UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F
(Mark One)
☐REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
☐SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of event requiring this shell company report _________________________
For the transition period from ___________ to ___________
Commission file number: 001-41813
TURBO ENERGY, S.A.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Not Applicable
(Translation of Registrant’s Name Into English)
Kingdom of Spain
(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)
Plaza de América 2, 4AB
Valencia, Spain 46004
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
Mariano Soria, Chief Executive Officer
+34 961 196 250
marianosoria@turbo-e.com
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.
None
(Title of Class)
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report (December 31, 2025): There were 55,085,700 shares of the registrant’s ordinary shares outstanding, par value €0.05 per share.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes ☐No ☒
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☒No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company.
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.
☐Item 17 ☐ Item 18
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Annual Report on Form 20-F
Year Ended December 31, 2025
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTORY NOTES
Use of Certain Defined Terms
Except as otherwise indicated by the context and for the purposes of this report only, references in this report to:
Forward-Looking Statements
In addition to historical information, this annual report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. We use words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “project,” “target,” “plan,” “optimistic,” “intend,” “aim,” “will” or similar expressions which are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements include, among others, those concerning market and industry segment growth and demand and acceptance of new and existing products; any projections of sales, earnings, revenue, margins or other financial items; any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations; and any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance, as well as all assumptions, expectations, predictions, intentions or beliefs about future events. You are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions, which, if they were to ever materialize or prove incorrect, could cause the results of the Company to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Potential risks and uncertainties include, among other things, the possibility that third parties hold proprietary rights that preclude us from marketing our products, the emergence of additional competing technologies, changes in domestic and foreign laws, regulations and taxes, changes in economic conditions, uncertainties related to legal system and economic, political and social events in Spain, a general economic downturn, a downturn in the securities markets, and other risks and uncertainties which are generally set forth under Item 3 “Key information - D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report.
Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us in this report and our other filings with the SEC. These reports attempt to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects. The forward-looking statements made in this report speak only as of the date hereof and we disclaim any obligation, except as required by law, to provide updates, revisions or amendments to any forward-looking statements to reflect changes in our expectations or future events.
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PART I.
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISORS
Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION
A. [RESERVED]
Not applicable.
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable
D. Risk Factors
An investment in our ADSs involves a high degree of risk. The following risk factors describe circumstances or events that could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition or operating results. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all of the other information included in this annual report, before making an investment decision. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could suffer. In that case, the trading price of our ADSs could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently believe are not material could also impair our business, financial condition or operating results. Some statements in this annual report, including statements in the following risk factors, constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to the section titled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”
Summary of Risk Factors
Investing in our Company involves significant risks. These risks include the following:
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Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry
Our solar energy storage products may experience quality problems from time to time that could result in negative publicity, litigation, product recalls and warranty claims, which could result in decreased revenues and harm to our brands.
A catastrophic failure of our products could cause personal or property damages for which we would be potentially liable. Damage to or the failure of our products to perform to customer specifications could result in unexpected warranty expenses or result in a product recall, which would be time consuming and expensive. Any product recall in the future, whether it involves our or a competitor’s product, may result in negative publicity, damage our brand and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In the future, we may voluntarily or involuntarily initiate a recall if any of our products are proven to be or possibly could be defective or noncompliant with applicable environmental laws and regulations, including health and safety standards. Such recalls involve significant expense and diversion of management attention and other resources, which could adversely affect our brand image, as well as our business, financial condition and operating results.
Our solution, by making use of energy monitoring and management software, is susceptible to cyberattacks that could cause the management system to malfunction or even stop, without preventing the photovoltaic generation of the installation.
We may be subject to product liability claims.
If one of our products were to cause injury to someone or cause property damage, including as a result of product malfunctions, defects, or improper installation, then we could be exposed to product liability claims. We could incur significant costs and liabilities if we are sued and if damages are awarded against us. Further, any product liability claim we face could be expensive to defend and could divert management’s attention. The successful assertion of a product liability claim against us could result in potentially significant monetary damages, penalties or fines, subject us to adverse publicity, damage our reputation and competitive position, and adversely affect sales of our products. In addition, product liability claims, injuries, defects, or other problems experienced by other companies in similar industry could lead to unfavorable market conditions for the industry as a whole and may have an adverse effect on our ability to attract new customers, thus harming our growth and financial performance.
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We expect to incur research and development costs and devote significant resources to developing new products, which could significantly reduce our profitability and may never result in revenue to the Company.
Our future growth depends on penetrating new markets, adapting existing products to new applications and customer requirements, and introducing new products that achieve market acceptance. We plan to incur significant research and development costs in the future as part of our efforts to design, develop, manufacture and introduce new products and enhance existing products. Our research and development expenses were 267,740 (approximately US$ 314,220), €361,333 and €361,420 during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively, and are likely to grow in the future. Further, our research and development program may not produce successful results, and our new products may not achieve market acceptance, create additional revenue or become profitable.
The research and development of new products and technologies is costly and time consuming, and there are no assurances that our research and development of new products will be either successful or completed within anticipated timeframes, if at all. Our failure to technologically evolve and/or develop new or enhanced products may cause us to lose competitiveness in the renewable energy storage market. In addition, in order to compete effectively in the renewable energy storage industry, we must be able to launch new products to meet our customers’ demands in a timely manner. However, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to install and certify any equipment needed to produce new products in a timely manner, or that the transitioning of our manufacturing facility and resources to full production under any new product programs will not impact production rates or other operational efficiency measures at our manufacturing facility. In addition, new product introductions and applications are risky, and may suffer from a lack of market acceptance, delays in related product development and failure of new products to operate properly. Any failure by us to successfully launch new products, or a failure by our customers to accept such products, could adversely affect our results.
The energy storage markets in which we operate are in their infancy and highly competitive, and we may not be successful in competing in these markets as the industry further develops. We currently face competition from new and established competitors in the global regions we serve and expect to face competition from others in the future, including competition from companies with new technology.
The worldwide energy storage market is in its infancy, and we expect it will become more competitive in the future. We also expect more regulatory burden as customers adopt this new technology. There is no assurance that our energy storage solutions will be successful in the respective markets in which they compete. A significant and growing number of established and new companies, as well as other companies, have entered or are reported to have plans to enter the energy storage market. Most of our current and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, sales networks and other resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources to the design, development, manufacturing, distribution, promotion, sale and support of their products. Increased competition could result in lower unit sales, price reductions, revenue shortfalls, loss of customers and loss of market share, which could harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. The energy storage industry is highly competitive.
We face competition from other manufacturers, developers and installers of energy storage systems, as well as from large utilities. Decreases in the retail prices of electricity from utilities or other renewable energy sources could make our products less attractive to customers.
Events that negatively impact the growth of renewable energy will have a negative impact on our business and financial condition.
The growth and profitability of our business is dependent upon the future growth of renewable energy, such as wind and solar. The growth of renewable energy and an increase in the number of renewable energy projects are dependent upon a number of factors, including governmental policies offering incentives that encourage the building of renewable energy projects and offset the cost of alternative energy sources, including new technologies. Any events or change in the regulatory framework or electricity energy market that negatively impact the growth and development of renewable energy, particularly wind and solar energy, will have a negative impact on our business and financial condition.
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The solar industry is an evolving industry that has experienced substantial changes over the years, and we cannot be certain that consumers and businesses will adopt solar PV systems as an alternative energy source at levels sufficient to continue to grow our solar energy storage business. Traditional electricity distribution is based on the regulated industry model under which businesses and consumers obtain their electricity from a government regulated utility. For alternative methods of distributed power to succeed, businesses and consumers must adopt new purchasing practices. The viability and continued growth in demand for solar energy solutions and energy storage systems and, in turn, our products, may be impacted by many factors outside of our control, including:
If demand for solar energy solutions does not grow, demand for our products from residential homeowners, commercial businesses and utilities will decrease, which would have an adverse impact on our ability to increase our revenue and grow our business. Further, our success depends on continued demand for solar energy solutions and the ability of solar equipment vendors to meet this demand. Supply chain disruptions, increased interest rates and higher inflation, have caused and may continue to cause various negative effects, including an inability to meet the needs of our existing or potential end customers. If demand for solar energy solutions decreases or does not grow, demand for our products will decrease, which would have an adverse impact on our ability to increase our revenue and grow our business.
Increased scrutiny from stakeholders and regulators regarding ESG practices and disclosures, including those related to sustainability, and disclosure could result in additional costs and adversely impact our business and reputation.
Companies across all industries are facing increased scrutiny regarding their ESG practices and disclosures and institutional and individual investors are increasingly using ESG screening criteria in making investment decisions. Our disclosures on these matters or a failure to satisfy evolving stakeholder expectations for ESG practices and reporting, which may conflict with one another, may potentially harm our reputation and impact employee retention, customer relationships and access to capital. For example, certain market participants use third-party benchmarks or scores to measure a company’s ESG practices in making investment decisions and customers and suppliers may evaluate our ESG practices or require that we adopt certain ESG policies as a condition of purchasing our products or services. In addition, our failure or perceived failure to pursue or fulfill our goals, targets and objectives or to satisfy various reporting standards within the timelines we announce, or at all, could expose us to government enforcement actions and private litigation. Furthermore, complying or failing to comply with existing or future federal, state, local, and foreign legislation and regulations applicable to ESG practices, which may conflict with one another, could cause us to incur additional compliance and operational costs or actions and suffer reputational harm, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Our ability to achieve any goal or objective, including with respect to environmental and diversity initiatives and compliance with ESG reporting standards, is subject to numerous risks, many of which are outside of our control. Examples of such risks include the availability and cost of technologies and products that meet sustainability and ethical supply chain standards, evolving regulatory requirements affecting ESG standards or disclosures, our ability to recruit, develop and retain diverse talent in our labor markets, and our ability to develop reporting processes and controls that comply with evolving standards for identifying, measuring and reporting ESG metrics. Methodologies for reporting ESG data may be updated and previously reported ESG data may be adjusted to reflect improvement in availability and quality of third-party data, changes in assumptions, changes in the nature and scope of our operations and other changes in circumstances. Our processes and controls for reporting ESG matters across our operations and supply chain are evolving along with multiple disparate standards for identifying, measuring and reporting ESG metrics, including ESG-related disclosures that may be required by the SEC, European and other regulators, and such standards may change over time, which could result in significant revisions to our current goals, reported progress in achieving such goals, or ability to achieve such goals in the future. As ESG best-practices, reporting standards and disclosure requirements continue to develop, we may incur increasing costs related to ESG monitoring and reporting.
If the estimates and assumptions we use to determine the size of our total addressable market are inaccurate, our future growth rate may be affected and the potential growth of our business may be limited.
Market estimates and growth forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the market in which we compete meets our size estimates and forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all. Our market opportunity is also based on the assumption that our existing and future offerings will be more attractive to our customers and potential customers than competing products and services. If these assumptions prove inaccurate, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We have a history of losses and may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability in the future.
Our net loss for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 totaled €(1,156,309) (approximately US$(1,357,044), €(3,337,000) and €(2,013,788), respectively. We cannot predict when or whether we will reach or maintain profitability.
We are dependent on a few customers for a significant amount of our net revenues.
Historically a significant amount of our product sales has been generated from a small number of customers. For example, our top 10 customers, on an aggregate basis, accounted for approximately €13,418,531 (approximately $15,747,988) in revenue or 68% of our total revenue for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, revenues from our top 10 customers accounted for approximately €4,391,090, or 44.9% of our total revenue. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, revenues from our top 10 customers accounted for approximately €5,004,061, or 35.9% of our total revenue.
There are inherent risks whenever a large percentage of total revenues are concentrated with a limited number of customers. It is not possible for us to predict the future level of demand for our services that will be generated by these customers. In addition, revenues from these larger customers may fluctuate from time to time based on the commencement and completion of projects, the timing of which may be affected by market conditions or other facts, some of which may be outside of our control. If any of these customers experience declining or delayed sales due to market, economic or competitive conditions, we could be pressured to reduce the prices we charge for our services and products, which could have an adverse effect on our margins and financial position and could negatively affect our revenues and results of operations and/or trading price of our ADSs. If any of these large customers terminates our services, such termination would negatively affect our revenues and results of operations and/or trading price of our ordinary shares. There is no assurance that we will be successful in our efforts to convince customers to accept our products. Our failure to sell our products could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
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For most of our sales and customers, we do not have long-term contracts. Future agreements with respect to pricing, returns, promotions, among other things, are subject to periodic negotiation with such customers. No assurance can be given that our customers will continue to do business with us. The loss of any of our significant customers will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. In addition, the uncertainty of product orders can make it difficult to forecast our sales and allocate our resources in a manner consistent with actual sales, and our expense levels are based in part on our expectations of future sales. If our expectations regarding future sales are inaccurate, we may be unable to reduce costs in a timely manner to adjust for sales shortfalls.
Real or perceived hazards associated with Lithium-ion battery technology may affect demand for our products.
Press reports have highlighted situations in which lithium-ion batteries have caught fire or exploded. For instance, in 2020, LG Chem recalled several residential solar battery storage products because of concerns about fire safety. Five fires involving these battery systems have been reported, including an explosion at an energy storage facility in Arizona that caused several injuries. Such publicity has resulted in a public perception that lithium-ion batteries are dangerous and unpredictable. Although we believe that the battery packs installed in our SUNBOXenergy storage systems are safe, these perceived hazards may result in customer reluctance to adopt our SUNBOX energy storage solutions.
Economic conditions may adversely affect consumer spending and the overall general economic health of our retail customers, which, in turn, may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash resources.
Uncertainty about the existing and future global economic conditions may cause our customers to defer purchases or cancel purchase orders for our products in response to tighter credit, decreased cash availability and weakened consumer confidence. Our financial success is sensitive to changes in general economic conditions both on a global and regional basis. Recessionary economic cycles, higher interest borrowing rates, higher fuel and other energy costs, inflation, increases in commodity prices, higher levels of unemployment, higher consumer debt levels, higher tax rates and other changes in tax laws or other economic factors that may affect consumer spending or buying habits could continue to adversely affect the demand for our products. If credit pressures or other financial difficulties result in insolvency for our customers it could adversely impact our financial results. There can be no assurances that government and consumer responses to the disruptions in the financial markets will restore consumer confidence.
Since 2020, the European Union’s inflation rate has risen from 0.48% in 2020 to 2.3% as of December 2025. However, recent inflationary pressures have not had a significant impact on our operations. While inflation is recognized as a potential risk, we do not believe that the impact of inflation on our operations is material. It is possible, however, that future inflationary pressures could have a greater impact on our operations, and we will monitor this risk closely.
We are dependent on a limited number of suppliers for our batteries, inverters, and photovoltaic modules and the inability of these suppliers to continue to deliver, or their refusal to deliver, these products at prices and volumes acceptable to us would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects and operating results.
We source batteries, inverters, and photovoltaic modules from a limited number of manufacturers located in China. For batteries, while we obtain components for our products and systems from multiple sources whenever possible, we have spent a great deal of time in developing and testing our batteries that we receive from our key suppliers. We currently have five different battery suppliers who are all located in China. For our inverters, we import them from a two partners suppliers based in China. The current reliance on partners suppliers from China for our main products has not, to date, posed any material drawbacks. The large number of suppliers in that country means that we can change suppliers with some ease. A geopolitical conflict with China on a global level would be a potential supply problem, although the economic impact on a large scale in all sectors and in all markets would be even more serious than the lack of supplies.
As to the photovoltaic modules and the structures that support them, they are purchased from different suppliers in the market. We generally do not maintain long-term agreements with our source suppliers, as we don’t consider them as a value-added product and we are always looking for the best balance between quality and price. While we believe that we will be able to establish additional supplier relationships, we may be unable to do so in the short term or at all at prices, quality or costs that are favorable to us.
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In addition, the conception, design, manufacture of the exterior and structural part, and assembly of components for our SUNBOX energy storage systems are all completed in Spain. The assembly of our SUNBOX systems is provided by a single supplier located in Spain. Any disruption between our relationship with the supplier, or if the supplier is unable to meet our demands, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Changes in business conditions, wars, regulatory requirements, economic conditions and cycles, governmental changes and other factors beyond our control could also affect our suppliers’ ability to deliver components to us on a timely basis or cause us to terminate our relationship with them and require us to find replacements, which we may have difficulty doing. Furthermore, if we experience significant increased demand, or need to replace our existing suppliers, there can be no assurance that additional supplies of component parts will be available when required on terms that are favorable to us, at all, or that any supplier would allocate sufficient supplies to us in order to meet our requirements or fill our orders in a timely manner. The loss of any limited source supplier or the disruption in the supply of components from these suppliers could lead to delays in the deliveries of our battery products and systems to our customers, which could hurt our relationships with our customers and also materially adversely affect our business, prospects and operating results.
If we do not forecast demand for our products accurately, we may experience product shortages, delays in product shipment or excess product inventory, any of which will adversely affect our business and financial condition. We manufacture our products according to our estimates of customer demand. This process requires us to make multiple forecasts and assumptions relating to the demand of our distributors, their end customers and general market conditions. Because we sell most of our products to distributors, who in turn sell to their end customers, we have limited visibility as to end-customer demand. We depend significantly on our distributors to provide us visibility into their end-customer demand, and we use these forecasts to make our own forecasts and planning decisions. If the information from our distributors turns out to be incorrect, then our own forecasts may also be inaccurate. Furthermore, we do not have long-term purchase commitments from our distributors, installers or end customers, and our sales are generally made by purchase orders that may be canceled, changed or deferred without notice to us or penalty. As a result, it is difficult to forecast future customer demand to plan our operations. If we overestimate demand for our products, or if purchase orders are canceled or shipments are delayed, we may have excess inventory that we cannot sell. We may have to make significant provisions for inventory write-downs based on events that are currently not known, and such provisions or any adjustments to such provisions could be material. We may also become involved in disputes with our suppliers who may claim that we failed to fulfill forecasts or minimum purchase requirements. Conversely, if we underestimate demand, we may not have sufficient inventory to meet end-customer demand, and we may lose market share, damage relationships with our distributors and end customers and forgo potential revenue opportunities. Obtaining additional supply in the face of product shortages may be costly or impossible, particularly in the event of supply chain disruptions and our outsourced manufacturing processes, which could prevent us from fulfilling orders in a timely and cost-efficient manner or at all. In addition, if we overestimate our production requirements, our contract manufacturers may purchase excess components and build excess inventory. If our contract manufacturers, at our request, purchase excess components that are unique to our products and are unable to recoup the costs of such excess through resale or return or build excess products, we could be required to pay for these excess parts or products and recognize related inventory write-downs.
Tariffs imposed on lithium-ion batteries by the United States government or a resulting trade war could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
In 2018, the United States government announced tariffs on certain steel and aluminum products imported into the United States, which has led to reciprocal tariffs being imposed by the European Union and other governments on products imported from the United States. The lithium-ion battery industry has also been subjected to tariffs implemented by the United States government on goods imported from China. Any restrictions or tariffs imposed on products that we import into the United States for sale could adversely and directly impact our cost of sales. In addition, changes in U.S. trade regulations and policies could have an adverse impact on trade relations between the U.S. and certain foreign countries, which could materially and adversely affect our relationships with our international suppliers and reduce the supply of goods available to us. Further, we cannot predict the extent to which the U.S. will adopt changes to existing trade regulations and policies, which creates uncertainties in planning our sourcing strategies and forecasting our margins. If additional tariffs are imposed on our products, or other retaliatory trade measures are taken, our costs could increase, and we may be required to raise our prices, which could materially and adversely affect our results.
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Although we are currently not conducting business in the United States, we plan to enter the U.S. market in 2025. Given that all of our lithium-ion batteries are manufactured in China, tariffs on lithium-ion batteries imported from China are expected to increase our costs, require us to increase prices to our customers or, if we are unable to do so, result in lower gross margins on the products sold by us.
The trade war could have a significant adverse effect on world trade and the world economy, as well as on our results of operations. If governments in the jurisdictions where we conduct business impose tariffs on components imported by us from China, such tariffs could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Increases in costs, disruption of supply or shortage of raw materials, in particular lithium-ion phosphate cells, could harm our business.
We may experience increases in the costs or a sustained interruption in the supply or shortage of raw materials. Any such increase or supply interruption could have a materially negative impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. For instance, we are exposed to multiple risks relating to price fluctuations for lithium-iron phosphate cells.
These risks include:
We may face significant costs relating to environmental regulations for the storage and shipment of our lithium-ion batteries and inverters.
We operate our business globally. Various governmental regulations impose significant environmental requirements on the manufacture, storage, transportation and disposal of various components of advanced energy storage systems. Although we believe that our operations are in material compliance with applicable environmental regulations, there can be no assurance that changes in such laws and regulations will not impose costly compliance requirements on us or otherwise subject us to future liabilities. Moreover, governments may enact additional regulations relating to the manufacture, storage, transportation, and disposal of components of advanced energy storage systems. Compliance with such additional regulations could require us to devote significant time and resources and could adversely affect demand for our products. There can be no assurance that additional or modified regulations relating to the manufacture, storage, transportation, and disposal of components of advanced energy systems will not be imposed.
The economic benefit of our energy storage systems to our customers depends on the cost of electricity available from alternative sources, including local electric utility companies, which cost structure is subject to change.
The economic benefit of our energy storage systems to our customers includes, among other things, the benefit of reducing such customers’ payments to the local electric utility company. The rates at which electricity is available from a customer’s local electric utility company is subject to change and any changes in such rates may affect the relative benefits of our energy storage systems. Further, the local electric utility may impose “departing load,” “standby” or other charges on our customers in connection with their acquisition of our energy storage systems, the amounts of which are outside of our control, and which may have a material impact on the economic benefit of our energy storage systems to our customers. Changes in the rates offered by local electric utilities and/or in the applicability or amounts of charges and other fees imposed by such utilities on customers acquiring our energy storage systems could adversely affect the demand for our energy storage systems.
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Additionally, the electricity produced by our energy storage systems is currently not cost competitive in some geographic markets, and we may be unable to reduce our costs to a level at which our energy storage systems would be competitive in such markets. As such, unless the cost of electricity in these markets rises or we are able to generate demand for our energy storage systems based on benefits other than electricity cost savings, our potential for growth may be limited.
If we fail to scale our business operations and otherwise manage future growth and adapt to new conditions effectively as we grow our Company, we may not be able to produce, market, sell and service our products successfully.
Any failure to manage our growth effectively could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. Our future operating results depend to a large extent on our ability to manage our expansion and growth successfully. We may not be successful in undertaking this expansion if we are unable to control expenses and avoid cost overruns and other unexpected operating costs; adapt our products and conduct our operations to meet local requirements; implement the required infrastructure, systems and processes; and find and hire the right skills to make our growth successful.
If we are unable to achieve our targeted manufacturing costs for our energy storage solutions, our financial condition and operating results will suffer.
There is no guarantee we will be able to achieve sufficient cost savings to reach our gross margin and profitability goals. We may also incur substantial costs or cost overruns in utilizing and increasing the production capability of our energy storage system facilities. If we are unable to achieve production cost targets on our products pursuant to our plans, we may not be able to meet our gross margin and other financial targets. Many of the factors that impact our manufacturing costs are beyond our control, such as potential increases in the costs of our materials and components, such as lithium iron phosphate, nickel and other components of our battery cells. If we are unable to continue to control and reduce our manufacturing costs, our operating results, business and prospects will be harmed.
Our business will be adversely affected if we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights from unauthorized use or infringement by third parties.
Any failure to protect our proprietary rights adequately could result in our competitors offering similar products, potentially resulting in the loss of some of our competitive advantages and a decrease in our revenue, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Our success depends, at least in part, on our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. To accomplish this, we rely on a combination of patents, patent applications, trade secrets, including know-how, employee and third-party nondisclosure agreements, copyright laws, trademarks, intellectual property licenses and other contractual rights to establish and protect our proprietary rights in our technology.
The protection provided by patent laws is and will be important to our future opportunities. However, such patents and agreements, as well as various other measures we may take to protect our intellectual property from use by others, may not be effective for various reasons, including the following:
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Our patent applications may not result in additional issued patents, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from commercially exploiting products similar to ours.
Turbo Energy has been granted three patents by the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office (“SPTO”) and has one patent application still pending. Our pending patent application may not result in a patent being issued, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from commercially exploiting products similar to ours.
We cannot be certain that we are the first creator of inventions covered by our patents or pending patents or the first to file patent applications on these inventions, nor can we be certain that our pending patent application will result in an issued patent or that any of our issued patents will afford protection against a competitor. In addition, patent applications that we intend to file in different countries are subject to different laws, rules and procedures, and thus we cannot be certain that our patent applications will be issued. In addition, some countries provide significantly less effective patent enforcement than others, such as the United States.
The status of patents involves complex legal and factual questions and the breadth of claims allowed is uncertain. As a result, we cannot be certain that the patent applications that we file will result in patents being issued, or that our patents and any patents that may be issued to us in the near future will afford protection against competitors with similar technology. In addition, patents issued to us may be infringed upon or designed around by others and others may obtain patents that we need to license or design around, either of which would increase costs and may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
A failure of our information technology (“IT”) and data security infrastructure could adversely affect our business and operations.
The efficient operation of our business depends on our IT systems, some of which are managed by third-party service providers. We rely upon the capacity, reliability and security of our IT and data security infrastructure and our ability to effectively manage our business data, accounting, financial, legal and compliance functions, communications, supply chain, order entry and fulfillment, and expand and routinely update this infrastructure in response to the changing needs of our business. Our existing IT systems and any new IT systems we utilize may not perform as expected. If we experience a problem with the functioning of an important IT system or a security breach of our IT systems, including during system upgrades or new system implementations, the resulting disruptions could adversely affect our business.
Despite our implementation of reasonable security measures, our IT systems, like those of other companies, are vulnerable to damages from computer viruses, natural disasters, fire, power loss, telecommunications failures, personnel misconduct, human error, unauthorized access, physical or electronic security breaches, cyber-attacks (including malicious and destructive code, phishing attacks, ransomware, and denial of service attacks), and other similar disruptions. Such attacks or security breaches may be perpetrated by bad actors internally or externally (including computer hackers, persons involved with organized crime, or foreign state or foreign state-supported actors). Cybersecurity threat actors employ a wide variety of methods and techniques that are constantly evolving, increasingly sophisticated, and difficult to detect and successfully defend against. Moreover, we may not have the current capability to detect certain vulnerabilities, which may allow those vulnerabilities to persist in our systems over long periods of time. Additionally, it may take considerable time for us to investigate and evaluate the full impact of incidents, particularly for sophisticated attacks. These factors may inhibit our ability to provide prompt, full, and reliable information about the incident to our customers, partners, regulators, and the public. Geopolitical tensions or conflicts, such as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, may further heighten the risk of cyber-attacks.
The emergence and maturation of Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) capabilities may also lead to new and/or more sophisticated methods of attack, including fraud that relies upon “deep fake” impersonation technology or other forms of generative automation that may scale up the efficiency or effectiveness of cyber-attacks. We have experienced such incidents in the past, and any future incidents could expose us to claims, litigation, regulatory or other governmental investigations, administrative fines and potential liability. Any system failure, accident or security breach could result in disruptions to our operations. A material network breach in the security of our or our service providers’ IT systems could include the theft of our trade secrets, customer information, human resources information or other confidential data, including but not limited to personally identifiable information. Although past incidents have not had a material adverse effect on our business operations or financial performance, to the extent that any disruptions or security breach results in a loss or damage to our data, or an inappropriate disclosure of confidential, proprietary or customer information, it could cause significant damage to our reputation, affect our relationships with our customers and strategic partners, lead to claims against us from governments and private plaintiffs, and otherwise adversely affect our business. We cannot guarantee that future cyberattacks, if successful, will not have a material effect on our business or financial results.
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Many governments have enacted laws requiring companies to provide notice of cyber incidents involving certain types of data, including personal data. If an actual or perceived cybersecurity breach of security measures, unauthorized access to our system or the systems of the third-party vendors that we rely upon, or any other cybersecurity threat occurs, we may incur liability, costs, or damages, contract termination, our reputation may be compromised, our ability to attract new customers could be negatively affected, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Any compromise of our security could also result in a violation of applicable domestic and foreign security, privacy or data protection, consumer and other laws, regulatory or other governmental investigations, enforcement actions, and legal and financial exposure, including potential contractual liability. In addition, we may be required to incur significant costs to protect against and remediate damage caused by these disruptions or security breaches in the future. While we carry cyber insurance, we cannot be certain that our coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred, that insurance will continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim.
We rely on trade secret protections through confidentiality agreements with our employees, customers and other parties; the breach of such agreements could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We rely on trade secrets, which we seek to protect, in part, through confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements with our employees, customers and other parties. There can be no assurance that these agreements will not be breached, that we would have adequate remedies for any such breach or that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known to or independently developed by competitors. To the extent that consultants, key employees or other third parties apply technological information independently developed by them or by others to our proposed projects, disputes may arise as to the proprietary rights to such information that may not be resolved in our favor. We may be involved from time to time in litigation to determine the enforceability, scope and validity of our proprietary rights. Any such litigation could result in substantial cost and diversion of effort by our management and technical personnel.
In relation to the field of AI and machine learning, there is uncertainty and ongoing litigation in different jurisdictions as to the degree and extent of protection warranted for AI and machine learning systems, including as to materials that were created by AI technologies. If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, including with respect to any AI or machine learning technologies, our competitors may gain access to our technology and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. Additionally, we use AI tools, including tools provided by third parties, to develop or assist in the development of our own software code. While use of such tools makes our development process more efficient, AI tools have sometimes generated content that is “substantially similar” to proprietary or open-source code on which the AI tool was trained. If such AI tools generate code that is too similar to other proprietary code, or to software processes that are protected by patent, we could be subject to intellectual property infringement claims. Further, we may be unable to recover any or all defense costs or damages as a result of infringement claims from the third-party providers of such AI tools. If the artificial intelligence tools we use generate code that is too similar to open-source code, we risk losing protection of our own proprietary code that is commingled with such code.
Additionally, new laws regulating AI - in particular generative AI, algorithmic recommendation and deep synthesis technologies - have been enacted in China, and in August 2024, the European Union’s EU AI Act entered into force, establishing a comprehensive, legal framework for the regulation of AI systems across the EU. The majority of obligations under the EU AI Act will apply from August 2026, and once fully applicable, the EU AI Act will have a material impact on the way AI is regulated in the EU, including requirements around transparency, conformity assessments and monitoring, risk assessments, human oversight, security, accuracy, general purpose AI and foundation models. There is also an increase in litigation in a number of jurisdictions, including the United States, relating to the development, security and use of AI.
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Our implementation and use of AI and machine learning technologies may not be successful, which may impair our ability to compete effectively, result in reputational harm and have an adverse effect on our business.
We use machine learning, AI and automated decision-making technologies throughout our business, and are making significant investments to continuously improve our use of such technologies. For example, we use machine learning and AI technologies (including generative AI) to power our AI-poweredTurbo Energy App, which allows our SUNBOX users to benefit from intelligent data collection, optimized stored energy management and predictive analytics which provide real-time insight into weather and electricity price forecasts, solar panel performance, energy consumption and material cost saving opportunities, among other metrics. As with many technological innovations, there are significant risks and challenges involved in developing, maintaining and deploying these technologies and there can be no assurance that the usage of such technologies will always enhance our products or services or be beneficial to our business, including our efficiency or the profitability of our AI-enabled solutions.
Further, changes and ongoing development in how we use AI and machine learning technologies and how we train our models, in particular if those AI or machine learning models are (i) incorrectly designed or implemented; (ii) trained or reliant on incomplete, inadequate, inaccurate, biased or otherwise poor quality data; and/ or (iii) are adversely impacted by unforeseen defects, technical challenges, cybersecurity threats or material performance issues, could negatively impact the performance of our AI-powered Turbo Energy App and business, as well as our reputation and the reputations of our customers and partners, or we could incur liability through the violation of laws or contracts to which we are a party or through civil claims.
The market for AI and machine learning technologies is rapidly evolving and remains unproven in many industries, including our own. We cannot be sure that the market will continue to grow or that it will grow in ways we anticipate. We are in varying stages of development in relation to our products or services which utilize proprietary AI and machine learning technologies, and we may not be successful in our ongoing development of these technologies in the face of novel and evolving technical, reputational and market factors. Our failure to successfully develop and commercialize our products or services which utilize proprietary machine learning and AI technologies could depress the market price of our stock and impair our ability to (i) raise capital; (ii) expand our business; (iii) provide, improve and diversify our product offerings; (iv) continue our operations and efficiently manage our operating expenses; and (v) respond effectively to competitive developments.
We also use AI technologies licensed from third parties in our technologies and our ability to continue to use such technologies at the scale we need may be dependent on access to specific third-party software and infrastructure. We cannot control the availability or pricing of such third-party AI technologies, especially in a highly competitive environment, and we may be unable to negotiate favorable economic terms with the applicable providers. If any such third-party AI technologies become incompatible with our solutions or unavailable for use, or if the providers of such models unfavorably change the terms on which their AI technologies are offered or terminate their relationship with us, our solutions may become less appealing to our customers and our business will be harmed. In addition, to the extent any third party AI technologies are used as a hosted service, any disruption, outage, or loss of information through such hosted services could disrupt our operations or solutions, damage our reputation, cause a loss of confidence in our solutions, or result in legal claims or proceedings, for which we may be unable to recover damages from the affected provider.
The continuous development, maintenance and operation of our AI and machine learning technologies is expensive and complex, and may involve unforeseen difficulties including material performance problems, undetected defects or errors. For instance, a machine learning model can experience decay (also known as “model drift”) in which its performance and accuracy decreases over time without further human intervention to correct such decay. We may encounter technical obstacles, and it is possible that we may discover additional problems that may prevent our proprietary technologies from operating properly, which could adversely affect our business, customer relationships and reputation.
We face significant competition from other companies in our industry in relation to the development and deployment of AI and machine learning technologies. Those other companies may develop AI technologies that are similar or superior to ours and/or are more cost-effective and/or quicker to develop and deploy. If we cannot develop, offer or deploy new AI technologies as effectively, as quickly and/or as cost-efficiently as our competitors, we could experience a material adverse effect on our operating results of operation, customer relationships and growth. Further, our ability to continue to develop or use such technologies may be dependent on access to specific third-party software, services and infrastructure, such as processing hardware, and we cannot control the availability or pricing of such third-party software and infrastructure, especially in a highly competitive environment.
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Any compromise of the cybersecurity of our platform could materially and adversely affect our business, operations and reputation.
Our products use cutting-edge technology through our proprietary software development. Our existing software system and any new software systems we utilize may not perform as expected. If we experience a problem with the functioning of an important software system or a security breach of our information technology (“IT”) systems, including during system upgrades or new system implementations, the resulting disruptions could adversely affect the operation of our Turbo Energy App and our business.
Despite our implementation of reasonable security measures, our IT systems, like those of other companies, are vulnerable to damages from computer viruses, natural disasters, fire, power loss, telecommunications failures, personnel misconduct, human error, unauthorized access, physical or electronic security breaches, cyber-attacks (including malicious and destructive code, phishing attacks, ransomware, and denial of service attacks), and other similar disruptions. Such attacks or security breaches may be perpetrated by bad actors internally or externally (including computer hackers, persons involved with organized crime, or foreign state or foreign state-supported actors).
Cybersecurity is a risk that Umbrella Global’s Board of Directors has identified as a key area to be addressed through collaboration with a consulting firm at the group level. To this end, Turbo Energy has assigned responsibility for cybersecurity oversight to the IT manager, who works closely with an internal team and trusted local vendors. All parties with access to the management software suite have signed a corresponding confidentiality agreement, and information is not shared or accessible to any hardware supplier.
Furthermore, we are actively working to eliminate remote access to hardware data of suppliers involved in the manufacture of our products. We recognize the importance of ensuring the security and privacy of our systems and customer data, and we remain committed to implementing robust cybersecurity measures to mitigate potential risks.
Cybersecurity threat actors employ a wide variety of methods and techniques that are constantly evolving, increasingly sophisticated, and difficult to detect and successfully defend against. Any future incidents could expose us to claims, litigation, regulatory or other governmental investigations, administrative fines and potential liability. Any system failure, accident or security breach could result in disruptions to our operations. A material network breach in the security of our IT systems could include the theft of our trade secrets, customer information, human resources information or other confidential data, including but not limited to personally identifiable information. To the extent that any disruptions or security breach results in a loss or damage to our data, or an inappropriate disclosure of confidential, proprietary or customer information, it could cause significant damage to our reputation, affect our relationships with our customers and strategic partners, lead to claims against us from governments and private plaintiffs, and adversely affect our business. We cannot guarantee that future cyberattacks, if successful, will not have a material effect on our business or financial results.
Many governments have enacted laws requiring companies to provide notice of cyber incidents involving certain types of data, including personal data. If an actual or perceived cybersecurity breach of security measures, unauthorized access to our system or the systems of the third-party vendors that we rely upon, or any other cybersecurity threat occurs, we may incur liability, costs, or damages, contract termination, our reputation may be compromised, our ability to attract new customers could be negatively affected, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Any compromise of our security could also result in a violation of applicable security, privacy or data protection, consumer and other laws, regulatory or other governmental investigations, enforcement actions, and legal and financial exposure, including potential contractual liability. In addition, we may be required to incur significant costs to protect against and remediate damage caused by these disruptions or security breaches in the future.
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We may need to raise additional capital or financing to continue to execute and expand our business.
While we expect that our available cash and credit facilities will be sufficient to sustain our operations for the next twelve months from the date of this report, we may need to raise additional capital to support our operations and execute our business plan. We may be required to pursue sources of additional capital through various means, including joint venture projects, sale and leasing arrangements and debt or equity financings. Any new securities that we may issue in the future may be sold on terms more favorable for our new investors than the terms of our initial public offering. Newly issued securities may include preferences, superior voting rights, and the issuance of warrants or other convertible securities that will have additional dilutive effects. We cannot ensure that additional funds will be available when needed from any source or, if available, will be available on terms that are acceptable to us. Further, we may incur substantial costs in pursuing future capital and/or financing, including investment banking fees, legal fees, accounting fees, printing and distribution expenses and other costs. We may also be required to recognize non-cash expenses in connection with certain securities we may issue, such as convertible notes and warrants, which will adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to obtain needed financing may be impaired by such factors as the weakness of capital markets, and the fact that we have not been profitable, which could impact the availability and cost of future financings. If the amount of capital we are able to raise from financing activities, together with our revenues from operations, is not sufficient to satisfy our capital needs, we may have to reduce our operations accordingly.
While we have not made material acquisitions to date, should we pursue acquisitions in the future, we would be subject to risks associated with acquisitions.
We may acquire additional assets, products, technologies or businesses that are complementary to our existing business. The process of identifying and consummating acquisitions and the subsequent integration of new assets and businesses into our own business would require attention from management and could result in a diversion of resources from our existing business, which in turn could have an adverse effect on its operations. Acquired assets or businesses may not generate the expected financial results. Acquisitions could also result in the use of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the occurrence of goodwill impairment charges, amortization expenses for other intangible assets and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business.
If we are unable to recruit and retain key management, technical and sales personnel, our business would be negatively affected.
For our business to be successful, we need to attract and retain highly qualified management, technical and sales personnel. The failure to recruit additional key personnel when needed with specific qualifications and on acceptable terms or to retain good relationships with our partners might impede our ability to continue to develop, commercialize and sell our products. To the extent the demand for skilled personnel exceeds supply, we could experience higher labor, recruiting and training costs in order to attract and retain such employees. We face competition for qualified personnel from other companies with significantly more resources available to them and thus may not be able to attract the level of personnel needed for our business to succeed.
We may be required to obtain the approval of various government agencies to market our products.
Our products are subject to product safety regulations by numerus governmental organizations. Accordingly, we may be required, or may voluntarily determine to, obtain approval of our products from one or more of the organizations engaged in regulating product safety. These approvals could require significant time and resources from our technical staff, and, if redesigns were necessary, could result in a delay in the introduction of our products in various markets and applications. There can be no assurance that we will obtain any or all of the approvals that may be required to market our products.
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Natural disasters, public health crises, political crises and other catastrophic events or other events outside of our control may adversely affect our business.
Any natural disaster related disruptions or other events outside of our control could affect our business negatively, harming our operating results. In addition, if our facilities, or the facilities of our suppliers, third-party service providers or customers, is affected by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, power shortages or outages, floods or monsoons; public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, political crises, such as terrorism, war, political instability or other conflict; or other events outside of our control, our business and operating results could suffer. Moreover, the types of natural disasters noted above could negatively impact consumer spending in the impacted regions or, depending upon the severity, globally, which could adversely impact our operating results. Similar disasters occurring at our vendors’ manufacturing facilities could impact our reputation and our consumers’ perception of our brands.
For instance, in October 2024, torrential rains fell in Valencia, Spain, where our corporate headquarters and warehousing facility are located, causing flash floods that claimed more than 200 lives, swept away cars and wrecked many homes and businesses. While our corporate headquarters suffered no material damage, our warehousing facility was directly impacted by high flood waters and a portion of our legacy product inventory, valued at approximately €2.1 million, was compromised. In collaboration with our business insurance carrier, we completed an assessment of the impact of the storm on our warehousing operations and confirmed that €1.9 of the losses were fully covered. However, the flooding resulted in the delay of fulfilling customer orders and the disruption of our warehousing operations for several weeks.
If the current effective income tax rate payable by us in any country in which we operate is increased or if we lose any country-specific tax benefits, then our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.
We conduct business in 17 countries, namely Germany, Spain, France, UK, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Chile, Czech Republic, Senegal, Netherlands, Slovenia, China, UK and Luxemburg and are actively engaged in expanding into the U.S. and Latin America; and we file income tax returns in multiple jurisdictions. Our consolidated effective income tax rate could be materially adversely affected by several factors, including changes in the amount of income taxed by or allocated to the various jurisdictions in which we operate that have differing statutory tax rates; changing tax laws, regulations and interpretations of such tax laws in multiple jurisdictions; and the resolution of issues arising from tax audits or examinations and any related interest or penalties.
The ongoing military conflict in Ukraine and geopolitical instability globally may negatively affect our business and financial condition.
We are currently operating in a period of economic uncertainty and capital markets disruption, which has been significantly impacted by geopolitical instability due to the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Our business may be materially adversely affected by any negative impact on the global economy and capital markets resulting from the conflict in Ukraine or any other geopolitical tensions.
U.S. and global markets are experiencing volatility and disruption following the escalation of geopolitical tensions and the start of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. On February 24, 2022, a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine by Russian troops was reported. Although the length and impact of the ongoing military conflict is highly unpredictable, the conflict in Ukraine could lead to market disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital markets, as well as supply chain interruptions. We are continuing to monitor the situation in Ukraine and globally and assessing its potential impact on our business.
Governments in the United States and many other countries, or the Sanctioning Bodies, have imposed economic sanctions on certain Russian individuals, including politicians, and Russian corporate and banking entities. The Sanctioning Bodies, or others, could also institute broader sanctions on Russia. These sanctions, or even the threat of further sanctions, may result in the decline of the value and liquidity of Russian securities, a weakening of the ruble or other adverse consequences to the global economy.
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The current war in Ukraine, and geopolitical events stemming from such conflicts, could cause consumer confidence and spending to decrease or result in increased volatility in the worldwide financial markets and economy. The extent and duration of the military action, resulting sanctions and resulting future market disruptions in the region are impossible to predict, but could be significant and have a severe adverse effect on worldwide financial markets and economy.
Any of the abovementioned factors could adversely affect consumer demand, our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described in this Item.
Adverse market, economic and political conditions, including the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia, recent events in the Middle East, recent trade disputes and other events or circumstances beyond our control could have a material adverse effect on us.
Another economic or financial crisis or rapid decline of the consumer economy, significant concerns over energy costs, geopolitical issues, including the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia, recent events in the Middle East, recent trade disputes between the U.S. and other countries resulting in the imposition of increased tariffs on products imported into the U.S., and the availability and cost of credit can contribute to increased volatility, diminished expectations for the economy and the markets, and high levels of structural unemployment by historical standards. Market, political and economic challenges, including dislocations and volatility in the credit markets, general global economic uncertainty, and changes in governmental policy on a variety of matters such as trade, tariffs and manufacturing policies may adversely affect the economy and financial markets, our financial condition, results of operations, and the trading price of our ADS.
We are a Spanish corporation, and it may be difficult to enforce judgments against us in U.S. domestic courts.
We are a corporation organized under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain and substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. Virtually all of our assets and a substantial portion of our current business operations are conducted in Spain. In addition, almost all of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. A substantial portion of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for U.S. shareholders to serve process within the United States upon us or to enforce judgment upon us for civil liabilities in U.S. courts. In addition, you should not assume that courts in the countries in which we are incorporated or where our assets are located (1) would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws or (2) would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against us based upon these laws.
The deposit agreement provides that any legal action may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York, which may result in holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares having limited choice of forum and limited ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for complaints against us or our respective directors, officers or employees.
The deposit agreement, the ADRs and the ADSs will be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. The rights of holders of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs) are governed by the laws of the Kingdom of Spain. As an owner of ADSs, you irrevocably agree that any legal action arising out of the Deposit Agreement, the ADSs or the ADRs, involving the Company or the Depositary, may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York.
This choice of forum provision may increase cost for the holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares and limit their ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us, the depositary or the depositary’s respective directors, officers or employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us, the depositary and the depositary’s respective directors, officers or employees. However, it is possible that a court could find either choice of forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable. The enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions has been challenged in legal proceedings. It is possible that a court could find this type of provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable.
To the extent that any such claims may be based upon federal law claims, Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Accordingly, actions by holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act, the Securities Act or the respective rules and regulations thereunder must be brought in a federal court in the city of New York. Holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the regulations promulgated thereunder. In addition, because substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States and almost all of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States, courts in the countries in which we are incorporated or where our assets are located may not enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws.
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The deposit agreement waives holders of our ADSs’ right to jury trial in any legal proceeding arising out of the deposit agreement or the ADRs against us and/or the depository, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiffs in any of such actions.
The deposit agreement provides that, to the extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our ordinary shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under U.S. federal securities laws. If we or the depositary oppose a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable case law. However, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
To our knowledge, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a federal or state court in the City of New York, which has exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial.
This jury trial waiver provision can discourage claims or limit shareholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable. If any holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, such holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against either or both of us and the depositary under the deposit agreement in New York, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in increasing costs of bringing a claim and having limited access to information and other imbalances of resources between us and the depositary and the claimant. A case that is only heard by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court may result in different outcomes than a trial heard by jury would have. Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
The form of Representative’s Warrant provides that any legal action may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York, New York, which may result in holders of the Representative’s Warrant having limited choice of forum and limited ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for complaints against us or our respective directors, officers or employees.
The form of Representative’s Warrant will be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. Holders of the Representative’s Warrant are irrevocably agreeing that any legal action arising out of the Representative’s Warrant involving the Company may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York.
This choice of forum provision may increase costs for the holders of the Representative’s Warrant and limit their ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us, which may discourage such lawsuits against us. However, it is possible that a court could find the choice of forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable. To the extent that any such claims may be based upon federal law claims, Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Accordingly, actions by holders of the Representative’s Warrant to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act, the Securities Act or the respective rules and regulations thereunder must be brought in a federal court in the city of New York. Holders of the Representative’s Warrant will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the regulations promulgated thereunder. In addition, because substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States and almost all of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States, courts in the countries in which we are incorporated or where our assets are located may not enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws.
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We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.
Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:
We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our financial results on a semi-annual basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC via Current Reports on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.
As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to rely on exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to domestic U.S. issuers. This may afford less protection to holders of our shares.
We are exempted from certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq by virtue of being a foreign private issuer. As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow the governance practices of our home country in lieu of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq. As result, the standards applicable to us are considerably different than the standards applied to domestic U.S. issuers. For instance, we are not required to:
Although we do not currently intend to rely upon these “home country” exemptions, we may rely on some of these exemptions in the future. As a result, our shareholders may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.
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Mr. Enrique Selva Bellvis, our Chairman of the Board, currently owns a majority of our outstanding ordinary shares. As a result, he has the ability to approve all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval.
Mr. Enrique Selva Bellvis, our Chairman of the Board, currently owns approximately 62.39% of our outstanding ordinary shares as of the date of this annual report. He therefore may have the ability to approve all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval including:
In addition, this concentration of ownership may discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us, which in turn could reduce our share price or prevent our shareholders from realizing a premium over our share price.
We qualify as a “controlled company” under Nasdaq corporate governance rules and we may be exempt from certain corporate governance requirements that could adversely affect our public shareholders.
Since Mr. Enrique Selva Bellvis, our Chairman of the Board, is the beneficial owner of a majority of the voting power of our issued and outstanding share capital, we qualify as a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. Under these rules a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a controlled company and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that a majority of our directors be independent, as defined in the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules, and the requirement that our compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees consist entirely of independent directors. A “controlled company” may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including, without limitation (i) the requirement that a majority of the Board of Directors consist of independent directors, (ii) the requirement that the compensation of our officers be determined or recommended to our Board of Directors by a Compensation Committee that is comprised solely of independent directors, and (iii) the requirement that director nominees be selected or recommended to the Board of Directors by a majority of independent directors or a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee comprised solely of independent directors. Currently, we rely on the “controlled company” exemption. Since we elect to rely on the “controlled company” exemption, a majority of the members of our Board of Directors are not independent directors and our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Compensation Committees do not consist entirely of independent directors. Our status as a controlled company could cause our securities to look less attractive to certain investors or otherwise harm our trading price.
We will be subject to ongoing public reporting requirements that are less rigorous than Exchange Act rules for companies that are not emerging growth companies and our shareholders could receive less information than they might expect to receive from more mature public companies.
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act. As a result, we will be permitted to, and intend to, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting. In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.
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We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of at least $1.235 billion; (ii) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering; (iii) the date on which we have, during the preceding three year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act, which could occur if the market value of our securities that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will not be entitled to the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act discussed above.
Because we will be subject to ongoing public reporting requirements that are less rigorous than Exchange Act rules for companies that are not emerging growth companies, our shareholders could receive less information than they might expect to receive from more mature public companies. We cannot predict if investors will find our securities less attractive if we elect to rely on these exemptions, or if taking advantage of these exemptions would result in less active trading or more volatility in the price of our securities.
Future issuances of our ADSs or ordinary shares or securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, our ordinary shares, or the expiration of lock-up agreements that restrict the issuance of new ADSs or ordinary shares or the trading of outstanding ADSs or ordinary shares, could cause the market price of our ADS to decline and would result in the dilution of your holdings.
Future issuances of our ADSs or ordinary shares or securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, our ordinary shares, or the expiration of lock-up agreements that restrict the issuance of new ADSs or ordinary shares or the trading of outstanding ADS or ordinary shares, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future issuances of our securities, or the future expirations of lock-up agreements, on the price of our ADSs. In all events, future issuances of our ADSs or ordinary shares would result in the dilution of your holdings. In addition, the perception that new issuances of our securities could occur, or the perception that locked-up parties will sell their securities when the lock-ups expire, could adversely affect the market price of our ADSs. In connection with our initial public offering, we, all of our directors and officers and certain of our shareholders have entered into lock-up agreements with the underwriters, pursuant to which we and they have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to sell, transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of our ADSs or ordinary shares or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for our ordinary shares for a period of (i) 180 days after the closing of our initial public offering in the case of our Company, (ii) 12 months after the closing of our initial public offering in the case of our directors and officers, and (iii) 180 days after the closing of our initial public offering in the case of our shareholders, as further described in the section titled “Underwriting.” In addition to any adverse effects that may arise upon the expiration of these lock-up agreements, the lock-up provisions in these agreements may be waived, at any time and without notice. If the restrictions under the lock-up agreements are waived, our ordinary shares may become available for resale, subject to applicable law, including without notice, which could reduce the market price for our ADSs.
Future issuances of debt securities, which would rank senior to our ADSs and ordinary shares upon our bankruptcy or liquidation, and future issuances of preferred shares, which could rank senior to our ADSs and ordinary shares for the purposes of dividends and liquidating distributions, may adversely affect the level of return you may be able to achieve from an investment in our ADSs.
In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by offering debt securities. Upon bankruptcy or liquidation, holders of our debt securities, and lenders with respect to other borrowings we may make, would receive distributions of our available assets prior to any distributions being made to holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares. Moreover, if we issue preferred shares, the holders of such preferred shares could be entitled to preferences over holders of ADSs and ordinary shares in respect of the payment of dividends and the payment of liquidating distributions. Because our decision to issue debt or preferred shares in any future offering, or borrow money from lenders, will depend in part on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of any such future offerings or borrowings. Holders of our ADSs must bear the risk that any future offerings we conduct or borrowings we make may adversely affect the level of return, if any, they may be able to achieve from an investment in our ADSs.
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There is a risk that we will be a passive foreign investment company for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors in our shares.
In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of its assets consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that owns at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties and certain gains. Cash is a passive asset for these purposes.
Based on the expected composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets, including goodwill, which is based on the expected price of the shares in our initial public offering, we do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year. However, the proper application of the PFIC rules to a company with a business such as ours is not entirely clear. Because the proper characterization of certain components of our income and assets is not entirely clear, because we will hold a substantial amount of cash following our initial public offering, and because our PFIC status for any taxable year will depend on the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets from time to time (which may be determined, in part, by reference to the market price of our shares, which could be volatile), there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year.
If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor holds shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. investor. See “Material Income Tax Considerations-U.S. Federal Income Taxation Considerations-Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences” for additional information.
We have broad discretion in the use of our cash and cash equivalents and may not use them effectively.
Our management has broad discretion to use our cash and cash equivalents, including the net proceeds we received from our initial public offering in September 2023, to fund our operations and could spend these funds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our ordinary shares. You will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether our cash and cash equivalents are being used appropriately. You must rely on the judgment of our cash management decisions. The failure by our management to allocate cash effectively could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, cause the price of our ordinary shares to decline.
The market price of our ADSs may fluctuate, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
The market price for our ADSs is likely to be volatile, in part because our shares have not been traded on a U.S. national securities exchange. In addition, the market price of our ADSs may fluctuate significantly in response to several factors, most of which we cannot control, including:
If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they downgrade our stock or our sector, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our ADSs relies in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about our Company or our industry. We do not control these analysts. In addition, some financial analysts may have limited expertise with our model and operations. Furthermore, if one or more of the analysts who do cover our Company downgrade our stock or industry, or the stock of any of our competitors, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our ordinary shares could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of the Company or fails to publish reports on it regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
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We may not be able to satisfy listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market to maintain the listing of our ADSs.
We must meet certain financial and liquidity criteria to maintain the listing of our ADSs. If we violate Nasdaq listing requirements, our ADSs may be delisted. If we fail to meet any of Nasdaq’s listing standards, our ADSs may be delisted. In addition, our Board of Directors may determine that the cost of maintaining our listing on a U.S. national securities exchange outweighs the benefits of such listing. A delisting of our ADSs may materially impair our shareholders’ ability to buy and sell our ADSs and could have an adverse effect on the market price of, and the efficiency of the trading market for, our ADSs. The delisting of our ADSs could significantly impair our ability to raise capital and the value of your investment.
Failure to regain compliance with Nasdaq could result in the delisting of our ADSs from The Nasdaq Capital Market, which would adversely affect the liquidity and market price of our securities.
On January 12, 2026, we received a notice from The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) stating that, based on our reported financial information, we are no longer in compliance the continued listing requirement to maintain a minimum of $2.5 million in stockholders’ equity for companies listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market, as set forth in Listing Rule 5550(b)(1). Consistent with Nasdaq’s standard procedures, the notice provided a 45-day period, until February 26, 2026, for us to submit a plan to regain compliance. We submitted our compliance plan to Nasdaq on February 26, 2026, and are awaiting Nasdaq’s determination; if accepted, Nasdaq may grant us an extension of up to 180 calendar days from the date of the notice to evidence compliance. The notice did not result in the immediate suspension of trading or delisting of our ADSs. However, there can be no assurance that Nasdaq will accept our plan, grant us additional time to regain compliance, or that we will ultimately be able to evidence compliance within any period that may be allowed. If we are unable to regain compliance in accordance with Nasdaq’s requirements, our ADSs could be subject to delisting from the Nasdaq Capital Market.
Any delisting of our ADSs from The Nasdaq Capital Market would have a material adverse effect on the liquidity and market price of our securities. Delisting could also limit or eliminate the news and research coverage for our Company, reduce the willingness of investors, including institutional investors, to hold or purchase our securities, and impair our ability to access the public capital markets on acceptable terms or at all. In particular, if our ADSs were delisted and quoted only on an over-the-counter market, we could experience reduced trading volume and increased price volatility, and it might be more difficult or costly for us to raise additional capital through the sale of equity or equity-linked securities. Equity issuances to regain or maintain compliance, including sales under our at-the-market offering or other offerings under our Form F-3 shelf, may be dilutive to existing shareholders and may occur at prices below the prevailing market price. In addition, we may be required to devote significant management time and incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses to seek to regain compliance, and measures we might take in an effort to do so – such as changes to our operating plan, financing transactions, or other strategic actions – may not be successful and could themselves entail risks and uncertainties.
Moreover, even if Nasdaq accepts our compliance plan, we may be required to achieve specified milestones within prescribed timeframes. Our plan contemplates (i) raising additional equity capital under our effective Form F-3 registration statement, including through this at-the-market offering and/or registered direct offerings, and (ii) seeking shareholder approval to convert approximately €1.2 million of indebtedness owed to our parent company, Umbrella Global Energy, S.A., into equity. Although our parent company currently holds approximately 66% of our voting power and has indicated its intention to vote in favor of the debt conversion, the conversion remains subject to shareholder approval and other corporate and regulatory requirements, and there can be no assurance that it will be completed on the anticipated timeline, or at all. There is no assurance we will meet any required milestones, that market conditions will permit us to raise the targeted amounts, that our operating results or financial condition will improve sufficiently to evidence compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing standards, or that we will be able to maintain compliance on an ongoing basis. If we are delisted, the terms of any future financing we seek could be less favorable, and delisting could also result in negative publicity and the loss of confidence by suppliers, customers, business partners and employees, any of which could further harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. These risks could materially and adversely affect the market for our securities.
Purchasers of ADSs will not be directly holding our ordinary shares.
A holder of ADSs will not be treated as one of our shareholders and will not have direct shareholder rights. Our constitution and Spanish law govern our shareholder rights. The depositary, through the custodian or the custodian’s nominee, will be the holder of the ordinary shares underlying ADSs held by purchasers of ADSs. Purchasers of ADSs have ADS holder rights. The deposit agreement among us, the depositary and purchasers of ADSs as an ADS holder, and all other persons directly and indirectly holding ADSs, sets out ADS holder rights, as well as the rights and obligations of us and the depositary.
Your right as a holder of ADSs to participate in any future preferential subscription rights offering or to elect to receive dividends in ordinary shares may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.
The deposit agreement provides that the depositary will not make rights available to you unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act or exempted from registration under the Securities Act. If we offer holders of our ordinary shares the option to receive dividends in either cash or shares, under the deposit agreement the depositary may require satisfactory assurance from us that extending the offer to holders of ADSs does not require registration of any securities under the Securities Act before making the option available to holders of ADSs. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, ADS holders may be unable to participate in our rights offerings or to elect to receive dividends in shares and may experience dilution in their holdings. In addition, if the depositary is unable to sell rights that are not exercised or not distributed or if the sale is not lawful or reasonably practicable, it will allow the rights to lapse, in which case you will receive no value for these rights.
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You may not be able to exercise your right to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs.
Holders of ADSs may exercise voting rights with respect to the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs only in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. The deposit agreement provides that, upon receipt of notice of any meeting of holders of our ordinary shares, the depositary will fix a record date for the determination of ADS holders who shall be entitled to give instructions for the exercise of voting rights. Upon timely receipt of notice from us, if we so request, the depositary shall distribute to the holders as of the record date (i) the notice of the meeting or solicitation of consent or proxy sent by us and (ii) a statement as to the manner in which instructions may be given by the holders.
You may instruct the depositary to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. Otherwise, you will not be able to exercise your right to vote, unless you withdraw the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs you hold. However, you may not know about the meeting far enough in advance to withdraw those ordinary shares. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary, upon timely notice from us, will notify you of the upcoming vote and arrange to deliver our voting materials to you and will try to vote ordinary shares as you instruct. We cannot guarantee you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your ordinary shares or to withdraw your ordinary shares so that you can vote them yourself. If we do not ask for your instructions, you can still send voting instructions to the depository and the depository may try to carry out those instructions, but it is not required to do so.
You may be subject to limitations on the transfer of your ADSs and the withdrawal of the underlying ordinary shares.
Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of your ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary think it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law, government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason subject to your right to surrender your ADSs and receive the underlying ordinary shares. Temporary delays in the surrendering of your ADSs and receipt of the underlying ordinary shares may arise because the depositary has closed its transfer books or we have closed our transfer books, the transfer of ordinary shares is blocked to permit voting at a shareholders’ meeting or we are paying a dividend on our ordinary shares. In addition, you may not be able to surrender your ADSs and receive the underlying ordinary shares when you owe money for fees, taxes and similar charges and when it is necessary to prohibit withdrawals in order to comply with any laws or governmental regulations that apply to ADSs or to the withdrawal of ordinary shares or other deposited securities. See “ITEM 12.D. American Depositary Shares” for more information.
Holders of ADSs are not treated as holders of our ordinary shares.
Holders of ADSs are not treated as holders of our ordinary shares, unless they surrender the ADSs to receive the ordinary shares underlying their ADSs in accordance with the deposit agreement and applicable laws and regulations. The depositary is the holder of the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs. Holders of ADSs therefore do not have any rights as holders of our ordinary shares, other than the rights that they have pursuant to the deposit agreement. See “ITEM 12.D. American Depositary Shares” for more information.
We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future.
We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future, as we anticipate that we will invest future earnings in the development and growth of our business. Therefore, holders of our ADSs will not receive any return on their investment unless they sell their securities, and holders may be unable to sell their securities on favorable terms or at all.
U.S. investors may have difficulty enforcing civil liabilities against our Company, our directors or members of senior management and the experts.
Certain members of our senior management and Board of Directors are non-residents of the United States, and a substantial portion of the assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be impracticable to serve process on such persons in the United States or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against them based on civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States. Even if you are successful in bringing such an action, there is doubt as to whether Spanish courts would enforce certain civil liabilities under U.S. securities laws in original actions or judgments of U.S. courts based upon these civil liability provisions. In addition, awards of punitive damages in actions brought in the United States or elsewhere may be unenforceable in Spain or elsewhere outside the United States. An award for monetary damages under U.S. securities laws would be considered punitive if it does not seek to compensate the claimant for loss or damage suffered and is intended to punish the defendant. The enforceability of any judgment in Spain will depend on the particular facts of the case as well as the laws and treaties in effect at the time. The United States and Spain do not currently have a treaty or statute providing for recognition and enforcement of the judgments of the other country (other than arbitration awards) in civil and commercial matters.
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As a result, our U.S. public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against us, our management or our directors than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.
There is a risk that we will be a passive foreign investment company for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors in our securities.
In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of its assets consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that owns at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties and certain gains. Cash is a passive asset for these purposes.
Based on the expected composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets, including goodwill, and the price of the ADSs in our initial public offering, we do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year. However, the proper application of the PFIC rules to a company with a business such as ours is not entirely clear. Because the proper characterization of certain components of our income and assets is not entirely clear, because we hold a substantial amount of cash following our initial public offering, and because our PFIC status for any taxable year will depend on the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets from time to time (which may be determined, in part, by reference to the market price of our shares, which could be volatile), there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year.
If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor holds ADSs, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. investor.
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
A. History and Development of the Company
General Information
Our registered office and corporate headquarters is located at StreetPlaza de América, 2 – 4º B, Valencia, Spain, 46004.
Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., located at 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10168.
Our website can be found at www.turbo-e.com/language/en/. The information contained on our website is not a part of this report, nor is such content incorporated by reference herein, and should not be relied upon in determining whether to make an investment in our Securities.
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Corporate History
Turbo Energy, S.A. was incorporated under the name of Distritech Solutions S.L. on September 18, 2013 under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain. The Company subsequently changed its name to Solar Rocket S.L. on October 7, 2013.
On April 8, 2021, Solar Rocket S.L. merged with Turbo Energy S.L.U. (“Turbo Energy S.L.U.”), a Spanish corporation operating in the solar energy storage sector. Following the merger, Turbo Energy S.L.U. became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Solar Rocket S.L., and the combined entity adopted the name Turbo Energy S.L.
On February 8, 2023, the Company was converted from a Spanish unipersonal limited liability company into a public limited company (sociedad anónima), changing its corporate name to Turbo Energy, S.A. (“Turbo Energy” or the “Company”).
Turbo Energy is a subsidiary of Umbrella Global Energy, S.A. (“Umbrella Global”), a publicly traded renewable energy group. Umbrella Global is the majority shareholder of the Company.
Strategic Evolution
Since its incorporation, Turbo Energy has evolved from a provider of photovoltaic-related products into a technology-driven energy solutions company focused on solar energy storage and intelligent energy management.
The Company has progressively expanded its capabilities beyond hardware manufacturing to include proprietary software, system integration and energy optimization solutions, positioning itself to address the growing demand for distributed, decentralized and digitally managed energy systems.
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Subsidiaries and Corporate Structure Developments
Turbo Energy Solutions
On November 8, 2022, Turbo Energy acquired 100% of the ordinary shares of IM2 Energía Solar Proyecto 35 S.L.U. (“IM2”), a company under common control by the Chairman of the Board, for a total consideration of €2,250.
On November 29, 2022, IM2 changed its name to Turbo Energy Solutions S.L.U.
Turbo Energy Solutions was created to support the development of integrated energy solutions, including generation, storage and energy management services, particularly in the commercial and industrial segment.
Merger by Absorption
On April 8, 2021, the merger of Solar Rocket, S.L. (the “Absorbing Company”) and Turbo Energy, S.L.U. (the “Absorbed Company”) was formalized and subsequently registered with the Mercantile Registry of Valencia on August 9, 2021.
The merger, approved by the respective shareholders’ meetings on June 30, 2020, resulted in the dissolution without liquidation of the Absorbed Company and the transfer of its assets and liabilities to the Absorbing Company by universal succession.
The Company recorded the assets and liabilities contributed in accordance with the accounting regulations in force at that time.
New U.S. Subsidiary
In connection with its strategy to expand into the United States market, the Company incorporated Turbo Energy USA, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary, on January 1, 2025 as a Delaware limited liability company.
This entity is intended to support the commercialization and deployment of the Company’s energy storage solutions in the U.S. market. As the day of this report, this Company has had a very insignificant activity.
New Chile Joint Venture
On September 6, 2024, Turbo Energy established a 50%-owned subsidiary in Chile, called Smart Solar Solutions, SPA for the development of storage solutions and Energy as a services (EaaS) model products and services.
Initial Public Offering
On September 21, 2023, Turbo Energy entered into an Underwriting Agreement with Titan Partners Group, a division of American Capital Partners, LLC, and Boustead Securities, LLC as the representative (“Representative”) of the underwriters named on Schedule 1 thereto, relating to the Company’s firm commitment underwritten initial public offering (the “Offering”) of ADSs, each representing five ordinary shares of the Company, par value five cents of euro per share. Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company agreed to sell 1,000,000 ADSs to the underwriters at a public offering price of $5.00 per ADS (the “Offering Price”), before underwriting discounts and commissions, and granted the Representative a 45-day over-allotment option to purchase up to an additional 150,000 ADSs, equivalent to 15% of the ADSs sold in the Offering, at the Offering Price per ADS, pursuant to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-273198), that was filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and became effective on September 21, 2023 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The Offering was closed on September 26, 2023 and the Company’s ADSs commenced trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “TURB.”
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Corporate Structure
The chart below presents our current corporate structure, as of the date of this report:
B. Business Overview
General
Turbo Energy is a global integrator of AI-driven energy storage and intelligent energy management solutions focused on transforming how energy is generated, stored, optimized and consumed across residential, commercial, industrial and utility-scale applications.
The Company operates at the intersection of renewable energy infrastructure, energy storage and software-driven optimization, combining battery systems, solar integration and proprietary Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) technologies into unified intelligent energy platforms. Turbo Energy’s solutions are designed to help customers reduce energy costs, improve operational resilience, increase energy independence and optimize energy performance in increasingly decentralized and volatile energy markets.
Turbo Energy believes the global energy sector is undergoing a structural transformation in which competitive advantage is increasingly determined not by hardware alone, but by the ability to intelligently orchestrate generation, storage, grid interaction and energy consumption through software, data analytics and real-time optimization capabilities.
As a result, the Company has strategically evolved from a traditional photovoltaic storage equipment provider into a technology-driven intelligent energy solutions platform focused on integration, optimization and Energy-as-a-Service (“EaaS”) models.
The Company’s proprietary SUNBOX platform serves as the foundation of this strategy. Initially launched in the fourth quarter of 2022 as one of the industry’s first integrated, AI-optimized all-in-one residential solar energy storage systems, SUNBOX has since evolved into a modular ecosystem of intelligent energy infrastructure solutions addressing multiple market segments, including:
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Turbo Energy’s solutions integrate proprietary software, predictive analytics and AI-driven optimization tools capable of dynamically managing energy generation, storage and consumption based on real-time variables, including electricity pricing, weather conditions, photovoltaic generation, demand forecasting and operational requirements.
The Company’s software platform and cloud-based applications enable intelligent energy management capabilities designed to improve efficiency, optimize economic performance and transform energy systems into adaptive, software-defined infrastructure assets.
Turbo Energy is increasingly focused on higher-value C&I and integrated infrastructure projects, where customers require customized turnkey solutions capable of addressing complex energy management challenges, including:
In parallel, the Company continues to expand service-based and recurring revenue models through Energy-as-a-Service (“EaaS”), Battery-as-a-Service (“BaaS”), long-term optimization services and software-enabled energy management solutions.
Turbo Energy’s strategic positioning is increasingly centered on becoming an intelligent energy infrastructure platform capable of integrating hardware, software and energy services into scalable and customizable solutions for complex energy environments.
Guided by this strategy, the Company’s primary growth objectives include:
Turbo Energy is a subsidiary of Umbrella Global Energy, S.A., a renewable energy-focused investment and development group active in sectors including solar energy, energy technology and e-mobility, whose shares are traded on BME Growth in Spain under the ticker symbol “UMB.”
For the year ended December 31, 2025, our total revenues increased to €19,986,500 (approximately US$ 23,456,157) from €9,638,012 for the 12 months ended December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our total revenues were €13,140,771. Our net loss for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 totaled €(1,156,309) (approximately US$ (1,357,044), €(3,337,000), and €(2,013,788), respectively.
Our principal business activities for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were largely centered on designing, developing and distributing equipment and software for the generation, management and storage of solar energy. For additional information regarding our financial performance, see “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”
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Industry
Global Solar Energy Market
The global solar energy market continued to expand in 2025, although the pace and regional composition of growth became more uneven. According to Fortune Business Insights, the global solar power market was valued at $253.69 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow from $273 billion in 2024 to $436.36 billion by 2032, representing a CAGR of 6% during the forecast period. The same source continues to identify North America as a leading regional market, with the United States expected to remain a major contributor to long-term demand. (fortunebusinessinsights.com)
From an installed-capacity perspective, 2025 marked another record year globally. The International Energy Agency reported in its Global Energy Review 2026 that solar PV capacity additions increased by approximately 12% in 2025, surpassing 600 GW for the first time. This took cumulative global solar PV capacity to approximately 2.8 TW, making solar PV the power technology with the largest installed capacity worldwide. (IEA)
SolarPower Europe’s Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2025–2029 had anticipated approximately 655 GW of new solar installations in 2025 under its most realistic scenario, with annual installations expected to continue rising toward approximately 930 GW by 2029. However, the organization also warned that achieving an 8 TW global solar target by 2030 would require a faster deployment pace, closer to 1 TW of new installations per year on average. (solarpowereurope.org)
The International Energy Agency continues to view solar PV as the central technology in the global renewable power buildout. Between 2024 and 2030, solar PV is expected to account for the majority of renewable capacity growth and to become the largest renewable electricity source by the end of the decade. The key market driver is no longer only climate policy, but also the combination of falling technology costs, electrification, corporate power demand, grid resilience, and the increasing need to pair solar generation with storage and flexible demand. (IEA)
In the European Union, the energy transition advanced materially in 2025. Ember’s European Electricity Review 2026 reported that wind and solar together generated 30% of EU electricity in 2025, exceeding fossil generation, at 29%, for the first time on record. Solar alone generated a record 369 TWh across the EU, equal to approximately 13% of EU electricity, up from 11% in 2024. (ember-energy.org)
Spain, Turbo Energy’s home country, remains one of Europe’s leading solar markets. Red Eléctrica reported that Spain added 10 GW of renewable power in 2025, including 8.8 GW of solar photovoltaic and 1.2 GW of wind. Including self-consumption, Spain reached 150.8 GW of total installed power capacity, with renewables accounting for 68.9% of installed capacity. Solar photovoltaic became the largest technology in Spain’s installed power mix, with almost 50 GW installed and a 33.1% share when self-consumption is included. (Red Eléctrica)
In generation terms, renewables produced 55.5% of Spain’s electricity in 2025, rising to 56.6% when estimated self-consumption is included. Solar photovoltaic accounted for 18.4% of Spain’s electricity generation excluding self-consumption, behind wind and nuclear; however, Red Eléctrica notes that when estimated self-consumption is included, solar photovoltaic would lead the national generation mix. (Red Eléctrica)
Nevertheless, the Spanish self-consumption segment remains in a slower phase after the exceptional growth seen during the energy-price crisis. UNEF reported that Spain installed 1,139 MW of new self-consumption capacity in 2025, 3.7% less than in 2024, taking cumulative self-consumption capacity to approximately 9.3 GW. In the residential segment, 36,330 new households installed self-consumption systems in 2025, adding 229 MW, a 17% decline compared with 2024. (UNEF)
APPA Renovables also reported continued contraction in the Spanish self-consumption market, estimating 1,214 MW of new self-consumption capacity in 2025, split between 846 MW in commercial and industrial installations and 368 MW in residential installations. According to APPA, this represented a 15.2% decline from 2024 and the third consecutive year of lower annual installations, reflecting a more mature market and the need for stable tax incentives, administrative simplification, improved grid access, and better tools to monetize surplus energy. (3iE Energía)
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Within the United States, the picture became more mixed in 2025. According to the Solar Energy Industries Association and Wood Mackenzie’s Solar Market Insight 2025 Year in Review, the U.S. solar industry installed 43.1 GWdc of new capacity in 2025, a 14% decline from 2024. Despite this decrease, solar remained the dominant source of new electricity-generating capacity for the fifth consecutive year. (SEIA)
The U.S. market was affected by policy and trade uncertainty, including multiple trade actions and changes to renewable energy tax credit policy. SEIA and Wood Mackenzie noted that many projects remained on track, but uncertainty contributed to delays and cancellations across market segments. Utility-scale solar installations declined 16% in 2025, while commercial solar grew 6%, residential solar was broadly flat, and community solar declined 25%. (SEIA)
Looking into 2026, the U.S. Energy Information Administration expects solar and battery storage to remain the largest contributors to new U.S. grid capacity. EIA reported that 53 GW of new generating capacity was added in 2025, the largest annual addition since 2002, and that solar is expected to represent 51% of planned 2026 capacity additions, followed by battery storage at 28%. (EIA)
The risk of higher tariffs and trade barriers remains material for the U.S. solar and storage markets, particularly given the importance of Asian supply chains for modules, cells, inverters, and batteries. Wood Mackenzie and SEIA specifically cited trade actions and tax-credit policy changes as factors that weighed on the U.S. market in 2025. Separately, policy changes affecting Chinese-origin battery energy storage systems entered into force in 2026, increasing pressure on supply-chain planning and procurement strategies. (Wood Mackenzie)
The solar energy market in Latin America continues to show a positive long-term outlook, although grid constraints, financing conditions, and policy continuity remain important limiting factors. Wood Mackenzie’s South America Solar PV Market Outlook 2025 forecasts that South America will add approximately 160 GWdc of solar PV capacity between 2025 and 2034, driven by diversification efforts, growing power demand, and favorable system economics. Brazil, Chile, and Colombia are expected to remain key markets, while green hydrogen demand may further support long-term solar growth. (Wood Mackenzie)
SolarPower Europe has also identified Latin America as an attractive solar investment region, highlighting opportunities in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. The region benefits from strong solar resources, growing electricity demand, and increasing corporate interest in renewable power, but expansion will depend heavily on transmission infrastructure, storage deployment, regulatory stability, and access to financing. (solarpowereurope.org)
Global Solar Energy Storage Market
Energy storage systems are increasingly central to the energy transition because they allow electricity generated from renewable sources to be stored and dispatched when demand is higher, grid conditions require flexibility, or market prices are more attractive. As solar penetration rises, storage is becoming less of an optional complement and more of a critical enabling technology for grid stability, self-consumption optimization, peak shaving, backup power, and participation in flexibility markets.
According to The Business Research Company’s Energy Storage Systems Market Report 2026, the global energy storage systems market is expected to grow from $266.84 billion in 2025 to $287.83 billion in 2026, representing a CAGR of 7.9%. The report attributes growth to renewable energy deployment, grid stabilization needs, lithium-ion technology adoption, backup power demand, and broader energy-management applications. (Research and Markets)
Battery storage is the fastest-growing power technology globally. The International Energy Agency reported in its Global Energy Review 2026 that 108 GW of new battery storage capacity was deployed worldwide in 2025, 40% more than in 2024. Installed battery storage capacity is now eleven times higher than in 2021, reflecting the rapid acceleration of both utility-scale and behind-the-meter applications. (IEA)
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In the United States, the energy storage market reached a new record in 2025. According to the American Clean Power Association and Wood Mackenzie’s U.S. Energy Storage Monitor Q1 2026 and 2025 Year in Review, the U.S. installed 18.9 GW of battery energy storage systems in 2025, a 52% increase over 2024. Q4 2025 was the strongest quarter on record, with 5.8 GW installed, including 4.9 GW from utility-scale projects. (ACP)
The U.S. residential storage segment benefited in 2025 from consumers accelerating purchases ahead of the expiration of the Section 25D residential tax credit. However, Wood Mackenzie expects the residential storage market to contract by 2% in 2026 following the expiration of that credit. Commercial, community, and industrial storage is expected to continue expanding over the medium term, supported by falling system costs and stronger policy support in specific markets. (Wood Mackenzie)
Europe’s battery storage market also continued expanding, although growth moderated after several years of very rapid acceleration. SolarPower Europe’s European Market Outlook for Battery Storage 2025–2029 reported that Europe deployed 22 GWh of new battery storage in 2024, increasing the total European battery fleet to 61 GWh. The organization expects significant expansion over the following five years, with annual deployments potentially rising to nearly 120 GWh by 2029 and total capacity approaching 400 GWh. (POWER Magazine)
SolarPower Europe has emphasized that battery energy storage is essential for delivering a flexible, electrified energy system and has called for stronger European policy support, including improved market access for flexibility, faster permitting, and better integration of storage into grid planning. This is particularly relevant in markets such as Spain, where high solar penetration, low or negative daytime wholesale prices, and grid constraints increase the strategic value of batteries. (OIE)
Spain’s own power system is beginning to reflect this shift. Red Eléctrica reported 3,427 MW of storage power in Spain at the end of 2025 and stated that storage systems, including pumped storage and batteries, contributed to integrating 9,213 GWh of electricity during 2025, 6.2% more than in 2024. This helped increase the utilization of renewable generation and underlines the growing need for storage as solar penetration rises. (Red Eléctrica)
In Latin America, energy storage remains at an earlier stage than in the United States or Europe, but the outlook is increasingly favorable. Wood Mackenzie forecasts that Latin America’s energy storage market will grow at an 8% CAGR through 2034, reaching approximately 23 GW. Chile is expected to lead the region, followed by Mexico and the Dominican Republic, supported by regulatory developments, grid needs, and the increasing adoption of hybrid solar-plus-storage projects. (Wood Mackenzie)
The future of solar energy and storage in Latin America appears promising, particularly in countries with strong solar resources, growing power demand, and increasing need for grid resilience. However, the region’s growth will depend on the pace of transmission expansion, regulatory clarity for storage remuneration, access to project finance, and the development of bankable hybrid solar-plus-storage business models. (EMIS Next)
Overall, the 2025 data confirm that solar PV remains one of the fastest-growing energy technologies globally, while battery storage is becoming the key enabler of the next stage of solar deployment. For companies operating in distributed solar, residential and commercial storage, and energy management, the market opportunity is increasingly tied not only to installing generation capacity, but also to maximizing self-consumption, providing backup and resilience, optimizing electricity costs, and enabling customers to participate in more flexible and decentralized power systems.
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Our Products and Services
Turbo Energy develops and deploys integrated AI-driven energy storage and intelligent energy management solutions designed to address the evolving needs of residential, commercial, industrial and utility-scale energy users.
The Company’s technology platform combines battery storage systems, proprietary software, solar integration and intelligent optimization capabilities into scalable energy infrastructure solutions designed to improve energy efficiency, reduce electricity costs, increase operational resilience and optimize energy performance across decentralized energy environments.
Turbo Energy’s solutions are designed to support the growing global transition toward distributed electrification, renewable integration and software-defined energy infrastructure. Through its integrated systems and energy management technologies, the Company seeks to transform energy from a passive utility cost into an actively managed and optimized strategic asset.
The Company’s core product ecosystem is commercialized under the SUNBOX brand, a modular family of intelligent energy storage and management solutions spanning residential, commercial, industrial and utility-scale applications.
All SUNBOX systems are integrated with Turbo Energy’s proprietary cloud-based software platform and AI-driven energy management technologies, which dynamically analyze and optimize variables including:
Through these technologies, Turbo Energy’s systems are designed to automate and optimize energy generation, storage and consumption decisions in real time.
Residential Offerings
SUNBOX Home
SUNBOX Home is an integrated residential solar energy storage and intelligent energy management system designed for homes seeking to optimize self-consumption, improve energy independence and reduce electricity costs.
The system integrates battery storage, inverter technology, energy management software and cloud connectivity into a single modular architecture capable of supporting both grid-connected and off-grid applications.
SUNBOX Home is managed through an AI-driven software platform, which continuously analyzes residential energy consumption, solar generation and external market conditions to optimize energy usage and storage performance in real time.
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The system provides users with intelligent energy management capabilities including:
The platform is designed to support scalable residential deployments through modular battery expansion capabilities.
SUNBOX Home EV
SUNBOX Home EV is Turbo Energy’s patented residential energy platform integrating solar energy storage and electric vehicle (“EV”) charging functionality into a unified intelligent energy management system.
Unlike conventional standalone EV charging or storage solutions, SUNBOX Home EV enables coordinated optimization of residential electricity consumption, solar generation, battery storage and EV charging behavior through Turbo Energy’s AI-driven software platform.
The system provides users with centralized monitoring and optimization capabilities through an App, enabling intelligent management of:
Turbo Energy believes increasing residential electrification and EV adoption create significant long-term demand for integrated intelligent home energy platforms capable of coordinating distributed energy assets within a single optimized system architecture.
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SUNBOX Home Lite
Introduced commercially in 2025, SUNBOX Home Lite expands Turbo Energy’s residential offering toward smaller residential installations and energy storage requirements below 15 kWh.
The platform maintains the integrated architecture, AI-driven optimization capabilities and cloud-based energy management functionalities of SUNBOX Home while providing a more compact and cost-efficient solution tailored for smaller households and urban residential applications.
SUNBOX Home Lite is designed to increase accessibility and adoption of intelligent residential energy management systems across broader customer segments.
Commercial and Industrial Offerings
SUNBOX Industry
SUNBOX Industry is Turbo Energy’s scalable energy storage and intelligent energy management platform designed for commercial and industrial (“C&I”) applications.
The system supports both new and existing photovoltaic installations and is engineered to optimize energy performance across complex operational environments requiring advanced load management, peak shaving, backup power and energy cost stabilization capabilities.
SUNBOX Industry integrates large-scale battery storage systems with Turbo Energy’s AI-driven optimization platform, enabling automated management of electricity procurement, storage and consumption based on real-time operational and market conditions.
The platform is designed to address key industrial energy challenges including:
The system is highly modular and scalable, supporting projects ranging from medium-scale commercial installations to large industrial deployments.
Turbo Energy’s technology architecture is designed to allow integration into existing facilities and energy infrastructure without requiring complete redesign of previously installed systems. The platform also supports direct current integration and parallel connection capabilities that facilitate expansion of photovoltaic generation and storage assets within operational facilities.
Turbo Energy increasingly views SUNBOX Industry as a strategic platform for recurring revenue generation through integrated energy services, software optimization and Energy-as-a-Service (“EaaS”) deployment models.
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Utility-Scale Offerings
SUNBOX Utility
SUNBOX Utility is Turbo Energy’s utility-scale intelligent energy storage platform currently under advanced development for grid-scale and hybrid energy infrastructure applications.
The platform is being designed to support utility operators, renewable developers and large infrastructure projects seeking intelligent Battery Energy Storage System (“BESS”) solutions capable of improving grid flexibility, renewable integration, operational resilience and energy optimization.
SUNBOX Utility is expected to integrate Turbo Energy’s proprietary AI-driven optimization software with utility-scale storage infrastructure, enabling dynamic management of energy generation, storage and market participation strategies.
The platform is being engineered to support:
Turbo Energy expects SUNBOX Utility to operate both as a standalone storage platform and as part of integrated hybrid energy systems.
For smaller utility and hybrid installations, the Company also plans to deploy compact intelligent systems powered by its proprietary Artificial Intelligence Energy Management System, designed to continuously optimize operational and economic performance based on real-time market and generation conditions.
Turbo Energy believes utility-scale intelligent energy storage and software-driven optimization will become increasingly critical components of future decentralized energy infrastructure as global energy systems continue evolving toward greater electrification, flexibility and renewable penetration.
The Company expects continued development and commercialization activities related to the SUNBOX Utility platform throughout 2026.
Year-Over-Year Revenue Performance of OurSUNBOX Products
For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, revenues stemming from the sale of our SUNBOX systems totaled €12,158,408 (approximately US$14,269,108), €3,455,505, and €804,244, respectively. SUNBOX sales accounted for 61% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025, 37% for the year ended December 31, 2024, and 6% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase from fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 to fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 was due to a new project in the Sunbox Industrial line within the ceramics sector in Valencia, Spain. In addition, due to our focus on successfully executing sales and marketing initiatives to expand market awareness of our SUNBOX solutions, specially the industrial line, as well as increase market penetration primarily in the European Union.
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Batteries
As one of the leading companies that introduced lithium-ion batters for solar energy storage in Spain, today Turbo Energy sells a full line of robust, reliable and easy-to-install lithium-ion batteries to customers on a global basis designed to support self-consumption and/or isolated installations.
HV Lithium Series 48V 2.4 kWh Battery: LiFePO4 battery with 2.4 kWh capacity and 6000 cycles of guaranteed life that is ideal for photovoltaic self-consumption with storage applications and off-grid solar installations. It is compatible with Turbo Energy, Voltronic and Victron inverters and has a parallel connection capacity of up to 40 units. Quick connections allow for reduced installation time
For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, revenues stemming from the sale of our batteries were €4,488,821 (approximately US$5,268,080), €3,078,584, and €6,578,530, respectively. Revenue from batteries accounted for 23% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025, 33% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, and 50% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in battery sales from fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 to fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 was largely attributable to the sector’s external factors, and by our Company’s high dependence on the Spanish market, where most of our sales have historically been concentrated. The Spanish market, after several years of declining battery consumption, is growing again due to the increasingly clear profitability advantage of photovoltaic plants hybridized with storage capacity.
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Inverters
The inverter is the most vital component in a photovoltaic system. It converts the direct current produced by solar panels into alternating current that can be used by household appliances. The inverter also regulates the battery charging and discharging based on energy needs and optimizes the utilization of generated renewable energy. We are currently offering the following inverters:
For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, our revenue from the sale of inverters totaled €2,424,886 (approximately US$2,845,846), €1,817,121 and €3,133,825, respectively. Revenue from inverters accounted for 12% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025, 19% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 24% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023. Our revenue from inverters increased by €607,765, or 33%, from fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 to fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, due primarily to a combination of a recovery in demand and the success of the features of the hybrid inverter sold by Turbo Energy, which is currently the most popular in the market.
Turbo Energy Software
Turbo Energy’s tailored-made software and AI-driven energy optimization capabilities are a core component of the Company’s intelligent energy platform and represent a key strategic differentiator of its integrated energy solutions.
The Company’s software architecture is designed to optimize the performance, efficiency and economic value of distributed energy systems by dynamically orchestrating energy generation, storage and consumption across residential, commercial and industrial (“C&I”) environments.
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Turbo Energy’s software platform continuously monitors and analyzes energy flows between photovoltaic generation systems, battery storage infrastructure, facility consumption and, where applicable, electric vehicle (“EV”) charging systems. Through advanced optimization algorithms, predictive analytics and machine learning models, the platform is designed to automate energy management decisions based on real-time operational and market conditions.
The software platform enables intelligent functionalities including:
Turbo Energy’s AI-driven optimization models analyze large volumes of operational and market data, including:
These capabilities allow the platform to dynamically optimize how and when energy is generated, stored, consumed or sourced from the electrical grid in order to improve economic efficiency and operational performance.
Turbo Energy’s strategic software focus is increasingly centered on commercial and industrial (“C&I”) deployments, where the Company develops customized intelligent energy management solutions tailored to complex operational environments and large-scale energy infrastructure projects.
Within the C&I segment, the Company’s software capabilities are designed to support:
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Turbo Energy believes the integration of proprietary software, predictive analytics and AI-driven optimization capabilities increasingly represents the primary source of differentiation and long-term value creation within the global energy storage sector, where hardware components are becoming progressively commoditized.
While certain hardware systems are co-developed alongside manufacturing and technology partners, Turbo Energy internally develops and controls the core optimization software, system architecture and AI-driven energy management capabilities integrated across its intelligent energy platform.
The Company’s software infrastructure is cloud-based and hosted through third-party enterprise cloud environments in Europe. Turbo Energy’s optimization logic, machine learning models and AI-driven operational intelligence are centrally managed and protected within its software architecture.
Turbo Energy expects continued investment in software development, AI capabilities and intelligent energy orchestration technologies to remain a central component of its long-term strategy as global energy systems evolve toward increasingly decentralized, software-defined and service-oriented infrastructure models.
Planned U.S. Expansion
As part of its international growth strategy, Turbo Energy continues to evaluate and selectively expand opportunities within the United States energy storage market.
On April 1, 2025, the Company announced that it had successfully completed the certification process required for entry into the U.S. residential energy storage market, obtaining Underwriters Laboratories (“UL”) 5500 and UL 9540 certifications for its SUNBOX Home residential energy storage platform. These certifications represent important industry-recognized standards relating to safety, performance and regulatory compliance for residential energy storage systems in the United States.
Turbo Energy believes the U.S. market represents a significant long-term opportunity driven by continued growth in distributed solar generation, residential electrification, energy resilience requirements and increasing adoption of battery storage systems integrated with intelligent energy management technologies.
Turbo Energy’s current U.S. product offering strategy is focused primarily on residential solar-plus-storage solutions and intelligent energy management systems designed for grid-connected and backup power applications. Products intended for commercialization in the U.S. market include:
Turbo Energy intends to continue developing commercial deployment opportunities and market expansion initiatives in the United States as part of its broader international growth strategy.
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Energy-as-a-Service
As part of its expansion strategy in Latin America and broader transition toward recurring-service and software-driven business models, Turbo Energy introduced its Energy-as-a-Service (“EaaS”) platform in 2025 through its subsidiary Turbo Energy Solutions (“TES”).
The EaaS model is designed to enable commercial and industrial customers to deploy integrated solar generation, battery storage and intelligent energy management infrastructure without the need for significant upfront capital investment.
Through this model, customers gain access to customized energy solutions integrating photovoltaic generation, SUNBOX Industry storage systems and AI-driven optimization technologies designed to improve operational efficiency, reduce energy cost volatility and enhance energy resilience.
Turbo Energy’s EaaS platform combines:
Turbo Energy believes the EaaS model addresses several structural challenges facing commercial and industrial energy consumers, including:
The Company also believes recurring-service energy models represent a significant long-term growth opportunity as energy infrastructure increasingly evolves toward decentralized, service-oriented and software-managed systems.
Through TES and related strategic partnerships in Chile, Turbo Energy intends to continue expanding deployment of EaaS and intelligent energy infrastructure solutions across selected high-growth markets.
Our Sales and Distribution Focus
Since its founding in 2013, Turbo Energy initially focused on the distribution and commercialization of residential photovoltaic equipment through a network of distributors and installation partners primarily concentrated in Spain.
Following the commercial launch and expansion of the SUNBOX platform, the Company progressively evolved its commercial strategy toward higher-value integrated energy solutions across residential, commercial and industrial (“C&I”) markets.
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Turbo Energy’s current commercial focus is centered on expanding deployment of intelligent energy storage systems, integrated energy management solutions and recurring-service business models across selected international markets.
The Company continues to prioritize growth opportunities in Europe and Latin America while selectively evaluating additional international expansion opportunities aligned with its long-term strategy.
Turbo Energy’s sales and distribution activities combine strategic partnerships, local distributors, energy integrators and project-based commercial relationships tailored to specific market segments and applications.
Research and Development
Research and development has been a core component of Turbo Energy’s business strategy since inception.
The Company initially focused on the development of residential solar storage technologies and progressively expanded its capabilities across battery systems, inverter technologies, intelligent energy management software and integrated energy infrastructure solutions.
Turbo Energy’s development activities are currently focused on advancing:
The Company believes ongoing innovation in software, predictive analytics and intelligent energy orchestration will continue to play an increasingly important role in the evolution of distributed energy infrastructure and energy storage markets globally.
Turbo Energy intends to continue investing in research and development activities designed to strengthen its technology platform and support long-term growth opportunities across residential, commercial, industrial and utility-scale applications.
Growth Strategy
Turbo Energy’s growth strategy is focused on expanding its position as an integrated provider of intelligent energy storage and energy management solutions across residential, commercial, industrial and utility-scale markets.
Our primary near-term growth objectives are centered on exploiting our competitive differentiation and include:
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Turbo Energy believes the ongoing decentralization, electrification and digitalization of global energy systems continue to create significant long-term opportunities for intelligent energy storage, software-driven optimization and integrated energy infrastructure platforms.
Competition
The solar energy storage market is highly competitive, and new regulatory requirements for carbon emissions, technological advances, the lower cost of renewable energy, the decrease in battery and solar panel costs, improving battery technology and shifting customer demands are causing the industry to evolve and expand. We believe that the principal competitive factors in the energy storage market include, but are not limited to:
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We compete for customers and strategic business partners with other providers of energy storage systems, as well as companies engaged in developing software to monitor and manage energy storage consumption. Many of these providers have longer operating histories, customer incumbency advantages, access to and influence with governmental bodies, and significantly more capital resources than we do. Notably, we have observed that very few of them are developing all-in-one solutions that integrate both the battery and inverter, which along with electrical protections, significantly reduce assembly time and the complex technology knowledge required to assemble fully integrated, all-in-one solutions. Moreover, there are even fewer competitors which are integrating sophisticated software platforms with their storage systems that allow for the use of stored energy to be adapted to the specific needs of the customer, nor are they leveraging the advanced technological advantages afforded by AI and machine learning algorithms to optimize and automate energy use and management.
The following chart reflects what we believe to be key competitive differentiators for our proprietary energy storage solutions:
Sources: Internal; Based on publicly available information published on websites by listed companies as of December 2024.
Competitive Strengths
Our competitive strengths include the following:
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Collectively, these strengths underpin and amplify Turbo Energy’s reputation as a trusted industry leader and respected technology innovator in the global solar energy storage market.
Manufacturing and Supply
We source batteries, inverters and certain related components primarily from suppliers located in China, although the supplier base may vary depending on the type, size and intended use of the product, including residential, commercial and industrial, or utility-scale applications. In certain cases, the selection of suppliers may also depend on whether a portion of the manufacturing process is required, or strategically preferable, to be carried out in Europe.
We currently work with two battery suppliers and two inverter suppliers. This structure is intended to provide security and flexibility in our supply chain, while allowing us to maintain sufficient purchasing concentration to negotiate competitive prices, favorable commercial terms and technical collaboration with our suppliers. We periodically review and may change our supplier base as our product development team identifies more innovative solutions, improved technologies or products that are better aligned with the value proposition that Turbo Energy seeks to offer in its target markets.
Our manufacturing and supply arrangements vary depending on the nature of the product, the expected purchase volume, the level of technical collaboration required, market-specific requirements and the strategic importance of the relationship. Depending on these factors, we may enter into written agreements with suppliers containing specific terms, including, in certain cases, exclusivity arrangements for particular markets or products, special warranty conditions or other commercial commitments. In other cases, where the volume, strategic relevance or risk profile does not justify a formal contract, we may operate under purchase orders, email confirmations, framework commercial terms or other customary business arrangements.
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The main terms that we typically seek to define with our suppliers include pricing mechanisms, which may be affected by market prices and raw material costs; manufacturing and delivery lead times; technical specifications; quality control procedures; warranty coverage and warranty response procedures; availability and supply of spare parts to facilitate maintenance and repairs; payment terms; and, where applicable, supplier participation in product customization, product certification or adaptation to specific market requirements.
Although our supplier relationships may differ in formality and scope, we seek to maintain alternative supply options whenever commercially and technically feasible. Our ability to qualify and switch suppliers, when necessary, helps us reduce dependence on any single supplier and mitigate the potential impact of delays, non-compliance, price increases or product obsolescence. At the same time, maintaining a limited number of qualified suppliers allows us to concentrate purchases, strengthen our negotiating position and develop closer technical cooperation with selected partners.
Products sourced from China, including batteries, inverters and other components, are increasingly becoming standardized products in the market. These products generally offer good quality and competitive pricing compared to similar products manufactured in other countries or regions. However, we believe that our competitive differentiation does not rely solely on the individual components that we purchase, but increasingly on our ability to integrate those components with other equipment, proprietary or customized software, system architecture, local technical support and market-specific solutions designed to address the particular needs of each customer.
As a result, an important part of our product development activity is focused on the customization, integration and improvement of externally sourced equipment. This allows us to adapt standard components into differentiated solutions under the Turbo Energy brand, improve functionality, enhance user experience and provide solutions that are tailored to the requirements of residential, commercial and industrial, and utility-scale customers. This approach also provides us with additional flexibility to change suppliers if a supplier does not meet our technical, commercial, quality or delivery requirements, or if we identify alternative suppliers offering better technology, pricing or terms.
All products sold by us are certified, validated or adapted, as applicable, in accordance with the regulatory, safety, grid connection and technical requirements of the countries and markets in which they are sold. The certification process may vary depending on the product category, the applicable local regulations and the intended use of the product, including residential, commercial and industrial, or utility-scale applications. Where necessary, we work with suppliers, certification bodies and technical partners to adapt product specifications, documentation or testing procedures to meet the requirements of each target market.
In order to protect our intellectual property, know-how and product differentiation, the design, integration, software development and certain product adaptation activities are carried out in Spain. In the case of SUNBOX, part of the assembly process is also carried out in Spain. Our software applications and digital tools, including those that interface with end users, installers or energy management systems, are designed, programmed and continuously improved in Spain. We believe that these software capabilities, together with our system integration know-how and customer-specific customization, are an increasingly important element of our competitive position.
The logistical management of components and finished products is coordinated through logistics partners and warehouse facilities with the experience and capacity to support our current operations and future growth. This model provides operational flexibility and may be replicated in other countries or regions as our international expansion progresses, allowing us to bring products closer to local customers, reduce delivery times, improve service levels and optimize logistics costs.
Seasonality
Seasonality does not materially affect our business or operating results. Due to our business diversification, we have not experienced significant seasonal fluctuations in market demands or sales.
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Customers
For the year ended December 31, 2025, there was one customer which comprised greater than 10% of the Company’s revenue, representing 49% of the Company’s total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2024, there were two customers which comprised greater than 10% of the Company’s total revenue, representing 12% of the Company’s total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2023, there were no customers which comprised greater than 10% of the Company’s total revenue.
C. Organizational Structure
See “Corporate History and Structure-History and Development of the Company” herein for details of our current organizational structure.
D. Property, Plants and Equipment
Intellectual Property
Turbo Energy’s intellectual property strategy is focused on protecting the technologies, system architectures and know-how that support its intelligent energy storage and energy management platform.
The Company’s competitive positioning increasingly depends on its ability to develop differentiated integrated energy solutions combining battery storage infrastructure, proprietary software and AI-driven optimization capabilities tailored to evolving distributed energy markets.
Turbo Energy relies on a combination of patents, trademarks, confidentiality agreements, non-disclosure agreements and contractual protections in Spain and other jurisdictions to protect its intellectual property and proprietary rights. These protections apply to, among other areas:
As of the date of this report, Turbo Energy has been granted multiple patents by the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office (“SPTO”) and another patent issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and maintains additional patent applications relating to innovations associated with its energy storage systems, intelligent energy management technologies and integrated electrification solutions.
The Company has also expanded its intellectual property portfolio internationally, including patents associated with AI-driven optimization technologies for integrated solar generation, battery storage and electric vehicle (“EV”) charging management systems in the United States market.
Turbo Energy believes its internally developed software architecture, optimization capabilities and AI-driven operational intelligence represent important differentiating components of its integrated energy platform. While certain hardware systems are developed in collaboration with manufacturing and technology partners, the Company maintains control over core software development, system integration and intelligent energy management technologies.
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The Company intends to continue investing in research, development and intellectual property protection as part of its long-term strategy focused on intelligent energy infrastructure and software-driven energy optimization solutions.
Although Turbo Energy takes measures designed to protect its intellectual property and proprietary rights, there can be no assurance that such protections will be sufficient to prevent unauthorized use, copying, reverse engineering or other infringement of its technologies, software or proprietary information. In addition, third parties may independently develop competing technologies or challenge the Company’s intellectual property rights.
The enforcement of intellectual property rights may require litigation or other legal proceedings, which can be costly, time-consuming and uncertain in outcome.
Facilities
We currently lease office space in Valencia, Spain at Plaza América 2, 4 AB, Valencia, Spain, where our parent company, Umbrella Energy, is located.
Previously, we leased office space at Street Isabel la Católica, 8, 46004, Valencia, Spain, pursuant to a two-year rental agreement dated June 1, 2022, which provided for a three-year renewal right. On June 1, 2024, we renewed that contract for one additional year, expiring on June 1, 2025. On June 6, 2025, the lease agreement was assigned to another company within the group, and we relocated our corporate headquarters to Plaza América 2, 4 AB, Valencia, Spain.
We subcontract merchandise logistics as well as productive assembly to different suppliers in order to avoid the need to own industrial spaces. This allows us to be flexible in terms of growth, supplier diversification and expansion to other countries.
Government Regulation
This section sets forth a summary of the significant regulations or requirements in the jurisdictions where we conduct our material business operations, namely Spain and as a member of the European Union, as well as the regulations applicable to all European members. The primary Spanish laws and regulations, which do not purport to be complete, to which we are subject relate to intellectual property rights, data protection, competition or antitrust, information and electronic commerce and employment and labor. This section also sets forth a summary of regulatory requirements of electric products (inverters and batteries) for the relevant jurisdictions and a summary of the relevant laws, regulations and government policies that are relevant to Turbo Energy.
Regulations on Intellectual Property Rights
For the design of equipment for the generation, management, and storage of photovoltaic energy Turbo Energy complies with the Spanish and European regulations on Intellectual Property Rights.
In Spain, these regulations are content in the Spanish Royal Legislative Decree 1/1996 of April 12, 1996, approving the revised text of the Intellectual Property Law, regularizing, clarifying and harmonizing the legal provisions in force on the subject, the Spanish Royal Decree of July 24, 1889, publishing the Civil Code and the Spanish Act 24/2015, of July 24, of Patents.
In the European Union, the regulations are content in Regulation (EU) 2017/1001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2017 on the European Union trademark and the Directive (EU) 2015/2436 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2015 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trademarks.
The regulatory bodies in this field are the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office and the European Union Intellectual Property Office.
Regulations on Data Protection
On April, 27, 2016 the European Parliament and the Council issued the Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation), consequently, the Spanish Act 3/2018, of December 5, on Personal Data Protection and guarantee of digital rights was issued.
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By virtue of the abovementioned regulations, we shall adapt all our procedures and products which involves processing of personal data.
The main regulatory body in this field is the Spanish Agency of Data Protection.
Regulations on Competition or Antitrust Laws
The Spanish National Markets and Competition Commission (CNMC) is the body that promotes and ensures the proper operation of all markets in the interest of consumers and corporations. To operate in the Spanish market we shall compliance with Spanish Act 15/2007, of July 3, 2007, on Antitrust, Spanish Act 3/1991, of January 10, 1991, on Unfair Competition, Spanish Act 1/2019, of February 20, 2019, on Business Secrets and the European regulations on Restrictive Practices and Dominant Positions (Commission Regulation (Eu) 2022/720, May 10, 2022) and regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings (Council Regulation (Eec) No 4064/89, December, 21, 1989).
Regulations on Information Society Services and Electronic Commerce
The digital activity, website and social media, of Turbo Energy complies with the requirements of the Spanish Act 34/2002, of July 11, 2002, on information society services and electronic commerce.
Regulations on Labor and Employment
The Royal Legislative Decree 2/2015, of October 23, 2015, approving the revised text of the Workers’ Statute Law, generally extends to all employees.
Summary of Regulations of the Products
SUNBOX
SUNBOX SERIES 5.0,SUNBOX SERIES 10.0 and SUNBOX Industry solar energy storage systems are designed and tested in accordance with the standards established in the Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC) and the Low Voltage Directive of the Council of the European Union and comply with the limit values required in these directives, as well as in the Royal Decrees.
UNBOX SERIES 5.0, SUNBOX SERIES 10.0 and SUNBOX Industry solar energy storage systems are designed and tested in accordance with the standards established in the Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC) and the Low Voltage Directive of the Council of the European Union and comply with the limit values required in these directives, as well as in the Royal Decrees.
SUNBOX Split Phase Series 10.0 solar energy storage system is designed and tested in accordance with the standards established in UL and U.S. regulations. Those standards include UL 1741, UL 1699, UL 1998, FCC, UL 9540A, UL1973 UL 9540 and UL 5500.
The batteries included in our SUNBOX systems have been manufactured in compliance with the requirements of Electromagnetic Compatibility CE-EMC EM 61000-6-3 and EM 61000-6-1, the International Safety Standard IEC 62619 CD and Safe Transport UN 38.3.
Our SUNBOX systems bear the CE marking in compliance with the requirements for the safety of persons and goods required by the aforementioned Community Directives. They have protection against island operation, complying with the UNE EN 50438, IEC 62116 and UNE 206006:2011 IN standards.
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Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery (Turbo Energy) Models TEST 2200, Lithium series 2.4 kWh, and Lithium series 5.1 kWh have been manufactured meeting the requirements of:
HYBRID INVERTER SERIES HIS5000, THREE PHASE HYBRID INVERTER SERIES 48V 10.0 and MICROINVERTER SERIES (MIS1600) are designed and tested in accordance with the standards established in the Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC) and the Low Voltage Directive of the Council of the European Union and comply with the limit values required in these directives, as well as in the Royal Decrees.
Our inverters bear the CE marking in compliance with the requirements for the safety of persons and goods required by the aforementioned Community Directives, and they have protection against island operation, complying with the UNE EN 50438, IEC 62116 and UNE 206006:2011 IN standards.
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
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ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements because of various factors, including those set forth under Item 3 “Key Information-D. Risk Factors” or in other parts of this annual report on Form 20-F. See also “Introductory Notes-Forward-looking Information.”
A. Operating Results
Introduction
The following discussion, which presents the results of Turbo Energy, S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries, should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, along with the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 3D, “Risk Factors,” and the cautionary statement regarding forward-looking information. For a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, including a year-to-year comparison between the years ended December 2024 and 2023, refer to Part I, Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” in our Annual Report Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024.
As used in this Report, references to “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Turbo Energy, S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise.
This discussion is intended to provide the reader with information that will assist in understanding our financial statements, the changes in certain key items in those financial statements from period to period, and the primary factors that accounted for those changes, how operating results affect our financial condition and results of our operations of the Company as a whole, and how certain accounting principles and estimates affect our financial statements.
Recent Developments
Capital Markets and Financial Position
During the year of 2026, Turbo Energy executed several financing transactions in the U.S. capital markets, including the registered direct offering and issuances under the ATM program, generating aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $5.0 million. The Company undertook these transactions as part of its broader strategy to strengthen liquidity, support operational growth initiatives and reinforce its financial position.
On March 25, 2026, the Company entered into a Sales Agreement with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners relating to an at-the-market (“ATM”) offering program for the sale of ADSs with an aggregate offering amount of up to approximately $3.0 million. From March 25, 2026 to the date of this report, Turbo Energy has sold a total of 558,281 ADSs for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $1,795,185 under the ATM offering.
On March 11, 2026, Turbo Energy entered into a securities purchase agreement with a global institutional investor pursuant to which the Company sold 1,000,000 ADSs in a registered direct offering at a purchase price of $3.25 per ADS, generating gross proceeds of approximately $3.25 million. The offering closed on March 13, 2026 and generated net proceeds of approximately $2.96 million.
On February 9, 2026, Turbo Energy announced the successful completion of a restructuring of its bank financing aimed at strengthening its financial position and aligning liquidity with the Company’s medium- and long-term business plan. As part of this process, Turbo Energy reached agreements with Bankinter, CaixaBank and BBVA, three of Spain’s leading financial institutions, enabling the conversion of existing bank facilities into long-term financing structures totaling approximately €4.87 million (approximately $5.75 million in U.S. dollars), whose new maturity date will be in 2029. The interest rate applicable in each period shall be the result of adding the relevant reference rate (12-month EURIBOR) plus a margin equivalent to 2% per annum.
Additionally, during 2024 and 2025, Turbo Energy completed several financing transactions through the Enerfip crowdfunding platform, raising aggregate gross proceeds of approximately €2.5 million through multiple debt bond tranches.
Nasdaq Compliance
On January 12, 2026, Turbo Energy received a notification letter (the “Notice”) from the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) indicating that the Company was not in compliance with the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(1).
The Notice stated that, based on the Company’s Form 6-K dated November 4, 2025, which reported stockholders’ equity of approximately $1.5 million as of June 30, 2025, the Company did not meet the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement of $2.5 million. The Notice also indicated that the Company did not satisfy the alternative continued listing standards relating to market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations.
In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rules, the Company submitted a compliance plan to Nasdaq on February 26, 2026 within the required timeframe. If Nasdaq accepts the plan, the Company may be granted an extension period to evidence compliance with the applicable listing requirements. The Notice had no immediate effect on the listing or trading of the Company’s ADSs on the Nasdaq Capital Market.
There can be no assurance that Nasdaq will accept the Company’s compliance plan or that the Company will ultimately regain compliance within any extension period that may be granted.
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Management and Governance
On February 17, 2026, the Company’s Board of Directors appointed Mariano Soria, Chief Executive Officer and member of the Board, to serve as Interim Chief Financial Officer until a successor is appointed.
On February 13, 2026, Lucia Tamarit resigned from her position as Chief Financial Officer of the Company in order to pursue other professional opportunities. Her resignation was not the result of any disagreement with the Company regarding its operations, policies or practices.
On February 11, 2025, the Company announced the appointment of Julian Groves to its Board of Directors.
Strategic and Commercial Developments
During the years of 2025 and 2026, Turbo Energy continued advancing its strategic transformation toward an integrated intelligent energy platform focused on AI-driven energy management, commercial and industrial (“C&I”) energy infrastructure and recurring-service business models.
On May 11, 2026, Turbo Energy announced a strategic partnership in Chile to accelerate the expansion of its Energy-as-a-Service (“EaaS”) platform and intelligent distributed energy infrastructure initiatives across Latin America.
On April 28, 2026, Turbo Energy announced the deployment of its AI-driven energy storage and optimization platform in international military operations supporting mobile energy infrastructure for the Spanish Army in overseas missions.
On April 20, 2026, Turbo Energy announced a strategic partnership with Hithium to integrate Turbo Energy’s AI-driven optimization platform into battery storage systems across Europe and Latin America, supporting deployment of intelligent energy infrastructure solutions within the commercial and industrial sector.
On April 9, 2026, the Company announced that the United States Patent and Trademark Office granted a U.S. patent protecting Turbo Energy’s AI-driven optimization technology for integrated residential solar generation, battery storage and electric vehicle charging systems.
On March 12, 2026, the Company announced a strategic investment initiative intended to support the expansion of its AI-driven intelligent energy infrastructure platform and recurring-service business model initiatives.
On May 6, 2025, the Company announced the filing of a patent application in Spain related to its SUNBOX Industry commercial and industrial energy storage platform.
On April 1, 2025, Turbo Energy announced that it obtained UL 5500 and UL 9540 certifications for its SUNBOX Home residential energy storage platform in the United States market.
On March 26, 2025, Turbo Energy announced that it filed legal action in Spain against Sigenergy International S.L. relating to alleged misleading advertising claims associated with competing integrated energy storage systems.
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On March 19, 2025, Turbo Energy announced its expansion into Latin America through the launch of its Energy-as-a-Service (“EaaS”) platform in Chile, including deployment of the Company’s SUNBOX Industry intelligent energy storage system at the Alto Labranza shopping center in Temuco, Chile.
On February 26, 2025, Turbo Energy announced the commercial launch of SUNBOX Home Lite, a compact residential energy storage solution designed for smaller residential installations.
Operational Developments
On December 16, 2024, the Company issued a shareholder update regarding the operational impact of the severe flooding events that affected Valencia and surrounding regions in Spain during late 2024.
While certain warehouse inventory was impacted by flooding, the Company reported that its operational infrastructure, production systems and supply chain capabilities remained substantially functional. The Company also disclosed that the affected inventory losses were expected to be fully recoverable through insurance coverage.
Historical Commercial Partnerships
On January 17, 2024, Turbo Energy and Solar360 announced a strategic alliance for the deployment of intelligent solar energy storage systems across residential, commercial and industrial applications in Spain.
Overview
Turbo Energy is a technology-driven energy solutions company focused on intelligent energy storage, AI-driven energy management and integrated distributed energy infrastructure. The Company develops and deploys proprietary solutions designed to optimize how energy is generated, stored and consumed across residential, commercial, industrial and utility-scale applications.
Turbo Energy’s integrated platform combines battery storage systems, proprietary software and intelligent optimization technologies designed to help customers reduce electricity costs, improve operational resilience, optimize energy efficiency and increase energy independence in increasingly decentralized energy markets.
Since the launch of the SUNBOX platform in 2022, Turbo Energy has progressively expanded its portfolio of integrated energy solutions across residential, commercial and industrial (“C&I”) and utility-scale applications. The Company’s product ecosystem currently includes SUNBOX Home and SUNBOX Home Lite for residential applications, SUNBOX Industry for commercial and industrial deployments and SUNBOX Utility for utility-scale and advanced energy infrastructure projects.
Turbo Energy’s strategic positioning has evolved beyond traditional energy storage hardware toward intelligent energy integration, software-driven optimization and recurring-service business models, including Energy-as-a-Service (“EaaS”) solutions and long-term energy management capabilities.
The Company’s growth strategy is focused on:
Turbo Energy is a subsidiary of Umbrella Global Energy, S.A., a renewable energy-focused investment and development group active in solar energy, energy technology and e-mobility, whose shares are traded on BME Growth in Spain under the ticker symbol “UMB.”
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For the year ended December 31, 2025, total revenues increased to approximately €19.99 million (approximately US$23.46 million), from approximately €9.64 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing year-over-year growth of more than 100%.
The Company reported a net loss of approximately €1.16 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to net losses of approximately €3.34 million and €2.01 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Turbo Energy believes the improvement in revenue performance during 2025 reflects continued execution of its strategic transition toward higher-value intelligent energy infrastructure projects, software-driven optimization solutions and integrated commercial and industrial energy deployments.
During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s principal business activities included the design, development, integration and commercialization of intelligent solar energy storage systems, AI-driven energy management technologies and related energy infrastructure solutions.
Emerging Growth Company
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act. As a result, we are permitted to, and intend to, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting. In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.
We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of at least US$1.235 billion; (ii) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering; (iii) the date on which we have, during the preceding three year period, issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act, which could occur if the market value of our ordinary shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will not be entitled to the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act discussed above.
Principal Factors Affecting Our Financial Performance
Our operating and financial performance is influenced by a variety of factors, including:
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the years December 31, 2025 and 2024. For a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, including a year-to-year comparison between the years ended December 2024 and 2023, refer to Part I, Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” in our Annual Report Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024.
This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. Our historical results presented below are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.
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Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024
Revenues
Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased to €19,986,500 (approximately US$23,456,157 from €9,638,012 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increased in revenues was primarily attributable to an exponential increase in sales of the Sunbox Industry product, as a result of new projects related to the ceramics sector in Valencia, Spain.
Revenue from Batteries increased by €1,410,237, or 46%, to €4,488,821 (approximately US$5,268,080) for the year ended December 31, 2025 from €3,078,584 for the year ended December 31, 2024 due to several factors. The increase in battery sales was largely attributable to the sector’s external factors, and by our Company’s high dependence on the Spanish market, where most of our sales have historically been concentrated. The Spanish market, after several years of declining battery consumption, is growing again due to the increasingly clear profitability advantage of photovoltaic plants hybridized with storage capacity.
Revenue from Batteries accounted for 23% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to 33% for the year ended December 31, 2024. We have been selling our batteries since September 2013.
Revenue from Inverters increased to €2,424,886 (approximately US$2,845,846) for the year ended December 31, 2025 from €1,817,121 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in invertor sales was primarily due to to Our revenue from inverters increased by €607,765, or 33%, due primarily to a combination of a recovery in demand and the success of the features of the hybrid inverter sold by Turbo Energy, which is currently the most popular in the market. We have been selling inverters since September 2013.
Revenue from E-Mobility increased to €116,550 for the year ended December 31, 2025 from €0 for the year ended December 31, 2024. Revenue from E-Mobility accounted for 1% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to 0% for the year ended December 31, 2024. We offered our E-Mobility solution beginning in September 2023 and ceased offering it by the end of that year, during 2025 we have reactivated this solution.
Revenue from PV Modules decreased to €432,777 (approximately US$507,907) for the year ended December 31, 2025 from €763,306 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in sales of photovoltaic modules was primarily attributable to the Company’s strategic decision to reduce exposure to lower-margin module commercialization activities during 2025 amid elevated pricing volatility and challenging market conditions within the global photovoltaic supply chain. Revenue from PV Modules accounted for 2% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to 7.9% for the year ended December 31, 2024. We have been selling PV modules since September 2013.
Total sales of our Go Solar systems decreased to €0 (approximately US$0) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from €8,248 for the year ended December 31, 2024. This decrease in sales is due to the strategic decision to progressively discontinue certain lower-value product offerings that were not aligned with Turbo Energy’s long-term focus on integrated intelligent energy infrastructure.
Sales of SUNBOX Home for residential solar installations decreased to €229,372 (approximately US$269,191) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from €1,855,501 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in SUNBOX Home sales was primarily related to changes in purchasing patterns and product portfolio strategy among certain distribution partners during the period, as well as the Company’s increasing commercial focus on commercial and industrial opportunities and next-generation intelligent energy solutions
Sales of SUNBOX Industry, designed for commercial and industrial applications, increased to €11,929,036 (approximately US$13,999,917) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from €1,600,004 for the 12 months ended December 31, 2024. The increase in SUNBOX Industry sales was primarily driven by the continued maturation of the Company’s commercial pipeline, growing market adoption of commercial and industrial intelligent energy storage solutions and the execution of several large-scale projects within Spain’s ceramics and industrial sectors. The Company believes demand for integrated commercial and industrial energy infrastructure solutions continues to benefit from increasing electricity cost volatility, industrial electrification trends and growing interest in AI-driven energy optimization capabilities.
SUNBOX Home sales accounted for 1% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to 19.3% for the year ended December 31, 2024; and sales of SUNBOX Industry represented 60% of total revenues in 2025 compared to 17.0% in 2024.
Revenue from the sale of structures, accessories, electronics, customer services, spare parts and other ancillary products for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased to €253,084 (approximately US$297,019) from €293,955 for the year ended December 31, 2024; and accounted for 1% of total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 3.1% of total revenues in the previous year.
For the year ended December 31, 2025, other operating income decreased to €111,974 (approximately US$131,413) from €221,393 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to in the prior year, there were exceptional income covered by insurance companies as a result of damage caused by the floods occurred in 2024 in Valencia.
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Cost of revenue
Our cost of revenue includes purchase of finished goods, purchase of raw materials, outsourcing services and inventory adjustment. Our cost of revenue increased to €16,089,421 (approximately US$18,882,544) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from €9,080,343 for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing a 77% increase in 2025 compared to 2024. The increase was largely attributed to higher revenues in 2025, mainly due to the increased supply of batteries and Sunbox Industry.
Selling and administrative expenses
Our selling and administrative expenses consist primarily of professional fees, shipping and handling, warehouse handling, marketing and advertising, leases and royalties, and amortization of right-of-use assets. Our selling and administrative expenses increased to €3,030,784 (approximately US$3,556,928) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from €2,997,990 for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing a 1 % increase in 2025 compared to 2024. The increase was primarily due to the increase in repair and conservation cost, amortization of intangible assets and insurance premium cost.
Salaries and benefits
Expenses associated with salaries and benefits increased to €1,628,312 (approximately US$1,910,987) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from €1,392,051 for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing a 17% increase in 2025 compared to 2024. The increase was primarily due to executing our workforce expansion plan designed to support and elevate our ongoing research and development efforts, sales and marketing activities and global expansion initiatives.
Bad debt expense
Bad debt expense decreased to €13,214 (approximately US$15,508) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from €138,941 for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing a 90% decrease in 2025 compared to 2024. The decrease was primarily due to in accordance to the principle of accounting prudence, provisioning for the balance owed by a large customer with whom we are currently in a legal dispute, in 2025 there were less clients under this circumstance than in 2024.
Interest income
Interest income decreased to €3,457 (approximately US$15,460) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from €63,118 for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing a 95% decrease in 2025 compared to 2024. The decrease was primarily due to the interest generated from our investment products, through medium-term deposits with banks
Interest expense
Our interest expense increased to €668,033 (approximately US$784,004)) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from €382,357 for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing a 75% increase in 2025 compared to 2024. The increase was primarily due to the increase in interest from debt bond and factoring service.
Recovery of bad debts
We recorded recovery of bad debts of €57,536 (approximately US$67,524) during the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to €0 for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Loss from disposal of equipment
We incurred loss from disposal of equipment of €42,761 (approximately US$50,184) during the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to €0 for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Foreign exchange gain (loss)
Due to fluctuation in the Euro/US Dollar exchange rates, our foreign exchange gain (loss) decreased to €132,832 loss (approximately US$155,892) for the year ended December 31, 2025 from €4,516 gain for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in 2025 was due to increased foreign currency denominated transactions and fluctuations in the Euro/US Dollar exchange rates during the period.
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Income tax expense
We recorded income tax (recovery) expenses - current of €0 (US$0) for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to €0 for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing a 0% decrease in 2025 compared to 2024. Income tax (recovery) expense - deferred for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 totaled 388,382 (approximately US$455,805) and €(1,144,601), respectively, representing 66% decrease.
Taxation
Corporate income tax
Corporate income tax reflects the amounts we estimate for taxes based upon income before taxes as calculated in accordance with applicable tax regulations. The statutory corporate income tax rate in Spain is currently 25%. We calculate our effective tax rate under IFRS as our corporate income tax over our income (loss) before tax.
Net loss
Our net loss for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was €(1,156,309) (approximately US$(1,357,044) and €(3,337,000), respectively. The €2,180,691, or 65% decrease in net loss in 2025 compared to 2024 was attributable to the substantial increase in revenues and improved gross margin performance, partially offset by higher interest expense and unfavorable foreign exchange movements.
B. Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had cash on hand of 493,129 (approximately US$578,736), and €2,384,625, respectively. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through capital contributions from our parent company and part of our net proceeds of the registered direct offering and at the market offering completed or launched in March 2026. We expect to finance our operations and working capital needs in the near future from cash generated through operations.
We believe that our current levels of cash and cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for our operations and expansion plans for at least the next 12 months. We may, however, in the future require additional cash resources due to changing business conditions, implementation of our business expansion strategies, or other investments or acquisitions we may elect to pursue. If our own financial resources are insufficient to satisfy our capital requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain additional credit facilities. The sale of additional equity securities could result in dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could require us to agree to operating and financial covenants that would restrict our operations. Financing may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Any failure by us to raise additional funds on terms favorable to us, or at all, could limit our ability to expand our business operations and could harm our overall business prospects.
The following table summarizes the key cash flow components from our consolidated statements of cash flows for the periods indicated.
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Operating Activities
Net cash used in our operating activities was €(1,897,896) (approximately US$2,227,371) for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to net cash provided by operating activities of €986,949 and €182,845 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The change from cash provided to cash used in operating activities was primarily driven by significant increases in amounts due from an increase in expenses associated with inventory purchases and a higher volume of advance payments to suppliers for inventory procurement driven by increased sales, partially offset by amounts due from related parties.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities totaled €(622,549) (approximately US$730,624) for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to net cash provided by investing activities of €938,455 and net cash used in investing activities of €(2,588,759) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in 2025 was primarily due to the absence during the year of disbursements or investments related to short-term investments, as well as lower purchases of intangible assets compared to 2024.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by our financing activities was €(628,949) (approximately US$738,135) for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to net cash used in financing activities of €(161,310) and net cash provided by financing activities of €2,523,860 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The improvement was primarily due to the increased cash available under our lines of credit and proceeds received from our Enerfip bond offering to European investors partially offset by repayment of loans to related parties.
C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses
We incurred €631,294 (approximately US$740,887), €926,953 and €516,686 in research and development expense during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in 2025 was primarily due to the completion during the year of key development milestones, including the new Turbo Energy software SKN2 and the first beta units of the new SUNBOX energy storage solution developed for the U.S. market, partially offset by continued investment in new product lines.
D. Trend Information
Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demand, commitments or events that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net revenues and income from operations, profitability, liquidity, capital resources, or would cause reported financial information not to be indicative of future operation results or financial condition.
E. Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of our financial information requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions concerning the future. Estimates, judgments and assumptions are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The resulting accounting estimates will, by definition, seldom equal the related actual results.
For a summary of all of our significant accounting policies, see Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 included elsewhere in this annual report.
Valuation of Inventory
Management makes estimates of future customer demand for products when establishing appropriate provisions for inventory obsolescence. In making these estimates, management considers the shelf-life of inventory and profitability of recent sales.
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Revenue Recognition
The Company designs, develops and distributes equipment for the generation, management and storage of photovoltaic energy. Our energy storage products are managed, from the cloud and through the inverter of the installation, by an advanced software system which is optimized by artificial intelligence (“AI”). The key advantage is that our products, compared to conventional battery storage systems, reduce electricity bill and protect the installation from power outages.
The Company’s revenue is primarily generated from sales of the inverters, batteries, and photovoltaic modules to installers and other distributors for residential consumers under individual customer purchase orders, some of which have underlying master sales agreements that specify terms governing the product sales.
The Company recognizes such revenue at the point in time when control of the products is transferred to the customer at the estimated net consideration for which collection is probable, taking into account the customer’s rights to unit rebates, and rights to return unsold product.
Transfer of control occurs either when products are shipped to or received by the distributor or direct customer, based on the terms of the specific agreement with the customer, if the Company has a present right to payment and transfer of legal title and the risks and rewards of ownership to the customer has occurred. For most of the Company’s product sales, transfer of control occurs upon shipment to the distributor or direct customer. In assessing whether collection of consideration from a customer is probable, the Company considers the customer’s ability and intention to pay that amount of consideration when it is due. Payment of invoices is due as specified in the underlying customer agreement, typically 30 to 60 days from the invoice date, which occurs on the date of transfer of control of the products to the customer.
Since payment terms are less than a year, the Company has elected the practical expedient and does not assess whether a customer contract has a significant financing component.
A five-step approach is applied in the recognition of revenue: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when the Company satisfies a performance obligation. Customer purchase orders plus the underlying master sales agreements are considered to be contracts with the customer for purposes of applying the five-step approach.
Returns under the Company’s general assurance warranty of products have not been material historically and warranty-related services are not considered a separate performance obligation under the customer orders.
Each distinct promise to transfer products is considered to be an identified performance obligation for which revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of the products to the customer. The Company has also elected to record sales commissions when incurred, as the period over which the sales commission asset that would have been recognized is less than one year.
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Deferred tax is recognized in the statements of income and comprehensive income except to the extent that they relate to items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income or loss.
Current income tax is the expected tax payable or receivable in respect of the taxable income or loss for the period, using income tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date, and any adjustments to tax payable in respect of previous periods.
Deferred income taxes are calculated using the liability method on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their related tax bases. However, deferred tax is not provided on the initial recognition of goodwill or on the initial recognition of an asset or liability unless the related transaction is a business acquisition or affects tax or accounting profit. The deferred tax assets and liabilities have been measured using substantively enacted tax rates that will be in effect when the amounts are expected to settle. Deferred tax assets are only recognized to the extent that it is probable that they will be able to be utilized against future taxable income. The assessment of the probability of future taxable income in which deferred tax assets can be utilized is based on the Company’s latest approved forecast, which is adjusted for significant non-taxable income and expenses and specific limits to the use of any unused tax loss or credit. If a positive forecast of taxable income indicates the probable use of a deferred tax asset, especially when it can be used without a time limit, that deferred tax asset is usually recognized in full. The recognition of deferred tax assets that are subject to economic limits or uncertainties are assessed individually by management based on the specific facts and circumstances.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset only when the Company has a right and intention to offset current tax assets and liabilities from the same taxation authority. Changes in deferred tax assets or liabilities are recognized as a component of income or expense in the statements of income and comprehensive income, except where they relate to items that are recognized in other comprehensive income or loss or directly in equity.
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Liquidity
The Company incurred a net loss of €(1,156,309) (approximately US$ (1,357,044) during the year ended December 31, 2025.
The Company successfully completed its IPO on the Nasdaq in September 2023, whereby it raised €3.8 million net of expenses related to the process.
During the year of 2026, the Company carried out several fundraising transactions in the U.S. market through the issuance of ordinary shares represented by American Depositary Securities (ADSs), using placement structures commonly used in that market, including a registered direct offering and subsequent placements under an “at-the-market” (ATM) program. These transactions resulted in the issuance of approximately 7.8 million shares, equivalent to approximately 1.56 million ADSs, for total gross proceeds of approximately USD 5.0 million.
The Company finds itself in a sector where many industry research studies and forecasts have projected large exponential growth in the coming years. Turbo Energy is a consolidated company with more than 10 years of proven experience. In the past three years, we have been making significant investments in research and development to help ensure that we are well positioned to present the markets we serve with highly differentiated value propositions when compared to other companies operating in the solar energy storage sector. To that end, our R&D investments have yielded the commercialization of proprietary, patented and patent pending hardware offerings, which include our line of all-in-one SUNBOXsolar energy storage solutions designed for residential, commercial and industrial and utility-scale applications. In addition, we have pioneered leading edge software solutions, which incorporate our advanced AI-powered capabilities for energy management and optimization.
The Company’s existing cash resources are expected to provide sufficient funds to operate its business and support our global expansion plan for more than the next 12 months. In addition, our parent company, Umbrella Global Energy, has expressed its full support of Turbo Energy and is capable of providing resources to the Company in the event they are needed.
G. Safe Harbor
See “Introductory Notes-Forward-Looking Information.”
ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
A. Directors and Senior Management
The following table sets forth certain information regarding our current directors and executive officers.
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Mr. Enrique Selva Bellvís, Chairman of the Board
Mr. Bellvís is the Chairman and founder of the Umbrella Group and majority shareholder of Umbrella Global Energy, S.A. He has been dedicated to the photovoltaic solar energy sector since 2003, both in Spain and Chile, where he has played a key role in the development and growth of the Umbrella Group. In addition to his work at Umbrella, Enrique serves as Vice-President of the Valencian Association of Energy Sector Companies. Before his career in the solar energy sector, Mr. Bellvis as the founder and CEO of Innova Ingenieros Consultores from 2000 to 2003.
Mr. Bellvis holds a degree in Industrial Engineering with a specialization in energy from the Polytechnic University of Valencia, which he earned in 2000. He also completed the Management Development Programme at the IESE Business School in 2006.
Mr. Mariano Soria, Chief Executive Officer and Interim Chief Financial Officer
Mr. Soria has served as the Chief Innovation Officer for the Umbrella Group since March 2021. He has been Turbo Energy’s General Manager since October 2022 and was appointed to serve as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer in December 2023. He was also appointed to serve as the Interim Chief Financial Officer on February 17, 2026, until a successor is appointed.
From November 2012 to March 2021, Mr. Soria was Chief Executive Officer of Punt Mobles XXI S.L., having initially participated in the successful rescue of this iconic Spanish furniture company, after a bankruptcy process, from the Board of Directors of a venture capital firm (V.I. II, Sociedad de Capital Riesgo). He currently serves on Punt Mobles’s Board of Directors and as a shareholder of the company. Before joining Punt Mobles, Mr. Soria was the General Manager of REJMAR SA, a land development company, from February 2003 to November 2012, where he was responsible for the development of residential and industrial properties.
Mr. Soria received his degree in Industrial Engineering and Industrial Organization, both from the Polytechnic University of Valencia, and his Master’s in Business Administration from the European University of Madrid.
Mr. Manuel Cercos, Chief Commercial Officer
Mr. Cercos has served as CCO since March 2015. Since 2014, he has also worked as Business Development Director of Turbo Energy. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Cercos gained valuable experience in sales and business development through his previous positions at Técnicas Aplicadas en Baterías S.L., where he served as Sales Director from 2013 to 2014 and Sales Manager from 2008 to 2012. Previously, he worked as a Sales Technician at DAISA from 2002 to 2007.
Mr. Pablo de la Cuadra, Chief Product Officer
Mr. Cuadra has been our CPO since October 2018. He is tasked with overseeing the development and introduction of new products to our offerings which are in line with the Company’s roadmap. Prior to joining Turbo Energy, Mr. Cuadra worked as an independent consultant, providing advice to companies in the cleantech industry. He also served as the Technical Director of the Mediterranean Consortium for Energy, Environment and Sustainability and as the Technical Director at 3S Soluciones y Sistemas Solares S.L. (“3S”), a solar energy company specializing in both thermal and photovoltaic systems. At 3S, Mr. Cuadra was also responsible for leading the Engineering and Projects departments and played a key role in the development of the company’s OEM brand of solar thermal products, working closely with strategic suppliers.
Mr. Cuadra holds a degree in Telecommunications Engineering from the UPC (Barcelona Tech University) and an Executive Master’s degree in Management and Business Administration from the Polytechnic University of Valencia, where he completed 900 hours of coursework.
Miguel Valldecabres, Director
Mr. Valldecabres has served as a Director on our Board since February 2023. Mr. Valldecabres’ interest in motor racing and enthusiasm for e-mobility began at a very young age. After earning a degree in Economics and receiving an MsC from the University of Southampton (U.K.), he got involved with Campos Racing as CFO, where he acquired the knowledge about motorsports. He spent the next five years at PwC in Spain and the United Kingdom working as a Senior Auditor, where he gained the business knowledge to launch his first entrepreneurial venture in the food industry - Chic-Kles, which he grew from start-up to over €25 million in annual sales and employing 180 people.
From December 2017 through October 2020, Mr. Valldecabres was the QEV Technologies, an engineering company he founded to specialize in the field of electro-mobility, focusing on design, construction and homologation of electric vehicles, the potential use of electric vehicles in the motor racing world, as well as the installation, control and maintenance of electric charging infrastructure. From October 2020 through present, Mr. Valldecabres has served as the CEO for Ev Dynamics, a Hong Kong-listed company and pioneer in the manufacture of electric buses and vans.
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Emilio Cañavate, Director
Mr. Cañavate has been our Director since September 2023. Mr. Cañavate joined the Umbrella Group as its Chief Financial Officer in 2017. Prior to Umbrella, he held the position of CFO in the agro-industrial sector from 2010 to 2017. He holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration and Management from the University of Valencia, which he earned in 2007, and a Master’s degree in Finance, Institutions and Markets from CUNEF, which he earned in 2009. Additionally, he completed an Executive MBA from EDEM Valencia in 2019.
Julian Groves, Director
Mr. Groves has been our Director since January 2025. He brings Turbo Energy extensive experience in commercial strategy, geographic market expansion, worldwide product distribution and logistics, capital formation, private equity investments and corporate governance, as well as nearly three decades of experience leading business-to-business, direct-to-consumer, retail, wholesale and ecommerce initiatives for numerous iconic global brands in both the public and private sectors. From February 2019 through February 2025 when the company completed a $318 million business combination with a Greece-based maritime services company, Mr. Groves was Chief Operating Officer and an executive member of the board of MGO Global, Inc., a Nasdaq-listed company engaged in global commercialization of digitally-native lifestyle brands that included both legendary soccer icon Leo Messi’s apparel brand, Messi Brand, and Stand Flagpoles. Prior to MGO, he served in senior leadership roles for a number of global lifestyle brand companies, including EC2M Holdings, J Brand Europe, True Religion, GUESS Europe, Burberry, Groupe Zannier International and Kenzo Parfums.
Daniel Green, Director
Mr. Green has been our Director since September 2023. An English businessman since 1994, he is a successful serial entrepreneur, known for conceiving and scaling profitable businesses. Early in his career, he founded the breakthrough retail concept YouMe TV, which sold to BSkyB. Mr. Green’s vision and customer focus has been credited for driving his team’s success with HomeSun’s residential solar programme and then FlowGem, an IoT water leak detector sold to Centrica as part of the Hive proposition. Mr. Green is also a Crown Representative, working through the Cabinet Office to advise the UK Government. Mr. Green has served as Chief Executive Officer of Electron Green since July 2022 and as Chief Executive Officer of HomeSun Ltd. since April 2010.
Mónika Mikac, Director
Ms. Mikac has been our Director since September 2023. A dynamic serial entrepreneur with over a decade of experience in raising capital and securing significant investments for startups in the electric vehicle (EV) sector, she currently serves as the CEO of NAD Capital, an investment fund dedicated to advancing the full spectrum of electric mobility. Previously, she held the position of Board Member and Chief Business Officer (CBO) at QEV Technologies, where she played a pivotal role in securing a €17 million funding round with the European Investment Bank. Recognized as one of the European Automotive Rising Stars, Ms. Mikac began her automotive career as the Chief Operating Officer (COO) at Rimac Automobili, where she contributed to the Company’s remarkable growth from one to 350 employees. As one of the first five employees, she managed a diverse range of responsibilities, including public relations, marketing, finance and administration, and was instrumental in raising over €50 million in funding.
Following her success at Rimac, Ms. Mikac dedicated herself to mentoring and aiding other companies in their development and growth journeys. She holds a University degree in Political Science and is a certified Project Manager. Additionally, she completed the Venture Capital Executive Program at Berkeley ExecEd in the USA. Ms. Mikac is also an active angel investor and serves as a Board Advisor for three innovative companies: Oilstainlabs, Hubigg, and Splx.AI.
Mr. Hector Dominguis, Director
Mr. Dominguis has been our Director since September 2023. He has served as the Chief Executive Officer of GD Energy Services (GDES) since May 2012 and Chairman of the Board in 2024. Between 2021 and 2023, Mr. Dominguis was the president of the Spanish Nuclear Society (SNE) and is currently a member of the Steering Committee Member of Valencian Association of Entrepreneur, Vice President of LAB Mediterraneo Foundation, and an independent board member of Umbrella Global Energy, S.A.
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Mr. Dominguis received a Materials Engineering degree from Imperial College, London with an MSc in Management from Surrey University. In addition, he earned a Master’s degree in Business Administration from ESADE and was part of the Management Development Programme (PDD) at IESE. Prior to GD Energy Services (GDES), Héctor worked as an Assistant to the Commercial Management at Plexi, SA (Röhm Group) and as a Consultant in Estrategia y Dirección, SL. In 2010, he won the Valencian Community Innovator of the Year award bestowed by the newspaper El Mundo and the Valencian community and the Murcia Region Business Executive of the Year Award from Ernst & Young.
B. Compensation
Executive Compensation
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, the aggregate cash compensation and benefits that we paid to our officers was approximately €248,055 (approximately $291,117). We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive and non-executive directors and officers.
Director Compensation
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, the aggregate cash compensation and benefits that we paid to our executive directors was approximately €101,616 (approximately $119,256) and we paid €102,564 (approximately $120,369) to our non-executive directors.
We did not pay any other compensation to our directors. Except as indicated below and in Section E. Share Ownership relating to the shares issued to our directors and executive officers under our 2023 Equity Incentive Plan, none of our directors or executive officers received any equity awards, including options, restricted shares or other equity incentives in the year ended December 31, 2025. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our non-employee directors.
The following table sets forth certain information regarding compensation paid to our directors and senior management for the full fiscal year ended December 31, 2025.
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2023 Equity Incentive Plan
On August 23, 2023, the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of our Company approved the Turbo Energy, S.A. 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The Plan originally provided for an aggregate of 1,900,000 Ordinary Shares, in the form of incentive share options, non-qualified share options, restricted shares, restricted share units, share appreciation rights, performance share awards and performance compensation awards to employees, directors, and consultants of the Company or any affiliates of the Company. However, on December 18, 2024 at a Special General Meeting of Shareholders, our shareholders approved an amendment to the Plan to increase the total number of Ordinary Shares available for grant under the Plan to 5,500,000. In addition, our shareholders approved the provision to automatically increase the number of Ordinary Shares available for grant under the Plan to the lesser of i) ten percent of the total number of Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding on December 31 of the calendar year immediately preceding the date of such increase and ii) a number of Ordinary Shares determined by the Board. The automatic increase will commence on January 1, 2026 and continue until January 1, 2033.
The purposes of the Plan are to (a) promote the long-term growth and profitability of the Company and any affiliate by attracting and retaining the types of employees, consultants and directors who will contribute to the Company’s long-term success; (b) provide incentives that align the interests of employees, consultants and directors with those of the shareholders of the Company; and (c) promote the success of the Company’s business.
The following is a summarized description of the Plan. Capitalized terms not defined herein shall have the meaning given to them in the Plan.
Administration of the Plan: The Plan is currently administered by Compensation Committee of the Board, or the Committee. Among other things, the Committee has the authority to construe and interpret the Plan, to select persons who will receive awards, to determine the types of awards and the number of shares to be covered by awards, and to establish the terms, conditions, performance criteria, restrictions and other provisions of awards.
Participant: Persons eligible to receive awards under the Plan will be those employees, consultants, and directors of the Company and its affiliates who are selected by the Committee.
Share Options:
General. Subject to the provisions of the Plan, the Committee has the authority to determine all grants of share options in accordance with the Company’s Stock Option Grant Policy. That determination will include: (i) the number of shares subject to any option; (ii) the exercise price per share; (iii) the expiration date of the option; (iv) the manner, time and date of permitted grant and exercise; (v) other restrictions, if any, on the option or the shares underlying the option; and (vi) any other terms and conditions as the Committee may determine. No fractional Ordinary Shares shall be issued or delivered pursuant to the Plan.
Option Price. The exercise price for share options will be determined at the time of grant. The exercise price will not be less than the fair market value on the date of grant. The exercise price for any incentive share option award may not be less than the fair market value of the shares on the date of grant. A ten percent shareholder shall not be granted an incentive share option unless the option exercise price is at least 110% of the fair market value of the Ordinary Share at the grant date and the option is not exercisable after the expiration of five years from the grant date.
Exercise of Options.An option may be exercised only in accordance with the terms and conditions for the option agreement as established by the Committee at the time of the grant. The option must be exercised by notice to the Company, accompanied by payment of the exercise price. Payments may be made in cash or, at the option of the Committee, by actual or constructive delivery of Ordinary Shares to the holder of the option based upon the fair market value of the shares on the date of exercise.
Expiration of Options.If not previously exercised, an option will expire on the expiration date established by the Committee at the time of grant. The term of a non-qualified share option granted under the Plan shall be determined by the Committee; provided, however, no non-qualified share option shall be exercisable after the expiration of 10 years from the grant date.
Vesting Schedule. Awards shall vest as determined by the Committee.
Incentive and Non-Qualified Options. As described elsewhere in this summary, an incentive share option is an option that is intended to qualify under certain provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or the Code, for more favorable tax treatment than applies to non-qualified share options. Any option that does not qualify as an incentive share option will be a non-qualified share option. Under the Code, certain restrictions apply to incentive share options. For example, the exercise price for incentive share options may not be less than the fair market value of the shares on the grant date and the term of the option may not exceed ten years. In addition, an incentive share option may not be transferred, other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and is exercisable during the holder’s lifetime only by the holder. In addition, no incentive share options may be granted to a holder that is first exercisable in a single year if that option, together with all incentive share options previously granted to the holder that also first become exercisable in that year, relate to shares having an aggregate fair market value in excess of $100,000, measured at the grant date.
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Restricted Awards:Restricted awards are awards of Ordinary Shares or hypothetical Ordinary Shares units having a value equal to the fair market value of an identical number of Ordinary Shares. Restricted awards are forfeitable and non-transferable until the awards vest. The vesting date or dates and other conditions for vesting are established when the shares are awarded. Restricted shareholders generally have the rights of a shareholder with respect to the shares, including the right to receive dividends, the right to vote the shares of restricted share and, conditioned upon full vesting of shares of restricted share, the right to tender such shares, subject to the conditions and restrictions generally applicable to restricted share or specifically set forth in the recipient’s restricted share agreement. The Committee may determine at the time of award that the payment of dividends, if any, will be deferred until the expiration of the applicable restriction period. Restricted share unit holders will have no voting rights with respect to any restricted share units. Restricted share units may also be granted with a deferral feature, whereby settlement is deferred beyond the vesting date until the occurrence of a future payment date or event set forth in the award agreement. The Committee may provide that the restricted share units will be credited with cash and share dividends paid by the Company in respect of one share of Ordinary Shares, or Dividend Equivalents. Dividend Equivalents will be deferred until the expiration of the applicable restriction period.
Governing Law. The Plan, all award agreements, the grant and exercise of awards thereunder, and the sale, issuance and delivery of Ordinary Shares thereunder upon exercise of awards are governed by the laws of the State of New York without regard to the principles of conflicts of law thereof.
Other Material Provisions.Awards will be evidenced by a written agreement, in such form as may be approved by the Committee. In the event of various changes to Company capitalization, such as stock splits, stock dividends and similar re-capitalizations, an appropriate adjustment will be made by the Committee to the number of shares covered by outstanding awards or to the exercise price of such awards. The Committee is also permitted to include in the written agreement provisions that provide for certain changes in the award in the event of a change of control of the Company, including acceleration of vesting. Except as otherwise determined by the Committee at the date of grant, awards will not be transferable, other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution. The Committee also has the authority to alter or amend the Plan or any outstanding award or may terminate the Plan as to further grants, provided that no amendment will, to the extent that such approval is required by law or the rules of an applicable exchange, increase the number of shares available under the Plan, change the persons eligible for awards under the Plan, extend the time within which awards may be made, or amend the provisions of the Plan related to amendments. The Plan will terminate automatically on August 23, 2033. No amendment that would adversely affect any outstanding award made under the Plan can be made without the consent of the holder of such award.
As of the date of this report, a total of 1,780,330 Restricted Share Units (as defined in the Plan), which can be converted into 356,067 American Depositary Shares of the Company, representing 1,780,330 Ordinary Shares of the Company, were granted to certain officers, directors and employees of the Company. On April 5, 2024, both the Compensation Committee and the Board approved the grant of such Restricted Share Units.
C. Board Practices
Board Composition and Committees
The Nasdaq Marketplace Rules generally require that a majority of an issuer’s Board of Directors must consist of independent directors. Our Board consists of eight (8) directors, three of whom are independent directors. Each director will serve for a one-year term until the election and qualification of successor directors at the annual meeting of shareholders, or until the director’s earlier resignation or removal.
A director is not required to hold any shares in our Company to qualify to serve as a director. Our Board may exercise all the powers of our Company to raise or borrow money, and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and assets (present and future) and uncalled capital or any part thereof, to issue debentures, debenture stock, bonds or other securities, whether outright or as collateral security for any debt, liability or obligation of the Company or of any third-party.
A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with our Company is required to declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of our directors. A director may vote in respect of any contract, proposed contract, or arrangement notwithstanding that he may be interested therein, and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of our directors at which any such contract or proposed contract or arrangement is considered.
Director Independence
Subject to an exemption available to a “controlled company,” the Nasdaq Listing Rules (the “Listing Rules”), require that a majority of a listed company’s Board of Directors be composed of “independent directors,” as defined in those rules, and that such independent directors exercise oversight responsibilities with respect to director nominations and executive compensation. We currently qualify as a “controlled company” and are able to rely on the controlled company exemption from these provisions. The Listing Rules define a “controlled company” as “a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, a group or another company.” Mr. Enrique Selva Bellvis, our Chairman of the Board, beneficially owns our ordinary shares representing more than 50% of the combined voting power of our outstanding ordinary shares. Therefore, as a “controlled company,” we are not required to have a majority of independent directors on our Board of Directors, an entirely independent nominating and corporate governance committee, or an entirely independent compensation committee. Accordingly, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of these corporate governance requirements.
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If we cease to be a controlled company, we will be required to comply with Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements applicable to listed companies generally, subject to a phase-in period during the first year after we cease to be a controlled company. See “Risk Factors-We qualify as a “controlled company” under Nasdaq corporate governance rules and we may be exempt from certain corporate governance requirements that could adversely affect our public shareholders” for additional information. Even though we expect to be a controlled company for purposes of the Listing Rules, we will have to comply with the requirements of those rules relating to the membership, qualifications and operations of the audit committee of the Board of Directors, including the requirement that the audit committee be composed of at least three directors who meet the independence requirements under the rules for membership on that committee.
Board Committees
We established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee of our Board of Directors. We have adopted the audit committee charter, compensation committee charter and nominating and corporate governance committee charter. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.
Audit Committee
Our audit committee consists of three directors, namely, Monika Mikac, Daniel Green and Héctor Dominguis, each of whom satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and Section 5605 of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Monika Mikac serves as the chairperson of our audit committee. The Board has also determined that her experience in accounting and financial matters qualifies her as an “audit committee financial expert.” The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our Company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:
Compensation Committee
Our compensation committee consists of two directors, namely, Daniel Green and Emilio Cañavate. Daniel Green satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and Section 5605 of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Because we are a “controlled company” under the corporate governance rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, our compensation committee is not required to be fully independent, although if such rules change in the future or we no longer meet the definition of a controlled company under the current rules, we will adjust the composition of the compensation committee accordingly in order to comply with such rules. Daniel Green is the chairperson of our compensation committee. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee will be responsible for, among other things:
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Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of two directors, namely, Héctor Dominguis and Miguel Valldecabres. Héctor Dominguis satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and Section 5605 of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Because we are a “controlled company” under the corporate governance rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, our nominating and corporate governance committee is not required to be fully independent, although if such rules change in the future or we no longer meet the definition of a controlled company under the current rules, we will adjust the composition of the nominating and corporate governance committee accordingly in order to comply with such rules. Héctor Dominguis is the chairperson of our nominating and corporate governance committee. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the Board of Directors in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:
Board Operations
Our Board and Committee Meetings Held in 2025
During the year ended December 31, 2025, our Board of Directors held a total of 6 meetings, the Audit Committee held a total of 2 meetings, the Compensation Committee held 0 meeting(s) and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee held a total of 1 meeting(s).
The Board oversees a company-wide approach to risk management. The Board assists management to determine the appropriate risk level for the Company generally and to assess the specific risks faced by the Company and reviews the steps taken by management to manage those risks. While the Board has ultimate oversight responsibility for the risk management process, its committees will oversee risk in certain specified areas.
Specifically, the Compensation Committee is responsible for overseeing the management of risks relating to the Company’s executive compensation plans and arrangements, and the incentives created by the compensation awards it administers. The Audit Committee oversees management of enterprise risks and financial risks, as well as potential conflicts of interests. The Board is responsible for overseeing the management of risks associated with the independence of the Board.
Our senior management team is responsible for day-to-day risk management and regularly reports on risks to our full Board or a relevant committee. Our legal, finance and regulatory areas serve as the primary monitoring and evaluation function for company-wide policies and procedures and manage the day-to-day oversight of the risk management strategy for our business. This oversight includes identifying, evaluating, and addressing potential risks that may exist at the enterprise, strategic, financial, operational, compliance and reporting levels.
We believe the division of risk management responsibilities described above is an effective approach for identifying and addressing the risks facing our Company, and that the leadership structure of our Board is effective in implementing this approach.
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ESG and Corporate Responsibility
We continue to build a sustainable, environmentally conscious business while fulfilling our oversight of environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) risks and our approach, commitment and measurable progress relating to climate change, human capital management, sustainability and other significant ESG matters. We are dedicated to our sustainability efforts both internally and externally.
ESG matters significantly impact our business and operations and present evolving risks and challenges. Environmental impacts, including climate change specifically, create short and long-term financial risks to our business globally. Climate-related changes can increase the frequency and severity of significant weather events and natural disasters. While we maintain insurance coverage to cover certain risks of losses for damage or destruction to facilities and property and for interruption of our business, such insurance may not cover specific losses and the amount of our insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover all of our losses. As a result, our future operating results could be materially and adversely affected, including if our losses are not adequately or timely covered by our insurance.
Increased attention on ESG matters, including from our customers, stockholders and other stakeholders, may lead to us expending more resources to address these issues. Legislative and regulatory efforts to combat climate change and address ESG issues may prove costly and burdensome for us to comply with and will likely continue to impact us, our customers and our suppliers.
Other Compensation-Related Policies
Clawback Policy
The Board of Directors of the Company believes that it is in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders to create and maintain a culture that emphasizes integrity and accountability and that reinforces the Company’s pay-for-performance compensation philosophy. The Board has therefore adopted a Clawback Policy providing for the recovery of certain executive compensation received in the event of an accounting restatement resulting from material noncompliance with financial reporting requirements under the federal securities laws (the “Policy”). This Policy is designed to comply with Section 10D-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the rules and amendments adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to implement the aforementioned legislation, and the listing standards of the national securities exchange on which the Company’s securities are listed.
For purposes of this Policy, “Incentive Compensation” means any of the following; provided that, such compensation is granted, earned, or vested based wholly or in part on the attainment of a financial reporting measure:
Financial reporting measures may include, among other things, any of the following:
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This Policy applies to the Company’s current and former executive officers, as determined by the Board in accordance with Section 10D-1 of the Exchange Act and the listing standards of the national securities exchange on which the Company’s securities are listed (“Covered Executives”). This Policy shall be effective as of the date it is adopted by the Board (the “Effective Date”) and shall apply to Incentive Compensation that is approved, awarded or granted to Covered Executives on or after that date.
For the purposes of this Policy, Incentive Compensation is deemed received in the Company’s fiscal period during which the financial reporting measure specified in the Incentive Compensation is attained, even if the payment or grant of the Incentive Compensation occurs after the end of that period. Further, the date on which the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement is the earlier of: (i) the date the Board concludes that the Company is required to prepare a restatement to correct a material error, and (ii) the date a court, regulator, or other legally authorized body directs the Company to restate its previously issued financial statements to correct a material error.
Stock Option Grant Policy and Procedures
Turbo Energy is committed to ensuring that stock option awards granted pursuant to our 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) are granted in a manner that is fair, transparent and compliant with securities laws. With that aim, the Board of Directors effected the Company’s Option Grant Policy (the “OG Policy”) on April 15, 2025 providing for awards of stock options to be appropriately timed to prevent the appearance of impropriety and to avoid granting options while in possession in Material Non-Public Information (“MNPI”). The OG Policy framework is designed to help ensure that Turbo Energy responsibly manages the timing of stock option awards in relation to MNPI, fostering a culture of compliance and transparency. By adhering to these procedures, the Company protects its reputation, aligns with regulatory requirements and upholds the interests of our stockholders.
The Company shall conduct regular assessments of potential MNPI through quarterly reviews conducted by the Chief Financial Officer. In addition, employees of the Company will be subject to Regulation FD training as part of their formal onboarding process, which includes training on identifying MNPI and understanding its implications.
In addition, the Chief Financial Officer will implement blackout periods in collaboration with the Chief Executive Officer and Board of Directors during which no option awards can be granted. These blackout periods will generally cover the following:
Option awards shall be granted by the Board on pre-established dates that occur outside of blackout periods. These dates must be documented and communicated in advance to relevant stakeholders; and all option grants must be approved by the Compensation Committee and documented in the minutes of the meeting.
Once option awards are granted, the Company will disclose these awards in compliance with SEC regulations, namely within the Company’s Annual Report on 20-F, proxy statement and/or on a Current Report on Form 6-K.
The Chief Financial Officer will monitor compliance with the OG Policy, reviewing option grant timing and disclosures regularly to ensure adherence to established procedures. In addition, the Compensation Committee will conduct periodic audits of stock option grants and related disclosures to identify any issues or areas for improvement. These audits will assess whether the procedures are being followed and if the timing of option awards aligns with SharpLink’s policies regarding MNPI. Any suspected violations of the OG Policy must be reported immediately to the Chief Financial Officer, who will be responsible for investigating reported violations and taking appropriate action, which may include disciplinary measures against individuals who fail to comply.
All records related to option grants, approvals and disclosures must be maintained for a minimum of seven years. This includes minutes from the Compensation Committee, assessments of MNPI and any communications regarding option awards. Records will be accessible to relevant stakeholders, including the Board of Directors and external auditors, to ensure transparency and accountability.
Employees will be informed of any updates to the OG Policy and its procedures, ensuring that everyone involved in the option awarding process is aware of their responsibilities and the importance of compliance.
The OG Policy will be reviewed annually by the Chief Financial Officer in conjunction with the Compensation Committee to ensure its effectiveness and relevance. Any amendments to the OG Policy will be made in response to changes in regulations, best practices or company operations and will be communicated to all relevant stakeholders.
The OG Policy is available for viewing on Turbo Energy’s investor relations website found at https://investors.turbo-e.com/governance-documents.
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2025 Stock Option Grants
No officers or directors of Turbo Energy were granted stock options under the Equity Plan in 2025.
D. Employees
As of the date of this report, we have 12 workers to carry out commercial, logistical, administrative, purchasing and product development work. The table below sets forth the number of employees by function. Our parent company, Umbrella Global Energy, provides fiscal, legal and strategic support in exchange for a fee. We also have external consultants who are experts in electrical engineering, computer science and digitization.
We acknowledge that our employees are our most valued asset and the driving force behind our success. For this reason, we aspire to be an employer that is known for cultivating a positive and welcoming work environment and one that fosters growth, provides a safe place to work, supports diversity and embraces inclusion. To support these objectives, our human resources programs are designed to develop talent to prepare them for critical roles and leadership positions for the future; reward and support employees through competitive pay, benefit and perquisite programs; enhance our culture through efforts aimed at making the workplace more engaging and inclusive; acquire talent and facilitate internal talent mobility to create a high performing, diverse workforce; engage employees as brand ambassadors of our products and services; and evolve and invest in technology, tools and resources to enable employees at work. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
E. Share Ownership
The following table sets forth information with respect to beneficial ownership of our share capital as of the date of this report by:
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Based on 62,877,105 ordinary shares outstanding pursuant to SEC Rule 13d-3(d)(1) as of the date of this annual report.
None of the outstanding ordinary shares are held in the United States. None of the major shareholders have different voting rights from other shareholders. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our Company.
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ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A. Major Shareholders
Please refer to Item 6 “Directors, Senior Management and Employees-E. Share Ownership.”
B. Related Party Transactions
In addition to the compensation arrangements discussed under “Executive Compensation” above, the following includes a description of those transactions with related parties to which we are a party and which we are required to disclose pursuant to the disclosure rules of the SEC. Specifically, the following includes summaries of transactions or agreements, during our last two fiscal years, to which we have been a party, in which the amount involved in the transaction exceeded $120,000, and in which any of our directors, executive officers or beneficial owners of more than 5% of our capital stock, affiliates of our directors, executive officers and holders of more than 5% of our voting securities, or any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, other than equity and other compensation, termination, change in control and other similar arrangements, which are described under “Executive Compensation” and “Principal Shareholders.”
Transactions with Related Parties
Our related party transactions during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 include sales of products or services made to or purchases of products or services from affiliated group companies that are under common control and to associates of such group companies. These transactions include income accrued from the commercial activities of our Company. The purchases relate to merchandise that we sell in its normal course of commercial operations.
Umbrella Global Energy, as the holding company of the group, assumes all structural costs such as those related to the financial team, executives, human resources, licenses, legal, tax, labor, marketing, and other generic structural costs. A margin of 15% is applied to these costs and the resulting amount is distributed to the four most significant companies in the group based on their estimated revenue in the monthly management fees.
During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred management fees to Umbrella Global Energy, S.A, of €350,372 (approximately $411,197), €840,000, and €995,435, respectively.
No compensation has been paid to the executives under Crocodile Investment SLU. The Company expects to continue with the same allocation structure in the future.
The Amount due from (to) as of December 31, 2025 are summarized as follows:
Due from related parties:
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Due to related parties
During the year ended December 31, 2025, a total amount of €81,320 has been paid for interest.
The Amount due from (to) as of December 31, 2024 are summarized as follows:
Due to related parties:
All the amounts due to and from related parties are unsecured, non-interest bearing and due on demand, except for the loan agreement from Umbrella Global Energy, S.A. of €3,800,000. This five-year loan was formalized and signed on June 30, 2023, with a market interest rate of 6.25% per year, payable bi-annually. During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, Turbo Energy received proceed from the loan of €180,000 and €0, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, Turbo Energy repaid €903,733 and €1,300,000, respectively. Also, during the year ended December 31, 2024, €600,000 of the loan was converted to partner contribution. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the loan amount was €1,176,267 and €1,900,000, respectively
During the year ended December 31, 2024, a total amount of €183,777 has been paid for interest.
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The Amount due from (to) as of December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows:
During the year ended December 31, 2023, a total amount of € 118,750 has been paid for interest.
Transactions with related parties during the year ended December 31, 2025, were summarized as follows:
Transactions with related parties during the year ended December 31, 2024, were summarized as follows:
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Transactions with related parties during the year ended December 31, 2023 were summarized as follows:
These transactions have been measured at the exchange amount, which is the amount of consideration established and agreed to by the related parties.
Except as set forth above, there has not been, nor is there currently proposed, any transaction in which the Company or its subsidiary are or were a participant and the amount involved exceeds the lesser of $120,000 or 1% of the total assets as of December 31, 2025, and in which any of our directors, executive officers, holders of more than 5% of our ordinary shares or any immediate family member of any of the foregoing had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, other than compensation arrangements, which include equity and other compensation, termination, change in control, consulting and other arrangements, which are described under “Executive Compensation” above.
Review, Approval and Ratification of Related Party Transactions
We have adopted formal policies and procedures for the review, approval or ratification of transactions, such as those described above, with our executive officer(s), director(s) and significant shareholders.
Employment and Indemnification Agreements
See “Management-Employment and Indemnification Agreements.”
Compensation of Directors and Officers
See “Management-Compensation of Directors and Officers.”
C. Interests of Experts and Counsel
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
Financial Statements
We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report. See Item 18 “Financial Statements.”
Legal Proceedings
On March 4, 2024, Industrias Fotovoltaicas Guimerá Molino SL initiated a claim against Turbo Energy, S.A. in the Court of First Instance No. 1 of Valencia for breach of contract and claim for payment in the amount of €18,071. On April 15, 2024, we responded to the claim, providing evidence that the related conditions of the warranty coverage were not met. Resolution of this claim is pending the court’s review and decision.
On November 22, 2024, we filed a lawsuit in the Mercantile Court of Madrid in the Kingdom of Spain against Sigenergy International S.L. in an action for the cessation and rectification of illegal advertising relating to its baseless claim that its product marketed as SigenStor is the “world’s first highly integrated 5-in-1 energy storage system.” On June 12, 2023, China-based Sigenergy announced that it was “set to astound the world with its all-scenario energy solution, featuring the world’s first highly integrated 5-in-1 energy storage system,” at the EES Europe industry conference which was held in Munich, Germany that same week. Over the next year, Sigenergy followed with the implementation of a multi-channel promotional campaign, routinely broadcasting its claim to be the “world’s first” on YouTube, its social media sites, its website and website blog and at industry trade show and conferences. By way of the lawsuit, Turbo Energy is alleging that Sigenergy’s promotional statements were blatantly false and misleading, particularly in light of the fact that Turbo Energy has been marketing its patented SUNBOX EV product, a highly integrated, all-in-one energy storage system, since its announced launch on April 22, 2022 and its official debut at the InterSolar Europe industry event held in Europe on May 11-13, 2022 - more than one year ahead of the introduction of SigenStor.
On November 24, 2024, Turbo Energy, S.A. and IM2 Energy Solar SLU filed a claim against SP Berner Plastic Group SL (“SBPG”) in the Court of First Instance No. 16 of Valencia, seeking enforcement of various executed contracts and claiming unpaid invoiced amounts totaling €946,668.54. In response, SBPG filed an answer and a counterclaim, seeking contract termination and claiming compensation for alleged delays in the execution of certain solar projects, as well as penalties of €1,500 per day based on the annex to the Aldaya I contract, quantifying its counterclaim at €306,000. In view of SBPG not contesting the claims filed by Turbo Energy, and because we believe that there is evidence of finalized contractual items that have been invoiced and remain unpaid, we intend to pursue our claim to the full extent of the law and defend against the counterclaim.
On April 2025, Boustead Securities, LLC (“Boustead”) initiated an arbitration proceeding against Turbo Energy, S.L. (“Turbo Energy” or the “Company”) before the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), Case No. 25-01072. The arbitration arises from Boustead’s prior role as placement agent and underwriter in connection with the Company’s initial public offering. Boustead’s claims seek recovery of approximately $216,000 in cash fees and warrants for more than 96,000 shares of the Company, which Boustead alleges are due pursuant to a right of first refusal provision contained in the parties’ March 7, 2022 Engagement Agreement.
On August 7, 2025, Turbo Energy filed its Answer and asserted counterclaims against Boustead, alleging, among other things, breach of contract, negligent misrepresentation, and fraud, and seeking damages and other relief. Turbo Energy’s counterclaims arise from disputes concerning the calculation and payment of certain expenses and the scope and enforceability of Boustead’s right of first refusal. On August 27, 2025, Boustead filed its response denying all allegations in Turbo’s counterclaims and asserting affirmative defenses.
On September 18, 2025, the FINRA arbitration panel issued an order denying Boustead’s motion to change the hearing location. The arbitration proceedings remain ongoing. The Company intends to vigorously pursue its counterclaims and defend against all claims asserted by Boustead. At this stage, the Company cannot predict the outcome of the arbitration or estimate any potential loss or recovery.
We may be subject to legal proceedings, investigations and claims incidental to the conduct of our business from time to time. Except as disclosed above, we are currently not party to any material legal or arbitration proceedings, including those relating to bankruptcy, receivership or similar proceedings and those involving any third party, which may have, or have had in the recent past, significant effects on our financial position or profitability.
Dividend Policy
In all the history of our Company, we only have declared and paid cash dividends on our ordinary shares out of the profit for the year ended December 31, 2021, for a total amount of 513,336 euros. We may also enter into credit agreements or other borrowing arrangements in the future that will restrict our ability to declare or pay cash dividends on our ordinary shares. Any future determination to declare dividends will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, general business conditions and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant. See also “Risk Factors-We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future.”
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B. Significant Changes
Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, no significant change has occurred since the date of our consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.
ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING
A. Offer and Listing Details
Our ADSs have been listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “TURB” since September 2023 when we completed our initial public offering.
B. Plan of Distribution
C. Markets
See our disclosures above under “A. Offer and Listing Details.”
D. Selling Shareholders
E. Dilution
F. Expenses of the Issue
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
A. Share Capital
B. Bylaws
The following summary provides information concerning the share capital of the Company and briefly describes certain significant provisions of the Amended Bylaws, as filed on August 28, 2023, and other internal regulation of the Company, as well as Spanish corporate law, including the Spanish Companies Act, Law 22/2014, “Royal Decree-Law 5/2023, of June on structural modifications of Commercial Companies,” the Securities Market Act and Royal Decree 878/2015, dated October 2, 2015, on clearing, settlement and registry of negotiable securities in book-entry form (anotaciones en cuenta), and transparency requirements for issuers of securities admitted to trading on an official secondary market (Real Decreto Legislativo 1/2010, de 2 de julio, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital) in accordance with section 3, paragraphs a and b, of Article 495, the following special provisions shall apply to public limited companies whose shares are admitted to trading on a comparable regulated market in a third country (i.e., NASDAQ) and are not admitted to trading on a Spanish market:
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This summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Amended Bylaws and other internal regulations as well as the Spanish Companies Act, Law 22/2014 and other applicable laws and regulations.
Copies of the Amended Bylaws, together with their corresponding English translation, are available for information purposes at the principal headquarters of the Company and on the Company’s website (https://www.turbo-e.com/language/en/) and are filed as exhibits to this report.
The Company is a public limited liability company (sociedad anónima., S.A.) registered with the Commercial Registry of Valencia (Registro Mercantil de Valencia), under volume 9686, sheet 44, page V-155858 and 1st inscription and holder of Spanish tax identification number A9856919, incorporated under the laws of Spain for an unlimited term pursuant to a notarized public deed of incorporation granted before the public notary Mr. José Alicarte Domingo, under number 2287 of his protocol on having its registered address at Calle Isabel la Católiza 8, Oficinas 50-51, C.P 46004, Valencia (Spain) and with phone number +34 960 45 00 26. The Company’s legal name is “Turbo Energy S.A. and its commercial name is Turbo Energy. The financial year end of the Company is December 31. The Company’s corporate purpose is as follows:
At the date of this report, the issued share capital of the Company amounts to €3,004,285 divided into a single series of 60,085,700 registered shares in book-entry form, with a nominal value of €0.05 each and with ISIN code ES0105706008 allocated by the Spanish National Agency for the Codification of Securities (Agencia Nacional de Codificación de Valores Mobiliarios), an entity dependent upon the CNMV.
On June 26, 2023, our sole shareholder, Umbrella Solar Investment, S.A., approved decisions to increase the Company’s authorized share capital by a maximum amount of twenty million seven hundred thousand euros (€20,700,000) through issuing and circulating a maximum of 9,000,000 new shares with a par value of €0.05 each and an issue premium of €2.25 per share. These new shares belong to the same class and series as those currently in circulation and are subscribed through monetary contributions. Our increase in authorized share capital will not take effect upon the pricing of the offering.
The newly issued shares are issued at an issue rate (par value plus a share premium) on the following terms. In any case, the par value of the new shares will be the same as the current par value, i.e. 0.05 Euro cents per share. The Increase Shares are issued with an issue premium of two euros and twenty-five cents (€2.25) per share issued. As a result, the total amount of the Capital Increase (nominal amount plus share premium) in the event of full subscription amounts to twenty million seven hundred thousand euros (€20,700,000).
On September 14, 2023, our sole shareholder, Umbrella Solar Investment, S.A., approved decisions to amend the prior sole shareholder decisions dated June 26, 2023 in order to further increase the Company’s authorized share capital up to and by a maximum amount of twenty-two million seven hundred and fifty thousand euros (€22,750,000) through issuing and circulating a maximum of 25,000,000 new shares with a par value of €0.05 each and an issue premium of €0.86 per share. These new shares belong to the same class and series as those currently in circulation and are subscribed through monetary contributions. Our increase in authorized share capital took effect upon the pricing of the offering.
The newly issued shares are issued at an issue rate (par value plus a share premium) on the following terms. In any case, the par value of the new shares will be the same as the current par value, i.e. 0.05 Euro cents per share. The Increase Shares are issued with an issue premium of eighty-six cents of Euro (€0.86) per share issued. As a result, the total amount of the Capital Increase (nominal amount plus share premium) in the event of full subscription amounts to twenty-two million seven hundred and fifty thousand euros (€22,750,000).
On June 24, 2025, the General Meeting approved to authorize the Board of Director, pursuant to the provisions of Article 297.1.b) of Spanish Companies Act, so that, within the period of one year from the date of the General Meeting, to increase the share capital up to half of the existing capital as of the date of authorization, through one or more capital increases.
The delegation includes the faculty to exclude, in whole or in part, the shareholders’ preemptive subscription rights in relation to capital increases carried out pursuant to Article 506 of Spanish Companies Act, subject to the maximum limit that the exclusion of preemptive subscription rights may not, in aggregate, to more than 20% of the Company’s share capital at the time the corresponding capital increase resolution is adopted.
By delegation, the Board of Directors is empowered to set the terms and conditions of capital increases in all matters not provided for by the General Meeting, to determine the characteristics of the shares to be issued, to freely offer the new shares not subscribed for within the period or periods for exercising the preemptive subscription right, and to provide that, in the event of incomplete subscription, the share capital shall be increased only by the amount of the subscriptions actually made, as well as to amend the article of the Bylaws relating to share capital and the number of shares.
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On March 11, 2026, as part of the registered direct offering with certain institutional investor , and pursuant to the authority granted by the General Meeting held on June 24, 2025, it was approved to issue and put into circulation 5,000,000 new ordinary shares of the company, of the same class and series as those then outstanding, with a par value of €0.05 each, numbered consecutively and fully subscribed through cash contributions.
The aforementioned shares were issued at a price of €0.56 per share, with €0.05 representing the par value and €0.51 representing the share premium, bringing the total amount actually paid in for the capital increase to €2,800,000.
As a result of the foregoing, the share capital was fully subscribed and paid up, increased by a nominal amount of €250,000, and set at €3,004,285, represented by 60,085,700 shares with a par value of €0.05 each.
Upon the pricing of the offering took place to facilitate the delivery of the ADSs representing the new shares, the following aspects were completed or executed for the increase in authorized share capital to take effect: (i) the execution of the notarial deed of capital increase relating to the Capital Increase before a notary public, which is pending; (ii) the submission of the necessary tax returns and payment exemption for the capital tax (“Impuesto sobre Transmisiones Patrimoniales y Actos Jurldicos Documentados, en su modalidad de Operaciones Societarias) triggered by the Offering, which is pending; (iii) the registration of the notarial deed of capital increase of the Issuer at the Commercial Registry of Valencia, which is pending; (iv) the creation of the New Shares by the Sociedad de Gestión de los Sistemas de Registro, Compensación y Liquidación de Valores (Iberclear), which is pending; (v) the delivery of the New Shares to the Custodian of the Transaction in Spain for the blocking of the New Shares, and (vi) any other applicable requirements in connection with listing on the Nasdaq.
At the moment of its incorporation, the ordinary shares which represented the Company’s share capital were fully subscribed and paid up. As of the date of this report, all of the Ordinary Shares are fully subscribed and paid up.
The ordinary shares are represented by book-entries and the entity responsible for maintaining the corresponding accounting records is Iberclear, with registered address at Plaza de la Lealtad 1, 28014 Madrid, Spain. As of the date of this report, the Company does not own any treasury shares (autocartera).
Dividend and Liquidation
Rights Holders of the ordinary shares through the ADSs have the right to participate in distributions of the profits and proceeds from liquidation, proportionally to their stake in the share capital. However, there is no right to receive a minimum dividend. Payment of dividends is proposed by the Board of Directors and must be authorized or ratified, as the case may be, by the shareholders at a General Shareholders’ Meeting.
The Board of Directors (as well as the General Shareholders’ Meeting) may distribute amounts on account of the dividends provided that the following conditions are met: (i) there is sufficient liquidity for the distribution; and (ii) the amount to be distributed will not exceed the profit obtained during the current financial year after deducting losses of preceding years, amounts to be contributed to legal or statutory reserves and estimated taxes to be paid on such profits. Shareholders participate in such dividends from the date agreed by the General Shareholders’ Meeting.
The Spanish Companies Act requires that each company allocates at least 10% of its net income each year to a legal reserve until the balance of such reserve is equivalent to at least 20% of such issued share capital. A legal reserve is not available for distribution to its shareholders except upon liquidation. As of the date of this report, the Company’s legal reserve had not reached the legally-established minimum. According to the Spanish Companies Act, dividends may only be paid out of profits or distributable reserves (after the compulsory allocation to mandatory reserves, including the legal reserve, in as much as the latter does not exceed 20% of its issued share capital, and only if the value of the net worth is not, and as a result of distribution will not be, less than the share capital). In addition, no profits may be distributed unless the amount of distributable reserves is at least equal to the amount of the research and development expenses recorded as an asset on the balance sheet. In accordance with Article 947 of the Spanish Commercial Code, the right to a dividend lapses and reverts to the Company if it is not claimed within five years after it becomes payable. Upon liquidation of the Company, shareholders would be entitled to receive proportionately any assets remaining after the payment of the Company’s debts, taxes and expenses of the liquidation.
The Company is not aware of any restriction on the collection of dividends by non-resident shareholders. All holders will receive dividends through and its member entities, without prejudice to potential withholdings on account of the Non Resident Income Tax that may apply. See section titled “Taxation.”
The ability of the Company to distribute dividends in the near future will depend on a number of factors, including (but not limited to) the amount of its distributable profits and reserves and its investment plans, earnings, level of profitability, cash flow generation, restrictions on payment of dividends under all applicable laws (see details set out in section “Dividend policy”).
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Shareholders’ meetings and voting rights
Pursuant to the Amended Bylaws, rules of the General Shareholders’ Meeting of the Company and the Spanish Companies Act, ordinary annual General Shareholders’ Meeting are held during the first six months of each financial year on a date fixed by the Board of Directors. Extraordinary General Shareholders’ Meeting may be called by the Board of Directors whenever it deems appropriate, or at the request of shareholders representing at least 3% of the Company’s share capital.
Following Admission, notices of all General Shareholders’ Meeting will be published on the corporate website of the Company, at least one month prior to the date when the meeting is to be held, except as discussed in the following paragraph. Exceptionally, under the Spanish Companies Act, when the Company provides all shareholders with an electronic vote, an extraordinary General Shareholders’ Meeting may be called 15 days before the date on which the meeting is to be held.
Action is taken at ordinary General Shareholders’ Meetings on the following matters: (i) the approval of the management carried out by the directors during the previous year; (ii) the approval of the financial statements from the previous financial year; and (iii) the application of the previous financial year’s income or loss. All other matters can be considered at either an extraordinary or ordinary General Shareholders’ Meeting if the matter is within the authority of the meeting and is included on the agenda (with certain exceptional items which do not need to be included on the agenda to be validly passed, such as the dismissal of a Director or the decision to bring the liability action against the Company’s directors). Liability actions against the directors shall be brought by the Company pursuant to a General Shareholders’ Meeting decision, which may be adopted at the request of any shareholder even where not included on the agenda.
The Amended Bylaws cannot require qualified majority for the adoption of such resolution. The decision to bring an action or reach a settlement shall entail the removal of the relevant directors. The approval of the financial statements shall not preclude action for liability nor constitute a waiver of the action agreed or brought. According to the Spanish Companies Act -and in addition to the matters referred to in the previous paragraphs and any other matters as provided by law, the Company’s Amended Bylaws or the General Shareholders’ Meeting Regulations- the following matters among others fall within the authority of the General Shareholders’ Meetings: (a) appointment and removal of directors, as well as the ratification of directors designated through a co-option procedure; (b) appointment and removal of accounts auditors and, if applicable, of the liquidators; (c) approval of the financial statements of the previous year, of the allocation of results and of the corporate management; (d) any increase or decrease in the capital stock, including a delegation to the Board of Directors of the power to increase the capital stock; (e) elimination or limitation of preferential subscription rights; (f) authorization for the derivative acquisition of own shares; (g) approval and amendment of the General Shareholders’ Meeting Regulations; (h) amendments of the Bylaws; (i) approval of the policy on directors’ remunerations, in accordance with the terms set out in the Spanish Companies Act; (j) approval of the Company’s Directors remuneration systems, in the form of shares or rights over shares or linked to the value of the shares; (k) granting the Directors the exemptions regarding the prohibitions deriving from the duty of loyalty, when the granting of said exemptions lies with the general meeting, as well as the exemption regarding non-compete obligation duties; (l) a merger, spin-off, transformation, dissolution and global assignment of the Company’s assets and liabilities; (m) a transfer of the Company’s registered address abroad; (n) transformation of the Company into a holding company, through “subsidiarization”, the incorporation or transfer into dependent companies of essential activities developed by the Company itself until then, even if the latter remains as the full legal owner thereof. An activity is presumed to be essential when the relevant amount of the transaction exceeds 25% of the total assets in the balance sheet; (o) the acquisition, disposal or contribution of essential assets to another company. An asset is presumed to be essential when the relevant amount of the transaction exceeds 25% of the value of the total assets according to the last balance sheet approved; (p) the winding up of the Company; (q) operations with an effect equivalent to the Company’s liquidation and the approval of the liquidation balance sheet; (r) approval of the termination or amendment of the Investment Management Agreement; and (s) approval of the termination or amendment of Investment Strategy.
Also, the General Shareholders’ Meetings shall vote separately on substantially independent matters. Even if included in the same item on the agenda, the following shall be voted separately: (i) the appointment, re-election, ratification or separation of directors; (ii) the advisory vote on the annual report on directors’ remuneration; and (iii) in resolutions to amend the bylaws, each substantially independent article or group of articles.
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Each share represented by an ADR entitles the holder five votes as per the conversion ratio of five shares per ADR and there is no limit as to the maximum number of voting rights that may be held by each shareholder or by companies of the same group. Any shareholder regardless of the number of shares it owns may, in the manner provided in the notice for such meeting, vote at the General Shareholders’ Meeting. In order to exercise their right of attendance, all shareholders must have their shares duly registered in the book-entry records maintained by Citibank on which a General Shareholders’ Meeting is scheduled. Any shareholder holding Ordinary Shares via ADRs will have the right to attend a General Shareholders’ Meeting. All shareholders may be represented by a proxy. Proxies must be granted in writing or in electronic form acceptable under the internal regulations of the Company and are valid for a single General Shareholders’ Meeting, except if given in favour of the shareholder’s spouse (or person who has an equivalent link according to the applicable laws), ascendants or descendants, or in favor of a third party authorized pursuant to a public deed to manage the assets of the relevant shareholder, in which case it will be valid for all shareholders’ meeting. Proxies may be given to any person, whether or not a shareholder, and may be revoked, either expressly or by attendance by the relevant shareholder at the meeting. Proxy holders are required to disclose any conflict of interest prior to their appointment.
In case a conflict of interest arises after the proxy holder’s appointment, such conflict of interest shall be immediately disclosed to the relevant shareholder. In both cases, the proxy holder shall not exercise the shareholder’s rights unless the latter has given specific voting instructions for each resolution in respect of which the proxy holder is to vote on behalf of the shareholder. A conflict of interest in this context may in particular arise where the proxy holder: (i) is a controlling shareholder of the Company, or is another entity controlled by such shareholder; (ii) is a member of the administrative, management or supervisory bodies of the Company, or of a controlling shareholder or another entity controlled by such shareholder; (iii) is an employee or auditor, of the Company, or of a controlling shareholder or another entity controlled by such Shareholder; or (iv) is a natural person related to those mentioned in (i) to (iii) above (persona física vinculada), as this concept is defined under the Spanish Companies Act (such as spouse or similar, at the time or within the two preceding years, as well as ascendants, descendants, siblings and their respective spouses).
A person acting as a proxy holder may hold a proxy from more than one shareholder without limitation as to the number of shareholders so represented. Where a proxy holder holds proxies from several shareholders, he/she will be able to cast votes for a shareholder differently from votes cast for another Shareholder.
On August 28, 2023, in order to comply with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5620(c) to reflect that the Company’s bylaws provide for a quorum of at least 33 1/3 percent of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common voting stock, the Company amended its bylaws to the extent as described in this paragraph. The Amended Bylaws of the Company provide that, on the first call of an ordinary or extraordinary General Shareholders’ Meeting, the presence in person or by proxy of shareholders representing at least 40% of its voting capital will constitute a quorum. If on the first call a quorum is not present, the meeting can be reconvened by a second call, which shall be validly constituted when the shareholders present or represented by proxy hold at least 33.33% of the voting capital. Resolutions are passed by simple majority of the votes cast, which implies having more votes in favour than against. However, according to the Spanish Companies Act, resolutions in a General Shareholders’ Meeting to modify the bylaws of the Company (including increases and reductions of share capital), to issue bonds and, where competence is not legally attributed to any other of the Company’s corporate bodies, to suppress or limit on the pre-emptive right over new shares, to approve transformations, mergers, spin-offs, global assignments of assets and liabilities or the transfer of the registered address of the Company abroad, require the presence in person or by proxy of shareholders representing at least 50% of the voting capital of the Company on first call, and the presence in person or by proxy of shareholders representing at least 33.33% of the voting capital of the Company on second call.
On first call, resolutions shall be adopted by absolute majority. On second call, and in the event that less than 50% of the voting capital of the Company is represented in person or by proxy, such resolutions may only be passed upon the vote of shareholders representing two-thirds of the Company’s capital present or represented at such meeting.
The interval between the first and the second call for a General Shareholders’ Meeting must be at least 24 hours. Voting on the resolutions included in the agenda of a General Shareholders’ Meeting may be exercised by Shareholders by post or electronic means received by the Company prior to the General Shareholders’ Meeting, and provided that the identity of the Shareholder who exercises his right to vote is duly verified and the formalities determined by the Board of Directors through resolution and subsequent notification in the call announcement of the General Shareholders’ Meeting are complied with. In such resolution, the Board of Directors will define the applicable conditions to the voting via electronic means in order to ensure the proper identification of the shareholder or its representative.
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Under the Spanish Companies Act, shareholders who voluntarily aggregate their shares so that the share capital so aggregated is equal to or greater than the result of dividing the total share capital by the number of directors have the right, provided there are vacancies on the Board of Directors, to appoint a corresponding proportion of the members of the Board of Directors (disregarding the fractions). Shareholders who exercise this right may not vote on the appointment of other directors.
A resolution passed in a General Shareholders’ Meeting is binding on all shareholders, although a resolution which is (i) contrary to Spanish law or the Bylaws of the Company, or (ii) prejudicial to the interest of the Company and is beneficial to one or more shareholders or third parties, may be contested within the period of a year following the passing of the contested resolution (except resolutions that are contrary to public order in respect of which such right does not lapse). Damage to the Company’s interest is also caused when the resolution, without causing damage to corporate assets, is imposed in an abusive manner by the majority. An agreement is understood to have been imposed in an abusive manner when, rather than responding reasonably to a corporate need, the majority adopts the resolution in their own interests and to the unjustifiable detriment of the other shareholders. In the case of listed companies, the required fraction of the Company’s share capital needed to be able to contest is 1/1000. The right to contest would apply to shareholders who held such status at the time when the resolution was adopted (provided they hold at least 0.1% of the share capital), directors and interested third parties. In the event of resolutions contrary to public order, the right to contest would apply to any shareholders (even if they acquired such condition after the resolution was taken), and any director or third party. In certain circumstances (such as change or significant amendment of the corporate purpose, transformation or transfer of registered address abroad), the Spanish Companies Act gives dissenting or absent shareholders (including non-voting shareholders) the right to withdraw from the Company. If this right were exercised, the Company would be obliged to purchase the relevant shares at the average market price of the shares in the last quarter in accordance with the procedures established under the Spanish Companies Act.
Shareholder information rights
Until the seventh day before the General Shareholders’ Meeting is due to be held, shareholders may request in writing from the Directors, any information or clarification they deem necessary regarding the items to be discussed at the relevant General Shareholders’ Meeting as per the agenda. The Directors must provide the requested information in writing by the day of the General Shareholders’ Meeting. During the General Shareholders’ Meeting, shareholders may verbally request any information or clarification they deem necessary in relation to the items included on the agenda. If it were not possible to provide the requested information during the meeting itself, the Directors must provide the requested information in writing within seven days of the celebration of the General Shareholders’ Meeting. The Directors will not be obliged to provide the requested information if it was deemed unnecessary for the recognition of the requesting shareholder’s rights or if there were objective reasons to consider that the information was going to be used in detriment of the interests of the Company or that providing the requested information may harm the Company; provided that, the requested information may not be withheld when the request is upheld by shareholders representing at least 25% of the share capital.
Pre-emptive rights and increases of share capital
Pursuant to the Spanish Companies Act, shareholders have pre-emptive rights to subscribe for any new shares issued by the Company via monetary contributions and for any new bonds convertible into shares. Such pre-emptive rights may be waived under special circumstances by a resolution passed at a General Shareholders’ Meeting or the Board of Directors (when the Company is listed and the General Shareholders’ Meeting delegates to the Board of Directors the right to increase the share capital or issue convertible bonds and waive pre-emptive rights), in accordance with Articles 308, 417, 504, 505, 506 and 511 of the Spanish Companies Act.
As of the date hereof, the Company has no convertible or exchangeable bonds outstanding and have not issued any warrants over its shares, except the Representative warrants described in this report. Also, shareholders have the right of free allotment recognized in the Spanish Companies Act in the event of capital increase against reserves.
Furthermore, the preemptive rights, in any event, will not be available in an increase in share capital to meet the requirements of a convertible bond issue, a merger in which Ordinary Shares are issued as consideration or where the contribution to be made is in kind. The rights are transferable, may be traded on the ADRs to be updated and may be of value to existing shareholders because new Ordinary Shares may be offered for subscription at prices lower than prevailing market prices.
As of the date of this report, the Board of Directors has been authorized by the Company’s sole shareholder to issue new Ordinary Shares of up to 50% of the Company’s share capital immediately following the initial public offering.
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The Board of Directors is also authorized to exclude preemptive rights in connection with up to 20% of the total number of new Ordinary Shares that may be issued pursuant to the aforementioned authorization, provided that such exclusion is in the Company’s corporate interest. In addition, the Board of Directors has been authorized by its shareholders for a term of five years to issue bonds that are convertible into the Ordinary Shares or which grant bondholders the right to be attributed part of the Company’s earnings.
Shareholder actions
Under the Spanish Companies Act Directors are liable to the Company, the shareholders and the creditors for acts or omissions that are illegal or violate the Bylaws and for failure to carry out their legal duties with diligence. Under Spanish law, shareholders must generally bring actions against the Directors as well as any other actions against the Company or challenging corporate resolutions before the courts of the judicial district of the Company’s registered address (currently Valencia (Spain)).
When in violation of the law or of the Bylaws, directors are presumed to have acted negligently, but this presumption can be rebutted. Directors have such liability even if the transaction in connection with which the acts or omissions occurred is approved or ratified by the shareholders. The liability of the directors is joint and several, except to the extent any director can demonstrate that he or she did not participate in decision-making relating to the transaction at issue, was unaware of its existence or, being aware of it, did all that was possible to mitigate any damages or expressly disagreed with the decision making relating to the transaction.
Registration and Transfers
The shares are in registered book-entry form and are indivisible. Joint holders of one share must designate a single person to exercise their shareholders’ rights, but they are jointly and severally (solidariamente) liable to the Company for all the obligations arising from their status as shareholders. ADRs structure Iberclear, which manages the Spanish clearance and settlement system of the Spanish Stock Exchanges, maintains the central registry reflecting the number of shares held by each of its member entities (entidades participantes). Each member entity, in turn, maintains a registry of the owners of such shares. Since the shares of the Company are in registered book-entry form, an electronic shareholder registry will be kept to which effect Iberclear shall report to the Company all transactions entered into by its shareholders in respect of its shares.
The shares are transferable in accordance with the Spanish Companies Act, the Securities Market and Investment Serives Act, Law 6/2023, SEC rules, and any implementing regulation.
ADRs as a general rule, transfers of shares quoted on the Spanish Stock Exchanges must be made through or with the participation of a member of a Stock Exchange. Brokerage firms, or dealer firms, Spanish credit entities, investment services entities authorized in other Member States and investment services entities authorized by their relevant authorities and in compliance with the Spanish regulations are eligible to be members of the Spanish Stock Exchanges. Transfer of shares quoted on the Spanish Stock Exchanges may be subject to certain fees and expenses.
Restrictions on foreign investment
Exchange controls and foreign investments were, with certain exceptions, completely liberalized by Royal Decree 571/2023 of July 4 (Real Decreto 571/2023) that came into force as of September 1 2023 revoking priorRoyal Decree 664/1999, of April 23 (Real Decreto 664/1999, de 23 de abril), which was approved in conjunction with Law 18/1992, of July 1 (the “Spanish Foreign Investment Law”), bringing the existing legal framework on foreign investments in line with the provisions of the Treaty of the EU.
According to the new Real Decreto 571/2023, subject to the restrictions described below, foreign investors may freely invest in shares of Spanish companies as well as transfer invested capital, capital gains and dividends out of Spain without limitation (subject to applicable taxes and exchange controls) and only need to file a notification with the Spanish Registry of Foreign Investments maintained by the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism following the investment or divestiture, if any, solely for statistical, economic and administrative purposes in case, as per such transaction, the foreign investor reaches a total participation equal to or above 10% of the share capital of the Spanish Company. Where the investment or divestiture is made in shares of Spanish companies listed on any of the Spanish Stock Exchanges, the duty to provide notice of a foreign investment or divestiture lies with the relevant entity with whom the shares in book-entry form have been deposited or which has acted as an intermediary in connection with the investment or divestiture.
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If the foreign investor is a resident of a tax haven, as defined under Spanish law (Royal Decree 1080/1991 of July 5), notice must be provided to the Registry of Foreign Investments prior to making the investment, as well as after consummating the transaction. However, prior notification is not necessary in the following cases:
Additional regulations to those described above apply to investments in some specific industries, including air transportation, mining, manufacturing and sales of weapons and explosives for civil use and national defense, radio, television and telecommunications and gambling. These restrictions do not apply to investments made by EU residents, other than investments by EU residents in activities relating to the Spanish defense sector or the manufacturing and sale of weapons and explosives for non-military use.
The Spanish Council of Ministers may suspend the aforementioned provisions relating to foreign investments for reasons of public policy, health or safety, either generally or in respect of investments in specified industries, in which case any proposed foreign investments falling within the scope of such a suspension would be subject to prior authorization from the Spanish government.
Law 19/2003, of July 4, on the establishment of a regulatory regime relating to capital flows to and from legal or natural persons abroad and the prevention of money laundering, or Law 19/2003, generally provides for the liberalization of the regulatory environment with respect to acts, businesses, transactions and other operations between Spanish residents and non-residents in respect of which charges or payments abroad will occur, as well as money transfers, variations in accounts or financial debit or credits abroad. These operations must be reported to the Ministry of the Economy and Business and the Bank of Spain only for informational and statistical purposes. The most important developments resulting from Law 19/2003 are the obligations on financial intermediaries to provide to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Business and the Bank of Spain information corresponding to client transactions.
Exchange control regulations
Pursuant to Royal Decree 1816/1991, of December 20, relating to economic transactions with non-residents as amended by Royal Decree 1360/2011 of October 7, and EC Directive 88/361/EEC, charges, payments or transfers between non-residents and residents of Spain must be made through a registered entity, such as a bank or another financial institution registered with the Bank of Spain or the CNMV (entidades registradas), through bank accounts opened abroad with a foreign bank or a foreign branch of a registered entity, in cash or by check payable to bearer. All charges, payments or transfers which exceed €6,010 (or its equivalent in another currency), if made in cash or by check payable to bearer, must be notified to the Spanish exchange control authorities.
Shareholders’ agreements
The Securities Market Act and Articles 531, 533 and 535 of the Spanish Companies Act require parties to disclose certain types of shareholders’ agreements that affect the exercise of voting rights at a General Shareholders’ Meeting or contain restrictions or conditions on the transferability of shares or bonds that are convertible or exchangeable into shares of listed companies.
If the Company’s shareholders enter into such agreements with respect to the Ordinary Shares, they must disclose the execution, amendment or extension of such agreements to the Company and to the CNMV, file such agreements with the appropriate commercial registry and publish them through a relevant information notice (comunicación de información relevante). Failure to comply with these disclosure obligations renders any such shareholders’ agreement unenforceable and constitutes a violation of the Securities Market Act. Such a shareholder agreement will have no effect with respect to the regulation of the right to vote in General Shareholders’ Meetings and restrictions or conditions on the free transferability of shares and bonds convertible into shares until such time as the aforementioned notifications, deposits and publications are made. Upon request by the interested parties, the CNMV may waive the requirement to report, deposit and publish the agreement when publishing the shareholders’ agreement could cause harm to the affected company. To the best of the Company’s knowledge, there are no shareholders’ agreements in force in relation to the Company or its subsidiaries.
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Share Repurchases
Pursuant to the Spanish Companies Act, the Company may only repurchase the Company’s own shares within certain limits and in compliance with the following requirements:
Treasury shares do not have voting rights or economic rights (for example, the right to receive dividends and other distributions and liquidation rights), except the right to receive bonus shares, which will accrue proportionately to all of the Company’s shareholders. Treasury shares are counted for purposes of establishing the quorum for General Shareholders’ Meeting as well as majority voting requirements to pass resolutions at General Shareholders’ Meeting.
C. Material Contracts
We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in Item 4 “Information on the Company,” Item 5 “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects-F. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations,” Item 7 “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions,” or filed (or incorporated by reference) as exhibits to this annual report or otherwise described or referenced in this annual report
D. Exchange Controls
E. Taxation
Spanish Taxation
This document covers the Spanish tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares and applies to holders that are not tax-resident in Spain.
As used in this particular section, the term “non-Spanish tax resident holder” or “non-resident holder” means a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares that meets the following requirements:
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This document does not consider all aspects of Spanish taxation that may be relevant to particular non-resident holders, some of whom may be subject to special rules. In particular, this document does not address the specific Spanish tax consequences applicable to particular investors such us partnerships, trusts, or other “look-through” entities who hold ordinary shares through such entities.
This document is a draft based on Spanish tax legislation currently in effect on November 14, 2022.
Each non-resident holder should consult with its own tax advisor, as to the particular tax consequences of the purchase, ownership or disposition of our ordinary shares.
Income Taxes - Taxation of Dividends
We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. See “Dividend Policy.”
In the event, however, that we pay dividends on our ordinary shares, under Spanish law, the dividends distributed by a Spanish Company are, in general terms, subject to Spanish Non-Residents Income Tax on the gross amount of the dividends distributed, currently taxed at a 19% rate, unless the investor is entitled to an exemption or a reduced rate under a Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation (“CADT”) between Spain and its country of residence.
Non-resident holders should consult their tax advisors with respect to the applicability and the procedures under Spanish law for obtaining the benefit of an exemption or a reduced rate under a CADT.
Income Taxes - Preemptive rights
The grant of preemptive rights to subscribe new shares made with respect to our ordinary shares is not treated as a taxable event under Spanish law and, therefore, is not subject to Spanish Non-Residents Income Tax. The exercise of such preemptive rights for the subscription of new shares is not considered a taxable event under Spanish law and, therefore, is not subject to Spanish Non-Residents Income Tax.
The sale of preemptive rights to subscribe new shares will be considered as taxable capital gain for the amount received. In this respect, review “Income Taxes - Taxation of Capital Gains” below.
Income Taxes - Taxation of Capital Gains
Under Spanish Non-Residents Income Tax Law, any capital gain derived from the sale or exchange of shares of a Spanish Company is considered to be Spanish source income and, therefore, is taxable in Spain.
Spanish Non-Residents Income Tax is currently levied at a 19% tax rate on capital gains obtained by non-resident holders, unless the investor is entitled to an exemption or a reduced rate under a Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation (“CADT”) between Spain and its country of residence.
Spanish Wealth Tax
Unless an applicable CADT provides otherwise, individual non-resident holders who hold ordinary shares located in Spain are subject to the Spanish Wealth Tax (Spanish Law 19/1991), which imposes a tax on assets located in Spain at the end of each year.
For non-resident holders, the applicable legislation, exemptions and tax rates will depend on the location of the assets. In this case, the Company is located in Comunidad Valenciana for tax purposes.
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Spanish Inheritance and Gift Taxes
Unless an applicable CADT provides otherwise, transfers of ordinary shares on death or by gift to individuals are subject to Spanish Inheritance and Gift Taxes, respectively (Spanish Law 29/1987), if the ordinary shares are located in Spain, regardless of the residence of the transferee.
Non-resident holders should consult their tax advisors with respect to the applicability of the Spanish Inheritance and Gift Taxes.
Spanish Transfer Tax
A transfer by a non-resident holder of our ordinary shares will be exempt from any Spanish Transfer Tax (Impuesto sobre Transmisiones Patrimoniales) as well as exempt from Value Added Tax if, at the time of such transfer, real estate in Spain does not amount to more than 50% of our assets.
Real estate located in Spain currently does not, and we do not expect that Spanish real estate will in the foreseeable future, amount to more than 50% of our assets. Additionally, no Stamp Duty will be levied on a transfer by a nonresident holder of our ordinary shares.
United States Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following discussion is a summary of U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to the ownership and disposition of our Ordinary Shares (including Ordinary Shares held in the form of ADSs and ADRs) by a U.S. Holder (as defined below) that acquires our Ordinary Shares in our initial public offering and holds our Ordinary Shares as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment) under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. This discussion is based upon existing U.S. federal tax law, which is subject to differing interpretations or change, possibly with retroactive effect. No ruling has been sought from the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, with respect to any U.S. federal income tax considerations described below, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contrary position. This discussion, moreover, does not address the U.S. federal estate, gift, and alternative minimum tax considerations, the Medicare tax on certain net investment income, information reporting or backup withholding or any state, local, and non-U.S. tax considerations, relating to the ownership or disposition of our Ordinary Shares. The following summary does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of their individual circumstances or to persons in special tax situations such as:
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all of whom may be subject to tax rules that differ significantly from those discussed below.
Each U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the application of U.S. federal taxation to its particular circumstances, and the State, local, non-U.S., and other tax considerations of the ownership and disposition of our Ordinary Shares.
For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our Ordinary Shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
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Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations
A non-U.S. corporation, such as our Company, will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income, or the asset test. Passive income generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. Passive assets are those which give rise to passive income, and include assets held for investment, as well as cash, assets readily convertible into cash, and working capital. The Company’s goodwill and other unbooked intangibles are taken into account and may be classified as active or passive depending upon the relative amounts of income generated by the Company in each category. We will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of the stock.
Based upon our current and projected income and assets, the expected proceeds from our initial public offering, and projections as to the market price of our Ordinary Shares immediately following the initial public offering, we do not expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future. However, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we are or will become a PFIC is a factual determination made annually that will depend, in part, upon the composition and classification of our income and assets. Because there are uncertainties in the application of the relevant rules, it is possible that the IRS may challenge our classification of certain income and assets as non-passive, which may result in our being or becoming classified as a PFIC in the current or subsequent years. Furthermore, fluctuations in the market price of our Ordinary Shares may cause us to be a PFIC for the current or future taxable years because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test, including the value of our goodwill and unbooked intangibles, may be determined by reference to the market price of our Ordinary Shares from time to time (which may be volatile). In estimating the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, we have taken into account our anticipated market capitalization immediately following the close of our initial public offering. Among other matters, if our market capitalization is less than anticipated or subsequently declines, we may be or become a PFIC for the current or future taxable years. The composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in our initial public offering. Under circumstances where our revenues from activities that produce passive income significantly increases relative to our revenues from activities that produce non-passive income, or where we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of becoming a PFIC may substantially increase.
If we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds our Ordinary Shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. Holder holds our Ordinary Shares unless, in such case, we cease to be treated as a PFIC and such U.S. Holder makes a deemed sole election.
The discussion below under “-Dividends” and “-Sale or Other Disposition” is written on the basis that we will not be or become classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The U.S. federal income tax rules that apply generally if we are treated as a PFIC are discussed below under “-Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules” beginning on page 91.
Dividends
Any cash distributions paid on our Ordinary Shares out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, will generally be includible in the gross income of a U.S. Holder as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by the U.S. Holder. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basis of U.S. federal income tax principles, any distribution we pay will generally be treated as a “dividend” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Dividends received on our Ordinary Shares will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations in respect of dividends-received from U.S. corporations.
Individuals and other non-corporate U.S. Holders may be subject to tax on any such dividends at the lower capital gain tax rate applicable to “qualified dividend income,” provided that certain conditions are satisfied, including that (i) our Ordinary Shares on which the dividends are paid are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, (ii) we are neither a PFIC nor treated as such with respect to a U.S. Holder for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid and the preceding taxable year, and (iii) certain holding period requirements are met. Our application to list our ADSs on Nasdaq Capital Market has been approved, we believe that the ADSs representing the Ordinary Shares should generally be considered to be readily tradeable on an established securities market in the United States. There can be no assurance that our Ordinary Shares will continue to be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in later years. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to our Ordinary Shares.
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For U.S. foreign tax credit purposes, dividends paid on our Ordinary Shares will generally be treated as income from foreign sources and will generally constitute passive category income. U.S. Holders may be entitled to a foreign tax credit in respect of some portion of Spanish or other non-U.S. withholding taxes imposed on dividends paid on our Ordinary Shares. However, the rules governing the availability of the foreign tax credit and the limitations thereon are highly complex, and U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.
Sale or Other Disposition
A U.S. Holder will generally recognize gain or loss upon the sale or other disposition of Ordinary Shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the disposition and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such Ordinary Shares. Such gain or loss will generally be capital gain or loss. Any such capital gain or loss will be long term if the Ordinary Shares have been held for more than one year. Non-corporate U.S. Holders (including individuals) generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on long-term capital gain at preferential rates. The deductibility of a capital loss may be subject to limitations. Any such gain or loss that the U.S. Holder recognizes will generally be treated as U.S. source income or loss for foreign tax credit limitation purposes, which could limit the availability of foreign tax credits. Each U.S. Holder is advised to consult its tax advisor regarding the tax consequences if a foreign tax is imposed on a disposition of our Ordinary Shares, including the applicability of any tax treaty and the availability of the foreign tax credit under its particular circumstances.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules
If we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our Ordinary Shares, and unless the U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election (as described below), the U.S. Holder will generally be subject to special tax rules on (i) any excess distribution that we make to the U.S. Holder (which generally means any distribution paid during a taxable year to a U.S. Holder that is greater than 125 percent of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Ordinary Shares), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition, including, under certain circumstances, a pledge, Ordinary Shares. Under the PFIC rules:
As an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” (as defined below) in a PFIC may make a mark-to- market election with respect to such stock. If a U.S. Holder makes this election with respect to our Ordinary Shares, the holder will generally (i) include as ordinary income for each taxable year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of Ordinary Shares held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such Ordinary Shares and (ii) deduct as an ordinary loss the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of the Ordinary Shares over the fair market value of such Ordinary Shares held at the end of the taxable year, but such deduction will only be allowed to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to- market election in respect of our Ordinary Shares and we cease to be classified as a PFIC, the holder will not be required to take into account the gain or loss described above during any period that we are not classified as a PFIC. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election, any gain such U.S. Holder recognizes upon the sale or other disposition of our Ordinary Shares in a year when we are a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but such loss will only be treated as ordinary loss to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election.
The mark-to-market election is available only for “marketable stock,” which is stock that is traded in other than de minimis quantities on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter, or regularly traded, on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in applicable United States Treasury regulations. Our ADSs representing our Ordinary Shares qualify as being marketable stock and/or regularly traded while listed on Nasdaq Capital Market.
Because a mark-to-market election cannot technically be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, a U.S. Holder may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to such U.S. Holder’s indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
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We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. Holders to make qualified electing fund elections which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from (and generally less adverse than) the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.
If a U.S. Holder owns our Ordinary Shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, the holder must generally file an annual IRS Form 8621. You should consult your tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning
F. Dividends and Paying Agents
G. Statement by Experts
H. Documents on Display
We have filed this annual report on Form 20-F with the SEC under the Exchange Act. Statements made in this report as to the contents of any document referred to are not necessarily complete. With respect to each such document filed as an exhibit to this report, reference is made to the exhibit for a more complete description of the matter involved, and each such statement shall be deemed qualified in its entirety by such reference.
We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act as a foreign private issuer and file reports and other information with the SEC. Reports and other information filed by us with the SEC, including this report, may be viewed from the SEC’s Internet site at http://www.sec.gov. In addition, we will provide hardcopies of our annual report free of charge to shareholders upon request.
As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.
I. Subsidiary Information
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ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Our Company is exposed to foreign currency risk primarily through service income or expenses that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the operations to which they relate. The currencies giving rise to this risk are primarily US dollars.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company is exposed to interest rate risk on its lines of credit due to fluctuations in interest rates. The Company’s bank loans and leases have fixed rates of interest resulting in limited interest rate fair value risk for the Company. The Company manages interest rate risk by seeking financing terms in individual arrangements that are most advantageous taking into account all relevant factors, including credit margin, term and basis. The risk management objective is to minimize the potential for changes in interest rates to cause adverse changes in cash flows to the Company.
Inflation
We do not believe the impact of inflation on our Company is material. Our operations are in Spain and Spain’s inflation rates have been relatively stable in the last two years: 2.8% for 2024 and 3.5% for 2022.
Recent inflationary pressures have not had a significant impact on our operations. While inflation is recognized as a potential risk, the Company does not believe that the impact of inflation on their operations is material. It is possible, however, that future inflationary pressures could have a greater impact on our operations, and we will monitor this risk closely.
Supply chain
A possible geopolitical conflict with China, significant price increases or shortages of equipment and components may represent potential market risks.
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
A. Debt Securities
B. Warrants and Rights
C. Other Securities
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D. American Depositary Shares
Citibank, N.A. (“Citibank”) has agreed to act as the depositary for the American Depositary Shares. Citibank’s depositary offices are located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013. American Depositary Shares are frequently referred to as “ADSs” and represent ownership interests in securities that are on deposit with the depositary. ADSs may be represented by certificates that are commonly known as “American Depositary Receipts” or “ADRs.” The depositary typically appoints a custodian to safekeep the securities on deposit. In this case, the custodian is Citibank Europe plc, located at 1 North Wall Quay, North Dock, Dublin, Ireland.
We have appointed Citibank as depositary pursuant to a deposit agreement. A copy of the deposit agreement is on file with the SEC under cover of a Registration Statement on Form F-6. You may obtain a copy of the deposit agreement from the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 and from the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov). Please refer to Registration Number 333- 273204 when retrieving such copy.
We are providing you with a summary description of the material terms of the ADSs and of your material rights as an owner of ADSs. Please remember that summaries by their nature lack the precision of the information summarized and that the rights and obligations of an owner of ADSs will be determined by reference to the terms of the deposit agreement and not by this summary. We urge you to review the deposit agreement in its entirety. The portions of this summary description that are italicized describe matters that may be relevant to the ownership of ADSs but that may not be contained in the deposit agreement.
Each ADS represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial ownership interests in five ordinary shares that are on deposit with the depositary and/or custodian. An ADS also represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial interests in, any other property received by the depositary or the custodian on behalf of the owner of the ADS but that has not been distributed to the owners of ADSs because of legal restrictions or practical considerations. We and the depositary may agree to change the ADS-to-Share ratio by amending the deposit agreement. This amendment may give rise to, or change, the depositary fees payable by ADS owners. The custodian, the depositary and their respective nominees will hold all deposited property for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of ADSs. The deposited property does not constitute the proprietary assets of the depositary, the custodian or their nominees. Beneficial ownership in the deposited property will under the terms of the deposit agreement be vested in the beneficial owners of the ADSs. The depositary, the custodian and their respective nominees will be the record holders of the deposited property represented by the ADSs for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of the corresponding ADSs. A beneficial owner of ADSs may or may not be the holder of ADSs. Beneficial owners of ADSs will be able to receive, and to exercise beneficial ownership interests in, the deposited property only through the registered holders of the ADSs, the registered holders of the ADSs (on behalf of the applicable ADS owners) only through the depositary, and the depositary (on behalf of the owners of the corresponding ADSs) directly, or indirectly, through the custodian or their respective nominees, in each case upon the terms of the deposit agreement.
If you become an owner of ADSs, you will become a party to the deposit agreement and therefore will be bound to its terms and to the terms of any ADR that represents your ADSs. The deposit agreement and the ADR specify our rights and obligations as well as your rights and obligations as an owner of ADSs and those of the depositary. As an ADS holder you appoint the depositary to act on your behalf in certain circumstances. The deposit agreement and the ADRs are governed by New York law. However, our obligations to the holders of ordinary shares will continue to be governed by the laws of the Kingdom of Spain, which may be different from the laws in the United States.
In addition, applicable laws and regulations may require you to satisfy reporting requirements and obtain regulatory approvals in certain circumstances. You are solely responsible for complying with such reporting requirements and obtaining such approvals. Neither the depositary, the custodian, us or any of their or our respective agents or affiliates shall be required to take any actions whatsoever on your behalf to satisfy such reporting requirements or obtain such regulatory approvals under applicable laws and regulations.
As an owner of ADSs, we will not treat you as one of our shareholders and you will not have direct shareholder rights. The depositary will hold on your behalf the shareholder rights attached to the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. As an owner of ADSs you will be able to exercise the shareholders rights for the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs through the depositary only to the extent contemplated in the deposit agreement. To exercise any shareholder rights not contemplated in the deposit agreement you will, as an ADS owner, need to arrange for the cancellation of your ADSs and become a direct shareholder.
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The manner in which you own the ADSs (e.g., in a brokerage account vs. as registered holder, or as holder of certificated vs. uncertificated ADSs) may affect your rights and obligations, and the manner in which, and extent to which, the depositary’s services are made available to you. As an owner of ADSs, you may hold your ADSs either by means of an ADR registered in your name, through a brokerage or safekeeping account, or through an account established by the depositary in your name reflecting the registration of uncertificated ADSs directly on the books of the depositary (commonly referred to as the “direct registration system” or “DRS”). The direct registration system reflects the uncertificated (book-entry) registration of ownership of ADSs by the depositary. Under the direct registration system, ownership of ADSs is evidenced by periodic statements issued by the depositary to the holders of the ADSs. The direct registration system includes automated transfers between the depositary and The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), the central book-entry clearing and settlement system for equity securities in the United States. If you decide to hold your ADSs through your brokerage or safekeeping account, you must rely on the procedures of your broker or bank to assert your rights as ADS owner. Banks and brokers typically hold securities such as the ADSs through clearing and settlement systems such as DTC. The procedures of such clearing and settlement systems may limit your ability to exercise your rights as an owner of ADSs. Please consult with your broker or bank if you have any questions concerning these limitations and procedures. All ADSs held through DTC will be registered in the name of a nominee of DTC, which nominee will be the only “holder” of such ADSs for purposes of the deposit agreement and any applicable ADR. This summary description assumes you have opted to own the ADSs directly by means of an ADS registered in your name and, as such, we will refer to you as the “holder.” When we refer to “you,” we assume the reader owns ADSs and will own ADSs at the relevant time.
The registration of the ordinary shares in the name of the depositary or the custodian shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, vest in the depositary or the custodian the record ownership in the applicable ordinary shares with the beneficial ownership rights and interests in such ordinary shares being at all times vested with the beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the ordinary shares. The depositary or the custodian shall at all times be entitled to exercise the beneficial ownership rights in all deposited property, in each case only on behalf of the holders and beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the deposited property.
Dividends and Distributions
As a holder of ADSs, you generally have the right to receive the distributions we make on the securities deposited with the custodian. Your receipt of these distributions may be limited, however, by practical considerations and legal limitations. Holders of ADSs will receive such distributions under the terms of the deposit agreement in proportion to the number of ADSs held as of the specified record date, after deduction of the applicable fees, taxes and expenses.
Distributions of Cash
Whenever we make a cash distribution for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the funds with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of the deposit of the requisite funds, the depositary will arrange for the funds received in a currency other than U.S. dollars to be converted into U.S. dollars and for the distribution of the U.S. dollars to the holders, subject to laws and regulations of the Kingdom of Spain.
The conversion into U.S. dollars will take place only if practicable and if the U.S. dollars are transferable to the United States. The depositary will apply the same method for distributing the proceeds of the sale of any property (such as undistributed rights) held by the custodian in respect of securities on deposit.
The distribution of cash will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. The depositary will hold any cash amounts it is unable to distribute in a non-interest-bearing account for the benefit of the applicable holders and beneficial owners of ADSs until the distribution can be effected or the funds that the depositary holds must be escheated as unclaimed property in accordance with the laws of the relevant states of the United States.
Distributions of Shares
Whenever we make a free distribution of ordinary shares for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the applicable number of ordinary shares with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary will either distribute to holders new ADSs representing the ordinary shares deposited or modify the ADS-to-ordinary shares ratio, in which case each ADS you hold will represent rights and interests in the additional ordinary shares so deposited. Only whole new ADSs will be distributed. Fractional entitlements will be sold and the proceeds of such sale will be distributed as in the case of a cash distribution.
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The distribution of new ADSs or the modification of the ADS-to-ordinary shares ratio upon a distribution of ordinary shares will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes or governmental charges, the depositary may sell all or a portion of the new ordinary shares so distributed.
No such distribution of new ADSs will be made if it would violate a law (e.g., the U.S. securities laws) or if it is not operationally practicable. If the depositary does not distribute new ADSs as described above, it may sell the ordinary shares received upon the terms described in the deposit agreement and will distribute the proceeds of the sale as in the case of a distribution of cash.
Distributions of Rights
Whenever we intend to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ordinary shares, we will give prior notice to the depositary and we will assist the depositary in determining whether it is lawful and reasonably practicable to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders.
The depositary will establish procedures to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders and to enable such holders to exercise such rights if it is lawful and reasonably practicable to make the rights available to holders of ADSs, and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement (such as opinions to address the lawfulness of the transaction). You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges to subscribe for the new ADSs upon the exercise of your rights. The depositary is not obligated to establish procedures to facilitate the distribution and exercise by holders of rights to subscribe for new ordinary shares other than in the form of ADSs.
The depositary will notdistribute the rights to you if:
The depositary will sell the rights that are not exercised or not distributed if such a sale is lawful and reasonably practicable. The proceeds of such a sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution. If the depositary is unable to sell the rights, it will allow the rights to lapse.
Elective Distributions
Whenever we intend to distribute a dividend payable at the election of shareholders either in cash or in additional shares, we will give prior notice thereof to the depositary and will indicate whether we wish the elective distribution to be made available to you. In such case, we will assist the depositary in determining whether such distribution is lawful and reasonably practicable.
The depositary will make the election available to you only if it is reasonably practicable and if we have provided all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement. In such case, the depositary will establish procedures to enable you to elect to receive either cash or additional ADSs, in each case as described in the deposit agreement.
If the election is not made available to you, you will receive either cash or additional ADSs, depending on what a shareholder in the Kingdom of Spain would receive upon failing to make an election, as more fully described in the deposit agreement.
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Other Distributions
Whenever we intend to distribute property other than cash, ordinary shares or rights to subscribe for additional ordinary shares, we will notify the depositary in advance and will indicate whether we wish such distribution to be made to you. If so, we will assist the depositary in determining whether such distribution to holders is lawful and reasonably practicable.
If it is reasonably practicable to distribute such property to you and if we provide to the depositary all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary will distribute the property to the holders in a manner it deems practicable.
The distribution will be made net of fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes and governmental charges, the depositary may sell all or a portion of the property received.
The depositary will not distribute the property to you and will sell the property if:
Redemption
Whenever we decide to redeem any of the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will notify the depositary in advance. If it is practicable and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary will provide notice of the redemption to the holders.
The custodian will be instructed to surrender the shares being redeemed against payment of the applicable redemption price. The depositary will convert into U.S. dollars upon the terms of the deposit agreement the redemption funds received in a currency other than U.S. dollars and will establish procedures to enable holders to receive the net proceeds from the redemption upon surrender of their ADSs to the depositary. You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges upon the redemption of your ADSs. If less than all ADSs are being redeemed, the ADSs to be retired will be selected by lot or on a pro rata basis, as the depositary may determine.
Changes Affecting Ordinary Shares
The ordinary shares held on deposit for your ADSs may change from time to time. For example, there may be a change in nominal or par value, split-up, cancellation, consolidation or any other reclassification of such ordinary shares or a recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of assets of the Company.
If any such change were to occur, your ADSs would, to the extent permitted by law and the deposit agreement, represent the right to receive the property received or exchanged in respect of the ordinary shares held on deposit. The depositary may in such circumstances deliver new ADSs to you, amend the deposit agreement, the ADRs and the applicable Registration Statement(s) on Form F-6, call for the exchange of your existing ADSs for new ADSs and take any other actions that are appropriate to reflect as to the ADSs the change affecting the Shares. If the depositary may not lawfully distribute such property to you, the depositary may sell such property and distribute the net proceeds to you as in the case of a cash distribution.
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Issuance of ADSs Upon Deposit of Ordinary Shares
Upon completion of the initial public offering, the ordinary shares offered pursuant to our registration statement were deposited by us with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary issued ADSs to the underwriters of our initial public offering.
The depositary may create ADSs on your behalf if you or your broker deposit ordinary shares with the custodian. The depositary will deliver these ADSs to the person you indicate only after you pay any applicable issuance fees and any charges and taxes payable for the transfer of the ordinary shares to the custodian. Your ability to deposit ordinary shares and receive ADSs may be limited by U.S. and Spanish legal considerations applicable at the time of deposit.
The issuance of ADSs may be delayed until the depositary or the custodian receives confirmation that all required approvals have been given and that the ordinary shares have been duly transferred to the custodian. The depositary will only issue ADSs in whole numbers.
When you make a deposit of ordinary shares, you will be responsible for transferring good and valid title to the depositary. As such, you will be deemed to represent and warrant that:
If any of the representations or warranties are incorrect in any way, we and the depositary may, at your cost and expense, take any and all actions necessary to correct the consequences of the misrepresentations.
Transfer, Combination and Split Up of ADRs
As an ADR holder, you will be entitled to transfer, combine or split up your ADRs and the ADSs evidenced thereby. For transfers of ADRs, you will have to surrender the ADRs to be transferred to the depositary and also must:
To have your ADRs either combined or split up, you must surrender the ADRs in question to the depositary with your request to have them combined or split up, and you must pay all applicable fees, charges and expenses payable by ADR holders, pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon a combination or split up of ADRs.
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Withdrawal of Ordinary Shares Upon Cancellation of ADSs
As a holder, you will be entitled to present your ADSs to the depositary for cancellation and then receive the corresponding number of underlying ordinary shares at the custodian’s offices. Your ability to withdraw the ordinary shares held in respect of the ADSs may be limited by law considerations in the United States and the Kingdom of Spain applicable at the time of withdrawal. In order to withdraw the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs, you will be required to pay he depositary the fees for cancellation of ADSs and any charges and taxes payable upon the transfer of the ordinary shares. You assume the risk for delivery of all funds and securities upon withdrawal. Once canceled, the ADSs will not have any rights under the deposit agreement.
If you hold ADSs registered in your name, the depositary may ask you to provide proof of identity and genuineness of any signature and such other documents as the depositary may deem appropriate before it will cancel your ADSs. The withdrawal of the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs may be delayed until the depositary receives satisfactory evidence of compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Please keep in mind that the depositary will only accept ADSs for cancellation that represent a whole number of securities on deposit.
You will have the right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs at any time except for:
The deposit agreement may not be modified to impair your right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs except to comply with mandatory provisions of law.
Voting Rights
As a holder, you generally have the right under the deposit agreement to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights for the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. The voting rights of holders of ordinary shares are described in “Description of Share Capital - Shareholders’ Meetings and Voting Rights”.
At our request, the depositary will distribute to you any notice of shareholders’ meeting received from us together with information explaining how to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights of the securities represented by ADSs. In lieu of distributing such materials, the depositary may distribute to holders of ADSs instructions on how to retrieve such materials upon request.
If the depositary timely receives voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, it will endeavor to vote the securities (in person or by proxy) represented by the holder’s ADSs in accordance with such voting instructions.
Securities for which no voting instructions have been received will not be voted (except as otherwise contemplated in the deposit agreement). If the depositary does not receive timely voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, such holder shall be deemed to have instructed the depositary to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us to vote the deposited securities represented by such ADSs in any manner such person wishes, which may not be in your best interests; provided, however, that no such discretionary proxy shall be given with respect to any matter to be voted upon as to which we inform the depositary that (a) we do not wish such proxy to be given, (b) substantial opposition exists, or (c) the rights of holders of deposited securities may be adversely affected. Please note that the ability of the depositary to carry out voting instructions may be limited by practical and legal limitations and the terms of the securities on deposit. We cannot assure you that you will receive voting materials in time to enable you to return voting instructions to the depositary in a timely manner.
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Fees and Charges
As an ADS holder, you will be required to pay the following fees under the terms of the deposit agreement:
As an ADS holder you will also be responsible to pay certain charges such as:
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ADS fees and charges for (i) the issuance of ADSs, and (ii) the cancellation of ADSs are charged to the person for whom the ADSs are issued (in the case of ADS issuances) and to the person for whom ADSs are cancelled (in the case of ADS cancellations). In the case of ADSs issued by the depositary into DTC, the ADS issuance and cancellation fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC participant(s) receiving the ADSs being issued or the DTC participant(s) holding the ADSs being cancelled, as the case may be, on behalf of the beneficial owner(s) and will be charged by the DTC participant(s) to the account of the applicable beneficial owner(s) in accordance with the procedures and practices of the DTC participants as in effect at the time. ADS fees and charges in respect of distributions and the ADS service fee are charged to the holders as of the applicable ADS record date. In the case of distributions of cash, the amount of the applicable ADS fees and charges is deducted from the funds being distributed. In the case of (i) distributions other than cash and (ii) the ADS service fee, holders as of the ADS record date will be invoiced for the amount of the ADS fees and charges and such ADS fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made to holders of ADSs. For ADSs held through DTC, the ADS fees and charges for distributions other than cash and the ADS service fee may be deducted from distributions made through DTC and may be charged to the DTC participants in accordance with the procedures and practices prescribed by DTC and the DTC participants in turn charge the amount of such ADS fees and charges to the beneficial owners for whom they hold ADSs. In the case of (i) registration of ADS transfers, the ADS transfer fee will be payable by the ADS Holder whose ADSs are being transferred or by the person to whom the ADSs are transferred, and (ii) conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series, the ADS conversion fee will be payable by the Holder whose ADSs are converted or by the person to whom the converted ADSs are delivered.
In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder. Certain depositary fees and charges (such as the ADS services fee) may become payable shortly after the closing of the ADS offering. Note that the fees and charges you may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. You will receive prior notice of such changes. The depositary may reimburse us for certain expenses incurred by us in respect of the ADR program, by making available a portion of the ADS fees charged in respect of the ADR program or otherwise, upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary agree from time to time.
Amendments and Termination
We may agree with the depositary to modify the deposit agreement at any time without your consent. We undertake to give holders of ADSs 30 days’ prior notice of any modifications that would materially prejudice any of their substantial rights under the deposit agreement. We will not consider to be materially prejudicial to your substantial rights any modifications or supplements that are reasonably necessary for the ADSs to be registered under the Securities Act or to be eligible for book-entry settlement, in each case without imposing or increasing the fees and charges you are required to pay. In addition, we may not be able to provide you with prior notice of any modifications or supplements that are required to accommodate compliance with applicable provisions of law.
You will be bound by the modifications to the deposit agreement if you continue to hold your ADSs after the modifications to the deposit agreement become effective. The deposit agreement cannot be amended to prevent you from withdrawing the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs (except as permitted by law).
We have the right to direct the depositary to terminate the deposit agreement. Similarly, the depositary may in certain circumstances on its own initiative terminate the deposit agreement. In either case, the depositary must give notice to the holders at least 30 days before termination. Until termination, your rights under the deposit agreement will be unaffected.
After termination, the depositary will continue to collect distributions received (but will not distribute any such property until you request the cancellation of your ADSs) and may sell the securities held on deposit. After the sale, the depositary will hold the proceeds from such sale and any other funds then held for the holders of ADSs in a non-interest bearing account. At that point, the depositary will have no further obligations to holders other than to account for the funds then held for the holders of ADSs still outstanding (after deduction of applicable fees, taxes and expenses).
In connection with any termination of the deposit agreement, the depositary may make available to owners of ADSs a means to withdraw the ordinary shares represented by ADSs and to direct the depositary of such ordinary shares into an unsponsored American depositary share program established by the depositary. The ability to receive unsponsored American depositary shares upon termination of the deposit agreement would be subject to satisfaction of certain U.S. regulatory requirements applicable to the creation of unsponsored American depositary shares and the payment of applicable depositary fees.
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Books of Depositary
The depositary will maintain ADS holder records at its depositary office. You may inspect such records at such office during regular business hours but solely for the purpose of communicating with other holders in the interest of business matters relating to the ADSs and the deposit agreement.
The depositary will maintain in New York facilities to record and process the issuance, cancellation, combination, split-up and transfer of ADSs. These facilities may be closed from time to time, to the extent not prohibited by law.
Transmission of Notices, Reports and Proxy Soliciting Material
The depositary will make available for your inspection at its office all communication that it receives from us as a holder of deposited securities that we make generally available to holders of deposited securities. Subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, the depositary will send you copies of those communications or otherwise make those communications available to you if we ask it to.
Limitations on Obligations and Liabilities
The deposit agreement limits our obligations and the depositary’s obligations to you. Please note the following:
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As the above limitations relate to our obligations and the depositary’s obligations to you under the deposit agreement, we believe that, as a matter of construction of the clause, such limitations would likely to continue to apply to ADS holders who withdraw the ordinary shares from the ADS facility with respect to obligations or liabilities incurred under the deposit agreement before the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the ordinary shares, and such limitations would most likely not apply to ADS holders who withdraw the ordinary shares from the ADS facility with respect to obligations or liabilities incurred after the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the ordinary shares and not under the deposit agreement.
In any event, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. In fact, you cannot waive our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
Taxes
You will be responsible for the taxes and other governmental charges payable on the ADSs and the securities represented by the ADSs. We, the depositary and the custodian may deduct from any distribution the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders and may sell any and all property on deposit to pay the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders. You will be liable for any deficiency if the sale proceeds do not cover the taxes that are due.
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The depositary may refuse to issue ADSs, to deliver, transfer, split and combine ADRs or to release securities on deposit until all taxes and charges are paid by the applicable holder. The depositary and the custodian may take reasonable administrative actions to obtain tax refunds and reduced tax withholding for any distributions on your behalf. However, you may be required to provide to the depositary and to the custodian proof of taxpayer status and residence and such other information as the depositary and the custodian may be required to fulfill legal obligations. You are required to indemnify us, the depositary and the custodian for any claims with respect to taxes based on any tax benefit obtained for you.
Foreign Currency Conversion
The depositary will arrange for the conversion of all foreign currency received into U.S. dollars if such conversion is practical, and it will distribute the U.S. dollars in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. You may have to pay fees and expenses incurred in converting foreign currency, such as fees and expenses incurred in complying with currency exchange controls and other governmental requirements.
If the conversion of foreign currency is not practical or lawful, or if any required approvals are denied or not obtainable at a reasonable cost or within a reasonable period, the depositary may take the following actions in its discretion:
Governing Law/Waiver of Jury Trial
The deposit agreement, the ADRs and the ADSs will be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. The rights of holders of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs) are governed by the laws of the Kingdom of Spain.
As an owner of ADSs, you irrevocably agree that any legal action arising out of the Deposit Agreement, the ADSs or the ADRs, involving the Company or the Depositary, may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York.
AS A PARTY TO THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT, YOU IRREVOCABLY WAIVE, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, YOUR RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT OR THE ADRs AGAINST US AND/OR THE DEPOSITARY.
The deposit agreement provides that, to the extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our ordinary shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under U.S. federal securities laws. If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable in the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable case law. However, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
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PART II
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITIES HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Material Modifications to the Rights of Securities Holders
There have been no material modifications to the rights of our security holders.
Use of Proceeds
For the period from September 2023, the date that the F-1 Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC, to December 31, 2025, the following is our reasonable estimate of the uses of the proceeds from the IPO:
There has not been any material change in the planned use of proceeds from the initial public offering as described in the prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4) under the Securities Act.
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of December 31, 2025 (the “Evaluation Date”), the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision of and with the participation of management, including the Company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon this evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that as of the Evaluation Date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that all material information required to be included in our reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission and to ensure that information required to be disclosed is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decision regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
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Because of its inherent limitations, a system of internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to consolidated financial statement preparation and presentation and may not prevent or detect misstatements, Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, using criteria established in the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, or COSO. Management concluded, based on its evaluation, that internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes.
The Board of Directors is responsible for reviewing and approving the consolidated financial statements and MD&A and ensuring that management fulfills its responsibilities for financial reporting and internal control. The Board of Directors carries out these responsibilities primarily through the Audit Committee, which consists of independent, non-management directors. The Audit Committee meets with management at least four times a year and meets independently with internal and external auditors and as a group to review any significant accounting, internal control and auditing matters in accordance with the terms of the Charter of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee’s responsibilities include overseeing management’s performance in carrying out its financial reporting responsibilities and reviewing the annual report, including the consolidated financial statements and MD&A, before these documents are submitted to the Board of Directors for approval. The internal and independent external auditors have access to the Audit Committee without the requirement to obtain prior management approval. The Audit Committee approves the terms of engagement of the independent external auditors and reviews the annual audit plan, the Auditors’ Report and the results of the audit. It also recommends to the Board of Directors the firm of external auditors to be appointed by the shareholders. The shareholders have appointed TAAD, LLP as independent external auditors to express an opinion as to whether the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows in accordance with IFRS. The reports of TAAD, LLP outline the scope of its examinations and its opinions on the consolidated financial statements.
Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm
Because the Company is a non-accelerated filer, this annual report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Except as described above, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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ITEM 16. [RESERVED]
ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
Our Board of Directors has determined that Monika Mikac is the “Audit Committee Financial Expert,” as such term is defined in Item 407(d) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC and also meets NASDAQ’s financial sophistication requirements. She is an “independent director” as defined by the rules and regulations of NASDAQ.
ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS
Our code of conduct and business ethics conforms to the rules and regulations of NASDAQ. The code of conduct and business ethics applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer, and addresses, among other things, honesty and ethical conduct, conflicts of interest, compliance with laws, regulations and policies, including disclosure requirements under the federal securities laws, confidentiality, trading on inside information, and reporting of violations of the code. A copy of conduct and business ethics has been filed as an exhibit to our Registration Statement on Form F-1, File No. 333-273198, as amended. The Company will provide any person a copy of its code of ethics, without charge, upon request. Such request should be addressed to the Company at Street Plaza de América, 2 – 4º A-B – 46004 Valencia, Valencia, Spain 46004.
ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with services rendered by our principal external auditors for the periods indicated.
“Audit Fees” consisted of the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered for the audit of our annual financial statements or services that are normally provided by the accountant in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.
“Audit-related fees” means fees billed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors associated with certain due diligence projects.
“Tax Fees” consisted of the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning. Included in such Tax Fees were fees for preparation of our tax returns and consultancy and advice on other tax planning matters.
Our Board of Directors pre-approves all auditing services and permitted non-audit services to be performed for us by our independent auditor, including the fees and terms thereof (subject to the de minimums exceptions for non-audit services described in Section 10A(i)(l)(B) of the Exchange Act that are approved by our Board of Directors prior to the completion of the audit). The percentage of services provided for which we paid audit-related fees, tax fees, or other fees that were approved by our Board of Directors pursuant to paragraph (c)(7)(i)(C) of Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the SEC was 100%.
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ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
There were no purchases of equity securities made by or on behalf of us or any “affiliated purchaser” as defined in Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act during the period covered by this Annual Report.
ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, we were a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq Listing Rules, where more than 50% of the voting power of our securities for the election of directors was held by an individual, group or another company and, as a result, qualified for and relied on exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance requirements, including, without limitation (i) the requirement that to hold an annual meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of its fiscal year; (ii) the requirement of having a majority of independent directors; (iii) the requirement that the compensation of our officers be determined or recommended to our Board of Directors by a compensation committee that is comprised solely of independent directors, and (iv) the requirement that director nominees be selected or recommended to the Board of Directors by a majority of independent directors or a nominating and corporate governance committee comprised solely of independent directors. Since we relied on the “controlled company” exemption, we were not required to have a majority of independent directors on our board, or a compensation committee or a nominating and corporate governance committee composed solely of independent directors.
ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.
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ITEM 16J. INSIDER TRADING POLICIES
We are committed to compliance with laws and regulations and to financial integrity. We have adopted an insider trading policy that governs the purchase, sale and other dispositions of Turbo Energy’s securities by directors, management and employees that is reasonably designed to promote compliance with applicable trading laws, rules and regulations and listing standards. A copy of the policy is included as Exhibit 11.2 to this annual report on Form 20-F.
ITEM 16K. CYBERSECURITY
Risk Management and Strategy
We have implemented comprehensive cybersecurity risk assessment procedures to ensure effectiveness in cybersecurity management, strategy and governance and risk identification.We have also integrated cybersecurity risk management into our overall enterprise risk management system.
We have developed a comprehensive cybersecurity threat defense system to address both internal and external threats. This system encompasses various levels, including network, host and application security and incorporates systematic security capabilities for threat defense, monitoring, analysis, response, deception and countermeasures. We strive to manage cybersecurity risks and protect sensitive information through various means, such as technical safeguards, procedural requirements, an intensive program of monitoring on our corporate network, continuous testing of aspects of our security posture internally and with outside vendors, a robust incident response program and regular cybersecurity awareness training for employees. Our IT department regularly monitors the performance of our apps, platforms and infrastructure to enable us to respond quickly to potential problems, including potential cybersecurity threats.
As of the date of this annual report, we have not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents or identified any material cybersecurity threats that have affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.
Governance
Our Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing cybersecurity risks. When appropriate, periodic reviews are held to discuss the landscape of cybersecurity, potential threats, and our preparedness for potential cybersecurity threats and risks to our Company. In case a material cybersecurity occurs, our Board of Directors is responsible for reviewing the information and issues involved, disclosures to be made, and the procedures followed. Our Chief Technology Officer, Ruben Sousa and his team, have many years of experience in the field. Mr. Sousa reports to our CEO and provides periodic updates to our CEO and the Board of Directors on any material cybersecurity incidents or material risks arising from cybersecurity threats.
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PART III
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We have elected to provide our financial statements pursuant to Item 18.
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The full text of our audited consolidated financial statements begins on page F-1 of this annual report.
ITEM 19. EXHIBITS
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Turbo Energy, S.A. Second Amended and Restated Insider Trading Policy
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SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.
Date: May 15, 2026
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Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Years Ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023
(Expressed in Euro)
INDEX TO AUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
F-1
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Turbo Energy S.A.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Turbo Energy S.A. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with the International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
F-2
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations
F-4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023
NOTE 1 – ENTITY INFORMATION
Turbo Energy, S.A. (the “Company) was incorporated under the name of Distritech Solutions S.L. on September 18, 2013 under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain. The Company then changed its name to Solar Rocket S.L. on October 7, 2013. On April 8, 2021, Solar Rocket S.L. merged with a Spanish corporation Turbo Energy S.L.U. Turbo Energy S.L.U then became a wholly owned subsidiary of Solar Rocket S.L. This merger was approved by the Board of Directors of both companies. Following the merger, the Company changed its name to Turbo Energy S.L. on April 8, 2021. On February 8, 2023, we transformed the Company from a Spanish unipersonal limited company to a Spanish limited stock company. As such, our Company’s name was changed to Turbo Energy, S.A.
The corporate purpose of the Company, in accordance with its bylaws, consists of the acquisition, distribution and sale of electrical and electronic material for the development of renewable energy projects, such as solar panels, inverters, chargers, regulators, batteries and structures, among others. We design, develop and distribute equipment for the generation, management and storage of photovoltaic energy. Our energy storage products are managed from the cloud and through the inverter of the installation by an advanced software system which is optimized by artificial intelligence (“AI”). The key advantage is that our products, when compared to conventional battery storage systems, reduce electricity costs and protect the installation from power outages. Historically, we have primarily sold inverters, batteries and photovoltaic modules to installers and other distributors for residential consumers located in Spain; however, since 2022, we have shifted our focus on developing and commercializing all-in-one, AI-optimized solar energy storage systems under the brand name SUNBOX with applications in the global residential (SUNBOX Home and SUNBOX Home Lite), commercial and industrial (SUNBOX Industry) and utility-scale (SUNBOX Utility) markets.
The Company is part of the Umbrella Global Energy, S.A., whose main shareholder is Crocodile Investment, S.L.U, (hereinafter, the ultimate partner), with registered office in Valencia. The majority shareholder of the Turbo Energy, S.A is Umbrella Global Energy, S.A. (hereinafter, the majority shareholder), which is part of the Umbrella Global Energy Group.
On November 8, 2022, Turbo Energy S.A. with the purpose to develop a new business in the field of self-consumption of electricity, acquired 100% of the ordinary shares for a total amount of €2,250 of IM2 Energía Solar Proyecto 35 S.L.U., a company under common control by our CEO and established under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain on August 1, 2019. Following the transaction, IM2 Energía Solar Proyecto 35 S.L.U. became our wholly owned subsidiary. On November 29, 2022, we changed its name to Turbo Energy Solutions S.L.U.
On September 21, 2023, Turbo Energy, S.A. entered into an Underwriting Agreement with Titan Partners Group, a division of American Capital Partners, LLC, and Boustead Securities, LLC as the as the representative (“Representative”) of the underwriters named on Schedule 1 thereto, relating to the Company’s firm commitment underwritten initial public offering (the “Offering”) of ADSs, each representing five ordinary shares of the Company, par value five cents of euro per share, of the Company. Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company agreed to sell1,000,000 ADSs to the underwriters at a public offering price of $5.00 per ADS (the “Offering Price”), before underwriting discounts and commissions, and granted the Representative a 45-day over-allotment option to purchase up to an additional 150,000 ADSs, equivalent to 15% of the ADSs sold in the Offering, at the Offering Price per ADS, pursuant to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-273198), that was filed with the SEC and became effective on September 21, 2023, under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The Offering was closed on September 26, 2023.
On September 6, 2024 Turbo Energy established a 50%-owned subsidiary in Chile for the development of storage solutions and Energy as a services (EaaS) model products and services.
Merger by absorption process
On April 8, 2021, the merger of Solar Rocket, S.L. (“Absorbing Company”) and Turbo Energy, S.L.U. (“Absorbed Company”) was formalized in a public deed, being registered in the Mercantile Registry of Valencia on August 9, 2021. The merger process, approved by the respective shareholders’ meetings on June 30, 2020, consisted of the extinction without liquidation of the Absorbed Company, transferring its assets and liabilities en bloc to the Absorbing Company, which acquired, by universal succession, the rights and obligations of the Absorbed Company. The Company recorded the assets and liabilities contributed by the Absorbed company at the values established in the accounting regulations in force at that time. The consolidated financial statements for the year 2021 include the information required by the regulations in relation to the aforementioned merger process.
On the same date of the merger described above, the Absorbing Company (Solar Rocket, S.L.) changed its corporate name to Turbo Energy, S.L.U., as described above.
F-7
NOTE 2 – MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Statement of compliance
The consolidated financial statements of Turbo Energy, S.A. have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) and interpretations issued by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (“IFRS IC”) applicable to companies reporting under IFRS. The consolidated financial statements comply with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).
These consolidated financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors of the Company on May 12th, 2026.
Basis of presentation
The consolidated financial statements of the Company were prepared on a historical cost basis except where certain financial instruments are required to be measured at fair value. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared using the accrual basis of accounting, except for cash flow information.
The consolidated financial statements are presented in Euro, which is the Company’s functional currency. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are recorded in accordance with the policies stated under Foreign Currency Transaction in Note 2.
Reclassification
Certain amounts from prior period have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on reported operating and net loss.
Revenue recognition
The Company designs, develops, and distributes equipment for the generation, management and storage of photovoltaic energy. Our energy storage products are managed from the cloud and through the inverter of the installation by an advanced software system which is optimized by artificial intelligence (“AI”). The key advantage is that our products, when compared to conventional battery storage systems, reduce electricity costs and protect the installation from power outages.
Historically, the Company’s revenue has been primarily generated from sales of inverters, batteries, and photovoltaic modules to installers and other distributors for residential consumers under individual customer purchase orders, some of which have underlying master sales agreements that specify terms governing the product sales. However, since 2022, we have shifted our focus on developing and commercializing all-in-one, AI-optimized solar energy storage systems under the brand name SUNBOX with applications in the global residential (SUNBOX Home and SUNBOX Home Lite), commercial and industrial (SUNBOX Industry) and utility-scale (SUNBOX Utility) markets.
The Company recognizes such revenue at the point in time when control of the products is transferred to the customer at the estimated net consideration for which collection is probable, taking into account the customer’s rights to unit rebates, and rights to return unsold product. This applies to sales to both non-affiliates and related parties.
F-8
Each distinct promise to transfer products is considered to be an identified performance obligation for which revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of the products to the customer. The Company has also elected to record sales commissions when incurred, as the period over which the sales commission asset would have been recognized is less than one year.
Concentration of Revenue by Customer
For the year ended December 31, 2025, there was one customer who comprised greater than 10% of the Company’s revenue which represented 49% of the Company’s revenue.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, there were two customers who comprised greater than 10% of the Company’s revenue which represented 12% of the Company’s revenue.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, there were no customers comprised greater than 10% of the Company’s revenue.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash consists of highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had cash of €493,129 and €2,384,625, respectively. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had cash equivalents of €0 and €1,000,000 for short-term investment with three-months maturity.
The Company minimizes the concentration of credit risk associated with its cash by maintaining its cash with high-quality insured financial institutions. However, cash balances in excess of the Spanish government insured limit (Fondo de Garantía de Depósitos (FDG)) of €100,000 are at risk.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in its existing accounts receivable.
The Company will run credit checks on all customers that request term payment.
Under receivable factoring arrangements, the Company sells certain accounts receivable with recourse, in order to accelerate the receipt of cash. Because the Company is still at risk of credit losses, the receivables are not derecognized, and any proceeds received are recorded as financial liabilities.
Factor liability
During October 2025, the Company was party to a purchase and sale agreement with an unrelated lender (the “Factor”) whereby the Factor purchase certain accounts receivable for a purchase price of up to 80% of the face amount, which is paid to the Company in the form of a cash advance. A commission charge of 0.35% and annual interest of EURIBOR + 3.45% applied. Under the factoring arrangement, the Company must buy back any invoices that the Factor is unable to collect payment on. Accordingly, pursuant to IFRS 9, the Company recognizes a factoring liability to the lender until the accounts receivables are collected. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the factoring liability was €128,233 and €0 recorded under accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the balance sheet, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the costs incurred by the Company in connection with factoring activities were €14,579 and €0, respectively.
F-9
Inventories
Inventories are valued at their acquisition cost, production cost or net realizable value, whichever is lower. Discounts for prompt payment are included as a lower price, whether or not they appear on the invoice and assigning value to its inventories. The Company adopts the weighted average price method.
Net realizable value represents the estimated sales price less all estimated costs that will be incurred in the process of commercialization, sales and distribution.
The Company makes the appropriate valuation adjustments, recording impairment expense when the net realizable value of the inventories is less than their acquisition cost.
Property and equipment
Property and equipment is recognized and subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses, if any. When components of property and equipment have different useful lives they are accounted for separately. Depreciation is provided at rates which are calculated to write off the assets over their estimated useful lives as follows:
Intangible assets
Acquired intangible assets are initially measured at cost. Following the initial recognition, intangible assets are measured at cost less any accumulated amortization and any impairment losses. The useful lives of intangible assets are either definite or indefinite. Intangible assets that have a finite useful life are amortized over the assessed useful economic life and are assessed for impairment when there are any indicators present that the intangible asset may be impaired. The Company reviews the amortization period and method at least annually, and any changes are treated as changes in accounting estimates and applied prospectively.
Computer applications and webpages are amortized over estimated useful lives of three years and Software is amortized over estimated useful lives of five years.
Leases
The determination of whether an arrangement is, or contains, a lease is based on the substance of the agreement on the inception date.
As a lessee, the Company recognizes a lease obligation and a right-of-use asset in the statements of financial position on a present-value basis at the date when the leased asset is available for use. Each lease payment is apportioned between a finance charge and a reduction of the lease obligation. Finance charges are recognized in finance cost in the statements of income and comprehensive income. The right of-use assets are depreciated over the shorter of its estimated useful life and the lease term on a straight-line basis.
Lease obligations are initially measured at the net present value of the following lease payments:
F-10
Lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease, or if this rate cannot be determined, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Right-of-use assets are initially measured at cost comprising the following:
Payments associated with short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognized on a straight-line basis as an expense in the statements of income and comprehensive income. Short-term leases are leases with a lease term of 12 months or less.
Share capital
Ordinary shares are classified as equity, net of transaction costs directly attributable to the issue of ordinary shares.
Ordinary shares issued for consideration other than cash are based on their market value at the date the ordinary shares are issued.
Restricted Stock Units
The 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) administrator may award restricted stock units which represent the right to receive common stock at a future date in accordance with the terms of such grant upon the attainment of certain conditions specified by the Plan administrator. Restrictions or conditions could include, but are not limited to, the attainment of performance goals, continuous service with the Company or its subsidiaries, the passage of time or other restrictions or conditions. The Plan administrator determines the persons to whom grants of restricted stock units are made, the number of restricted stock units to be awarded, the time or times within which awards of restricted stock units may be subject to forfeiture, the vesting schedule, and rights to acceleration thereof, and all other terms and conditions of the restricted stock unit awards. The value of the restricted stock units may be paid in common stock, cash, other securities, other property, or a combination of the foregoing, as determined by the Plan administrator.
Share-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for share-based compensation under the fair value method in accordance with IFRS 2, “Share-based Payment,” which requires all such compensation to employees and non-employees to be calculated based on its fair value of the equity instrument at the grant date and recognized in the earnings over the requisite service or vesting period. (See Note 14)
The Company has incurred a net loss of €1,156,309during the year ended December 31, 2025.
The Company finds itself in a sector where many industry research studies and forecasts have projected large exponential growth in the coming years. Turbo Energy is a consolidated company with more than 10 years of proven experience. In the past three years, we have been making significant investments in research and development to help ensure that we are well positioned to present the markets we serve with highly differentiated value propositions when compared to other companies operating in the solar energy storage sector. To that end, our R&D investments have yielded the commercialization of proprietary, patented and patent pending hardware offerings, which include our line of all-in-one SUNBOX solar energy storage solutions designed for residential, commercial and industrial and utility-scale applications. In addition, we have pioneered leading edge software solutions, which incorporate our advanced AI-powered capabilities for energy management and optimization.
The Company’s existing cash resources are expected to provide sufficient funds to carry out the Company’s planned operations and expansion plan for more than 12 months. Also, the Company is part of the Umbrella Global Energy Group, where its principal Company, the majority shareholder of Turbo Energy, has explicitly expressed its full support to carry out its operational development, in the event such support is needed.
Additionally, after December 31 and prior to the preparation of these financial statements, as described in Note 23, the Company carried out several fundraising transactions in the U.S. market through the issuance of ordinary shares represented by American Depositary Securities (ADSs), using placement structures commonly used in that market, including a Registered Direct Offering (RDO) and subsequent placements under an “at-the-market” (ATM) program. Overall, these transactions resulted in the issuance of approximately 7.8 million shares, equivalent to approximately 1.56 million ADSs, for total gross proceeds of approximately USD 5.0 million.
F-11
Provisions
Provisions are recognized when there is a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, for which it is probable that a transfer of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and where a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Provisions are discounted using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability, if material. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to passage of time (“accretion expense”) is recognized as an expense on the statements of income and comprehensive income.
Income taxes
Foreign currency transactions
The functional currency used by the Company is the Euro. Consequently, operations in currencies other than the Euro are considered to be denominated in foreign currency and are recorded at the exchange rates in force on the dates of the operations.
At year-end, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency are converted by applying the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. The profits or losses revealed are charged directly to the profit and loss account for the year in which they occur.
On each balance sheet date, monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currency are converted at the rates in force on the closing date. Non-monetary items in foreign currency measured in terms of historical cost are converted at the exchange rate on the date of the transaction.
The exchange differences of the monetary items that arise both when liquidating them and when converting them at the closing exchange rate, are recognized in the results of the year, except those that are part of the investment of a business abroad, which are recognized directly in equity net of taxes until the time of its disposal.
Income (Loss) per share
Basic income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing the income attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding in the period. For all periods presented, the income attributable to ordinary shareholders equals the reported income attributable to owners of the Company.
Diluted income per share is calculated by the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the calculation of diluted income per share assumes that the proceeds to be received on the exercise of dilutive share options and warrants are used to repurchase ordinary shares at the average market price during the period.
F-12
For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, restricted stock units were potentially instruments and were not included in the calculation of diluted loss per share as their effect would be antidilutive.
Impairment of non-financial assets
At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets to determine whether there is any indication that the carrying amount is not recoverable. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Management assesses impairment of non-financial assets such as property and equipment and intangible assets. In assessing impairment, management estimates the recoverable amount of each asset or cash generating unit (“CGU”) based on expected future cash flows. The Company has applied judgment in its assessment of the appropriateness of the determination of CGU’s. When measuring expected future cash flows, management makes assumptions about future growth of profits which relate to future events and circumstances. Actual results could vary from these estimated future cash flows. Estimation uncertainty relates to assumptions about future operating results and the application of an appropriate discount rate.
Financial instruments
Financial assets
Financial assets are classified as either financial assets at fair value through profit and loss (“FVTPL”), amortized cost, or fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVTOCI”). The Company determines the classification of its financial assets at initial recognition.
Classification and measurement
Classification determines how financial assets and financial liabilities are accounted for in financial statements and, in particular, how they are measured on an ongoing basis. IFRS 9 Financial Instruments approach for the classification of financial assets is driven by cash flow characteristics and the business model in which an asset is held. This single, principle-based approach replaces prior rule-based requirements. The model also results in a single impairment model being applied to all financial instruments.
Financial assets at FVTPL
Financial assets carried at FVTPL are initially recorded at fair value and transaction costs are expensed in the statements of income and comprehensive income. Realized and unrealized gains and income arising from changes in the fair value of the financial asset held at FVTPL are included in the statements of income and comprehensive income in the period in which they arise. The Company has classified cash as FVTPL.
Financial assets at FVTOCI
Financial assets at FVTOCI are initially recognized at fair value plus transaction costs. Subsequently they are measured at fair value, with gains and losses arising from changes in fair value recognized in other comprehensive income. There is no subsequent reclassification of fair value gains and losses to profit or loss following the derecognition of the investment. There are no financial assets classified as FVTOCI.
Financial assets at amortized cost
Financial assets at amortized cost are initially recognized at fair value, net of transaction costs, and subsequently carried at amortized cost less any impairment. They are classified as current assets or non-current assets based on their maturity date. The Company has classified accounts receivable and amounts due from related parties at amortized cost.
Financial assets are derecognized when they mature or are sold, and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred.
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Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities are classified as either financial liabilities at FVTPL or at amortized cost. The Company determines the classification of its financial liabilities at initial recognition.
Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortized cost, net of transaction costs unless classified as FVTPL. The Company’s accounts payable and accrued liabilities, amounts due to related parties, lease liabilities and bank loans are classified as measured at amortized cost.
The Company’s bank loans were classified as measured at amortized cost at December 31, 2025 and 2024. During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred €37,943, €153,128 and €245,706 of interest on bank loans and lines of credit, respectively.
Fair value measurement
Fair value measurements are made using a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value:
The fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety by reference to its lowest level of significant input. Fair value is based on estimated cash flows, discounted at interest rates for similar instruments.
The carrying amounts shown of the Company’s financial instruments including cash, accounts receivable, inventories, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair value (Level 1) due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.
Impairment of financial assets
The Company assesses at each statement of financial position date whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired.
The Company recognizes expected credit losses (“ECL”) for accounts receivable based on the simplified approach. The simplified approach to the recognition of expected losses does not require the Company to track the changes in credit risk; rather, the Company recognizes a loss allowance based on lifetime expected credit losses at each reporting date from the date of the account receivable.
The Company measures expected credit loss by considering the risk of default over the contract period and incorporates forward-looking information into its measurement. ECLs are a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses.
ECLs are measured as the difference in the present value of the contractual cash flows that are due to the Company under the contract, and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive. The Company assesses all information available, including past due status, and forward looking macro- economic factors in the measurement of the ECLs associated with its assets carried at amortized cost.
The maximum period considered when estimating ECLs is the maximum contractual period over which the Company is exposed to credit risk.
New Accounting Pronouncements
The following accounting standards and amendments have been issued by the IASB or the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee that are not yet effective as of the date of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company intends to adopt such standards upon the mandatory effective date.
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Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current (Amendments to IAS 1)
The amendments to IAS1 provide a more general approach to the classification of liabilities based on the contractual arrangements in place at the reporting date. These amendments are effective for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023. The adoption of the amendments to IAS1 has not had a material effect on the Company’s statements and disclosures.
NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING JUDGEMENTS, ESTIMATES AND ASSUMPTIONS
The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the recognition, measurement and disclosure of amounts reported in these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The reported amounts and note disclosures are determined using management’s best estimates based on assumptions that reflect the most probable set of economic conditions and planned courses of action. Actual results may differ from such estimates. These judgments, estimates and assumptions are reviewed regularly.
The following are significant management judgments, estimates and assumptions used in applying the accounting policies of the Company that have the most significant effect on recognition and measurement of assets, liabilities, income and expenses:
The Company exercises judgment in determining the approximate lease term on a lease-by-lease basis. The Company considers all facts and circumstances that may create an economic incentive to exercise renewal options and also evaluates the economic incentive related to the continuation of existing leaseholds. The Company is also required to estimate specific criteria in order to estimate the carrying amount of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities including the incremental borrowing rate and effective interest rate.
Valuation of accounts receivable
Management monitors the financial stability of its customers and the environment in which they operate to make estimates regarding the likelihood that the individual trade balances will be paid. Credit risks for outstanding customer receivables are regularly assessed and allowances are recorded for estimated losses, if required.
Valuation of inventories
Management makes estimates of future customer demand for products when establishing appropriate provisions for inventory obsolescence. In making these estimates, management considers the age of inventory and profitability of recent sales.
Recoverability of income taxes
The measurement and assessment of income tax assets and liabilities requires management to make judgments in the interpretation and application of the relevant tax laws and estimates of the Company’s abilities to utilize losses carried forward to offset taxes payable on future taxable income. The actual amount of income taxes only becomes final upon filing and acceptance of the tax return by the relevant tax authorities, which occurs subsequent to the issuance of the financial statements.
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Useful life of property and equipment
Changes in the intended use of property and equipment as well as changes in technology or economic conditions may cause the estimated useful life of these assets to change. The change in useful lives could impact the depreciation expense and carrying value of property and equipment.
Useful life of intangible assets
Changes in the intended use of intangible assets with determinable useful lives as well as changes in technology or economic conditions may cause the estimated useful life of these assets to change. The change in useful lives could impact the amortization expense and carrying value of intangible assets.
Terms and Conditions of Restricted Stock Units
Management determines the terms and conditions of Restricted Stock Units (‘RSU”), including the vesting criteria, the form and timing of payment, the time within which RSU may be subject to forfeiture and rights to acceleration thereof.
NOTE 4 – ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AND OTHER RECEIVABLES, NET
Accounts receivable and other receivables as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 are summarized as below:
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the allowance for doubtful accounts was €174,888 and €515,564, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded bad debt expense of €13,214, €138,941 and €84,394, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the change in the allowance for doubtful accounts was due to the Company classified as definitive losses customers previously classified as doubtful in prior years for €353,890. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, €283,457 and €0 trade receivable were under factoring recourse arrangement, respectively.
NOTE 5 – INVENTORIES
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had finished goods of €3,444,184 and €1,951,822, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded a provision for slow moving inventory in the statements of operations of €0, €0 and €312,563, respectively, and recovery on provision on slow moving inventory in the statements of operations of €0, €402,908 and €312,563, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded reversal of impairment on inventory of €0, €452,269and €0, respectively. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, there was a provision for obsolescence of €0 and €0, respectively.
The Company outsourced the management of inventories to a third party with all the inventories located in a warehouse owned by the third party. The Company pays a monthly fee to the warehouse company for insurance coverage of the inventories, as stated in the agreement between both parties.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, due to the flash flooding event in Valencia on October 29, 2024, the Company suffered inventory damage in its warehouse, resulting in an impairment loss on inventory of €2,133,385; but was able to recognize income from insurance coverage on damaged inventory of €1,937,819.
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NOTE 6 – PREPAID EXPENSE
Prepaid expense as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 are summarized as below:
NOTE 7 – INVESTMENTS
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had short-term investment of €34,557 and €52,050, comprised of a short-term commercial deposit of €26,557 and €44,050with an assembling vendor and a short-term commercial deposit with a sales company of €8,000 and €8,000, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized interest income of €3,457, €63,118 and €444 from the investments, respectively.
NOTE 8 – PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Property and equipment as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 are summarized as follows:
During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company acquired property and equipment of €8,748, €126,592 and €28,025, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company disposed property and equipment of €63,496, €0 and €0, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred loss from disposal of property and equipment of €42,761, €0and €0, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded depreciation expense of €24,883, €11,814 and €19,424 respectively.
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NOTE 9 – INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Intangible assets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 are summarized as follows:
During the year ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company made additions to other intangible developments of €631,294, €926,953 and €516,684, respectively. Other intangible developments refer to the development carried out by the company of the Sunbox energy storage system, the SKN1 technology integrator software, which provides control, operational efficiency, and automated energy decision-making, and the SKN2 technology creator software, designed to monitor, manage, and optimize solar installations with storage from a single platform.
During the first semester of 2025, Turbo Energy had ready and already in use the new Turbo Energy software SKN2, as well as the first beta units already in use of the new SUNBOXenergy storage solution developed for the U.S. market. Software development of €1,378,566 was transferred to Software SKN2 upon completion of the development.
During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded amortization expense of €242,118, €49,684 and €49,984, respectively. The Company evaluated intangible assets for impairment for the year ended December 31, 2025 and determined that there are no impairment losses.
NOTE 10 – ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES
Accounts payable and accrued labilities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 are summarized as follows:
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NOTE 11 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Amount due from (to) as of December 31, 2025 are summarized as follows:
Amount due from (to) as of December 31, 2024 are summarized as follows:
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All the amounts due to and from related parties are unsecured, non-interest bearing and due on demand, except for the loan agreement from Umbrella Global Energy, S.A. of €3,800,000. This five-year loan was formalized and signed on June 30, 2023, with a market interest rate of 6.25% per year, payable bi-annually. During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, Turbo Energy received proceed from the loan of €180,000 and €0, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, Turbo Energy repaid €903,733 and €1,300,000, respectively. Also, during the year ended December 31, 2024, €600,000 of the loan was converted to partner contribution. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the loan amount was €1,176,267 and €1,900,000, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, a total amount of €81,320, €183,777 and €118,750 had been paid for interest, respectively.
Transactions with related parties during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were summarized as follows:
Year Ended December 31, 2024
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Year Ended December 31, 2023
Our related party transactions during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 include sales of products or services made to or purchases of products or services from affiliated group companies that are under common control and to associates of such group companies. These transactions include income accrued from the commercial activities of our Company. The purchases relate to merchandise that we sell in its normal course of commercial operations.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company made payment to the related parties of €1,124,328, €2,142,353 and €640,332, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company received advancement from related parties of €212,160, €799,105and €4,214,567, respectively.
Umbrella Global Energy, as the holding company of the group, assumes all structural costs such as those related to human resources, licenses, legal, tax, labor, marketing and other generic structural costs. A margin of 13% is applied to these costs and the resulting amount is distributed to the four most significant companies in the group based on their estimated revenue in the monthly management fees.
During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred management fees to Umbrella Global Energy, S.A. of €350,372, €840,000 and €1,005,434, respectively.
NOTE 12 – DEBT BOND
On August 26, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with Enerfip, a leading France-based crowdfunding platform dedicated to renewable energy projects and regulated by The French Financial Markets Authority and Prudential Control and Resolution Authority (the “Enerfip Agreement”). Pursuant to the Enerfip Agreement, the Company closed on subscriptions by European individual investors, raising total gross proceeds of €2,533,520 (approximately US$1,647,637) through a 36-month simple debt bond with an interest rate of 8.75%. During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company received proceed from debt bond of €1,667,638 and €865,882 and made repayment of debt bond of €219,463 and €0, respectively. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the debt bond was $2,314,057 and 865,882, respectively.
During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, interest expense totaled €196,349, €14,901 and €0, respectively. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the accrued interest was €36,653 and €14,901, respectively.
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NOTE 13 – BANK LOANS
Bank loans as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 are summarized as follows:
The terms and conditions of outstanding bank loans are as follows:
During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred bank loan interest expense of €336, €5,367 and €12,618, respectively.
The Company’s obligations are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company.
Principal repayments to maturity by fiscal year are as follows:
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In addition, the Company maintains the following lines of credit:
As of December 31, 2025
In February 2026, all these line of credit were refinanced on a long-term basis with the aforementioned financial institutions.
As of December 31, 2024
The Company has €3.6 million facility that is unsecured and can be drawn down to meet short-term financing needs. The facility has a maturity of one to three years for the ICO credit lines that renews automatically at the option of the Company. Interest is payable at an average rate of Euribor plus 2.11 basis points. During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred interest expense from line of credit of €37,606, €147,761 and €133,977, respectively.
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NOTE 14 – SHARE CAPITAL
Authorized
The Company has authorized 75,085,700 ordinary shares with a par value of €0.05.
Issuances
On September 22, 2023, the Company announced its initial public offering of 1,000,000 American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), representing 5,000,000 ordinary shares, at a price of $5.00 per ADS to the public for a total of $5,000,000 of gross proceeds to the Company, before deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses (the “Offering”). In connection with the Offering, the American Depositary Shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “TURB.” During December 2023, the Company issued 5,000,000 ordinary shares from the initial public offering for proceeds of €3,354,781, net of share offering costs and underwriting cost of €1,350,200.
During December 2022, we issued 50,000,000 ordinary shares (pre-stock split: 2,500,000 shares) for proceeds of €2,500,000, to our parent company, who was also our sole shareholder at that time.
The Company has reflected the issuance of ordinary shares for all periods presented due to their nominal value, relative to the Offering. The Company accounted for the proceeds as share capital in the year ended December 31, 2022. Earnings per share and ordinary shares outstanding have been retroactively reflected to show this issuance from the earliest period reported.
Stock Split
In February 2023, the Company effected a forward stock split of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares on a 20-for-1 basis. We increased our issued and outstanding share capital from2,504,285 ordinary shares to 50,085,700 ordinary shares. The Commercial Registry of Valencia approved the forward stock split on February 1, 2023. The consolidated financial statements retrospectively reflected the forward stock split.
Issued and outstanding
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the total issued and outstanding share capital consisted of 55,085,700 ordinary shares at €2,754,285, all subscribed and paid up.
On April 5, 2024, the Compensation Committee and the Board of Directors of the Company approved the grant of 1,780,328 Restricted Share Units (RSUs) which can be converted into 356,067American Depositary Shares (“ADS”) of the Company, representing 1,780,328 Ordinary Shares of the Company, to certain officers, directors and employees of the Company with a vesting date of January 1, 2027.
During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded €132,015 and €103,810 in stock-based compensation expense, respectively. The stock-based compensation incurred from RSUs awarded was reported under salaries and benefits – related parties in the statements of operations with share-based payment reserve of €0 and €88,247 recognized under reserve in the balance sheets, respectively.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, 52,586RSUs valued at €11,315 were forfeited.
The 1,780,328 RSUs were valued at €383,064based on the price of the Company’s ADS which was €1.08 per ADS on the grant date of April 5, 2024.
As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had 1,727,742 RSUs valued at €371,749 and 1,780,328 RSUs valued at €383,064, respectively.
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A summary of activity regarding the RSUs issued was as follows:
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the unrecognized stock-based compensation of €135,924 and €267,940 is expected to be recognized over a weighted -average period of 2 years and2.5 years, respectively.
NOTE 15 – RESERVE
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, reserve was €1,411,846 and €1,411,846 comprised of legal reserves and other reserves, respectively.
Legal reserve
In accordance with the Capital Company Law, companies must allocate an amount equal to 10% of the profit for the year to the legal reserve until it reaches 20% of the share capital. The legal reserve may only be used to increase the share capital. Except for the above purpose and as long as it does not exceed 20% of the share capital, the legal reserve can only be used to offset losses, provided there are no other reserves available which are sufficient for this purpose. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, it was partially constituted after the aforementioned capital increase. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, legal reserve was €500,857 and €500,857, respectively.
Other reserve
The Company maintains an unrestricted reserve for undistributed profits from previous years. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, other reserves were €910,989 and €910,989, respectively.
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NOTE 16 – LEASES
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had the following lease obligations:
On September 8, 2020, the Company entered into a vehicle lease agreement under a four-year term and monthly lease payment of €527. The lease expired on September 8, 2024 and was fully paid off.
On June 1, 2022, the Company entered into an office lease agreement under a two-year term extensible for three years upon expiry and monthly lease payment of €3,384 during the first year and €3,492 during the second year. On April 1, 2024, the Company extended the office lease for one additional yearstarting from June 2024 through May 2025 with a monthly payment of €3,618.
On September 26, 2022, the Company entered into a vehicle lease agreement under a three-year term and monthly lease payment of €420.
On November 15, 2022, the Company entered into a vehicle lease agreement under a three-year term and monthly lease payment of €417. The lease was cancelled on January 1, 2025. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized gain from cancellation of the lease of €137.
On August 17, 2023, the Company entered into a vehicle lease agreement under a three-year term and monthly lease payment of €572.
On February 2, 2024, the Company entered into a vehicle lease agreement under a three-year term and monthly lease payment of €458.
On April 27, 2024, the Company entered into a vehicle lease agreement under a four-year term and monthly lease payment of €619.
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The following table summarizes the maturity of our lease liabilities as of December 31, 2025:
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company has right-of-use assets as follows:
NOTE 17 – FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Set out below are categories of financial instruments and fair value measurements as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:
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Liquidity risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not have sufficient cash resources to meet its financial obligations as they come due in the normal course of business. Liquidity risk also includes the risk of not being able to liquidate assets in a timely manner at a reasonable price. Difficulty accessing the capital markets could impair the Company’s capacity to grow, execute its business model and generate financial returns. The Company manages its liquidity risk by monitoring its operating requirements to ensure financial resources are available, actively monitoring market conditions and by diversifying its sources of funding and maintaining a diversified maturity profile of its debt obligations.
Credit risk
Credit risk is the risk that one party to a financial instrument will cause a financial loss for the other party by failing to discharge an obligation. The Company’s main credit risk relates to its cash and accounts receivable. The Company’s credit risk is reduced by a broad customer base and a review of customer credit profiles.
The Company’s maximum exposure to credit risk corresponds to the carrying amount for all cash and accounts receivable. Cash is held with prominent financial institutions. Accounts receivable are held with vendors in which the Company has a historically strong relationship with or related to VAT receivable.
The Company mitigates credit risk associated with its trade receivables through established credit approvals, limits and a regular monitoring process. The Company generally considers the credit quality of its financial assets that are neither past due nor impaired to be solid. Credit risk is further mitigated due to the large number of customers and their dispersion across geographic areas.
For the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were one and two customers who accounted for greater than 10% of the Company’s revenue, which represented 49% and 12% of the Company’s revenue, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, there were no customers who accounted for greater than 10% of the Company’s revenue.
Market risk
Market risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. Market risk comprises three types of risk: currency risk, interest rate risk and other price risk.
Currency risk
Currency risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in foreign exchange rates. The Company is not exposed to significant currency risk.
Interest risk
Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company is exposed to interest rate risk on its lines of credit due to fluctuations in interest rates. The Company’s bank loans and leases have fixed rates of interest resulting in limited interest rate fair value risk for the Company. The Company manages interest rate risk by negotiating financing terms in individual arrangements that are most advantageous, considering all relevant factors including credit margin, term and basis. The risk management objective is to minimize the potential for changes in interest rates to cause adverse changes in cash flows to the Company.
Other price risk
Other price risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices (other than those arising from interest rate risk or currency risk), whether those changes are caused by factors specific to the individual financial instrument or its issuer, or factors affecting all similar financial instruments traded in the market. The Company is not exposed to other price risk.
Legal risk
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Capital management
The Company’s capital consists of share capital and reserve. The Company’s capital management is designed to ensure that it has sufficient financial flexibility both in the short and long-term to support its financial obligations and the future development of the business.
The Company manages its capital with the following objectives:
There were no changes to the Company’s approach to capital management during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company is not subject to externally imposed capital requirements.
NOTE 18 – INCOME TAX
The Company conducts its major businesses in Spain and is subject to tax in this jurisdiction. During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, all taxable income of the Company is generated in Spain.
During 2025, 2024 and 2023, the general tax rate to which the Company is subject is 25%.
The below table summarizes the computation of income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:
The following table provides a reconciliation between the statutory rate and the effective income tax rate, expressed as a percentage of income before income taxes:
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The Company has carried out a detailed analysis of the recoverability of the deferred assets recorded on its balance sheet. Since Turbo Energy is fiscally consolidated with its parent company, Umbrella Global Energy, the analysis has been conducted in collaboration with independent experts and is based on the Group’s projections of taxable profits and resource generation in foreseeable future.
Umbrella Global Energy has achieved the connection of up to five IPP plants during 2025 and will connect another one during the next months in 2026, that in the best judgment of the management will generate enough taxable profits to fully utilize Company’s recorded tax losses.
Under Spanish Corporate Income Tax law, a group of companies can opt to be taxed as a fiscal unit, meaning that the group is treated as a single taxpayer.
The parent company and its subsidiaries form the tax group. The group files a single consolidated tax return, being the taxable base of the group the aggregate of the individual bases, adjusted by consolidation adjustments (such as eliminations and incorporation of internal gains/losses). Companies and groups of companies with tax loss carryforwards (BINS) can use them to offset future profits.
NOTE 19 – REVENUE
The Company’s sales are derived from sales of electronic products and services. The following is the Company’s revenue by geographical markets during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:
During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized revenue of €19,874,526, €9,416,619 and €13,103,679, respectively, of which €10,524,288, €306,651 and €1,380,547 derived from related parties, respectively.
We consider related parties those companies that are part of Umbrella Energy Group.
NOTE 20 – COST OF REVENUE
During the year ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred cost of sales of €16,089,421, €9,080,343 and €12,043,563, respectively, of which €0, €0 and €1,201,244 were derived from related parties, respectively.
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NOTE 21 – SELLING AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES
The Company incurred the following selling and administrative expenses during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.
During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred selling and administrative expenses of €3,030,784, €2,997,989 and €2,539,854, respectively, of which €360,787, €848,832 and €1,010,769 derived from related parties, respectively.
NOTE 22 – SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Set out below are non-cash investing and financing activities during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company paid interest of €174,596, €168,030 and €404,093, respectively, and income taxes of €0, €0 and €0, respectively.
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NOTE 23 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
In February 2026, the Company announced the successful completion of a restructuring of its bank financing aimed at strengthening its financial position and aligning liquidity with the Company’s medium- and long-term business plan. As part of this process, Turbo Energy reached agreements with Bankinter, CaixaBank and BBVA, three of Spain’s leading financial institutions, enabling the conversion of existing bank facilities into long-term financing structures totaling approximately €4.87 million (approximately $5.75 million in U.S. dollars), whose new maturity date will be in 2029. The interest rate applicable in each period shall be the result of adding the relevant reference rate (12-month EURIBOR) plus a margin equivalent to 2% per annum.
The Company carried out several fundraising transactions in the U.S. market through the issuance of ordinary shares represented by American Depositary Securities (ADSs), using placement structures commonly used in that market, including a Registered Direct Offering (RDO) and subsequent placements under an “at-the-market” (ATM) program.
Overall, the transactions described above resulted in the issuance of approximately 7.8 million shares, equivalent to approximately 1.56 million ADSs, for total gross proceeds of $5,045,185, which after direct fees and commissions totals approximately $4,610,337.
These transactions were executed progressively, with trade dates between March 11 and April 13, 2026, and settlement dates between March 13 and April 14, 2026, reflecting a staged fundraising process based on market conditions.
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