Fiverr - 20-F annual report 2023

CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS ANNUAL REPORT

Except where the context otherwise requires or where otherwise indicated in this Annual Report, the terms “Fiverr,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “our Company” and “our business” refer to Fiverr International Ltd., together with its consolidated subsidiaries as a consolidated entity.

All references in this Annual Report to “Israeli currency” and “NIS” refer to New Israeli Shekels, the terms “dollar,” “USD” or “$” refer to U.S. dollars and the terms “€” or “euro” refer to the currency introduced at the start of the third stage of European economic and monetary union pursuant to the treaty establishing the European Community, as amended.

PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). We present our consolidated financial statements in U.S. dollars.

Our fiscal year ends on December 31 of each year. References to fiscal 2021 and 2021 are references to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, references to fiscal 2022 and 2022 are references to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, and references to fiscal 2023 and 2023 are references to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. Some amounts in this Annual Report may not total due to rounding. All percentages have been calculated using unrounded amounts.

Throughout this Annual Report, we provide a number of key performance indicators used by our management and often used by competitors in our industry. These and other key performance indicators are discussed in more detail in Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Key Financial and Operating Metrics.” We define certain terms used in this Annual Report as follows:

Market and Industry Data

Unless otherwise indicated, information in this Annual Report concerning economic conditions, our industry, our markets and our competitive position is based on a variety of sources, including information from other independent industry analysts and publications, as well as our own estimates and research.

Our estimates are derived from publicly available information released by third-party sources, as well as data from our internal research, which we believe to be reasonable. None of the independent industry publications used in this Annual Report were prepared on our behalf.

Trademarks

We have proprietary rights to trademarks used in this Annual Report that are important to our business, many of which are registered under applicable intellectual property laws. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report may appear without the “®” or “™” symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent possible under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trademarks, trade names or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies. Each trademark, trade name or service mark of any other company appearing in this Annual Report is the property of its respective holder.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report estimates and forward-looking statements, principally in the sections entitled Item 3.D. “Key Information—Risk Factors,” Item 4. “Information on the Company,” and Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”In some cases, these forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “seek,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” “contemplate,” “possible” or similar words. Statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, growth strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, including, among others, expansion in new and existing markets, are forward-looking statements.

Our estimates and forward-looking statements are mainly based on our current expectations and estimates of future events and trends which affect or may affect our business, operations and industry. Although we believe that these estimates and forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions, they are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including without limitation those described under the sections in this Annual Report entitled Item 3.D. “Key Information—Risk Factors” and Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects”and elsewhere in this Annual Report.

PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Risks relating to our business and industry

Adverse macroeconomic conditions can materially adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition, due to impacts on consumer and business spending and demand for our services

Adverse macroeconomic conditions, including recent inflation, slower growth or recession, changes to fiscal and monetary policy, tighter credit, higher interest rates, high unemployment, currency fluctuations, increased geopolitical risks such as the current wars between Israel and Hamas and between Russia and Ukraine, have affected the U.S. and global economy during 2023 and can adversely impact consumer and businesses confidence and spending and materially adversely affect demand for the digital services offered on the Company’s platform.

The present conditions and state of the U.S and global economies make it difficult to predict whether, when and to what extent a recession has occurred or will occur in the near future. In the event of an occurring or worsening recession, as the case may be, in which the U.S. economy contracts, our business may be negatively impacted, accordingly due to less spending and reduced demand for our services. The Company has taken significant actions to shore up its resources and means in order to weather a potential downturn in the economy; however, should a recession occur, or worsen in the future, one may expect either scenario to have an adverse effect on the business of the Company.

Our growth depends on our ability to attract and retain a large community of buyers and freelancers, and the loss of our buyers and freelancers, or failure to attract new buyers and freelancers, could materially and adversely affect our business.

The size of our community of users, including both buyers and freelancers, is critical to our success. While we have experienced strong growth in the number of active buyers on our platform since inception, the rate of growth in recent years has been volatile and could differ significantly from one year to another. Many factors impact the buyer growth, and we cannot accurately predict or guarantee active buyer growth rates in the future. Freelancers have many different ways of marketing their services and securing buyers, including meeting and contacting prospective buyers through other platforms, advertising to prospective buyers online or offline through other methods, signing up for online or offline third-party agencies or staffing firms or finding employment full-time or part-time through an agency or directly with a business. Buyers have similarly diverse options to find freelancers, such as engaging freelancers directly, finding freelancers through other online or offline platforms or through staffing firms and agencies or hiring temporary, full-time, or part-time employees. Any decrease in the attractiveness of our platform relative to these other options available to buyers and freelancers could lead to decreased engagement on our platform, which could result in a drop in revenue on our platform. In addition, a drop in engagement from buyers, including due to a general decrease in spending or otherwise as a result of a global recession, could lead to diminished network effects and decrease the attractiveness of our platform to freelancers. If we fail to attract new freelancers or our existing freelancers decrease their use of or cease using our platform, the quality or types of services provided by freelancers that use our platform are not satisfactory to buyers, or freelancers increase their fees for services beyond the level that buyers are willing to pay, buyers may decrease their use of, or cease using, our platform.

Key factors in attracting and retaining buyers include our ability to grow our brand awareness, attract and retain high-quality freelancers and increase the quantity and quality of Gigs posted on our core platform. A key factor in attracting and retaining freelancers, in turn, is maintaining and increasing the number of buyers using our platform. Thus, achieving growth in our community of buyers and freelancers may require us to increasingly engage in sophisticated and costly sales and marketing efforts that may not result in additional users. We may also need to modify our pricing model to attract and retain such users.

Users can generally decide to cease using our platform at any time. Users may stop using our platform and related services if the quality of the user experience on our platform, including our support capabilities in the event of a problem, does not meet their expectations or keep pace with the quality of the user experience generally offered by competitive products and services. Users may also choose to cease using our platform if they perceive that our pricing model is not in line with the value they derive from our platform or for other reasons. In addition, expenditures by buyers may be cyclical and be affected by adverse changes in overall economic conditions or budgeting patterns. If we fail to attract new users or fail to maintain existing users, our revenue may grow more slowly than expected and our business could be materially and adversely affected.

We have incurred net losses in the past, and may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve or maintain profitability.

During 2023, we incurred a $15.1 million operating loss, however, we achieved net income of $3.7 million. We expect to continue the development and expansion of our business, and we anticipate additional costs in connection with legal, accounting and other administrative expenses related to operating as a public company. While our revenue has grown in recent years and we achieved positive net income in the second half of fiscal 2023, if our revenue declines or fails to grow at a rate sufficient to offset increases in our operating expenses, or interest rate will decrease, we will not be able to achieve and maintain profitability in future periods. As a result, we may generate losses. We cannot ensure that we will achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

If we fail to maintain and enhance our brand, our business, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brand are of significant importance to the success of our business. A well-recognized brand is critical to increasing the number and the level of engagement of freelancers and, in turn, enhancing our attractiveness to buyers. Successful promotion of our brand and our platform depends on, among other things, the effectiveness of our marketing efforts, our ability to provide a reliable, trustworthy and useful platform, the perceived value of our platform and our ability to provide quality support. In order to maintain and enhance our brand, we will need to continuously invest in marketing programs that may not be successful in achieving meaningful awareness levels. However, brand promotion activities may not yield increased revenue, and even if they do, the increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur in building and maintaining our brand. We have conducted and may continue to conduct various marketing and brand promotion activities. We cannot assure you, however, that these activities will be successful or that we will be able to achieve the brand awareness we expect. In addition, our competitors may increase the intensity of their marketing campaigns, which may force us to increase our advertising spend to maintain our brand awareness.

In addition, any negative publicity relating to our platform, regardless of its veracity, could harm our brand. In particular, in recent years, increasing attention has been given to corporate activities related to environmental, social and governance (ESG) matters including increasing attention on climate change and diversity, equity and inclusion matters, from stakeholders with varied views on these topics. Companies and brands that do not adapt to or comply with expectations, standards, and regulations on ESG matters as they continue to evolve, which are perceived to have not responded appropriately in relation to ESG issues, or which are alleged to not achieve the ESG standards, targets or commitments that they publicly state (often referred to as “greenwashing”), may suffer from reputational damage. Regulation (including emerging regulation) may require additional ESG public disclosures and this may increase the risk of such damage. In addition, any unfavourable media coverage or negative publicity about our industry or Company and any errors, defects, disruptions, security vulnerabilities, abuse of our system, or other performance problems with our products and platforms may also cause us reputational damage. If our brand is harmed due to negative publicity we may not be able to grow or maintain our freelancer base, and our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Further, activities of users that are deemed to be hostile, offensive or inappropriate to other users, including users acting under false or inauthentic identities, could damage our brand or harm our ability to expand our user base. We do not monitor or review the appropriateness of the content generated by users or have control over the activities in which our users engage. While we have adopted policies regarding illegal or offensive use of our platform by our users and retain authority to remove user generated content that violates our policies, users could nonetheless engage in these activities. The safeguards we have in place may not be sufficient to avoid harm to our brand, especially if such hostile, offensive or inappropriate use was high profile.

If the market for freelancers and the services they offer is not sustained or develops more slowly than we expect, our growth may slow or stall.

The market for freelancers and the services they offer is relatively new, rapidly evolving and unproven. Our future success will depend in large part on the continued growth and expansion of this market and the willingness of businesses to engage freelancers to provide services. It is difficult to predict the size or rate of expansion of this market, or the extent to which technological or other developments will impact the overall demand for freelancers. Further, many businesses may be unwilling to engage freelancers for a variety of reasons, including perceived negative connotations with outsourcing work or security concerns. If the market for freelancers and the services they offer does not achieve widespread adoption, or there is a reduction in demand for freelancer services, particularly demand for information technology services, including as a result of macroeconomic conditions related to a global recession or otherwise, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If traffic to our websites declines for any reason, our growth may slow or stall.

Our ability to maintain the number of visitors directed to our websites is not entirely within our control. We depend in part on various internet search engines and other channels to direct a significant number of users to our website. Search engine companies change their natural search engine algorithms periodically, and our ranking in natural searches may be adversely affected by those changes, as occurred from time to time. Search engine companies may also determine that we are not in compliance with their guidelines and may consequently penalize us in their algorithms as a result. If search engines change or penalize us with their algorithms, terms of service, display or featuring of search results, we may be unable to cost-effectively drive users to our platform. Additionally, our competitors’ search engine optimization efforts may result in their websites receiving a higher search result page ranking than ours. This could decrease user engagement on our website and adversely affect the growth in our user base, and our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to maintain and improve the quality of our platform, we may not be able to attract and retain buyers and freelancers.

The markets in which we operate are characterized by constant change and innovation. In order to continue and evolve rapidly and in order to satisfy both buyers and freelancers, we need to continue to improve their user experience as well as innovate and introduce features and services that users find useful and that cause them to use our platform more frequently. This includes improving our technology to optimize search results, tailoring our database to additional geographic and market segments and improving the user-friendliness of our platform and our ability to provide high-quality support. Our users depend on our support organization to resolve issues relating to our platform. Our ability to provide effective support is largely dependent on our ability to attract and retain employees who are well versed in our platform. As we continue to grow our international user base, our support organization will face additional challenges, including those associated with continuing to deliver support in languages other than English. Any failure to maintain high-quality support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality support, could harm our reputation or adversely affect our ability to market the benefits of our platform to existing and prospective users. In addition, as our employees are working from home for part of the week as a result of our hybrid model, our information technologies and support systems may be particularly strained.

In addition, we need to adapt, expand and improve our platform and user interfaces to keep up with changing user preferences. We invest substantial resources in researching and developing new features and enhancing our platform by incorporating these new features, improving functionality and adding other improvements to meet our users’ evolving demands. The success of any enhancements or improvements to our platform or any new features depends on several factors, including timely completion, adequate quality testing, integration with technologies on our platform and third-party partners’ technologies and overall market acceptance. Because further development of our platform is complex, challenging and dependent upon an array of factors, the timetable for the release of new features and enhancements to our platform is difficult to predict, and we may not offer new features as rapidly as users of our platform require or expect. For example, with the growing propensity of our users to use mobile devices as their main Gig searching and management devices, we will need to continue modifying and updating our mobile apps to successfully manage the transition of our users to mobile devices. Additionally, the time, money, energy and other resources we dedicate to developing new features or enhancements to our platform may be greater than the short-term, and potentially the total, returns from these new offerings.

It is difficult to predict the problems we may encounter in introducing new features to our platform, and we may need to devote significant resources to the creation, support and maintenance of these features. We provide no assurances that our initiatives to improve our user experience will be successful. We also cannot predict whether any new features will be well received by users, or whether improving our platform will be successful or sufficient to offset the costs incurred to offer these new features. If we are unable to improve or maintain the quality of our platform, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We face significant competition, which may cause us to suffer from a weakened market position that could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

Successful execution of our strategy depends on our ability to attract and retain users, expand the market for our platform, maintain a technological edge and provide value to our users. We face competition from a number of online and offline platforms and competitors that offer freelance services as part of their broader services portfolio. Our main competitors fall into the following categories:

We or our third-party partners may experience a security breach, including unauthorized parties obtaining access to our users’ personal or other data, or any other data privacy or data protection compliance issue.

Our business involves the storage, processing and transmission of users’ proprietary, confidential and personal data as well as the use of third-party partners who store, process and transmit users’ proprietary, confidential and personal data. We also maintain certain other proprietary and confidential data relating to our business and personal data of our personnel and job applicants. Any security breach or incident that we experience could result in unauthorized access to, misuse of, or unauthorized acquisition of our or our users’ data, the loss, corruption, or alteration of this data, interruptions in our operations, or damage to our computers or systems or those of our users. We have experienced such cybersecurity incidents in the past and may experience incidents in the future. Furthermore, cyberattacks and security incidents are expected to accelerate in both frequency and impact as the use of AI increases and attackers become increasingly sophisticated and utilize tools and techniques that are designed to circumvent controls, avoid detection, and remove or obfuscate forensic evidence.

Any such incidents could expose us to claims, litigation, regulatory or other governmental investigations, administrative fines and potential liability. An increasing number of online services have disclosed breaches of their security, some of which have involved sophisticated and highly targeted attacks on portions of their services. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and often are not foreseeable or recognized until launched against a target, we and our third-party partners may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. If an actual or perceived breach of our or our third-party partners’ security occurs, public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures and brand could be harmed, and we could lose users. Data security breaches and other cybersecurity incidents may also result from non-technical means, for example, actions by employees or contractors. Any compromise of our or our third-party partners’ security could result in a violation of applicable security, privacy or data protection, consumer and other laws, regulatory or other governmental investigations, enforcement actions and legal and financial exposure, including potential contractual liability, in all cases that may not always be limited to the amounts covered by our insurance. Any such compromise could also result in damage to our brand and a loss of confidence in our security and privacy or data protection measures.

Our and our third-party partners’ systems may be vulnerable to computer viruses and other malicious software, physical or electronic break-ins, or weakness resulting from intentional or unintentional actions by us, our third-party partners or our service providers, as well as similar disruptions that could make all or portions of our website or apps unavailable for periods of time. While we currently employ various antivirus and computer protection software in our operations, we cannot assure that such protections will in all cases successfully prevent hacking or the transmission of any computer virus or malware, which could result in significant damage to our hardware and software systems and databases, disruptions to our business activities, including to our e-mail and other communications systems, breaches of security and the inadvertent disclosure of personal, confidential or sensitive data, interruptions in access to our website through the use of “denial of service” or similar attacks and other material adverse effects on our operations.

Further, we may need to expend significant resources to protect against, and to address issues created by, security breaches and other incidents. Security breaches and other security incidents, including any breaches of our security measures or those of parties with which we have commercial relationships (e.g., third-party service providers who provide development or other services to us) that result in the unauthorized access of users’ confidential, proprietary or personal data, or the belief that any of these have occurred, could damage our reputation and expose us to a risk of loss or litigation and possible liability. Significant unavailability of our platform due to attacks could cause users to cease using our platform and materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Although we maintain cybersecurity liability insurance, we cannot be certain that our coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred or will continue to be available to us on reasonable terms, or at all.

Many jurisdictions have or are considering enacting privacy or data protection laws or regulations relating to the collection, use, storage, transfer, disclosure and/or other processing of personal data. Such laws and regulations may include data residency or data localization requirements (which generally require that certain types of data collected within a certain country be stored and processed within that country), data export restrictions or international transfer laws (which prohibit or impose conditions upon the transfer of such data from one country to another), requirements that companies implement privacy or data protection and security policies, or requirements that companies grant individuals certain rights, such as the right to access, correct and delete personal data stored or maintained by such companies, be informed of security breaches that affect their personal data or provide consent to use their personal data for other purposes. While we have implemented various measures intended to enable us to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws, regulations and contractual obligations, these measures may not always be effective and do not guarantee compliance. In addition, privacy or data protection laws and regulations may be modified, interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another, other requirements or legal obligations, or our practices. Further, the existence and need to comply in certain markets could impact our ability to offer our platform in those markets (without taking additional compliance steps). Cultural norms around privacy or data protection also vary from country to country and can drive a need to localize or customize certain features of our platform in order to address varied privacy or data protection concerns, which can add cost and time to our development of new features and platform enhancements.

Changes in laws or regulations relating to data privacy, data protection, or cybersecurity or any actual or perceived failure by us to comply with such laws and regulations or our privacy policies, could materially and adversely affect our business.

We receive, collect, store, process, transfer and use personal data and other user data. The effectiveness of our technology, including our AI and platforms, and our ability to offer our platform to users rely on the collection, storage and use of this data concerning freelancers and other users, including personally identifying or other sensitive data. We have legal and contractual obligations regarding the protection of confidentiality and appropriate use and protection of certain data, including personal information. We are subject to numerous federal, state, local and international laws, directives and regulations regarding privacy, data protection and data security and the collection, storing, sharing, use, processing, transfer, disclosure and protection of personal information and other data, the scope of which are changing, are subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent among jurisdictions or conflict with other legal and regulatory requirements. We are also subject to the terms of our privacy policies and certain contractual obligations to third parties related to privacy, data protection and data security. We are committed to complying with our policies and applicable laws, regulations, contractual obligations and other legal obligations relating to privacy, data protection and data security to the extent possible. However, the regulatory framework for privacy, data protection and data security worldwide is changing constantly and is likely to remain uncertain and complex for the foreseeable future, and therefore it is possible that these or other actual or alleged obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that we do not anticipate or that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another, including across the various jurisdictions in which we operate remotely, and may conflict with other legal obligations or our practices.

For example, in the European Economic Area, or the EEA, and the UK, we are subject to the European Union General Data Protection Regulation, or EU GDPR, and to the United Kingdom general Data Protection Regulation and Data Protection Act 2018, together the UK GDPR (the EU GDPR and UK GDPR together referred to as the “GDPR”). The GDPR imposes stringent data protection compliance requirements and provides for significant penalties for noncompliance in the EEA and UK. The GDPR created new compliance obligations applicable to our business and users, which could cause us to change our business practices, and increases penalties for noncompliance. Since we are subject to the supervision of relevant data protection authorities under both the EU GDPR and the UK GDPR, we could be fined under each of those regimes independently in respect of the same breach (including possible fines of up to the greater of €20 million / £17.5 million and 4% of our global annual turnover for the preceding financial year for the most serious violations, as well as the right to compensation for financial or non-financial damages claimed by any individuals under Article 82 of the GDPR and requirements to change our processing operations). In addition to fines, a breach of the GDPR may result in regulatory investigations, reputational damage, orders to cease/change our data processing activities, enforcement notices, assessment notices (for a compulsory audit) and/or civil claims (including class actions). We are taking steps to comply with the GDPR, but this is an ongoing compliance process.  We are also subject to evolving EU and UK privacy laws on cookies, tracking technologies and e-marketing. Recent European court and regulator decisions are driving increased attention to cookies and tracking technologies. If the trend of increasing enforcement by regulators of the strict approach to opt-in consent for all but essential use cases, as seen in recent guidance and decisions continues, this could lead to substantial costs, require significant systems changes, limit the effectiveness of our marketing activities, divert the attention of our technology personnel, adversely affect our margins, and subject us to additional liabilities. In light of the complex and evolving nature of EU, EU Member State and UK privacy laws on cookies and tracking technologies, there can be no assurances that we will be successful in our efforts to comply with such laws; violations of such laws could result in regulatory investigations, fines, orders to cease/change our use of such technologies, as well as civil claims including class actions, and reputational damage.

Additionally, we are also subject to the California Consumer Privacy Act, or the CCPA, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act, or the CPRA, which entered into substantial effect on January 1, 2023. The CCPA imposes new operational requirements for companies, including new data privacy rights for consumers, increasing regulation on online advertising, creating a new California Privacy Protection Agency (CPPA) to enforce the law and adding greater transparency standards for privacy policies. Lack of compliance with the CCPA and its requirements could result in enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties (up to $7,500 per intentional violation and $2,500 per other violation). California consumers also have a private right of action under the CCPA for certain data breaches and can recover civil damages of up to $750 per incident, per consumer or actual damages, whichever is greater. In addition, over a dozen other states have passed or are considering similar legislation, which has created and will continue to create additional compliance obligations and risks. More generally, some observers have noted the CCPA and other state laws could mark the beginning of a trend toward more stringent United States federal privacy legislation, which could increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business.

Moreover, the CCPA and other state laws, as well as other legal and regulatory developments are making it easier for individuals protected by those laws to opt-out of having their personal data processed and disclosed to third parties through various opt-out mechanisms, and more generally, provide them more control of their data, which could result in an increase to our operational costs to ensure compliance with such legal and regulatory changes. In recent years, there has also been an increase in attention to and regulation of data protection and data privacy across the globe, including in the United States with the increasingly active approach of the Federal Trade Commission, or the FTC, to enforcing data privacy under the FTC Act Section 5 of the Unfair and Deceptive Acts framework. In addition, failure to comply with the Israeli Privacy Protection Law, 1981, or the Israeli Privacy Law, and its regulations as well as the guidelines of the Israeli Privacy Protection Authority, may expose us to administrative fines, civil claims (including class actions) and in certain cases criminal liability. Current pending amendment to the Israeli Privacy Law is expected to enhance fines and sanctions for breaching the Israeli Privacy Law and to strengthen the enforcement capacity of the Israeli Privacy Protection Authority.

Further, failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our posted privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to users or other third parties, or any other legal obligations or regulatory requirements relating to privacy, data protection or information security may result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, litigation, claims or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could result in significant liability, cause our users to lose trust in us, and otherwise materially and adversely affect our reputation and business. Furthermore, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, the laws, regulations and policies that are applicable to the businesses of our users may limit the adoption and use of, and reduce the overall demand for, our platform. Additionally, if third parties we work with violate applicable laws, regulations or agreements, such violations may put our users’ data at risk, could result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, fines, litigation, claims, or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could result in significant liability, cause our users to lose trust in us and otherwise materially and adversely affect our reputation and business. Further, public scrutiny of, or complaints about, technology companies or their data handling or data protection practices, even if unrelated to our business, industry or operations, may lead to increased scrutiny of technology companies, including us, and may cause government agencies to enact additional regulatory requirements, or to modify their enforcement or investigation activities, which may increase our costs and risks.

Additionally, certain actions of our users that are deemed to be a misuse or unauthorized disclosure of another user’s personal data could negatively affect our reputation and brand and impose liability on us. While we have adopted policies regarding the misuse or unauthorized disclosure of personal data obtained through our services by our users and retain authority to put a hold on or permanently disable user accounts, users could nonetheless misuse or disclose another user’s personal data. The safeguards we have in place may not be sufficient to avoid liability on our part or avoid harm to our reputation and brand, especially if such misuse or unauthorized disclosure of personal data was high profile, which could adversely affect our ability to expand our user base, and our business and financial results.

If we were found in violation of any applicable privacy or data protection laws or regulations, our business may be materially and adversely affected and we would likely have to change our personal data processing activities, internal procedures or even our business practices and potentially the services and features available through our platform. In addition, these laws and regulations could impose significant costs on us and could make it more difficult for us to use our current technology to promote certain Gigs and connect freelancers with buyers. In addition, if a breach of data security were to occur, or other violation of privacy or data protection laws and regulations were to be alleged, solutions may be perceived as less desirable and our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Finally, any court ruling or other governmental action that imposes liability on providers of online services for the activities of their users and other third parties could harm our business. In such circumstances, we may also be subject to liability under applicable law in a way which may not be fully mitigated by the user terms of service we require our users to agree to. Any liability attributed to us could adversely affect our brand, reputation, our ability to expand our user base and our financial position.

Evolving privacy laws and regulations related to cross-border data transfer restrictions and data localization requirements may limit the use and adoption of our services, expose us to liability or otherwise adversely affect our business.

Certain data privacy legislation restricts the cross-border transfer of personal data and some countries introduced data localization into their laws. Specifically, the GDPR and other European and UK data protection laws generally prohibit the transfer of personal data from Europe, including the European Economic Area, United Kingdom and Switzerland, to third party countries, unless the transfer is to a country deemed to provide adequate protection (such as Israel, which was re-affirmed by the EU Commission on January 15, 2024, confirming the adequacy of the level of protection of personal data in Israel as an “adequate” country) or the parties to the transfer have implemented specific safeguards to protect the transferred personal data. Where we transfer personal data outside the European Economic Area to a country that is not deemed to be “adequate,” we rely on transfer mechanisms available under applicable privacy law.

We are also subject to EU and UK rules with respect to cross-border transfers of personal data out of the EEA and UK (respectively), and recent legal developments and guidance have created complexity and uncertainty regarding transfers of personal data from the EEA and UK to other countries, including the United States. These recent developments require us to review and amend the legal mechanisms by which we make and/or receive personal data transfers to/in the U.S. and other countries outside of the EEA and UK, and create uncertainty and increase the risk around our international data transfers and operations. As the enforcement supervisory authorities issue further guidance on personal data export mechanisms, including circumstances where certain data transfer mechanism cannot be used, and/or start taking enforcement action, we could suffer additional costs, complaints and/or regulatory investigations or fines, and/or if we are otherwise unable to transfer personal data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services, the geographical location or segregation of our relevant systems and operations, and could adversely affect our financial results.

Our business may suffer if we do not successfully manage our current and potential future growth.

We have grown significantly in scale since inception, and we intend to continue to expand the scope and geographic reach of our platform. Our anticipated future growth will likely place significant demands on our management and operations. Our success in managing our growth will depend, to a significant degree, on the ability of our executive officers and other members of senior management to operate effectively, and on our ability to improve and develop our financial and management information systems, controls and procedures. In addition, we will likely have to successfully adapt our existing systems and introduce new systems, expand, train and manage our employees and improve and expand our marketing capabilities.

If we are unable to properly and prudently manage our operations as they grow or if the quality of our platform or support deteriorates due to mismanagement, our brand name and reputation could be severely harmed, and our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our user growth and engagement on mobile devices are dependent on decisions and developments in the mobile device industry over which the Company has no control.

A growing portion of our users access our platform through mobile devices. The Company’s ability to maintain and grow its business will be impaired if mobile connected devices, mobile operating systems, networks, standards and content distribution channels, which are run by operating system providers and app stores, develop in ways that prevent the Company’s products and services from being delivered to their users.

Parties that control operating systems, such as Apple or Google frequently introduce new technology, and from time to time, they may introduce new operating systems or modify existing ones. Further, the Company and its customers are also subject to the policies, practices, guidelines, certifications and terms of service of such parties’ platforms on which we and our customers create, run and monetize applications and content. These policies, guidelines and terms of service govern the promotion, distribution, content and operation generally of applications and content available through such parties. The parties that control the operating systems have broad discretion to change and interpret their terms of service, guidelines and policies, and those changes may have an adverse effect on us or our customers’ ability to use our services. A party that controls the operating system may also change its fee structure, add fees associated with access to and use of its platform or app store, alter how customers are able to advertise and monetize on their platform, change how the personal or other information of its users is made available to application developers on their platform, limit the use of personal information and other data for advertising purposes or restrict how users can share information on their platform or across other platforms. If any parties that control operating systems, including either Android or iOS, stop providing us with access to their platform or infrastructure, fail to provide reliable access, cease operations, modify or introduce new systems or otherwise terminate services, the delay caused by qualifying and switching to other operating systems could be time consuming and costly and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any limitation on or discontinuation of us or our customers’ access to any mobile operating system platform or app store could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or otherwise require us to change the way we conduct business.

Network carriers, such as Verizon, AT&T, Sprint, as well as other domestic and global operators, may also affect the ability of users to download apps or access specified content on mobile devices.

Additionally, there is no guarantee that popular mobile devices will continue to support our platform or that mobile device users will use our platform rather than competing products. In order to deliver a high-quality mobile user experience, it is important that our platform is designed effectively and works well with a range of mobile technologies, systems, networks and standards that we do not control. We may not be successful in developing relationships with key participants in the mobile industry or in developing features that operate effectively with these technologies, systems, networks or standards. In the event that it is more difficult for our users to access and use our platform on their mobile devices or users find our mobile offering does not effectively meet their needs, our competitors develop products and services that are perceived to operate more effectively on mobile devices or our users choose not to access or use our platform on their mobile devices or use mobile products that do not offer access to our platform, our user growth and user engagement could be adversely impacted.

We have a limited operating history under our current platform and pricing model, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business and prospects and increases the risks associated with your investment, and any future changes to our pricing model could materially and adversely affect our business.

We currently primarily derive our revenue from transaction fees and service fees. If we are unable to maintain a large community of users or we are unable to respond successfully to technological or industry developments, or if for any other reason the perceived value of our platform to freelancers or buyers is adversely affected, we may be forced to lower our take rate. Our take rate may also fluctuate from period to period.

In recent years, we implemented a change to our pricing model, including our take rate. As a result, we have only limited experience with our current pricing model, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business and future prospects and to plan for and model future growth. Our historical revenue growth should not be considered indicative of our future performance. We have encountered, and will continue to encounter, risks and difficulties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries, including difficulties in our ability to achieve market acceptance of our platform and attract and retain users, as well as increasing competition and increasing expenses as we continue to grow our business. As a result, we may from time to time decide to make further changes to our pricing model due to a variety of factors, including changes in the market for our platform and competitors introducing new products and services. We may not be successful in addressing these and other challenges we may face in the future and changes to our pricing model may, among other things, result in user dissatisfaction and could lead to a loss of users on our platform.

Errors, defects or disruptions in our platform could diminish our brand, subject us to liability, and materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Any errors, defects, or disruptions in our platform, or other performance problems with our platform could harm our brand and may damage the businesses of our users. Our online systems, including our website and mobile apps, could contain undetected errors, or “bugs,” that could adversely affect their performance. Additionally, we regularly update and enhance our website, platform and our other online systems and introduce new versions of our software products and apps. These updates may contain undetected errors when first introduced or released, which may cause disruptions in our services and may, as a result, cause us to lose market share, and our brand, business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our platform contains open source software components, and failure to comply with the terms of the underlying licenses could restrict our ability to market or operate our platform.

We use open source software in connection with our technology and services. Some open source software licenses require those who distribute open source software as part of their software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code (including proprietary code) to such software and/or make available any derivative works of the open source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost. The use of such open source code may ultimately require us to replace certain code used on our platform or discontinue certain aspects of our platform. From time to time, we may face claims from third parties claiming infringement of their intellectual property rights, or demanding the release or license of the open source software or derivative works that we developed using such software (which could include our proprietary source code) or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. These claims could result in litigation and could require us to pay substantial damages, publicly release the affected portions of our source code, be limited in or cease using the implicated software unless and until we can re-engineer such software to avoid infringement or change the use of, or remove, the implicated open source software.

In addition to risks related to license requirements, use of certain open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as the original developers of open source code generally do not provide warranties (with respect to, for example, non-infringement or functionality) or indemnities or other contractual protections. Our use of open source software may also present additional security risks because the source code for open source software is publicly available, which may make it easier for hackers and other third parties to determine how to breach our website and systems that rely on open source software. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage.

Expansion into markets outside the United States is important to the growth of our business, and if we do not manage the business and economic risks of international expansion effectively, it could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

If we are unable to maintain and expand our scale of operations and generate a sufficient amount of revenue to offset the associated fixed and variable costs, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Online businesses like ours tend to involve certain fixed costs, and our ability to achieve desired operating margins depends largely on our success in maintaining a scale of operations and generating a sufficient amount of revenue to offset these fixed costs and other variable costs. Our fixed costs typically include compensation of employees, data storage and related expenses and office rental expenses. Our variable costs typically include sales and marketing expenses and payment processing fees. As we have established the technology and network infrastructure to support our platform, the incremental cost associated with sellers adding new Gigs is relatively insignificant. However, if we are unable to maintain economies of scale our operating margin may decrease and our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our operating results may fluctuate from quarter to quarter, which makes our future results difficult to predict.

Our business is subject to a variety of laws and regulations, both in the United States and internationally, many of which are evolving.

We are subject to a wide variety of laws and regulations. Laws, regulations and standards governing issues such as worker classification, employment, payments, worker confidentiality obligations, intellectual property, consumer protection, ESG issues, taxation, privacy,  data security, and user safety are often complex and subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity and, as a result, their application in practice may change or develop over time through judicial decisions or as new guidance or interpretations are provided by regulatory and governing bodies, such as federal and state administrative agencies. Many of these laws and regulations were adopted prior to the advent of the internet and mobile and related technologies and, as a result, do not contemplate or address the unique issues of the internet and related technologies. Other laws and regulations may be adopted in response to internet, mobile and related technologies. New and existing laws and regulations (or changes in interpretation of existing laws and regulations) may also be adopted, implemented, or interpreted to apply to us and other online services marketplaces. As our platform’s geographical scope expands, regulatory agencies or courts may claim that we, or our users, are subject to additional requirements or that we are prohibited from conducting our business in or with certain jurisdictions. It is also possible that certain provisions in agreements with our service providers or between buyers and freelancers may be found to be unenforceable or not compliant with applicable law.

The adoption or modification of laws or regulations relating to the internet or other areas of our business could limit or otherwise adversely affect the manner in which we currently conduct our business. On November 16, 2022, the Digital Services Act, or the DSA, came into force in the European Union. The majority of the substantive provisions of the DSA have taken effect in February 17, 2024, and will govern, among other things, our potential liability for illegal services or content on our platform, obligations around traceability of business users, and require enhanced transparency measures, including in relation to any recommendation systems (including the main parameters used by such systems and any available options for recipients to modify or influence them). In particular, if we present information about services in a way that would lead an average consumer to understand the service is provided by us directly, rather than by a third-party merchant, we may be liable directly under consumer protection law. Further, the DSA contains general requirements that user interfaces may not deceive or manipulate users which are yet to be clarified further by guidance. The DSA may increase our compliance costs, require changes to our user interfaces, processes, operations, and business practices which may adversely affect our ability to attract, retain and provide our services to users, and may otherwise adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition. In particular our obligations to diligence the services offered on our platform could require significant additional resources. Failure to comply with the DSA can result in fines of up to 6% of total annual worldwide turnover and recipients of services have the right to seek compensation from providers in respect of damage or loss suffered due to infringement by the platform to comply with the DSA. Similarly, in the United Kingdom, the Online Safety Act 2023, or the OSA, establishes an extensive regulatory framework for user-to-user services and imposes obligations to protect users from illegal content which, if applicable, may increase compliance costs and may otherwise adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition. Failure to comply with the OSA can result in fines of up to 10% of total annual worldwide turnover or £18 million (whichever is greater).

Recent financial, political and other events may increase the level of regulatory scrutiny on larger companies, technology companies in general and, in particular, companies engaged in dealings with independent contractors or payments. Regulatory agencies may enact new laws or promulgate new regulations that are adverse to our business, or they may view matters or interpret laws and regulations differently than they have in the past or in a manner adverse to our business. Such regulatory scrutiny or action may create different or conflicting obligations on us from one jurisdiction to another. In particular, we have received letters from certain jurisdictions indicating that we may be required to register and pay taxes based on having certain minimum contacts in such jurisdictions. We may become subject to taxation in additional jurisdictions in the future.

Any actual or perceived failure to comply with evolving regulatory frameworks around the development and use of artificial intelligence could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We leverage new technologies and platforms to improve business effectiveness, including use of artificial intelligence, or AI, technologies. The AI regulatory landscape is rapidly evolving, and we are or may become subject to numerous state, federal and foreign laws, requirements and regulations governing the use of AI. Implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, and we cannot yet determine the impact future laws, regulations, standards, or perception of their requirements may have on our business.

In the United States and internationally, AI is the subject of evolving review by various governmental and regulatory agencies, including the SEC and the FTC, and changes in laws, rules, directives and regulations governing the use of AI may adversely affect the ability of our business to use or rely on AI. For example, California and other states have implemented, or are in the process of implementing, laws, rules, and regulations that impose obligations on the use of automated decision making. Further, in October 2023, the President of the United States issued an executive order on the Safe, Secure and Trustworthy Development and Use of AI, emphasizing the need for transparency, accountability and fairness in the development and use of AI Tools.

In Europe, on December 8, 2023, the European Union legislators reached a political agreement on the EU Artificial Intelligence Act, or the EU AI Act, which establishes a comprehensive, risk-based governance framework for artificial intelligence in the EU market. The EU AI Act is expected to enter into force in 2024, and the majority of the substantive requirements will apply two years later. The EU AI Act will apply to companies that develop, use and/or provide artificial intelligence in the EU and includes requirements around transparency, conformity assessments and monitoring, risk assessments, human oversight, security, accuracy, general purpose artificial intelligence and foundation models, and proposes fines for breach of up to 7% of worldwide annual turnover. In addition, on September 28, 2022, the European Commission proposed two Directives seeking to establish a harmonized civil liability regime for artificial intelligence in the EU, in order to facilitate civil claims in respect of harm caused by artificial intelligence and to include artificial intelligence-enabled products within the scope of the EU’s existing strict liability regime. Once fully applicable, the EU AI Act will have a material impact on the way artificial intelligence is regulated in the EU, and together with developing guidance and/or decisions in this area, likely to affect our use of artificial intelligence and our ability to provide and to improve our services, require additional compliance measures and changes to our operations and processes, result in increased compliance costs and potential increases in civil claims against us, and could adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.

Competition for highly skilled technical and other personnel is intense, and as a result we may fail to attract, recruit, retain and develop qualified employees, which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We compete in a market marked by rapidly changing technologies and an evolving competitive landscape. In order for us to successfully compete and grow, we must attract, recruit, retain and develop personnel with requisite qualifications to provide expertise across the entire spectrum of our intellectual capital and business needs.

Our principal research and development as well as significant elements of our marketing and general and administrative activities are conducted at our headquarters in Israel, where we face significant competition. We also engage a talented team in the United States and Ukraine to benefit from the significant pool of talent that is available in such markets, where we have also witnessed increased competition in those markets. Many of the companies with which we compete for qualified personnel have significant resources, and we may not succeed in recruiting additional experienced or professional personnel, retaining personnel or effectively replacing current personnel who may depart with qualified or effective successors. In addition, our employees may be increasingly targeted for recruitment by competitors and other companies in the technology industry, which may make it more difficult for us to retain employees and may increase retention costs. Training of new employees with no prior relevant experience could be time-consuming and require a significant amount of resources.

In addition, as a result of the intense competition for qualified human resources, the high-tech market has also experienced and may continue to experience significant wage inflation. Accordingly, our efforts to attract, retain and develop personnel may also result in significant additional expenses, which could adversely affect our profitability. Furthermore, in making employment decisions, particularly in the high-technology industry, job candidates often consider the value of the equity they are to receive in connection with their employment. Employees may be more likely to leave us if the shares they own or the shares underlying their equity incentive awards have significantly decreased in value.

Moreover, we believe our success has depended, and our future success depends, on the efforts of our senior management, including Micha Kaufman, our Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer. There can be no assurance that the services of any of these individuals will continue to be available to us in the future. We do not carry any key man life insurance policies on any of our executive officers.

While we utilize non-competition agreements with our employees as a means of improving our employee retention, those agreements may not be effective towards that goal. These agreements prohibit our employees, if they cease working for us, from competing directly with us or working for our competitors for a limited period. We may be unable to enforce these agreements under Israeli law, and it may be difficult for us to restrict our competitors from benefiting from the expertise our former employees developed while working for us.

In light of the foregoing, there can be no assurance that qualified employees will remain in our employ or that we will be able to attract and retain qualified personnel in the future. Failure to retain or attract qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on a combination of confidentiality clauses, contractual commitments, trade secret protection, copyrights, trademarks and other legal rights to protect our intellectual property and know-how. To date, we have not sought patent protection for our platform or any portion of it. Third parties may obtain, copy, reverse engineer or use without our authorization our intellectual property, which includes trademarks related to our brand, platform, registered domain names, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights and licenses. If we cannot adequately protect and defend our intellectual property, we may not remain competitive, and our business, operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected.

We enter into confidentiality and proprietary rights agreements with our employees, consultants and business partners, and we control access to and distribution of our proprietary information. No assurance can be given that these agreements will be effective in controlling access to our proprietary information or in effectively securing ownership of intellectual property developed by our current or former employees and contractors. Further, our competitors could also independently develop technologies like ours, and our intellectual property rights may not be broad enough for us to prevent competitors from selling products and services incorporating those technologies.

In order to protect our brand, we register and defend our trademarks and expend resources to prevent others from using the same or substantially similar marks. Despite these efforts, we may not always be successful in registering and preventing misappropriation of our own marks or preventing registration of confusingly similar marks, and we may suffer dilution of or other harm to our brand.

From time to time, we may discover that third parties are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating our intellectual property rights. However, policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property and misappropriation of our technology is difficult, and we may therefore not always be aware of such unauthorized use or misappropriation. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights, unauthorized third parties may attempt to use, copy or otherwise obtain and market or distribute our intellectual property rights or technology or otherwise develop solutions with the same or similar functionality as our platform. If competitors infringe, misappropriate or otherwise misuse our intellectual property rights and we are not adequately protected, or if such competitors are able to develop solutions with the same or similar functionality as our platform without infringing our intellectual property, our competitive position could be harmed and our legal costs could increase, and our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to successfully halt the operations of copycat websites or misappropriation of our data.

From time to time, third parties may misappropriate our data, through website scraping, robots, web crawlers or other tools or means and aggregate this data on their websites with data from other companies. In addition, “copycat” websites may attempt to imitate the functionality of our website.

If we become aware of such activities, we would employ technological and/or legal measures, including initiating lawsuits, in an attempt to halt their operations. However, we may not be able to detect all such activities in a timely manner and, even if we could, technological and legal measures may be insufficient. Regardless of whether we can successfully enforce our rights against these websites or third parties, any measures that we may take could require us to expend significant financial or other resources.

We may become subject to claims for remuneration or royalties for assigned service invention rights by our employees, which could result in litigation and adversely affect our business.

A significant portion of our intellectual property has been developed by our employees in the course of their employment for us. Under the Israeli Patent Law, 5727-1967, or the Patent Law, inventions conceived by an employee in the course and as a result of or arising from his or her employment with a company are regarded as “service inventions,” which belong to the employer, absent a specific agreement between the employee and employer giving the employee service invention rights. The Patent Law also provides that if there is no such agreement between an employer and an employee, the Israeli Compensation and Royalties Committee, or the Committee, a body constituted under the Patent Law, shall determine whether the employee is entitled to remuneration for his or her inventions. Case law clarifies that the right to receive consideration for “service inventions” can be waived by the employee and that in certain circumstances, such waiver does not necessarily have to be explicit. The Committee will examine, on a case-by-case basis, the general contractual framework between the parties, using interpretation rules of the general Israeli contract laws. Further, the Committee has not yet determined one specific formula for calculating this remuneration, but rather uses the criteria specified in the Patent Law. Although we generally enter into assignment-of-invention agreements with our employees pursuant to which such individuals assign to us all rights to any inventions created in the scope of their employment or engagement with us, we may face claims demanding remuneration in consideration for assigned inventions. As a consequence of such claims, we could be required to pay additional remuneration or royalties to our current and/or former employees, or be forced to litigate such claims, which could negatively affect our business.

We may be vulnerable to intellectual property infringement claims brought against us by others.

We rely to some extent on third-party intellectual property, such as licenses to use software to operate our business and certain other copyrighted works. A successful infringement claim against us could result in monetary liability or a material disruption in our business. Although we require our employees not to infringe others’ intellectual property, we cannot be certain that our platform and brand names do not or will not infringe on valid patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. We may be subject to legal proceedings and claims from time to time relating to the intellectual property of others in the ordinary course of our business.

We may incur substantial expenses in defending against third party infringement claims, regardless of their merit. Additionally, due to diversion of management time, expenses required to defend against any claim and the potential liability associated with any lawsuit, any significant litigation could significantly harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we were found to have infringed on the intellectual property rights of a third party, we could be liable to that party for license fees, royalty payments, lost profits or other damages, and the owner of the intellectual property may be able to obtain injunctive relief to prevent us from using the technology, software or brand name in the future. If the amount of these payments were significant, if we were prevented from incorporating certain technology or software into our platform or if we were prevented from using our brand names, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Buyers and freelancers may circumvent our platform.

Our business depends on buyers and freelancers transacting through our platform. Despite our efforts to prevent them from doing so, users may circumvent our platform and engage with or pay each other through other means to avoid the transaction fees and service fees that we charge on our platform. In addition, our efforts to reduce circumvention by buyers and freelancers may be costly or disruptive to implement and may fail to have the intended effect or have an adverse effect on our brand or user experience. Additionally, such efforts may reduce the attractiveness of our platform, divert the attention of management or otherwise harm our business.

Additionally, freelancers, after utilizing our platform to build their reputation and brand and grow their clientele base, could choose to market their services and skills and transact with buyers outside of our platform.

We rely on Amazon Web Services to operate our platform, and any disruption of service from Amazon Web Services or material change to our arrangement with Amazon Web Services could adversely affect our business.

The operation of our platform depends on certain third-party service providers. In particular, we currently host our platform, serve our users and support our operations using Amazon Web Services, or AWS, a provider of cloud infrastructure services. We do not have control over the operations of the facilities of AWS that we use. AWS’ facilities are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, cyber security attacks, terrorist attacks, power losses, telecommunications failures and similar events. In the event that AWS’ or any other third-party provider’s systems or service abilities are hindered by any of the events discussed above, our ability to operate our platform may be impaired, resulting in missing financial targets for a particular period. A decision to close the facilities without adequate notice, or other unanticipated problems, could result in lengthy interruptions to our platform. All of the aforementioned risks may be augmented if our or our partners’ business continuity and disaster recovery plans prove to be inadequate. The facilities also could be subject to break-ins, computer viruses, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism and other misconduct. Our platform’s continuing and uninterrupted performance is critical to our success. Users may become dissatisfied by any system failure that interrupts our ability to provide our platform to them. We may not be able to easily switch our AWS operations to another cloud or other data center provider if there are disruptions or interference with our use of AWS, and, even if we do switch our operations, other cloud and data center providers are subject to the same risks. Sustained or repeated system failures would reduce the attractiveness of our platform to users, thereby reducing revenue. Moreover, negative publicity arising from these types of disruptions could damage our reputation and may adversely impact the use of our platform. We may not carry sufficient business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur as a result of any events that cause interruptions in our service.

AWS does not have an obligation to renew its agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to renew our agreements on commercially reasonable terms, our agreements are prematurely terminated, or we add additional infrastructure providers, we may experience costs or downtime in connection with the transfer to, or the addition of, new data center providers. If AWS or other infrastructure providers increase the cost of their services, we may have to increase the fees to use our platform, and our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We face payment and fraud risks that could materially and adversely affect our business.

We may be subject to escrow, payment services and money transmitter regulations that may materially and adversely affect our business.

We rely on third parties to collect funds from buyers, remit payments to sellers and hold funds in connection with user balances. Although we believe that by working with a third party, our operations comply with existing U.S. federal and state and applicable international laws and regulatory requirements related to escrow, money transmission and the handling or moving of money, existing laws or regulations may change, and interpretations of existing laws and regulations may also change.

As a result, we could be required to be licensed as an escrow agent or a money transmitter (or other similar licensee) in certain states in the U.S. or other jurisdictions or may choose to obtain such a license even if not required. Such a decision could also require us to register as a money services business under applicable laws and regulations. It is also possible that we could become subject to regulatory enforcement or other proceedings in those states or other jurisdictions with escrow, money transmission or other similar statutes or regulatory requirements related to the handling or moving of money, which could in turn have a significant impact on our business, even if we were to ultimately prevail in such proceedings. We may also be required to become licensed as a payment institution (or other similar license) under the European Payment Services Directive or other international laws and regulations. Any developments in the laws or regulations related to escrow, money transmission or the handling or moving of money or increased scrutiny of our business may lead to additional compliance costs and administrative overhead.

The application of laws and regulations related to escrow, money transmission and the handling or moving of money is complex and uncertain, particularly as they relate to new and evolving business models. If we are or have at any point in time been in violation of one or more escrow or money transmitter or other similar statutes or regulatory requirements related to the handling or moving of money in any jurisdiction, we may be subject to the imposition of fines, users in the relevant jurisdiction may be unable to use our platform, we may be subject to civil liability or criminal liability and our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If we are unable to maintain our payment partners and bank relationships, or if our disbursement partners encounter business difficulties, our business could be materially and adversely affected.

Our payment partners consist of payment processors and disbursement partners. We rely on banks and card processors to provide clearing, processing and settlement functions for the secure and timely funding of all transactions on our platform. We also rely on a network of disbursement partners to hold and disburse funds to users.

Having an international community of users exposes us to risks that may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Our users have a global footprint that subjects us to the risks of being found to do business internationally. We have users located in over 160 countries, including some emerging markets where we have limited experience, where challenges can be significantly different from those we have faced in more developed markets and where business practices may create greater internal control risks. Because our platform is generally accessible by users worldwide, one or more jurisdictions may claim that we or our users are required to comply with their laws. Laws outside of the United States and Israel regulating internet, digital services, payments, escrow, privacy and data protection, artificial intelligence, taxation, terms of service, website accessibility, consumer protection, intellectual property ownership, services intermediaries, labor and employment, worker classification, background checks and recruiting and staffing companies, among others, which could be interpreted to apply to us, are often less favorable to us than those in the United States and Israel, giving greater rights to competitors, users and other third parties.

Compliance with international laws and regulations may be more costly than expected, may require us to change our business practices or may restrict our service offerings, and the imposition of any such laws or regulations on us, our users or third parties that we or our users utilize to provide services may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may be subject to multiple overlapping legal or regulatory regimes that impose conflicting requirements and enhanced legal risks.

Analysis of, and compliance with, global laws and regulations may substantially increase our cost of doing business. We may be unable to keep current with changes in laws and regulations as they develop.

Although we are in the process of implementing policies and procedures designed to analyze whether these laws apply and, if applicable, ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that we will always be in compliance or that all of our employees, contractors, partners, users and agents will comply at all times. Any violations could result in enforcement actions, fines, civil and criminal penalties, interest, costs and fees (including but not limited to legal fees), injunctions, loss of intellectual property rights or reputational harm. If we are unable to comply with these laws and regulations or manage the complexity of global operations and supporting an international user base successfully, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, since we operate on a global basis, political, economic and security conditions in countries in which we operate or have users may limit our ability to provide our services. Specifically, the war between Russia and Ukraine and the war between Israel and Hamas may affect our business and operations in those regions.

Our business model may subject us to disputes between users of our platform.

Our business model involves connecting buyers and freelancers that contract directly through our platform. Buyers and freelancers are free to negotiate any specific terms they choose through custom offers sent from the conversation page. It is possible that disputes may arise between buyers and freelancers with regard to the terms of their order, service standards, payment, confidentiality, work product and intellectual property ownership and infringement. If either party believes the terms of their agreement were not met, our terms of service provide a mechanism for the parties to request assistance from us in resolving the dispute through our resolution center and customer support team. Whether or not buyers and freelancers decide to seek assistance from us, if these disputes are not resolved amicably, the parties might escalate to formal proceedings, such as by filing claims with a court. Given our role in facilitating and supporting these arrangements, it is possible that claims will be brought against us directly as a result of these disputes, or that freelancers or buyers may bring us into any claims filed against each other. We include language in our terms of service disclaiming responsibility or liability for any disputes between users; however, we cannot guarantee that these terms will, in all circumstances, be effective in preventing or limiting our involvement in user disputes. Additionally, from time to time, we are the subject of user complaints filed on forums such as the Better Business Bureau. We attempt to respond to all such complaints, although their mere presence may result in damage to our reputation. Even if these claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management.

We may not be able to successfully execute future acquisitions or efficiently manage any acquired business.

We have in the past acquired and may in the future acquire certain complementary businesses or technologies. For example, during 2021 we have acquired Working Not Working, Inc., CreativeLive, Inc. and Stoke Talent Ltd. The success of any acquisition will depend upon several factors, including our ability to: identify and cost-effectively acquire businesses; integrate acquired user data, operations, products and technologies into our organization effectively; retain and motivate key personnel; and effectively retain acquired users.

Any such acquisition may require a significant commitment of management time, capital investment and other resources. We may not be successful in identifying and negotiating acquisitions on terms favorable to us. Any such acquisition could involve us taking on debt or give rise to new liabilities. In addition, we cannot be certain that any acquisition, if completed, will be successfully integrated into our existing operations. If we are unable to effectively integrate an acquired business, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if we use our equity securities as consideration for acquisitions, we may dilute the value of the ordinary shares.

There may be adverse tax, legal and other consequences if the employment status of freelancers that use our platform is challenged.

There is often uncertainty in the application of worker classification laws and, consequently, there is risk that freelancers could be deemed to be misclassified under applicable law. The tests governing whether a service provider is an independent contractor, or an employee are typically highly fact sensitive and vary by governing law. Laws and regulations that govern the status and misclassification of independent contractors are also subject to change and to divergent interpretations by various authorities, which can create uncertainty and unpredictability. A misclassification determination or allegation creates potential exposure with respect to users of our platform, including but not limited to: monetary exposure arising from or relating to failure to withhold and remit taxes, unpaid wages and wage and hour laws and requirements (such as those pertaining to minimum wage and overtime); liquidated damages; civil penalties and fines; claims for employee benefits, social security, workers’ compensation and unemployment; claims of discrimination, harassment and retaliation under civil rights laws; claims under laws pertaining to unionizing, collective bargaining and other concerted activity; and other claims, charges, or other proceedings under laws and regulations applicable to employers and employees, including risks relating to allegations of joint employer liability. Such claims could result in monetary damages or other liability, and any adverse determination, including potentially the requirement for us to indemnify a user, could also harm our brand, which could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

The application of indirect taxes, other tax laws or regulation could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The application of indirect taxes, such as sales tax, use tax, value-added tax, gross receipts tax, and digital services tax, to our business is an evolving issue that requires ongoing judgment to evaluate our applicable tax obligations. As a result, amounts recorded may be subject to adjustments by the relevant tax authorities. In many cases, the ultimate tax determination is uncertain because it is not clear how new and existing statutes might apply to our business. One or more states, the U.S. federal government or other countries may seek to impose additional reporting, record-keeping or indirect tax collection obligations on businesses like ours that facilitate e-commerce. For example, state and local taxing authorities in the United States and taxing authorities in other countries have identified e-commerce platforms as a means to calculate, collect and remit indirect taxes for transactions taking place over the internet. Multiple U.S. states have enacted related legislation and other states are now considering such legislation. Tax collection responsibility and the additional costs associated with indirect tax collection, remittance and audit requirements, in addition to reporting requirements, could create additional tax exposure for us and additional burdens for users on our websites and mobile platforms.

We may face lawsuits or incur liability as a result of content published or made available through our platform.

The nature of our business exposes us to claims related to defamation, infringement, misappropriation or other violations of third-party intellectual property rights, rights of publicity and privacy and personal injury torts. The law relating to the liability of providers of online products or services for activities of their users remains somewhat unsettled, both within the United States and internationally. This risk is enhanced in certain jurisdictions outside the United States where our protection from liability for third-party actions may be unclear and where we may be less protected under local laws than we are in the United States. If a claim is brought against us due to the actions of our users, we could incur significant costs investigating and defending such claims and, if we are found liable, significant damages.

Our business activities subject us to litigation risk that could materially and adversely affect us by subjecting us to significant money damages and other remedies, causing unfavorable publicity or increasing our litigation expense.

We are, from time to time, the subject of complaints or litigation, including user claims, contract claims, employee allegations of improper termination and discrimination and claims related to violations of applicable government laws regarding religious freedom, advertising and intellectual property. Any such claim could be expensive to defend and may divert time, money and other valuable resources away from our operations and management, and, thereby, hurt our business. Additionally, a substantial judgment against us could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Our insurance may not provide adequate levels of coverage against claims.

We believe that we maintain insurance customary for businesses of our size and type. However, there are types of losses we may incur that cannot be insured against or that we believe are not economically reasonable to insure. Moreover, any loss incurred could exceed policy limits and policy payments made to us may not be made on a timely basis.

We may be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters and other catastrophic events that could disrupt our business operations and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster.

A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, blizzard, hurricane, fire or flood, the outbreak of a pandemic, such as COVID-19, or other catastrophic events, such as a power loss or telecommunications failure, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results. In the event of a natural disaster or other catastrophic event, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in development of our platform, lengthy interruptions in service, breaches of data security and loss of critical data, all of which could have an adverse effect on our future operating results. Broadly accepted scientific projections predict that the frequency and/or intensity of certain natural disasters are likely to increase in the future due to climate change, which may increase the magnitude of this risk. In addition, natural disasters and other catastrophic events could affect the ability of sellers on our platform to perform Gigs on a timely basis. If a natural disaster or other catastrophic event occurs in a region from which we derive a significant portion of our revenue, users in that region may delay or forego the use of our platform, which may adversely impact our operating results. All of the aforementioned risks may be augmented if our or our partners’ business continuity and disaster recovery plans prove to be inadequate.

Currency exchange rate fluctuations affect our results of operations, as reported in our financial statements.

We report our financial results in U.S. dollars. We collect our revenue primarily in U.S. dollars. A portion of the cost of revenue, research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses of our Israeli operations are incurred in NIS. As a result, we are exposed to exchange rate risks that may materially and adversely affect our financial results. If the NIS appreciates against the U.S. dollar or if the value of the NIS declines against the U.S. dollar at a time when the rate of inflation in the cost of Israeli goods and services exceeds the rate of decline in the relative value of the NIS, then the U.S. dollar cost of our operations in Israel would increase and our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Although we enter into hedging transactions from time to time, our Israeli operations also could be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to effectively hedge against currency fluctuations in the future. We cannot predict any future trends in the rate of inflation in Israel or the rate of appreciation (if any) of the NIS against the U.S. dollar. The Israeli annual rate of inflation amounted to 3.0%, 5.3%, and 2.8% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the NIS depreciated in relation to the U.S. dollar by 3.1% and 13.2%, respectively, while during the year ended December 31, 2021 the NIS appreciated in relation to the U.S. dollar by 3.3%.

Our investment portfolio and other funds may be adversely affected by market conditions and interest rates.

We maintain substantial balances of liquid investments, for purposes of financing our operations and acquisitions. Our marketable securities totalled $476.1 million as of December 31, 2023. The performance of the capital markets affects the values of funds that are held in marketable securities. These assets are subject to market fluctuations and various developments, including, without limitation, rating agency downgrades that may impair their value. We generally buy and hold our portfolio positions, while minimizing credit risk by setting limits for minimum credit rating and maximum concentration per issuer. Our investments consist primarily of government and corporate debentures, which are primarily fixed-income securities.

Although we believe that we generally adhere to conservative investment guidelines, the continuing turmoil in the financial markets, record high inflation rates and geopolitical instability, may result in impairments of the carrying value of our investment assets. In addition, as our investment portfolio is invested primarily in fixed-income securities it is affected by changes in interest rates. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies and domestic and international economic and political conditions. Any significant decline in our financial income or the value of our investments as a result of the changes in interest rates and interest rate expectations of the financial markets, deterioration in the credit rating of the securities in which we have invested, or general market conditions, could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We classify our investments as available-for-sale. Changes in the fair value of investments classified as available-for-sale are not recognized as income during the period, but rather are recognized as other comprehensive income (loss), or OCI, which is a separate component of equity until realized. Realized losses in our investments portfolio may adversely affect our financial position and results.

In addition, we regularly maintain cash, cash equivalents and bank deposits at financial institutions in the United States, Israel and other multinational institutions. Our funds at these institutions exceed insured limits and some are not insured at all. Although we spread our cash, cash equivalents and bank deposits among several financial institutions in order to reduce the risks associated with maintaining all of our balances at one financial institution, in the event of failure of any financial institution where we maintain our cash and cash equivalents or bank deposits, there can be no assurance that we would be able to access uninsured funds in such financial institution in a timely manner or at all. Any inability to access or delay in accessing these funds could adversely affect our business and financial position.

The enactment of legislation implementing changes in taxation of international business activities, the adoption of other corporate tax reform policies, or changes in tax legislation or policies could impact our future financial position and results of operations.

Corporate tax reform, base-erosion efforts and tax transparency continue to be high priorities in many tax jurisdictions where we have business operations. As a result, policies regarding corporate income and other taxes in numerous jurisdictions are under heightened scrutiny and tax reform legislation is being proposed or enacted in a number of jurisdictions.

For example, there is growing pressure in many jurisdictions and from multinational organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or the OECD, and the EU to amend existing international taxation rules in order to align the tax regimes with current global business practices. Specifically, in October 2015, the OECD published its final package of measures for reform of the international tax rules as a product of its Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, or BEPS initiative, which was endorsed by the G20 finance ministers. Many of the initiatives in the BEPS package required and resulted in specific amendments to the domestic tax legislation of various jurisdictions and to existing tax treaties. We continuously monitor these developments. Although many of the BEPS measures have already been implemented or are currently being implemented globally (including, in certain cases, through adoption of the OECD’s “multilateral convention” (to which Israel is also a party) to effect changes to tax treaties which entered into force on July 1, 2018 and through the European Union’s “Anti Tax Avoidance” Directives), it is still difficult in some cases to assess to what extent these changes our tax liabilities in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business or to what extent they may impact the way in which we conduct our business or our effective tax rate due to the unpredictability and interdependency of these potential changes. In January 2019 the OECD announced further work in continuation of the BEPS project, focusing on two “pillars”. On October 8, 2021, 136 countries approved a statement known as the OECD BEPS Inclusive Framework, which builds upon the OECD’s continuation of the BEPS project. The first pillar is focused on the allocation of taxing rights between countries for in-scope large multinational enterprises (with revenue in excess of Euro 20 Billion and profitability of at least 10%) that sell goods and services into countries with little or no local physical presence. We do not expect to be within the scope of the first Pillar. The second pillar, which includes two interlocking rules: (1) the Income Inclusion Rule, and (2) the Undertaxed Payment Rule, that together comprise the Global Anti-Base Erosion, or the GloBE rules, is focused on developing a global minimum tax rate of at least 15% applicable to in-scope multinational enterprises (with revenue in excess of Euro 750 million). Israel is one of the 136 jurisdictions that has agreed in principle to the adoption of the global minimum tax rate. Given these developments, it is generally expected that tax authorities in various jurisdictions in which we operate may increase their audit activity and may seek to challenge some of the tax positions we have adopted. It is difficult to assess if and to what extent such challenges, if raised, might impact our effective tax rate.

As progress on BEPS 2.0 advanced from 2019 into 2020, the world has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and countries have begun to seek new sources of revenue. As a result, there is a proliferation of new Digital Services Taxes, or DSTs, and similar taxes on the digital economy as the interest in these sources of revenue has overtaken progress toward development of fundamental reforms to the international tax architecture under BEPS 2.0 on a consensus basis. These new taxes include DSTs of the type originally proposed plus, in certain jurisdictions, greatly expanded DSTs that apply to virtually all digital transactions, including on multi-sided interfaces allowing users to connect. These taxes defer between jurisdictions in terms of thresholds, applicable tax rate and scope.

Further, there have been changes to tax laws in the United States (such as the United States Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which, among other changes, introduced a 15% corporate minimum tax on certain United States corporations and a 1% excise tax on certain stock redemptions by United States corporations, which the U.S. Treasury indicated may also apply to certain stock redemptions by a foreign corporation funded by certain United States affiliates) and there are proposals in the United States to introduce further amendments to the federal tax regime applicable to corporations. Interpretations of existing legislation or the promulgation of new legislation could create the potential for added volatility in our provision for income taxes and might have an adverse impact on our future income tax provision and tax rate.

The conditional conversion feature of our Convertible Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

In the event the conditional conversion feature of the 0% Convertible Senior Notes due 2025, or the Convertible Notes, is triggered, holders of Convertible Notes will be entitled to convert the Convertible Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their Convertible Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely ordinary shares (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional ordinary share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity.

The fundamental change repurchase right of the Convertible Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

Holders of the Convertible Notes have the right, subject to limited exceptions contained in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes, to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their Convertible Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change before the maturity date at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of such Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid special interest, if any, to, but excluding, the applicable fundamental change repurchase date. Such fundamental change repurchase right, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

Provisions in the indenture for the Convertible Notes may deter or prevent a business combination that may be favorable to you.

If a fundamental change occurs prior to the maturity date, holders of the Convertible Notes will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their Convertible Notes, subject to a limited exception described in the offering memorandum for the Convertible Notes. In addition, if a make-whole fundamental change occurs prior to the maturity date, we will in some cases be required to increase the conversion rate for a holder that elects to convert its Convertible Notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change. Furthermore, the indenture for the Convertible Notes will prohibit us from engaging in certain mergers or acquisitions unless, among other things, the surviving entity assumes our obligations under the Convertible Notes. These and other provisions in the indenture could deter or prevent a third party from acquiring us even when the acquisition may be favorable to you.

The balance sheet classification of  Convertible Notes could adversely affect our reported financial condition.

If any of the conditions to the convertibility of the Convertible Notes is satisfied, then we may be required under applicable accounting standards to reclassify the liability carrying value of the Convertible Notes, as the case may be, as a current, rather than a long-term, liability. This reclassification could be required even if no noteholders convert their notes and could materially reduce our reported working capital.

The Capped Call Transactions may affect the value of our ordinary shares, and we may be subject to counterparty risk with respect to the Capped Call Transactions.

In connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions, or the Capped Call Transactions, with certain of the initial purchasers of the Convertible Notes or their affiliates and other financial institutions, or the option counterparties. The Capped Call Transactions cover, collectively, the number of our ordinary shares underlying the Convertible Notes, subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially similar to those applicable to the Convertible Notes. The Capped Call Transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to the ordinary shares upon any conversion of the Convertible Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount upon conversion of the Convertible Notes, subject to a cap, under certain events.

The option counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our ordinary shares and/or purchasing or selling our ordinary shares or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the Convertible Notes (and are likely to do so following any conversion of the Convertible Notes or repurchase of the Convertible Notes by us on any fundamental change repurchase date, any redemption date or otherwise, in each case, if we exercise the relevant election under the Capped Call Transactions). This activity could also cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our ordinary shares.

In addition, we are subject to the risk that any of the counterparties to the Capped Call Transactions may default under the Capped Call Transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the option counterparties under the Capped Call Transactions will not be secured by any collateral. In the past, economic conditions have resulted in the actual or perceived failure or financial difficulties of a number of financial institutions, including the bankruptcy filing by Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. and various of its affiliates. If an option counterparty becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our exposure at that time under our transactions with them. Our exposure will depend on many factors. Generally, the increase in our exposure will be correlated to the increase in the market price and in the volatility of our ordinary shares. In addition, as a result of a default by any counterparty to the Capped Call Transactions, we may suffer more dilution than we currently anticipate with respect to our ordinary shares. We can provide no assurances as to the financial stability or viability of any counterparty under the Capped Call Transactions.

We may need to raise additional funds to finance our future capital needs, which may dilute the value of our outstanding ordinary shares or prevent us from growing our business.

We may need to raise additional funds to finance our existing and future capital needs, including developing new services and technologies, and to fund ongoing operating expenses. If we raise additional funds through the sale of equity securities, these transactions may dilute the value of our outstanding ordinary shares. We may also decide to issue securities, including protected securities, that have rights, preferences and privileges senior to our ordinary shares. Any debt financing would increase our level of indebtedness and could negatively affect our liquidity and restrict our operations. We also can provide no assurances that the funds we raise will be sufficient to finance any future capital requirements. We may be unable to raise additional funds on terms favorable to us or at all. In addition, the recent declines in the global economy, difficulties in the financial services sector and credit market, continuing geopolitical uncertainties and other macroeconomic factors all affect the spending behavior of potential investors. If financing is not available or is not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to fund our future needs. This may prevent us from increasing our market share, capitalizing on new business opportunities or remaining competitive in our industry, which could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We are a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we are not subject to U.S. proxy rules and are subject to Exchange Act reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of a U.S. domestic public company.

We report under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including (1) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act, (2) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time and (3) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, although we are subject to Israeli laws and regulations with regard to certain of these matters and furnish comparable quarterly information on Form 6-K. In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form 20-F until 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 75 days after the end of each fiscal year and U.S. domestic issuers that are large accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 60 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers are also exempt from Regulation FD, which is intended to prevent issuers from making selective disclosures of material information. As a result of all of the above, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of a company that is not a foreign private issuer.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

As discussed above, we are a foreign private issuer, and therefore, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and, accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to us on June 30, 2024. We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, if (1) more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are owned by U.S. residents and (2) a majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents, or we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to avoid loss of foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the listing rules of the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer.

As we are a “foreign private issuer” and follow certain home country corporate governance practices, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all NYSE corporate governance requirements.

As a foreign private issuer, we have the option to follow certain home country corporate governance practices rather than those of the NYSE, provided that we disclose the requirements we are not following and describe the home country practices we are following. We rely on this “foreign private issuer exemption” with respect to the NYSE rules for shareholder meeting quorums. We may in the future elect to follow home country practices with regard to other matters. As a result, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all NYSE corporate governance requirements.

The market price of our ordinary shares has been and could in the future be negatively affected by future sales of our ordinary shares.

As of December 31, 2023, there were 38,653,958 ordinary shares outstanding. Sales by us or our shareholders of a substantial number of ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline or could impair our ability to raise capital through a future sale of, or pay for acquisitions using, our equity securities. Of our issued and outstanding shares, all of our ordinary shares are freely transferable, except for any shares held by our “affiliates,” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Act.

As of December 31, 2023, we had 1,737,003 shares available for future grant under our share option plans and 4,889,099 ordinary shares that were subject to share options and restricted share units that were granted by us. Of this amount, 2,324,545 options were vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2023. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, we had 1,004,211 shares available for sale under our 2020 Employee Share Purchase Plan.

There can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of our ordinary shares.

We would be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year if, after the application of certain look-through rules, either: (i) 75% or more of our gross income for such year is “passive income” (as defined in the relevant provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code), or the income test; or (ii) 50% or more of the value of our assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income, or the asset test. For these purposes, cash and other assets readily convertible into cash or that do or could generate passive income are categorized as passive assets, and the value of goodwill and other unbooked intangible assets is generally taken into account. Passive income generally includes, among other things, rents, dividends, interest, royalties, gains from the disposition of passive assets and gains from commodities and securities transactions. In making this determination, we will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation of which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the stock. The legislative history of the relevant Code provisions indicates that the total value of a publicly-traded foreign corporation’s assets generally will be treated as equal to the sum of the aggregate value of its outstanding stock plus its liabilities for purposes of the asset test, and publicly-traded foreign corporations often employ such market capitalization method to value their assets. However, the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, has not issued guidance conclusively addressing how to value a publicly-traded foreign corporation’s assets for PFIC purposes. The trading value of our ordinary shares has in the past, and is likely to continue to fluctuate. Considering the volatile market conditions, we believe it may be appropriate to employ alternative methods to determine the value of our assets other than the market capitalization method. After considering the total value of our assets determined under an alternative valuation method that takes into account, in addition to the trading value of our ordinary shares, a control premium, we believe that we were not a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2023. However, if the market capitalization method were determined to be the only appropriate method of valuing our assets, there is a significant risk that we would be treated as a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2023. There can be no certainty that the IRS will not challenge our position and determine that based on the IRS’s interpretation of the asset test, we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2023. In addition, PFIC status is a factual determination that must be made annually after the close of each taxable year. The trading value of our ordinary shares is likely to continue to fluctuate, which may affect the determination of whether we will be considered a PFIC. In addition, we have a substantial balance of cash and other liquid investments, which are passive assets for purposes of the PFIC determination. Whether we are treated as a PFIC in the current taxable year or in future taxable years will depend in part on how, and how quickly, we spend or otherwise utilize these passive assets. Accordingly, as our market capitalization and the composition of our income, assets, and operations are subject to change, we cannot assure you that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year. In addition, it is possible that the IRS may take a contrary position with respect to our determination in any particular year. Certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to a U.S. Holder (as defined in Item 10.E. “Taxation—Taxation and government programs—United States federal income taxation”) if we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which such U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares, regardless of whether we continue to be a PFIC in subsequent taxable years. We are not providing any U.S. tax opinion to any U.S. Holder concerning our potential PFIC status, and U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors about the potential application of the PFIC rules to their investment in our ordinary shares. For further discussion, see Item 10.E. “Taxation— Taxation and government programs—United States federal income taxation—Passive Foreign Investment Company considerations.”

If a United States person is treated as owning at least 10% of our ordinary shares such holder may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

If a United States person is treated as owning (directly, indirectly, or constructively, including through the ownership of our Convertible Notes) at least 10% of the value or voting power of our ordinary shares, such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each “controlled foreign corporation” in our group (if any). Because our group includes U.S. subsidiaries, certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries will be treated as controlled foreign corporations (regardless of whether or not we are treated as a controlled foreign corporation). A United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation may be required to report annually and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income,” and investments in U.S. property by controlled foreign corporations, regardless of whether we make any distributions. An individual that is a United States shareholder with respect to a controlled foreign corporation generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a United States shareholder that is a U.S. corporation, unless certain elections are made on the individual’s federal tax return. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations may subject a United States shareholder to significant monetary penalties and may prevent the statute of limitations with respect to such shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due from starting. We cannot provide any assurances that we will assist investors in determining whether we are or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is treated as a controlled foreign corporation or whether any investor is treated as a United States shareholder with respect to any such controlled foreign corporation or furnish to any United States shareholders information that may be necessary to comply with the aforementioned reporting and tax paying obligations. The U.S. Internal Revenue Service has provided limited guidance on situations in which investors may rely on publicly available information to comply with their reporting and tax paying obligations with respect to controlled foreign corporations. A United States investor should consult its advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to an investment in our ordinary shares.

Provisions of Israeli law and our amended and restated articles of association may delay, prevent or make undesirable an acquisition of all or a significant portion of our shares or assets.

We do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid any dividends on our ordinary shares. We do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance operations and expand our business.

Our board of directors has sole discretion whether to pay dividends. If our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that our directors may deem relevant. The Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999, or the Companies Law, imposes restrictions on our ability to declare and pay dividends.

Payment of dividends may also be subject to Israeli withholding taxes. See Item 10.E. ”Taxation—Taxation and government programs—Israeli tax considerations and government programs” for more information.

We incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.

As a public company we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of the New York Stock Exchange and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel continue to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect that these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board.

We continue to evaluate these rules and regulations and cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs. These rules and regulations are often subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices.

We are required to comply with the SEC’s rules implementing Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which require management to certify financial and other information in our annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of control over financial reporting. Additionally, as we are no longer an emerging growth company and qualify as a large accelerated filer, we must include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm.

To maintain the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting, we expect that we will need to continue enhancing existing, and implement new, financial reporting and management systems, procedures and controls to manage our business effectively and support our growth in the future. The process of evaluating our internal control over financial reporting requires an investment of substantial time and resources, including by our chief financial officer and other members of our senior management. As a result, this process may divert internal resources and take a significant amount of time and effort to complete. Additionally, as part of management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting required by Section 404(a), our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective due to our failure to cure any identified material weakness or otherwise, which would require us to employ remedial actions to implement effective controls. If we identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404(a) or 404(b) in a timely manner or to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion or issues an adverse opinion in its attestation as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting required by Section 404 (b), investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the trading price of our ordinary shares could be negatively affected. We could also become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

Conditions in Israel, including the recent attack by Hamas from the Gaza Strip and Israel’s war against it, could materially and adversely affect our business.

Many of our employees, including certain management members, operate from our offices that are located in Tel Aviv, Israel. In addition, our officers and most of our directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic, and military conditions in Israel and the surrounding region may directly affect our business and operations.

In recent years, Israel has been engaged in sporadic armed conflicts with Hamas, an Islamist terrorist group that controls the Gaza Strip, with Hezbollah, an Islamist terrorist group that controls large portions of southern Lebanon, and with Iranian-backed military forces in Syria. In addition, Iran, which has threatened to attack Israel, may be developing nuclear weapons and has targeted cyber attacks against Israeli entities. In October 2023, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of attacks on civilian and military targets. Hamas also launched extensive rocket attacks on Israeli population within the State of Israel. These attacks resulted in extensive deaths, injuries and kidnapping of civilians and soldiers. Following the attack, Israel’s security cabinet declared war against Hamas and a military campaign against this terrorist organization commenced in parallel to its continued rocket and terror attacks. Following the attack by Hamas on Israel’s southern border, Hezbollah in Lebanon also launched missile, rocket and shooting attacks against Israeli military sites, troops and Israeli towns in northern Israel. In response to these attacks, the Israeli army has carried out a number of targeted strikes on sites belonging to Hezbollah in southern Lebanon. Furthermore, following Hamas’ attack on Israel and Israel’s security cabinet declaration of war against Hamas, the Houthi movement, which controls parts of Yemen, launched a number of attacks on marine vessels traversing the Red Sea, which marine vessels were thought to either be in route towards Israel or to be partly owned by Israeli businessmen. It is possible that other terrorist organizations, including Palestinian military organizations in the West Bank, as well as other hostile countries, such as Iran, will join the hostilities. It is currently not possible to predict the duration or severity of the ongoing conflict or its effect on our business, operations and financial conditions. The ongoing conflict is rapidly evolving and developing, and could disrupt our business and operations.

In connection with the Israeli security cabinet’s declaration of war against Hamas and possible hostilities with other organizations, several hundred thousand Israeli military reservists were drafted to perform immediate military service. Certain of our employees in Israel have been called, and additional employees may be called, for service in the current or future wars or other armed conflicts with Hamas and others, and such persons may be absent for an extended period of time. As a result, our operations may be disrupted by such absences, which disruption may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

In the event that the situation escalates into a greater regional conflict or our facilities are damaged as a result of hostile actions, or hostilities otherwise disrupt our ongoing operations, our ability to provide services could be materially and adversely affected. Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of events associated with war and terrorism. Although the Israeli government currently covers the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained or that it will sufficiently cover our potential damages.

The intensity and duration of Israel’s current war against Hamas is difficult to predict, as well as such war’s economic implications on Israel’s economy in general. These events may be intertwined with wider macroeconomic indications of a deterioration of Israel’s economic standing that may involve a downgrade in Israel’s credit rating by rating agencies (such as the recent downgrade by Moody’s of its credit rating of Israel from A1 to A2, as well as the downgrade of its outlook rating from “stable” to “negative”), which may have a material adverse effect on the Company and its ability to effectively conduct its operations.

Further, in the past, the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries still restrict business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies and more countries may impose restrictions on doing business with Israel and Israeli companies if hostilities on Israel continue or increase. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition or the expansion of our business. A campaign of boycotts, divestment, and sanctions has been undertaken against Israel, which could also adversely affect our business. Actual or perceived political instability in Israel or any negative changes in the political environment, may individually or in the aggregate adversely affect the Israeli economy and, in turn, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Finally, political conditions within Israel may affect our operations. Israel has held five general elections between 2019 and 2022, and prior to October 2023, the Israeli government pursued changes to Israel’s judicial system. In response to the foregoing developments, certain individuals, organizations and institutions, both within and outside of Israel, voiced concerns that such proposed changes, if adopted, may negatively impact the business environment in Israel including due to reluctance of foreign investors to invest or transact business in Israel as well as to increased currency fluctuations, downgrades in credit rating, increased interest rates, increased volatility in security markets, and other changes in macroeconomic conditions. Such proposed changes may also lead to political instability or civil unrest. To date, these initiatives have been substantially put on hold. If such changes to Israel’s judicial system are again pursued by the government and approved by the parliament, this may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and ability to raise additional funds, if deemed necessary by our management and board of directors.

The tax benefits that are available to us require us to continue to meet various conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which could increase our costs and taxes.

We are eligible for certain tax exemptions provided to a “Beneficiary Enterprise” under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959, or the Investment Law. In order to remain eligible for the tax exemptions provided to a “Beneficiary Enterprise” we must continue to meet certain conditions stipulated in the Investment Law and its regulations, as amended. If these tax benefits are reduced, cancelled or discontinued, our Israeli taxable income from the beneficiary enterprise would be subject to regular Israeli corporate tax rates. The standard corporate tax rate for Israeli companies in 2023 was 23%. The tax exemption will be revoked if a dividend or deemed dividend is distributed, in which case a corporate tax rate of 23% will be applied. Deemed dividend can be considered as intercompany loans, investments, acquisitions or other activities as provided in section 51(b) in the Investment Law. See Item 10.E. ”Taxation—Taxation and government programs—Israeli tax considerations and government programs—Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959.”

It may be difficult to enforce a U.S. judgment against us, our officers and directors named in this Annual Report in Israel or the United States, or to assert U.S. securities laws claims in Israel or serve process on our officers and directors.

Not all of our directors or officers are residents of the United States and most of their and our assets are located outside the United States. Service of process upon us or our non-U.S. resident directors and officers may be difficult to obtain within the United States. We have been informed by our legal counsel in Israel that it may be difficult to assert claims under U.S. securities laws in original actions instituted in Israel or obtain a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on a violation of U.S. securities laws against us or our non-U.S. officers and directors because Israel may not be the most appropriate forum to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact, which can be a time-consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel addressing the matters described above. Additionally, Israeli courts might not enforce judgments obtained in the United States against us or our non-U.S. directors and executive officers, which may make it difficult to collect on judgments rendered against us or our non-U.S. officers and directors.

Moreover, an Israeli court will not enforce a non-Israeli judgment if it was given in a state whose laws do not provide for the enforcement of judgments of Israeli courts (subject to exceptional cases), if its enforcement is likely to prejudice the sovereignty or security of the State of Israel, if it was obtained by fraud or in the absence of due process, if it is at variance with another valid judgment that was given in the same matter between the same parties, or if a suit in the same matter between the same parties was pending before a court or tribunal in Israel at the time the foreign action was brought.

Your rights and responsibilities as our shareholder are governed by Israeli law, which may differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. corporations.

We are incorporated under Israeli law. The rights and responsibilities of holders of our ordinary shares are governed by our amended and restated articles of association and the Companies Law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations. In particular, pursuant to the Companies Law each shareholder of an Israeli company has to act in good faith and in a customary manner in exercising his or her rights and fulfilling his or her obligations toward the Company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing his or her power in the Company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on amendments to a company’s articles of association, increases in a company’s authorized share capital, mergers and certain transactions requiring shareholders’ approval under the Companies Law. In addition, a controlling shareholder of an Israeli company or a shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote or who has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of a director or officer in the Company or has other powers toward the Company has a duty of fairness toward the Company. However, Israeli law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness. There is little case law available to assist in understanding the implications of these provisions that govern shareholder behavior.

We may be exposed to liabilities under the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other U.S. and foreign anti-corruption anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions and other trade laws and regulations, and any determination that we violated these laws could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. We are also subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010, the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, Chapter 9 (sub-chapter 5) of the Israeli Penal Law, 1977, the Israeli Prohibition on Money Laundering Law—2000 and possibly other anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries outside of the United States in which we conduct our activities. Compliance with these laws has been the subject of increasing focus and activity by regulatory authorities, both in the United States and elsewhere, in recent years. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees and third-party intermediaries from authorizing, promising, offering, providing, soliciting or accepting, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to or from any person whether in the public or private sector.

Further, we historically had some users in Cuba, North Korea and Crimea, countries that are presently the subject of comprehensive sanctions by the United States government, or Sanctioned Countries. We have taken steps to terminate existing accounts in Sanctioned Countries and have implemented various control mechanisms designed to prevent unauthorized dealings with Sanctioned Countries going forward. Although we endeavor to conduct our business in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee compliance.

Noncompliance with anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions and other trade laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension and/or debarment from contracting with certain persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational harm, adverse media coverage and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas or investigations are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially harmed. Responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense and compliance costs and other professional fees. In addition, regulatory authorities may seek to hold us liable for successor liability for violations committed by companies in which we invest or that we acquire. As a general matter, enforcement actions and sanctions could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our share price may be volatile, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

An active trading market for our ordinary shares may not be sustained to provide adequate liquidity.

An active trading market may not be sustained for our ordinary shares. The lack of an active market may impair your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling ordinary shares and may impair our ability to acquire other companies by using our shares as consideration.

If we do not meet the expectations of equity research analysts, if they do not publish research or reports about our business or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our ordinary shares, the price of our ordinary shares could decline.

The trading market for our ordinary shares relies in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. The analysts’ estimates are based upon their own opinions and are often different from our estimates or expectations. If our results of operations are below the estimates or expectations of public market analysts and investors, the price of our ordinary shares could decline. Moreover, the price of our ordinary shares could decline if one or more securities analysts downgrade our ordinary shares or if those analysts issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business.

Our legal name is Fiverr International Ltd. and our commercial name is FIVERR.

We were incorporated in Israel under the Companies Law in April 2010, and our principal executive office is located at 8 Eliezer Kaplan St., Tel Aviv 6473409, Israel. We are registered with the Israeli Registrar of Companies. Our registration number is 51-444087-4.

Our agent for service of process in the United States is C T Corporation System and its address is 28 Liberty Street, New York, New York 10005.

For a description of our principal capital expenditures and divestitures for the three years ended December 31, 2023 and for those currently in progress, see Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, such as we, that file electronically, with the SEC at www.sec.gov.

Our website address is www.fiverr.com, and our telephone number is +972-72-2280910. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through our website does not constitute a part of this Annual Report and is not incorporated by reference herein. We have included our website address in this Annual Report solely for informational purposes.

Our mission is to change how the world works together. We started with the simple idea that people should be able to buy and sell digital services in the same fashion as physical goods on an e-commerce platform. On that basis, we set out to design a digital services marketplace that is built with a comprehensive SKU-like services catalog and an efficient search, find and order process that mirrors a typical e-commerce transaction. We call this the Service-as-a-Product, or the SaaP model. Our approach fundamentally transforms the traditional freelancer staffing model into a customer centric, product led marketplace model with scale and efficiency.

We believe our model has significantly reduced friction and uncertainties for both buyers and sellers. At the foundation of our core platform lies an expansive catalog with over 700 categories of productized service listings, which we coined as Gigs. Each Gig has a clearly defined scope, duration and price, along with buyer-generated reviews. In addition to the digital service catalog, we have also built a comprehensive talent database which not only includes sellers’ basic information such as where they are and the language they speak, but also intangible data on the level of their skills and the quality of their deliverables. Using either our search or navigation tools, buyers can easily compare and find talent and their service listings, and in turn purchase and fulfill their digital needs, ranging from simple services such as logo design and blog post writing, to complex services such as video creation, website development and social media marketing. In the year ended December 31, 2023, our platform enabled $1,134.7 million of GMV from 4.1 million active buyers.

Our business is built at the cross-section of multiple secular trends. In an era where technology is changing every part of the economy, the majority of freelancing is still conducted offline in an opaque, old-schooled fashion. The shift from offline to online provides broader access to opportunities and a much more transparent and seamless experience to both talent and businesses. Second, as millennials become the major part of the labor force, talent is increasingly looking for purpose and flexibility. They want to choose where they work, when they work and what they do for work. As a result, how to build and engage a remote and flexible workforce is becoming a critical part of talent strategy for any businesses. Third, the rapid advancement of technology, from social media and cloud computing to the latest wave of Generative AI, are creating new skills and demand for talent with new skills. Fiverr provides our customers with differentiated value propositions so that they can fulfill their digital service needs with unmatched speed and convenience.

As a marketplace, we succeed when our buyers and sellers succeed. Our buyers include businesses of all sizes, and our sellers are a diverse group of freelancers and agencies from over 160 countries. We generate revenue primarily through transaction fees and service fees. In addition, we launched Fiverr Business Solutions, a comprehensive suite of professional solutions to enable larger businesses better engage with freelancers. This includes Fiverr Pro, a premium section of our marketplace; Fiverr Certified, a dedicated storefront to access certified experts for partner vendors; as well as Fiverr Enterprise, an integrated gateway to source and manage both on-demand and long-term freelancers. We have also developed multiple value-added products for our sellers to empower their entire freelance journey, including Promoted Gigs which allows sellers to advertise their services on our platform and Seller Plus, a subscription program that equips sellers with advanced tools, to name a few. These products are designed to enhance the value we deliver to our buyers and sellers, strengthen our business model, and propel the flywheel of our two-sided marketplace.

Technology is at the core of everything we do. Our proprietary machine learning algorithms, together with our dataset on profiling, transaction and user behavior, which rapidly grows with increasing buyer and seller engagement, enable us to personalize our user experience, improve quality and provide a more robust ecosystem. We are focused on constant innovation and have designed our platform such that we can continuously enhance the value we deliver to our buyers and sellers.

We have achieved significant growth and scale since inception. In the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our revenue was $361.4 million, $337.4 million and $297.7 million, respectively, a 7% and 13% increase, respectively, and we incurred net income (loss) of $3.7 million, ($71.5) million and ($65.0) million, respectively. Geographically, the substantial majority of our revenue is generated from buyers in English speaking countries. As we expand our platform to include additional languages, we expect to deepen our penetration into Western Europe, Asia Pacific and Latin America, and the geographic mix of our revenue could therefore change over time. For a description of the principal markets in which we compete, including a breakdown of total revenues see Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects - Our Business Model”.

Our platform

Since inception, our vision has been to fundamentally transform the traditional freelancer hiring model into an e-commerce-like experience — seamless, efficient and frictionless. To achieve our vision, the Fiverr platform is built with a comprehensive SKU-like services catalog and an efficient search, find and order process that mirrors a typical e-commerce transaction. We believe that our model reduces friction and uncertainties for our buyers while enabling our sellers to reach a global audience, enjoy more flexibility and choice of work and make more money. The key elements of our platform include:

Service-as-a-Product model. We operate a differentiated SaaP platform that allows sellers to offer services embedded with features that can be standardized and cataloged. Our core platform enables digital services to be bought and sold in the same fashion as physical goods on an e-commerce platform, with predictable pricing, easy searches, standardized contracts, easy payment processes and streamlined delivery of the service. Upon purchasing a Gig on Fiverr, a buyer knows the scope, duration and price.

Comprehensive and diverse catalog. At the foundation of our core platform is an expansive catalog of Gigs that currently spans over 700 digital service categories. We believe that our catalog coverage is broader than many of our competitors, and we are focused on continuously growing this catalog. Today, buyers can purchase digital services ranging from simple services such as logo design and blog post writing, to complex services such as video creation, website development and social media marketing, all easily and with just a few clicks. We believe that this approach is fundamentally different from either traditional offline or online long-term temporary employment solutions. Unlike such traditional solutions, each Gig on Fiverr is listed with a clearly defined scope and timeline and is sold for a fixed price rather than on an hourly basis.

Technology and data assets. We are a technology company. Our platform is powered by our machine learning technology and expansive data assets. Using our extensive data assets and our AI tools, we are able to continuously optimize our product search capabilities, personalize our user experience, refine our matching algorithm and monitor our service quality. For example, Fiverr Logo Maker leverages our AI technology to allow graphic designers on our platform to monetize their existing designs, deliver their work faster and serve more customers, while allowing buyers to rapidly personalize and customize original, handmade designs created by sellers. By better predicting a buyer’s future needs, our algorithms improve user satisfaction, which in turn increases repeat or cross category buying activities.

Tools and infrastructure. We built a comprehensive suite of communication and collaboration functions that our buyers and sellers utilize to communicate throughout the entire transaction lifecycle. We also provide a robust end to end technology infrastructure and tools to help our sellers manage key functions of their business on our platform, such as proposals and contracts, invoicing and payments, project management and marketing. We also invest in building an infrastructure for international expansion that allows us to roll out six non English websites and provide multilingual support to our users.

Fiverr Business Solutions.We recently launched Fiverr Business Solutions to allow larger companies access and work with freelancers across multiple use cases and engagement scenarios. It includes Fiverr Pro, a premium section of our marketplace; Fiverr Certified, a dedicated storefront to access certified experts for partner vendors; as well as Fiverr Enterprise, an integrated gateway to source and manage both on-demand and long-term freelancers.

Who we serve

Our buyers include individuals and businesses of all sizes and from various industries.

In the year ended December 31, 2023, we served 4.1 million active buyers from over 160 countries across the globe.

Value for money. We provide what we believe to be the best value for money for our buyers by alleviating frictions and inefficiencies in the value chain. Our expansive digital services catalog enables us to offer sophisticated browsing and filtering functions. We believe that this results in a lower time-to-hire for buyers compared to traditional offline hiring platforms, saving buyers valuable time.

Access to an expansive catalog of digital services. Our catalog of digital services has over 700 categories and continues to grow and evolve. Prices can range from $5 to thousands of dollars, depending on the scope and perceived quality of each individual Gig. We continue to develop both the breadth and depth of our catalog in order to provide our buyers with access to the services they need.

Access to a diverse pool of freelancers. We provide instant access to hundreds of thousands of freelancers with a broad set of skills. Using Fiverr, buyers can easily connect with these freelancers and get a broad range of digitally delivered services executed quickly and efficiently.

Transparency and certainty of price, scope of work and quality. Our SaaP model enables transparency and certainty when it comes to cost, duration and scope. Our buyer-driven rating system provides a transparent quality rating mechanism for every Gig, helping buyers make informed purchasing decisions. This system ensures that our buyers have added peace of mind with every purchase.

Trusted brand for customer service. We are relentlessly focused on providing quality customer service as we seek to drive repeat purchase behavior. Our dispute resolution technology enables us to flag issues in a timely manner and to guide users to a solution, whether that solution is our self-service support portal or intervention by our customer support team.

Our sellers are a diverse group of freelancers who we believe value the flexibility and financial opportunity our core platform provides. They range from individuals who use our core platform to earn their full-time living to those who augment their income.

Maximize project pipeline. Sellers on our core platform do not need to bid to win a project. Instead, they list the service on our core platform with a well-defined scope, duration and price, and our proprietary technology directly matches them with buyers who are looking for the service they provide. As a result, sellers can list their Gigs on our core platform and focus on the work they love doing while maximizing their earning potential.

Flexibility and control. People increasingly want to choose where they work, when they work and what they do for work. Our core platform embraces habitual changes in the workforce and provides freelancers with the ability to find work and offer their services from anywhere in the world at any point in time.

Frictionless payment processing. Getting paid on time after project completion has historically been an uncertain and time-consuming process for sellers. We eliminate this friction by working with third-party agents to collect the funds from the buyer at the time of purchase and timely release them to the seller upon project completion.

Credentialed storefront. We enable our sellers to professionally showcase their services to buyers, establish a track record, develop a buyer base and build a professional reputation on our core platform. Our online seller forum, offline community events and Fiverr Learn, our e-learning platform, provide additional channels for our sellers to further enhance their skills and build their personal brand and digital storefront with us.

Business support infrastructure. We provide access to a robust set of technology tools for our sellers that enable them to manage all of the administrative aspects of their business, such as providing standardized contracts, invoicing and payment, financial reporting, marketing and real-time performance feedback. This infrastructure allows our sellers to track their performance and manage their business efficiently.

Success management and support. We provide our sellers with a comprehensive suite of onboarding resources, and our online help desk and offline customer care team provide 24/7 support to ensure sellers succeed in all stages of their freelance journey. We take care of the entire buyer engagement, business development and marketing process for our sellers so they simply need to list their Gigs on our core platform and focus on the work they love to maximize their earning potential. For those sellers new to the business, we help them gain access to buyers so that they can quickly start developing their reputation. For the more experienced and professional sellers, we provide them with offerings such as Promoted Gigs and Seller Plus to help them grow their business on Fiverr.

Our products

We present our buyers with an e-commerce experience that is designed for streamlined browsing, searching and purchasing.

Home. Buyer’s homepage provides a personalized gateway for buyers to find talent and manage existing projects. We recently launched Fiverr Neo, an AI-powered matching assistant, to provide a more flexible way for buyers to express their needs and find talent that is tailored for their needs.

Search and discovery. Our SaaP model provides buyers access to an extensive catalog of Gigs that they can compare and filter across parameters including Gig details, reviews and price. Each Gig includes the details of the service provided, the price, delivery timeframe and reviews from previous buyers of that Gig, allowing buyers to make informed decisions based on their needs, budgets and tastes. Leveraging our end-to-end transaction platform and the depth of transaction data, we launched Fiverr Discover, an innovative way to browse and shop for digital services based on sellers and their portfolio. Our search, browse and recommendation algorithms are designed to match each buyer’s search with the most relevant Gig and seller results. With each buyer interaction, our platform and machine learning algorithms enable us to offer more personalized recommendation carousels that are presented in relevant places along the buyer journey.

Personalizable options. We believe many of our buyers are motivated by more than simply price and convenience; we believe they also value uniqueness and authenticity. On our marketplace, buyers enjoy a personalized experience and direct interactions with our sellers. As part of our Gig concept, buyers purchase ‘Packages’ associated with each Gig. Packages are tiered as Basic, Standard and Premium, each with different levels of service such as different word counts for a translation, video lengths for a video edit or number of revisions for a logo design. We facilitate further customization through brief and match and custom orders. A buyer can request a custom order through our platform with his or her unique requirements. Sellers, in turn, can respond to the order request with custom offers, which are exclusive proposals, with the exact description of the service, price and time expected to deliver the service. For certain categories and gigs, we also allow buyers to make recurring purchases through the Subscriptions feature, or to break down a large project into multiple purchases through the Milestones feature.

Communication and collaboration. Communication between buyers and sellers is essential to the success of our marketplace. Our messenger tool enables buyers to easily communicate with sellers. Buyers are able to describe their requirements and preferences during the pre-order process and the communication channels for process management and coordination remain open over the lifecycle of the Gig. As part of deliverable acceptance, buyers may utilize our “Request Revisions” feature to further refine the deliverable, if desired.

Support and intervention. Our user support function is available throughout the buyer journey to provide clarification, help, education and support. Our resolution center helps buyers to resolve disputes online, and our 24/7 ticketing system is available should a buyer encounter a more complex problem. In addition to the on-demand help and support, we have developed a set of intervention algorithms, which leverage our data and knowledge, to automatically flag potential issues to our customer support team so they can intervene and offer guidance, education and support to our buyers.

Quality control. We have developed several quality assurance policies to enhance the reliability and integrity of our marketplace. Our algorithms assess each freelancer and Gig on our platform and assign a quality score based on a number of factors, such as buyer rating, cancellation rates and response time. The quality score is considered in our matching algorithms and is integral to the positioning of a seller’s Gig on our website. In addition, help tools are available for both buyers and sellers alike for when issues need to be raised to our customer support team. We constantly monitor activity on our platform to ensure compliance with our terms of service, as we seek to create a consistent and reliable user experience for our buyers.

Fiverr Pro. Fiverr Pro is a premium section of the marketplace where buyers can enjoy collaboration and administrative tools tailored for larger organizations. In addition, Fiverr Pro buyers can access a carefully curated freelancer catalog that is fully vetted by industry experts.

 

Fiverr Certified. Fiverr Certified are custom marketplaces that provide customers with specific use cases and freelancer needs. Each Fiverr Certified marketplace is a dedicated destination built together with our partners that include only the most relevant services and certified experts for those services.

Fiverr Enterprise. Fiverr Enterprise is an integrated gateway for businesses to source and manage both on-demand and long-term freelancers.

Seller experience

We offer a set of tools for sellers to build their Gigs, develop their brand, establish a reputation and create their work portfolio. Sellers can manage their business from any browser or from our mobile apps.

 

Seller onboarding. We have developed an automated onboarding process designed to educate and guide new sellers through the creation of their seller profile (their storefront), Gigs (the services they sell) and portfolio (a collection of their work samples). Once a seller is onboarded, each Gig they offer becomes a part of the Fiverr catalog.

Business management. To allow sellers to focus on doing what they love, we provide a comprehensive suite of tools that help them manage administrative aspects of their business, such as workflow prioritization, invoicing and payment processing. Additional communication tools further enhance a seller’s ability to communicate with buyers as well as to collaborate on Gigs with other sellers. Our seller dashboard provides a unified work management interface that consolidates key information from our seller tools and performance metrics, allowing sellers to more effectively manage their business.

Analytics. Our suite of tools provides sellers with detailed analytics on their operations, facilitating greater transparency and insight into business and performance indicators, including Gig revenue, order pipeline and ratings. Gig specific analytics allow sellers to better understand their past performance in order to improve their future performance. Sellers are also provided with real-time feedback on their performance in timeliness of delivery, responsiveness and completion rates via our seller dashboard. In addition, Seller Plus subscribers now get access to advanced analytics features such as traffic and keyword analytics. As such, our analytics capabilities give sellers increased visibility into their performance and a better understanding of what is important to buyers so that they have the feedback to continuously improve.

Advertising. To help sellers increase visibility and grow their business on Fiverr, we built an advertising tool, Promoted Gigs, that allows sellers to bid and win prime locations on our website through an auction mechanism. Promoted Gigs are cost-per-click, so sellers are charged only when their ads are viewed and clicked by the buyer. Sellers decide a daily budget and the maximum bid per click, and we also provide automatic bidding tools to help sellers optimize their bid price and maximize their exposure with minimum efforts on their part.

Seller Plus. Seller Plus is a subscription-based loyalty program which provides sellers with additional tools to help accelerate their business on our marketplace. Seller Plus subscribers have access to a dedicated customer success manager, advanced analytics features, faster payment clearance, customer engagement tools, and other exclusive benefits.

Our technology

To help our buyers and sellers transact on our platform, we have built a modular and scalable technology platform that supports our business while protecting operational integrity and performance. Technology is at the core of everything we do and is a key business asset and enabler. We continuously invest in our technology and believe that our focus on innovation gives us a competitive advantage.

The core pillars that support the foundation of our platform are:

Digital services as products. At the core of our platform lies the challenge of productizing digital services and making them available on our e-commerce platform. Our proprietary technology allows for turning non-SKU digital services into structured Gigs, enabling continuous and nimble category expansion. We are also developing depth for each category by developing attributes and experiences specific to each service category. Our innovative catalog of productized services allows us to create an e-commerce-like experience with digital services that includes search, browse, compare and purchase functions.

Scalable, modular and modern technology platform. Our platform is built as a collection of modules that can be individually modified or added without redeploying the entire code base. This approach allows each of our product teams to develop autonomously, giving us the flexibility to constantly develop new features, expand capacity, adopt new technologies and integrate new libraries, which facilitate the continuous enhancement of our platform.

Advanced data science capabilities. Our rich set of proprietary algorithms that power our real time personalized recommendations, ranking and matching help us match each buyer with the most relevant Gigs based on their business needs and preferences. We leverage predictive AI technologies to recommend Gigs to buyers based on their purchase history and other activity on our marketplace. Our algorithm has been designed to handle rapid and continuous growth in search queries. Further, it is also utilized to improve the liquidity between supply and demand on our marketplace, ensuring that seller capacity and buyer demands are in balance. We are data-centric and rely on data from disciplined A/B testing, buyer and seller studies and other sources to inform all of our decisions on new platform enhancements. Our search algorithm uses our large data set from our Gigs, transactions and users to optimize Gig matches and user experience for our buyers.

Clear and simple cross-platform user experience. We utilize modern front-end technologies and design concepts to offer our users a simple and intuitive user interface. We continuously strive to simplify the user experience and enhance the efficiency of purchasing Gigs on our platform. We strive to offer a consistent experience across all major devices and operating systems. Our mobile app is a great example of our focus on user experience, design and implementation. It is highly rated by our users in both the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store. We constantly try to optimize and simplify the user experience at each stage of a transaction.

Reliability. We use third-party cloud-based services to host our platform, striving to run on the latest and most modern cloud technologies. Our research and development capabilities paired with our development tools allow us to develop and deploy new products reliably without disruptions to our live instance. We have also embedded extensive monitoring and alerting infrastructure into our platform to maintain reliability and platform performance.

Security. Information security is one of the key pillars of our business. We protect our users’ data and our company through a combination of security procedures and technology tools, and we are committed to ensuring that our platform remains secure. We monitor our cloud infrastructure for malicious activity and unauthorized access, while analyzing and responding to threats. We utilize various safeguards and protection tools, managed by our in-house team and external consultants. In addition, we conduct regular tests and scans to detect and mitigate possible known internal or external weaknesses in our systems.

Go-to-market

We primarily grow our buyer base through performance marketing and brand investments using a bottom up approach. Our goal is to target individuals and teams who work in various business functions at companies of different sizes across different industries. Our unique SaaP model eliminates uncertainties and frictions and allows more autonomous purchasing decisions. As a result, we are able to convert buyer traffic coming from various channels in a highly effective and efficient manner. In addition, by providing our buyers with a highly satisfactory experience, they continuously return to our platform and drive referrals. The more buyers come to our platform, the more opportunities we can create for talent on our marketplace, which in turn drives more talent and better talent to our marketplace, and enables our buyers to have access to a broader and higher quality talent pool. This strong flywheel of our two-sided marketplace establishes a key competitive moat for our business.

Our brand awareness and the virality of our solution has enabled us to acquire the majority of our new buyers through organic channels. That is complemented by highly effective performance marketing and brand investments across a variety of channels. We aim to acquire new buyers through the most efficient channels with the highest return on investment. Once they join, our goal is to demonstrate the value of our platform to our users in order to continuously increase each user’s lifetime value. We actively work to expand our wallet share by encouraging cross category purchasing, suggesting services appropriate for the respective business lifecycle and constantly improving how we match our buyer’s needs with our seller’s offerings.

Intellectual property

We design, test and update our website and apps regularly, and we have developed our proprietary solutions in-house. We have developed our infrastructure to be highly agile and scalable, allowing us to efficiently expand our platform and enter new market segments, without compromising quality. Our continued success depends upon our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. We rely on a combination of confidentiality clauses, contractual commitments, trade secret protections, copyrights, trademarks and other legal rights to protect our intellectual property and know-how. We enter into confidentiality and proprietary rights agreements with our employees, consultants and business partners, and we control access to and distribution of our proprietary information.

The Fiverr brand is central to our business strategy, and we believe that maintaining, protecting and enhancing the Fiverr brand is important to expanding our business. We hold numerous registered trademarks in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions, including the European Union, the United Kingdom, Australia, Brazil, Canada and Israel, that we consider material to the marketing of our products, including the trademarks Fiverr and Gig.

Our in-house know-how is an important element of our intellectual property. The development and management of our platform requires sophisticated coordination among many specialized employees. We believe that duplication of this coordination by competitors or individuals seeking to copy our platform offerings would be difficult. The risk of a competitor effectively replicating the functionality of our platform is further mitigated by the fact that our service offerings are cloud-based such that most of the core technology operating on our systems is never exposed to a user or to our competitors. To protect our technology, we implement multiple layers of security. Access to our platform, other than to obtain basic information, requires system usernames and passwords. We also add additional layers of security such as IP address filtering.

Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or obtain and use our technology to develop products and services with the same functionality as our platform. Policing unauthorized use of our technology is difficult. Our competitors could also independently develop technologies like ours, and our intellectual property rights may not be broad enough for us to prevent competitors from selling products and services incorporating those technologies.

Competition

Seasonality

Our business is subject to seasonality in two aspects. First, the activities on our marketplace fluctuates with the holiday schedules across the world. We typically see businesses and freelancers engage with each other more during work days and work hours, and less active during holiday season. Second, we typically invest more marketing dollars in the first quarter compared to the rest of the year, in order to capture more buyers and their needs at the beginning of the year. This results in higher sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenue in the first quarter, which moderates for the rest of the year.

Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Practices

Fiverr was built with a defined purpose from day one to change how the world works together. We believe that our success can only be built alongside the success of our stakeholders, including our community, employees and shareholders. We are committed to build a long-term sustainable business that aligns our mission and business strategy with positive impacts to people, communities and our planet.

Fiverr’s ESG approach and plan falls under the purview of our board. Oversight of the Company’s risks, strategies, policies, programs and practices related to ESG matters is conducted by our nominating, environmental, social and governance committee, and our EVP and General Counsel and EVP of Strategic Finance lead the day-to-day management of ESG matters.

Government legislation and regulation

We hold certain personal data of our users, including their name, username, email address, IP address, device identifiers, address, telephone number, photo, transactional data, consumption habits (such as purchase history), taxpayer information and forms, profession and education, location, authentication information (including copy of identification documents), social media account log in details and additional information regarding the use of Fiverr’s marketplace (such as published portfolio, Gig information, purchases, ratings and additional information the user decides to upload and share with us or other users of our marketplace), and may hold certain personal data of the visitors to our users’ websites. In addition, we hold certain personal data of our employees, job applicants and contractors. We operate in accordance with the terms of our privacy policies, which describe our practices concerning the collection, use, transmission and disclosure of personal data. As a “database owner” pursuant to the Israeli Privacy Law, we are subject to certain obligations and restrictions, such as the requirement to properly notify the data subjects regarding the nature of the collection and use of their personal data prior to their collection, the requirement to obtain valid informed consents from the data subjects prior to using their personal data, conditions with respect to transfer of personal data outside Israeli borders, conditions and restrictions regarding the use of any personal data for direct mailing, obligations to meet certain data subject rights (such as access, rectification and deletion rights), registering databases containing personal data with Israeli Privacy Protection Authority, as well as data security obligations. In this respect, the Israeli Privacy Protection Regulations (Data Security) 2017, or the Data Security Regulations, imposes obligations with respect to the manner personal data is processed, maintained, transferred, disclosed, accessed and secured. The Israeli Privacy Protection Authority may initiate administrative inspection proceedings, from time to time, without any suspicion of any particular breach of the Israeli Privacy Law, as it has done in the past with respect to dozens of Israeli companies in various business sectors. In addition, to the extent that the Israeli Privacy Protection Authority initiates any administrative supervision procedure that reveals irregularities with respect to our compliance with the Israeli Privacy Law, we may need to take certain remedial actions to rectify such irregularities, which may increase our costs. In addition we may be exposed to administrative fines, civil claims (including class actions) and in certain cases criminal liability.

Numerous U.S. and foreign laws and regulations govern how we collect, use, disclose and otherwise process personal information, and certain of these laws and regulations have extraterritorial effect. Where the local data protection and privacy laws of a jurisdiction apply, we may be required to register our operations in that jurisdiction or make changes to our business so that personal information is only collected and processed in accordance with applicable local law. We may require additional legal review and resources to ensure compliance with any applicable privacy or data protections laws and regulations. In addition, in many jurisdictions there is new legislation that may affect our business and require additional legal review. Compliance with these laws is constantly evolving, resource intensive and time consuming, and companies that do not comply with these laws may face significant liabilities.

A number of new U.S. state data privacy laws as well as legislative proposals pending before the U.S. Congress and various state legislative bodies concerning data protection could affect us. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, or the CCPA, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act, or the CPRA, provides new data privacy rights for consumers and new operational requirements for companies. In addition, over a dozen other states have passed or are considering similar legislation, which has created and will continue to create additional compliance obligations and privacy rights. If similar laws continue to be passed in other states or at the federal level, such laws may have potentially conflicting requirements that would make compliance challenging and costly.

We are subject to the GDPR. We are a “Controller” with respect to the personal data of our users that we collect and are therefore subject to a number of key legal obligations under the GDPR. These include the necessity to have lawful basis for collecting, using, and processing personal data, ​​requirements in light of the transparency principle to tell our users how we may use their personal data, increased controls on profiling users, increased rights for users to access, control and delete their personal data and mandatory data breach notification requirements. Case law and regulatory guidance has supplemented these requirements in numerous areas, particularly around international data transfers, imposing additional compliance costs and enforcement risk. In addition, there are significantly increased administrative fines of the greater of €20 million / £17.5 million and 4% of global turnover (as well as the right to compensation for financial or non-financial damages claimed by any individuals under Article 82 of the GDPR). Since we are under the supervision of relevant data protection authorities in both the EEA and the UK, we may be fined under both the EU GDPR and UK GDPR for the same breach. Compliance with these laws is constantly evolving, resource intensive and time consuming, and companies that do not comply with these laws may face significant liabilities.

In the EU and UK, under national laws derived from the European ePrivacy Directive (Directive 2002/58/EC as amended by Directive 2009/136/EC), companies must, among other things, obtain consent to store information or access information already stored, on a user’s terminal equipment (e.g., computer or mobile device). These requirements predominantly regulate the use by companies of cookies and comparable technologies. Prior to providing such consent, users must receive clear and comprehensive information, both in accordance with the more stringent requirements under the GDPR. Certain exemptions to these requirements on which we rely are available for technical storage or access for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network or as strictly necessary to provide a service explicitly requested by the user.

In recent years, U.S. and European lawmakers and regulators have expressed concern over the use of third-party cookies and similar technologies for online behavioral advertising, and laws in this area are also under reform. In the European Union and United Kingdom, informed consent is required for the placement of certain cookies on a user’s device and for direct electronic marketing, and the GDPR also imposes additional conditions in order to satisfy such consent, such as a prohibition on pre-checked consents and on bundled consents thereby requiring users to affirmatively consent for a given purpose through separate tick boxes. Compliance with these laws is constantly evolving, resource intensive and time consuming, and companies that do not comply with these laws may face significant liabilities.

On November 1, 2022, the Digital Markets Act, or the DMA, entered into force and on November 16, 2022, the Digital Services Act, or the DSA, followed. For the DSA, most provisions became applicable on February 17, 2024. The DSA and the DMA focus on creating a safer digital space, protecting fundamental rights of all users of digital services, and establishing a level playing field for businesses and consumers with regards to online platforms. The majority of the substantive provisions of the DSA govern, among other things, our potential liability for illegal services or content on our platform, obligations around traceability of business users, and require enhanced transparency measures, including in relation to any recommendation systems (including the main parameters used by such systems and any available options for recipients to modify or influence them). As further guidance on the DSA is issued, it may require us to further modify our practices and policies and we could incur substantial costs as a result. In addition, failure to comply with the DSA can result in fines of up to 6% of total annual worldwide turnover and recipients of services have the right to seek compensation from providers in respect of damage or loss suffered due to infringement by the provider to comply with the DSA. Similarly, in the United Kingdom, the Online Safety Act 2023 establishes an extensive regulatory framework for user-to-user services and imposes obligations to protect users from illegal content which, if applicable, may increase compliance costs and may otherwise adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition and failure to comply with the UK regime can result in fines of up to 10% of total annual worldwide turnover or £18 million (whichever is greater).

On December 16, 2020, the European Union published a new cybersecurity strategy which aims at adapting online and offline security requirements in response to growing interconnectedness and digitalization. In December 2022, the Directive (EU) 2022/2555 of the European Parliament and of the Council of December 14, 2022 on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union, amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 and Directive (EU) 2018/1972, and repealing Directive (EU) 2016/1148 (NIS 2 Directive) was published in the official journal of the European Union. As EU Member States still need to adopt the NIS 2 Directive into national law by October 17, 2024, it is difficult to assess the impact on our business or operations, but it may require us to modify our cybersecurity practices and policies and we could incur substantial costs as a result.

The legal name of our company is Fiverr International Ltd. and we are organized under the laws of the State of Israel. We have seven wholly-owned subsidiaries: Fiverr Inc., ClearVoice, Inc., Working Not Working, Inc., and CreativeLive Inc. each of which incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware, Sharon Lee Thony Consulting, LLC, incorporated under the laws of the State of New York, Fiverr Germany GmbH, incorporated under the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany and Fiverr Limited, incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Cyprus.

Our principal facilities are located in Tel Aviv, Israel and consist of approximately 4,500 square meters (approximately 48,438 square feet) of leased office space. These facilities currently accommodate our principal executive offices, research and development, marketing, design, business development, finance, information technology, user support and other administrative activities. The lease for these facilities expires in December 2026.

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

Overview

Our mission is to change how the world works together. We started with the simple idea that people should be able to buy and sell digital services in the same fashion as physical goods on an e-commerce platform. On that basis, we set out to design a digital services marketplace that is built with a comprehensive SKU-like services catalog and an efficient search, find and order process that mirrors a typical e-commerce transaction. We call this the Service-as-a-Product, or the SaaP model. Our approach fundamentally transforms the traditional freelancer staffing model into a customer centric, product led marketplace model with scale and efficiency.

We believe our model reduces friction and uncertainties for both buyers and sellers. At the foundation of our platform lies an expansive catalog with over 700 categories of productized service listings, which we coined as Gigs. Each Gig has a clearly defined scope, duration and price, along with buyer generated reviews. Using either our search or navigation tools, buyers can easily compare and find talent and their service listings, and in turn purchase and fulfill their digital service needs, ranging from simple services such as logo design and blog post writing, to complex services such as video creation, website development and social media marketing. In the year ended December 31, 2023, we had 4.1 million active buyers on our platform.

We were founded in 2010 by entrepreneurs who have extensive experience working with freelancers and who have witnessed firsthand how challenging the process can be. Our platform has simplified and streamlined this process for both buyers and sellers. As a result, we have experienced significant growth and reached a meaningful scale. Our GMV for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $1,134.7 million, $1,118.3 million, and $1,018.7 million, respectively.

Our business model

We operate a marketplace model where we derive the majority of our revenue from transaction fees and service fees that are based on the total value of transactions ordered through our platform. Additionally, we drive certain revenues from value-added services provided to our buyer and seller community. Our revenue growth has been driven by a combination of active buyers, spend per buyer and take rate growth. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our revenue was $361.4 million, $337.4 million, and $297.7 million, respectively, most of which was driven by repeat buyers whose collective spend on our platform continues to increase. These favorable dynamics provide us with revenue visibility and predictability. As repeat buyers keep using our platform, placing additional orders and ordering higher value and cross category services, we benefit from growing buyer lifetime value.

Our take rate, or revenue as a percentage of GMV, was 31.8%, 30.2%, and 29.2% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We believe we are able to command our take rate because of the value we provide to our buyers and sellers in an otherwise fragmented, unstandardized and high-friction industry. Our take rate is sustainable and has grown moderately over time as we provide more value to buyers and sellers through products and offerings such as Promoted Gigs, Seller Plus, and other value-added services.

Our revenue is diversified and generated from a broad mix of digital services. Our platform includes over 700 categories across ten verticals, including Graphics & Design, Digital Marketing, Writing & Translation, Video & Animation, Music & Audio, Programming & Tech, Business, Data, Lifestyle, and Photography. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, no single category accounted for more than 15% of our core platform revenue. Category expansion continues to be a key strategy for our business.

Geographically, the substantial majority of our revenue is generated from buyers in English speaking countries. As we expand our platform to include additional languages, we expect to deepen our penetration into Western Europe, Asia Pacific and Latin America, and the geographic mix of our revenue could therefore change over time.

Generally, we do not hire freelancers directly or provide digital services to our buyers as a principal. Our business model can rapidly scale, and as it grows we benefit from a growing network effect. More buyers attract more sellers onto our platform, which, in turn, leads to more selection and better value for money, driving more engagement and spend by our buyers. Our revenue is well diversified across our buyers, with no buyer contributing more than 1% of core platform revenue in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 or 2021.

We drive a majority of our buyer acquisition through organic channels, supplemented by efficient performance marketing investments. Our organic buyer growth results from the embedded network effect of our marketplace model and our continued growth in our brand awareness. We continue to diversify and strengthen our performance marketing capabilities and invest in data science technologies to acquire more buyers as well as buyers with higher lifetime value. Since inception, we have not made significant investments in marketing for seller acquisition.

Our active buyer base has grown significantly over time. As of December 31, 2023, the number of active buyers on our platform has reached 4.1 million. The key drivers of our active buyer base growth are continued buyer engagement and our buyer acquisition strategy. We are focused on increasing this strong base of active buyers, which we continue to monetize.

We experience significant repeat business because buyers return to our platform as we offer a variety of freelance digital services that address different businesses’ needs. For example, a buyer can purchase design content for a brochure and later return to our platform for market research, an entirely different service category. At the same time, this buyer may recommend our platform to a colleague in another department who may use our platform for video editing services.

Repeat buyers generally increase spend on our platform over time. For the year ended December 31, 2023, repeat buyers contributed 66% of our revenue on our core platform, up from 63% in the year ended December 31, 2022. We believe the repeat purchase activity from existing buyers reflects the underlying strength of our business and provides us with revenue visibility and predictability.

Our business has historically benefited from strong cohort revenue consistency. To track our growth and the underlying dynamics of our business, we closely monitor and analyze the behavior of our annual buyer cohorts. We define an annual buyer cohort based on the year when the buyer’s first purchase on our platform was made. Historically, we have observed consistency across our annual buyer cohorts. As shown in the figure below, the biggest fluctuation in spend of each cohort happens in the first two years and then starts to stabilize and contribute to a consistent stream of revenue for future years. The consistent behavior of our cohorts is driven first by repeat spending by our buyers as well as by the overall size of our buyer base, which normalizes the fluctuation of individual buyer behavior. We experienced elevated spending levels across our cohorts in 2020 and 2021, as COVID-19 led to more usage of remote and freelancer workforce. The cohort behavior has since been largely normalized.

We continue to attract buyers through a variety of channels. The majority of our new buyers in both 2023 and 2022 came from organic and direct sources, meaning buyers who reach our platform via non-paid search results, referrals by existing users, word-of-mouth, direct visits to our website by typing our URL into their browser, or our mobile app. We supplement these organic and direct sources of growth by investing in performance marketing programs. We view our ability to efficiently acquire buyers at scale as a differentiated competitive advantage and continuously seek to diversify our user acquisition investments through a variety of channels in a disciplined manner.

We measure the efficiency of our buyer acquisition strategy by Time to Return On Investment, or tROI, which represents the number of months required for us to recover performance marketing investments during a particular period of time from the revenue generated by the new buyers acquired during that period¹. We aim to achieve quarterly tROI of one year or less. Historically, over the past eight quarters ending December 31, 2023, we have been able to consistently achieve tROI of less than six months.

The second measure for our paid marketing efficiency is the cumulative revenue to performance marketing investment ratio. As depicted in the chart below, our return on performance marketing investments continues to improve as the cohort ages and buyers continue to spend on our platform. For example, as of December 31, 2023, revenue from the Q4’23 cohort had already amounted to 0.9x of our performance marketing investments during that quarter and the cumulative revenue from the Q4’20 cohort has reached 3.6x of our performance marketing investments during that quarter. We aim to continue acquiring buyers through highly efficient digital marketing channels as we continue to increase the scale of our performance marketing investments and target buyers with higher lifetime value.

Cumulative revenue to performance marketing investment ratios by cohort

We view the acquisition of a new buyer as a starting point for building a long-term relationship between the buyer and our marketplace. Once a buyer joins our platform, we aim to expand the relationship and increase engagement and spending activities from that buyer over time. Our focus on increasing the lifetime value of our buyers on our marketplace is reflected in three areas. First, we continue to build out our platform to include more categories, more complex Gigs, and higher quality sellers in order to provide a comprehensive solution for our buyers’ digital service needs. Second, our proprietary machine learning technology and expansive data sets allow us to personalize experiences for both buyers and sellers. For example, it enables us to anticipate buyers’ future needs based on their buying behavior and provide category and service recommendations. Third, we continue to go upmarket in our marketing strategies to acquire higher lifetime value buyers at the top of the funnel.

We measure our buyer engagement using spend per buyer. Our spend per buyer as of December 31, 2023, was $278, up 6% from $262 as of December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, buyers who spent over $500 accounted for 64% of our core platform revenue, up from 63% for the year ended December 31, 2022.

These spend per buyer growth trends demonstrate our success in moving upmarket by offering a broader set of digital services, increasing engagement and lifetime value of our buyers, and growing the number of higher value Gigs and higher quality sellers on our platform through targeted marketing efforts and a number of product initiatives such as Fiverr Pro, Fiverr’s Choice, Subscriptions and Milestones.

Key financial and operating metrics

Geographic Breakdown of Revenues. The following table sets forth the geographic breakdown of revenues for the periods indicated:

Cost of revenue. Cost of revenue primarily consists of expenses related to payment processing companies’ fees, server hosting fees, costs of customer support personnel, amortization of capitalized internal-use software and developed technology and courses. We expect cost of revenue to increase in absolute dollars in future periods due to higher payment processing companies’ fees, server hosting fees and employee-related costs that are required to support additional transaction volume on our platform. The level and timing of all of these items could fluctuate and affect our cost of revenue in the future.

Gross profit and gross margin. Our gross profit and gross margin may fluctuate from period to period. Such fluctuations may be influenced by our revenue, processing fees, timing and amount of investments to expand hosting capacity, our continued investments in our customer support teams and the amortization associated with capitalized internal-use software and developed technology.

Research and development. Research and development expenses are primarily comprised of costs of our research and development personnel, related overhead costs, including share-based compensation, development related activities expenses including new initiatives and other. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred, except to the extent that such costs are associated with internal-use software that qualifies for capitalization. We believe continued investments in research and development are important to attain our strategic objectives and we expect these costs to grow over time as we grow our business.

Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expenses are primarily comprised of costs of our marketing personnel, the related overhead costs, including share-based compensation for employees engaged in sales, marketing, advertising and promotional activities. A significant component is performance marketing investments such as user acquisition costs, branding costs, marketing campaigns and other media advertisements, and amortization of customer relationships, creative relationships and trade name and other advertising costs. Sales and marketing expenses are expensed as incurred. We intend to continue to invest in our sales and marketing capabilities in the future to drive revenue growth and to continue to increase our brand awareness. Sales and marketing expenses in absolute dollars and as a percentage of total revenue may fluctuate from period-to-period based on total revenue levels and the timing of our investments in our sales and marketing functions as these investments may vary in scope and scale over future periods.

General and administrative. General and administrative expenses primarily include overhead related costs, including share-based compensation of the Company’s executive, finance, legal, human resources and other administrative personnel. General and administrative expenses also include legal, accounting and other professional service fees, other corporate expenses, as well as chargeback expenses and costs associated with fraud risk reduction and others. General and administrative expenses are expensed as incurred. We expect that our general and administrative expenses will grow over time as we grow our business, as well as to cover the additional cost and expenses associated with maintaining a publicly listed company.

Income taxes increased by $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 mainly due to uncertain tax provision and income taxes in the US.

Since our inception we have funded our operations through sale of equity securities in private and public offerings, issuance of convertible notes, cash generated from operating activities and, to a lesser extent, through exercised options.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 we had $745.7 million and $651.9 million, respectively, of cash, cash equivalents, bank deposits and marketable securities. In addition, we had restricted cash and restricted deposits related to the loan to finance leasehold improvements and our office space lease agreement of $1.3 million and $1.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our marketable securities amounted to $476.1 million and $431.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Marketable securities are comprised of treasury, corporate and municipal bonds.

Our primary requirements for liquidity and capital resources are to finance working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes. We assess our liquidity, in part, through an analysis of our working capital, current assets less current liabilities, together with other sources of liquidity. We had working capital of $389.1 million as of December 31, 2023, compared to $428.1 million as of December 31, 2022. The change is mainly derived from investment in long term securities.

We believe that our cash generated from operating activities, along with existing cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and bank deposits will be sufficient to fund our working capital and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. We also expect our sources of liquidity will be sufficient to fund our office lease long-term contractual obligations and the capital needs for our Convertible Notes (as defined below) that will mature in 2025, and, depending on the price of our ordinary shares, we may need to pay the principal amount in cash. Based on the Company’s current share price, we expect that we will be required to pay in cash the $460 million in cash. However, this is subject, to a certain extent, to general economic, financial, competitive, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. Our future financing requirements will depend on many factors including our growth rate, the timing and extent of spending to support development of our platform and the expansion of marketing activities.

Our capital expenditures for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 amounted to $1.1 million, $2.2 million and $2.6 million, respectively. Our capital expenditures consist primarily of computers and peripheral equipment, leasehold improvement and internal-use software costs. As part of the lease of our Israeli headquarters, the lessor financed an amount of $4.0 million out of the total cost of leasehold improvements in the office space. The remaining loan of $2.9 million was fully repaid on January 1, 2022. We may also seek to invest in or acquire complementary businesses or technologies.

We are a party to contractual obligations involving commitments to make payments to third parties. These obligations impact our short-term and long-term liquidity and capital resource needs. Certain contractual obligations are reflected on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023, while others are considered future commitments. Our contractual obligations primarily consist of purchase obligations, lease payments and convertible notes. For information regarding our other contractual obligations, refer to Note 9, 10 and 12 within our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $9.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $24.4 million from ($14.6) million cash used in for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase primarily resulted from $167.5 million of investments in marketable securities. This was partially offset by a decrease of 142.5 million due to proceeds from maturities of marketable securities a decrease of $46.9 million in bank deposits and restricted deposits, a decrease of $1.4 million in other receivables and non-current assets and a decrease of $1.1 million related to capitalization of internal-use software and acquisition of intangible assets.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $4.5 million from ($1.6) million cash used in for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase primarily resulted from a $2.3 million related to prior year repayment of long-term loan, a decrease of $2.1 million in tax withholding in connection with exercises of employees’ share options and vested RSU’s and $1.1 million due to prior year payment of contingent consideration. This was partially offset by a decrease of $1.0 million in proceeds from exercise of share options.

On October 13, 2020, we closed a private offering of $460.0 million principal amount of 0% coupon rate Convertible Senior Notes due 2025, or the Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated October 13, 2020, or the Indenture, between us and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee.

The Convertible Notes are convertible based upon an initial conversion rate of 4.6823 of our ordinary shares, per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes (equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $213.57 per ordinary share). The conversion rate will be subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain specified events but will not be adjusted for accrued and unpaid special interest (as defined in the Indenture), if any. In addition, in connection with a make-whole fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture), or following our delivery of a notice of redemption, we will, in certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change or to convert its Convertible Notes called for redemption in connection with such notice of redemption, as the case may be.

The Convertible Notes will not bear regular interest, and the principal amount of the Convertible Notes will not accrete. The Convertible Notes will mature on November 1, 2025, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. Prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding May 1, 2025, a holder may convert all or a portion of its Convertible Notes only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of our ordinary shares for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day; (2) during the five business day period after any 10 consecutive trading day period, or the measurement period, in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the ordinary shares and the conversion rate on each such trading day; (3) if we call such Convertible Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the third scheduled trading day immediately preceding the related redemption date; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On or after May 1, 2025 until the close of business on the third scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert their Convertible Notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, ordinary shares or a combination of cash and ordinary shares, at the Company’s election.

We may redeem, for cash, all or part of the Convertible Notes, at our option, if the last reported sale price of our ordinary shares has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which we provide notice of the redemption at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid special interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture), holders may require us to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their Convertible Notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid special interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.

The indenture governing the Convertible Notes contains customary terms and covenants, including that upon certain events of default occurring and continuing, either the trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes then outstanding may declare the entire principal amount of all the Convertible Notes plus accrued special interest, if any, to be immediately due and payable.

The Convertible Notes are our senior unsecured obligations. The Convertible Notes rank senior in right of payment to any of our future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the Convertible Notes, rank equal in right of payment to our unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated, are effectively junior in right of payment to any of our secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness and are structurally junior to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of our subsidiaries.

In connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with certain financial institutions. See Item 3.D. “Risk Factors—Risks related to our indebtedness and capital structure—The Capped Call Transaction may affect the value of our ordinary shares, and we may be subject to counterparty risk with respect to the Capped Call Transactions.”

Our research and development activities are primarily located in Israel, with additional employees and contractors engaged in research and development activities for us in the US and Ukraine.

Research and development expenses are primarily comprised of costs of our research and development personnel and other development-related expenses. Research and development personnel focus primarily on enhancing our technology, improving our products, and developing new products and solutions. We invest in research and development in order to enhance and expand our product and service offerings, tailor our marketing offering, and expand our registered user base. Our development strategy is focused on identifying updates and enhanced features for our existing offerings, developing new offerings that are tailored to our registered users’ needs and often arise out of their suggestions, and improving the performance of our platform.

In 2023, research and development costs accounted for approximately 25.1% of our total revenue. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred, except to the extent that such costs are associated with internal-use software that qualifies for capitalization. We believe continued investments in research and development are important to attain our strategic objectives and we expect these costs to grow over time as we grow our business.

Adverse macroeconomic conditions, including recent inflation, slower growth, changes to fiscal and monetary policy, higher interest rates, and currency fluctuations have impacted companies in Israel and around the world, and as the future market conditions and possible recession remain highly uncertain, we cannot predict severity of the possible recession and its effects on our customers and their spending habits. See also Item 3.D. “Risk Factors” – Adverse economic conditions can materially adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition, due to impacts on consumer and business spending and demand for our services.”

Application of critical accounting estimates

Our significant accounting estimates and their effect on our financial condition and results of operations are more fully described in our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. We have prepared our financial statements in conformity with GAAP, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates are prepared using our best judgment, after considering past and current events and economic conditions. While management believes the factors evaluated provide a meaningful basis for establishing and applying sound accounting policies, management cannot guarantee that the estimates will always be consistent with actual results. In addition, certain information relied upon by us in preparing such estimates includes internally generated financial and operating information, external market information, when available, and when necessary, information obtained from consultations with third-parties. Actual results may differ from these estimates. See Item 3.D. “Risk Factors”for a discussion of the possible risks that may affect these estimates.

We believe that the accounting estimates discussed below are critical to our financial results and to the understanding of our past and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s estimates and assumptions. We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if: (1) it requires us to make assumptions because information was not available at the time or it included matters that were highly uncertain at the time we were making our estimate and (2) changes in the estimate could have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. The critical accounting estimates that we believe have the most significant impact on our consolidated financial statements are discussed below.

Our customers are the users on our platform. A contract with a customer exists only when: the parties to the contract have approved it and are committed to perform their respective obligations, we can identify each party’s rights regarding the distinct performance obligations, we can determine the transaction price for the performance obligations to be transferred, the contract has commercial substance and it is probable that we will collect the consideration to which we will be entitled in exchange for the performance obligation that will be transferred to the customer.

Revenues are recorded in the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for performance obligations upon transfer of control to the customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of other third parties and indirect taxes. Our revenue is primarily comprised of one distinct performance obligation which is to arrange services to be provided on our marketplace platform by the sellers to the buyers. We earn transaction fees and service fees that are based on the total value of transactions ordered through the platform once the customer obtains control of the service, which occurs at a point in time upon completion of each order.

Revenue is mainly recognized on a net basis since we concluded that we act as an agent on our platform, mainly since we do not take responsibility for the sellers’ services and therefore, we are not primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the service and we do not have discretion in price establishment. Therefore, we do not obtain control of the services before they are transferred to the customer.

We recognize the incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense since the amortization period of the assets that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. Similarly, we do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations since the original expected duration of the contracts is one year or less.

We recognize revenue from unused user accounts balances once the likelihood of the users exercising their unused accounts balances becomes remote and we are not required to remit such unused account balance to a third party in accordance with applicable unclaimed property laws. The amounts recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were immaterial.

Revenue from subscriptions including our content marketing platform, on-line learning platform, creative talent platform and back office platform are mainly recognized over time when the service is rendered to the customer. Revenue from our freelancer management platform is recognized at a point time upon the management service is rendered.

Our contract liabilities mainly consist of deferred revenues from transaction and service fees received in advance for services for which control has not been yet obtained by the customers.

The results of an acquired business in a business combination are included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition according to the guidance of ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations.” We allocate the purchase price, which is the sum of the consideration provided and may consist of cash, equity or a combination of the two, to the identifiable assets and liabilities of the acquired business at their fair values as of the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over the amount allocated to the identifiable assets and liabilities, if any, is recorded as goodwill.

The estimated fair values and useful lives of identifiable intangible assets are based on many factors, including estimates and assumptions of future operating performance and cash flows of the acquired business, the nature of the business acquired and the specific characteristics of the identified intangible assets. The estimates and assumptions used to determine the fair values and useful lives of identified intangible assets could change due to numerous factors, including market conditions, technological developments, economic conditions and competition.

Contingent consideration incurred in a business combination is included as part of the acquisition price and recorded at a probability weighted assessment of the fair value as of the acquisition date. The fair value of the contingent consideration is re-measured at each reporting period, with any adjustments in fair value recognized in earnings under general and administrative expenses.

Acquisition related costs incurred by us are not included as a component of consideration transferred but are accounted for as an expense in the period in which the costs are incurred.

Goodwill and other purchased intangible assets have been recorded in our financial statements as a result of business combinations.

Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate fair value of the consideration transferred in a business combination over the fair value of the assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed. Under ASC Topic 350, “Intangible—Goodwill and other,” goodwill is not amortized, but rather is subject to an impairment test. ASC 350 allows an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test. If the qualitative assessment does not result in a more likely than not indication of impairment, no further impairment testing is required. If it does result in a more likely than not indication of impairment, the two-step impairment test is performed. Alternatively, ASC 350 permits an entity to bypass the qualitative assessment for any reporting unit and proceed directly to performing the first step of the goodwill impairment test. We operate in one reporting segment, and this segment comprises our only reporting unit. We elected to perform an annual impairment test of goodwill as of October 1st of each year, or more frequently if impairment indicators are present.

Due to the adverse change in macro-economic conditions mentioned in note 2k we performed an additional goodwill impairment test as of June 30, 2022.

No Goodwill impairment was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Intangible assets that are considered to have definite useful life are amortized using the straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which ranges from 2 to 10 years. Intangible assets that are considered to have definite useful life are tested for impairment in accordance with ASC Topic 360, “Property, Plant and Equipment” whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Our evaluation of recoverability is performed at the lowest level to which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities, and represent an asset group. Recoverability of this asset group is measured by a comparison of the aggregate undiscounted projections of future cash flows the asset group is expected to generate to the carrying amounts of the asset group. If such evaluation indicates that the carrying amount of the asset group is not recoverable, an impairment is measured by the amount which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds their fair value.

During the second quarter of 2022 due to an adverse change in macroeconomic conditions we recorded an impairment of intangible assets in the amount of $27.6 million mainly in connection with the asset group related to Stoke acquisition, asset group related to CreativeLive acquisition and internal use software capitalization. In determining the estimated fair value of the asset group, we utilized a discounted cash flow model. The key assumptions within the model related to forecasting of future revenue, appropriate discount rate and appropriate terminal value based on the nature of the asset group.

No impairment of intangible assets was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees

The following table presents information about our current executive officers and directors as of February 15, 2024:

Micha Kaufman, our Co-Founder, has served as our Chief Executive Officer and as a member of our board of directors since our inception and currently also serves as Chairperson of our board of directors. Prior to co-founding Fiverr, Mr. Kaufman founded and led several technology ventures. Mr. Kaufman has served as a member of the Advisory Board of Cerca Partners LP, a venture capital firm, since November 2016. Mr. Kaufman holds an LL.B degree from Haifa University in Israel.

Ofer Katz has served as our President since February 2021, as our Chief Financial Officer since July 2017 and as our Chief Financial Officer under a consulting contract from February 2011 to June 2017. Prior to joining us, Mr. Katz founded Nextage Ltd., a financial services firm, in 2001 where he served as Chief Executive Officer from 2001 to 2016 and currently serves as Co-Chief Executive Officer. As Chief Executive Officer of Nextage, Mr. Katz served as acting Chief Financial Officer to a number of companies including Wix.com Ltd., Adallom Technologies Ltd. (acquired by Microsoft Corporation), Wilocity (acquired by Qualcomm Incorporated) and Onavo (acquired by Facebook, Inc.). Mr. Katz holds a B.A. from Tel Aviv University in Israel.

Hila Klein has served as our Chief Operating Officer since January 2019. Prior to joining us, Ms. Klein spent approximately fifteen years at 888 Holdings Plc, serving in various roles including Director of House Gaming and Vice President, Casino & Bingo. Most recently at 888 Holdings, she served as Senior Vice President, Head of Product Technologies Division from April 2011 through December 2018. Ms. Klein holds a BS.c in Industrial Engineering from the Technion — Israel Institute of Technology.

Gali Arnon has served as our Chief Business Officer since November 2023. Prior to that she was our Chief Marketing Officer since October 2017. Prior to joining us, Ms. Arnon served as Chief Executive Officer of Brightcom Group Ltd, a digital marketing and publicly traded company in India, from 2015 to 2017. Between 2014 and 2015, Ms. Arnon was Senior Vice President of Marketing and Operations at SimilarWeb Ltd., a web analytics company. Prior to that, she served in multiple vice president roles at 888 Holdings Plc, an online gaming platform and publicly traded company in London, from 2009 to 2014. Ms. Arnon holds a B.A. and M.B.A. from Tel Aviv University in Israel.

Matti Yahav has served as our Chief Marketing Officer since November 2023. Matti brings with him over 20 years of marketing experience to Fiverr. He has worked with some of the world’s most recognizable brands, including Lego, Disney, Nestle, and SodaStream. During his time at SodaStream (NASDAQ: PEP), Matti spent over seven years on the Global Management Team, five of which were as CMO.

Sharon Steiner has served as our Chief Human Resources Officer since January 2020. Ms. Steiner joined us as a Human Resources Director in May 2012 and was promoted to our VP Human Resources in August 2014. Prior to joining us Ms. Steiner served in various human resources roles, including at Amdocs Ltd., KarmelSonix, Marvell Technology Group Ltd. and IBM Corporation. Ms. Steiner holds a B.A. from Haifa University in Israel.

Adam Fisher has served as a member of our board of directors since January 2011. Since 2007, Mr. Fisher has served as a Partner at Bessemer Venture Partners, a venture capital firm, and he is the founder of the firm’s investment practice in Tel Aviv, Israel. From 1998 to 2007, Mr. Fisher was a Partner at Jerusalem Venture Partners, a venture capital firm based in Israel. Mr. Fisher currently serves as a member of the board of directors of several Bessemer Venture Partners portfolio companies and previously served on the board of directors of Wix.com Ltd. from 2007 to 2016. Mr. Fisher holds a B.S.F.S. from Georgetown University.

Yael Garten has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2023. She brings extensive experience in data science, machine learning, and converting data into actionable product and business strategy. She serves on the Levi Strauss & Co. board of directors since 2020 and is a member of its audit committee and nominating, governance and corporate citizenship committee. Dr. Garten was the AI/ML Director of Data Science and Engineering at Apple from 2017 to 2023. Prior to that, from 2011 to 2017 she worked in a number of positions at LinkedIn Corporation and most recently was Director of Data Science from 2015 until 2017. Before joining LinkedIn, Dr. Garten was a Research Scientist and Text Mining Lead at the Stanford University School of Medicine. She holds a PhD in Biomedical Informatics from the Stanford University School of Medicine, an M.Sc. in Bioinformatics from the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, and a B.Sc. in Computational Biology from Bar-Ilan University, Israel.

Ron Gutler has served as a member of our board of directors since April 2019 and as a Lead Independent Director since May 2021. From May 2002 through February 2013, Mr. Gutler served as the Chairperson of NICE Systems Ltd., a public company specializing in voice recognition, data security and surveillance. Between 2000 and 2011, Mr. Gutler served as the Chairperson of G.J.E. 121 Promoting Investments Ltd., a real estate company. Mr. Gutler is a former Managing Director and Partner of Bankers Trust Company, which is currently part of Deutsche Bank. Mr. Gutler currently serves on the board of directors of Wix.com Ltd., CyberArk Software Ltd., Walkme Ltd. and several private companies. Mr. Gutler holds a B.A. and an M.B.A. from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Gili Iohan has served as a member of our board of directors since April 2019. Ms. Iohan is currently a Partner at ION Crossover Partners, an Israeli based cross-over fund. Ms. Iohan previously served as Chief Financial Officer of Varonis Systems, Inc., responsible for the company’s finance, accounting and back office operations, from 2005 to April 2017. Prior to that, she was a Partner for six years at Nextage Ltd., a financial services advisory firm. Ms. Iohan currently serves on the board of directors of Varonis Systems, Inc., Monday.com Ltd. and Similarweb Ltd. Ms. Iohan holds a B.A. and an M.B.A. from Tel Aviv University in Israel.

Jonathan Kolber has served as a member of our board of directors since June 2019. Mr. Kolber currently serves as a Chairman of ION Asset Management and Chairman and CEO of Anfield Ltd., his family owned investment company. From 2007 until 2021, Mr. Kolber served as a General Partner at Viola Growth, a technology growth capital fund. Prior to that, he served as Chief Executive Officer of Koor Industries Ltd., an industrial holding company, from 1998 to 2006. Mr. Kolber also currently serves as a member of the board of directors of Viola Growth portfolio companies and several other private companies. Mr. Kolber holds a B.A. from Harvard University.

The aggregate compensation paid by us and our subsidiaries to our executive officers and directors, including share-based compensation, for the year ended December 31, 2023, was approximately $29.6 million. This amount includes $0.78 million of amounts set aside or accrued to provide pension, severance, retirement or similar benefits or expenses, but does not include business travel, relocation, professional and business association dues and expenses reimbursed to office holders.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, our directors and officers were granted options to purchase an aggregate of 315,660 ordinary shares, at a weighted average exercise price of $36.77 per share, and 357,268 restricted share units under our 2019 Share Incentive Plan, or the 2019 Plan. As of December 31, 2023, options to purchase 3,462,853 ordinary shares granted to our executive officers and directors under our 2019 Plan and our 2011 Share Option Plan, or the 2011 Plan, at a weighted average exercise price of $43.27, and 353,562 restricted share units granted under the 2019 Plan, were outstanding.

The following is a summary of the salary expenses and social benefit costs of our five most highly compensated executive officers in 2023, or the Covered Executives. All amounts reported reflect the cost to the Company as recognized in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. U.S. dollar amounts indicated for compensation of our Covered Executives are in thousands of dollars.

Mr. Micha Kaufman, Co-Founder, Chief Executive Officer and Chairperson of the Board. Compensation expenses recorded in 2023 of $500 in salary expenses and $115 in social benefits costs.

Mr. Ofer Katz, President and Chief Financial Officer. Compensation expenses recorded in 2023 of $368 in salary expenses and $98 in social benefits costs.

Ms. Hila Klein, Chief Operating Officer. Compensation expenses recorded in 2023 of $350 in salary expenses and $118 in social benefits costs.

Ms. Gali Arnon, Chief Business Officer, Marketplace. Compensation expenses recorded in 2023 of $311 in salary expenses and $114 in social benefits costs.

Ms. Sharon Steiner, Chief Human Resources Officer. Compensation expenses recorded in 2023 of $267 in salary expenses and $92 in social benefits costs.

The salary expenses summarized above include the gross salary paid to the Covered Executives, and the benefit costs include the social benefits paid by us on behalf of the Covered Executives, convalescence pay, contributions made by the company to an insurance policy or a pension fund, work disability insurance, severance, educational fund and payments for social security.

In accordance with the Company’s compensation policy, we also paid cash bonuses to our Covered Executives as approved by the compensation committee and the board of directors. The 2023 cash bonus expenses, including social benefits costs, for Mr. Micha Kaufman, Mr. Ofer Katz, Ms. Hila Klein, Ms. Gali Arnon and Ms. Sharon Steiner, as provided for in our 2023 financial statements (but due during 2024), were $598, $333, $237, $163 and $92, respectively.

We recorded equity-based compensation expenses in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, for options and restricted share units granted to Mr. Micha Kaufman, Mr. Ofer Katz, Ms. Hila Klein, Ms. Gali Arnon and Ms. Sharon Steiner of $9,713, $6,694, $3,328, $2,920 and $2,269, respectively.

The relevant amounts underlying the equity awards granted to our officers during 2023, will continue to be expensed in our financial statements over a four-year period during the years 2024-2027 on account of the 2023 grants in similar annualized amounts. Assumptions and key variables used in the calculation of such amounts are described in Note 14 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this Annual Report. All equity-based compensation grants to our Covered Executives were made in accordance with the parameters of our Company’s compensation policy and were approved by the company’s compensation committee and board of directors.

We pay each of our non-employee directors who (i) either joined our board of directors following our initial public offering or otherwise will join our board of directors in the future, or (ii) serves or will serve in the future on a board of directors committee, each (i) and (ii) an Eligible Director, the following compensation (which reflects certain changes approved by our board of directors and shareholders on October 25, 2023 reducing the overall non-executive director compensation package and changing the form of equity awards granted thereunder from options to restricted share units):

An annual cash retainer with respect to each twelve months of service in an amount of:

Additional fees with respect to each twelve months of service on the board of directors’ committees in the amounts of:

Employment agreements with executive officers

We have entered into written employment agreements with each of our executive officers. These agreements provide for notice periods of varying duration for termination of the agreement by us or by the relevant executive officer, during which time the executive officer will continue to receive base salary and benefits. These agreements also contain customary provisions regarding non-competition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. However, the enforceability of the non-competition provisions may be limited under applicable law.

Share option plans

The 2011 Plan was adopted by our board of directors on March 31, 2011, amended and restated in April 2013 and further amended on August 14, 2018 and on January 25, 2019. The 2011 Plan provided for the grant of options to our employees, directors, office holders, service providers and consultants. Our United States Sub Plan to the 2011 Plan, as was adopted under our 2011 Plan governed option awards granted to our United States employees or service providers, including those who are deemed to be residents of the United States for tax purposes.

We no longer grant any awards under the 2011 Plan as it was superseded by the 2019 Plan, although previously granted awards remain outstanding. Ordinary shares subject to outstanding options granted under the 2011 Plan that expire or become unexercisable without having been exercised in full will become available again for future grant under the 2019 Plan. As of December 31, 2023, a total of 1,241,824 options to purchase ordinary shares were outstanding under the 2011 Plan, with a weighted average exercise price of $10.08 per share. Our board of directors, or a duly authorized committee of our board of directors, administers the 2011 Plan.

We maintain the 2019 Plan, under which we may grant equity based incentive awards to attract, motivate and retain the talent for which we compete. The 2019 Plan is administered by our board of directors and provides for the grant of stock options (including incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options), ordinary shares, restricted shares, restricted share units and other share based awards.

The maximum number of ordinary shares available for issuance under the 2019 Plan is equal to the sum of (i) 560,807 shares, (ii) any shares subject to awards under the 2011 Plan which will expire or become unexercisable without having been exercised, and (iii) an annual increase on the first day of each year beginning in 2020 and ending in and including 2029, equal to the lesser of (A) 14,259,677 shares, (B) 5% of the outstanding shares on the last day of the immediately preceding calendar year on a fully diluted basis and (C) such amount as determined by our board of directors if so determined, prior to January 1 of a calendar year; provided, however, that no more than 14,820,484 shares may be issued upon the exercise of incentive stock options, or ISOs. As of December 31, 2023, a total of 2,170,457 options to purchase ordinary shares, with a weighted average exercise price of $76.89 per share and 1,476,818 restricted share units were outstanding under the 2019 Plan. As of December 31, 2023, 1,737,003 ordinary shares were available for future issuance under the 2019 Plan.

The 2019 Plan provides for granting awards under various tax regimes, including, without limitation, in compliance with Section 102 of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance (New Version), 5721-1961, or the Ordinance, and Section 3(i) of the Ordinance and for awards granted to our United States employees or service providers, including those who are deemed to be residents of the United States for tax purposes, Section 422 of the Code and Section 409A of the Code.

Employee Share Purchase Plan

In August 2020, we adopted our 2020 Employee Share Purchase Plan, or the ESPP, to enable eligible employees of the company and certain of its designated subsidiaries to use payroll deductions to purchase the company’s ordinary shares and thereby acquire an ownership interest in the Company. The ESPP is comprised of two distinct components: (1) the component intended to qualify for favorable U.S. federal tax treatment under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code, or the Section 423 Component, and (2) the component not intended to be tax qualified under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code to facilitate participation for employees who are not eligible to benefit from favorable U.S. federal tax treatment and, to the extent applicable, to provide flexibility to comply with non U.S. law and other considerations, or the Non-Section 423 Component.

The maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares that may be purchased initially under the ESPP is 410,000 shares, or the ESPP Share Pool, subject to adjustment as provided for in the ESPP. In addition, on the first day of each calendar year beginning on January 1, 2022 and ending on and including January 1, 2030, the ESPP Share Pool shall be increased by that number of ordinary shares equal to the lesser of (a) 1% of the ordinary shares outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year on a fully diluted basis and (b) such smaller number of ordinary shares as determined by the board of directors. In no event will more than 5,500,000 ordinary shares be available for issuance under the Section 423 Component. As of December 31, 2023, the ESPP Share Pool consisted of 1,004,211 ordinary shares.

The compensation committee of our board of directors is the administrator of the ESPP and has the authority to interpret the terms of the ESPP and determine eligibility of participants in accordance with the terms of the ESPP and applicable law.

Eligible employees become participants in the ESPP by enrolling and authorizing payroll deductions by the deadline established by the plan administrator prior to the relevant offering date. Employee payroll deductions will be used to purchase shares on the last day of each purchase period (or such other date as set forth in the offering document). The plan administrator may amend, suspend or terminate the ESPP at any time. However, shareholder approval of any amendment to the ESPP must be obtained for any amendment which increases the aggregate number or changes the type of shares that may be sold pursuant to rights under the ESPP or changes the corporations or classes of corporations whose employees are eligible to participate in the ESPP.

As an Israeli company, we are subject to various corporate governance requirements under the Companies Law. However, pursuant to regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, companies with shares traded on certain U.S. stock exchanges, including the New York Stock Exchange, may, subject to certain conditions, “opt out” from the Companies Law requirements to appoint external directors and related Companies Law rules concerning the composition of the audit committee and compensation committee of the board of directors (other than the gender diversification rule under the Companies Law, which requires the appointment of a director from the other gender if at the time of appointment of a director all members of the board of directors are of the same gender). In accordance with these regulations, we elected to “opt out” from such requirements of the Companies Law. Under these regulations, the exemptions from such Companies Law requirements will continue to be available to us so long as: (i) we do not have a “controlling shareholder” (as such term is defined under the Companies Law), (ii) our shares are traded on certain U.S. stock exchanges, including the New York Stock Exchange, and (iii) we comply with the director independence requirements and the audit committee and compensation committee composition requirements under U.S. laws (including applicable New York Stock Exchange rules) applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

Our board of directors has adopted corporate governance guidelines which serve as a flexible framework which our board of directors and its committees operate within, subject to the requirements of applicable law and regulations. Under these guidelines, it is our policy that the positions of chairperson of the board of directors and chief executive officer may be held by the same person (subject to approval by our shareholders pursuant to the Companies Law, as described below). Under such circumstances, the guidelines also provide that the board may designate an independent director to serve as lead independent director. The lead independent director’s responsibilities include, but are not limited to, presiding over all meetings of the board of directors at which the chairperson of the board of directors is not present, including any executive sessions of the independent directors, approving board of directors meeting schedules and agendas, and acting as the liaison between the independent directors and the chief executive officer and chairperson of the board of directors. According to the guidelines, where the chairperson of the board of directors is an independent director, the chairperson of the board of directors will also serve as the lead independent director. In May 2021, our board of directors appointed Ron Gutler as our lead independent director. We comply with the rules of the New York Stock Exchange requiring that a majority of our directors are independent. Our board of directors has determined that all directors, other than Micha Kaufman, our co-founder, chief executive officer and chairperson of the board of directors, are independent under such rules.

Under the Companies Law and our amended and restated articles of association, our business and affairs are managed under the direction of our board of directors. Our board of directors may exercise all powers and may take all actions that are not specifically granted to our shareholders or to executive management. Our chief executive officer (referred to as a “general manager” under the Companies Law) is responsible for our day-to-day management. Our chief executive officer is appointed by, and serves at the discretion of, our board of directors. All other executive officers are appointed by the chief executive officer and are subject to the terms of any applicable employment or consulting agreement that we may enter into with them.

Under our amended and restated articles of association, our directors are divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. Each class of directors consists, as nearly as possible, of one-third of the total number of directors constituting the entire board of directors. At each annual general meeting of our shareholders, the election or re-election of directors following the expiration of the term of office of the directors of that class will be for a term of office that expires on the third annual general meeting following such election or re-election, such that each year the term of office of only one class of directors will expire.

Under the Companies Law, companies incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel that are “public companies,” including companies with shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange, are required to appoint at least two external directors. Pursuant to regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, companies with shares traded on certain U.S. stock exchanges, including the New York Stock Exchange, may, subject to certain conditions, “opt out” from the Companies Law requirements to appoint external directors and related Companies Law rules concerning the composition of the audit committee and compensation committee of the board of directors. In accordance with these regulations, we elected to “opt out” from the Companies Law requirement to appoint external directors and related Companies Law rules concerning the composition of the audit committee and compensation committee of the board of directors.

Audit committee

Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint an audit committee. The audit committee must be comprised of at least three directors.

Under the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance rules, we are required to maintain an audit committee consisting of at least three independent directors, each of whom is financially literate and one of whom has accounting or related financial management expertise.

Our audit committee consists of Ron Gutler, Gili Iohan and Nir Zohar. Mr. Gutler serves as the chairperson of the audit committee. All members of our audit committee meet the requirements for financial literacy under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance rules. Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Gutler is an audit committee financial expert as defined by the SEC rules and has the requisite financial experience as defined by the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance rules.

Compensation committee

Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint a compensation committee, which must be comprised of at least three directors.

Under the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance rules, we are required to maintain a compensation committee consisting of at least two independent directors.

Our compensation committee consists of Ron Gutler, Gili Iohan and Nir Zohar. Mr. Gutler serves as chairperson of the compensation committee. Our board of directors has determined that each member of our compensation committee is independent under the New York Stock Exchange rules, including the additional independence requirements applicable to the members of a compensation committee.

Nominating, and ESG committee

Internal auditor

Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint an internal auditor based on the recommendation of the audit committee. The role of the internal auditor is, among other things, to examine whether a company’s actions comply with applicable law and orderly business procedure. Under the Companies Law, the internal auditor cannot be an interested party or an office holder or a relative of an interested party or an office holder, nor may the internal auditor be the company’s independent auditor or its representative. An “interested party” is defined in the Companies Law as: (i) a holder of 5% or more of the issued share capital or voting power in a company, (ii) any person or entity who has the right to designate one or more directors or to designate the chief executive officer of the company, or (iii) any person who serves as a director or as a chief executive officer of the company. As of December 31, 2023, Ms. Sharon Cohen, CPA from Deloitte IL & Co, a firm in the Deloitte Global Network is acting as our internal auditor.

The Companies Law codifies the fiduciary duties that office holders owe to a company. An office holder is defined in the Companies Law as a general manager, chief business manager, deputy general manager, vice general manager, any other person assuming the responsibilities of any of these positions regardless of such person’s title, a director and any other manager directly subordinate to the general manager. Each person listed in the table under ”Management—Executive officers and directors” is an office holder under the Companies Law.

An office holder’s fiduciary duties consist of a duty of care and a duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires an office holder to act with the level of care with which a reasonable office holder in the same position would have acted under the same circumstances. The duty of loyalty requires that an office holder will act in good faith and in the best interests of the company.

The Companies Law requires that an office holder will promptly disclose to the board of directors any personal interest that he or she may have and all related material information known to him or her concerning any existing or proposed transaction with the company. A personal interest includes an interest of any person in an act or transaction of a company, including a personal interest of one’s relative or of a corporate body in which such person or a relative of such person is a 5% or greater shareholder, director or general manager or in which he or she has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager, but excluding a personal interest stemming solely from one’s ownership of shares in the company. A personal interest includes the personal interest of a person for whom the office holder holds a voting proxy or the personal interest of the office holder with respect to his or her vote on behalf of a person for whom he or she holds a proxy even if such shareholder has no personal interest in the matter. If it is determined that an office holder has a personal interest in a non-extraordinary transaction, meaning any transaction that is in the ordinary course of business, on market terms or that is not likely to have a material impact on the company’s profitability, assets or liabilities, approval by the board of directors is required for the transaction, unless the company’s articles of association provide for a different method of approval. Any such transaction that is adverse to the company’s interests may not be approved by the board of directors.

Approval first by the company’s audit committee and subsequently by the board of directors is required for an extraordinary transaction (meaning, any transaction that is not in the ordinary course of business, not on market terms or that is likely to have a material impact on the company’s profitability, assets or liabilities) in which an office holder has a personal interest.

A director and any other office holder who has a personal interest in a transaction which is considered at a meeting of the board of directors or the audit committee may generally (unless it is with respect to a transaction which is not an extraordinary transaction) not be present at such a meeting or vote on that matter unless a majority of the directors or members of the audit committee, as applicable, have a personal interest in the matter. If a majority of the members of the audit committee or the board of directors have a personal interest in the approval of such a transaction then all of the directors may participate in deliberations of the audit committee or board of directors, as applicable, with respect to such transaction and vote on the approval thereof and, in such case, shareholder approval is also required.

Certain disclosure and approval requirements apply under Israeli law to certain transactions with controlling shareholders, certain transactions in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest and certain arrangements regarding the terms of service or employment of a controlling shareholder.

For a description of the approvals required under Israeli law for compensation arrangements of officers and directors, see above under Item 6.B”Director, Senior Management and Employees Compensation — Compensation of directors and executive officers.”

Exculpation, insurance and indemnification of office holders

Under the Companies Law, a company may not exculpate an office holder from liability for a breach of the duty of loyalty. An Israeli company may exculpate an office holder in advance from liability to the company, in whole or in part, for damages caused to the company as a result of a breach of duty of care but only if a provision authorizing such exculpation is included in its articles of association. Our amended and restated articles of association include such a provision. An Israeli company may not exculpate a director from liability arising out of a prohibited dividend or distribution to shareholders.

We believe that our corporate culture and our relationship with our employees contribute to our success. Our employees are continuously innovating, and our structure rewards productivity. Set forth below is a chart showing the number of people we employed at the times indicated:

In regard to our Israeli employees, Israeli labor laws govern the length of the workday, minimum wages for employees, procedures for hiring and dismissing employees, determination of severance pay, annual leave, sick days, advance notice of termination of employment, equal opportunity and anti-discrimination laws and other conditions of employment. Subject to certain exceptions, Israeli law generally requires severance pay upon the retirement, death or dismissal of an employee, and requires us and our employees to make payments to the National Insurance Institute, which is similar to the U.S. Social Security Administration. Our employees have pension plans that comply with the applicable Israeli legal requirements and we make monthly contributions to severance pay funds for all employees, which cover potential severance pay obligations.

None of our employees work under any collective bargaining agreements. Extension orders issued by the Israeli Ministry of Economy and Industry apply to us and affect matters such as cost of living adjustments to salaries, length of working hours and week, recuperation pay, travel expenses and pension rights.

We have never experienced labor-related work stoppages or strikes and believe that our relations with our employees are satisfactory.

For information regarding the share ownership of directors and officers, see Item 7.A. “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Major Shareholders.” For information as to our equity incentive plans, see Item 6.B. “Director, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation—Share Option Plans.”

None.

Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

To our knowledge, other than as disclosed in the table above, our other filings with the SEC and this Annual Report, there has been no significant change in the percentage ownership held by any major shareholder since January 1, 2021. The major shareholders listed above do not have voting rights with respect to their ordinary shares that are different from the voting rights of other holders of our ordinary shares.

As the majority of our shares are held in book-entry form, we are not aware of the identity of all of our shareholders. As of February 1, 2024, we had 77,507 ordinary shares held by 14 U.S. resident shareholders of record, not including ​​Cede & Co., the nominee of The Depository Trust Company.

Our policy is to enter into transactions with related parties on terms that, on the whole, are no more or less favorable than those available from unaffiliated third parties. Based on our experience in the business sectors in which we operate and the terms of our transactions with unaffiliated third parties, we believe that all of the transactions described below met this policy standard at the time they occurred.

The following is a description of our related party transactions, as defined under Item 7.B of Form 20-F, since January 1, 2023.

Employment agreements. We entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. The agreements provide for the terms of each individual’s employment or service with the Company, as applicable.

Options and restricted share units. Since our inception, we have granted options to purchase our ordinary shares and restricted share units to our executive officers and granted options to purchase our ordinary shares to certain of our directors. We describe our share option plans under Item 6.B. ”Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation—Share Option Plans.”

Exculpation, indemnification and insurance. Our amended and restated articles of association permit us to exculpate, indemnify and insure our office holders to the fullest extent permitted by the Companies Law. We have entered into agreements with certain of our office holders, exculpating them from a breach of their duty of care to us to the fullest extent permitted by law and undertaking to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by law, subject to certain exceptions, including with respect to liabilities resulting from the IPO to the extent that these liabilities are not covered by insurance. See Item 6.C.”Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Board Practices—Exculpation, insurance and indemnification of office holders.”

None.

Item 8. Financial Information

See Item 18. “Financial Statements.”

From time to time, we may be involved in various claims and legal proceedings related to claims arising out of our operations. We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings, including any such proceedings that are pending or threatened, of which we are aware.