our Torrey Pines submarket, which is under evaluation for options to renovate as a Class A office/laboratory building. The next largest contractual lease expiration in 2019 is 50,400 RSF, which is under evaluation for renewal.

Top 20 tenants

79% of Top 20 Annual Rental Revenue from Investment-Grade

or Publicly Traded Large Cap Tenants⁽¹⁾

Our properties are leased to a high-quality and diverse group of tenants, with no individual tenant accounting for more than 3.5% of our annual rental revenue in effect as of September 30, 2018. The following table sets forth information regarding leases with our 20 largest tenants in North America based upon annual rental revenue in effect as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands, except market cap):



		Remaining Lease Term in Years⁽¹⁾			Aggregate RSF	Annual Rental Revenue⁽¹⁾		Percentage of Aggregate Annual Rental Revenue ⁽¹⁾	Investment-Grade Credit Ratings		Average Market Cap⁽²⁾ (in billions)
									Investment-Grade Credit Ratings
	Tenant								Moody’s	S&P
1	Illumina, Inc.		11.9		891,495	$	34,826	3.5%	—	BBB	$	38.1
2	Bristol-Myers Squibb Company		9.3		475,661	30,861		3.1	A2	A+	$	98.1
3	Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd.		11.5		386,111	30,614		3.0	A2	A-	$	38.9
4	Sanofi		9.4		494,693	30,324		3.0	A1	AA	$	106.7
5	Eli Lilly and Company		11.1		467,521	29,203		2.9	A2	AA-	$	94.8
6	Celgene Corporation		7.7		614,082	29,195		2.9	Baa2	BBB+	$	71.5
7	Novartis AG		8.4		361,180	27,732		2.8	A1	AA-	$	212.9
8	Uber Technologies, Inc.		74.2	⁽³⁾	422,980	22,185		2.2	—	—	N/A
9	New York University		11.9		209,224	20,718		2.1	Aa2	AA-	N/A
10	bluebird bio, Inc.		8.3		262,261	20,104		2.0	—	—	$	8.6
11	Moderna Therapeutics, Inc.		10.1		356,975	19,857		2.0	—	—	N/A
12	Roche		5.2		357,928	19,023		1.9	Aa3	AA	$	204.5
13	Stripe, Inc.		9.0		295,333	17,736		1.8	—	—	N/A
14	Pfizer Inc.		6.1		416,143	17,353		1.7	A1	AA	$	219.9
15	Amgen Inc.		5.5		407,369	16,838		1.7	Baa1	A	$	126.9
16	Massachusetts Institute of Technology		6.7		256,126	16,729		1.7	Aaa	AAA	N/A
17	Facebook, Inc.		11.5		382,883	15,434		1.5	—	—	$	520.3
18	United States Government		6.9		264,358	15,089		1.5	Aaa	AA+	N/A
19	FibroGen, Inc.		5.1		234,249	14,198		1.4	—	—	$	4.5
20	Biogen Inc.		10.0		305,212	13,278		1.3	Baa1	A-	$	65.7
	Total/weighted average		12.3	⁽³⁾	7,861,784	$	441,297	44.0%

Annual rental revenue and RSF include 100% of each property managed by us in North America.


(1)	Based on percentage of aggregate annual rental revenue in effect as of September 30, 2018. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures” section within this Item 2 for our methodologies on annual rental revenue for unconsolidated properties.


(2)	Average daily market capitalization for the 12-months ended September 30, 2018. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures” section within this Item 2 for additional information.


(3)	Represents a ground lease with Uber Technologies, Inc. at 1455 and 1515 Third Street in our Mission Bay/SoMa submarket. Excluding the ground lease, the weighted-average remaining lease term for our top 20 tenants was 9.0 years as of September 30, 2018.

Locations of properties

The locations of our properties are diversified among a number of life science and technology cluster markets. The following table sets forth the total RSF, number of properties, and annual rental revenue in effect as of September 30, 2018, in North America of our properties by market (dollars in thousands, except per RSF amounts):



	RSF						Number of Properties	Annual Rental Revenue
Market	Operating	Development	Redevelopment	Total	% of Total		Number of Properties	Total		% of Total		Per RSF
Greater Boston	6,227,321	164,000	31,858	6,423,179	27	%	54	$	381,000	38	%	$	62.18
San Francisco	4,517,876	1,627,088	190,947	6,335,911	26		44	221,029		22		50.81
New York City	1,077,621	—	—	1,077,621	4		3	75,875		8		72.42
San Diego	4,344,153	—	163,648	4,507,801	19		56	159,091		15		38.89
Seattle	1,235,055	198,000	—	1,433,055	6		13	58,752		6		48.72
Maryland	2,462,116	—	103,225	2,565,341	11		37	66,375		6		27.85
Research Triangle Park	1,088,869	—	129,857	1,218,726	5		16	27,672		3		26.32
Canada	256,967	—	—	256,967	1		3	6,717		1		26.52
Non-cluster markets	323,030	—	—	323,030	1		8	8,188		1		30.83
Properties held for sale	54,874	—	—	54,874	—		1	997		—		—
North America	21,587,882	1,989,088	619,535	24,196,505	100	%	235	$	1,005,696	100	%	$	48.36
		2,608,623

Summary of occupancy percentages in North America

The following table sets forth the occupancy percentages for our operating properties and our operating and redevelopment properties in each of our North America markets as of the following dates:



	Operating Properties							Operating and Redevelopment Properties
Market	9/30/18			6/30/18		9/30/17		9/30/18			6/30/18		9/30/17
Greater Boston	98.4	%		97.2	%	95.9	%	97.9	%		96.7	%	95.0	%
San Francisco	100.0			99.8		100.0		95.9			98.8		100.0
New York City	97.2			100.0		99.8		97.2			100.0		99.8
San Diego	94.2		⁽¹⁾	95.8		92.4		90.8		⁽¹⁾	92.3		88.6
Seattle	97.6			97.2		98.2		97.6			97.2		98.2
Maryland	97.2			95.7		93.6		93.3			91.9		91.6
Research Triangle Park	96.6			96.5		98.1		86.3			85.3		84.0
Subtotal	97.5			97.4		96.1		94.7			95.2		93.9
Canada	98.6			98.6		99.2		98.6			98.6		99.2
Non-cluster markets	82.2			77.9		88.6		82.2			77.9		88.6
North America	97.3	%		97.1	%	96.1	%	94.6	%		95.0	%	93.9	%

Refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures” section within this Item 2 for additional information.


(1)	The decline in occupancy relates primarily to the vacancy during the three months ended September 30, 2018 of 44,034 RSF at 4110 Campus Point Court, a property we recently acquired during the three months ended December 31, 2017 in our University Town Center submarket. We are reviewing various options to renovate this space.

Investments in real estate

A key component of our business model is our disciplined allocation of capital to the development and redevelopment of new Class A properties located in collaborative life science and technology campuses in AAA urban innovation clusters. These projects are focused on providing high-quality, generic, and reusable spaces that meet the real estate requirements of, and are reusable by, a wide range of tenants. Upon completion, each value-creation project is expected to generate a significant increase in rental income, net operating income, and cash flows. Our development and redevelopment projects are generally in locations that are highly desirable to high-quality entities, which we believe results in higher occupancy levels, longer lease terms, higher rental income, higher returns, and greater long-term asset values. Our pre-construction activities are undertaken in order to get the property ready for its intended use and include entitlements, permitting, design, site work, and other activities preceding commencement of construction of aboveground building improvements. Our investments in real estate consisted of the following as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):



	Investments in Real Estate			Square Feet
	Investments in Real Estate			Operating	Construction	Intermediate-Term and Future Projects		Total
Investments in real estate:
Rental properties:
Consolidated	$	12,144,386		21,314,142	—	—		21,314,142
Unconsolidated⁽¹⁾	N/A			273,740	—	—		273,740
	12,144,386			21,587,882	—	—		21,587,882

New Class A development and redevelopment properties:
2018 deliveries	259,000			—	489,363	—		489,363
2019 deliveries
Consolidated	459,266			—	946,321	—		946,321
Unconsolidated⁽¹⁾	N/A			—	1,172,939	—		1,172,939
2019 deliveries	459,266			—	2,119,260	—		2,119,260
New Class A development and redevelopment properties undergoing construction	718,266			—	2,608,623	—		2,608,623

Intermediate-term and future development and redevelopment projects:
Intermediate-term	799,998			—	—	5,585,832		5,585,832
Future	62,860			—	—	3,105,608		3,105,608
Portion of development and redevelopment square feet that will replace existing RSF included in rental properties⁽²⁾	N/A			—	—	(701,132	)	(701,132	)
Intermediate-term and future development and redevelopment projects, excluding RSF related to rental properties	862,858			—	—	7,990,308		7,990,308
Gross investments in real estate	13,725,510			21,587,882	2,608,623	7,990,308		32,186,813
				24,196,505
Less: accumulated depreciation	(2,166,330		)
Net investments in real estate – North America	11,559,180
Net investments in real estate – Asia	28,132
Investments in real estate	$	11,587,312


(1)	Our share of the cost basis associated with unconsolidated square feet is classified in investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures in our unaudited consolidated balance sheets.


(2)	Refer to footnotes 1, 3, and 4 to the table in the “New Class A Development and Redevelopment Properties: Summary of Pipeline” section within this Item 2 for additional information.

Acquisitions

Our real estate asset acquisitions for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and October 2018, consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):



Property	Submarket/Market	Date of Purchase	Number of Properties	Operating Occupancy	Square Footage							Unlevered Yields⁽¹⁾						Purchase Price
					Operating	Operating with Future Redevelopment		Active Development/Redevelopment		Future Development		Initial Stabilized			Initial Stabilized (Cash)
					Operating	Operating with Future Redevelopment		Active Development/Redevelopment		Future Development		Initial Stabilized			Initial Stabilized (Cash)
Value-creation
701 Dexter Avenue North	Lake Union/Seattle	7/20/18	—	N/A	—	—		—		217,000		(1	)		(1	)		$	33,500
1655 and 1725 Third Street (10% interest in unconsolidated JV)	Mission Bay/SoMa/ San Francisco	3/2/18	2	N/A	—	—		593,765		—		7.8	%		6.0	%			31,950
Other	Various	Various	—	N/A	—	—		—		493,000		(1	)		(1	)			58,205
			2		—	—		593,765		710,000									123,655

Operating with value-creation
219 East 42nd Street	New York City/ New York City	7/10/18	1	100%	—	349,947	⁽²⁾	—		230,000	⁽²⁾	6.8	%	⁽²⁾	6.7	%	⁽²⁾		203,000
Summers Ridge Science Park	Sorrento Mesa/ San Diego	1/5/18	4	100%	316,531	—		—		50,000		8.2	%		6.3	%			148,650
Alexandria PARC	Greater Stanford/San Francisco	1/25/18	4	100%	148,951	—		48,547		—		7.3	%		6.1	%			136,000
100 Tech Drive	Route 128/ Greater Boston	4/13/18	1	100%	200,431	—		—		300,000		8.7	%		7.3	%			87,250
704 Quince Orchard Road (56.8% interest in unconsolidated JV)	Gaithersburg/Maryland	3/16/18	1	100%	21,745	—		58,186		—		8.9	%		8.8	%			3,900
			11		687,658	349,947		106,733		580,000									578,800

Operating
Maryland Life Science Portfolio	Rockville/Gaithersburg/Maryland	5/8/18	8	100%	376,106	39,505		—		—		9.1	%		7.0	%			146,500
2301 5th Avenue	Lake Union/Seattle	6/1/18	1	97%	197,136	—		—		—		8.3	%		5.1	%			95,000
Other	Various	Various	2	100%	54,341	—		—		—		N/A			N/A				58,300	⁽³⁾
			11		627,583	39,505		—		—									299,800
October Acquisition
30-02 48th Avenue	New York City/ New York City	10/9/18	1	100%	—	36,661	⁽⁴⁾	140,098	⁽⁴⁾	—		(1	)		(1	)			75,000
Total			25		1,315,241	426,113		840,596		1,290,000								$	1,077,255


(1)	We expect to provide total estimated costs and related yields in the future around the commencement of development and redevelopment.


(2)	Refer to the “New Class A Development and Redevelopment Properties: Summary of Pipeline” section within this Item 2 for additional information.


(3)	Includes, among others, the last two installment payments related to our November 2016 acquisition of 1455 and 1515 Third Street of $18.9 million per installment, which were paid during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018, respectively.


(4)	We acquired a 176,759 RSF building, of which 79% is undergoing conversion from existing office space to office/laboratory space through redevelopment and 21% is office space that is leased and occupied. Upon expiration of the in-place leases, we have the opportunity to convert this office space to office/laboratory space through redevelopment.

Real estate asset sales

Our real estate asset sales completed during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):

At 100%

Our Share

Capitalization Rate
(Cash Basis)

Sales

Price

Sales Price, Net of Debt

Gain

Property/Submarket/Market

Date of Sale

RSF

Sales Price

Debt Repaid

Sales Price per RSF

Capitalization Rate

360 Longwood Avenue/Longwood Medical Area/Greater Boston⁽¹⁾

9/26/18

210,709

349,500

95,000

1,659

5.1%

4.7%

96,113

69,988

35,678

Land Parcel/Northern Virginia/Maryland

7/2/18

N/A

6,000

—

⁽²⁾


(1)	We sold our remaining 27.5% ownership interest in this unconsolidated real estate joint venture.


(2)	During the three months ended June 30, 2018, we entered into an agreement to sell this land parcel and recognized an impairment of $6.3 million to lower its carrying amount to estimated fair value less selling costs.

Disciplined management of ground-up developments


(1)	Represents developments commenced since January 1, 2008, comprising 28 projects aggregating 7.1 million RSF.


(2)	Annual rental revenue from ground-up developments commenced since January 1, 2008, is comprised of:


•	63% from investment-grade credit rated or publicly traded large cap tenants


•	16% from Uber Technologies, Inc., Stripe, Inc., and Pinterest, Inc.


•	21% from all other tenants


(3)	Represents developments commenced and delivered since January 1, 2008, comprising 22 projects aggregating 5.2 million RSF.

(1) For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017. We expect to disclose data for the year ending December 31, 2018 in 2019.

(2) Upon completion of 13 projects in process targeting LEED certification.

(3) Upon completion of three projects in process targeting WELL certification.

(4) Upon completion of 12 projects in process targeting Fitwel certification.

New Class A development and redevelopment properties: 2018 deliveries



100 Binney Street		399 Binney Street
Greater Boston/Cambridge		Greater Boston/Cambridge
432,931 RSF		164,000 RSF
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Facebook, Inc.		Rubius Therapeutics, Inc. Relay Therapeutics, Inc. Celsius Therapeutics, Inc.



266 and 275 Second Avenue	9625 Towne Centre Drive	5 Laboratory Drive
Greater Boston/Route 128	San Diego/University Town Center	Research Triangle Park/RTP
203,757 RSF	163,648 RSF	175,000 RSF
Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd.	Boragen, Inc. Elo Life Systems, Inc. Indigo Ag, Inc.

New Class A development and redevelopment properties: 2019 deliveries



213 East Grand Avenue	9900 Medical Center Drive	279 East Grand Avenue	Alexandria PARC	188 East Blaine Street
San Francisco/South San Francisco	Maryland/Rockville	San Francisco/South San Francisco	San Francisco/Greater Stanford	Seattle/Lake Union
300,930 RSF	45,039 RSF	211,405 RSF	48,547 RSF	198,000 RSF
Merck & Co., Inc.	Lonza Walkersville, Inc. Multi-Tenant/Marketing	Verily Life Sciences, LLC insitro, Inc.	Adaptive Insights, Inc.	bluebird bio, Inc. Seattle Cancer Care Alliance Multi-Tenant/Marketing


681 Gateway Boulevard	704 Quince Orchard Road	Menlo Gateway	1655 and 1725 Third Street
San Francisco/South San Francisco	Maryland/Gaithersburg	San Francisco/Greater Stanford	San Francisco/Mission Bay/SoMa
142,400 RSF	58,186 RSF	520,988 RSF	593,765 RSF	2,119,260 RSF
Twist Bioscience Corporation Multi-Tenant/Marketing	Multi-Tenant/Marketing	Facebook, Inc.	Uber Technologies, Inc.

				89% Leased

New Class A development and redevelopment properties: 2018 and 2019 deliveries

The following table sets forth a summary of our new Class A development and redevelopment properties projected to be delivered in 2018 and 2019, as of September 30, 2018:



Property/Market/Submarket	Dev/Redev	RSF			Percentage				Project Start	Occupancy⁽¹⁾
Property/Market/Submarket	Dev/Redev	In Service	CIP	Total	Leased		Leased/Negotiating		Project Start	Initial	Stabilized
2018 deliveries: consolidated projects
266 and 275 Second Avenue/Greater Boston/Route 128	Redev	171,899	31,858	203,757	85	%	90	%	3Q17	1Q18	2019
5 Laboratory Drive/Research Triangle Park/RTP	Redev	45,143	129,857	175,000	51		98		2Q17	2Q18	2019
9625 Towne Centre Drive/San Diego/University Town Center	Redev	—	163,648	163,648	100		100		3Q15	4Q18	4Q18
399 Binney Street/Greater Boston/Cambridge	Dev	—	164,000	164,000	75		98		4Q17	4Q18	2019
2018 deliveries		217,042	489,363	706,405	78		96

2019 deliveries: consolidated projects
213 East Grand Avenue/San Francisco/South San Francisco	Dev	—	300,930	300,930	100		100		2Q17	1Q19	1Q19
9900 Medical Center Drive/Maryland/Rockville	Redev	—	45,039	45,039	58		58		3Q17	1Q19	2019
279 East Grand Avenue/San Francisco/South San Francisco	Dev	—	211,405	211,405	100		100		4Q17	1Q19	2020
Alexandria PARC/San Francisco/Greater Stanford	Redev	148,951	48,547	197,498	100		100		1Q18	2Q19	2Q19
188 East Blaine Street/Seattle/Lake Union⁽²⁾	Dev	—	198,000	198,000	33		64		2Q18	2Q19	2020
681 Gateway Boulevard/San Francisco/South San Francisco⁽³⁾	Redev	—	142,400	142,400	43		97		3Q18	2Q19	2020
		148,951	946,321	1,095,272	79		91

2019 deliveries: unconsolidated joint venture projects⁽⁴⁾
704 Quince Orchard Road/Maryland/Gaithersburg	Redev	21,745	58,186	79,931	38		50		1Q18	1Q19	2020
Menlo Gateway/San Francisco/Greater Stanford	Dev	251,995	520,988	772,983	100		100		4Q17	4Q19	4Q19
1655 and 1725 Third Street/San Francisco/Mission Bay/SoMa	Dev	—	593,765	593,765	100		100		1Q18	4Q19	4Q19
		273,740	1,172,939	1,446,679	97		97
2019 deliveries		422,691	2,119,260	2,541,951	89		95
2018 and 2019 deliveries		639,733	2,608,623	3,248,356	86	%	95	%


(1)	Initial occupancy dates are subject to leasing and/or market conditions. Stabilized occupancy may vary depending on single tenancy versus multi-tenancy.


(2)	Formerly 1818 Fairview Avenue East.


(3)	Conversion of single tenant office space to multi-tenant office/laboratory space through redevelopment.


(4)	Refer to the “Consolidated and Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures” section within this Item 2 for additional information.

New Class A development and redevelopment properties: 2018 and 2019 deliveries (continued)

The following table sets forth a summary of our new Class A development and redevelopment properties projected to be delivered in 2018 and 2019, as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):



	Our Ownership Interest						Cost to Complete						Unlevered Yields
Property/Market/Submarket			In Service		CIP		Construction Loan		ARE Funding		Total at Completion		Initial Stabilized			Initial Stabilized (Cash)
Property/Market/Submarket			In Service		CIP		Construction Loan		ARE Funding		Total at Completion		Initial Stabilized			Initial Stabilized (Cash)
2018 deliveries: consolidated projects under construction
266 and 275 Second Avenue/Greater Boston/Route 128	100	%	$	73,635	$	10,215	$	—	$	5,150	$	89,000		8.4	%		7.1	%
5 Laboratory Drive/Research Triangle Park/RTP	100	%	9,722		29,899			—		22,879		62,500		7.7			7.6
9625 Towne Centre Drive/San Diego/University Town Center	50.1	%	—		78,815			—		14,185		93,000		7.0			7.0
399 Binney Street/Greater Boston/Cambridge	100	%	—		140,071			—		33,929		174,000		7.3			6.7
2018 deliveries			83,357		259,000			—		76,143		418,500		7.5			7.0

2019 deliveries: consolidated projects under construction
213 East Grand Avenue/San Francisco/South San Francisco	100	%	—		208,561			—		51,439		260,000		7.2			6.4
9900 Medical Center Drive/Maryland/Rockville	100	%	—		9,977			—		4,323		14,300		8.4			8.4
279 East Grand Avenue/San Francisco/South San Francisco	100	%	—		80,770			—		70,230		151,000		7.8			8.1
Alexandria PARC/San Francisco/Greater Stanford	100	%	95,097		33,412			—		21,491		150,000		7.3			6.1
188 East Blaine Street/Seattle/Lake Union⁽¹⁾	100	%	—		78,085			—		111,915		190,000		6.7			6.7
681 Gateway Boulevard/San Francisco/South San Francisco	100	%	—		48,461			—		59,539		108,000		8.5			7.9

			95,097		459,266			—		318,937		873,300		7.4			6.9
2019 deliveries: unconsolidated joint venture projects⁽²⁾
(amounts represent our share)
704 Quince Orchard Road/Maryland/Gaithersburg	56.8	%	1,207		5,386			5,801		906		13,300		8.9			8.8
Menlo Gateway/San Francisco/Greater Stanford	33.7	%	87,846		104,081			99,094		138,979		430,000		6.9			6.3
1655 and 1725 Third Street/San Francisco/Mission Bay/SoMa	10.0	%	—		49,798			25,311		2,891		78,000		7.8			6.0
			89,053		159,265			130,206		142,776		521,300		7.1			6.3
2019 deliveries			184,150		618,531			130,206		461,713		1,394,600		7.3			6.7
2018 and 2019 deliveries			$	267,507	$	877,531	$	130,206	$	537,856	$	1,813,100		7.3	%		6.8	%


(1)	Formerly 1818 Fairview Avenue East.


(2)	Refer to the “Consolidated and Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures” section within this Item 2 for additional information.

New Class A development and redevelopment properties: summary of pipeline

The following table summarizes the key information for all our development and redevelopment projects in North America as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):



Property/Submarket	Our Ownership Interest		Book Value				Square Footage
							Projected Deliveries		Intermediate-Term Projects		Future		Total⁽¹⁾
							2018	2019	Intermediate-Term Projects		Future		Total⁽¹⁾

Greater Boston
Undergoing construction
399 Binney (Alexandria Center^® at One Kendall Square)/Cambridge	100	%		$	140,071		164,000	—	—		—		164,000
266 and 275 Second Avenue/Route 128	100	%		10,215			31,858	—	—		—		31,858
Intermediate-term development
325 Binney Street/Cambridge	100	%		97,484			—	—	208,965		—		208,965
Future development
Alexandria Technology Square^®/Cambridge	100	%		7,787			—	—	—		100,000		100,000
100 Tech Drive/Route 128	100	%		—			—	—	—		300,000		300,000
Other value-creation projects	100	%		13,205			—	—	—		405,599		405,599
				268,762			195,858	—	208,965		805,599		1,210,422
San Francisco
Undergoing construction
1655 and 1725 Third Street/Mission Bay/SoMa	10.0	%		—		⁽²⁾	—	593,765	—		—		593,765
213 East Grand Avenue/South San Francisco	100	%		208,561			—	300,930	—		—		300,930
279 East Grand Avenue/South San Francisco	100	%		80,770			—	211,405	—		—		211,405
681 Gateway Boulevard/South San Francisco	100	%		48,461			—	142,400	—		—		142,400
Menlo Gateway/Greater Stanford	33.7	%		—		⁽²⁾	—	520,988	—		—		520,988
Alexandria PARC/Greater Stanford	100	%		33,412			—	48,547	—		—		48,547
Intermediate-term development
88 Bluxome Street/Mission Bay/SoMa	100	%		173,338			—	—	1,070,925	⁽¹⁾	—		1,070,925
505 Brannan Street, Phase II/Mission Bay/SoMa	99.7	%		16,263			—	—	165,000		—		165,000
201 Haskins Way/South San Francisco	100	%		46,159			—	—	280,000		—		280,000
960 Industrial Road/Greater Stanford	100	%		79,659			—	—	533,000	⁽¹⁾⁽³⁾	—		533,000
825 and 835 Industrial Road/Greater Stanford	100	%		123,986			—	—	530,000		—		530,000
Future development
East Grand Avenue/South San Francisco	100	%		5,988			—	—	—		90,000		90,000
Other value-creation projects	100	%		1,944			—	—	70,620		25,000		95,620
				818,541			—	1,818,035	2,649,545		115,000		4,582,580
New York City
Intermediate-term development
Alexandria Center^®for Life Science – New York City/New York City	100	%		11,702			—	—	550,000		—		550,000
Future redevelopment
219 East 42nd Street/New York City	100	%		—			—	—	—		579,947	⁽⁴⁾	579,947
				$	11,702		—	—	550,000		579,947		1,129,947
(1) Represents total square footage upon completion of development of a new Class A property. RSF presented includes RSF of a building currently in operation that will be demolished upon commencement of construction. (2) This property is an unconsolidated real estate joint venture. Refer to the “Consolidated and Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures” section within this Item 2 for additional information on our share of real estate. (3) Represents total RSF available for future development in either (i) one phase aggregating 533,000 RSF or (ii) two phases consisting of 423,000 RSF and 110,000 RSF, upon receiving entitlements. (4) Includes 349,947 RSF in operation with an opportunity to either convert the existing office space into office/laboratory space through future redevelopment or to expand the building by an additional 230,000 RSF through ground-up development. The building is currently occupied by Pfizer Inc. with a remaining lease term of six years.

New Class A development and redevelopment properties: summary of pipeline (continued)



Property/Submarket	Our Ownership Interest		Book Value				Square Footage
							Projected Deliveries		Intermediate-Term Projects		Future	Total⁽¹⁾
							2018	2019	Intermediate-Term Projects		Future	Total⁽¹⁾

San Diego
Undergoing construction
9625 Towne Centre Drive/University Town Center	50.1	%		$	78,815		163,648	—	—		—	163,648
Intermediate-term development
5200 Illumina Way/University Town Center	100	%		11,808			—	—	386,044		—	386,044
Campus Pointe by Alexandria/University Town Center	55.0	%		16,811			—	—	318,383		—	318,383
9880 Campus Point Drive/University Town Center	100	%		47,933			—	—	98,000		—	98,000
Future development
Vista Wateridge/Sorrento Mesa	100	%		4,022			—	—	—		163,000	163,000
Other value-creation projects	100	%		52,471			—	—	185,895		249,000	434,895
				211,860			163,648	—	988,322		412,000	1,563,970
Seattle
Undergoing construction
188 East Blaine Street/Lake Union⁽²⁾	100	%		78,085			—	198,000	—		—	198,000
Intermediate-term development
1150 Eastlake Avenue East/Lake Union	100	%		22,016			—	—	260,000		—	260,000
701 Dexter Avenue North/Lake Union	100	%		36,945			—	—	217,000		—	217,000
1165 Eastlake Avenue East/Lake Union	100	%		16,357			—	—	106,000		—	106,000
				153,403			—	198,000	583,000		—	781,000
Maryland
Undergoing construction
9900 Medical Center Drive/Rockville	100	%		9,977			—	45,039	—		—	45,039
704 Quince Orchard Road/Gaithersburg	56.8	%		—		⁽³⁾	—	58,186	—		—	58,186
Intermediate-term development
9800 Medical Center Drive/Rockville	100	%		12,656			—	—	180,000		—	180,000
9950 Medical Center Drive/Rockville	100	%		4,041			—	—	61,000		—	61,000
				26,674			—	103,225	241,000		—	344,225
Research Triangle Park
Undergoing construction
5 Laboratory Drive/Research Triangle Park	100	%		29,899			129,857	—	—		—	129,857
Intermediate-term and future development
6 Davis Drive/Research Triangle Park	100	%		17,127			—	—	130,000		870,000	1,000,000
Other value-creation projects	100	%		5,154			—	—	—		176,262	176,262
				52,180			129,857	—	130,000		1,046,262	1,306,119
Other value-creation projects	Various			38,002			—	—	235,000	⁽¹⁾	146,800	381,800
				$	1,581,124		489,363	2,119,260	5,585,832		3,105,608	11,300,063


(1)	Represents total square footage upon completion of development of a new Class A property. RSF presented includes RSF of a building currently in operation that will be demolished upon commencement of construction.


(2)	Formerly 1818 Fairview Avenue East.


(3)	This property is an unconsolidated real estate joint venture. Refer to the “Consolidated and Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures” section within this Item 2 for additional information on our share of investment in real estate.

Summary of capital expenditures

Our construction spending for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, consisted of the following (in thousands):



	Nine Months Ended
Construction Spending	September 30, 2018
Additions to real estate –consolidated projects	$	663,688
Investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures	77,501
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	(15,837		)
Construction spending (cash basis)⁽¹⁾	725,352
Increase in accrued construction	69,654
Construction spending	$	795,006


(1)	Includes revenue-enhancing projects and non-revenue-enhancing capital expenditures.

The following table summarizes the total projected construction spending for the year ending December 31, 2018, which includes interest, property taxes, insurance, payroll, and other indirect project costs (in thousands):



Projected Construction Spending	Year Ending December 31, 2018
Development and redevelopment projects	$	243,000
Investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures		41,000
Contributions from noncontrolling interests (consolidated real estate joint ventures)		(18,000			)
Generic laboratory infrastructure/building improvement projects		32,000
Non-revenue-enhancing capital expenditures and tenant improvements		7,000
Projected construction spending for three months ending December 31, 2018		305,000
Actual construction spending for nine months ended September 30, 2018		795,006
Guidance range	$	1,050,000	–	1,150,000

Non-revenue-enhancing capital expenditures, tenant improvements, and leasing costs

The table below presents the average per RSF of property-related non-revenue-enhancing capital expenditures, tenant improvements, and leasing costs, excluding capital expenditures and tenant improvements that are recoverable from tenants, revenue enhancing, or related to properties that have undergone redevelopment (dollars in thousands, except per RSF amounts):



Non-Revenue-Enhancing Capital Expenditures, Tenant Improvements, and Leasing Costs⁽¹⁾	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018					Recent Average per RSF⁽²⁾
	Amount		Per RSF			Recent Average per RSF⁽²⁾
Non-revenue-enhancing capital expenditures	$	8,484	$	0.40		$	0.51

Tenant improvements and leasing costs:
Re-tenanted space	$	17,101	$	24.74		$	20.45
Renewal space	14,169		18.98		⁽³⁾	12.98
Total tenant improvements and leasing costs/weighted average	$	31,270	$	21.75		$	15.62


(1)	Excludes amounts that are recoverable from tenants, related to revenue-enhancing capital expenditures, or related to properties that have undergone redevelopment.


(2)	Represents the average of 2014–2017 and the nine months ended September 30, 2018, annualized.


(3)	Includes $8.4 million of tenant improvements related to the 12-year lease renewal of 129,424 RSF with Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. at 300 Third Street in our Cambridge submarket. The increase in rental rates, net of tenant improvements and leasing commissions per RSF, on this renewal was 77%.

Results of operations

We present a tabular comparison of items, whether gain or loss, that may facilitate a high-level understanding of our results and provide context for the disclosures included in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, and our subsequent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. We believe such tabular presentation promotes a better understanding for investors of the corporate-level decisions made and activities performed that significantly affect comparison of our operating results from period to period. We also believe this tabular presentation will supplement for investors an understanding of our disclosures and real estate operating results. Gains or losses on early extinguishment of debt and preferred stock redemption charges are related to corporate-level financing decisions focused on our capital structure strategy. Significant realized and unrealized gains or losses on non-real estate investments and impairments of real estate and non-real estate investments are not related to the operating performance of our real estate assets as they result from strategic, corporate-level non-real estate investment decisions and external market conditions. Significant items, whether a gain or loss, included in the tabular disclosure for current periods are described in further detail within this Item 2. Items included in net income attributable to Alexandria’s common stockholders are as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30,													Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions, except per share amounts)	2018				2017				2018			2017		2018				2017			2018			2017
(In millions, except per share amounts)	Amount								Per Share – Diluted					Amount							Per Share – Diluted
Realized gain on non-real estate investment	$	—			$	—			$	—		$	—	$	8.3			$	—		$	0.08		$	—
Unrealized gains on non-real estate investments⁽¹⁾	117.2				—				1.11			—		194.5				—			1.90			—
Gain on sales of real estate	35.7			⁽²⁾	14.1			⁽²⁾	0.34			0.15		35.7			⁽²⁾	14.5			0.35			0.15
Impairment of:
Real estate⁽³⁾	—				—				—			—		(6.3		)		(0.2		)	(0.06		)	—
Non-real estate investments	—				—				—			—		—				(4.5		)	—			(0.05		)
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	(1.1		)		—				(0.01		)	—		(1.1		)		(0.7		)	(0.01		)	(0.01		)
Gain on early extinguishment of debt	0.8			⁽²⁾	—				0.01			—		0.8				—			0.01			—
Preferred stock redemption charge⁽⁴⁾	—				—				—			—		—				(11.3		)	—			(0.12		)
Allocation to unvested restricted stock awards	(2.4		)		(0.2		)		(0.02		)	—		(3.4		)		—			(0.03		)	—
Total	$	150.2			$	13.9			$	1.43		$	0.15	$	228.5			$	(2.2	)	$	2.23		$	(0.02	)
Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for calculation of EPS – diluted									105.4			93.3									102.4			90.8


(1)	Refer to Note 6 – “Investments” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report for more information.


(2)	Included in equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures in our unaudited consolidated statements of income under Item 1 of this report.


(3)	Refer to Note 3 – “Investments in Real Estate” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report for more information.


(4)	Refer to Note 13 – “Stockholders’ Equity” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report for more information.

Same Properties

We supplement an evaluation of our results of operations with an evaluation of operating performance of certain of our properties, referred to as Same Properties. For more information on the determination of our Same Properties portfolio, refer to “Same Property Comparisons” in the “Non-GAAP Measures” section within this Item 2. The following table presents information regarding our Same Properties for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018:



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Percentage change in net operating income over comparable period from prior year	3.4%	3.8%
Percentage change in net operating income (cash basis) over comparable period from prior year	8.9%	9.9%
Operating margin	71%	71%
Number of Same Properties	188	185
RSF	17,641,401	17,221,297
Occupancy – current-period average	96.7%	96.4%
Occupancy – same-period prior-year average	95.9%	96.1%

The following table reconciles the number of Same Properties to total properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2018:



Development – under construction		Properties
213 East Grand Avenue		1
399 Binney Street		1
279 East Grand Avenue		1
188 East Blaine Street⁽¹⁾		1
		4
Development – placed into service after January 1, 2017		Properties
505 Brannan Street		1
510 Townsend Street		1
ARE Spectrum		3
400 Dexter Avenue North		1
100 Binney Street		1
		7
Redevelopment – under construction		Properties
9625 Towne Centre Drive		1
5 Laboratory Drive		1
9900 Medical Center Drive		1
266 and 275 Second Avenue		2
Alexandria PARC		4
681 Gateway Boulevard		1
		10



Acquisitions after January 1, 2017	Properties
100 Tech Drive	1
88 Bluxome Street	1
701 Gateway Boulevard	1
960 Industrial Road	1
1450 Page Mill Road	1
219 East 42nd Street	1
4110 Campus Point Court	1
Summers Ridge Science Park	4
2301 5th Avenue	1
9704, 9708, 9712, and 9714 Medical Center Drive	4
9920 Belward Campus Drive	1
21 Firstfield Road	1
50 and 55 West Watkins Mill Road	2
Other	2
	22

Unconsolidated real estate JVs	6
Properties held for sale	1
Total properties excluded from Same Properties	50
Same Properties	185	⁽²⁾
Total properties in North America as of September 30, 2018	235


(1)	Formerly 1818 Fairview Avenue East.


(2)	Includes 9880 Campus Point Drive, a building we acquired in 2001, was occupied through January 2018 and subsequently demolished in anticipation of developing a 98,000 RSF Class A office/laboratory building.

Comparison of results for the three months ended September 30, 2018, to the three months ended September 30, 2017

The following table presents a comparison of the components of net operating income for our Same Properties and Non-Same Properties for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. For a reconciliation of net operating income from net income, the most directly comparable financial measure presented in accordance with GAAP, refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures” section within this Item 2.



	Three Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2018			2017			$ Change		% Change
Same Properties	$	209,030		$	202,168		$	6,862	3.4	%
Non-Same Properties	46,466			13,853			32,613		235.4
Total rental	255,496			216,021			39,475		18.3

Same Properties	70,790			64,271			6,519		10.1
Non-Same Properties	10,261			2,787			7,474		268.2
Total tenant recoveries	81,051			67,058			13,993		20.9

Same Properties	66			43			23		53.5
Non-Same Properties	5,210			2,248			2,962		131.8
Total other income	5,276			2,291			2,985		130.3

Same Properties	279,886			266,482			13,404		5.0
Non-Same Properties	61,937			18,888			43,049		227.9
Total revenues	341,823			285,370			56,453		19.8

Same Properties	82,637			75,803			6,834		9.0
Non-Same Properties	17,122			7,666			9,456		123.3
Total rental operations	99,759			83,469			16,290		19.5

Same Properties	197,249			190,679			6,570		3.4
Non-Same Properties	44,815			11,222			33,593		299.3
Net operating income	$	242,064		$	201,901		$	40,163	19.9	%

Net operating income – Same Properties	$	197,249		$	190,679		$	6,570	3.4	%
Straight-line rent revenue	(10,555		)	(17,775		)	7,220		(40.6	)
Amortization of acquired below-market leases	(3,269		)	(4,403		)	1,134		(25.8	)
Net operating income – Same Properties (cash basis)	$	183,425		$	168,501		$	14,924	8.9	%

Rental revenues

Total rental revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $39.5 million, or 18.3%, to $255.5 million, compared to $216.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase was primarily due to an increase in rental revenues from our Non-Same Properties aggregating $32.6 million primarily related to 1,168,226 RSF of development and redevelopment projects placed into service subsequent to July 1, 2017, and 19 operating properties aggregating 1,893,476 RSF acquired subsequent to July 1, 2017.

Rental revenues from our Same Properties for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $6.9 million, or 3.4%, to $209.0 million, compared to $202.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase was primarily due to an increase in occupancy at our Same Properties to 96.7% from 95.9% during the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017, as well as significant rental rate increases on lease renewals and re-leasing of space since July 1, 2017. Refer to “Leasing” within the “Operating Summary” section of this Item 2 for additional information on our leasing activity.

Tenant recoveries

Tenant recoveries for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $14.0 million, or 20.9%, to $81.1 million, compared to $67.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. As of September 30, 2018, 97% of our leases (on an RSF basis) were triple net leases, which require tenants to pay substantially all real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, common area expenses, and other operating expenses (including increases thereto) in addition to base rent. Non-Same Properties’ tenant recoveries increased by $7.5 million primarily due to the increase in recoverable operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as discussed under “Rental Operating Expenses” below.

Same Properties’ tenant recoveries for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $6.5 million, or 10.1%, to $70.8 million, compared to $64.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to the increase in recoverable operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2018.

Other income

Other income for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $3.0 million to $5.3 million, compared to $2.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to an increase in management and incentive fees earned during the three months ended September 30, 2018.

Rental operating expenses

Total rental operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $16.3 million, or 19.5%, to $99.8 million, compared to $83.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. Approximately $9.5 million of the increase was due to an increase in rental operating expenses from our Non-Same Properties primarily related to 1,168,226 RSF of development and redevelopment projects placed into service subsequent to July 1, 2017, and 19 operating properties aggregating 1,893,476 RSF acquired subsequent to July 1, 2017.

Same Properties’ rental operating expenses increased by $6.8 million, or 9.0%, to $82.6 million during the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $75.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to higher property taxes and utility expenses during the three months ended September 30, 2018.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $5.0 million, or 28.5%, to $22.7 million, compared to $17.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. General and administrative expenses increased primarily due to a 26.3% increase in employee headcount since July 1, 2017, to accommodate the continued growth in the depth and breadth of our operations in multiple markets, including development and redevelopment projects placed into service and operating properties acquired subsequent to July 1, 2017, as discussed under “Rental Operating Expenses” above. As a percentage of net operating income, our general and administrative expenses for the trailing 12 months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, were 9.5% and 9.6%, respectively.

Interest expense

Interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended September 30,
Component	2018			2017			Change
Interest incurred	$	59,675		$	48,123		$	11,552
Capitalized interest	(17,431		)	(17,092		)	(339		)
Interest expense	$	42,244		$	31,031		$	11,213

Average debt balance outstanding ⁽¹⁾	$	5,776,394		$	4,887,491		$	888,903
Weighted-average annual interest rate ⁽²⁾	4.1		%	3.9		%	0.2		%


(1)	Represents the average debt balance outstanding during the respective periods.


(2)	Represents annualized total interest incurred divided by the average debt balance outstanding in the respective periods.

The net change in interest expense during the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017, resulted from the following (dollars in thousands):



Component	Interest Rate⁽¹⁾		Effective Date	Change
Increases in interest incurred due to:
Issuances of debt:
$600 million unsecured senior notes payable		3.62%	November 2017	$	5,210
$450 million unsecured senior notes payable		4.18%	June 2018	4,515
$450 million unsecured senior notes payable		4.81%	June 2018	5,295
Fluctuations in interest rate and average balance:
$2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit and senior bank term loans				1,500
Other increase in interest				292
Total increases				16,812
Decreases in interest incurred due to:
Repayments of debt:
Secured construction loans		Various	Various	(3,630		)
Lower average notional amounts of and rates for interest rate hedge agreements in effect				(1,630		)
Total decreases				(5,260		)
Change in interest incurred				11,552
Increase in capitalized interest				(339		)
Total change in interest expense				$	11,213


(1)	Represents the interest rate as of the end of the applicable period, plus the effect of debt premiums (discounts), interest rate hedge agreements, and deferred financing costs.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $11.8 million, or 11.0%, to $119.6 million, compared to $107.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase is primarily due to additional depreciation from 1,168,226 RSF of development and redevelopment projects placed into service subsequent to July 1, 2017, and 19 operating properties aggregating 1,893,476 RSF acquired subsequent to July 1, 2017.

Investment income

Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted a new accounting standard on financial instruments. Under the new standard, changes in fair value for investments in publicly traded companies and investments in privately held entities that report NAV, and observable price changes for investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV, are recognized in investment income in our consolidated statements of income. For a detailed discussion related to this new standard, refer to the “Investments” section within Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 6 – “Investments” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report.

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $5.0 million of realized gains and $117.2 million of unrealized gains in investment income.

Realized gains of $5.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, relate primarily to distributions received from our limited partnership investments. Unrealized gains during the three months ended September 30, 2018, primarily consisted of observable price increases in our equity investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV aggregating $48.9 million and increases in fair values of our investments in publicly traded companies aggregating $40.3 million.

Sale of real estate assets and gain on sales of real estate

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we sold one land parcel located in Northern Virginia that was classified as held for sale in the second quarter of 2018 for a sales price of $6.0 million with no gain or loss.

Loss on early extinguishment of debt

In September 2018, we amended our unsecured senior line of credit and an unsecured senior bank term loan to, among other changes, extend the maturity dates of each to January 28, 2024. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt of approximately $634 thousand related to the write-off of unamortized loan fees associated with these amendments.

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we repaid $150.0 million of the outstanding balance of one secured construction loan and recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt of $299 thousand related to the write-off of unamortized loan fees.

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we sold our remaining 27.5% ownership interest in the unconsolidated real estate joint venture that owned 360 Longwood Avenue, located in our Longwood Medical Area submarket and recognized a gain of $35.7 million. This gain is reflected in equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures in our unaudited consolidated statements of income. Refer to Note 4 – “Consolidated and Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report for additional information.

During the three months ended September 30, 2017, we recognized a gain of $14.1 million upon the completion of the sale of a condominium interest in our unconsolidated real estate joint venture property at 360 Longwood Avenue, located in our Longwood Medical Area submarket.

Comparison of results for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, to the nine months ended September 30, 2017

The following table presents a comparison of the components of net operating income for our Same Properties and Non-Same Properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. For a reconciliation of net operating income from net income, the most directly comparable financial measure presented in accordance with GAAP, refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures” section within this Item 2.



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2018			2017			$ Change		% Change
Same Properties	$	610,325		$	587,913		$	22,412	3.8	%
Non-Same Properties	140,291			47,243			93,048		197.0
Total rental	750,616			635,156			115,460		18.2

Same Properties	198,694			182,146			16,548		9.1
Non-Same Properties	27,686			6,728			20,958		311.5
Total tenant recoveries	226,380			188,874			37,506		19.9

Same Properties	199			142			57		40.1
Non-Same Properties	9,801			5,134			4,667		90.9
Total other income	10,000			5,276			4,724		89.5

Same Properties	809,218			770,201			39,017		5.1		100.0
Non-Same Properties	177,778			59,105			118,673		200.8
Total revenues	986,996			829,306			157,690		19.0

Same Properties	233,903			216,035			17,868		8.3
Non-Same Properties	49,535			21,501			28,034		130.4
Total rental operations	283,438			237,536			45,902		19.3

Same Properties	575,315			554,166			21,149		3.8
Non-Same Properties	128,243			37,604			90,639		241.0
Net operating income	$	703,558		$	591,770		$	111,788	18.9	%

Net operating income – Same Properties	$	575,315		$	554,166		$	21,149	3.8	%
Straight-line rent revenue	(38,485		)	(62,319		)	23,834		(38.2	)
Amortization of acquired below-market leases	(7,339		)	(9,860		)	2,521		(25.6	)
Net operating income – Same Properties (cash basis)	$	529,491		$	481,987		$	47,504	9.9	%

Rental revenues

Total rental revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $115.5 million, or 18.2%, to $750.6 million, compared to $635.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase was primarily due to an increase in rental revenues from our Non-Same Properties aggregating $93.0 million primarily related to 1,472,502 RSF of development and redevelopment projects placed into service subsequent to January 1, 2017, and 22 operating properties aggregating 2,313,580 RSF acquired subsequent to January 1, 2017.

Rental revenues from our Same Properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $22.4 million, or 3.8%, to $610.3 million, compared to $587.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase was primarily due to significant rental rate increases on lease renewals and re-leasing of space since January 1, 2017. Refer to “Leasing” within the “Operating Summary” section of this Item 2 for additional information on our leasing activity.

Tenant recoveries

Tenant recoveries for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $37.5 million, or 19.9%, to $226.4 million, compared to $188.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. This increase is relatively consistent with the increase in our rental operating expenses of $45.9 million, or 19.3%, as discussed under “Rental Operating Expenses” below. Same Properties’ tenant recoveries for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $16.5 million, or 9.1%, primarily due to the increase in recoverable operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as discussed below. As of September 30, 2018, 97% of our leases (on an RSF basis) were triple net leases, which require tenants to pay substantially all real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, common area expenses, and other operating expenses (including increases thereto) in addition to base rent.

Other income

Other income for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $4.7 million to $10.0 million, compared to $5.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to an increase in management and incentive fees earned during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Rental operating expenses

Total rental operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $45.9 million, or 19.3%, to $283.4 million, compared to $237.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Approximately $28.0 million of the increase was due to an increase in rental operating expenses from our Non-Same Properties primarily related to 1,472,502 RSF of development and redevelopment projects placed into service subsequent to January 1, 2017, and 22 operating properties aggregating 2,313,580 RSF acquired subsequent to January 1, 2017.

Same Properties’ rental operating expenses increased by $17.9 million, or 8.3%, to $233.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $216.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to higher property taxes, utility expenses, and repair and maintenance expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $11.9 million, or 21.2%, to $68.0 million, compared to $56.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. General and administrative expenses increased primarily due to a 33.0% increase in employee headcount since January 1, 2017, to accommodate continued growth in the depth and breadth of our operations in multiple markets, including development and redevelopment projects placed into service and operating properties acquired subsequent to January 1, 2017, as discussed under “Rental Operating Expenses” above. As a percentage of net operating income, our general and administrative expenses for the trailing 12 months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, were 9.5% and 9.6%, respectively.

Interest expense

Interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
Component	2018			2017			Change
Interest incurred	$	163,574		$	137,888		$	25,686
Capitalized interest	(46,318		)	(45,325		)	(993		)
Interest expense	$	117,256		$	92,563		$	24,693

Average debt balance outstanding ⁽¹⁾	$	5,425,426		$	4,675,967		$	749,459
Weighted-average annual interest rate ⁽²⁾	4.0		%	3.9		%	0.1		%


(1)	Represents the average debt balance outstanding during the respective periods.


(2)	Represents annualized total interest incurred divided by the average debt balance outstanding in the respective periods.

The net change in interest expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, resulted from the following (dollars in thousands):



Component	Interest Rate⁽¹⁾		Effective Date	Change
Increases in interest incurred due to:
Issuances of debt:
$600 million unsecured senior notes payable		3.62%	November 2017	$	15,630
$425 million unsecured senior notes payable		4.07%	March 2017	2,900
$450 million unsecured senior notes payable		4.18%	June 2018	5,015
$450 million unsecured senior notes payable		4.81%	June 2018	5,880
Fluctuations in interest rate and average balance:
$2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit and senior bank term loans				7,750
Secured note payable				1,620
Other increase in interest				606
Total increases				39,401
Decreases in interest incurred due to:
Repayments of debt:
Secured construction loans		Various	Various	(8,660		)
Lower average notional amounts of and rates for interest rate hedge agreements in effect				(5,055		)
Total decreases				(13,715		)
Change in interest incurred				25,686
Increase in capitalized interest				(993		)
Total change in interest expense				$	24,693


(1)	Represents the interest rate as of the end of the applicable period, plus the effect of debt premiums (discounts), interest rate hedge agreements, and deferred financing costs.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased by $43.6 million, or 14.1%, to $352.7 million, compared to $309.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase is primarily due to additional depreciation from 1,472,502 RSF of development and redevelopment projects placed into service subsequent to January 1, 2017, and 22 operating properties aggregating 2,313,580 RSF acquired subsequent to January 1, 2017.

Investment income

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $25.8 million of realized gains and $194.5 million of unrealized gains in investment income.

Realized gains of $25.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, relate primarily to proceeds received from our investments in privately held entities that report NAV and a gain of $8.3 million recognized on one publicly traded non-real estate investment. Unrealized gains during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, primarily consisted of observable price increases in our equity investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV aggregating $59.2 million and increases in fair values of our investments in publicly traded companies aggregating $92.1 million.

Sales of real estate assets, gain on sales of real estate, and impairment charges

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized an impairment of real estate of $6.3 million related to one land parcel located in Northern Virginia that was classified as held for sale in the second quarter of 2018 and was sold in July 2018 for a sales price of $6.0 million with no gain or loss.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recognized an impairment of real estate of $203 thousand related to our 20,580 RSF property located in a non-cluster market that was classified as held for sale in the second quarter of 2017, and was sold in July 2017 with no gain or loss.

In January 2017, we completed the sale of a vacant property at 6146 Nancy Ridge Drive located in our Sorrento Mesa submarket of San Diego for a sales price of $3.0 million and recognized a gain of $270 thousand. In May 2017, we recognized a gain of $111 thousand upon the sale of a partial interest in our land parcels at 1401/1413 Research Boulevard, located in the Rockville submarket of Maryland.

Loss on early extinguishment of debt

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we repaid the remaining $200.0 million balance under our 2019 unsecured senior bank term loan and recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt of $189 thousand related to the write-off of unamortized loan fees.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we repaid $150.0 million of the outstanding balance of one secured construction loan and recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt of $299 thousand related to the write-off of unamortized loan fees.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we completed a partial principal repayment of $200 million of our 2019 unsecured senior bank term loan, which reduced the total outstanding balance from $400 million to $200 million, and recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt of $670 thousand related to the write-off of unamortized loan fees.

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we sold our remaining 27.5% ownership interest in the unconsolidated real estate joint venture that owned 360 Longwood Avenue, located in our Longwood Medical Area submarket and recognized a gain of $35.7 million. Refer to Note 4 – “Consolidated and Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report for additional information.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recognized a gain of $14.1 million upon the completion of the sale of a condominium interest in our unconsolidated real estate joint venture property at 360 Longwood Avenue, located in our Longwood Medical Area submarket.

Preferred stock redemption charge

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we repurchased 501,115 outstanding shares of our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock and recognized a preferred stock redemption charge of $5.8 million.

In March 2017, we announced the redemption of our Series E Redeemable Preferred Stock and recognized a preferred stock redemption charge of $5.5 million related to the write-off of original issuance costs. On April 14, 2017, we completed the redemption of all 5.2 million outstanding shares of our Series E Redeemable Preferred Stock.

Projected results

We present updated guidance for EPS attributable to Alexandria’s common stockholders – diluted, and funds from operations per share attributable to Alexandria’s common stockholders – diluted, as adjusted, based on our current view of existing market conditions and other assumptions for the year ending December 31, 2018, as set forth, and as adjusted, in the table below. The tables below also provide a reconciliation of EPS attributable to Alexandria’s common stockholders – diluted, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, to funds from operations per share and funds from operations per share, as adjusted, non-GAAP measures, and other key assumptions included in our updated guidance for the year ending December 31, 2018. There can be no assurance that actual amounts will be materially higher or lower than these expectations. Refer to our discussion of “Forward-Looking Statements” within this Item 2.



	Guidance
Summary of Key Changes in Guidance	As of 10/29/18	As of 7/30/18
EPS, FFO per share, and FFO per share, as adjusted	See updates below⁽¹⁾
Rental rate increases	22.5% to 25.5%	17.0% to 20.0%
Rental rate increases (cash basis)	11.5% to 14.5%	9.5% to 12.5%



Projected Earnings per Share and Funds From Operations per Share Attributable to Alexandria’s Common Stockholders – Diluted
	As of 10/29/18		As of 7/30/18
Earnings per share	$4.34 to $4.36		$2.87 to $2.93
Depreciation and amortization		4.50		4.50
Gain on sales of real estate		(0.35)		—
Allocation of unvested restricted stock awards		(0.06)		(0.05)
Funds from operations per share	$8.43 to $8.45		$7.32 to $7.38
Unrealized gains on non-real estate investments⁽²⁾		(1.90)		(0.76)
Realized gain on non-real estate investment		(0.08)		(0.08)
Impairment of real estate – land parcels		0.06		0.06
Preferred stock redemption charge		0.02		—
Allocation to unvested restricted stock awards		0.03		0.03
Other		0.03		—
Funds from operations per share, as adjusted	$6.59 to $6.61		$6.57 to $6.63
Midpoint	$6.60		$6.60


(1)	Guidance range for FFO per share, as adjusted, was reduced from six cents to two cents, with the midpoint unchanged at $6.60.


(2)	Excludes future unrealized gains or losses that could be recognized in earnings from changes in fair value of equity investments after September 30, 2018. Refer to the “Investments” section within Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 for additional information.



Key Assumptions⁽¹⁾ (Dollars in millions)	2018 Guidance
Key Assumptions⁽¹⁾ (Dollars in millions)	Low		High
Occupancy percentage for operating properties in North America as of December 31, 2018	97.1%		97.7%

Lease renewals and re-leasing of space:
Rental rate increases	22.5%		25.5%
Rental rate increases (cash basis)	11.5%		14.5%

Same property performance:
Net operating income increase	2.5%		4.5%
Net operating income increase (cash basis)	9.0%		11.0%

Straight-line rent revenue	$	92	$	102
General and administrative expenses	$	85	$	90
Capitalization of interest	$	55	$	65
Interest expense	$	155	$	165

(1)

The completion of our development and redevelopment projects will result in an increase in interest expense and other project costs because these project costs will no longer qualify for capitalization and will therefore be expensed as incurred. Our assumptions for occupancy, rental rate growth, same property net operating income growth, straight-line rent revenue, general and administrative expenses, capitalization of interest, and interest expense are included in the tables above and are subject to a number of variables and uncertainties, including those discussed as “Forward-Looking Statements” under Part I; “Item 1A. Risk Factors”; and “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our annual report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2017. To the extent our full-year earnings guidance is updated during the year, we will provide additional disclosure supporting reasons for any significant changes to such guidance.



Key Credit Metrics		Guidance as of 10/29/18
Net debt to Adjusted EBITDA – fourth quarter of 2018, annualized		Less than 5.5x
Net debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA – fourth quarter of 2018, annualized		Less than 5.5x
Fixed-charge coverage ratio – fourth quarter of 2018, annualized		Greater than 4.0x
Unhedged variable-rate debt as a percentage of total debt		Less than 5%
Value-creation pipeline as a percentage of gross investments in real estate as of December 31, 2018		8% to 12%

Consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint ventures

We present components of balance sheet and operating results information for the noncontrolling interests’ share of our consolidated real estate joint ventures and for our share of investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures to help investors estimate balance sheet and operating results information related to our partially owned entities. These amounts are estimated by computing, for each joint venture that we consolidate in our financial statements, the noncontrolling interest percentage of each financial item to arrive at the cumulative noncontrolling interest share of each component presented. In addition, for our real estate joint ventures that we do not control and do not consolidate, we apply our economic ownership percentage to the unconsolidated real estate joint ventures to arrive at our proportionate share of each component presented. Refer to Note 4 – “Consolidated and Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report for further discussion.



Consolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures (controlled by us through contractual rights or majority voting rights)
Property/Market/Submarket	Noncontrolling⁽¹⁾ Interest Share
225 Binney Street/Greater Boston/Cambridge		70.0	%
1500 Owens Street/San Francisco/Mission Bay/SoMa		49.9	%
409 and 499 Illinois Street/San Francisco/Mission Bay/SoMa		40.0	%
Campus Pointe by Alexandria/San Diego/University Town Center		45.0	%
9625 Towne Centre Drive/San Diego/University Town Center		49.9	%

Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures (controlled jointly or by our JV partners through contractual rights or majority voting rights)
Property/Market/Submarket	Our Ownership Share⁽²⁾
1655 and 1725 Third Street/San Francisco/Mission Bay/SoMa		10.0	%
Menlo Gateway/San Francisco/Greater Stanford		33.7	%	⁽³⁾
1401/1413 Research Boulevard/Maryland/Rockville		65.0	%	⁽⁴⁾
704 Quince Orchard Road/Maryland/Gaithersburg		56.8	%	⁽⁴⁾


(1)	In addition to the consolidated real estate joint ventures listed, various partners hold insignificant noncontrolling interests in four other joint ventures in North America.


(2)	In addition to the unconsolidated real estate joint ventures listed, we hold one other insignificant unconsolidated real estate joint venture in North America.


(3)	As of September 30, 2018, we have an ownership interest in Menlo Gateway of 33.7% and expect our ownership to increase to 49% through future funding of construction costs in 2019.


(4)	Represents our ownership interest; our voting interest is limited to 50%.

As of September 30, 2018, our unconsolidated real estate joint ventures have the following non-recourse secured loans that include the following key terms (dollars in thousands):



		Maturity Date		Stated Interest Rate	Interest Rate⁽¹⁾	100% at Joint Venture Level
Unconsolidated Joint Venture	Our Share	Maturity Date		Stated Interest Rate	Interest Rate⁽¹⁾	Debt Balance⁽²⁾		Remaining Commitments
1401/1413 Research Boulevard	65.0%		5/17/20	L+2.50%	5.60%	$	18,415	$	9,131
1655 and 1725 Third Street	10.0%		6/29/21	L+3.70%	5.80%	121,889		253,111
704 Quince Orchard Road	56.8%		3/16/23	L+1.95%	4.36%	2,932		11,901
Menlo Gateway, Phase II	33.7%		5/1/35	4.53%	N/A	—		157,270
Menlo Gateway, Phase I	33.7%		8/1/35	4.15%	4.18%	144,336		N/A
						$	287,572	$	431,413


(1)	Includes interest expense, amortization of loan fees, and amortization of premiums (discounts) as of September 30, 2018.


(2)	Represents outstanding principal, net of unamortized deferred financing costs and premiums (discounts) as of September 30, 2018.

The following tables present information related to the operating results and financial positions of our consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint ventures (in thousands):



	Noncontrolling Interest Share of Consolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures						Our Share of Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures
	September 30, 2018						September 30, 2018
	Three Months Ended			Nine Months Ended			Three Months Ended			Nine Months Ended
Total revenues	$	13,984		$	41,358		$	8,774		$	14,301
Rental operations	(4,403		)	(12,585		)	(3,124		)	(4,450		)
	9,581			28,773			5,650			9,851
General and administrative	(40		)	(172		)	(24		)	(71		)
Interest	—			—			(336		)	(805		)
Depreciation and amortization	(4,044		)	(11,825		)	(1,011		)	(2,462		)
Gain on early extinguishment of debt	—			—			761			761
Gain on sales of real estate⁽¹⁾	—			—			35,678			35,678
	$	5,497		$	16,776		$	40,718		$	42,952


(1)	Related to the sale of our remaining 27.5% ownership interest in our 360 Longwood Avenue unconsolidated real estate joint venture, located in our Longwood Medical Area submarket. Refer to Note 4 – “Consolidated and Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report for additional information.



	September 30, 2018
	Noncontrolling Interest Share of Consolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures			Our Share of Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures
Investments in real estate	$	523,048		$	266,896
Cash and cash equivalents	18,129			3,265
Restricted cash	—			53
Other assets	33,230			20,896
Secured notes payable	—			(73,967		)
Other liabilities	(33,806		)	(19,173		)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	(10,771		)	—
	$	529,830		$	197,970

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, our consolidated joint ventures distributed an aggregate of $24.4 million and $17.4 million, respectively, to our joint venture partners.

Investments

On January 1, 2018, we adopted a new accounting standard that requires us, on a prospective basis, to present our equity investments at fair value whenever fair value (or NAV) is readily available. For investments without readily available fair values, we adjust the cost basis whenever such investments have an observable price change. Further adjustments are not made until another price change, if any, is observed. Refer to Note 6 – “Investments” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report for additional information.



	September 30, 2018
	Three Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
Realized gains	$	5,015	$	25,810
Unrealized gains	117,188		194,484
Investment income	$	122,203	$	220,294



Investments	Cost		Adjustments			Carrying Amount
Fair value:
Publicly traded companies	$	119,634	$	136,310		$	255,944
Entities that report NAV	186,098		139,891		⁽¹⁾	325,989

Entities that do not report NAV:
Entities with observable price changes since 1/1/18	30,522		59,206			89,728
Entities without observable price changes	285,695		—			285,695
September 30, 2018	$	621,949	$	335,407	⁽²⁾	$	957,356

June 30, 2018	$	572,608	$	218,145		$	790,753


(1)	Represents adjustments, using reported NAV as a practical expedient to estimate fair value, for our limited partnership investments.

(2)

Consists of unrealized gains recognized (i) of $50 million on our investments in publicly traded companies prior to our adoption of the new accounting standard, (ii) of $91 million on our investments in privately held entities that report NAV upon our adoption of the new accounting standard, and (iii) of $194 million related to total equity investments subsequent to our adoption of the new accounting standard.



	Public/Private Mix (Cost)

	Tenant/Non-Tenant Mix (Cost)


	298	$2.1M
	Holdings	Average Cost of Investment

Liquidity



Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA⁽¹⁾	Net Debt and Preferred Stock to Adjusted EBITDA⁽¹⁾

















Fixed-Charge Coverage Ratio⁽¹⁾	Liquidity⁽²⁾
	$2.9B




	(In millions)
	Availability under our $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit	$	1,787
	Outstanding forward equity sales agreements	606
	Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	234
	Investments in publicly traded companies	256
		$	2,883


(1)	Quarter annualized.


(2)	As of September 30, 2018.

We expect to meet certain long-term liquidity requirements, such as requirements for development, redevelopment, other construction projects, capital improvements, tenant improvements, property acquisitions, leasing costs, non-revenue-enhancing capital expenditures, scheduled debt maturities, distributions to noncontrolling interests, repurchases/redemptions of preferred stock, and payment of dividends through net cash provided by operating activities, periodic asset sales, strategic real estate joint venture capital, and long-term secured and unsecured indebtedness, including borrowings under our $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit, unsecured senior bank term loans, and issuance of additional debt and/or equity securities, including settlement of our forward equity sales agreements.

We expect to continue meeting our short-term liquidity and capital requirements, as further detailed in this section, generally through our working capital and net cash provided by operating activities. We believe that the net cash provided by operating activities will continue to be sufficient to enable us to make the distributions necessary to continue qualifying as a REIT.

Over the next several years, our balance sheet, capital structure, and liquidity objectives are as follows:


•	Retain positive cash flows from operating activities after payment of dividends and distributions to noncontrolling interests for investment in development and redevelopment projects and/or acquisitions;


•	Improve credit profile and relative long-term cost of capital;


•	Maintain diverse sources of capital, including sources from net cash provided by operating activities, unsecured debt, secured debt, selective asset sales, partial interests sales, preferred stock, and common stock;


•	Maintain commitment to long-term capital to fund growth;


•	Maintain prudent laddering of debt maturities;


•	Maintain solid credit metrics;


•	Maintain significant balance sheet liquidity;


•	Mitigate unhedged variable-rate debt exposure through the reduction of short-term and medium-term variable-rate bank debt;


•	Maintain a large unencumbered asset pool to provide financial flexibility;


•	Fund preferred stock and common stock dividends and distributions to noncontrolling interests from net cash provided by operating activities;


•	Manage a disciplined level of value-creation projects as a percentage of our gross investments in real estate; and


•	Maintain high levels of pre-leasing and percentage leased in value-creation projects.

The following table presents the availability under our $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit; outstanding forward equity sales agreements; cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash; and investments in publicly traded companies as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):



Description	Stated Rate		Aggregate Commitments		Outstanding Balance		Remaining Commitments/Liquidity
$2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit	L+0.825	%	$	2,200,000	$	413,000	$	1,787,000
Outstanding forward equity sales agreements							606,346
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash							233,880
Investments in publicly traded companies							255,944
Total liquidity							$	2,883,170

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash

As of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, we had $233.9 million and $277.2 million, respectively, of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash. We expect existing cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash; cash flows from operating activities; proceeds from asset sales; borrowings under our $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit; issuances of unsecured notes payable; and issuances of common stock to continue to be sufficient to fund our operating activities and cash commitments for investing and financing activities, such as regular quarterly dividends, distributions to noncontrolling interests, scheduled debt repayments, acquisitions, and certain capital expenditures, including expenditures related to construction activities.

Cash flows

We report and analyze our cash flows based on operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. The following table summarizes changes in our cash flows (in thousands):



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			Change
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	414,088		$	357,242		$	56,846
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(1,764,149	)	$	(1,313,764	)	$	(450,385	)
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	1,307,806		$	959,852		$	347,954

Operating activities

Cash flows provided by operating activities are primarily dependent upon the occupancy level of our asset base, the rental rates of our leases, the collectibility of rent and recovery of operating expenses from our tenants, the timing of completion of development and redevelopment projects, and the timing of acquisitions and dispositions of operating properties. Net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased to $414.1 million, compared to $357.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. This increase was primarily attributable to (i) cash flows generated by our highly leased development and redevelopment projects recently placed into service, (ii) income-producing acquisitions since January 1, 2017, and (iii) increases in rental rates on lease renewals and re-leasing of space since January 1, 2017.

Investing activities

Cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, consisted of the following (in thousands):



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		Increase (Decrease)
Sources of cash from investing activities:
Sales of investments	$	57,330	$	18,896	$	38,434
Return of capital from unconsolidated real estate joint ventures	68,592		38,576		30,016
Deposits for investing activities	2,500		4,700		(2,200		)
Proceeds from sales of real estate	5,748		4,263		1,485
	134,170		66,435		67,735
Uses of cash for investing activities:
Purchases of real estate	947,013		590,884		356,129
Investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures	77,501		248		77,253
Additions to investments	174,195		128,190		46,005
Acquisitions of interests in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures	35,922		—		35,922
Additions to real estate	663,688		660,877		2,811
	1,898,319		1,380,199		518,120

Net cash used in investing activities	$	1,764,149	$	1,313,764	$	450,385

The change in net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, is primarily due to an increased use of cash for property acquisitions and for investments in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures, partially offset by an increase in return of capital from our unconsolidated real estate joint venture. Refer to Note 3 – “Investments in Real Estate,” Note 4 – “Consolidated and Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures” and Note 6 – “Investments” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report for further information.

Financing activities

Cash flows provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, consisted of the following (in thousands):



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			Change
Borrowings from secured notes payable	$	17,784		$	145,272		$	(127,488	)
Repayments of borrowings from secured notes payable	(155,155		)	(2,882		)	(152,273		)
Proceeds from issuance of unsecured senior notes payable	899,321			424,384			474,937
Borrowings from unsecured senior line of credit	3,894,000			2,634,000			1,260,000
Repayments of borrowings from unsecured senior line of credit	(3,531,000		)	(2,348,000		)	(1,183,000		)
Repayments of borrowings from unsecured senior bank term loans	(200,000		)	(200,000		)	—
Payment of loan fees	(19,066		)	(4,343		)	(14,723		)
Changes related to debt	905,884			648,431			257,453

Repurchase of 7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock	—			(17,934		)	17,934
Redemption of 6.45% Series E cumulative redeemable preferred stock	—			(130,350		)	130,350
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock	696,532			705,391			(8,859		)
Dividend payments	(284,537		)	(238,131		)	(46,406		)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests	15,837			9,877			5,960
Distributions to and purchases of noncontrolling interests	(25,910		)	(17,432		)	(8,478		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	1,307,806		$	959,852		$	347,954

100

Capital resources

We expect that our principal liquidity needs for the year ending December 31, 2018, will be satisfied by the following multiple sources of capital, as shown in the table below. There can be no assurance that our sources and uses of capital will not be materially higher or lower than these expectations. Our updated key sources and uses of capital guidance excludes the sale of a partial joint venture interest in a Class A property located in our Cambridge submarket with proceeds of approximately $400 million or greater that we expect to close over the next one to two quarters. We can provide no assurance this transaction will be completed.



Summary of Key Changes in Key Sources and Uses of Capital Guidance (In millions)	Guidance Midpoint
	As of 10/29/18		As of 7/30/18
Real estate dispositions and common equity	$	1,490	$	1,430
Acquisitions	$	1,080	$	1,010



Key Sources and Uses of Capital (In millions)	2018 Guidance									Key Items Remaining After 9/30/18
Key Sources and Uses of Capital (In millions)	Range						Midpoint			Key Items Remaining After 9/30/18
Sources of capital:
Net cash provided by operating activities after dividends	$	140		$	180		$	160
Incremental debt	550			510			530
Real estate dispositions and common equity	1,390			1,590			1,490			$	111	⁽¹⁾
Total sources of capital	$	2,080		$	2,280		$	2,180

Uses of capital:
Construction	$	1,050		$	1,150		$	1,100		$	305
Acquisitions	1,030			1,130			1,080			(2)
Total uses of capital	$	2,080		$	2,280		$	2,180

Incremental debt (included above):
Issuance of unsecured senior notes payable	$	900		$	900		$	900
Repayments of secured notes payable	(160		)	(165		)	(163		)
Repayment of unsecured senior term loan	(200		)	(200		)	(200		)
$2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit/other	10			(25		)	(7		)
Incremental debt	$	550		$	510		$	530

(1)

The following transactions have been completed through September 30, 2018: (a) real estate dispositions with net proceeds aggregating $76.0 million (Refer to “Real Estate Asset Sales” within the “Investment in Real Estate Section” within this Item 2 for additional information), (b) $806.5 million from our forward equity contracts, of which we have settled $200.2 million, and (c) sales of common stock under our ATM programs aggregating $496.3 million. We expect to receive proceeds of $606.3 million, to be further adjusted as provided in the forward equity sales agreements, upon settlement of the remaining outstanding forward equity sales agreements prior to the expiration in April 2019. The proceeds of $606.3 million were calculated assuming the forward equity sales agreements will be settled entirely by the full physical delivery of shares of our common stock in exchange for cash proceeds. Although we expect to settle remaining forward equity sales agreements by the full physical delivery of shares of our common stock, we may elect cash settlement or net share settlement for all or a portion of our obligations under these agreements, either of which could result in no additional cash proceeds to us.


(2)	Refer to “Acquisitions” within the “Investments in Real Estate” section within this Item 2 for additional information.

The key assumptions behind the sources and uses of capital in the table above include a favorable capital market environment, performance of our core operating properties, lease-up and delivery of current and future development and redevelopment projects, and leasing activity. Our expected sources and uses of capital are subject to a number of variables and uncertainties, including those discussed as “Forward-Looking Statements” under Part I; “Item 1A. Risk Factors”; and “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our annual report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2017. We expect to update our forecast of sources and uses of capital on a quarterly basis.

101

Sources of capital

Net cash provided by operating activities after dividends

We expect to retain $140.0 million to $180.0 million of net cash flows from operating activities after payment of common stock and preferred stock dividends, and distributions to noncontrolling interests. Changes in operating assets and liabilities are excluded from this calculation as they represent timing differences. For the year ending December 31, 2018, we expect our recently delivered projects, our highly pre-leased value-creation projects expected to be completed, along with contributions from Same Properties and recently acquired properties, to contribute significant increases in rental revenue, net operating income, and cash flows. We anticipate strong near-term growth in annual cash rents of $29 million related to the commencement of contractual rents on the projects recently placed into service that are near the end of their initial free rent period. Refer to “Cash Flows” under the “Liquidity” section earlier within this Item 2 of this report for a discussion of net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Debt

In February 2018, S&P Global Ratings raised its credit outlook for our corporate credit rating to BBB/Positive from BBB/Stable. The positive outlook reflects S&P’s belief that “there is further ratings upside over the next couple of years stemming from the company’s high quality operating portfolio and projects under development, combined with a prudent financial policy.”

In September 2018, Moody’s Investors Service upgraded our corporate issuer credit rating to Baa1/Stable from Baa2/Stable. The rating upgrade reflects the continued and significant improvement of our credit profile resulting from our diversified portfolio of life science properties in key markets with consistently high occupancy and high-quality tenants, many of which are less sensitive to economic cyclicality.

On September 28, 2018, we amended our unsecured senior line of credit and unsecured senior bank term loan to extend the maturity date of each to January 28, 2024, including two six-month extension options related to our unsecured senior line of credit. We recognized a loss on early extinguishment of debt of approximately $634 thousand related to the write-off of unamortized loan fees associated with these amendments. The table below reflects the total commitments, outstanding balances, applicable margins, maturity dates, and facility fees for each of the following facilities (dollars in thousands):



	Commitment	Balance	Applicable Rate	Maturity Date⁽¹⁾	Facility Fee
Unsecured senior line of credit	$2.2 billion	$413 million	L+0.825%	January 2024	0.15%
Unsecured senior bank term loan	$350 million	$350 million	L+0.90%	January 2024	N/A


(1)	Includes any extension options that we control.

As of September 30, 2018, the outstanding balance on our $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit and our unsecured senior bank term loan is $413.0 million and $347.3 million, respectively. Borrowings under the $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit and our unsecured senior bank term loan bear interest at LIBOR or the base rate specified in the amended agreement plus, in either case, a specified margin (the “Applicable Margin”) based on our existing credit ratings as set by certain rating agencies.

We use our $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit to fund working capital, construction activities, and, from time to time, acquisition of properties. Borrowings under the $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit will bear interest at a “Eurocurrency Rate,” a “LIBOR Floating Rate,” or a “Base Rate” specified in the amended $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit agreement plus, in any case, the Applicable Margin. The Eurocurrency Rate specified in the amended $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit agreement is, as applicable, the rate per annum equal to either (i) the LIBOR or a successor rate thereto as agreed to by the administrative agent and the Company for loans denominated in a LIBOR quoted currency (i.e., U.S. dollars, euro, sterling, or yen), (ii) the average annual yield rates applicable to Canadian dollar bankers’ acceptances for loans denominated in Canadian dollars, (iii) the Bank Bill Swap Reference Bid rate for loans denominated in Australian dollars, or (iv) the rate designated with respect to the applicable alternative currency for loans denominated in a non-LIBOR quoted currency (other than Canadian or Australian dollars). The LIBOR Floating Rate means, for any day, one month LIBOR, or a successor rate thereto as agreed to by the administrative agent and the Company for loans denominated in U.S. dollars. The Base Rate means, for any day, a fluctuating rate per annum equal to the highest of (i) the federal funds rate plus 1/2 of 1.00%, (ii) the rate of interest in effect for such day as publicly announced from time to time by Bank of America as its “prime rate,” and (iii) the Eurocurrency Rate plus 1.00%. Our $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit contains a feature that allows lenders to competitively bid on the interest rate for borrowings under the facility. This may result in an interest rate that is below the stated rate. In addition to the cost of borrowing, the facility is subject to an annual facility fee of 0.15% based on the aggregate commitments outstanding.

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We expect to fund a significant portion of our capital needs in 2018 from the issuance of unsecured senior notes payable, and from borrowings under our $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit.

In June 2018, we completed an offering of $900.0 million of unsecured senior notes for net proceeds of $891.4 million. The offering consisted of $450.0 million of 4.00% Unsecured Senior Notes, which will be used to fund certain eligible green development and redevelopment projects that have received or are expected to receive LEED^® Gold or Platinum certification, and $450.0 million of 4.70% Unsecured Senior Notes.

Real estate dispositions and common equity

For 2018, we expect real estate dispositions and issuances of common equity ranging from $1.4 billion to $1.6 billion, which excludes the sale of a partial joint venture interest in a Class A property located in our Cambridge submarket with proceeds of approximately $400 million or greater that we expect to close over the next one to two quarters. We can provide no assurance this transaction will be completed. The amount of common equity issued will be subject to market conditions.

For additional information, refer to the “Sales of Real Estate Assets” section within Note 3 – “Investments in Real Estate” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report.

ATM common stock offering program



	Shares Issued	Average Issue Price per Share		Gross Proceeds		Net Proceeds
Three Months Ended
September 30, 2017	2,083,526	$	119.94	$	249,895	$	245,785
December 31, 2017	689,792	$	125.70	86,708		85,375
	2,773,318			336,603		331,160
March 31, 2018	—	—		—		—
June 30, 2018	2,456,037	$	124.46	305,675		300,837
September 30, 2018	703,625	$	127.91	90,000		88,548
	3,159,662			395,675		389,385
Cumulative activity through September 30, 2018	5,932,980			732,278		$	720,545
Remaining availability as of September 30, 2018				17,722
Total August 2017 ATM common stock offering program				$	750,000

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	Shares Issued	Average Issue Price per Share		Gross Proceeds		Net Proceeds
Three months ended September 30, 2018	855,458	$	127.45	$	109,031	$	106,956
Remaining availability as of September 30, 2018				640,969
Total August 2018 ATM common stock offering program				$	750,000

Forward equity sales agreements

In January 2018, we entered into forward equity sales agreements to sell an aggregate of 6.9 million shares of our common stock (including the exercise of underwriters’ option) at a public offering price of $123.50 per share, before underwriting discounts. The following table presents a summary of shares of common stock settled and the amount remaining available for future settlement under the forward equity sales agreements entered into in January 2018 for the sale of an aggregate of 6.9 million shares of our common stock (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):



	Number of Shares	Average Issue Price per Share		Net Proceeds
Forward equity sales agreements settled during the three months ended:
March 31, 2018	843,600	$	118.74	$	100,169
June 30, 2018	—	—		—
September 30, 2018	857,700	$	116.62	100,022
Activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2018	1,701,300			200,191

Remaining forward equity sales agreements to settle no later than April 2019, as of September 30, 2018	5,198,700
Total under our forward equity sales agreements	6,900,000			$	806,537

We expect to receive additional proceeds of $606.3 million, to be further adjusted as provided in the forward equity sales agreements, upon settlement of the remaining forward equity sales agreements prior to the expiration in April 2019. We intend to use the net proceeds received upon the settlement of the forward equity sales agreements to fund acquisitions and the construction of ongoing highly leased development projects, with any remaining proceeds to be held for general working capital and other corporate purposes, including the reduction of the outstanding balance on our unsecured senior line of credit, if any. The proceeds of $606.3 million were calculated assuming the forward equity sales agreements will be settled entirely by the full physical delivery of shares of our common stock in exchange for cash proceeds. Although we expect to settle remaining forward equity sales agreements by the full physical delivery of shares of our common stock, we may elect cash settlement or net share settlement for all or a portion of our obligations under these agreements, either of which could result in no additional cash proceeds to us.

Other sources

Under our current shelf registration statement filed with the SEC, we may offer common stock, preferred stock, debt, and other securities. These securities may be issued, from time to time, at our discretion based on our needs and market conditions, including, as necessary, to balance our use of incremental debt capital.

Additionally, we hold interests, together with joint venture partners, in joint ventures that we consolidate in our financial statements. These joint venture partners may contribute equity into these entities primarily related to their share of funds for construction and financing-related activities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we received $15.8 million in contributions from noncontrolling interests.

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Uses of capital

Summary of capital expenditures

Our primary use of capital relates to the development, redevelopment, pre-construction, and construction of properties. We currently have projects in our growth pipeline aggregating 2.6 million RSF of new Class A office/laboratory and tech office space, and intermediate-term and future value-creation projects supporting an aggregate of 8.0 million SF of ground-up development in North America. We incur capitalized construction costs related to development, redevelopment, pre-construction, and other construction activities. We also incur additional capitalized project costs, including interest, property taxes, insurance, and other costs directly related and essential to the development, redevelopment, pre-construction, or construction of a project, during periods when activities necessary to prepare an asset for its intended use are in progress. Refer to the “Development and Redevelopment of New Class A Properties: 2018 – 2019 Deliveries” and “Summary of Capital Expenditures” subsections under the “Investments in Real Estate” section within this Item 2 for more information on our capital expenditures.

We capitalize interest cost as a cost of the project only during the period for which activities necessary to prepare an asset for its intended use are ongoing, provided that expenditures for the asset have been made and interest cost has been incurred. Capitalized interest for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, of $46.3 million and $45.3 million, respectively, is classified in investments in real estate. Indirect project costs, including construction administration, legal fees, and office costs that clearly relate to projects under development or construction, are capitalized as incurred during the period an asset is undergoing activities to prepare it for its intended use. We capitalized payroll and other indirect project costs related to development, redevelopment, pre-construction, and construction projects, which aggregated $23.8 million and $18.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase in capitalized payroll and other indirect project costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same period in 2017, was primarily due to an approximately 1,215,423 SF of incremental development projects that commenced pre-construction activities in 2018. Pre-construction activities include entitlements, permitting, design, site work, and other activities preceding commencement of construction of aboveground building improvements. The advancement of pre-construction efforts is focused on reducing the time required to deliver projects to prospective tenants. These critical activities add significant value for future ground-up development and are required for the vertical construction of buildings. Should we cease activities necessary to prepare an asset for its intended use, the interest, taxes, insurance, and certain other direct project costs related to this asset would be expensed as incurred. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

Fluctuations in our development, redevelopment, and construction activities could result in significant changes to total expenses and net income. For example, had we experienced a 10% reduction in development, redevelopment, and construction activities without a corresponding decrease in indirect project costs, including interest and payroll, total expenses would have increased by approximately $7.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

We also capitalize initial direct costs to originate leases with independent third parties related to evaluating a prospective lessee’s financial condition, negotiating lease terms, preparing the lease agreement, and closing the lease transaction. Costs that we capitalized relate to successful leasing transactions, result directly from and are essential to the lease transaction, and would not have been incurred had that lease transaction not occurred. The initial direct costs capitalized also include the portion of our employees’ total compensation and payroll-related benefits directly related to time spent performing the activities described above and related to the respective lease that would not have been performed but for that lease. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, our total leasing activity aggregated 3,163,628 RSF with a weighted-average lease term of 9.6 years and 3,189,483 RSF with a weighted-average lease term of 7.5 years, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we capitalized total initial direct leasing costs of $45.0 million, or $1.48 per RSF leased per year of the lease term, and $44.4 million, or $1.86 per RSF leased per year of the lease term, respectively, primarily consisting of third-party broker commissions.

The FASB has issued several lease ASUs that set out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of leases, including the accounting for costs to execute leases effective January 1, 2019. As a result of changes in accounting rules, certain initial direct leasing costs will no longer be capitalizable. We have approximately $9.7 million of initial direct leasing cost for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, annualized, that we are evaluating under these new rules. A portion of these costs may continue to qualify for capitalization upon adoption of the new lease ASUs and the remainder will be expensed. We continue to evaluate the effect of these rule changes on our consolidated financial statements. Refer to the “Lease Accounting” subsection of the “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” within Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.

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Acquisitions

Refer to the “Acquisitions” section within Note 3 – “Investments in Real Estate” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 and “Acquisitions” under the “Investments in Real Estate” section within this Item 2 of this report for information on our acquisitions.

7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock repurchases

As of September 30, 2018, we had 3.0 million shares of our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock outstanding. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we did not repurchase any outstanding shares of our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock. In October 2018, we repurchased, in privately negotiated transactions, 214,000 shares of our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock for $7.5 million, or $35.00 per share, and recognized a preferred stock redemption charge of $2.3 million. We may seek to repurchase additional shares of our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock in the future, subject to market conditions. To the extent that we repurchase shares of our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, we expect to fund such amounts with the proceeds from issuances of our common stock, subject to market conditions.

6.45% Series E cumulative redeemable preferred stock redemption

In March 2017, we announced the redemption of our Series E Redeemable Preferred Stock. On April 14, 2017, we completed the redemption of all 5.2 million outstanding shares of our Series E Redeemable Preferred Stock at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, or an aggregate $130.0 million, plus accrued dividends.

Dividends

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we paid the following dividends (in thousands):



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		Change
Common stock dividends	$	280,632	$	229,814	$	50,818
7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock dividends	3,905		4,125		(220		)
6.45% Series E cumulative redeemable preferred stock dividends	—		4,192		(4,192		)
	$	284,537	$	238,131	$	46,406

The increase in dividends paid on our common stock for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, was primarily due to an increase in number of common shares outstanding subsequent to January 1, 2017, as a result of issuances of common stock under our ATM program and settlement of forward equity sales agreements, and partially due to the increase in the related dividends to $2.73 per common share paid during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, from $2.52 per common share paid during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

Dividends paid on our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, decreased slightly from the dividends paid for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, due to a decrease in number of shares outstanding as a result of the repurchase of 501,115 outstanding shares of our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease in dividends paid on our Series E Redeemable Preferred Stock was due to the redemption of all 5.2 million outstanding shares of our Series E Redeemable Preferred Stock on April 14, 2017.

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Contractual obligations and commitments

Contractual obligations as of September 30, 2018, consisted of the following (in thousands):



			Payments by Period
	Total		2018		2019-2020		2021-2022		Thereafter
Secured and unsecured debt ^(1) (2)	$	5,705,171	$	1,901	$	712,442	$	564,122	$	4,426,706
Estimated interest payments on fixed-rate and hedged variable-rate debt ⁽³⁾	1,364,026		39,642		400,652		360,193		563,539
Estimated interest payments on unhedged variable-rate debt ⁽⁴⁾	1,815		1,815		—		—		—
Ground lease obligations	604,345		3,174		25,437		24,520		551,214
Other obligations	2,832		460		2,103		269		—
Total	$	7,678,189	$	46,992	$	1,140,634	$	949,104	$	5,541,459


(1)	Amounts represent principal amounts due and exclude unamortized premiums (discounts) and deferred financing costs reflected on the consolidated balance sheets under Item 1 of this report.


(2)	Payment dates reflect any extension options that we control.


(3)	Amounts are based upon contractual interest rates, including expenses related to our interest rate hedge agreements, interest payment dates, and scheduled maturity dates.


(4)	Interest payments on unhedged variable-rate debt are based on the interest rates in effect as of September 30, 2018.

Secured notes payable

Secured notes payable as of September 30, 2018, consisted of seven notes secured by 18 properties. Our secured notes payable typically require monthly payments of principal and interest and had a weighted-average interest rate of approximately 4.42%. As of September 30, 2018, the total book value of our investments in real estate securing debt were approximately $1.7 billion. As of September 30, 2018, our secured notes payable, including unamortized discounts and deferred financing costs, were composed of approximately $439.7 million and $193.1 million of fixed-rate/hedged variable-rate debt and unhedged variable-rate debt, respectively.

Unsecured senior notes payable, unsecured senior bank term loan, and $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit

The requirements of, and our actual performance with respect to, the key financial covenants under our unsecured senior notes payable as of September 30, 2018, were as follows:



Covenant Ratios ⁽¹⁾	Requirement	September 30, 2018
Total Debt to Total Assets	Less than or equal to 60%	36%
Secured Debt to Total Assets	Less than or equal to 40%	4%
Consolidated EBITDA⁽²⁾ to Interest Expense	Greater than or equal to 1.5x	6.1x
Unencumbered Total Asset Value to Unsecured Debt	Greater than or equal to 150%	256%


(1)	For definitions of the ratios, refer to the indenture at Exhibits 4.3, 4.13, and 4.18 hereto and the related supplemental indentures at Exhibits 4.4, 4.7, 4.9, 4.11, 4.14, 4.16, 4.19, 4.21, 4.23, and 4.25 hereto, which are each listed under Item 6 of this report.


(2)	The calculation of consolidated EBITDA is based on the definitions contained in our loan agreements and is not directly comparable to the computation of EBITDA as described in Exchange Act Release No. 47226.

In addition, the terms of the indentures, among other things, limit the ability of the Company, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., and the Company’s subsidiaries to (i) consummate a merger, or consolidate or sell all or substantially all of the Company’s assets, and (ii) incur certain secured or unsecured indebtedness.

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The requirements of, and our actual performance with respect to, the key financial covenants under our unsecured senior bank term loan and our $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit as of September 30, 2018, were as follows:



Covenant Ratios ⁽¹⁾	Requirement	September 30, 2018
Leverage Ratio	Less than or equal to 60.0%	29.9%
Secured Debt Ratio	Less than or equal to 45.0%	3.3%
Fixed-Charge Coverage Ratio	Greater than or equal to 1.50x	4.00x
Unsecured Interest Coverage Ratio	Greater than or equal to 1.75x	6.26x


(1)	For definitions of the ratios, refer to the amended $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit and unsecured senior bank term loan agreements filed as Exhibits 10.1 and 10.2 hereto, which are each listed under Item 6 of this report.

Estimated interest payments

Estimated interest payments on our fixed-rate and hedged variable-rate debt were calculated based upon contractual interest rates, including estimated interest expense related to interest rate hedge agreements, interest payment dates, and scheduled maturity dates. As of September 30, 2018, approximately 94% of our debt was fixed-rate debt or variable-rate debt subject to interest rate hedge agreements. Refer to Note 10 – “Interest Rate Hedge Agreements” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report for further information. The remaining 6% of our debt as of September 30, 2018, was unhedged variable-rate debt based primarily on LIBOR. Interest payments on our unhedged variable-rate debt have been calculated based on interest rates in effect as of September 30, 2018. Refer to Note 9 – “Secured and Unsecured Senior Debt” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report for additional information regarding our debt.

Interest rate hedge agreements

We utilize interest rate derivatives to hedge a portion of our exposure to volatility in variable interest rates primarily associated with our $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit, unsecured senior bank term loan, and variable-rate secured construction loan. Our derivative instruments consisted of interest rate swaps.

Our interest rate swap agreements involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for our payment of fixed-rate amounts to the counterparty over the life of the agreement without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. Interest received under all of our interest rate swap agreements is based on one-month LIBOR. The net difference between the interest paid and the interest received is reflected as an adjustment to interest expense in our consolidated statements of income.

We have entered into master derivative agreements with our counterparties. These master derivative agreements (all of which are adapted from the standard International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. form) define certain terms between us and each of our respective counterparties to address and minimize certain risks associated with our interest rate hedge agreements. In order to limit our risk of non-performance by an individual counterparty under our interest rate hedge agreements, these agreements are spread among various counterparties. The largest aggregate notional amount in effect at any single point in time with an individual counterparty in our interest rate hedge agreements existing as of September 30, 2018, was $100.0 million. If one or more of our counterparties fail to perform under our interest rate hedge agreements, we may incur higher costs associated with our variable-rate LIBOR-based debt than the interest costs we originally anticipated. We have not posted any collateral related to our interest rate hedge agreements.

Ground lease obligations

Ground lease obligations as of September 30, 2018, included leases for 28 of our properties, which accounted for approximately 12% of our total number of properties, and one land development parcel. Excluding one ground lease related to one operating property that expires in 2036 with a net book value of $8.8 million as of September 30, 2018, our ground lease obligations have remaining lease terms ranging from approximately 35 to 96 years, including extension options.

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As of September 30, 2018, the remaining contractual payments under our ground and office lease agreements for which we are the lessee aggregated $604.3 million and $2.8 million, respectively. Under the new lease ASU effective on January 1, 2019, described in detail under the “Lease Accounting” subsection of the “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” within section Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report, we will be required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a related liability to account for our future obligations under our ground and office lease arrangements for which we are the lessee. The lease liability will be measured based on the present value of the remaining lease payments. The right-of-use asset will be equal to the corresponding lease liability, adjusted for the initial direct leasing cost and any other consideration exchanged with the landlord prior to the commencement of the lease. As of September 30, 2018, the estimated present value of the remaining contractual payments under our ground and office lease agreements for which we are the lessee is in the range from $200.0 million to $230.0 million.

Commitments

As of September 30, 2018, remaining aggregate costs under contract for the construction of properties undergoing development, redevelopment, and improvements under the terms of leases approximated $613.2 million. We expect payments for these obligations to occur over one to three years, subject to capital planning adjustments from time to time. We may have the ability to cease the construction of certain properties, which would result in the reduction of our commitments. We have existing office space at 161 First Street/50 Rogers Street in our Alexandria Center^® at Kendall Square (“ACKS”) campus that we are required to partially convert to multifamily residential space, pursuant to our entitlements for our ACKS campus. Pursuant to these requirements, we expect to begin construction of the conversion to multifamily residential in 2019. In addition, we have letters of credit and performance obligations aggregating $9.2 million primarily related to construction projects.

In March 2018, we acquired a 10% interest in a real estate joint venture with Uber and the Golden State Warriors that owns 1655 and 1725 Third Street, located in our Mission Bay/SoMa submarket of San Francisco. Our total equity contribution commitment is $78.0 million, of which we have contributed $32.0 million through September 30, 2018.

In November 2017, we entered into an agreement with a real estate developer in the San Francisco Bay Area to own a 49% interest in a real estate joint venture at Menlo Gateway in our Greater Stanford submarket of San Francisco. Our total equity contribution commitment is $269.0 million, of which we have contributed $143.7 million through September 30, 2018.

Investments in privately held entities that report NAV consist primarily of investments in limited partnerships. We are committed to funding approximately $199.1 million for all investments, primarily consisting of $196.4 million related to investments in limited partnerships. Our funding commitments expire at various dates over the next 11 years, with a weighted-average remaining period of 8.5 years.

Exposure to environmental liabilities

In connection with the acquisition of all of our properties, we have obtained Phase I environmental assessments to ascertain the existence of any environmental liabilities or other issues. The Phase I environmental assessments of our properties have not revealed any environmental liabilities that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations taken as a whole, nor are we aware of any material environmental liabilities that have occurred since the Phase I environmental assessments were completed. In addition, we carry a policy of pollution legal liability insurance covering exposure to certain environmental losses at substantially all of our properties.

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Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders consists of the following (in thousands):



	Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) on:
	Available-for-Sale Equity Securities				Interest Rate Hedge Agreements			Foreign Currency Translation			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	49,771			$	5,157		$	(4,904	)	$	50,024
Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income to retained earnings	(49,771		)	⁽¹⁾	—			—			(49,771		)

Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	—				2,808			(3,631		)	(823		)
Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income to net income	—				(3,241		)	—			(3,241		)
Net other comprehensive loss	—				(433		)	(3,631		)	(4,064		)

Balance as of September 30, 2018	$	—			$	4,724		$	(8,535	)	$	(3,811	)


(1)	Refer to Note 6 – “Investments” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report for additional information.

Interest rate hedge agreements

Changes in our accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) balance relate to the change in fair value of our interest rate hedge agreements. We reclassify amounts from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as we recognize interest expense related to the hedged variable-rate debt instrument.

Foreign currency translation

Changes in our accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) balance relate to changes in the foreign exchange rates for our real estate investments in Canada and Asia. Additionally, we reclassify unrealized foreign currency translation gains and losses into net income as we dispose of these holdings.

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Critical accounting policies

Refer to our annual report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2017, for a discussion of our critical accounting policies related to investments in real estate and properties classified as held for sale, impairment of long-lived assets, capitalization of costs, recognition of rental revenue and tenant recoveries, and monitoring of tenant credit quality. There were no significant changes to these policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The changes to our critical accounting policies related to accounting for our equity investments in publicly traded companies and privately held entities primarily involved in the life science and technology industries are discussed below.

Prior to January 1, 2018

Prior to the adoption of a new ASU on financial instruments effective January 1, 2018, all of our equity investments in actively traded public companies were considered available-for-sale and were reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Fair value was determined based upon the closing price as of each balance sheet date, with unrealized gains and losses shown as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income within total equity (excluded from net income). The classification of each investment was determined at the time each investment was made, and such determination was reevaluated at each balance sheet date. The cost of each investment sold was determined by the specific identification method, with realized gains or losses classified in other income in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. Investments in privately held entities were generally accounted for under the cost method when our interest in the entity was so minor that we had virtually no influence over the entity’s operating and financial policies. Investments in privately held entities were accounted for under the equity method unless our interest in the entity was deemed to be so minor that we had virtually no influence over the entity’s operating and financial policies. Under the equity method of accounting, we recognized our investment initially at cost and adjusted the carrying amount of the investment to recognize our share of the earnings or losses of the investee subsequent to the date of our investment.

Effective January 1, 2018

•

Investments in publicly traded companies are classified as investments with readily determinable fair values. These investments are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized through earnings, rather than in accumulated other comprehensive income within total equity. The fair values for our investments in publicly traded companies continue to be determined based on sales prices/quotes available on securities exchanges, or published prices that serve as the basis for current transactions.


•	Investments in privately held entities without readily determinable fair values fall into two categories:


•	Investments in privately held entities that report NAV, such as our privately held investments in limited partnerships, are carried at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient with changes in fair value recognized in net income.


•	Investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV are accounted for using a measurement alternative that allows these investments to be measured at cost, adjusted for observable price changes and impairments, with changes recognized in net income.

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Investments in privately held entities continue to be accounted for under the equity method unless our interest in the entity was deemed to be so minor that we have virtually no influence over the entity’s operating and financial policies. Under the equity method of accounting, we initially recognize our investment at cost and adjust the carrying amount of the investment to recognize our share of the earnings or losses of the investee subsequent to the date of our investment.

Initial adoption of new ASU

On January 1, 2018, we recognized the following adjustments upon adoption of the new ASU:


•	For investments in publicly traded companies, reclassification of cumulative unrealized gains as of December 31, 2017, aggregating $49.8 million, from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings.


•	For investments in privately held entities without readily determinable fair values that were previously accounted for under the cost method:


•	Adjustment to investments for unrealized gains aggregating $90.8 million related to investments in privately held entities that report NAV, representing the difference between fair value as of December 31, 2017, using NAV as a practical expedient and the carrying value of the investments as of December 31, 2017, with a corresponding adjustment to retained earnings.

•

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Non-GAAP measures

This section contains additional information of certain non-GAAP financial measures and the reasons why we use these supplemental measures of performance and believe they provide useful information to investors, as well as the definitions of other terms used in this report.

Funds from operations and funds from operations, as adjusted, attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders

GAAP-basis accounting for real estate assets utilizes historical cost accounting and assumes that real estate values diminish over time. In an effort to overcome the difference between real estate values and historical cost accounting for real estate assets, the Nareit Board of Governors established funds from operations as an improved measurement tool. Since its introduction, funds from operations has become a widely used non-GAAP financial measure among equity REITs. We believe that funds from operations is helpful to investors as an additional measure of the performance of an equity REIT. Moreover, we believe that funds from operations, as adjusted, allows investors to compare our performance to the performance of other real estate companies on a consistent basis, without having to account for differences recognized because of real estate investment and disposition decisions, financing decisions, capital structure, capital market transactions, and variances resulting from the volatility of market conditions outside of our control. We compute funds from operations in accordance with standards established by the Nareit Board of Governors in its April 2002 White Paper and related implementation guidance (the “Nareit White Paper”). The Nareit White Paper defines funds from operations as net income (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains or losses on sales of depreciable real estate and land parcels, and impairments of depreciable real estate (excluding land parcels), plus real estate-related depreciation and amortization, and after adjustments for our share of consolidated and unconsolidated partnerships and real estate joint ventures. Impairments represent the write-down of assets when fair value over the recoverability period is less than the carrying value due to changes in general market conditions and do not necessarily reflect the operating performance of the properties during the corresponding period. The definition of funds from operations in the Nareit White Paper does not include adjustments related to unrealized gains and losses on non-real estate investments, which reflect market conditions outside of our control. Consequently, unrealized gains and losses on non-real estate investments recognized in earnings are included in reported funds from operations as computed in accordance with the Nareit White Paper.

We compute funds from operations, as adjusted, as funds from operations calculated in accordance with the Nareit White Paper excluding significant realized gains or losses on the sale of non-real estate investments, unrealized gains or losses on non-real estate investments, gains or losses on early extinguishment of debt, preferred stock redemption charges, impairments of non-depreciable real estate, impairments of non-real estate investments, and deal costs, and the amount of such items that is allocable to our unvested restricted stock awards. Neither funds from operations nor funds from operations, as adjusted, should be considered as alternatives to net income (determined in accordance with GAAP) as indications of financial performance, or to cash flows from operating activities (determined in accordance with GAAP) as measures of liquidity, nor are they indicative of the availability of funds for our cash needs, including our ability to make distributions.

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The following tables present a reconciliation of net income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, including our share of amounts from consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint ventures, to funds from operations attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders – diluted, and funds from operations attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders – diluted, as adjusted, and the related per share amounts. Per share amounts may not add due to rounding.



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders – basic	$	208,940		$	51,273		$	394,081		$	108,564
Assumed conversion of 7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock⁽¹⁾	1,301			—			—			—
Net income attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders – diluted	210,241			51,273			394,081			108,564
Depreciation and amortization	119,600			107,788			352,671			309,069
Noncontrolling share of depreciation and amortization from consolidated real estate JVs	(4,044		)	(3,608		)	(11,825		)	(10,985		)
Our share of depreciation and amortization from unconsolidated real estate JVs	1,011			383			2,462			1,119
Gain on sales of real estate – rental properties	—			—			—			(270		)
Our share of gain on sales of real estate from unconsolidated real estate JVs⁽²⁾	(35,678		)	(14,106		)	(35,678		)	(14,106		)
Gain on sales of real estate – land parcels	—			—			—			(111		)
Impairment of real estate – rental properties	—			—			—			203
Assumed conversion of 7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock⁽¹⁾	—			—			3,905			—
Allocation to unvested restricted stock awards	(1,312		)	(957		)	(4,595		)	(2,185		)
Funds from operations attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders – diluted⁽³⁾	289,818			140,773			701,021			391,298
Unrealized gains on non-real estate investments	(117,188		)	—			(194,484		)	—
Realized gain on non-real estate investment	—			—			(8,252		)	—
Impairment of land parcels and non-real estate investments	—			—			6,311			4,491
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	1,122			—			1,122			670
Our share of gain on early extinguishment of debt from unconsolidated real estate JVs⁽²⁾	(761		)	—			(761		)	—
Preferred stock redemption charge	—			—			—			11,279
Removal of assumed conversion of 7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock⁽¹⁾	(1,301		)	—			(3,905		)	—
Allocation to unvested restricted stock awards	1,889			—			2,938			(227		)
Funds from operations attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders – diluted, as adjusted	$	173,579		$	140,773		$	503,990		$	407,511


(1)	Our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock is assumed to be converted when basic EPS, FFO, or FFO, as adjusted, exceeds approximately $1.75 per share, subject to conversion ratio adjustments. Refer to “Weighted-Average Shares of Common Stock Outstanding – Diluted” within this section of this Item 2 for additional information.


(2)	Classified in equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures in our consolidated statements of income under Item 1 of this report.


(3)	Calculated in accordance with standards established by the Advisory Board of Governors of Nareit (the “Nareit Board of Governors”) in its April 2002 White Paper and related implementation guidance.

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	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Per share)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net income per share attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders – diluted	$	1.99		$	0.55		$	3.85		$	1.20
Depreciation and amortization	1.11			1.11			3.35			3.26
Our share of gain on sales of real estate from unconsolidated real estate JVs	(0.34		)	(0.15		)	(0.35		)	(0.15		)
Assumed conversion of 7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock⁽¹⁾	—			—			(0.01		)	—
Allocation to unvested restricted stock awards	(0.01		)	—			(0.04		)	—
Funds from operations per share attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders – diluted⁽²⁾	2.75			1.51			6.80			4.31
Unrealized gains on non-real estate investments	(1.11		)	—			(1.90		)	—
Realized gain on non-real estate investment	—			—			(0.08		)	—
Impairment of land parcels and non-real estate investments	—			—			0.06			0.05
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	0.01			—			0.01			0.01
Our share of gain on early extinguishment of debt from unconsolidated real estate JVs	(0.01		)	—			(0.01		)	—
Preferred stock redemption charge	—			—			—			0.12
Removal of assumed conversion of 7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock⁽¹⁾	—			—			0.01			—
Allocation to unvested restricted stock awards	0.02			—			0.03			—
Funds from operations per share attributable to Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.’s common stockholders – diluted, as adjusted	$	1.66		$	1.51		$	4.92		$	4.49

Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding⁽¹⁾ for calculationsof:
EPS – diluted	105,385			93,296			102,354			90,766
Funds from operations – diluted, per share	105,385			93,296			103,097			90,766
Funds from operations – diluted, as adjusted, per share	104,641			93,296			102,354			90,766


(1)	Refer to footnote 1 on prior page for additional information.


(2)	Calculated in accordance with standards established by the Nareit Board of Governors in its April 2002 White Paper and related implementation guidance.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margins

We use Adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental performance measure of our operations, for financial and operational decision-making, and as a supplemental or additional means of evaluating period-to-period comparisons on a consistent basis. Adjusted EBITDA is calculated as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (“EBITDA”), excluding stock compensation expense, gains or losses on early extinguishment of debt, gains or losses on sales of real estate and land parcels, unrealized gains or losses on non-real estate investments, and impairments.

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We believe Adjusted EBITDA provides investors with relevant and useful information as it allows investors to evaluate our operating performance without having to account for differences recognized because of real estate investment and disposition decisions, financing decisions, capital structure, capital market transactions, and variances resulting from the volatility of market conditions outside of our control. For example, we exclude gains or losses on the early extinguishment of debt to allow investors to measure our performance independent of our capital structure and indebtedness. We believe that adjusting for the effects of impairments and gains or losses on sales of real estate allows investors to evaluate performance from period to period on a consistent basis without having to account for differences recognized because of real estate investment and disposition decisions. We believe that excluding charges related to share-based compensation and unrealized gains or losses on non-real estate investments facilitates for investors a comparison of our operations across periods without the variances caused by the volatility of the amounts (which depends on market forces outside our control). Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as a measure of our performance. Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our historical expenditures or future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments. While Adjusted EBITDA is a relevant measure of performance, it does not represent net income or cash flows from operations calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, and it should not be considered as an alternative to those indicators in evaluating performance or liquidity.

The following table reconciles net income, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net income	$	219,359		$	59,546		$	421,424		$	148,597
Interest expense	42,244			31,031			117,256			92,563
Income taxes	568			1,305			2,614			3,405
Depreciation and amortization	119,600			107,788			352,671			309,069
Stock compensation expense	9,986			7,893			25,209			18,649
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	1,122			—			1,122			670
Our share of gain on early extinguishment of debt from unconsolidated real estate JVs	(761		)	—			(761		)	—
Gain on sales of real estate – rental properties	—			—			—			(270		)
Gain on sales of real estate – land parcels	—			—			—			(111		)
Our share of gain on sales of real estate from unconsolidated real estate JVs	(35,678		)	(14,106		)	(35,678		)	(14,106		)
Unrealized gains on non-real estate investments	(117,188		)	—			(194,484		)	—
Impairment of real estate and non-real estate investments	—			—			6,311			4,694
Adjusted EBITDA	$	239,252		$	193,457		$	695,684		$	563,160

Revenues	$	341,823		$	285,370		$	986,996		$	829,306
Realized gains on non-real estate investments	5,015			—			25,810			—
Impairment of non-real estate investments	—			—			—			4,491
Revenues, as adjusted⁽¹⁾	$	346,838		$	285,370		$	1,012,806		$	833,797

Adjusted EBITDA margins	69%			68%			69%			68%


(1)	Revenues, as adjusted, include realized gains or losses on non-real estate investments. We use revenues, as adjusted, in our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA margin. We believe using revenues, as adjusted, provides a more accurate Adjusted EBITDA margin calculation.

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Annual rental revenue

Annual rental revenue represents the annualized fixed base rental amount, in effect as of the end of the period, related to our operating RSF. Annual rental revenue is presented using 100% of the annual rental revenue of our consolidated properties and our share of annual rental revenue for our unconsolidated real estate joint ventures. Annual rental revenue per RSF is computed by dividing annual rental revenue by the sum of 100% of the RSF of our consolidated properties and our share of the RSF of properties held in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures. As of September 30, 2018, approximately 97% of our leases (on an RSF basis) were triple net leases, which require tenants to pay substantially all real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, common area expenses, and other operating expenses (including increases thereto) in addition to base rent. Annual rental revenue excludes these operating expenses recovered from our tenants. Amounts recovered from our tenants related to these operating expenses are classified in tenant recoveries in our consolidated statements of income.

Cash interest

Cash interest is equal to interest expense calculated in accordance with GAAP, plus capitalized interest, less amortization of loan fees and debt premiums (discounts). See definition of fixed-charge coverage ratio for a reconciliation of interest expense, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, to cash interest.

Class A properties and AAA locations

Class A properties are properties clustered in AAA locations that provide innovative tenants with highly dynamic and collaborative environments that enhance their ability to successfully recruit and retain world-class talent and inspire productivity, efficiency, creativity, and success. Class A properties generally command higher annual rental rates than other classes of similar properties.

AAA locations are in close proximity to concentrations of specialized skills, knowledge, institutions, and related businesses. Such locations are generally characterized by high barriers to entry for new landlords, high barriers to exit for tenants, and a limited supply of available space.

Fixed-charge coverage ratio

Fixed-charge coverage ratio is a non-GAAP financial measure representing the ratio of Adjusted EBITDA to fixed charges. We believe this ratio is useful to investors as a supplemental measure of our ability to satisfy fixed financing obligations and preferred stock dividends. Cash interest is equal to interest expense calculated in accordance with GAAP plus capitalized interest, less amortization of loan fees and debt premiums (discounts). The fixed-charge coverage ratio calculation below is not directly comparable to the computation of ratio of earnings to fixed charges as defined in Item 503(d) of Regulation S-K and to the “Computation of Consolidated Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges and Computation of Consolidated Ratio of Earnings to Combined Fixed Charges and Preferred Stock Dividends” included in Exhibit 12.1 to this quarterly report on Form 10‑Q.

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The following table reconciles interest expense, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, to cash interest and fixed charges (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Adjusted EBITDA	$	239,252		$	193,457		$	695,684		$	563,160

Interest expense	$	42,244		$	31,031		$	117,256		$	92,563
Capitalized interest	17,431			17,092			46,318			45,325
Amortization of loan fees	(2,734		)	(2,840		)	(7,870		)	(8,578		)
Amortization of debt premiums	614			652			1,795			1,873
Cash interest	57,555			45,935			157,499			131,183
Dividends on preferred stock	1,301			1,302			3,905			6,364
Fixed charges	$	58,856		$	47,237		$	161,404		$	137,547

Fixed-charge coverage ratio:
– period annualized	4.1x			4.1x			4.3x			4.1x
– trailing 12 months	4.3x			4.0x			4.3x			4.0x

Development, redevelopment, and pre-construction

Development projects consist of the ground-up development of generic and reusable facilities. Redevelopment projects consist of the permanent change in use of office, warehouse, and shell space into office/laboratory or tech office space. We generally will not commence new development projects for aboveground construction of new Class A office/laboratory and tech office space without first securing significant pre-leasing for such space, except when there is solid market demand for high-quality Class A properties.

Pre-construction activities include entitlements, permitting, design, site work, and other activities preceding commencement of construction of aboveground building improvements. The advancement of pre-construction efforts is focused on reducing the time required to deliver projects to prospective tenants. These critical activities add significant value for future ground-up development and are required for the vertical construction of buildings. Ultimately, these projects will provide high-quality facilities and are expected to generate significant revenue and cash flows.

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Initial stabilized yield (unlevered)

Initial stabilized yield is calculated as the quotient of the estimated amounts of net operating income at stabilization and our investment in the property. Our initial stabilized yield excludes the benefit of leverage. Our cash rents related to our value-creation projects are expected to increase over time due to contractual annual rent escalations. Our estimates for initial stabilized yields, initial stabilized yields (cash basis), and total costs at completion represent our initial estimates at the commencement of the project. We expect to update this information upon completion of the project, or sooner if there are significant changes to the expected project yields or costs.


•	Initial stabilized yield reflects rental income, including contractual rent escalations and any rent concessions over the term(s) of the lease(s), calculated on a straight-line basis.


•	Initial stabilized yield (cash basis) reflects cash rents at the stabilization date after initial rental concessions, if any, have elapsed and our total cash investment in the property.

Investment-grade or publicly traded large cap tenants

Represents tenants that are investment-grade rated or publicly traded companies with an average daily market capitalization greater than $10 billion for the 12-months ended September 30, 2018, as reported by Bloomberg Professional Services. In addition, we monitor the credit quality and related material changes of our tenants. Material changes that cause a tenant’s market capitalization to decline below $10 billion, which are not immediately reflected in the 12-month average, may result in their exclusion from this measure.

Joint venture financial information

We present components of balance sheet and operating results information related to our joint ventures, which are not presented in accordance with, or intended to be presented in accordance with, GAAP. We present the proportionate share of certain financial line items as follows: (i) for each real estate joint venture that we consolidate in our financial statements, but of which we own less than 100%, we apply the noncontrolling interest economic ownership percentage to each financial item to arrive at the amount of such cumulative noncontrolling interest share of each component presented; and (ii) for each real estate joint venture that we do not control, and do not consolidate, we apply our economic ownership percentage to each financial item to arrive at our proportionate share of each component presented.

The components of balance sheet and operating results information related to joint ventures do not represent our legal claim to those items. For each entity that we do not wholly own, the joint venture agreement generally determines what equity holders can receive upon capital events, such as sales or refinancing, or in the event of a liquidation. Equity holders are normally entitled to their respective legal ownership of any residual cash from a joint venture only after all liabilities, priority distributions, and claims have been repaid or satisfied.

We believe this information can help investors estimate the balance sheet and operating results information related to our partially owned entities. Presenting this information provides a perspective not immediately available from consolidated financial statements and one that can supplement an understanding of the joint venture assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses included in our consolidated results.

The components of balance sheet and operating results information related to joint ventures are limited as an analytical tool as the overall economic ownership interest does not represent our legal claim to each of our joint ventures’ assets, liabilities, or results of operations. In addition, joint venture financial information may include financial information related to the unconsolidated real estate joint ventures that we do not control. Refer to Note 4 – “Consolidated and Unconsolidated Real Estate Joint Ventures” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of this report for more information on our unconsolidated real estate joint ventures. We believe that in order to facilitate for investors a clear understanding of our operating results and our total assets and liabilities, joint venture financial information should be examined in conjunction with our consolidated statements of income and balance sheets. Joint venture financial information should not be considered an alternative to our consolidated financial statements, which are prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Net cash provided by operating activities after dividends

Net cash provided by operating activities after dividends includes the deduction for distributions to noncontrolling interests. For purposes of this calculation, changes in operating assets and liabilities are excluded as they represent timing differences.

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Net debt to Adjusted EBITDA and net debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA

Net debt to Adjusted EBITDA and net debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures that we believe are useful to investors as supplemental measures in evaluating our balance sheet leverage. Net debt is equal to the sum of total consolidated debt less cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash. Net debt and preferred stock is equal to the sum of net debt, as discussed above, plus preferred stock outstanding as of the end of the period. Refer to “Adjusted EBITDA” within this section of this Item 2 for further information on the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA.

The following table reconciles debt to net debt, and to net debt and preferred stock, and computes the ratio of each to Adjusted EBITDA as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):



	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Secured notes payable	$	632,792		$	771,061
Unsecured senior notes payable	4,290,906			3,395,804
Unsecured senior line of credit	413,000			50,000
Unsecured senior bank term loans	347,306			547,942
Unamortized deferred financing costs	33,008			29,051
Cash and cash equivalents	(204,181		)	(254,381		)
Restricted cash	(29,699		)	(22,805		)
Net debt	$	5,483,132		$	4,516,672

Net debt	$	5,483,132		$	4,516,672
7.00% Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock	74,386			74,386
Net debt and preferred stock	$	5,557,518		$	4,591,058

Adjusted EBITDA:
– quarter annualized	$	957,008		$	817,392
– trailing 12 months	$	900,032		$	767,508

Net debt to Adjusted EBITDA:
– quarter annualized	5.7		x	5.5		x
– trailing 12 months	6.1		x	5.9		x
Net debt and preferred stock to Adjusted EBITDA:
– quarter annualized	5.8		x	5.6		x
– trailing 12 months	6.2		x	6.0		x

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Net operating income, net operating income (cash basis), and operating margin

The following table reconciles net income to net operating income and net operating income (cash basis):



	Three Months Ended												Nine Months Ended
(In thousands)	9/30/18			6/30/18			12/31/17			9/30/17			9/30/18			9/30/17
Net income	$	219,359		$	60,547		$	45,607		$	59,546		$	421,424		$	148,597

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate joint ventures	(40,718		)	(1,090		)	(376		)	(14,100		)	(42,952		)	(15,050		)
General and administrative expenses	22,660			22,939			18,910			17,636			68,020			56,099
Interest expense	42,244			38,097			36,082			31,031			117,256			92,563
Depreciation and amortization	119,600			118,852			107,714			107,788			352,671			309,069
Impairment of real estate	—			6,311			—			—			6,311			203
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	1,122			—			2,781			—			1,122			670
Gain on sales of real estate – rental properties	—			—			—			—			—			(270		)
Gain on sales of real estate – land parcels	—			—			—			—			—			(111		)
Investment income	(122,203		)	(12,530		)	—			—			(220,294		)	—
Net operating income	242,064			233,126			210,718			201,901			703,558			591,770
Straight-line rent revenue	(20,070		)	(23,259		)	(33,281		)	(20,865		)	(75,960		)	(74,362		)
Amortization of acquired below-market leases	(5,220		)	(5,198		)	(4,147		)	(4,545		)	(16,588		)	(14,908		)
Net operating income (cash basis)	$	216,774		$	204,669		$	173,290		$	176,491		$	611,010		$	502,500

Net operating income (cash basis) – annualized	$	867,096		$	818,676		$	693,160		$	705,964		$	814,680		$	670,000

Net operating income (from above)	$	242,064		$	233,126		$	210,718		$	201,901		$	703,558		$	591,770
Revenues	$	341,823		$	325,034		$	298,791		$	285,370		$	986,996		$	829,306
Operating margin	71%			72%			71%			71%			71%			71%

Net operating income is a non-GAAP financial measure calculated as net income, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, excluding equity in the earnings (losses) of our unconsolidated real estate joint ventures, general and administrative expenses, interest expense, depreciation and amortization, impairment of real estate, gains or losses on early extinguishment of debt, gains or losses on sales of real estate, and investment income. We believe net operating income provides useful information to investors regarding our financial condition and results of operations because it primarily reflects those income and expense items that are incurred at the property level. Therefore, we believe net operating income is a useful measure for investors to evaluate the operating performance of our consolidated real estate assets. Net operating income on a cash basis is net operating income adjusted to exclude the effect of straight-line rent and amortization of acquired above- and below-market lease revenue adjustments required by GAAP. We believe that net operating income on a cash basis is helpful to investors as an additional measure of operating performance because it eliminates straight-line rent revenue and the amortization of acquired above- and below-market leases.

Further, we believe net operating income is useful to investors as a performance measure for our consolidated properties because, when compared across periods, net operating income reflects trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, and operating costs, which provide a perspective not immediately apparent from net income. Net operating income can be used to measure the initial stabilized yields of our properties by calculating the quotient of net operating income generated by a property on a straight-line basis and our investment in the property. Net operating income excludes certain components from net income in order to provide results that are more closely related to the results of operations of our properties. For example, interest expense is not necessarily linked to the operating performance of a real estate asset and is often incurred at the corporate level rather than at the property level. In addition, depreciation and amortization, because of historical cost accounting and useful life estimates, may distort comparability of operating performance at the property level. Impairments of real estate have been excluded in deriving net operating income because we do not consider impairments of real estate to be property-level operating expenses. Impairments of real estate relate to changes in the values of our assets and do not reflect the current operating performance with respect to related revenues or expenses. Our impairments of

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real estate represent the write-down in the value of the assets to the estimated fair value less cost to sell. These impairments result from investing decisions and deterioration in market conditions. We also exclude realized and unrealized investment income calculated under a new ASU effective January 1, 2018, which results from investment decisions that occur at the corporate level related to non-real estate investments in publicly traded companies and certain privately held entities. Therefore, we do not consider these activities to be an indication of operating performance of our real estate assets at the property level. Our calculation of net operating income also excludes charges incurred from changes in certain financing decisions, such as loss on early extinguishment of debt, as these charges often relate to corporate strategy. Property operating expenses included in determining net operating income primarily consist of costs that are related to our operating properties, such as utilities, repairs, and maintenance; rental expense related to ground leases; contracted services, such as janitorial, engineering, and landscaping; property taxes and insurance; and property-level salaries. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of accounting and corporate compensation, corporate insurance, professional fees, office rent, and office supplies that are incurred as part of corporate office management. We calculate operating margin as net operating income divided by total revenues.

We believe that in order to facilitate for investors a clear understanding of our operating results, net operating income should be examined in conjunction with net income as presented in our consolidated statements of income. Net operating income should not be considered as an alternative to net income as an indication of our performance, nor as an alternative to cash flows as a measure of our liquidity or our ability to make distributions.

Operating statistics

We present certain operating statistics related to our properties, including number of properties, RSF, occupancy percentage, leasing activity, and contractual lease expirations as of the end of the period. We believe these measures are useful to investors because they facilitate an understanding of certain trends for our properties. We compute the number of properties, RSF, occupancy percentage, leasing activity, and contractual lease expirations at 100% for all properties in which we have an investment, including properties owned by our consolidated and unconsolidated real estate joint ventures. For operating metrics based on annual rental revenue, refer to “Annual Rental Revenue” herein.

Same property comparisons

As a result of changes within our total property portfolio during the comparative periods presented, including changes from assets acquired or sold, properties placed into development or redevelopment, and development or redevelopment properties recently placed into service, the consolidated total rental revenues, tenant recoveries, and rental operating expenses in our operating results can show significant changes from period to period. In order to supplement an evaluation of our results of operations over a given quarterly or annual period, we analyze the operating performance for all consolidated properties that were fully operating for the entirety of the comparative periods presented, referred to as same properties. We separately present quarterly and year-to-date same property results within the interim financial information required by the SEC in our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations. These same properties are analyzed separately from properties acquired subsequent to the first day in the earliest comparable quarterly or year-to-date period presented, properties that underwent development or redevelopment at any time during the comparative periods, unconsolidated real estate joint ventures, and corporate entities (legal entities performing general and administrative functions), which are excluded from same property results. Additionally, lease termination fees, if any, are excluded from the results of same properties.

Stabilized occupancy date

The stabilized occupancy date represents the estimated date on which the project is expected to reach occupancy of 95% or greater.

Total market capitalization

Total market capitalization is equal to the sum of total equity market capitalization and total debt. Total equity market capitalization is equal to the sum of outstanding shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock and common stock multiplied by the related closing price of each class of security at the end of each period presented.

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Unencumbered net operating income as a percentage of total net operating income

Unencumbered net operating income as a percentage of total net operating income is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe is useful to investors as a performance measure of the results of operations of our unencumbered real estate assets as it reflects those income and expense items that are incurred at the unencumbered property level. Unencumbered net operating income is derived from assets classified in continuing operations, which are not subject to any mortgage, deed of trust, lien, or other security interest, as of the period for which income is presented.

The following table summarizes unencumbered net operating income as a percentage of total net operating income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Unencumbered net operating income	$	213,107	$	164,291	$	616,549	$	479,754
Encumbered net operating income	28,957		37,610		87,009		112,016
Total net operating income	$	242,064	$	201,901	$	703,558	$	591,770
Unencumbered net operating income as a percentage of total net operating income	88%		81%		88%		81%

Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding – diluted

We enter into capital market transactions from time to time to fund acquisitions, fund construction of our highly leased development and redevelopment projects, and for general working capital purposes. In March 2017 and January 2018, we entered into forward equity sales agreements to sell shares of our common stock. We are required to consider the potential dilutive effect of our forward equity sales agreements under the treasury stock method while the forward equity sales agreements are outstanding. We also consider the effect of assumed conversion of our outstanding Series D Convertible Preferred Stock when determining potentially dilutive incremental shares to our common stock. When calculating the assumed conversion, we add back to net income the dividends paid on our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock to the numerator and then include additional common shares assumed to have been issued (as displayed in the table below) to the denominator of the per share calculation. The effect of the assumed conversion is considered separately for our per share calculations of net income; funds from operations, computed in accordance with the definition in the Nareit White Paper; and funds from operations, as adjusted. Our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock is dilutive and assumed to be converted when quarterly basic EPS, funds from operations, or funds from operations, as adjusted exceeds approximately $1.75 per share in a quarter, subject to conversion ratio adjustments. The effect of the assumed conversion is included when it is dilutive on a per share basis. Refer to Note 12 – “Earnings per Share” and Note 13 – “Stockholders’ Equity” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements under Item 1 for more information related to our forward equity sales agreements and our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock.

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The weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding used in calculating EPS – diluted, funds from operations per share – diluted, and funds from operations per share – diluted, as adjusted, during each period is calculated as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018	2017	2018	2017
Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding:
Basic shares for EPS	104,179	92,598	101,991	90,336
Outstanding forward equity sales agreements	462	698	363	430
Series D Convertible Preferred Stock	744	—	—	—
Diluted for EPS	105,385	93,296	102,354	90,766

Basic shares for EPS	104,179	92,598	101,991	90,336
Outstanding forward equity sales agreements	462	698	363	430
Series D Convertible Preferred Stock	744	—	743	—
Diluted for FFO	105,385	93,296	103,097	90,766

Basic shares for EPS	104,179	92,598	101,991	90,336
Outstanding forward equity sales agreements	462	698	363	430
Series D Convertible Preferred Stock	—	—	—	—
Diluted for FFO, as adjusted	104,641	93,296	102,354	90,766

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest rate risk

The primary market risk to which we believe we are exposed is interest rate risk, which may result from many factors, including government monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations, and other factors that are beyond our control.

In order to modify and manage the interest rate characteristics of our outstanding debt and to limit the effects of interest rate risks on our operations, we may utilize a variety of financial instruments, including interest rate swap agreements, caps, floors, and other interest rate exchange contracts. The use of these types of instruments to hedge a portion of our exposure to changes in interest rates carries additional risks, such as counterparty credit risk and the legal enforceability of hedging contracts.

Our future earnings and fair values relating to financial instruments are primarily dependent upon prevalent market rates of interest, such as LIBOR. However, our interest rate hedge agreements are intended to reduce the effects of interest rate fluctuations. The following table illustrates the effect of a 1% change in interest rates on our variable-rate debt, including our $2.2 billion unsecured senior line of credit, unsecured senior bank term loan, and secured construction loan, after considering the effect of our interest rate hedge agreements, secured debt, and unsecured senior notes payable as of September 30, 2018 (in thousands):



Annualized effect on future earnings due to variable-rate debt:
Rate increase of 1%	$	(2,406	)
Rate decrease of 1%	$	2,406

Effect on fair value of total consolidated debt and interest rate hedge agreements:
Rate increase of 1%	$	(248,960	)
Rate decrease of 1%	$	267,665

These amounts are determined by considering the effect of the hypothetical interest rates on our borrowing cost and our interest rate hedge agreements in existence on September 30, 2018. These analyses do not consider the effects of the reduced level of overall economic activity that could exist in such an environment. Further, in the event of a change of such magnitude, we would consider taking actions to further mitigate our exposure to the change. Because of the uncertainty of the specific actions that would be taken and their possible effects, the sensitivity analyses assume no changes in our capital structure.

Equity price risk

We have exposure to equity price market risk because of our equity investments in publicly traded companies and privately held entities. All of our investments in actively traded public companies are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Our investments in privately held entities that report NAV per share are measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient to fair value. Our equity investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV are measured at cost less impairments, adjusted for observable price changes during the period. Changes in fair value for public investments, changes in NAV reported by privately held entities, and observable price changes for privately held entities that do not report NAV are recognized as investment income in our consolidated statements of income. There is no assurance that future declines in value will not have a material adverse effect on our future results of operations. The following table illustrates the effect that a 10% change in the value of our equity investments would have on earnings as of September 30, 2018 (in thousands):



Equity price risk:
Fair value increase of 10%	$	95,736
Fair value decrease of 10%	$	(95,736	)

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Foreign currency exchange rate risk

We have exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk related to our subsidiaries operating in Canada and Asia. The functional currencies of our foreign subsidiaries are the respective local currencies. Gains or losses resulting from the translation of our foreign subsidiaries’ balance sheets and statements of income are classified in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a separate component of total equity and are excluded from net income. Gains or losses will be reflected in our consolidated statements of income when there is a sale or partial sale of our investment in these operations or upon a complete or substantially complete liquidation of the investment. The following table illustrates the effect that a 10% change in foreign currency rates relative to the U.S. dollar would have on our potential future earnings and on the fair value of our net investment in foreign subsidiaries based on our current operating assets outside the U.S. as of September 30, 2018 (in thousands):



Effect on potential future earnings due to foreign currency exchange rate:
Rate increase of 10%	$	80
Rate decrease of 10%	$	(80	)

Effect on the fair value of net investment in foreign subsidiaries due to foreign currency exchange rate:
Rate increase of 10%	$	10,262
Rate decrease of 10%	$	(10,262	)

This sensitivity analysis assumes a parallel shift of all foreign currency exchange rates with respect to the U.S. dollar; however, foreign currency exchange rates do not typically move in such a manner, and actual results may differ materially.

Our exposure to market risk elements for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, was consistent with the risk elements presented above, including the effects of changes in interest rates, equity prices, and foreign currency exchange rates.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

As of September 30, 2018, we had performed an evaluation, under the supervision of our principal executive officers and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. These controls and procedures have been designed to ensure that information required for disclosure is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the requisite time periods. Based on our evaluation, the principal executive officers and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2018.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

There has not been any change in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2018, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

In addition to the information set forth in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, one should also carefully review and consider the information contained in our other reports and periodic filings that we make with the SEC, including, without limitation, the information contained under the caption “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our annual report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (as supplemented below). Those risk factors could materially affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The risks that we describe in our public filings are not the only risks that we face.

The risk factor set forth below amends and restates in its entirety the risk factor captioned “Changes in the method of determining LIBOR, or the replacement of LIBOR with an alternative reference rate, may adversely affect interest expense related to outstanding debt” disclosed in our annual report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2017:

Changes in the method of determining LIBOR, or the replacement of LIBOR with an alternative reference rate, may adversely affect interest expense related to outstanding debt.

We hold certain instruments in our debt profile in which interest rates move in direct relation to LIBOR, depending on our selection of borrowing options. Beginning in 2008, concerns have been raised that some of the member banks surveyed by the BBA in connection with the calculation of daily LIBOR across a range of maturities and currencies may have underreported, overreported, or otherwise manipulated the interbank lending rate applicable to them in order to profit on their derivatives positions or to avoid an appearance of capital insufficiency or adverse reputational or other consequences that might have resulted from reporting interbank lending rates higher than those they actually submitted. A number of BBA member banks have entered into settlements with a number of their regulators and law enforcement agencies with respect to alleged manipulation of LIBOR, and investigations have been instigated by regulators and government authorities in various jurisdictions. Other member banks may also enter into such settlements with, or have proceedings brought by, their regulators or law enforcement agencies in the future. If manipulation of LIBOR occurred, it may have resulted in LIBOR having been artificially lower (or higher) than it would otherwise have been. Any such manipulation could have occurred over a substantial period of time.

On September 28, 2012, British regulators published a report on the review of LIBOR. The report concluded that LIBOR should be retained as a benchmark but recommended a comprehensive reform of LIBOR, including replacing the BBA with a new independent administrator of LIBOR. Based on this report, final rules for the regulation and supervision of LIBOR by the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) were published and came into effect on April 2, 2013 (the “FCA Rules”). In particular, the FCA Rules include requirements that (i) an independent LIBOR administrator monitor and survey LIBOR submissions to identify breaches of practice standards and/or potentially manipulative behavior, and (ii) firms submitting data to LIBOR establish and maintain a clear conflict-of-interest policy and appropriate systems and controls. In response, ICE Benchmark Administration Limited (“IBA”) was appointed as the independent LIBOR administrator, effective in early 2014. It is not possible to predict the effect of the FCA Rules, any changes in the methods pursuant to which LIBOR is determined, the administration of LIBOR by IBA, and any other reforms to LIBOR that will be enacted in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. In addition, any changes announced by the FCA, the BBA, IBA, or any other successor governance or oversight body, or future changes adopted by such body, in the method pursuant to which LIBOR is determined, as well as manipulative practices or the cessation thereof, may result in a sudden or prolonged increase or decrease in reported LIBOR, which could have an adverse impact on the level of the index. Fluctuation or discontinuation of LIBOR would affect our interest expense and earnings and the fair value of certain of our financial instruments. We rely on interest rate hedge agreements to mitigate our exposure to such interest rate risk on a portion of our debt obligations. However, there is no assurance these arrangements will be effective in reducing our exposure to changes in interest rates.

In addition, in November 2014, the U.S. Federal Reserve established a working group composed of large U.S. financial institutions, the Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”), to identify a set of alternative interest reference rates to LIBOR. In a May 2016 interim report, the ARRC narrowed its choice to two LIBOR alternatives. The first choice was the Overnight Bank Funding Rate (“OBFR”), which consists of domestic and foreign unsecured borrowing in U.S. dollars. The U.S. Federal Reserve has been calculating and publishing the OBFR since March 2016. The second alternative rate to LIBOR was the Treasury General Collateral rate, which is composed of repo transactions secured by treasuries or other assets accepted as collateral by the majority of intermediaries in the repo market.

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In June 2017, the ARRC selected the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), a new index calculated by reference to short-term repurchase agreements backed by Treasury securities, as its preferred replacement for U.S. dollar LIBOR. SOFR is observed and backward looking, which stands in contrast to LIBOR under the current methodology, which is an estimated forward-looking rate and relies, to some degree, on the expert judgment of submitting panel members. Given that SOFR is a secured rate backed by government securities, it does not take into account bank credit risk (as is the case with LIBOR). SOFR is therefore likely to be lower than LIBOR and is less likely to correlate with the funding costs of financial institutions. The first publication of SOFR was released by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in April 2018. Although daily reset SOFR rates have been noted to be more volatile than daily reset LIBOR rates, especially at month end, there is no sufficient evidence to establish how SOFR volatility compares to that of LIBOR. Whether or not SOFR attains market acceptance as a LIBOR replacement tool remains in question. As such, the future of LIBOR and potential alternatives at this time remains uncertain.

On July 27, 2017, the FCA announced that it would phase out LIBOR as a benchmark by the end of 2021. It is unclear whether new methods of calculating LIBOR will be established such that it continues to exist after 2021. When LIBOR ceases to exist, we may need to amend the credit and loan agreements with our lenders that utilize LIBOR as a factor in determining the interest rate based on a new standard that is established, if any. The transition to an alternative rate will require careful and deliberate consideration and implementation so as to not disrupt the stability of financial markets. There is no guarantee that a transition from LIBOR to an alternative will not result in financial market disruptions, significant increases in benchmark rates, or borrowing costs to borrowers, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and stock price.

The risk factor set forth below amends and restates in its entirety the risk factor captioned “We may experience increased operating costs, which may reduce profitability to the extent that we are unable to pass those costs on to tenants” disclosed in our annual report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2017:

We may experience increased operating costs, which may reduce profitability to the extent that we are unable to pass those costs on to tenants.

Our properties are subject to increases in operating expenses, including insurance, property taxes, utilities, administrative costs, and other costs associated with security, landscaping, and repairs and maintenance of our properties. As of September 30, 2018, approximately 97% of our leases (on an RSF basis) were triple net leases, which require tenants to pay substantially all real estate and other rent-related taxes, insurance, utilities, common area expenses, and other operating expenses (including increases thereto) in addition to base rent.

Our operating expenses may increase as a result of tax reassessments that our properties are subject to on a regular basis (e.g., annually, triennially, etc.), which normally results in increases in property taxes over time as property values increase. In California, however, pursuant to the existing California law commonly referred to as Proposition 13, properties are reassessed to market value only at the time of change in ownership or completion of construction, and annual property reassessments are limited to 2% of previously assessed values thereafter. As a result, Proposition 13 generally results in significant below-market assessed values over time. From time to time, and recently, lawmakers and political coalitions have initiated efforts to repeal or amend Proposition 13 to eliminate its application to commercial and industrial properties. If successful, a repeal of Proposition 13 could substantially increase the assessed values and property taxes for some of our properties in California.

In addition, in June 2018, San Francisco voters approved a commercial rent tax measure, which establishes a new 3.5% gross receipts tax rate on rental revenues received by landlords of commercial properties within the City of San Francisco. This measure, which passed by a simple majority, is currently being challenged in the California Superior Court in San Francisco by business organizations asserting that the new tax required a two-thirds majority to pass under state law. Unless the court rules in favor of the plaintiff, the 3.5% commercial rent tax will go into effect on January 1, 2019. The new gross receipts tax will result in an incremental tax liability imposed on our commercial properties in the city of San Francisco, specifically in our Mission Bay/SoMa submarket of San Francisco. During the year ending December 31, 2019, we expect an increase in the range from $3.7 million to $4.6 million in our rental operating expenses associated with the operations of our commercial properties in the City of San Francisco. Approximately 90% of the incremental tax expense is expected to be recoverable from our tenants and included in our rental revenues.

Our triple net leases allow us to pass through, among other costs, substantially all real estate and rent related taxes to our tenants. We cannot be certain that we will be able to continue to negotiate pass-through provisions related to taxes in tenant leases in the future, which could lead to an increase in our operating expenses. If our operating expenses increase without a corresponding increase in revenues, our profitability could diminish. In addition, we cannot be certain

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that increased costs will not lead our current or prospective tenants to seek space outside of the city of San Francisco and the state of California, which could significantly hinder our ability to increase our rents or to maintain existing occupancy levels. A repeal of Proposition 13 in California and a new 3.5% gross receipts tax in the city of San Francisco may significantly increase occupancy costs for some of our tenants and may adversely impact their financial condition, ability to make rental payments and to renew lease agreements, which in turn could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

The risk factor set forth below amends and restates in its entirety the risk factor captioned “We may incur significant costs if we fail to comply with laws or if laws change” disclosed in our annual report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2017:

We may incur significant costs if we fail to comply with laws or if laws change.

Our properties are subject to many federal, state, and local regulatory requirements and to state and local fire, life-safety, and other requirements. If we do not comply with all of these requirements, we may have to pay fines to government authorities or damage awards to private litigants. We do not know whether these requirements will change or whether new requirements will be imposed. Changes in these regulatory requirements could require us to make significant unanticipated expenditures. These expenditures could have an adverse effect on us and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

For example, the California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, also referred to as Proposition 65, requires “clear and reasonable” warnings be given to persons who are exposed to chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. We believe that we comply with Proposition 65 requirements; however, there can be no assurance that we will not be adversely affected by litigation or regulatory enforcement relating to Proposition 65. In addition, there can be no assurance that the costs of compliance with new environmental laws and regulations will not be significant or will not adversely affect our ability to meet our financial expectations, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

The risk factor set forth below amends and restates in its entirety the risk factor captioned “We may fail to obtain the financial results expected from development or redevelopment project” disclosed in our annual report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2017:

We may fail to obtain the financial results expected from development or redevelopment projects.

There are significant risks associated with development and redevelopment projects, including the possibility that:


•	We may not complete development or redevelopment projects on schedule or within budgeted amounts;


•	We may be unable to lease development or redevelopment projects on schedule or within budgeted amounts;


•	We may encounter project delays or cancellations due to unavailability of necessary labor or construction materials;


•	We may expend funds on, and devote management’s time to, development and redevelopment projects that we may not complete;


•	We may abandon development or redevelopment projects after we begin to explore them, and as a result, we may lose deposits or fail to recover costs already incurred;


•	Market and economic conditions may deteriorate, which can result in lower-than-expected rental rates;


•	We may face higher operating costs than we anticipated for development or redevelopment projects, including insurance premiums, utilities, real estate taxes, and costs of complying with changes in government regulations or increases in tariffs;


•	We may face higher requirements for capital improvements than we anticipated for development or redevelopment projects, particularly in older structures;


•	We may be unable to proceed with development or redevelopment projects because we cannot obtain debt and/or equity financing on favorable terms or at all;


•	We may fail to retain tenants that have pre-leased our development or redevelopment projects if we do not complete the construction of these properties in a timely manner or to the tenants’ specifications;


•	Tenants that have pre-leased our development or redevelopment projects may file for bankruptcy or become insolvent, which may adversely affect the income produced by, and the value of, our properties or require us to change the scope of the project, which may potentially result in higher construction costs and lower financial returns;

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•	We may encounter delays, refusals, unforeseen cost increases, and other impairments resulting from third-party litigation or severe weather conditions;


•	We may encounter delays or refusals in obtaining all necessary zoning, land use, building, occupancy, and other required government permits and authorizations; and


•	Development or redevelopment projects may have defects we do not discover through our inspection processes, including latent defects that may not reveal themselves until many years after we put a property in service.

The realization of any of the above risks could significantly and adversely affect our ability to meet our financial expectations, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, our ability to make distributions to our stockholders, the market price of our common stock, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.

The risk factor set forth below amends and restates in its entirety the risk factor captioned “Changes in U.S. accounting standards may adversely impact us” disclosed in our annual report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2017:

Changes in U.S. accounting standards may adversely impact us.

The regulatory boards and government agencies that determine financial accounting standards and disclosures in the U.S., including the FASB and the IASB (collectively, the “Boards”) and the SEC, continually change and update the financial accounting standards we must follow.

In February 2016, the Boards issued an ASU that changes certain aspects of accounting for leases for both lessees and lessors. Since February 2016, several additional ASUs have been issued to clarify implementation issues. The final update is effective on January 1, 2019. We are still evaluating the impact of this standard on our financial condition or results of operations, which in turn could also significantly impact the market price of our common stock. Such potential impacts include, without limitation:


•	Significant changes to our balance sheet relating to the recognition of operating leases as assets or liabilities based on existing lease terms and whether we are the lessor or lessee;


•	Significant changes in the timing of revenue recognition (related to lease arrangements in which we are the lessor) or expense recognition (related to the lease arrangements in which we are the lessee) stemming from the potential classification of financing or sales-type leases under the new ASU, for leases that are classified as operating leases under the current accounting standards;


•	Significant fluctuations in our reported results of operations, including fluctuations in our expenses related to amortization of new lease-related assets and/or liabilities and assumed interest costs with leases;


•	Significant fluctuations in our reported results of operations, including an increase in our general and administrative expenses related to payroll costs, legal costs, and other out-of-pocket costs incurred as part of the leasing process prior to the execution of a lease that will no longer qualify for capitalization as initial direct costs and will instead be expensed as incurred; and

•

Significant fluctuations in our reported results of operations that may result from the classification of future ground leases as finance leases compared to operating leases. Under current guidance, all ground leases are accounted for as operating leases, with ground lease payments straight-lined over the term of the ground lease. Under the new lease accounting, ground leases can qualify for classification as finance leases, which are recognized in operating results using an effective interest method. The classification of ground leases as operating leases or finance leases may result in different timing of expense recognition over the term of the ground leases.

In addition, the new accounting update could make leasing/re-leasing of our space less attractive to our potential and current tenants, which could reduce overall occupancy of our properties. Under the current guidance, our tenants do not reflect operating leases with us as a liability on their balance sheets, but only provide a disclosure of future minimum payments associated with the operating lease in the footnotes to their financial statements. The new lease standard will require that lessees record on the balance sheets their rights and obligations pertaining to operating leases with a term of over 12 months. Changes in lease accounting standards could potentially impact the structure and terms of future leases since our tenants may seek to limit lease terms to avoid recognizing lease obligations in their financial statements. The new rules may also make lease renewal options less attractive because, under certain circumstances, the rules will require a tenant to assume that a renewal right will be exercised and accrue a liability relating to the longer lease term. Shorter lease terms and a reduction in RSF leased may lead to reduction in occupancy rates and decline in rental revenue, which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

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Furthermore, in January 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that amended the accounting for certain equity investments. The update became effective for us on January 1, 2018. The core principle of the amendment involves the measurement of equity investments at fair value and the recognition of changes in fair value of those investments during each reporting period in net income. This amendment is expected to increase the volatility of our earnings for reporting periods subsequent to December 31, 2017, as unrealized gains or losses on our equity investments, as well as impairments deemed not to be other than temporary under the previous guidance, will be immediately recognized in net income. The increased volatility of our earnings could adversely affect investors and analysts’ ability to form reliable expectations of our future performance, which could negatively impact analysts’ “buy,” “sell,” or “hold” recommendations for our common stock. Therefore, our share price could be negatively affected by causes beyond our control.

In May 2014, the FASB issued an ASU on recognition of revenue arising from contracts with customers, as well as an ASU recognition of gains and losses from the transfer of nonfinancial assets in contracts with noncustomers. The updates became effective for us on January 1, 2018. The core principle underlying the revenue recognition ASU is that an entity will recognize revenue to represent the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in such exchange. This will require entities to identify contractual performance obligations and determine whether revenue should be recognized at a point in time or over time, based on when control of goods and services transfers to a customer. The core principle of the financial instrument ASU involves the measurement of equity investments at fair value and the recognition of changes in fair value of those investments during each reporting period in net income.

Any difficulties in the implementation of changes in accounting principles, including the ability to modify our accounting systems and to update our policies, procedures, information systems, and internal controls over financial reporting, could result in materially inaccurate financial statements, which in turn could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. The adoption of new accounting standards could also affect the calculation of our debt covenants. It cannot be assured that we will be able to work with our lenders to amend our debt covenants in response to changes in accounting standards.

The risk factor set forth below amends and restates in its entirety the risk factor captioned “Security breaches through cyber attacks, cyber intrusions, or other methods could disrupt our information technology networks and related systems” disclosed in our annual report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2017:

Security breaches through cyber attacks, cyber intrusions, or other methods could disrupt our information technology networks and related systems.

Risks associated with security breaches, whether through cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the Internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, or other methods, against persons inside our organization, persons with access to systems inside our organization, the U.S. government, financial markets or institutions, or major businesses, including tenants, could disrupt or disable networks and related systems, other critical infrastructures, and the normal operation of business. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity, and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Due to the fast pace and unpredictability of cyber threats, long-term implementation plans designed to address cybersecurity risks become obsolete quickly. As a consequence, it is critical that entities not only meet SEC expectations in the cybersecurity arena, but also invest in programs to become secure, vigilant, and resilient in the face of emerging cybersecurity risks. Even if we are not targeted directly, cyber attacks on the U.S. government, financial markets, financial institutions, or other major businesses, including our tenants, could disrupt our normal business operations and networks, which in turn may have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Information technology, communication networks, and related systems are essential to the operation of our business. We use these systems to manage our tenant and vendor relationships, internal communications, accounting and record-keeping systems, and many other key aspects of our business. Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks. A security breach may occur through physical break-ins, breaches of our secure network by an unauthorized party, software vulnerabilities, employee theft or misuse, or inadequate use of security controls. Outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce our employees to disclose sensitive information via illegal electronic spamming, phishing, or other tactics. Additionally, cyber-attackers can develop and deploy viruses, worms, credential-stuffing attack tools, and other malicious software programs to gain access to sensitive data. A significant breach of security could result in harm to our business and expose us and our employees, tenants, and third-party vendors to risks due to loss or misuse of information, which may result in

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increased costs associated with litigation and liability and fines resulting from investigations by government and other regulatory agencies.

We take active preventative measures to address security vulnerabilities and manage our risks, including installing new and upgrading existing information technology systems, conducting rigorous penetration tests, providing employee awareness training and testing around phishing and other cyber risks, and investing to expedite our incident response capabilities. We also maintain insurance to protect ourselves in the event of a breach or disruption of our information systems. However, we cannot be certain that the coverage is adequate to compensate for all damages that may be incurred.

Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of networks and related systems, and we have implemented various protective measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. Given the increasing frequency, complexity, and sophistication of cyber security threats, there can be no assurance we will not experience business interruptions; data loss, ransom, misappropriation, or corruption; theft or misuse of confidential or proprietary information; or litigation and investigation related to any of those, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and harm our business reputation. Even the most well-protected information, networks, systems, and facilities remain potentially vulnerable because the techniques used in such attempted security breaches evolve and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, and in some cases are designed not to be detected and in fact may not be detected. While, to date, we are not aware of having experienced a significant cyber breach or attack, it is possible we may be unable to anticipate or implement adequate security barriers or other preventive measures. A security breach or other significant disruption involving our information technology networks and related systems could:


•	Disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems and therefore our operations and/or those of certain of our tenants;


•	Result in misstated financial reports, violations of loan covenants, missed reporting deadlines, and/or missed permitting deadlines;


•	Result in our inability to properly monitor our compliance with the rules and regulations regarding our qualification as a REIT;


•	Result in the unauthorized access to, and destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation, or release of, proprietary, confidential, sensitive, or otherwise valuable information of ours or others, which others could use to compete against us or for disruptive, destructive, or otherwise harmful purposes and outcomes;


•	Result in our inability to maintain the building systems relied upon by our tenants for the efficient use of their leased space;


•	Require significant management attention and resources to remedy any damages that result;


•	Subject us to claims for breach of contract, damages, credits, penalties, or termination of leases or other agreements; or


•	Damage our reputation among our tenants and investors.

Any or all of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Except as set forth above and in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we presently deem to be immaterial, also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

132

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS



Exhibit Number	Exhibit Title	Incorporated by Reference to:	Date Filed
3.1*	Articles of Amendment and Restatement of the Company	Form 10-Q	August 14, 1997
3.2*	Certificate of Correction of the Company	Form 10-Q	August 14, 1997
3.3*	Articles of Amendment of the Company, dated May 10, 2017	Form 8-K	May 12, 2017
3.4*	Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (Amended July 27, 2018)	Form 8-K	August 2, 2018
3.5*	Articles Supplementary, dated June 9, 1999, relating to the 9.50% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock	Form 10-Q	August 13, 1999
3.6*	Articles Supplementary, dated February 10, 2000, relating to the election to be subject to Subtitle 8 of Title 3 of the Maryland General Corporation Law	Form 8-K	February 10, 2000
3.7*	Articles Supplementary, dated February 10, 2000, relating to the Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock	Form 8-K	February 10, 2000
3.8*	Articles Supplementary, dated January 18, 2002, relating to the 9.10% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock	Form 8-A	January 18, 2002
3.9*	Articles Supplementary, dated June 22, 2004, relating to the 8.375% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock	Form 8-A	June 28, 2004
3.10*	Articles Supplementary, dated March 25, 2008, relating to the 7.00% Series D Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock	Form 8-K	March 25, 2008
3.11*	Articles Supplementary, dated March 12, 2012, relating to the 6.45% Series E Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock	Form 8-K	March 14, 2012
3.12*	Articles Supplementary, dated May 10, 2017, relating to Reclassified Preferred Stock	Form 8-K	May 12, 2017
4.1*	Specimen certificate representing shares of common stock	Form 10-Q	May 5, 2011
4.2*	Specimen certificate representing shares of 7.00% Series D Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock	Form 8-K	March 25, 2008
4.3*	Indenture, dated as of February 29, 2012, among the Company, as Issuer, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., as Guarantor, and the Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee	Form 8-K	February 29, 2012
4.4*	Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated as of February 29, 2012, among the Company, as Issuer, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., as Guarantor, and the Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee	Form 8-K	February 29, 2012
4.5*	Form of 4.60% Senior Note due 2022 (included in Exhibit 4.4 above)	Form 8-K	February 29, 2012
4.6*	Specimen certificate representing shares of 6.45% Series E Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock	Form 8-A	March 12, 2012
4.7*	Supplemental Indenture No. 2, dated as of June 7, 2013, among the Company, as Issuer, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., as Guarantor, and the Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee	Form 8-K	June 7, 2013
4.8*	Form of 3.90% Senior Note due 2023 (included in Exhibit 4.7 above)	Form 8-K	June 7, 2013
4.9*	Supplemental Indenture No. 3, dated as of July 18, 2014, among the Company, as Issuer, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., as Guarantor, and the Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee	Form 8-K	July 18, 2014
4.10*	Form of 2.750% Senior Note due 2020 (included in Exhibit 4.9 above)	Form 8-K	July 18, 2014
4.11*	Supplemental Indenture No. 4, dated as of July 18, 2014, among the Company, as Issuer, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., as Guarantor, and the Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee	Form 8-K	July 18, 2014
4.12*	Form of 4.500% Senior Note due 2029 (included in Exhibit 4.11 above)	Form 8-K	July 18, 2014
4.13*	Indenture, dated as of November 17, 2015, among the Company, as Issuer, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., as Guarantor, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee	Form 8-K	November 17, 2015

133



Exhibit Number	Exhibit Title	Incorporated by Reference to:	Date Filed
4.14*	Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated as of November 17, 2015, among the Company, as Issuer, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., as Guarantor, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee	Form 8-K	November 17, 2015
4.15*	Form of 4.30% Senior Note due 2026 (included in Exhibit 4.14 above)	Form 8-K	November 17, 2015
4.16*	Supplemental Indenture No. 2, dated as of June 10, 2016, among the Company, as Issuer, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., as Guarantor, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee	Form 8-K	June 10, 2016
4.17*	Form of 3.95% Senior Note due 2027 (included in Exhibit 4.16 above)	Form 8-K	June 10, 2016
4.18*	Indenture, dated as of March 3, 2017, among the Company, as Issuer, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., as Guarantor, and Branch Banking and Trust Company, as Trustee	Form 8-K	March 3, 2017
4.19*	Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated as of March 3, 2017, among the Company, as Issuer, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., as Guarantor, and Branch Banking and Trust Company, as Trustee	Form 8-K	March 3, 2017
4.20*	Form of 3.95% Senior Note due 2028 (included in Exhibit 4.19 above)	Form 8-K	March 3, 2017
4.21*	Supplemental Indenture No. 2, dated as of November 20, 2017, among the Company, as Issuer, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., as Guarantor, and Branch Banking and Trust Company, as Trustee	Form 8-K	November 20, 2017
4.22*	Form of 3.45% Senior Note due 2025 (included in Exhibit 4.21 above)	Form 8-K	November 20, 2017
4.23*	Supplemental Indenture No.3, dated as of June 21, 2018, among the Company as Issuer, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., as Guarantor, and Branch Banking and Trust Company, as Trustee	Form 8-K	June 21, 2018
4.24*	Form of 4.000% Senior Note Due 2024 (included in Exhibit 4.23 above)	Form 8-K	June 21, 2018
4.25*	Supplemental Indenture No.4, dated as of June 21, 2018, among the Company as Issuer, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., as Guarantor, and Branch Banking and Trust Company, as Trustee	Form 8-K	June 21, 2018
4.26*	Form of 4.700% Senior Note Due 2030 (included in Exhibit 4.25 above)	Form 8-K	June 21, 2018
10.1	Sixth Amended And Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of September 28, 2018, among Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc., as the Borrower, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., as a Guarantor, Bank Of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the Other Lenders Party, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Citibank, N.A. and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as Joint Lead Arrangers Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Citibank, N.A., as Joint Bookrunners, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Citibank, N.A. and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as Co-Syndication Agents, and The Bank of Nova Scotia, Barclays Bank PLC, Capital One, National Association, BBVA Compass, Mizuho Bank, Ltd., Regions Bank, Royal Bank of Canada, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, TD Bank, N.A., Wells Fargo Bank, National Association and U.S. Bank National Association, as Co-Documentation Agents	N/A	Filed herewith
10.2	Fourth Amended And Restated Term Loan Agreement, dated as of September 28, 2018, among Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc., as the Borrower, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, L.P., as a Guarantor, Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the Lenders Party with Royal Bank of Canada and The Bank Of Nova Scotia, as Co-Syndication Agents, and Bank of the West, Barclays Bank PLC, Banking Branch & Trust Company, Capital One, National Association, City National Bank, Compass Bank, Fifth Third Bank, Mizuho Bank (USA), PNC Bank, National Association, Regions Bank, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, TD Bank, N.A., U.S. Bank National Association and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Co-Documentation Agents, and Citibank, N.A., RBC Capital Markets and The Bank Of Nova Scotia, as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Book Running Managers	N/A	Filed herewith
12.1	Computation of Consolidated Ratios of Earnings to Fixed Charges and Combined Fixed Charges and Preferred Stock Dividends	N/A	Filed herewith

134



Exhibit Number	Exhibit Title	Incorporated by Reference to:	Date Filed
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	N/A	Filed herewith
31.2	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	N/A	Filed herewith
31.3	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	N/A	Filed herewith
31.4	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	N/A	Filed herewith
32.0	Certification of Principal Executive Officers and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	N/A	Filed herewith
101	The following materials from the Company’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018 formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (unaudited), (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited), (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited), (iv) Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity and Noncontrolling Interests for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (unaudited), (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited), and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	N/A	Filed herewith

(*) Incorporated by reference.

135

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on October 30, 2018.



	ALEXANDRIA REAL ESTATE EQUITIES, INC.


	/s/ Joel S. Marcus
	Joel S. Marcus Executive Chairman (Principal Executive Officer)


	/s/ Stephen A. Richardson
	Stephen A. Richardson Co-Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)


	/s/ Peter M. Moglia
	Peter M. Moglia Co-Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)


	/s/ Dean A. Shigenaga
	Dean A. Shigenaga Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

136

Alexandria Real Estate Equities - 10-Q quarterly report FY2018 Q3

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