Companies: 10,652     total market cap: $140.228 T
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BNY Mellon (Bank of New York Mellon)
BK
#294
Rank
$80.13 B
Marketcap
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ United States
Country
$114.91
Share price
-5.58%
Change (1 day)
36.23%
Change (1 year)
๐Ÿฆ Banks๐Ÿ’ณ Financial services
Categories
  1. BNY Mellon (Bank of New York Mellon)
  2. Quarterly Reports (10-Q)
  3. Financial Year FY2020 Q3

BNY Mellon (Bank of New York Mellon) - 10-Q quarterly report FY2020 Q3


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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2020
or
☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission File No. 001-35651

THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware13-2614959
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

240 Greenwich Street
New York, New York 10286
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code – (212) 495-1784

Not Applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class
Trading
symbol(s)		Name of each exchange
on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par valueBKNew York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing 1/4,000th of a share of Series C Noncumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock
BK PrCNew York Stock Exchange
6.244% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Normal Preferred Capital Securities of Mellon Capital IV
BK/PNew York Stock Exchange
(fully and unconditionally guaranteed by The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐    No ☒

As of Sept. 30, 2020, 886,135,805 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.01 par value per share, were outstanding.


THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON CORPORATION

Third Quarter 2020 Form 10-Q
Table of Contents 
Page
Consolidated Financial Highlights (unaudited)
2
Part I - Financial Information
Items 2. and 3. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations; Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk:
General
4
Overview
4
Key third quarter 2020 events
4
Highlights of third quarter 2020 results
5
Impact of coronavirus pandemic on our business
6
Fee and other revenue
7
Net interest revenue
10
Noninterest expense
13
Income taxes
13
Review of businesses
14
Critical accounting estimates
21
Consolidated balance sheet review
21
Liquidity and dividends
31
Capital
36
Trading activities and risk management
41
Asset/liability management
43
Off-balance sheet arrangements
44
Supplemental information – Explanation of GAAP and Non-GAAP financial measures
45
Recent accounting and regulatory developments
47
Website information
49
Item 1. Financial Statements:
Consolidated Income Statement (unaudited)
50
Consolidated Comprehensive Income Statement (unaudited)
52
Consolidated Balance Sheet (unaudited)
53
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (unaudited)
54
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity (unaudited)
55
 Page
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements:
Note 1—Basis of presentation
58
Note 2—Accounting changes and new accounting guidance
58
Note 3—Acquisitions and dispositions
63
Note 4—Securities
63
Note 5—Loans and asset quality
68
Note 6—Goodwill and intangible assets
74
Note 7—Other assets
75
Note 8—Contract revenue
77
Note 9—Net interest revenue
79
Note 10—Employee benefit plans
80
Note 11—Income taxes
80
Note 12—Variable interest entities and securitization
81
Note 13—Preferred stock
82
Note 14—Other comprehensive income (loss)
83
Note 15—Fair value measurement
84
Note 16—Fair value option
90
Note 17—Derivative instruments
91
Note 18—Commitments and contingent liabilities
97
Note 19—Lines of business
102
Note 20—Supplemental information to the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
105
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
106
Forward-looking Statements
107
Part II - Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
109
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
109
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
110
Item 6. Exhibits.
110
Index to Exhibits
111
Signature
113



The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (and its subsidiaries)

Consolidated Financial Highlights (unaudited)

Quarter endedYear-to-date
(dollars in millions, except per share amounts and unless
otherwise noted)		Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019Sept. 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
Results applicable to common shareholders of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation:
Net income$876 $901 $1,002 $2,721 $2,881 
Basic earnings per share$0.98 $1.01 $1.07 $3.05 $3.02 
Diluted earnings per share$0.98 $1.01 $1.07 $3.04 $3.01 
Fee and other revenue$3,117 $3,176 $3,128 $9,625 $9,272 
Income from consolidated investment management funds27 54 3 43 39 
Net interest revenue703 780 730 2,297 2,373 
Total revenue$3,847 $4,010 $3,861 $11,965 $11,684 
Return on common equity (annualized)
8.7 %9.4 %10.6 %9.4 %10.3 %
Return on tangible common equity (annualized) – Non-GAAP (a)
16.7 %18.5 %21.4 %18.5 %21.1 %
Return on average assets (annualized)
0.84 %0.87 %1.13 %0.90 %1.12 %
Fee revenue as a percentage of total revenue
81 %79 %81 %80 %79 %
Non-U.S. revenue as a percentage of total revenue37 %36 %37 %37 %36 %
Pre-tax operating margin30 %29 %33 %30 %32 %
Net interest margin0.79 %0.88 %0.99 %0.89 %1.10 %
Net interest margin on a fully taxable equivalent (“FTE”) basis – Non-GAAP (b)
0.79 %0.88 %1.00 %0.89 %1.11 %
Assets under custody and/or administration (“AUC/A”) at period end (in trillions) (c)
$38.6 $37.3 $35.8 $38.6 $35.8 
Assets under management (“AUM”) at period end (in billions) (d)
$2,041 $1,961 $1,881 $2,041 $1,881 
Market value of securities on loan at period end (in billions) (e)
$378 $384 $362 $378 $362 
Average common shares and equivalents outstanding (in thousands):
Basic889,499 889,020 933,264 891,050 949,035 
Diluted891,069 890,561 935,677 892,793 951,876 
Selected average balances:
Interest-earning assets$357,634 $357,562 $294,154 $346,418 $287,964 
Total assets$414,865 $415,359 $350,679 $405,203 $343,129 
Interest-bearing deposits$211,500 $210,643 $177,401 $206,610 $168,339 
Noninterest-bearing deposits$67,610 $72,411 $49,027 $66,869 $52,168 
Long-term debt$26,511 $28,122 $28,386 $27,285 $28,108 
Preferred stock$4,532 $4,010 $3,542 $4,029 $3,542 
Total The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation common shareholders’ equity
$39,924 $38,476 $37,597 $38,693 $37,392 
Other information at period end:
Cash dividends per common share$0.31 $0.31 $0.31 $0.93 $0.87 
Common dividend payout ratio32 %31 %29 %31 %29 %
Common dividend yield (annualized)
3.6 %3.2 %2.7 %3.6 %2.6 %
Closing stock price per common share$34.34 $38.65 $45.21 $34.34 $45.21 
Market capitalization$30,430 $34,239 $41,693 $30,430 $41,693 
Book value per common share$45.58 $44.21 $40.75 $45.58 $40.75 
Tangible book value per common share – Non-GAAP (a)
$24.60 $23.31 $20.59 $24.60 $20.59 
Full-time employees48,600 48,300 48,700 48,600 48,700 
Common shares outstanding (in thousands)
886,136 885,862 922,199 886,136 922,199 

2 BNY Mellon

Consolidated Financial Highlights (unaudited) (continued)

Regulatory capital and other ratiosSept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
Average liquidity coverage ratio (“LCR”)111 %112 %120 %
Regulatory capital ratios: (f)
Advanced:
Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) ratio 13.0 %12.6 %11.5 %
Tier 1 capital ratio 15.7 15.4 13.7 
Total capital ratio16.6 16.3 14.4 
Standardized:
CET1 ratio 13.5 %12.7 %12.5 %
Tier 1 capital ratio16.3 15.6 14.8 
Total capital ratio17.4 16.6 15.8 
Tier 1 leverage ratio6.5 %6.2 %6.6 %
Supplementary leverage ratio (“SLR”) (g)
8.5 8.2 6.1 
BNY Mellon shareholders’ equity to total assets ratio10.5 %9.9 %10.9 %
BNY Mellon common shareholders’ equity to total assets ratio9.4 8.9 9.9 
(a)    Return on tangible common equity and tangible book value per common share, Non-GAAP measures, exclude goodwill and intangible assets, net of deferred tax liabilities. See “Supplemental information – Explanation of GAAP and Non-GAAP financial measures” beginning on page 45 for the reconciliation of Non-GAAP measures.
(b)    See “Net interest revenue” on page 10 for a reconciliation of this Non-GAAP measure.
(c)    Consists of AUC/A primarily from the Asset Servicing business and, to a lesser extent, the Clearance and Collateral Management, Issuer Services, Pershing and Wealth Management businesses. Includes the AUC/A of CIBC Mellon Global Securities Services Company (“CIBC Mellon”), a joint venture with the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, of $1.4 trillion at Sept. 30, 2020, $1.3 trillion at June 30, 2020 and $1.4 trillion at Sept. 30, 2019.
(d)    Excludes securities lending cash management assets and assets managed in the Investment Services business.
(e)    Represents the total amount of securities on loan in our agency securities lending program managed by the Investment Services business. Excludes securities for which BNY Mellon acts as an agent on behalf of CIBC Mellon clients, which totaled $62 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and June 30, 2020 and $66 billion at Sept. 30, 2019.
(f)    For our CET1, Tier 1 capital and Total capital ratios, our effective capital ratios under U.S. capital rules are the lower of the ratios as calculated under the Standardized and Advanced Approaches. For additional information on our capital ratios, see “Capital” beginning on page 36.
(g)    The SLR at Sept. 30, 2020 and June 30, 2020 reflect the exclusion of certain central bank placements and the temporary exclusion of U.S. Treasury securities from the leverage exposure. The temporary exclusion increased our consolidated SLR by 78 basis points at Sept. 30, 2020 and 40 basis points at June 30, 2020. See “Capital” beginning on page 36 for additional information.

BNY Mellon 3
Part I - Financial Information
Items 2. and 3. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations; Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

General

In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, references to “our,” “we,” “us,” “BNY Mellon,” the “Company” and similar terms refer to The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries. The term “Parent” refers to The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation but not its subsidiaries.

Certain business terms used in this report are defined in the Glossary included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended Dec. 31, 2019 (“2019 Annual Report”).

The following should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report. Investors should also read the sections titled “Forward-looking Statements” and “Risk Factors.”

Overview

Established in 1784 by Alexander Hamilton, we were the first company listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: BK). With a history of more than 235 years, BNY Mellon is a global company that manages and services assets for financial institutions, corporations and individual investors in 35 countries.

BNY Mellon has two business segments, Investment Services and Investment and Wealth Management, which offer a comprehensive set of capabilities and deep expertise across the investment lifecycle, enabling the Company to provide solutions to buy-side and sell-side market participants, as well as leading institutional and wealth management clients globally.

The diagram below presents our two business segments and lines of business, with the remaining operations in the Other segment.

bk-20200930_g1.jpg

Key third quarter 2020 events

Emily Portney named Chief Financial Officer

In July 2020, Emily Portney was appointed Chief Financial Officer, succeeding Michael P. Santomassimo, and joined the Company’s Executive Committee. Ms. Portney previously led the client management, sales and services teams for the Asset Servicing business globally and oversaw the Americas region for the Asset Servicing business. She has also previously held senior financial roles.

CCAR and common stock repurchases

In August 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that BNY Mellon’s stress capital buffer (“SCB”) requirement would be 2.5%, which equals the regulatory minimum, effective on Oct. 1, 2020.

The Federal Reserve also announced that it has required participating Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (“CCAR”) firms, including us, to update and resubmit their capital plans and that, as

4 BNY Mellon

a result, unless otherwise approved by the Federal Reserve, participating firms were not permitted, during the third quarter of 2020, to conduct open market common stock repurchases, to increase their common stock dividends or to pay common stock dividends that exceed average net income for the preceding four quarters. On Sept. 30, 2020, the Federal Reserve extended these limitations through the fourth quarter of 2020.

Highlights of third quarter 2020 results

Net income applicable to common shareholders was $876 million, or $0.98 per diluted common share, in the third quarter of 2020. Net income applicable to common shareholders was $1.0 billion, or $1.07 per diluted common share, in the third quarter of 2019. The highlights below are based on the third quarter of 2020 compared with the third quarter of 2019, unless otherwise noted.

•Total revenue of $3.8 billion decreased less than 1% primarily reflecting:
•Fee revenue decreased 1%, primarily reflecting higher money market fee waivers, partially offset by higher client activity and balances in Pershing and Asset Servicing, higher market values and the favorable impact of a weaker U.S. dollar. (See “Fee and other revenue” beginning on page 7.)
•Net interest revenue decreased 4%. The decrease would have been 8% larger due to the impact of the third quarter 2019 lease-related impairment of $70 million. The decrease primarily reflects lower interest rates on interest-earning assets, partially offset by the benefit of lower deposit and funding rates, higher deposits, securities portfolio and loan balances. (See “Net interest revenue” on page 10.)
•Provision for credit losses of $9 million reflects a fairly consistent macroeconomic outlook compared with the second quarter of 2020. (See “Consolidated balance sheet review - Allowance for credit losses” beginning on page 28.)
•Noninterest expense increased 4%, 3% of which was due to the impact of the third quarter 2019 net reduction of reserves for a tax-related exposure of certain investment management funds. The remainder of the increase primarily reflects continued investments in technology,
higher professional, legal and other purchased services expense and the unfavorable impact of a weaker U.S. dollar, partially offset by lower staff and business development (travel and marketing) expenses. (See “Noninterest expense” on page 13.)
•Effective tax rate of 18.4%. (See “Income taxes” on page 13.)

Capital and liquidity

•CET1 ratio was 13.0% at Sept. 30, 2020, compared with 12.6% at June 30, 2020. The increase in the CET1 ratio primarily reflects capital generated through earnings, foreign currency translation and unrealized gains on securities available-for-sale, partially offset by higher risk-weighted assets (“RWAs”) and capital deployed through dividend payments. (See “Capital” beginning on page 36.)

Highlights of our principal businesses

Investment Services
•Total revenue decreased 4%.
•Income before income taxes decreased 17%.
•AUC/A of $38.6 trillion, increased 8%, primarily reflecting higher market values, net new business, client inflows and the favorable impact of a weaker U.S. dollar.

Investment and Wealth Management
•Total revenue increased 3%.
•Income before income taxes decreased 17%, driven by the third quarter 2019 tax-related reserve reduction.
•AUM of $2.0 trillion, increased 9%, primarily reflecting higher market values, the favorable impact of a weaker U.S. dollar (principally versus the British pound) and net inflows.

See “Review of businesses” and Note 19 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our businesses.

BNY Mellon 5

Impact of coronavirus pandemic on our business

The coronavirus pandemic has had a significant effect on the global macroeconomic environment. The following discusses the areas of our business that have been impacted and could continue to be impacted by the current environment.

Since March 2020, the vast majority of our employees have worked from home. They have been fully operational with minimal disruption to servicing our clients. However, our continued reliance on work-from-home arrangements may result in increased operational risks.

Market volatility associated with the performance of global equity and fixed income markets and lower interest rates has had, and may continue to have, a considerable impact on all of our businesses. Our lower-risk diversified fee-based business model benefits from heightened volatility and a flight-to-quality on a relative basis compared with other credit-focused financial institutions.

Our Investment Services businesses were favorably impacted by higher client volumes in the first nine months of 2020 compared with the prior year. The significant increases in market volatility also resulted in increased client activity in foreign exchange, and higher asset servicing, clearing services in Pershing, as well as clearance and collateral management fee revenue. However, the heightened volumes and volatility were lower in the second and third quarters of 2020 compared with the first quarter of 2020.

This volatility, coupled with the interest rate environment, also led to an increase in deposit levels from the prior year as our clients increased the levels of cash placed with us. This favorably impacted net interest revenue. However, the low interest rate environment has more than offset that benefit and is expected to continue to reduce our net interest revenue and margin.

Given the recent levels of short-term interest rates, money market mutual fund fees have been waived and may continue to be waived, which reduced fee revenue in the second and third quarters of 2020. See further discussion of money market fee waivers in “Fee and other revenue.”

As discussed above under “Key third quarter 2020 events,” we and the other CCAR firms have suspended open market common stock repurchases through the fourth quarter of 2020, and we continued our current quarterly common stock dividend of $0.31 per share. See “Recent regulatory developments” for additional information related to the 2020 CCAR.

The significant changes in market values during 2020 have impacted revenue related to seed capital investments (net of hedges) in our Investment and Wealth Management business, which benefited the second and third quarters of 2020 and negatively impacted the first quarter of 2020. The Investment and Wealth Management business continued to be negatively impacted by higher money market fee waivers in the second and third quarters of 2020.

During the first quarter of 2020, we purchased $2.2 billion of commercial paper and certificates of deposit (“CDs”) from affiliated money market mutual funds in order to provide liquidity support to the funds. We also purchased $650 million in the first quarter of 2020 and $1.1 billion in the second quarter of 2020 of commercial paper and CDs from third-party money market mutual funds and funded this purchase through the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston’s Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility (“MMLF”) program. At Sept. 30, 2020, commercial paper and CDs totaled approximately $650 million. See “Recent regulatory developments” in the First Quarter 2020 Form 10-Q for additional information on the MMLF.

The need to apply macroeconomic forecasting in the current environment in conjunction with the new expected credit loss accounting guidance has resulted in and may continue to result in heightened levels of credit loss provisioning. The continuing effects of the pandemic could also result in increased credit losses and charge-offs. The macroeconomic outlook in the third quarter of 2020 was fairly consistent with the second quarter of 2020.

In addition, a prolonged economic downturn may result in other asset write-downs and impairments, including, but not limited to, equity investments, goodwill and intangibles.

It is difficult to forecast the impact of the coronavirus, together with related public health measures, on our results with certainty because so much depends on

6 BNY Mellon

how the health crisis evolves, its impact on the global economy as well as actions taken by central banks and governments to support the economy.

The current macroeconomic environment has also resulted in responses by governmental and regulatory bodies. See “Recent regulatory developments” in the first quarter 2020 Form 10-Q for additional information on legislative and regulatory developments in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
For further discussion of the current and potential impact of the coronavirus pandemic see Item 1A. Risk Factors “The coronavirus pandemic is adversely affecting us and creates significant risks and uncertainties for our business, and the ultimate impact of the pandemic on us will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted.”

Fee and other revenue

Fee and other revenueYTD20
3Q20 vs. vs.
(dollars in millions, unless otherwise noted)3Q202Q203Q192Q203Q19YTD20YTD19YTD19
Investment services fees:
Asset servicing fees (a)
$1,168 $1,173 $1,152 — %1 %$3,500 $3,415 2 %
Clearing services fees (b)
397 431 419 (8)(5)1,298 1,227 6 
Issuer services fees
295 277 324 6 (9)835 866 (4)
Treasury services fees
152 144 140 6 9 445 412 8 
Total investment services fees2,012 2,025 2,035 (1)(1)6,078 5,920 3 
Investment management and performance fees835 786 832 6 — 2,483 2,506 (1)
Foreign exchange and other trading revenue137 166 150 (17)(9)622 486 28 
Financing-related fees49 58 49 (16)— 166 150 11 
Distribution and servicing29 27 33 7 (12)87 95 (8)
Investment and other income46 105 30 N/MN/M162 108 N/M
Total fee revenue3,108 3,167 3,129 (2)(1)9,598 9,265 4 
Net securities gains (losses)9 9 (1)N/MN/M27 7 N/M
Total fee and other revenue $3,117 $3,176 $3,128 (2)%— %$9,625 $9,272 4 %
Fee revenue as a percentage of total revenue
81 %79 %81 %80 %79 %
AUC/A at period end (in trillions) (c)
$38.6 $37.3 $35.8 3 %8 %$38.6 $35.8 8 %
AUM at period end (in billions) (d)
$2,041 $1,961 $1,881 4 %9 %$2,041 $1,881 9 %
(a)    Asset servicing fees include the fees from the Clearance and Collateral Management business and also include securities lending revenue of $40 million in the third quarter of 2020, $56 million in the second quarter of 2020, $43 million in the third quarter of 2019, $147 million in the first nine months of 2020 and $135 million in the first nine months of 2019.
(b)    Clearing services fees are almost entirely earned by our Pershing business.
(c)    Consists of AUC/A primarily from the Asset Servicing business and, to a lesser extent, the Clearance and Collateral Management, Issuer Services, Pershing and Wealth Management businesses. Includes the AUC/A of CIBC Mellon of $1.4 trillion at Sept. 30, 2020, $1.3 trillion at June 30, 2020 and $1.4 trillion at Sept. 30, 2019.
(d)    Excludes securities lending cash management assets and assets managed in the Investment Services business.
N/M - Not meaningful.


Fee and other revenue decreased less than 1% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and decreased 2% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The decrease compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects lower issuer services and clearing services fees, partially offset by higher asset servicing fees, investment and other income and treasury services fees. The decrease compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects lower investment and other income, clearing services fees
and foreign exchange and other trading revenue, partially offset by higher investment management and performance fees and issuer services fees.

Money market fee waivers

Given the recent levels of short-term interest rates, money market mutual fund fees and other similar fees are being waived to protect investors from negative returns. The fee waivers have primarily impacted

BNY Mellon 7

clearing services fees in Pershing, and to a lesser extent revenue in our other businesses including investment management fees and distribution and servicing revenue in Investment and Wealth Management and fees in other Investment Services businesses, but also resulted in lower distribution and servicing expense. Money market fee waivers are highly sensitive to changes in short-term interest rates and are difficult to predict.

The following table presents the impact of money market fee waivers on our consolidated fee revenue, net of distribution and servicing expense. A majority of the money market fee waivers were driven by low short-term interest rates.

Money market fee waivers
(in millions)3Q202Q20YTD20
Investment services fees:
Asset servicing fees$(1)$— $(1)
Clearing services fees(57)(50)(116)
Issuer services fees(1)(1)(2)
Treasury services fees(3)(2)(5)
Total investment services fees(62)(53)(124)
Investment management and performance fees(42)(30)(86)
Distribution and servicing revenue(6)(3)(9)
Total fee and other revenue(110)(86)(219)
Less: Distribution and servicing expense9 7 16 
Net impact of money market fee waivers$(101)$(79)$(203)
Impact to revenue by line of business (a):
Asset Servicing$(4)$(1)$(5)
Pershing(73)(60)(142)
Issuer Services(2)(1)(3)
Treasury Services(1)— (1)
Investment Management(28)(24)(66)
Wealth Management(2)— (2)
Total impact to revenue by line of business$(110)$(86)$(219)
(a) The line of business revenue for management reporting purposes reflects the impact of revenue transferred between the businesses.


We expect the impact from money market fee waivers, net of distribution and servicing expense, to be $135 million to $150 million in the fourth quarter of 2020. We also expect the quarterly run rate in 2021 to be at the higher end of that range. This impact may be partially offset depending on the levels of money market balances.

Investment services fees

Investment services fees decreased 1% compared with both the third quarter of 2019 and second quarter of 2020 reflecting the following:
•Asset servicing fees increased 1% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and decreased less than 1% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The increase compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects higher client volumes. The decrease compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects lower securities lending revenue driven by tighter spreads.
•Clearing services fees decreased 5% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and 8% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The decrease compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects the impact of rate-driven money market fee waivers, partially offset by higher money market balances. The decrease compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects lower clearing volumes and higher rate-driven money market fee waivers.
•Issuer services fees decreased 9% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and increased 6% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The decrease compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects lower Depositary Receipts revenue. The increase compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects seasonally higher Depositary Receipts revenue.
•Treasury services fees increased 9% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and 6% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The increase compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects lower compensating balance credits provided to clients driven by lower rates and higher money market balances. The increase compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects higher payment volumes and other fees.

See “Investment Services business” in “Review of businesses” for additional details.

Investment management and performance fees

Investment management and performance fees increased slightly compared with the third quarter of 2019 and 6% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The increase compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects higher market values, the

8 BNY Mellon

favorable impact of a weaker U.S. dollar and higher performance fees, partially offset by the impact of money market fee waivers. The increase compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects higher market values and the favorable impact of a weaker U.S. dollar. On a constant currency basis (Non-GAAP), investment management and performance fees decreased 1% compared with the third quarter of 2019. Performance fees were $7 million in the third quarter of 2020, $2 million in the third quarter of 2019 and $5 million in the second quarter of 2020.

AUM was $2.0 trillion at Sept. 30, 2020, an increase of 9% compared with Sept. 30, 2019, primarily reflecting higher market values, the favorable impact of a weaker U.S. dollar (principally versus the British pound) and net inflows.

See “Investment and Wealth Management business” in “Review of businesses” for additional details regarding the drivers of investment management and performance fees, AUM and AUM flows.

Foreign exchange and other trading revenue

Foreign exchange and other trading revenue
(in millions)3Q202Q203Q19YTD20YTD19
Foreign exchange$151 $174 $129 $578 $439 
Other trading (loss) revenue
(14)(8)21 44 47 
Total foreign exchange and other trading revenue
$137 $166 $150 $622 $486 


Foreign exchange and other trading revenue decreased 9% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and 17% compared with the second quarter of 2020.

Foreign exchange revenue is primarily driven by the volume of client transactions and the spread realized on these transactions, both of which are impacted by market volatility, and the impact of foreign currency hedging activities. In the third quarter of 2020, foreign exchange revenue totaled $151 million, an increase of 17% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and a decrease of 13% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The increase compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects the impact of foreign currency hedging activity. The decrease compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects lower volumes and volatility. Foreign exchange revenue is primarily reported in the
Investment Services business and, to a lesser extent, the Investment and Wealth Management business and the Other segment.

Other trading losses totaled $14 million in the third quarter of 2020 compared with other trading revenue of $21 million in the third quarter of 2019 and other trading losses of $8 million in the second quarter of 2020. Both decreases primarily reflect lower derivative and fixed income trading and hedging, which is partially offset in net interest revenue. Other trading revenue is reported in all three business segments.

Investment and other income

The following table provides the components of investment and other income.

Investment and other income
(in millions)3Q202Q203Q19YTD20YTD19
Corporate/bank-owned life insurance
$33 $36 $33 $105 $95 
Expense reimbursements from joint venture
23 19 21 63 59 
Asset-related gains
4 3 2 11 4 
Seed capital gains (a)
9 23 — 1 10 
Other (loss) income(23)24 (26)(18)(60)
Total investment and other income
$46 $105 $30 $162 $108 
(a)    Excludes seed capital gains related to consolidated investment management funds, which are reflected in operations of consolidated investment management funds.


Investment and other income increased compared with the third quarter of 2019 and decreased compared with the second quarter of 2020. The increase compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects higher seed capital gains. The decrease compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects the impact of foreign currency translation, a one-time fee in the Asset Servicing business recorded in the second quarter of 2020 and lower seed capital gains.

Year-to-date 2020 compared with year-to-date 2019

Fee and other revenue increased 4% compared with the first nine months of 2019, primarily reflecting higher foreign exchange and other trading revenue, asset servicing fees, clearing services fees and investment and other income. The 28% increase in foreign exchange and other trading revenue primarily reflects higher volatility and volumes. The 2% increase in asset servicing fees primarily reflects

BNY Mellon 9

higher client volumes. The 6% increase in clearing services fees primarily reflects higher clearing volumes and money market balances, partially offset by money market fee waivers. The increase in
investment and other income revenue primarily reflects one-time fees in the Asset Servicing and Pershing businesses and the impact of foreign currency translation.

Net interest revenue

Net interest revenueYTD20
3Q20 vs. vs.
(dollars in millions)3Q202Q203Q192Q203Q19YTD20YTD19YTD19
Net interest revenue – GAAP
$703 $780 $730 (10)%(4)%$2,297 $2,373 (3)%
Add: Tax equivalent adjustment2 2 3 N/MN/M6 11 N/M
Net interest revenue (FTE) –
Non-GAAP (a)
$705 $782 $733 (10)%(4)%$2,303 $2,384 (3)%
Average interest-earning assets
$357,634 $357,562 $294,154 — %22 %$346,418 $287,964 20 %
Net interest margin – GAAP0.79 %0.88 %0.99 %(9) bps(20) bps0.89 %1.10 %(21) bps
Net interest margin (FTE) –
Non-GAAP (a)
0.79 %0.88 %1.00 %(9) bps(21) bps0.89 %1.11 %(22) bps
(a)    Net interest revenue (FTE) – Non-GAAP and net interest margin (FTE) – Non-GAAP include the tax equivalent adjustments on tax-exempt income which allows for comparisons of amounts arising from both taxable and tax-exempt sources and is consistent with industry practice. The adjustment to an FTE basis has no impact on net income.
N/M - Not meaningful.
bps - basis points.


Net interest revenue decreased 4% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and 10% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The decrease compared with the third quarter of 2019 would have been 8% larger due to the impact of the third quarter 2019 lease-related impairment of $70 million. The decrease primarily reflects lower interest rates on interest-earning assets, partially offset by the benefit of lower deposit and funding rates, higher deposits, securities portfolio and loan balances. The decrease compared with the second quarter of 2020 was primarily driven by lower interest rates on interest-earning assets, partially offset by the benefit of lower deposit and funding rates and a larger securities portfolio.

Net interest margin decreased 20 basis points compared with the third quarter of 2019 and 9 basis points compared with the second quarter of 2020. The decreases reflect the factors mentioned above.

Average interest-earning assets increased 22% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and increased slightly compared with the second quarter of 2020. The increase compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects a larger securities portfolio and higher interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks.

Average non-U.S. dollar deposits comprised approximately 25% of our average total deposits in the third quarter of 2020. Approximately 40% of the average non-U.S. dollar deposits in the third quarter of 2020 were euro denominated.

Net interest revenue in future quarters will depend on the level and mix of client deposits, deposit rates, as well as the level and shape of the yield curve, which may result in lower yields on interest-earning assets.

Year-to-date 2020 compared with year-to-date 2019

Net interest revenue decreased 3% compared with the first nine months of 2019. The decrease would have been 3% larger due to the impact of the third quarter 2019 lease-related impairment of $70 million. The decrease is primarily driven by lower interest rates on interest-earning assets, partially offset by the benefit of lower deposit and funding rates, higher deposits, securities portfolio and loan balances. The decrease in the net interest margin primarily reflects the factors mentioned above.

Average interest-earning assets increased 20% compared with the first nine months of 2019. The increase primarily reflects a larger securities portfolio and higher interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks.

10 BNY Mellon

Average balances and interest ratesQuarter ended
Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
(dollars in millions; average rates annualized)Average
balance		InterestAverage
rates		Average
balance		InterestAverage
rates		Average balanceInterestAverage rates
Assets
Interest-earning assets:
Interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks
$90,670 $(10)(0.04)%$94,229 $(7)(0.03)%$60,030 $102 0.67 %
Interest-bearing deposits with banks (primarily foreign banks)
19,202 20 0.42 21,093 40 0.76 15,324 73 1.89 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements (a)
30,342 48 0.63 30,265 61 0.82 40,816 660 6.42 
Margin loans12,870 41 1.24 12,791 40 1.28 10,303 104 4.02 
Non-margin loans:
Domestic offices30,053 160 2.12 31,185 172 2.21 29,285 202 2.75 (b)
Foreign offices10,693 39 1.45 12,743 58 1.84 11,247 85 2.97 
Total non-margin loans40,746 199 1.94 43,928 230 2.10 40,532 287 2.81 (b)
Securities:
U.S. government obligations30,073 102 1.36 27,901 105 1.52 19,315 103 2.11 
U.S. government agency obligations78,300 328 1.68 74,583 358 1.92 67,235 418 2.49 
State and political subdivisions (c)
1,500 9 2.51 1,025 7 2.98 1,217 9 3.05 
Other securities (c)
46,719 69 0.59 45,511 93 0.82 33,729 148 1.75 
Trading securities (c)
7,212 16 0.91 6,236 18 1.13 5,653 41 2.80 
Total securities (c)
163,804 524 1.28 155,256 581 1.50 127,149 719 2.25 
Total interest-earning assets (c)
$357,634 $822 0.92 %$357,562 $945 1.06 %$294,154 $1,945 2.63 %(b)
Noninterest-earning assets57,231 57,797 56,525 
Total assets$414,865 $415,359 $350,679 
Liabilities
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing deposits:
Domestic offices$102,767 $(4)(0.01)%$102,135 $15 0.06 %$82,663 $267 1.28 %
Foreign offices108,733 (25)(0.09)108,508 (32)(0.12)94,738 170 0.71 
Total interest-bearing deposits211,500 (29)(0.05)210,643 (17)(0.03)177,401 437 0.98 
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements (a)
16,850 6 0.13 14,209 1 0.03 13,432 443 13.08 
Trading liabilities2,692 2 0.30 1,974 2 0.39 1,371 8 2.33 
Other borrowed funds873 3 1.40 2,272 7 1.30 1,148 10 3.24 
Commercial paper2,274 — 0.09 191 1 1.02 3,796 22 2.26 
Payables to customers and broker-dealers18,501 — (0.01)18,742 (1)(0.01)15,440 59 1.52 
Long-term debt26,511 135 2.01 28,122 170 2.42 28,386 233 3.24 
Total interest-bearing liabilities$279,201 $117 0.16 %$276,153 $163 0.24 %$240,974 $1,212 1.99 %
Total noninterest-bearing deposits67,610 72,411 49,027 
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities23,393 24,121 19,280 
Total liabilities370,204 372,685 309,281 
Temporary equity
Redeemable noncontrolling interests82 74 64 
Permanent equity
Total The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation shareholders’ equity
44,456 42,486 41,139 
Noncontrolling interests123 114 195 
Total permanent equity44,579 42,600 41,334 
Total liabilities, temporary equity and permanent equity
$414,865 $415,359 $350,679 
Net interest revenue (FTE) – Non-GAAP (d)
$705 $782 $733 
Net interest margin (FTE) – Non-GAAP (c)(d)
0.79 %0.88 %1.00 %(b)
Less: Tax equivalent adjustment (c)
2 2 3 
Net interest revenue – GAAP$703 $780 $730 
Net interest margin – GAAP0.79 %0.88 %0.99 %(b)
(a)    Includes the average impact of offsetting under enforceable netting agreements of approximately $43 billion for the third quarter of 2020, $67 billion for the second quarter of 2020 and $68 billion for the third quarter of 2019. On a Non-GAAP basis, excluding the impact of offsetting, the yield on federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements would have been 0.26% for the third quarter of 2020 and second quarter of 2020 and 2.42% for the third quarter of 2019. On a Non-GAAP basis, excluding the impact of offsetting, the rate on federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements would have been 0.04% for the third quarter of 2020, 0.00% for the second quarter of 2020 and 2.17% for the third quarter of 2019. We believe providing the rates excluding the impact of netting is useful to investors as it is more reflective of the actual rates earned and paid.
(b)    Includes the impact of the lease-related impairment of $70 million. On a Non-GAAP basis, excluding the lease-related impairment, the yield on non-margin loans in domestic offices would have been 3.70%, the yield on total non-margin loans would have been 3.50%, the yield on total interest-earning assets would have been 2.72% and the net interest margin and the net interest margin (FTE) – Non-GAAP would have been 1.09%. We believe providing the rates excluding the lease-related impairment is useful to investors as it is more reflective of the actual rates earned.
(c)    Average rates were calculated on an FTE basis, at tax rates of approximately 21%.
(d)    See “Net interest revenue” on page 10 for the reconciliation of this Non-GAAP measure.

BNY Mellon 11

Average balances and interest ratesYear-to-date
Sept. 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
(dollars in millions; average rates annualized)Average balanceInterestAverage ratesAverage balanceInterestAverage rates
Assets
Interest-earning assets:
Interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks$88,442 $63 0.09 %$61,777 $354 0.75 %
Interest-bearing deposits with banks (primarily foreign banks)19,126 118 0.83 14,288 200 1.87 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements (a)
31,567 505 2.14 35,984 1,702 6.32 
Margin loans12,882 168 1.74 11,289 358 4.25 
Non-margin loans:
Domestic offices30,983 570 2.45 28,989 755 3.48 (b)
Foreign offices11,532 168 1.95 10,576 252 3.18 
Total non-margin loans42,515 738 2.32 39,565 1,007 3.40 (b)
Securities:
U.S. government obligations27,061 316 1.56 20,578 335 2.17 
U.S. government agency obligations73,992 1,086 1.96 66,191 1,273 2.56 
State and political subdivisions (c)
1,187 24 2.80 1,716 37 2.86 
Other securities (c)
42,883 247 0.77 31,068 456 1.96 
Trading securities (c)
6,763 74 1.46 5,508 116 2.80 
Total securities (c)
151,886 1,747 1.53 125,061 2,217 2.37 
Total interest-earning assets (c)
$346,418 $3,339 1.29 %$287,964 $5,838 2.71 %(b)
Noninterest-earning assets58,785 55,165 
Total assets$405,203 $343,129 
Liabilities
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing deposits:
Domestic offices$101,610 $181 0.24 %$75,846 $742 1.31 %
Foreign offices105,000 13 0.02 92,493 518 0.75 
Total interest-bearing deposits206,610 194 0.13 168,339 1,260 1.00 
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements (a)
15,000 282 2.51 12,393 1,146 12.36 
Trading liabilities2,099 11 0.66 1,470 26 2.36 
Other borrowed funds1,286 14 1.50 2,295 54 3.11 
Commercial paper1,352 7 0.70 2,718 48 2.35 
Payables to customers and broker-dealers17,879 29 0.22 15,736 198 1.68 
Long-term debt27,285 499 2.43 28,108 722 3.40 
Total interest-bearing liabilities$271,511 $1,036 0.51 %$231,059 $3,454 1.99 %
Total noninterest-bearing deposits66,869 52,168 
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities23,913 18,760 
Total liabilities362,293 301,987 
Temporary equity
Redeemable noncontrolling interests74 65 
Permanent equity
Total The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation shareholders’ equity
42,722 40,934 
Noncontrolling interests114 143 
Total permanent equity42,836 41,077 
Total liabilities, temporary equity and permanent equity
$405,203 $343,129 
Net interest revenue (FTE) – Non-GAAP (d)
$2,303 $2,384 
Net interest margin (FTE) – Non-GAAP (c)(d)
0.89 %1.11 %(b)
Less: Tax equivalent adjustment (c)
6 11 
Net interest revenue – GAAP$2,297 $2,373 
Net interest margin – GAAP0.89 %1.10 %(b)
(a)    Includes the average impact of offsetting under enforceable netting agreements of approximately $63 billion for the first nine months of 2020 and $54 billion for the first nine months of 2019. On a Non-GAAP basis, excluding the impact of offsetting, the yield on federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements would have been 0.71% for the first nine months of 2020 and 2.52% for the first nine months of 2019. On a Non-GAAP basis, excluding the impact of offsetting, the rate on federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements would have been 0.48% for the first nine months of 2020 and 2.30% for the first nine months of 2019. We believe providing the rates excluding the impact of netting is useful to investors as it is more reflective of the actual rates earned and paid.
(b)    Includes the impact of the lease-related impairment of $70 million. On a Non-GAAP basis, excluding the lease-related impairment, the yield on non-margin loans in domestic offices would have been 3.80%, the yield on total non-margin loans would have been 3.64%, the yield on total interest-earning assets would have been 2.74%, the net interest margin would have been 1.13% and the net interest margin (FTE) – Non-GAAP would have been 1.14%. We believe providing the rates excluding the lease-related impairment is useful to investors as it is more reflective of the actual rates earned.
(c)    Average rates were calculated on an FTE basis, at tax rates of approximately 21%.
(d)    See “Net interest revenue” on page 10 for the reconciliation of this Non-GAAP measure.

12 BNY Mellon

Noninterest expense

Noninterest expenseYTD20
3Q20 vs. vs.
(dollars in millions)3Q202Q203Q192Q203Q19YTD20YTD19YTD19
Staff$1,466 $1,464 $1,479 — %(1)%$4,412 $4,424 — %
Professional, legal and other purchased services 355 337 316 5 12 1,022 978 4 
Software and equipment340 345 309 (1)10 1,011 896 13 
Net occupancy136 137 138 (1)(1)408 413 (1)
Sub-custodian and clearing119 120 111 (1)7 344 331 4 
Distribution and servicing85 85 97 — (12)261 282 (7)
Bank assessment charges 30 35 31 (14)(3)100 93 8 
Business development17 20 47 (15)(64)79 148 (47)
Amortization of intangible assets26 26 30 — (13)78 89 (12)
Other107 117 32 (9)234 364 282 29 
Total noninterest expense$2,681 $2,686 $2,590 — %4 %$8,079 $7,936 2 %
Full-time employees at period end48,600 48,300 48,700 1 %— %


Total noninterest expense increased 4% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and decreased slightly compared with the second quarter of 2020. The increase compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects a reduction of previously established reserves for a tax-related exposure of certain investment management funds that we manage, net of staff expense. The increase compared with the third quarter of 2019 also reflects continued investments in technology, higher professional, legal and other purchased services expense and the unfavorable impact of a weaker U.S. dollar, partially offset by lower staff and business development (travel and marketing) expenses. The investments in technology are included in staff, professional, legal and other purchased services, and software and equipment expenses. The slight decrease compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects decreases in most expense categories, partially offset by the unfavorable impact of a weaker U.S. dollar and higher professional, legal and other purchased services expense.

Our investments in technology infrastructure and platforms are expected to continue. As a result, we expect to incur higher technology-related expenses in 2020 than in 2019 and higher pension expense as a result of a lower expected rate of return on plan assets. These increases are expected to be offset by decreases in other expenses as we continue to manage overall expenses.

Year-to-date 2020 compared with year-to-date 2019

Noninterest expense increased 2% compared with the first nine months of 2019, primarily reflecting continued investments in technology and a reduction of previously established reserves for a tax-related exposure of certain investment management funds that we manage, net of staff expense recorded in 2019, partially offset by lower business development (travel and marketing) expense.

Income taxes

BNY Mellon recorded an income tax provision of $213 million (18.4% effective tax rate) in the third quarter of 2020, $246 million (19.1% effective tax rate) in the third quarter of 2019 and $216 million (18.3% effective tax rate) in the second quarter of 2020. For additional information, see Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


BNY Mellon 13

Review of businesses

We have an internal information system that produces performance data along product and service lines for our two principal businesses, Investment Services and Investment and Wealth Management, and the Other segment.

Business accounting principles

Our business data has been determined on an internal management basis of accounting, rather than the generally accepted accounting principles used for consolidated financial reporting. These measurement principles are designed so that reported results of the businesses will track their economic performance.

For information on the accounting principles of our businesses, see Note 19 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. For information on the primary products and services in each line of business, the primary types of revenue by business and how our businesses are presented and analyzed, see Note 24 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2019 Annual Report.

Business results are subject to reclassification when organizational changes are made, or for refinements in revenue and expense allocation methodologies. Refinements are typically reflected on a prospective basis. There were no significant organizational changes in the second or third quarters of 2020. In the first quarter of 2020, we reclassified the results of certain services provided between the segments from noninterest expense to fee and other revenue. The intersegment activity is eliminated in the Other segment and relates to services that are also provided to third parties and provides consistency with the reporting of the revenues. This adjustment had no impact on income before taxes of the businesses. Also in the first quarter of 2020, we reclassified the results related to certain lending activities from the Wealth Management business to the Pershing business. These loans were originated by the Wealth Management business as a service to Pershing clients. This resulted in an increase in total revenue, noninterest expense and income before taxes in the Pershing business and a corresponding decrease in the Wealth Management business. Prior periods were restated in the first quarter of 2020 for both reclassifications.

The results of our businesses may be influenced by client and other activities that vary by quarter. In the first quarter, staff expense typically increases reflecting the vesting of long-term stock awards for retirement-eligible employees. In the third quarter, Depositary Receipts revenue is typically higher due to an increased level of client dividend payments. Also in the third quarter, volume-related fees may decline due to reduced client activity, and staff expense typically increases reflecting the annual employee merit increase. In the fourth quarter, we typically incur higher business development and marketing expenses; however, 2020 is expected to be different given the impact of the coronavirus pandemic. In our Investment and Wealth Management business, performance fees are typically higher in the fourth and first quarters, as those quarters represent the end of the measurement period for many of the performance fee-eligible relationships.

The results of our businesses may also be impacted by the translation of financial results denominated in foreign currencies to the U.S. dollar. We are primarily impacted by activities denominated in the British pound and the euro. On a consolidated basis and in our Investment Services business, we typically have more foreign currency-denominated expenses than revenues. However, our Investment and Wealth Management business typically has more foreign currency-denominated revenues than expenses. Overall, currency fluctuations impact the year-over-year growth rate in the Investment and Wealth Management business more than the Investment Services business. However, currency fluctuations, in isolation, are not expected to significantly impact net income on a consolidated basis.

Fee revenue in Investment and Wealth Management, and to a lesser extent in Investment Services, is impacted by the value of market indices. At Sept. 30, 2020, we estimated that a 5% change in global equity markets, spread evenly throughout the year, would impact fee revenue by less than 1% and diluted earnings per common share by $0.03 to $0.06.

See Note 19 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the consolidating schedules which show the contribution of our businesses to our overall profitability.


14 BNY Mellon

Investment Services business

YTD20
(dollars in millions)3Q20 vs. vs.
3Q202Q201Q204Q193Q192Q203Q19YTD20YTD19YTD19
Revenue:
Investment services fees:
Asset servicing fees (a)
$1,156 $1,164 $1,147 $1,138 $1,138 (1)%2 %$3,467 $3,375 3 %
Clearing services fees (b)
397 431 470 421 419 (8)(5)1,298 1,228 6 
Issuer services fees295 277 263 264 324 6 (9)835 866 (4)
Treasury services fees152 144 149 147 139 6 9 445 411 8 
Total investment services fees2,000 2,016 2,029 1,970 2,020 (1)(1)6,045 5,880 3 
Foreign exchange and other trading revenue
146 178 261 151 160 (18)(9)585 470 24 
Other (c)
100 145 146 115 116 (31)(14)391 340 15 
Total fee and other revenue2,246 2,339 2,436 2,236 2,296 (4)(2)7,021 6,690 5 
Net interest revenue681 768 806 778 761 (11)(11)2,255 2,348 (4)
Total revenue2,927 3,107 3,242 3,014 3,057 (6)(4)9,276 9,038 3 
Provision for credit losses(10)145 149 (5)(15)N/MN/M284 (11)N/M
Noninterest expense (excluding amortization of intangible assets)
2,002 1,971 1,969 2,160 1,952 2 3 5,942 5,856 1 
Amortization of intangible assets18 18 18 19 21 — (14)54 61 (11)
Total noninterest expense2,020 1,989 1,987 2,179 1,973 2 2 5,996 5,917 1 
Income before income taxes$917 $973 $1,106 $840 $1,099 (6)%(17)%$2,996 $3,132 (4)%
Pre-tax operating margin31 %31 %34 %28 %36 %32 %35 %
Securities lending revenue$37 $51 $46 $40 $39 (27)%(5)%$134 $123 9 %
Total revenue by line of business:
Asset Servicing$1,354 $1,463 $1,531 $1,411 $1,411 (7)%(4)%$4,348 $4,223 3 %
Pershing538 578 653 579 575 (7)(6)1,769 1,708 4 
Issuer Services435 431 419 415 466 1 (7)1,285 1,308 (2)
Treasury Services323 340 339 329 312 (5)4 1,002 946 6 
Clearance and Collateral Management
277 295 300 280 293 (6)(5)872 853 2 
Total revenue by line of business
$2,927 $3,107 $3,242 $3,014 $3,057 (6)%(4)%$9,276 $9,038 3 %
Average balances:
Average loans$40,308 $43,113 $41,789 $38,721 $37,005 (7)%9 %$41,731 $36,881 13 %
Average deposits$263,621 $268,467 $242,187 $215,388 $208,044 (2)%27 %$258,112 $201,472 28 %
(a)    Asset servicing fees include the fees from the Clearance and Collateral Management business.
(b)    Clearing services fees are almost entirely earned by our Pershing business.
(c)    Other revenue includes investment management and performance fees, financing-related fees, distribution and servicing revenue, securities gains and losses and investment and other income.
N/M - Not meaningful.

BNY Mellon 15

Investment Services business metrics3Q20 vs.
(dollars in millions, unless otherwise noted)3Q202Q201Q204Q193Q192Q203Q19
AUC/A at period end (in trillions) (a)
$38.6 $37.3 $35.2 $37.1 $35.8 3 %8 %
Market value of securities on loan at period end (in billions) (b)
$378 $384 $389 $378 $362 (2)%4 %
Pershing:
Net new assets (U.S. platform) (in billions) (c)
$12 $11 $31 $33 $19 N/MN/M
Average active clearing accounts (U.S. platform) (in thousands)
6,556 6,507 6,437 6,340 6,283 1 %4 %
Average long-term mutual fund assets (U.S. platform)
$597,312 $547,579 $549,206 $573,475 $547,522 9 %9 %
Average investor margin loans (U.S. platform)
$9,350 $9,235 $9,419 $9,420 $9,222 1 %1 %
Clearance and Collateral Management:
Average tri-party collateral management balances (in billions)
$3,417 $3,573 $3,724 $3,562 $3,550 (4)%(4)%
(a)    Consists of AUC/A primarily from the Asset Servicing business and, to a lesser extent, the Clearance and Collateral Management, Issuer Services, Pershing and Wealth Management businesses. Includes the AUC/A of CIBC Mellon of $1.4 trillion at Sept. 30, 2020, $1.3 trillion at June 30, 2020, $1.2 trillion at March 31, 2020, $1.5 trillion at Dec. 31, 2019 and $1.4 trillion at Sept. 30, 2019.
(b)    Represents the total amount of securities on loan in our agency securities lending program managed by the Investment Services business. Excludes securities for which BNY Mellon acts as agent on behalf of CIBC Mellon clients, which totaled $62 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and June 30, 2020, $59 billion at March 31, 2020, $60 billion at Dec. 31, 2019 and $66 billion at Sept. 30, 2019.
(c)    Net new assets represent net flows of assets excluding dividends and interest (e.g., net cash deposits and net securities transfers) in customer accounts in Pershing LLC, a U.S. broker-dealer.
N/M - Not meaningful.


Business description

BNY Mellon Investment Services provides business services and technology solutions to entities including financial institutions, corporations, foundations and endowments, public funds and government agencies. Our lines of business include: Asset Servicing, Pershing, Issuer Services, Treasury Services and Clearance and Collateral Management. For information on the drivers of the Investment Services fee revenue, see Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2019 Annual Report.

We are one of the leading global investment services providers with $38.6 trillion of AUC/A at Sept. 30, 2020.

The Asset Servicing business provides a comprehensive suite of solutions. As one of the largest global custody and fund accounting providers and a trusted partner, we offer services for the safekeeping of assets in capital markets globally as well as alternative investment and structured product strategies. We provide custody and foreign exchange services, support exchange-traded funds and unit investment trusts and provide our clients outsourcing capabilities. Our robust digital and data offerings enable us to provide fully integrated technology solutions for our clients. We deliver securities lending and financing solutions on both an agency and principal basis. Our agency securities lending program is one of the largest lenders of U.S. and non-U.S. securities, servicing a lendable asset pool of approximately $4.3 trillion in 34 separate markets.
Our market-leading liquidity services portal enables cash investments for institutional clients and includes fund research and analytics.

Pershing provides execution, clearing, custody, business and technology solutions, delivering dependable operational support to broker-dealers, wealth managers and registered investment advisors (RIAs) globally.

The Issuer Services business includes Corporate Trust and Depositary Receipts. Our Corporate Trust business delivers a full range of issuer and related investor services, including trustee, paying agency, fiduciary, escrow and other financial services. We are a leading provider to the debt capital markets, providing customized and market-driven solutions to investors, bondholders and lenders. Our Depositary Receipts business drives global investing by providing servicing and value-added solutions that enable, facilitate and enhance cross-border trading, clearing, settlement and ownership. We are one of the largest providers of depositary receipts services in the world, partnering with leading companies from more than 50 countries.

Our Treasury Services business provides global payments, liquidity management and trade finance services for financial institutions, corporations and the public sector.

Our Clearance and Collateral Management business clears and settles equity and fixed-income

16 BNY Mellon

transactions globally and serves as custodian for tri-party repo collateral worldwide. We are the primary provider of U.S. government securities clearance and a provider of non-U.S. government securities clearance. Our collateral services include collateral management, administration and segregation. We offer innovative solutions and industry expertise which help financial institutions and institutional investors with their liquidity, financing, risk and balance sheet challenges. We are a leading provider of tri-party collateral management services with an average of $3.4 trillion serviced globally including approximately $2.4 trillion of the U.S. tri-party repo market at Sept. 30, 2020.

Review of financial results

AUC/A of $38.6 trillion increased 8% compared with Sept. 30, 2019, primarily reflecting higher market values, net new business, client inflows and the favorable impact of a weaker U.S. dollar. AUC/A consisted of 34% equity securities and 66% fixed-income securities at Sept. 30, 2020 and Sept. 30, 2019.

Total revenue of $2.9 billion decreased 4% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and 6% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The drivers of total revenue by line of business are indicated below.

Asset Servicing revenue of $1.4 billion decreased 4% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and 7% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The decrease compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects lower interest rates, partially offset by higher client deposits and client volumes. The decrease compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects lower foreign exchange volumes, lower net interest revenue, a one-time fee recorded in the second quarter of 2020 and lower securities lending revenue driven by tighter spreads.

Pershing revenue of $538 million decreased 6% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and 7% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The decrease compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects the impact of rate-driven money market fee waivers, partially offset by higher money market balances. The decrease compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects lower clearing volumes and higher rate-driven money market fee waivers.

Issuer Services revenue of $435 million decreased 7% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and increased 1% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The decrease compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects lower Depositary Receipts revenue. The increase compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects seasonally higher Depositary Receipts revenue, partially offset by lower net interest revenue.

Treasury Services revenue of $323 million increased 4% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and decreased 5% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The increase compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects higher client deposits and money market balances. The decrease compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects lower net interest revenue, partially offset by higher payment volumes.

Clearance and Collateral Management revenue of $277 million decreased 5% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and 6% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The decrease compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects lower investment income due to the fourth quarter 2019 sale of an equity investment. The decrease compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects lower clearance volumes and net interest revenue.

Market and regulatory trends are driving investable assets toward lower fee asset management products at reduced margins for our clients. These dynamics are also negatively impacting our investment services fees. However, at the same time, these trends are providing additional outsourcing opportunities as clients and other market participants seek to comply with regulations and reduce their operating costs.

Noninterest expense of $2.0 billion increased 2% compared with both the third quarter of 2019 and the second quarter of 2020. The increase compared with the third quarter of 2019 was primarily driven by continued investments in technology. The increase compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects higher staff expense and the unfavorable impact of a weaker U.S. dollar.

Year-to-date 2020 compared with year-to-date 2019

Total revenue of $9.3 billion increased 3% compared with the first nine months of 2019. Asset Servicing revenue of $4.3 billion increased 3%, primarily reflecting higher foreign exchange and other trading

BNY Mellon 17

revenue, higher volumes from existing clients and higher market values, partially offset by lower net interest revenue. Pershing revenue of $1.8 billion increased 4%, primarily reflecting higher money market balances and clearing volumes, partially offset by the impact of rate-driven money market fee waivers. Issuer Services revenue of $1.3 billion decreased 2%, primarily reflecting lower Depositary Receipts revenue, partially offset by new business in Corporate Trust. Treasury Services revenue of $1.0 billion increased 6%, primarily reflecting higher money market balances, client deposits and net interest revenue. Clearance and Collateral
Management revenue of $872 million increased 2%, primarily reflecting growth in collateral management and clearance volumes and higher net interest revenue, partially offset by lower investment income due to the fourth quarter 2019 sale of an equity investment.

Noninterest expense of $6.0 billion increased 1% compared with the first nine months of 2019 primarily reflecting continued investments in technology, partially offset by lower business development (travel and marketing) expense.

Investment and Wealth Management business

YTD20
3Q20 vs. vs.
(dollars in millions)3Q202Q201Q204Q193Q192Q203Q19YTD20YTD19YTD19
Revenue:
Investment management fees (a)
$828 $782 $812 $836 $830 6 %— %$2,422 $2,471 (2)%
Performance fees7 5 50 48 2 N/MN/M62 35 77 
Investment management and performance fees (b)
835 787 862 884 832 6 — 2,484 2,506 (1)
Distribution and servicing31 34 43 44 45 (9)(31)108 134 (19)
Other (a)
5 17 (59)(4)(39)N/MN/M(37)(79)N/M
Total fee and other revenue (a)
871 838 846 924 838 4 4 2,555 2,561 — 
Net interest revenue47 48 52 47 49 (2)(4)147 175 (16)
Total revenue918 886 898 971 887 4 3 2,702 2,736 (1)
Provision for credit losses
12 7 9 — — N/MN/M28 (1)N/M
Noninterest expense (excluding amortization of intangible assets)
653 650 687 722 582 — 12 1,990 1,888 5 
Amortization of intangible assets
8 8 8 9 10 — (20)24 28 (14)
Total noninterest expense
661 658 695 731 592 — 12 2,014 1,916 5 
Income before income taxes$245 $221 $194 $240 $295 11 %(17)%$660 $821 (20)%
Pre-tax operating margin27 %25 %22 %25 %33 %24 %30 %
Adjusted pre-tax operating margin – Non-GAAP (c)
29 %28 %24 %27 %37 %27 %33 %
Total revenue by line of business:
Investment Management$641 $621 $620 $692 $608 3 %5 %$1,882 $1,870 1 %
Wealth Management277 265 278 279 279 5 (1)820 866 (5)
Total revenue by line of business$918 $886 $898 $971 $887 4 %3 %$2,702 $2,736 (1)%
Average balances:
Average loans$11,503 $11,791 $12,124 $12,022 $12,013 (2)%(4)%$11,805 $12,184 (3)%
Average deposits$17,570 $17,491 $16,144 $15,195 $14,083 — %25 %$17,070 $14,831 15 %
(a)    Total fee and other revenue includes the impact of the consolidated investment management funds, net of noncontrolling interests. Additionally, other revenue includes asset servicing fees, treasury services fees, foreign exchange and other trading revenue and investment and other income.
(b)    On a constant currency basis, investment management and performance fees decreased 1% (Non-GAAP) compared with the third quarter of 2019. See “Supplemental information – Explanation of GAAP and Non-GAAP financial measures” beginning on page 45 for the reconciliation of this Non-GAAP measure.
(c)    Net of distribution and servicing expense. See “Supplemental information – Explanation of GAAP and Non-GAAP financial measures” beginning on page 45 for the reconciliation of this Non-GAAP measure.
N/M - Not meaningful.

18 BNY Mellon

AUM trends3Q20 vs.
(dollars in billions)3Q202Q201Q204Q193Q192Q203Q19
AUM at period end, by product type: (a)
Equity $149 $141 $120 $154 $147 6 %1 %
Fixed income 241 224 211 224 211 8 14 
Index 350 333 274 339 321 5 9 
Liability-driven investments
788 752 705 728 742 5 6 
Multi-asset and alternative investments
193 185 171 192 182 4 6 
Cash320 326 315 273 278 (2)15 
Total AUM by product type
$2,041 $1,961 $1,796 $1,910 $1,881 4 %9 %
Changes in AUM: (a)
Beginning balance of AUM
$1,961 $1,796 $1,910 $1,881 $1,843 
Net inflows (outflows):
Long-term strategies:
Equity(4)(2)(2)(6)(4)
Fixed income1 4 — 5 2 
Liability-driven investments
14 (2)(5)(3)(4)
Multi-asset and alternative investments
(3)— (1)3 (1)
Total long-term active strategies inflows (outflows) 8 — (8)(1)(7)
Index(3)9 3 (5)(3)
Total long-term strategies inflows (outflows)
5 9 (5)(6)(10)
Short-term strategies:
Cash(10)11 43 (7)11 
Total net (outflows) inflows(5)20 38 (13)1 
Net market impact41 143 (91)(20)66 
Net currency impact44 2 (61)62 (29)
Ending balance of AUM
$2,041 $1,961 $1,796 $1,910 $1,881 4 %9 %
Wealth Management client assets (b)
$265 $254 $236 $266 $259 4 %2 %
(a)    Excludes securities lending cash management assets and assets managed in the Investment Services business.
(b)    Includes AUM and AUC/A in the Wealth Management business.


Business description

Our Investment and Wealth Management business consists of two lines of business, Investment Management and Wealth Management. Our investment firms deliver a highly diversified portfolio of investment strategies independently, and through our global distribution network, to institutional and retail clients globally. BNY Mellon Wealth Management provides investment management, custody, wealth and estate planning and private banking services. See pages 16 and 17 of our 2019 Annual Report for additional information on our Investment and Wealth Management business.

Review of financial results

AUM increased 9% compared with Sept. 30, 2019 primarily reflecting higher market values, the favorable impact of a weaker U.S. dollar (principally versus the British pound) and net inflows.

Net long-term strategy inflows were $5 billion in the third quarter of 2020, driven by liability-driven investment funds. Short-term strategy outflows were $10 billion in the third quarter of 2020. Market and regulatory trends have resulted in increased demand for lower fee asset management products and for performance-based fees.

Total revenue of $918 million increased 3% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and 4% compared with the second quarter of 2020.

Investment Management revenue of $641 million increased 5% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and 3% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The increase compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects the impact of hedging activities in the third quarter of 2019, higher market values, the favorable impact of a weaker U.S. dollar and higher performance fees, partially offset by the impact of money market fee waivers. The increase compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects higher market values and the favorable impact of a

BNY Mellon 19

weaker U.S. dollar, partially offset by lower seed capital gains, net of hedges.

Wealth Management revenue of $277 million decreased 1% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and increased 5% compared with the second quarter of 2020. The decrease compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects lower net interest revenue. The comparisons with the third quarter of 2019 and second quarter of 2020 reflect higher market values offset by a shift to lower fee investment products.

Revenue generated in the Investment and Wealth Management business included 41% from non-U.S. sources in the third quarter of 2020, compared with 39% in the third quarter of 2019 and 40% in the second quarter of 2020.

Noninterest expense of $661 million increased 12% compared with the third quarter of 2019 and increased slightly compared with the second quarter of 2020. The increase compared with the third
quarter of 2019 primarily reflects the net reduction of reserves for a tax-related exposure of certain investment management funds in the third quarter of 2019.

Year-to-date 2020 compared with year-to-date 2019

Total revenue of $2.7 billion decreased 1% compared with the first nine months of 2019. Investment Management revenue of $1.9 billion increased 1% primarily reflecting higher market values, the impact of hedging activities and higher performance fees, partially offset by an unfavorable change in the mix of AUM and the impact of fee waivers. Wealth Management revenue of $820 million decreased 5% reflecting lower net interest revenue, partially offset by higher market values.

Noninterest expense of $2.0 billion increased 5% compared with the first nine months of 2019, primarily reflecting the net reduction of reserves for a tax-related exposure of certain investment management funds in the third quarter of 2019.

Other segment

(in millions)3Q202Q201Q204Q193Q19YTD20YTD19
Fee revenue (loss)$11 $29 $21 $817 (a)$(5)$61 $36 
Net securities gains (losses) 9 9 9 (23)(1)27 7 
Total fee and other revenue (loss)20 38 30 794 (6)88 43 
Net interest (expense)(25)(36)(44)(10)(80)(105)(150)
Total (loss) revenue(5)2 (14)784 (86)(17)(107)
Provision for credit losses7 (9)11 (3)(1)9 (5)
Noninterest expense
— 39 30 54 25 69 103 
(Loss) income before income taxes
$(12)$(28)$(55)$733 $(110)$(95)$(205)
Average loans and leases$1,805 $1,815 $1,961 $1,974 $1,817 $1,861 $1,789 
(a)    Includes a gain on sale of an equity investment.


See page 18 of our 2019 Annual Report for additional information on the Other segment.

In the first quarter of 2020, we reclassified the results of certain services provided between the segments from noninterest expense to fee and other revenue. The intersegment activity is eliminated in the Other segment and relates to services that are also provided to third parties and provides consistency with the reporting of the revenues. This adjustment had no impact on income before taxes of the businesses.

Review of financial results

Fee revenue, net securities gains (losses) and net interest expense include corporate treasury and other investment activity, including hedging activity which offsets between fee revenue and net interest expense.

Fee revenue increased $16 million compared with the third quarter of 2019 and decreased $18 million compared with the second quarter of 2020. The increase compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects higher corporate treasury activity and equity investment income. The decrease compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily

20 BNY Mellon

reflects lower corporate treasury activity and equity investment income.

Net interest expense decreased $55 million compared with the third quarter of 2019 and $11 million compared with the second quarter of 2020. The decrease compared with the third quarter of 2019 primarily reflects the lease-related impairment of $70 million recorded in the third quarter of 2019 and corporate treasury activity. The decrease compared with the second quarter of 2020 primarily reflects corporate treasury activity.

Noninterest expense decreased $25 million compared with the third quarter of 2019 and $39 million compared with the second quarter of 2020. Both decreases primarily reflects lower staff expense.

Year-to-date 2020 compared with year-to-date 2019

Loss before taxes decreased $110 million compared with the first nine months of 2019. Total loss decreased $90 million, primarily reflecting the lease-related impairment of $70 million recorded in the third quarter of 2019 and corporate treasury activity. Noninterest expense decreased $34 million compared with the first nine months of 2019, primarily reflecting lower staff expense and higher intersegment eliminations, partially offset by higher pension expense.

Critical accounting estimates

Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2019 Annual Report and in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q. Our critical accounting estimates are those related to the allowance for credit losses, fair value of financial instruments and derivatives, goodwill and other intangibles and litigation and regulatory contingencies, as referenced below.

Critical accounting estimates
Reference
Allowance for credit lossesFirst quarter 2020 Form 10-Q, pages 19-20.
Fair value of financial instruments and derivatives2019 Annual Report, pages 23-24.
Goodwill and other intangibles2019 Annual Report, pages 24-25 and second quarter 2020 Form 10-Q, page 21.
Litigation and regulatory contingencies“Legal proceedings” in Note 18 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Consolidated balance sheet review

One of our key risk management objectives is to maintain a balance sheet that remains strong throughout market cycles to meet the expectations of our major stakeholders, including our shareholders, clients, creditors and regulators.

We also seek to undertake overall liquidity risk, including intraday liquidity risk, that stays within our risk appetite. The objective of our balance sheet management strategy is to maintain a balance sheet that is characterized by strong liquidity and asset quality, ready access to external funding sources at competitive rates and a strong capital structure that supports our risk-taking activities and is adequate to absorb potential losses. In managing the balance sheet, appropriate consideration is given to balancing the competing needs of maintaining sufficient levels of liquidity and complying with applicable regulations and supervisory expectations while optimizing profitability.

At Sept. 30, 2020, total assets were $428 billion, compared with $382 billion at Dec. 31, 2019. The increase in total assets was primarily driven by higher securities and interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks, resulting from significant deposit inflows. Deposits totaled $296 billion at Sept. 30, 2020, compared with $259 billion at Dec. 31, 2019. The increase reflects the current macroeconomic environment. Total interest-bearing deposits as a percentage of total interest-earning assets were 58% at Sept. 30, 2020 and 62% at Dec. 31, 2019.

At Sept. 30, 2020, available funds totaled $159 billion which include cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks, interest-bearing deposits with banks and federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements. This compares with available funds of $145 billion at Dec. 31, 2019. Total available funds as a percentage of total assets were 37% at Sept. 30, 2020 and 38% at Dec. 31, 2019. For additional information on our available funds, see “Liquidity and dividends.”

Securities were $155 billion, or 36% of total assets, at Sept. 30, 2020, compared with $123 billion, or 32% of total assets, at Dec. 31, 2019. The increase primarily reflects investments in U.S. Treasury securities, agency residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), supranational securities, and

BNY Mellon 21

U.S. government agency securities and an increase in the unrealized pre-tax gain. For additional information on our securities portfolio, see “Securities” and Note 4 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Loans were $55.5 billion, or 13% of total assets, at Sept. 30, 2020, compared with $55.0 billion, or 14% of total assets, at Dec. 31, 2019. The increase was primarily driven by higher overdrafts and commercial real estate loans, partially offset by lower loans to financial institutions. For additional information on our loan portfolio, see “Loans” and Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Long-term debt totaled $26.1 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and $27.5 billion at Dec. 31, 2019. Maturities and redemptions were partially offset by issuances and an increase in the fair value of hedged long-term debt. For additional information on long-term debt, see “Liquidity and dividends.”

The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation total shareholders’ equity increased to $44.9 billion at
Sept. 30, 2020 from $41.5 billion at Dec. 31, 2019. For additional information, see “Capital.”

Country risk exposure

The following table presents BNY Mellon’s top 10 exposures by country (excluding the U.S.) as of Sept. 30, 2020, as well as certain countries with higher-risk profiles, and is presented on an internal risk management basis. We monitor our exposure to these and other countries as part of our internal country risk management process.

The country risk exposure below reflects the Company’s risk to an immediate default of the counterparty or obligor based on the country of residence of the entity which incurs the liability. If there is credit risk mitigation, the country of residence of the entity providing the risk mitigation is the country of risk. The country of risk for securities is generally based on the domicile of the issuer of the security.

Country risk exposure at Sept. 30, 2020
Interest-bearing depositsTotal exposure
(in billions)Central banksBanks
Lending (a)
Securities (b)
Other (c)
Top 10 country exposure:
United Kingdom (“UK”)$15.7 $0.7 $1.2 $4.0 $2.1 $23.7 
Germany14.9 0.6 0.7 4.3 0.3 20.8 
Japan17.4 1.3 — 0.6 0.1 19.4 
Canada— 2.5 0.1 3.9 1.1 7.6 
Belgium5.9 0.2 0.1 0.3 — 6.5 
China— 2.8 1.5 — 0.2 4.5 
Ireland0.7 0.1 1.3 0.6 1.4 4.1 
France— — 0.1 2.7 0.2 3.0 
Luxembourg0.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 1.8 2.9 
South Korea0.1 0.7 1.8 — 0.1 2.7 
Total Top 10 country exposure$55.3 $9.1 $7.0 $16.5 $7.3 $95.2 (d)
Select country exposure:
Italy$0.1 $0.4 $— $2.0 $— $2.5 
Brazil— — 0.9 0.1 0.1 1.1 
Total select country exposure$0.1 $0.4 $0.9 $2.1 $0.1 $3.6 
(a)    Lending includes loans, acceptances, issued letters of credit, net of participations, and lending-related commitments.
(b)    Securities include both the available-for-sale and held-to-maturity portfolios.
(c)    Other exposures include over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivative and securities financing transactions, net of collateral.
(d)    The top 10 country exposures comprise approximately 75% of our total non-U.S. exposure.


Based on our internal country risk management process at Sept. 30, 2020, our largest country risk exposure was to the UK, which withdrew from the European Union (“EU”) on Jan. 31, 2020. For additional information, see “Other Matters - UK’s Withdrawal from the EU (“Brexit”)” and “Risk
Factors - The UK’s withdrawal from the EU may have negative effects on global economic conditions, global financial markets, and our business and results of operations” both included in our 2019 Annual Report.


22 BNY Mellon

Events in recent years have resulted in increased focus on Italy and Brazil. The country risk exposure to Italy primarily consists of investment grade sovereign debt. The country risk exposure to Brazil is primarily short-term trade finance loans extended to large financial institutions. We also have operations in Brazil providing investment services and investment management services.


Securities

In the discussion of our securities portfolio, we have included certain credit ratings information because the information can indicate the degree of credit risk to which we are exposed. Significant changes in ratings classifications for our securities portfolio could indicate increased credit risk for us and could be accompanied by a reduction in the fair value of our securities portfolio.

The following table shows the distribution of our total securities portfolio.

Securities portfolioJune 30, 20203Q20
change in
unrealized
gain (loss)		Sept. 30, 2020
Fair value as a % of amortized
cost (a)
Unrealized
gain (loss)
% Floating
rate (b)
Ratings (c)
BBB+/
BBB-		BB+
and
lower		A1+/A2 & SP-1+
(dollars in millions)Fair
value		Amortized
cost		Fair
value		AAA/
AA-		A+/
A-		Not
rated
Agency RMBS$60,401 $47 $61,348 $62,922 103 %$1,574 16 %100 %— %— %— %— %— %
U.S. Treasury28,651 83 26,454 26,964 102 510 42 100 — — — — — 
Sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed (d)
16,868 8 14,908 15,086 101 178 10 67 7 25 1 — — 
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”)11,731 45 11,340 11,777 104 437 32 100 — — — — — 
Supranational5,484 5 7,121 7,176 101 55 46 100 — — — — — 
Foreign covered bonds (e)
5,598 14 5,777 5,841 101 64 35 99 1 — — — — 
U.S. government agencies5,056 8 5,566 5,646 101 80 21 100 — — — — — 
Collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”)4,432 44 4,707 4,657 99 (50)100 99 — — — — 1 
Foreign government agencies (f)
3,575 4 3,924 3,967 101 43 29 94 6 — — — — 
Other asset-backed securities (“ABS”)2,743 8 2,903 2,930 101 27 25 99 — — 1 — — 
Non-agency commercial MBS2,602 34 2,565 2,684 105 119 23 100 — — — — — 
Non-agency RMBS (g)
1,672 14 1,864 2,013 108 149 55 60 5 2 20 — 13 
State and political subdivisions1,196 (1)1,676 1,705 102 29 1 83 13 3 — — 1 
Corporate bonds831 — 988 1,030 104 42 — 19 64 17 — — — 
Commercial paper/CDs3,392 (4)650 652 100 2 55 — — — — 100 — 
Other1 — 1 1 100 — — — — — — — 100 
Total securities$154,233 (h)$309 $151,792 $155,051 (h)102 %$3,259 (h)(i)27 %95 %2 %3 %— %— %— %
(a)    Amortized cost reflects historical impairments, but does not include the impact of the allowance for credit losses.
(b)    Includes the impact of hedges.
(c)    Represents ratings by Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) or the equivalent.
(d)    Primarily consists of exposure to Germany, UK, France, Italy, Spain and Singapore.
(e)    Primarily consists of exposure to Canada, UK, Australia and Norway.
(f)    Primarily consists of exposure to Germany, the Netherlands and Canada.
(g)    Includes RMBS that were included in the former Grantor Trust of $538 million at June 30, 2020 and $512 million at Sept. 30, 2020.
(h)    Includes net unrealized losses on derivatives hedging securities available-for-sale (including terminated hedges) of $1,817 million at June 30, 2020 and $1,650 million at Sept. 30, 2020.
(i)    Includes unrealized gains of $1,897 million at Sept. 30, 2020 related to available-for-sale securities, net of hedges, and $1,362 million related to held-to-maturity securities.


The fair value of our securities portfolio, including related hedges, was $155.1 billion at Sept. 30, 2020, compared with $122.7 billion at Dec. 31, 2019. The increase primarily reflects investments in U.S. Treasury, agency RMBS, supranational and U.S. government agency securities and an increase in unrealized pre-tax gain.


Included in the securities portfolio at Sept. 30, 2020 were $159 million of commercial paper and $198 million of CDs purchased from affiliated money market mutual funds in order to provide liquidity support to the funds. Additionally, at Sept. 30, 2020, the securities portfolio included $295 million of commercial paper and CDs purchased from money market mutual funds managed by third parties and funded through the MMLF program.

BNY Mellon 23

At Sept. 30, 2020, the securities portfolio had a net unrealized gain, including the impact of related hedges, of $3.3 billion, compared with $796 million at Dec. 31, 2019. The increase in the net unrealized pre-tax gain was primarily driven by lower market rates.

The fair value of the available-for-sale securities totaled $107.6 million at Sept. 30, 2020, net of hedges, or 69% of the securities portfolio, net of hedges. The fair value of the held-to-maturity securities totaled $47.5 million or 31% of the securities portfolio, net of hedges.

The unrealized gain (after-tax) on our available-for-sale securities portfolio, net of hedges, included in
accumulated other comprehensive income (“OCI”) was $1.4 billion at Sept. 30, 2020, compared with $361 million at Dec. 31, 2019. The increase in the unrealized gain, net of tax, was primarily driven by lower market interest rates.

At Sept. 30, 2020, 95% of the securities in our portfolio were rated AAA/AA-, unchanged when compared with Dec. 31, 2019.

See Note 4 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the pre-tax net securities gains (losses) by security type. See Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for details of securities by level in the fair value hierarchy.


The following table presents the amortizable purchase premium (net of discount) related to the securities portfolio and accretable discount related to the 2009 restructuring of the securities portfolio.

Net premium amortization and discount accretion of securities (a)
(dollars in millions)3Q202Q201Q204Q193Q19
Amortizable purchase premium (net of discount) relating to securities:
Balance at period end$2,050 $1,693 $1,555 $1,319 $1,308 
Estimated average life remaining at period end (in years)
3.8 3.7 3.8 4.3 4.2 
Amortization$161 $125 $101 $100 $95 
Accretable discount related to the prior restructuring of the securities portfolio:
Balance at period end$133 $145 $159 $163 $171 
Estimated average life remaining at period end (in years)
5.7 5.8 6.1 6.3 6.3 
Accretion$9 $10 $11 $12 $13 
(a)    Amortization of purchase premium decreases net interest revenue while accretion of discount increases net interest revenue. Both were recorded on a level yield basis.


Loans 

Total exposure – consolidatedSept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(in billions)LoansUnfunded
commitments		Total
exposure		LoansUnfunded
commitments		Total
exposure
Non-margin loans:
Financial institutions$11.0 $33.5 $44.5 $12.5 $34.4 $46.9 
Commercial1.9 12.2 14.1 1.8 12.6 14.4 
Subtotal institutional12.9 45.7 58.6 14.3 47.0 61.3 
Wealth management loans and mortgages15.9 0.9 16.8 16.2 0.8 17.0 
Commercial real estate6.0 3.2 9.2 5.6 3.6 9.2 
Lease financings1.1 — 1.1 1.1 — 1.1 
Other residential mortgages0.4 — 0.4 0.5 — 0.5 
Overdrafts4.0 — 4.0 2.7 — 2.7 
Other1.7 — 1.7 1.2 — 1.2 
Subtotal non-margin loans42.0 49.8 91.8 41.6 51.4 93.0 
Margin loans13.5 0.1 13.6 13.4 0.1 13.5 
Total$55.5 $49.9 $105.4 $55.0 $51.5 $106.5 



24 BNY Mellon

At Sept. 30, 2020, total exposure of $105.4 billion decreased 1% compared with Dec. 31, 2019, primarily reflecting lower exposure to financial institutions, partially offset by higher overdrafts.


Our financial institutions and commercial portfolios comprise our largest concentrated risk. These portfolios comprised 56% of our total exposure at Sept. 30, 2020 and 58% at Dec. 31, 2019. Additionally, most of our overdrafts relate to financial institutions.

Financial institutions

The financial institutions portfolio is shown below.

Financial institutions
portfolio exposure
(dollars in billions)
Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
LoansUnfunded
commitments		Total
exposure		% Inv.
grade		% due
<1 yr.		LoansUnfunded
commitments		Total
exposure
Securities industry$2.8 $22.3 $25.1 97 %99 %$2.9 $23.4 $26.3 
Asset managers1.2 6.5 7.7 98 83 1.3 6.4 7.7 
Banks6.1 1.1 7.2 85 97 7.4 1.1 8.5 
Insurance0.1 2.7 2.8 100 16 — 2.7 2.7 
Government0.1 0.2 0.3 100 47 0.1 0.3 0.4 
Other0.7 0.7 1.4 96 53 0.8 0.5 1.3 
Total$11.0 $33.5 $44.5 95 %89 %$12.5 $34.4 $46.9 


The financial institutions portfolio exposure was $44.5 billion at Sept. 30, 2020, a decrease of 5% compared with Dec. 31, 2019, primarily reflecting a decrease in loans to banks and unfunded commitments to the securities industry.

Financial institution exposures are high quality, with 95% of the exposures meeting the investment grade equivalent criteria of our internal credit rating classification at Sept. 30, 2020. Each customer is assigned an internal credit rating, which is mapped to an equivalent external rating agency grade based upon a number of dimensions, which are continually evaluated and may change over time. For ratings of non-U.S. counterparties, our internal credit rating is generally capped at a rating equivalent to the sovereign rating of the country where the counterparty resides, regardless of the internal credit rating assigned to the counterparty or the underlying collateral.

In addition, 75% of the financial institutions exposure is secured. For example, securities industry clients and asset managers often borrow against marketable securities held in custody.

The exposure to financial institutions is generally short-term, with 89% of the exposures expiring within one year. At Sept. 30, 2020, 61% of the exposure to financial institutions had an expiration within 90 days, compared with 18% at Dec. 31, 2019.
Secured intraday credit facilities represent approximately 40% of the exposure in the financial institutions portfolio and are reviewed and reapproved annually.

At Sept. 30, 2020, the secured intraday credit provided to dealers in connection with their tri-party repo activity totaled $18.9 billion and was included in the securities industry portfolio. Dealers secure the outstanding intraday credit with high-quality liquid collateral having a market value in excess of the amount of the outstanding credit.

Our banks exposure primarily relates to our global trade finance. These exposures are short-term in nature, with 97% due in less than one year. The investment grade percentage of our banks exposure was 85% at Sept. 30, 2020, compared with 77% at Dec. 31, 2019. Our non-investment grade exposures are primarily trade finance loans in Brazil.

The asset managers portfolio exposure is high-quality, with 98% of the exposures meeting our investment grade equivalent ratings criteria as of Sept. 30, 2020. These exposures are generally short-term liquidity facilities, with the majority to regulated mutual funds.

BNY Mellon 25

Commercial

The commercial portfolio is presented below.

Commercial portfolio exposureSept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(dollars in billions)LoansUnfunded
commitments		Total
exposure		% Inv.
grade		% due
<1 yr.		LoansUnfunded
commitments		Total
exposure
Services and other$1.0 $3.5 $4.5 94 %37 %$0.6 $3.7 $4.3 
Manufacturing0.7 3.8 4.5 94 21 0.9 4.2 5.1 
Energy and utilities0.2 4.0 4.2 89 5 0.3 3.7 4.0 
Media and telecom— 0.9 0.9 93 3 — 1.0 1.0 
Total$1.9 $12.2 $14.1 93 %20 %$1.8 $12.6 $14.4 


The commercial portfolio exposure was $14.1 billion at Sept. 30, 2020, a decrease of 2% from Dec. 31, 2019, primarily driven by lower exposure in the manufacturing portfolio, partially offset by increased exposure in the services and other and energy and utilities portfolios.

We have $734 million of total direct exposure to the oil and gas industry, most of which is reflected in the energy and utilities portfolio in the table above. This exposure is to exploration and production, refining and integrated companies and was 65% investment grade at Sept. 30, 2020 and 91% at Dec. 31, 2019.

Our credit strategy is to focus on investment grade clients that are active users of our non-credit services. The following table summarizes the percentage of the financial institutions and commercial portfolio exposures that are investment grade.

Percentage of the portfolios that are investment grade
Quarter ended
Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020March 31, 2020Dec. 31, 2019Sept. 30, 2019
Financial institutions95 %95 %96 %95 %95 %
Commercial93 %92 %94 %96 %95 %
Wealth management loans and mortgages

Our wealth management exposure was $16.8 billion at Sept. 30, 2020, compared with $17.0 billion at Dec. 31, 2019. Wealth management loans and mortgages primarily consist of loans to high-net-worth individuals, which are secured by marketable securities and/or residential property. Wealth management mortgages are primarily interest-only, adjustable-rate mortgages with a weighted-average loan-to-value ratio of 62% at origination. Less than 1% of the mortgages were past due at Sept. 30, 2020.

At Sept. 30, 2020, the wealth management mortgage portfolio consisted of the following geographic concentrations: California - 22%; New York - 17%; Massachusetts - 10%; Florida - 8%; and other - 43%.

26 BNY Mellon

Commercial real estate

The composition of the commercial real estate portfolio by asset class, including percentage secured, is presented below.

Composition of commercial real estate portfolio by asset class
Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
Total
exposure
Percentage
secured (a)
Total
exposure
Percentage
secured (a)
(in billions)
Residential$3.2 87 %$3.1 86 %
Office2.8 76 3.1 77 
Retail1.0 52 1.0 57 
Mixed-use0.8 20 0.6 24 
Hotels0.6 19 0.6 17 
Healthcare0.3 10 0.3 — 
Other0.5 24 0.5 21 
Total commercial real estate$9.2 64 %$9.2 65 %
(a)    Represents the amount of secured exposure in each asset class.


Our commercial real estate exposure totaled $9.2 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019. Our income-producing commercial real estate facilities are focused on experienced owners and are structured with moderate leverage based on existing cash flows. Our commercial real estate lending activities also include construction and renovation facilities. Our client base consists of experienced developers and long-term holders of real estate assets. Loans are approved on the basis of existing or projected cash flows and supported by appraisals and knowledge of local market conditions. Development loans are structured with moderate leverage, and in many instances, involve some level of recourse to the developer.

At Sept. 30, 2020, the unsecured portfolio consists of real estate investment trusts (“REITs”) and real estate operating companies, which are both primarily investment grade.

At Sept. 30, 2020, our commercial real estate portfolio consisted of the following concentrations: New York metro - 39%; REITs and real estate operating companies - 36%; and other - 25%.

Lease financings

The lease financings portfolio exposure totaled $1.1 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019. At Sept. 30, 2020, approximately 98% of leasing exposure was investment grade, or investment grade equivalent and consisted of exposures backed by well-diversified assets, primarily large-ticket transportation equipment and real estate. The largest component of our lease residual value exposure is freight-related rail cars.
Assets are both domestic and foreign-based, with primary concentrations in the U.S. and Germany.

Other residential mortgages

The other residential mortgages portfolio primarily consists of 1-4 family residential mortgage loans and totaled $423 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $494 million at Dec. 31, 2019. Included in this portfolio at Sept. 30, 2020 were $76 million of mortgage loans purchased in 2005, 2006 and the first quarter of 2007, of which 19% of the serviced loan balance was at least 60 days delinquent.

Overdrafts

Overdrafts primarily relate to custody and securities clearance clients and are generally repaid within two business days.

Other loans

Other loans primarily include loans to consumers that are fully collateralized with equities, mutual funds and fixed-income securities.

Margin loans

Margin loan exposure of $13.6 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and $13.5 billion at Dec. 31, 2019 was collateralized with marketable securities. Borrowers are required to maintain a daily collateral margin in excess of 100% of the value of the loan. Margin loans included $3.6 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019 related to a term loan program that offers fully collateralized loans to broker-dealers.

BNY Mellon 27

Allowance for credit losses

Our credit strategy is to focus on investment grade clients who are active users of our non-credit services. Our primary exposure to the credit risk of a customer consists of funded loans, unfunded contractual commitments to lend, standby letters of credit (“SBLC”) and overdrafts associated with our custody and securities clearance businesses.
On Jan. 1, 2020, we adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, on a prospective basis. See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the significant accounting policy related to allowance for credit losses on loans and lending-related commitments.


The following table details changes in our allowance for credit losses.

Allowance for credit losses activitySept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019Sept. 30, 2019
(dollars in millions)
Beginning balance of allowance for credit losses
$475 $329 $224 $241 
Provision for credit losses9 143 (8)(16)
Net recoveries (charge-offs):
Loans:
Other residential mortgages1 3 — — 
Commercial— — — (1)
Other financial instruments
1 — N/AN/A
Net recoveries (charge-offs)
2 3 — (1)
Ending balance of allowance for credit losses
$486 $475 $216 $224 
Allowance for loan losses$325 $302 $122 $127 
Allowance for lending-related commitments
135 152 94 97 
Allowance for financial instruments
26 (a)21 (a)N/AN/A
Total allowance for credit losses
$486 $475 $216 $224 
Non-margin loans$41,993 $42,488 $41,567 $44,417 
Margin loans13,498 12,909 13,386 10,464 
Total loans$55,491 $55,397 $54,953 $54,881 
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans
0.59 %0.55 %0.22 %0.23 %
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of non-margin loans
0.77 0.71 0.29 0.29 
Allowance for loan losses and lending-related commitments as a percentage of total loans
0.83 0.82 0.39 0.41 
Allowance for loan losses and lending-related commitments as a percentage of non-margin loans
1.10 1.07 0.52 0.50 
(a)    Includes allowance for credit losses on federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements, available-for-sale securities, held-to-maturity securities, accounts receivable, cash and due from banks and interest-bearing deposits with banks.
N/A - Not applicable.


The provision for credit losses of $9 million in the third quarter of 2020 reflects a fairly consistent macroeconomic outlook compared with the second quarter of 2020.

We had $13.5 billion of secured margin loans on our balance sheet at Sept. 30, 2020 compared with $13.4 billion at Dec. 31, 2019. We have rarely suffered a loss on these types of loans. As a result, we believe that the ratio of allowance for loan losses and lending-related commitments as a percentage of non-
margin loans is a more appropriate metric to measure the adequacy of the reserve.

The allowance for loan losses and allowance for lending-related commitments represent management’s estimate of lifetime expected losses in our credit portfolio. This evaluation process is subject to numerous estimates and judgments. To the extent actual results differ from forecasts or management’s judgment, the allowance for credit losses may be greater or less than future charge-offs.

28 BNY Mellon

Based on an evaluation of the allowance for credit losses as discussed in “Critical accounting estimates” and Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, we have allocated our allowance for loans and lending-related commitments as presented below.

Allocation of allowance for loan losses and lending-related commitmentsSept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019Sept. 30, 2019
Commercial real estate84 %81 %35 %35 %
Commercial6 9 28 27 
Financial institutions2 4 9 9 
Other residential mortgages4 3 6 6 
Wealth management (b)
3 2 9 9 
Lease financings1 1 2 1 
Foreign— (a)— (a)11 13 
Total100 %100 %100 %100 %
(a)    The allowance related to foreign exposure has been reclassified to the respective classes of financing receivables.
(b)    Includes the allowance for credit losses on wealth management mortgages.


The allocation of the allowance for credit losses is inherently judgmental, and the entire allowance for credit losses is available to absorb credit losses regardless of the nature of the losses.

Our allowance for credit losses is sensitive to a number of inputs, most notably the credit ratings assigned to each borrower as well as macroeconomic forecast assumptions that are incorporated in our estimate of credit losses through the expected life of the loan portfolio. Thus, as the macroeconomic environment and related forecasts change, the allowance for credit losses may change materially. The following sensitivity analyses do not represent management’s expectations of the deterioration of our portfolios or the economic environment, but are provided as hypothetical scenarios to assess the sensitivity of the allowance for credit losses to changes in key inputs. If each credit were rated one grade better, the allowance would have decreased by $119 million, and if each credit were rated one grade worse, the allowance would have increased by $146 million. Our multi-scenario based macroeconomic forecast used in determining the Sept. 30, 2020 allowance for credit losses consisted of three recessionary scenarios, each of varying severity and duration. The baseline scenario reflects moderate recovery across most key variables, whereas the upside scenario is principally a V-shaped recovery, and the downside scenario is reflective of W-shaped recovery in GDP and unemployment and deeper reductions in asset prices compared to the baseline. We placed the most weight on our baseline scenario, with the remaining weighting resulting in slightly
more weight placed on the downside scenario than the upside scenario. From a sensitivity perspective, at Sept. 30, 2020, if we had applied 100% weighting to the downside scenario, the allowance for credit losses would have been approximately $245 million higher.

Nonperforming assets

The table below presents our nonperforming assets.

Nonperforming assetsSept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(dollars in millions)
Nonperforming loans:
Other residential mortgages$56 $62 
Wealth management loans and mortgages
27 24 
Total nonperforming loans
83 86 
Other assets owned1 3 
Total nonperforming assets
$84 $89 
Nonperforming assets ratio0.15 %0.16 %
Nonperforming assets ratio,
excluding margin loans
0.20 0.21 
Allowance for loan losses/nonperforming loans (a)
391.6 141.9 
Allowance for loan losses/nonperforming assets (a)
386.9 137.1 
Allowance for loan losses and lending-related commitments/nonperforming loans (a)
554.2 251.2 
Allowance for loan losses and lending-related commitments/nonperforming assets (a)
547.6 242.7 
(a)    In the first quarter of 2020, we adopted new accounting guidance included in ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, on a prospective basis. See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statement for additional information.


BNY Mellon 29

Lost interest

Interest revenue would have increased by $1 million in the third quarter of 2020, second quarter of 2020 and the third quarter of 2019 and $4 million in the first nine months of 2020 and first nine months of 2019, if nonperforming loans at period-end had been performing for the entire respective periods.

Loan modifications

Due to the coronavirus pandemic, there have been two forms of relief provided for classifying loans as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”): The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) and the Interagency Guidance. See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details on this guidance. Financial institutions may account for eligible loan modifications either under the CARES Act or the Interagency Guidance and we have elected to apply both, as applicable, in providing borrowers with loan modification relief in response to the coronavirus pandemic. We modified loans of $106 million in the third quarter of 2020 and $282 million in the second quarter of 2020. Nearly all of the modifications were short-term loan payment forbearances or modified principal and/or interest payments. These loans were primarily residential mortgage and commercial real estate loans. We also modified loans of $56 million in the third quarter of 2020, a majority of which were commercial real estate loans, by providing long-term loan payment modifications and an extension of maturity. We did not identify any of the modifications as TDRs. None of these loans were reported as past due or nonperforming at Sept. 30, 2020. At Sept. 30, 2020, the unpaid principal balance of the loans modified under the CARES Act or Interagency Guidance was $174 million. We modified residential mortgage loans of $4 million in the third quarter of 2019.

Deposits

Increased volatility coupled with the interest rate environment has led to an increase in deposit levels as our clients increased the levels of cash placed with us. Total deposits were $296.3 billion at Sept. 30, 2020, an increase of 14%, compared with $259.5 billion at Dec. 31, 2019.

Noninterest-bearing deposits were $79.5 billion at Sept. 30, 2020, compared with $57.6 billion at Dec.
31, 2019. Interest-bearing deposits were $216.8 billion at Sept. 30, 2020, compared with $201.9 billion at Dec. 31, 2019. See “Impact of coronavirus pandemic on our business” for additional information.

Short-term borrowings

We fund ourselves primarily through deposits and, to a lesser extent, other short-term borrowings and long-term debt. Short-term borrowings consist of federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements, payables to customers and broker-dealers, commercial paper and other borrowed funds. Certain short-term borrowings, for example, securities sold under repurchase agreements, require the delivery of securities as collateral.

Information related to federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements is presented below.

Federal funds purchased and securities sold under
repurchase agreements
Quarter ended
(dollars in millions)Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
Maximum month-end balance during the quarter
$17,248 $14,512 $16,967 
Average daily balance (a)
$16,850 $14,209 $13,432 
Weighted-average rate during the quarter (a)
0.13 %0.03 %13.08 %
Ending balance (b)
$15,907 $14,512 $11,796 
Weighted-average rate at period end (b)
0.16 %0.00 %11.70 %
(a)    Includes the average impact of offsetting under enforceable netting agreements of $42,862 million in the third quarter of 2020, $66,606 million in the second quarter of 2020 and $67,519 million in the third quarter of 2019. On a Non-GAAP basis, excluding the impact of offsetting, the weighted-average rates would have been 0.04% for the third quarter of 2020, 0.00% for the second quarter of 2020 and 2.17% for the third quarter of 2019. We believe providing the rates excluding the impact of netting is useful to investors as it is more reflective of the actual rates paid.
(b)    Includes the impact of offsetting under enforceable netting agreements of $54,629 million at Sept. 30, 2020, $48,615 million at June 30, 2020 and $60,094 million at Sept. 30, 2019.


Fluctuations of federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements reflect changes in overnight borrowing opportunities. The fluctuations of the weighted-average rates compared with Sept. 30, 2019 and June 30, 2020 primarily reflect lower interest rates and repurchase agreement activity with the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation (the “FICC”),

30 BNY Mellon

where we record interest expense gross, but the ending and average balances reflect the impact of offsetting under enforceable netting agreements. This activity primarily relates to government securities collateralized resale and repurchase agreements executed with clients that are novated to and settle with the FICC.

Information related to payables to customers and broker-dealers is presented below.

Payables to customers and broker-dealers
Quarter ended
(dollars in millions)Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
Maximum month-end balance during the quarter
$24,188 $25,012 $19,103 
Average daily balance (a)
$23,847 $23,944 $18,619 
Weighted-average rate during the quarter (a)
(0.01)%(0.01)%1.52 %
Ending balance $23,514 $25,012 $18,364 
Weighted-average rate at period end
(0.01)%(0.01)%1.34 %
(a)    The weighted-average rate is calculated based on, and is applied to, the average interest-bearing payables to customers and broker-dealers, which were $18,501 million in the third quarter of 2020, $18,742 million in the second quarter of 2020 and $15,440 million in the third quarter of 2019.


Payables to customers and broker-dealers represent funds awaiting reinvestment and short sale proceeds payable on demand. Payables to customers and broker-dealers are driven by customer trading activity and market volatility.

Information related to commercial paper is presented below.

Commercial paper
Quarter ended
(dollars in millions)Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
Maximum month-end balance during the quarter
$5,000 $665 $5,692 
Average daily balance$2,274 $191 $3,796 
Weighted-average rate during the quarter
0.09 %1.02 %2.26 %
Ending balance $671 $665 $3,538 
Weighted-average rate at period end
0.09 %0.02 %1.88 %


The Bank of New York Mellon issues commercial paper that matures within 397 days from the date of issue and is not redeemable prior to maturity or
subject to voluntary prepayment. The fluctuations in the commercial paper balances primarily reflect funding of investments in short-term assets.

Information related to other borrowed funds is presented below.

Other borrowed funds
Quarter ended
(dollars in millions)Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
Maximum month-end balance during the quarter
$948 $2,451 $1,358 
Average daily balance$873 $2,272 $1,148 
Weighted-average rate during the quarter
1.40 %1.30 %3.24 %
Ending balance$420 $1,628 $820 
Weighted-average rate at period end
1.66 %1.37 %3.16 %


Other borrowed funds primarily include borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston under the MMLF program, overdrafts of sub-custodian account balances in our Investment Services businesses, finance lease liabilities and borrowings under lines of credit by our Pershing subsidiaries. Overdrafts typically relate to timing differences for settlements. The decrease in other borrowed funds compared with Sept. 30, 2019 primarily reflects a decrease in borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank, partially offset by borrowings from the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston under the MMLF program. The decrease in other borrowed funds compared with June 30, 2020 primarily reflects lower borrowings from the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston under the MMLF program.

Liquidity and dividends

BNY Mellon defines liquidity as the ability of the Parent and its subsidiaries to access funding or convert assets to cash quickly and efficiently, or to roll over or issue new debt, especially during periods of market stress, at a reasonable cost, and in order to meet its short-term (up to one year) obligations. Funding liquidity risk is the risk that BNY Mellon cannot meet its cash and collateral obligations at a reasonable cost for both expected and unexpected cash flow and collateral needs without adversely affecting daily operations or our financial condition. Funding liquidity risk can arise from funding mismatches, market constraints from the inability to convert assets into cash, the inability to hold or raise

BNY Mellon 31

cash, low overnight deposits, deposit run-off or contingent liquidity events.

Changes in economic conditions or exposure to credit, market, operational, legal and reputational risks also can affect BNY Mellon’s liquidity risk profile and are considered in our liquidity risk framework. See “Impact of coronavirus pandemic on our business” for additional information.

The Parent’s policy is to have access to sufficient unencumbered cash and cash equivalents at each quarter-end to cover maturities and other forecasted debt redemptions, net interest payments and net tax payments for the following 18-month period, and to provide sufficient collateral to satisfy transactions subject to Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act. As of Sept. 30, 2020, the Parent was in compliance with this policy.

For additional information on our liquidity policy, see “Risk Management - Liquidity Risk” in our 2019 Annual Report.

We monitor and control liquidity exposures and funding needs within and across significant legal entities, branches, currencies and business lines, taking into account, among other factors, any applicable restrictions on the transfer of liquidity among entities.

BNY Mellon also manages potential intraday liquidity risks. We monitor and manage intraday liquidity against existing and expected intraday liquid resources (such as cash balances, remaining intraday credit capacity, intraday contingency funding and available collateral) to enable BNY Mellon to meet its intraday obligations under normal and reasonably severe stressed conditions.

We define available funds for internal liquidity management purposes as cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks, interest-bearing deposits with banks and federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements. The following table presents our total available funds at period end and on an average basis.

Available fundsSept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019Average
(dollars in millions)3Q202Q203Q19YTD20YTD19
Cash and due from banks$4,104 $4,830 $4,332 $4,102 $5,250 $4,343 $5,063 
Interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks
106,185 95,042 90,670 94,229 60,030 88,442 61,777 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks19,027 14,811 19,202 21,093 15,324 19,126 14,288 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements
29,647 30,182 30,342 30,265 40,816 31,567 35,984 
Total available funds$158,963 $144,865 $144,546 $149,689 $121,420 $143,478 $117,112 
Total available funds as a percentage of total assets
37 %38 %35 %36 %35 %35 %34 %


Total available funds were $159.0 billion at Sept. 30, 2020, compared with $144.9 billion at Dec. 31, 2019. The increase was primarily due to higher interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks.

Average non-core sources of funds, such as federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements, trading liabilities, commercial paper and other borrowed funds, were $19.7 billion for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020 and $18.9 billion for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019. The increase primarily reflects an increase in federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements, partially offset by decreases in commercial paper and other borrowed funds.
Average foreign deposits, primarily from our European-based Investment Services businesses, were $105.0 billion for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020, compared with $92.5 billion for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019. Average interest-bearing domestic deposits were $101.6 billion for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020 and $75.8 billion for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019. The increase primarily reflects increased client activity.

Average payables to customers and broker-dealers were $17.9 billion for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020 and $15.7 billion for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019. Payables to customers and broker-dealers are driven by customer trading activity and market volatility.

32 BNY Mellon

Average long-term debt was $27.3 billion for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020 and $28.1 billion for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019.

Average noninterest-bearing deposits increased to $66.9 billion for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020 from $52.2 billion for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019, primarily reflecting client activity.

A significant reduction in our Investment Services business would reduce our access to deposits. See
“Asset/liability management” for additional factors that could impact our deposit balances.

Sources of liquidity

The Parent’s three major sources of liquidity are access to the debt and equity markets, dividends from its subsidiaries, and cash on hand and cash otherwise made available in business-as-usual circumstances to the Parent through a committed credit facility with our intermediate holding company (“IHC”).


Our ability to access the capital markets on favorable terms, or at all, is partially dependent on our credit ratings, which are as follows:

Credit ratings at Sept. 30, 2020
  Moody’sS&PFitchDBRS
Parent: 
Long-term senior debtA1AAA-AA
Subordinated debtA2A-AAA (low)
Preferred stockBaa1BBBBBB+A
Outlook - ParentStableStableStableStable
The Bank of New York Mellon:
Long-term senior debtAa2AA-AAAA (high)
Subordinated debtNRANRNR
Long-term depositsAa1AA-AA+AA (high)
Short-term depositsP1A-1+F1+R-1 (high)
Commercial paperP1A-1+F1+R-1 (high)
BNY Mellon, N.A.:
Long-term senior debtAa2(a)AA-
AA 
(a)AA (high)
Long-term depositsAa1AA-AA+AA (high)
Short-term depositsP1A-1+F1+R-1 (high)
Outlook - BanksStableStableStableStable
(a)    Represents senior debt issuer default rating.
NR - Not rated.


Long-term debt totaled $26.1 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and $27.5 billion at Dec. 31, 2019. Maturities of $2.05 billion and redemptions of $2.35 billion were partially offset by issuances of $2.25 billion and an increase in the fair value of hedged long-term debt. The Parent had $800 million of 2.45% senior notes scheduled to mature in the remainder of 2020. These notes were redeemed in October 2020 at par plus accrued and unpaid interest.

In November 2020, the Parent issued 582,500 depositary shares, each representing a 1/100th interest in a share of the Parent’s Series H Noncumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (the “Series H Preferred Stock”). The Series H Preferred Stock has a liquidation preference of $100,000 per share. The
Parent will pay dividends on the Series H Preferred Stock, if declared by its board of directors, on each March 20, June 20, September 20 and December 20, commencing on March 20, 2021, at an annual rate equal to 3.70% from the original issue date to but excluding, March 20, 2026; and at a floating rate equal to the five-year treasury rate (as defined in the certificate of designations) on the date that is three business days prior to the reset date plus 3.352% for each reset period, from and including March 20, 2026. The floating rate will initially reset on March 20, 2026 and subsequently on each date falling on the fifth anniversary of the preceding reset date.

The Parent will use the net proceeds, after deducting the underwriting discount and estimated offering

BNY Mellon 33

expenses, of approximately $575 million from the sale of the depositary shares to redeem all outstanding shares of the Series C Noncumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, $100,000 liquidation preference per share (the “Series C Preferred Stock”). On Nov. 4, 2020, the Parent issued a notice of redemption to the holders of the Series C Preferred Stock to redeem in full the Series C Preferred Stock on Dec. 20, 2020. Deferred fees of approximately $15 million will be realized as preferred stock dividends upon redemption.

The Bank of New York Mellon may issue notes and CDs. At Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019 there were $137 million and $1.1 billion, respectively, of CDs outstanding. At Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, $30 million and $1.3 billion, respectively, of notes were outstanding.

The Bank of New York Mellon also issues commercial paper that matures within 397 days from the date of issue and is not redeemable prior to maturity or subject to voluntary prepayment. The average commercial paper outstanding was $1.4 billion for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020 and $2.7 billion for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019. Commercial paper outstanding was $671 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $4.0 billion at Dec. 31, 2019.

Subsequent to Sept. 30, 2020, our U.S. bank subsidiaries could declare dividends to the Parent of approximately $973 million, without the need for a regulatory waiver. In addition, at Sept. 30, 2020, non-bank subsidiaries of the Parent had liquid assets of approximately $1.6 billion. Restrictions on our ability to obtain funds from our subsidiaries are discussed in more detail in “Supervision and Regulation - Capital Planning and Stress Testing - Payment of Dividends, Stock Repurchases and Other Capital Distributions” and in Note 19 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2019 Annual Report.

Pershing LLC has uncommitted lines of credit in place for liquidity purposes which are guaranteed by the Parent. Pershing LLC has two separate uncommitted lines of credit amounting to $350 million in aggregate. Average borrowings under these lines were $4 million, in aggregate, in the third quarter of 2020. Pershing Limited, an indirect UK-based subsidiary of BNY Mellon, has three separate uncommitted lines of credit amounting to $350 million in aggregate. Average borrowings under
these lines were $4 million, in aggregate, in the third quarter of 2020.

BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC also has an uncommitted line of credit in place for $100 million for liquidity purposes. There were no borrowings under this line in the third quarter of 2020.

The double leverage ratio is the ratio of our equity investment in subsidiaries divided by our consolidated Parent company equity, which includes our noncumulative perpetual preferred stock. In short, the double leverage ratio measures the extent to which equity in subsidiaries is financed by Parent company debt. As the double leverage ratio increases, this can reflect greater demands on a company’s cash flows in order to service interest payments and debt maturities. BNY Mellon’s double leverage ratio is managed in a range considering the high level of unencumbered available liquid assets held in its principal subsidiaries (such as central bank deposit placements and government securities), the Company’s cash generating fee-based business model, with fee revenue representing 81% of total revenue in the third quarter of 2020, and the dividend capacity of our banking subsidiaries. Our double leverage ratio was 115.4% at Sept. 30, 2020 and 116.9% at Dec. 31, 2019, and within the range targeted by management.

Uses of funds

The Parent’s major uses of funds are repurchases of common stock, payment of dividends, principal and interest payments on its borrowings, acquisitions and additional investments in its subsidiaries.

In August 2020, a quarterly cash dividend of $0.31 per common share was paid to common shareholders. Our common stock dividend payout ratio was 32% for the third quarter of 2020.

In the third quarter of 2020, we repurchased 15.1 thousand common shares from employees, primarily in connection with the employees’ payment of taxes upon the vesting of restricted stock, at an average price of $36.65 per common share for a total cost of less than $1 million.

In June 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that it would require participating CCAR firms, including us, to update and resubmit their capital plans and that, as a result, unless otherwise approved by the Federal

34 BNY Mellon

Reserve, participating firms were not permitted, during the third quarter of 2020, to conduct open market common stock repurchases, to increase their common stock dividends or to pay common stock dividends that exceed average net income for the preceding four quarters. On Sept. 30, 2020, the Federal Reserve extended these limitations through the fourth quarter of 2020.

BNY Mellon intends to resume the common stock repurchase program as early as possible, depending on factors such as prevailing market conditions, our outlook for the economic environment and the additional capital analysis required by the Federal Reserve. See “Recent regulatory developments” for additional information related to the 2020 CCAR.

Liquidity coverage ratio (“LCR”)

U.S. regulators have established an LCR that requires certain banking organizations, including BNY Mellon, to maintain a minimum amount of unencumbered high-quality liquid assets (“HQLA”) sufficient to withstand the net cash outflow under a hypothetical standardized acute liquidity stress scenario for a 30-day time horizon.

The following table presents BNY Mellon’s consolidated HQLA at Sept. 30, 2020, and the average HQLA and average LCR for the third quarter of 2020.
Consolidated HQLA and LCRSept. 30, 2020
(dollars in billions)
Securities (a)
$120 
Cash (b)
103 
Total consolidated HQLA (c)
$223 
Total consolidated HQLA – average (c)
$213 
Average LCR111 %
(a)    Primarily includes securities of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, sovereign securities, U.S. Treasury, U.S. agency and investment-grade corporate debt.
(b)    Primarily includes cash on deposit with central banks.
(c)    Consolidated HQLA presented before adjustments. After haircuts and the impact of trapped liquidity, consolidated HQLA totaled $163 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and averaged $154 billion for the third quarter of 2020.
BNY Mellon and each of our affected domestic bank subsidiaries were compliant with the U.S. LCR requirements of at least 100% throughout the third quarter of 2020.

Statement of cash flows

The following summarizes the activity reflected on the consolidated statement of cash flows. While this information may be helpful to highlight certain macro trends and business strategies, the cash flow analysis may not be as relevant when analyzing changes in our net earnings and net assets. We believe that in addition to the traditional cash flow analysis, the discussion related to liquidity and dividends and asset/liability management herein may provide more useful context in evaluating our liquidity position and related activity.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $5.9 billion in the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020, compared with $2.6 billion in the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019. In the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020, cash flows provided by operations primarily resulted from earnings and changes in trading assets and liabilities. In the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019, cash flows provided by operations primarily resulted from earnings, partially offset by changes in trading assets and liabilities.

Net cash used for investing activities was $44.3 billion in the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020, compared with $5.2 billion in the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019. In the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020, net cash used for investing activities primarily reflects net changes in securities and changes in interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks. In the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019, net cash used for investing activities primarily reflects changes in interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks, partially offset by changes in federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $38.1 billion in the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020, compared with $3.5 billion in the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019. In the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020, net cash provided by financing activity reflects changes in deposits, payables to customers and broker-dealers and federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements, partially offset by changes in commercial paper. In the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019, net cash provided by financing activities primarily reflects changes in deposits and net proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt, partially offset by repayments of long-term debt, changes in federal funds purchased and

BNY Mellon 35

securities sold under repurchase agreements, changes in other borrowed funds and common stock repurchases.

Capital

Capital data
(dollars in millions, except per share amounts; common shares in thousands)
Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
Average common equity to average assets9.6 %9.3 %10.7 %
At period end:
BNY Mellon shareholders’ equity to total assets ratio10.5 %9.9 %10.9 %
BNY Mellon common shareholders’ equity to total assets ratio9.4 %8.9 %9.9 %
Total BNY Mellon shareholders’ equity$44,917 $43,697 $41,483 
Total BNY Mellon common shareholders’ equity$40,385 $39,165 $37,941 
BNY Mellon tangible common shareholders’ equity – Non-GAAP (a)
$21,800 $20,650 $19,216 
Book value per common share$45.58 $44.21 $42.12 
Tangible book value per common share – Non-GAAP (a)
$24.60 $23.31 $21.33 
Closing stock price per common share$34.34 $38.65 $50.33 
Market capitalization$30,430 $34,239 $45,331 
Common shares outstanding886,136 885,862 900,683 
Cash dividends per common share$0.31 $0.31 $0.31 
Common dividend payout ratio32 %31 %20 %
Common dividend yield3.6 %3.2 %2.4 %
(a)    See “Supplemental information – Explanation of GAAP and Non-GAAP financial measures” beginning on page 45 for a reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP.


The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation total shareholders’ equity increased to $44.9 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 from $41.5 billion at Dec. 31, 2019. The increase primarily reflects earnings, unrealized gains on assets available-for-sale and the issuance of preferred stock in May 2020, partially offset by common stock repurchases and dividend payments.

In May 2020, the Parent issued 1,000,000 depositary shares, each representing a 1/100th interest in a share of the Parent’s Series G Noncumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (the “Series G Preferred Stock”). The Series G Preferred Stock has a liquidation preference of $100,000 per share. The Parent will pay dividends on the Series G Preferred Stock, if declared by its board of directors, on each March 20 and September 20, at an annual rate equal to 4.70% from the original issue date to but excluding, Sept. 20, 2025; and at a floating rate equal to the five-year treasury rate (as defined in the certificate of designations) on the date that is three business days prior to the reset date plus 4.358% for each reset period, from and including Sept. 20, 2025. The floating rate will initially reset on Sept. 20, 2025 and subsequently on each date falling on the fifth anniversary of the preceding reset date.

In November 2020, the Parent issued 582,500 depositary shares, each representing a 1/100th interest in a share of the Parent’s Series H Noncumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (the “Series H Preferred Stock”). The Series H Preferred Stock has a liquidation preference of $100,000 per share. The Parent will pay dividends on the Series H Preferred Stock, if declared by its board of directors, on each March 20, June 20, September 20 and December 20, commencing on March 20, 2021, at an annual rate equal to 3.70% from the original issue date to but excluding, March 20, 2026; and at a floating rate equal to the five-year treasury rate (as defined in the certificate of designations) on the date that is three business days prior to the reset date plus 3.352% for each reset period, from and including March 20, 2026. The floating rate will initially reset on March 20, 2026 and subsequently on each date falling on the fifth anniversary of the preceding reset date.

The Parent will use the net proceeds, after deducting the underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses, of approximately $575 million from the sale of the depositary shares to redeem all outstanding shares of the Series C Preferred Stock. On Nov. 4, 2020, the Parent issued a notice of redemption to the holders of the Series C Preferred Stock to redeem in full the Series C Preferred Stock on Dec. 20, 2020.

36 BNY Mellon

Deferred fees of approximately $15 million will be realized as preferred stock dividends upon redemption.

The unrealized gain (after-tax) on our available-for-sale securities portfolio, net of hedges, included in accumulated OCI was $1.4 billion at Sept. 30, 2020, compared with $361 million at Dec. 31, 2019. The increase in the unrealized gain, net of tax, was primarily driven by lower market interest rates.

In the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020, we repurchased 21.8 million common shares at an average price of $45.43 per common share for a total of $988 million, nearly all of which were repurchased prior to the temporary suspension of share repurchases in March 2020.

In June 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that it would require participating CCAR firms, including us, to update and resubmit their capital plans and that, as a result, unless otherwise approved by the Federal Reserve, participating firms were not permitted, during the third quarter of 2020, to conduct open market common stock repurchases, to increase their common stock dividends or to pay common stock dividends that exceed average net income for the preceding four quarters. On Sept. 30, 2020, the Federal Reserve extended these limitations through the fourth quarter of 2020.

BNY Mellon intends to resume the common stock repurchase program as early as possible, depending on factors such as prevailing market conditions, our outlook for the economic environment and the additional capital analysis required by the Federal Reserve. For additional information, see “Recent regulatory developments.”
Capital adequacy

Regulators establish certain levels of capital for bank holding companies (“BHCs”) and banks, including BNY Mellon and our bank subsidiaries, in accordance with established quantitative measurements. For the Parent to maintain its status as a financial holding company (“FHC”), our U.S. bank subsidiaries and BNY Mellon must, among other things, qualify as “well capitalized.” As of Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, BNY Mellon and our U.S. bank subsidiaries were “well capitalized.”

Failure to satisfy regulatory standards, including “well capitalized” status or capital adequacy rules more generally, could result in limitations on our activities and adversely affect our financial condition. See the discussion of these matters in “Supervision and Regulation - Regulated Entities of BNY Mellon and Ancillary Regulatory Requirements” and “Risk Factors - Operational Risk - Failure to satisfy regulatory standards, including “well capitalized” and “well managed” status or capital adequacy and liquidity rules more generally, could result in limitations on our activities and adversely affect our
business and financial condition,” both of which are in our 2019 Annual Report.

The U.S. banking agencies’ capital rules are based on the framework adopted by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (“BCBS”), as amended from time to time. For additional information on these capital requirements, see “Supervision and Regulation” in our 2019 Annual Report and “Recent regulatory developments” in this Form 10-Q.


BNY Mellon 37

The table below presents our consolidated and largest bank subsidiary regulatory capital ratios.

Consolidated and largest bank subsidiary regulatory capital ratios
Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
Well capitalizedMinimum requiredCapital
ratios		Capital
ratios		Capital
ratios
(a)
Consolidated regulatory capital ratios: (b)
Advanced Approaches:
CET1 ratioN/A(c)8.5 %13.0 %12.6 %11.5 %
Tier 1 capital ratio 6 %10 15.7 15.4 13.7 
Total capital ratio 10 12 16.6 16.3 14.4 
Standardized Approach:
CET1 ratioN/A(c)8.5 %13.5 %12.7 %12.5 %
Tier 1 capital ratio 6 %10 16.3 15.6 14.8 
Total capital ratio 10 12 17.4 16.6 15.8 
Tier 1 leverage ratioN/A(c)4 6.5 6.2 6.6 
SLR (d)(e)
N/A(c)5 8.5 8.2 6.1 
The Bank of New York Mellon regulatory capital ratios: (b)
Advanced Approaches:
CET1 ratio6.5 %7 %17.2 %17.1 %15.1 %
Tier 1 capital ratio8 8.5 17.2 17.1 15.1 
Total capital ratio10 10.5 17.4 17.2 15.2 
Tier 1 leverage ratio5 4 6.9 6.7 6.9 
SLR (d)
6 3 8.5 8.4 6.4 
(a)    Minimum requirements for Sept. 30, 2020 include minimum thresholds plus currently applicable buffers. The U.S. global systemically important banks (“G-SIB”) surcharge of 1.5% is subject to change. The countercyclical capital buffer is currently set to 0%. Effective Oct. 1, 2020, the stress capital buffer (“SCB”) requirement is 2.5%, equal to the regulatory minimum, and replaces the current 2.5% capital conservation buffer for Standardized Approach capital ratios.
(b)    For our CET1, Tier 1 capital and Total capital ratios, our effective capital ratios under U.S. capital rules are the lower of the ratios as calculated under the Standardized and Advanced Approaches. The Tier 1 leverage ratio is based on Tier 1 capital and quarterly average total assets.
(c)    The Federal Reserve’s regulations do not establish well capitalized thresholds for these measures for BHCs.
(d)    The SLR is based on Tier 1 capital and total leverage exposure, which includes certain off-balance sheet exposures. The SLR at Sept. 30, 2020 and June 30, 2020 reflects the exclusion of certain central bank placements from leverage exposure.
(e)    The SLR at Sept. 30, 2020 and June 30, 2020 reflects the temporary exclusion of U.S. Treasury securities from the leverage exposure which increased our consolidated SLR by 78 basis points and 40 basis points, respectively.


Our CET1 ratio determined under the Advanced Approaches was 13.0% at Sept. 30, 2020 and 11.5% at Dec. 31, 2019. The increase primarily reflects capital generated through earnings and unrealized gains on assets available-for-sale, partially offset by capital deployed through common stock repurchased, prior to the temporary suspension of share repurchases that began in March 2020, and dividend payments.

Our operational loss risk model is informed by external losses, including fines and penalties levied against institutions in the financial services industry, particularly those that relate to businesses in which we operate, and as a result external losses have
impacted and could in the future impact the amount of capital that we are required to hold.

Our capital ratios are necessarily subject to, among other things, anticipated compliance with all necessary enhancements to model calibration, approval by regulators of certain models used as part of RWA calculations, other refinements, further implementation guidance from regulators, market practices and standards and any changes BNY Mellon may make to its businesses. As a consequence of these factors, our capital ratios may materially change, and may be volatile over time and from period to period.

38 BNY Mellon

The following table presents our capital components and RWAs.

Capital components and risk-weighted assets
Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(in millions)
CET1:
Common shareholders’ equity
$40,385 $39,165 $37,941 
Adjustments for:
Goodwill and intangible assets (a)
(18,585)(18,515)(18,725)
Net pension fund assets
(275)(270)(272)
Equity method investments
(298)(297)(311)
Deferred tax assets(51)(48)(46)
Other(5)— (47)
Total CET121,171 20,035 18,540 
Other Tier 1 capital:
Preferred stock4,532 4,532 3,542 
Other(92)(89)(86)
Total Tier 1 capital$25,611 $24,478 $21,996 
Tier 2 capital:
Subordinated debt$1,248 $1,248 $1,248 
Allowance for credit losses
474 463 216 
Other(6)(6)(11)
Total Tier 2 capital – Standardized Approach
1,716 1,705 1,453 
Excess of expected credit losses
228 217 — 
Less: Allowance for credit losses
474 463 216 
Total Tier 2 capital – Advanced Approaches
$1,470 $1,459 $1,237 
Total capital:
Standardized Approach
$27,327 $26,183 $23,449 
Advanced Approaches$27,081 $25,937 $23,233 
Risk-weighted assets:
Standardized Approach$156,698 $157,290 $148,695 
Advanced Approaches:
Credit Risk
$95,881 $95,647 $95,490 
Market Risk
3,077 2,793 4,020 
Operational Risk
64,150 60,900 61,388 
Total Advanced Approaches
$163,108 $159,340 $160,898 
Average assets for Tier 1 leverage ratio
$394,945 $394,394 $334,869 
Total leverage exposure for SLR
$300,265 $297,300 $362,452 
(a)    Reduced by deferred tax liabilities associated with intangible assets and tax-deductible goodwill.
The table below presents the factors that impacted CET1 capital.

CET1 generation3Q20
(in millions)
CET1 – Beginning of period$20,035 
Net income applicable to common shareholders of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation876 
Goodwill and intangible assets, net of related deferred tax liabilities(70)
Gross CET1 generated806 
Capital deployed:
Common stock dividend payments(279)
Total capital deployed(279)
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation329 
Unrealized gain on assets available-for-sale227 
Defined benefit plans20 
Unrealized gain on cash flow hedges8 
Total other comprehensive income584 
Additional paid-in capital (a)
39 
Other (deductions):
Embedded goodwill(1)
Net pension fund assets(5)
Deferred tax assets(3)
Other(5)
Total other deductions(14)
Net CET1 generated1,136 
CET1 – End of period$21,171 
(a)    Primarily related to stock awards, the exercise of stock options and stock issued for employee benefit plans.


The following table shows the impact on the consolidated capital ratios at Sept. 30, 2020 of a $100 million increase or decrease in common equity, or a $1 billion increase or decrease in RWAs, quarterly average assets or total leverage exposure.

Sensitivity of consolidated capital ratios at Sept. 30, 2020
 Increase or decrease of
(in basis points)$100 million
in common 
equity		$1 billion in RWA, quarterly average assets or total leverage exposure
CET1:
Standardized Approach
6bps9bps
Advanced Approaches
68
Tier 1 capital:
Standardized Approach
610
Advanced Approaches
610
Total capital:
Standardized Approach
611
Advanced Approaches
610
Tier 1 leverage32
SLR
33

BNY Mellon 39

Capital ratios vary depending on the size of the balance sheet at period end and the levels and types of investments in assets. The balance sheet size fluctuates from period to period based on levels of customer and market activity. In general, when servicing clients are more actively trading securities, deposit balances and the balance sheet as a whole are higher. In addition, when markets experience significant volatility or stress, our balance sheet size may increase considerably as client deposit levels increase.

Effective April 1, 2020, custody banks, including BNY Mellon and The Bank of New York Mellon, are permitted to exclude certain central bank placements from leverage exposure used in the SLR calculation. Also, effective April 1, 2020 and lasting through March 31, 2021, BHCs are permitted to temporarily exclude U.S. Treasury securities from the leverage exposure used in the SLR calculation. This temporary exclusion increased our consolidated SLR by 78 basis points at Sept. 30, 2020 and 40 basis points at June 30, 2020. See “Supervision and Regulation” in our 2019 Annual Report and “Recent regulatory developments” in our First Quarter 2020 Form 10-Q for additional information.

Stress capital buffer

In August 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that BNY Mellon’s SCB requirement would be 2.5%, equal to the regulatory minimum, effective as of Oct. 1, 2020. The SCB replaces the current 2.5% capital conservation buffer for Standardized Approach capital ratios.

The SCB final rule generally eliminates the requirement for prior approval of common stock repurchases in excess of the distributions in a firm’s capital plan, provided that such distributions are consistent with applicable capital requirements, including the SCB. In conjunction with the release of the 2020 CCAR results, the Federal Reserve has imposed restrictions on capital distributions for the third quarter of 2020, which have been extended through the fourth quarter of 2020. For more detail
regarding these restrictions, see “Recent regulatory developments - CCAR 2020 results” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Total Loss-Absorbing Capacity (“TLAC”)

The final TLAC rule establishing external TLAC, external long-term debt (“LTD”) and related requirements for U.S. G-SIBs, including BNY Mellon, at the top-tier holding company level became effective on Jan. 1, 2019. The following summarizes the minimum requirements for BNY Mellon’s external TLAC and external LTD ratios, plus currently applicable buffers.

As a % of RWAs (a)
As a % of total leverage exposure
Eligible external TLAC ratios
Regulatory minimum of 18% plus a buffer (b) equal to the sum of 2.5%, the method 1 G-SIB surcharge (currently 1%), and the countercyclical capital buffer, if any
Regulatory minimum of 7.5% plus a buffer (c) equal to 2%
Eligible external LTD ratiosRegulatory minimum of 6% plus the greater of the method 1 or method 2 G-SIB surcharge (currently 1.5%)4.5%
(a)    RWA is the greater of Standardized and Advanced Approaches.
(b)    Buffer to be met using only CET1.
(c)    Buffer to be met using only Tier 1 capital.


External TLAC consists of the Parent’s Tier 1 capital and eligible unsecured LTD issued by it that has a remaining term to maturity of at least one year and satisfies certain other conditions. Eligible LTD consists of the unpaid principal balance of eligible unsecured debt securities, subject to haircuts for amounts due to be paid within two years, that satisfy certain other conditions. Debt issued prior to Dec. 31, 2016 has been permanently grandfathered to the extent these instruments otherwise would be ineligible only due to containing impermissible acceleration rights or being governed by foreign law.


40 BNY Mellon

The following table presents our external TLAC and external LTD ratios.

TLAC and LTD ratiosSept. 30, 2020
Minimum
required		Minimum ratios
with buffers
Ratios
Eligible external TLAC:
As a percentage of RWA
18.0 %21.5 %27.8 %
As a percentage of total leverage exposure
7.5 %9.5 %15.1 %
Eligible external LTD:
As a percentage of RWA7.5 %N/A11.4 %
As a percentage of total leverage exposure
4.5 %N/A6.2 %


If BNY Mellon maintains risk-based ratio or leverage TLAC measures above the minimum required level, but with a risk-based ratio or leverage below the minimum level with buffers, we will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and discretionary executive compensation based on the amount of the shortfall and eligible retained income.

Trading activities and risk management

Our trading activities are focused on acting as a market-maker for our customers, facilitating customer trades and risk mitigating hedging in compliance with the Volcker Rule. The risk from market-making activities for customers is managed by our traders and limited in total exposure through a system of position limits, value-at-risk (“VaR”) methodology and other market sensitivity measures. VaR is the potential loss in value due to adverse market movements over a defined time horizon with a specified confidence level. The calculation of our VaR used by management and presented below assumes a one-day holding period, utilizes a 99% confidence level and incorporates non-linear product characteristics. VaR facilitates comparisons across portfolios of different risk characteristics. VaR also captures the diversification of aggregated risk at the firm-wide level.

VaR represents a key risk management measure and it is important to note the inherent limitations to VaR, which include:
•VaR does not estimate potential losses over longer time horizons where moves may be extreme;

•VaR does not take account of potential variability of market liquidity; and
•Previous moves in market risk factors may not produce accurate predictions of all future market moves.

See Note 17 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the VaR methodology.

The following tables indicate the calculated VaR amounts for the trading portfolio for the designated periods using the historical simulation VaR model.

VaR (a)
3Q20Sept. 30, 2020
(in millions)AverageMinimumMaximum
Interest rate$2.1 $1.7 $2.6 $2.2 
Foreign exchange2.6 2.0 3.7 2.5 
Equity0.3 0.1 0.6 0.1 
Credit2.2 1.5 3.5 2.3 
Diversification(3.8)N/MN/M(3.7)
Overall portfolio3.4 2.4 4.6 3.4 


VaR (a)
2Q20June 30, 2020
(in millions)AverageMinimumMaximum
Interest rate$3.0 $2.1 $4.9 $2.2 
Foreign exchange3.4 2.2 5.9 2.4 
Equity0.5 0.4 1.4 0.4 
Credit3.5 1.8 10.2 2.8 
Diversification(5.7)N/MN/M(4.0)
Overall portfolio4.7 3.1 11.4 3.8 


VaR (a)
3Q19Sept. 30, 2019
(in millions)AverageMinimumMaximum
Interest rate$4.7 $3.7 $7.3 $4.3 
Foreign exchange3.0 1.8 5.1 3.3 
Equity0.9 0.6 1.2 1.1 
Credit1.0 0.5 2.0 1.6 
Diversification(3.5)N/MN/M(3.6)
Overall portfolio6.1 4.0 8.2 6.7 


VaR (a)
YTD20
(in millions)AverageMinimumMaximum
Interest rate$3.4 $1.7 $11.3 
Foreign exchange3.0 1.7 6.3 
Equity0.7 0.1 2.3 
Credit3.0 1.2 12.1 
Diversification(5.3)N/MN/M
Overall portfolio4.8 2.4 14.3 



BNY Mellon 41

VaR (a)
YTD19
(in millions)AverageMinimumMaximum
Interest rate$4.3 $3.2 $7.3 
Foreign exchange3.2 1.8 6.4 
Equity0.8 0.6 1.2 
Credit0.8 0.4 2.0 
Diversification(3.3)N/MN/M
Overall portfolio5.8 4.0 9.5 
(a)    VaR exposure does not include the impact of the Company’s consolidated investment management funds and seed capital investments.
N/M - Because the minimum and maximum may occur on different days for different risk components, it is not meaningful to compute a minimum and maximum portfolio diversification effect.


The interest rate component of VaR represents instruments whose values are predominantly driven by interest rate levels. These instruments include, but are not limited to, U.S. Treasury securities, swaps, swaptions, forward rate agreements, exchange-traded futures and options, and other interest rate derivative products.

The foreign exchange component of VaR represents instruments whose values predominantly vary with the level or volatility of currency exchange rates or interest rates. These instruments include, but are not limited to, currency balances, spot and forward transactions, currency options and other currency derivative products.

The equity component of VaR consists of instruments that represent an ownership interest in the form of domestic and foreign common stock or other equity-linked instruments. These instruments include, but are not limited to, common stock, exchange-traded funds, preferred stock, listed equity options (puts and calls), OTC equity options, equity total return swaps, equity index futures and other equity derivative products.

The credit component of VaR represents instruments whose values are predominantly driven by credit spread levels, i.e., idiosyncratic default risk. These instruments include, but are not limited to, securities with exposures from corporate and municipal credit spreads.

The diversification component of VaR is the risk reduction benefit that occurs when combining
portfolios and offsetting positions, and from the correlated behavior of risk factor movements.

During the third quarter of 2020, interest rate risk generated 29% of average gross VaR, foreign exchange risk generated 36% of average gross VaR, equity risk generated 4% of average gross VaR and credit risk generated 31% of average gross VaR. During the third quarter of 2020, our daily trading loss did not exceed our calculated VaR amount of the overall portfolio.

The following table of total daily trading revenue or loss illustrates the number of trading days in which our trading revenue or loss fell within particular ranges during the past five quarters.

Distribution of trading revenue (loss) (a)
Quarter ended
(dollars in millions)Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020March 31, 2020Dec. 31, 2019Sept. 30, 2019
Revenue range:Number of days
Less than $(2.5)4 6 — 3 2 
$(2.5) – $010 12 3 5 7 
$0 – $2.523 17 19 23 26 
$2.5 – $5.016 15 19 24 22 
More than $5.012 14 21 7 7 
(a)    Trading revenue (loss) includes realized and unrealized gains and losses primarily related to spot and forward foreign exchange transactions, derivatives and securities trades for our customers and excludes any associated commissions, underwriting fees and net interest revenue.


Trading assets include debt and equity instruments and derivative assets, primarily interest rate and foreign exchange contracts, not designated as hedging instruments. Trading assets were $13.1 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and $13.6 billion at Dec. 31, 2019.

Trading liabilities include debt and equity instruments and derivative liabilities, primarily interest rate and foreign exchange contracts, not designated as hedging instruments. Trading liabilities were $6.1 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and $4.8 billion at Dec. 31, 2019.

Under our fair value methodology for derivative contracts, an initial “risk-neutral” valuation is performed on each position assuming time-discounting based on a AA credit curve. In addition, we consider credit risk in arriving at the fair value of our derivatives.

42 BNY Mellon

We reflect external credit ratings as well as observable credit default swap spreads for both ourselves and our counterparties when measuring the fair value of our derivative positions. Accordingly, the valuation of our derivative positions is sensitive to the current changes in our own credit spreads, as well as those of our counterparties.

At Sept. 30, 2020, our OTC derivative assets, including those in hedging relationships, of $4.2 billion included a credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”) deduction of $39 million. Our OTC derivative liabilities, including those in hedging relationships, of $3.6 billion included a debit valuation adjustment (“DVA”) of $1 million related to our own credit spread. Net of hedges, the CVA decreased by $3 million and the DVA was unchanged in the third quarter of 2020, which increased foreign exchange and other trading revenue by $3 million. The net impact decreased foreign exchange and other trading revenue by $2 million in the second quarter of 2020 and increased foreign exchange and other trading revenue by $1 million in the third quarter of 2019.

The table below summarizes the distribution of credit ratings for our foreign exchange and interest rate derivative counterparties over the past five quarters, which indicates the level of counterparty credit associated with these trading activities. Significant changes in counterparty credit ratings could alter the level of credit risk faced by BNY Mellon.

Foreign exchange and other trading counterparty risk rating profile (a)
Quarter ended
Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020March 31, 2020Dec. 31, 2019Sept. 30, 2019
Rating:
AAA to AA-54 %56 %56 %54 %55 %
A+ to A-20 18 24 24 24 
BBB+ to BBB-17 18 14 17 16 
BB+ and
lower (b)
9 8 6 5 5 
Total100 %100 %100 %100 %100 %
(a)    Represents credit rating agency equivalent of internal credit ratings.
(b)    Non-investment grade.



Asset/liability management

Our diversified business activities include processing securities, accepting deposits, investing in securities, lending, raising money as needed to fund assets and other transactions. The market risks from these activities include interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk. Our primary market risk is exposure to movements in U.S. dollar interest rates and certain foreign currency interest rates. We actively manage interest rate sensitivity and use earnings simulation and discounted cash flow models to identify interest rate exposures.

An earnings simulation model is the primary tool used to assess changes in pre-tax net interest revenue. The model incorporates management’s assumptions regarding interest rates, market spreads, changes in the prepayment behavior of loans and securities and the impact of derivative financial instruments used for interest rate risk management purposes. These assumptions have been developed through a combination of historical analysis and future expected pricing behavior and are inherently uncertain. Actual results may differ materially from projected results due to timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes, and changes in market conditions and management’s strategies, among other factors.

In the table below, we use the earnings simulation model to run various interest rate ramp scenarios from a baseline scenario. The interest rate ramp scenarios examine the impact of large interest rate movements. In each scenario, all currencies’ interest rates are shifted higher or lower. The 100 basis point ramp scenario assumes rates change 25 basis points above or below the yield curve in each of the next four quarters and the 200 basis point ramp scenario assumes a 50 basis point per quarter change. Interest rate sensitivity is quantified by calculating the change in pre-tax net interest revenue between the scenarios over a 12-month measurement period. The net interest revenue sensitivity methodology assumes static deposit levels and also assumes that no management actions will be taken to mitigate the effects of interest rate changes.


BNY Mellon 43

The following table shows net interest revenue sensitivity for BNY Mellon.

Estimated changes in net interest revenue
(in millions)
Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
Up 200 bps parallel rate ramp vs. baseline (a)
$608 $591 $187 
Up 100 bps parallel rate ramp vs. baseline (a)
343 349 74 
Down 100 bps parallel rate ramp vs. baseline (a)
418 315 (45)
Long-term up 50 bps, short-term unchanged (b)
144 153 115 
Long-term down 50 bps, short-term unchanged (b)
(164)(173)(119)
(a)    In the parallel rate ramp, both short-term and long-term rates move in four equal quarterly increments.
(b)    Long-term is equal to or greater than one year.


The down 100 basis point scenario was impacted by a change in our deposit assumptions. Specifically, we increased the amount of deposit balances to which we would pass through negative central bank rates in the scenario.

To illustrate the net interest revenue sensitivity to deposit runoff, we note that a $5 billion instantaneous reduction of U.S. dollar denominated noninterest-bearing deposits would reduce the net interest revenue sensitivity results in the ramp up 100 basis point and 200 basis point scenarios in the table above by approximately $30 million and approximately $65 million, respectively. The impact would be smaller if the runoff was assumed to be a mixture of interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing deposits.


For a discussion of factors impacting the growth or contraction of deposits, see “Risk Factors - Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected if we do not effectively manage our liquidity” in our 2019 Annual Report.

Off-balance sheet arrangements

Off-balance sheet arrangements discussed in this section are limited to certain guarantees, retained or contingent interests and obligations arising out of unconsolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”). Guarantees include SBLCs issued as part of our corporate banking business and securities lending indemnifications issued as part of our Investment Services business. See Note 18 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a further discussion of our off-balance sheet arrangements.

44 BNY Mellon

Supplemental information – Explanation of GAAP and Non-GAAP financial measures

BNY Mellon has included in this Form 10-Q certain Non-GAAP financial measures on a tangible basis as a supplement to generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) information, which exclude goodwill and intangible assets, net of deferred tax liabilities. We believe that the return on tangible common equity is additional useful information for investors because it presents a measure of those assets that can generate income, and the tangible book value per common share is additional useful information because it presents the level of tangible assets in relation to shares of common stock outstanding.

The presentation of the growth rates of investment management and performance fees on a constant currency basis permits investors to assess the significance of changes in foreign currency exchange
rates. Growth rates on a constant currency basis were determined by applying the current period foreign currency exchange rates to the prior period revenue. We believe that this presentation, as a supplement to GAAP information, gives investors a clearer picture of the related revenue results without the variability caused by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

BNY Mellon has also included the adjusted pre-tax operating margin – Non-GAAP, which is the pre-tax operating margin for the Investment and Wealth Management business net of distribution and servicing expense that was passed to third parties who distribute or service our managed funds. We believe that this measure is useful when evaluating the performance of the Investment and Wealth Management business relative to industry competitors.


The following table presents the reconciliation of the return on common equity and tangible common equity.

Return on common equity and tangible common equity reconciliation3Q202Q203Q19YTD20YTD19
(dollars in millions)
Net income applicable to common shareholders of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation – GAAP$876 $901 $1,002 $2,721 $2,881 
Add:  Amortization of intangible assets26 26 30 78 89 
Less: Tax impact of amortization of intangible assets7 6 7 19 21 
Adjusted net income applicable to common shareholders of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation, excluding amortization of intangible assets – Non-GAAP$895 $921 $1,025 $2,780 $2,949 
Average common shareholders’ equity$39,924 $38,476 $37,597 $38,693 $37,392 
Less: Average goodwill17,357 17,243 17,267 17,304 17,328 
Average intangible assets3,039 3,058 3,141 3,062 3,176 
Add: Deferred tax liability – tax deductible goodwill1,132 1,119 1,103 1,132 1,103 
  Deferred tax liability – intangible assets666 664 679 666 679 
Average tangible common shareholders’ equity – Non-GAAP$21,326 $19,958 $18,971 $20,125 $18,670 
Return on common shareholders’ equity – GAAP
8.7 %9.4 %10.6 %9.4 %10.3 %
Return on tangible common shareholders’ equity – Non-GAAP 16.7 %18.5 %21.4 %18.5 %21.1 %



BNY Mellon 45

The following table presents the reconciliation of book value and tangible book value per common share.

Book value and tangible book value per common share reconciliationSept. 30, 2020June 30,
2020		Dec. 31, 2019Sept. 30, 2019
(dollars in millions, except per share amounts and unless otherwise noted)
BNY Mellon shareholders’ equity at period end – GAAP$44,917 $43,697 $41,483 $41,120 
Less: Preferred stock4,532 4,532 3,542 3,542 
BNY Mellon common shareholders’ equity at period end – GAAP40,385 39,165 37,941 37,578 
Less: Goodwill17,357 17,253 17,386 17,248 
Intangible assets3,026 3,045 3,107 3,124 
Add: Deferred tax liability – tax deductible goodwill1,132 1,119 1,098 1,103 
Deferred tax liability – intangible assets666 664 670 679 
BNY Mellon tangible common shareholders’ equity at period end – Non-GAAP
$21,800 $20,650 $19,216 $18,988 
Period-end common shares outstanding (in thousands)
886,136 885,862 900,683 922,199 
Book value per common share – GAAP$45.58 $44.21 $42.12 $40.75 
Tangible book value per common share – Non-GAAP$24.60 $23.31 $21.33 $20.59 


The following table presents the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our consolidated investment management and performance fees.

Constant currency reconciliation – Consolidated3Q203Q193Q20 vs.
(dollars in millions)3Q19
Investment management and performance fees – GAAP$835 $832 — %
Impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates— 11 
Adjusted investment management and performance fees – Non-GAAP$835 $843 (1)%


The following table presents the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on investment management and performance fees reported in the Investment and Wealth Management business.

Constant currency reconciliation – Investment and Wealth Management business
3Q20 vs.
(dollars in millions)3Q203Q193Q19
Investment management and performance fees – GAAP
$835 $832 — %
Impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates— 11 
Adjusted investment management and performance fees – Non-GAAP$835 $843 (1)%


The following table presents the reconciliation of the pre-tax operating margin for the Investment and Wealth Management business.

Pre-tax operating margin reconciliation – Investment and Wealth Management business
(dollars in millions)3Q202Q201Q204Q193Q19YTD20YTD19
Income before income taxes – GAAP$245 $221 $194 $240 $295 $660 $821 
Total revenue – GAAP$918 $886 $898 $971 $887 $2,702 $2,736 
Less: Distribution and servicing expense
85 86 91 93 98 262 283 
Adjusted total revenue, net of distribution and servicing expense – Non-GAAP$833 $800 $807 $878 $789 $2,440 $2,453 
Pre-tax operating margin – GAAP (a)
27 %25 %22 %25 %33 %24 %30 %
Adjusted pre-tax operating margin, net of distribution and servicing expense – Non-GAAP (a)
29 %28 %24 %27 %37 %27 %33 %
(a)    Income before taxes divided by total revenue.

46 BNY Mellon

Recent accounting and regulatory developments

Recent accounting developments

The following ASU issued by the FASB had not yet been adopted as of Sept. 30, 2020.

ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform: Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting

In March 2020, the FASB issued an ASU, Reference Rate Reform: Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. This ASU provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to financial contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform. This ASU also permits an entity to make a one-time election to sell and/or transfer held-to-maturity securities that are affected by reference rate reform and were classified as held-to-maturity on or before Jan. 1, 2020. The guidance in this ASU can be adopted as of March 12, 2020 through Dec. 31, 2022. We are assessing the impacts of the new standard, but would not expect this ASU to have a material impact on BNY Mellon.

Recent regulatory developments

For a summary of additional regulatory matters relevant to our operations, see “Recent regulatory developments” in our Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2020 and June 30, 2020 and “Supervision and Regulation” in our 2019 Annual Report. The following discussions summarize certain regulatory, legislative and other developments that may affect BNY Mellon, the impact of many of which we are still evaluating.

CCAR Refiling, Limitations and SCB

In light of the changes in the financial markets and the economy, in June 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that all banking institutions subject to CCAR, including BNY Mellon, are required to resubmit their capital plans. On Sept. 17, 2020, the Federal Reserve released the supervisory scenarios for the resubmission, which was submitted on Nov. 2, 2020.

Also in September 2020, the Federal Reserve extended through the fourth quarter of 2020 the limitations on capital distributions and share repurchases that the Federal Reserve imposed on CCAR firms, including BNY Mellon, earlier in the year. For additional information regarding these limitations, see “Recent regulatory developments - CCAR 2020 results” in our Second Quarter 2020 Form 10-Q. Consistent with these limitations, for the fourth quarter, BNY Mellon maintained its quarterly common stock dividend of $0.31 per share and plans to maintain the suspension of its open market common stock repurchases.

On Aug. 10, 2020, the Federal Reserve announced the individual CCAR firms’ SCBs. The BNY Mellon SCB requirement is 2.5%, which equals the regulatory minimum, and is unchanged compared to the capital conservation buffer that previously applied. The SCB became effective on Oct. 1, 2020. For additional information regarding the SCB, see “Recent regulatory developments - Changes to CCAR and Stress Capital Buffer” in our First Quarter 2020 Form 10-Q and “Supervision and Regulation - Capital Planning and Stress Testing” in our 2019 Annual Report.

Capital, Liquidity and TLAC Relief

On Sept. 29, 2020, the Federal Reserve, the FDIC and the OCC (the “Agencies”) finalized without changes an interim final rule issued in March 2020 that neutralizes the regulatory capital and liquidity coverage ratio effects for institutions that participate in the Federal Reserve’s MMLF.

Similarly, in August 2020, the Agencies finalized without change an interim final rule issued in March 2020 that revised the definition of “eligible retained income” to make more gradual the automatic restrictions on capital distributions, such as share repurchases, dividend payments, and bonus payments. In the same final rulemaking, the Federal Reserve also finalized the March 2020 interim final rule that made corresponding changes to the TLAC buffer requirements. The final rule is effective as of Jan. 1, 2021.

Also in August 2020, the Agencies finalized a current expected credit loss (“CECL”) final rule that is substantially similar to the interim final rule issued in March 2020. The final rule permits banking organizations to temporarily delay the estimated

BNY Mellon 47

effects of CECL on regulatory capital until Jan. 1, 2022 and then to phase in those effects through Jan. 1, 2025. Under the final rule, during 2020 and 2021, the adjustment to CET1 capital reflects the change in retained earnings upon adoption of CECL at Jan. 1, 2020 plus 25% of the increase in the allowance for credit losses since Jan. 1, 2020. BNY Mellon has not yet elected to apply this final rule. See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the impact of the adoption of CECL and Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the change in the allowance for credit losses during the third quarter of 2020.

For additional information regarding the interim final rulemakings noted above, see “Recent regulatory developments – Capital, Liquidity and TLAC Relief” in our First Quarter 2020 Form 10-Q.

Net Stable Funding Ratio

On Oct. 20, 2020, the Agencies issued a final net stable funding ratio (“NSFR”) rule that implements a quantitative measure of funding stability over a one-year horizon, and is applicable to certain large banking organizations, including BNY Mellon. Under the rule, BNY Mellon’s NSFR would be expressed as a ratio of its available stable funding to its required stable funding amount, calculated on an ongoing basis, and BNY Mellon would be required to maintain an NSFR of 100%. The effective date of the final NSFR rule is July 1, 2021, with the exception of certain disclosure requirements, which will begin to apply in 2023. BNY Mellon expects to be in compliance with the NSFR rule by the effective date.


Capital Treatment of Investments in Certain Debt Instruments of G-SIBs

On Oct. 20, 2020, the Agencies finalized a rule that generally requires certain advanced approaches banking organizations (including BNY Mellon) to deduct from Tier 2 capital, subject to certain exceptions, direct, indirect and synthetic exposures to covered debt instruments. Covered debt instruments under the rule include, for example, unsecured debt instruments issued by U.S. or foreign G-SIBs, among other entities, to meet TLAC requirements or similar foreign requirements as well as any other unsecured debt instruments pari passu or subordinated to such debt instruments. The rule is effective on April 1, 2021. The impact of the final rule is not expected to be material to BNY Mellon.

ECB Declaration of Exceptional Circumstances

In September 2020, the European Central Bank (“ECB”) issued a declaration of exceptional circumstances, which is in effect from Sept. 26, 2020 to June 27, 2021, and which, as a result of the so-called “quick-fix” to the Capital Requirements Regulation (“CRR”) earlier in the year, has the effect of allowing credit institutions subject to direct ECB supervision, such as The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, to disclose their leverage ratios excluding central bank deposits (as well as the leverage ratios absent this exclusion). The leverage ratio requirement is currently not binding on EU credit institutions but will become a binding requirement as part of the CRR 2, on June 28, 2021. The ECB declaration also has the effect of providing relief for subsidiaries of G-SIBs, such as The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, under the binding internal TLAC requirement.

For additional information regarding the so-called CRR “quick-fix”, see “Recent regulatory developments – ‘CRR Quick-Fix’” in our Second Quarter 2020 Form 10-Q.

48 BNY Mellon

Website information

Our website is www.bnymellon.com. We currently make available the following information under the Investor Relations portion of our website. With respect to filings with the SEC, we post such information as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish them to, the SEC.

•All of our SEC filings, including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to these reports, as well as proxy statements and SEC Forms 3, 4 and 5;
•Financial statements and footnotes prepared using eXtensible Business Reporting Language (“XBRL”);
•Our earnings materials and selected management conference calls and presentations;
•Other regulatory disclosures, including: Pillar 3 Disclosures (and Market Risk Disclosure contained therein); Liquidity Coverage Ratio
Disclosures; Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council - Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income for a Bank With Domestic and Foreign Offices; Consolidated Financial Statements for Bank Holding Companies; and the Dodd-Frank Act Stress Test Results for BNY Mellon and The Bank of New York Mellon; and
•Our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Amended and Restated By-laws, Directors’ Code of Conduct and the Charters of the Audit, Finance, Corporate Governance, Nominating and Social Responsibility, Human Resources and Compensation, Risk and Technology Committees of our Board of Directors.

We may use our website, our Twitter account (@BNYMellon) and other social media channels as additional means of disclosing information to the public. The information disclosed through those channels may be considered to be material. The contents of our website or social media channels referenced herein are not incorporated by reference into this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.



BNY Mellon 49
The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (and its subsidiaries)
Consolidated Income Statement (unaudited)

Quarter endedYear-to-date
(in millions)Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019Sept. 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
Fee and other revenue
Investment services fees:
Asset servicing fees$1,168 $1,173 $1,152 $3,500 $3,415 
Clearing services fees397 431 419 1,298 1,227 
Issuer services fees295 277 324 835 866 
Treasury services fees152 144 140 445 412 
Total investment services fees2,012 2,025 2,035 6,078 5,920 
Investment management and performance fees835 786 832 2,483 2,506 
Foreign exchange and other trading revenue137 166 150 622 486 
Financing-related fees49 58 49 166 150 
Distribution and servicing29 27 33 87 95 
Investment and other income46 105 30 162 108 
Total fee revenue3,108 3,167 3,129 9,598 9,265 
Net securities gains (losses)9 9 (1)27 7 
Total fee and other revenue3,117 3,176 3,128 9,625 9,272 
Operations of consolidated investment management funds
Investment income27 54 4 43 40 
Interest of investment management fund note holders— — 1 — 1 
Income from consolidated investment management funds27 54 3 43 39 
Net interest revenue
Interest revenue820 943 1,942 3,333 5,827 
Interest expense117 163 1,212 1,036 3,454 
Net interest revenue703 780 730 2,297 2,373 
Total revenue3,847 4,010 3,861 11,965 11,684 
Provision for credit losses 9 143 (16)321 (17)
Noninterest expense
Staff1,466 1,464 1,479 4,412 4,424 
Professional, legal and other purchased services355 337 316 1,022 978 
Software and equipment340 345 309 1,011 896 
Net occupancy136 137 138 408 413 
Sub-custodian and clearing119 120 111 344 331 
Distribution and servicing85 85 97 261 282 
Bank assessment charges30 35 31 100 93 
Business development17 20 47 79 148 
Amortization of intangible assets26 26 30 78 89 
Other107 117 32 364 282 
Total noninterest expense2,681 2,686 2,590 8,079 7,936 
Income
Income before income taxes1,157 1,181 1,287 3,565 3,765 
Provision for income taxes213 216 246 694 747 
Net income944 965 1,041 2,871 3,018 
Net (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests related to consolidated investment management funds(7)(15)(3)(4)(17)
Net income applicable to shareholders of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation
937 950 1,038 2,867 3,001 
Preferred stock dividends(61)(49)(36)(146)(120)
Net income applicable to common shareholders of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation
$876 $901 $1,002 $2,721 $2,881 


50 BNY Mellon
The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (and its subsidiaries)
Consolidated Income Statement (unaudited) (continued)

Net income applicable to common shareholders of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation used for the earnings per share calculation
Quarter endedYear-to-date
(in millions)
Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019Sept. 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
Net income applicable to common shareholders of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation
$876 $901 $1,002 $2,721 $2,881 
Less: Earnings allocated to participating securities1 1 3 5 12 
Net income applicable to common shareholders of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation after required adjustment for the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share
$875 $900 $999 $2,716 $2,869 


Average common shares and equivalents outstanding of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation
Quarter endedYear-to-date
(in thousands)Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019Sept. 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
Basic889,499 889,020 933,264 891,050 949,035 
Common stock equivalents2,173 2,044 3,811 2,522 4,484 
Less: Participating securities(603)(503)(1,398)(779)(1,643)
Diluted891,069 890,561 935,677 892,793 951,876 
Anti-dilutive securities (a)
1,485 1,578 3,701 1,828 4,269 
(a)    Represents stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and participating securities outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted average common shares because their effect would be anti-dilutive.


Earnings per share applicable to common shareholders of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation
Quarter endedYear-to-date
(in dollars)Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019Sept. 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
Basic$0.98 $1.01 $1.07 $3.05 $3.02 
Diluted$0.98 $1.01 $1.07 $3.04 $3.01 


See accompanying unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


BNY Mellon 51
The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (and its subsidiaries)
Consolidated Comprehensive Income Statement (unaudited)

Quarter endedYear-to-date
(in millions)Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019Sept. 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
Net income$944 $965 $1,041 $2,871 $3,018 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments331 115 (276)77 (237)
Unrealized gain on assets available-for-sale:
Unrealized gain arising during the period233 753 63 1,169 589 
Reclassification adjustment(6)(7)1 (20)(5)
Total unrealized gain on assets available-for-sale227 746 64 1,149 584 
Defined benefit plans:
Net (loss) arising during the period
— — — — (9)
Amortization of prior service credit, net loss and initial obligation included in net periodic benefit cost
20 19 10 57 30 
Total defined benefit plans20 19 10 57 21 
Net unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges8 4 (6)1 (1)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (a)
586 884 (208)1,284 367 
Total comprehensive income1,530 1,849 833 4,155 3,385 
Net (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests(7)(15)(3)(4)(17)
Other comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests(2)— 3 — 1 
Comprehensive income applicable to shareholders of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation
$1,521 $1,834 $833 $4,151 $3,369 
(a)    Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation shareholders was $584 million for the quarter ended Sept. 30, 2020, $884 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, $(205) million for the quarter ended Sept. 30, 2019, $1,284 million for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020 and $368 million for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019.


See accompanying unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


52 BNY Mellon
The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (and its subsidiaries)
Consolidated Balance Sheet (unaudited)

Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(dollars in millions, except per share amounts)
Assets
Cash and due from banks, net of allowance for credit losses of $5 at Sept. 30, 2020 (a)
$4,104 $4,830 
Interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks106,185 95,042 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks, net of allowance for credit losses of $4 at Sept. 30, 2020 (includes restricted of $2,891 and $2,437) (a)
19,027 14,811 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements29,647 30,182 
Securities:
Held-to-maturity, at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses of less than $1 at Sept. 30, 2020 (fair value of $47,458 and $34,805) (a)
46,096 34,483 
Available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $105,684 and $87,435, net of allowance for credit losses of $12 at Sept 30, 2020) (a)
109,243 88,550 
Total securities155,339 123,033 
Trading assets13,074 13,571 
Loans55,491 54,953 
Allowance for credit losses (a)
(325)(122)
Net loans55,166 54,831 
Premises and equipment3,617 3,625 
Accrued interest receivable489 624 
Goodwill17,357 17,386 
Intangible assets3,026 3,107 
Other assets, net of allowance for credit losses on accounts receivable of $5 at Sept. 30, 2020 (includes $527 and $419, at fair value) (a)
20,779 20,221 
Subtotal assets of operations 427,810 381,263 
Assets of consolidated investment management funds, at fair value588 245 
Total assets $428,398 $381,508 
Liabilities
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing (principally U.S. offices)$79,470 $57,630 
Interest-bearing deposits in U.S. offices111,703 101,542 
Interest-bearing deposits in non-U.S. offices105,139 100,294 
Total deposits296,312 259,466 
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements15,907 11,401 
Trading liabilities6,084 4,841 
Payables to customers and broker-dealers23,514 18,758 
Commercial paper671 3,959 
Other borrowed funds420 599 
Accrued taxes and other expenses
5,347 5,642 
Other liabilities (including allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments of $135 and $94, also includes $997
and $607, at fair value) (a)
8,671 7,612 
Long-term debt (includes $400 and $387, at fair value)
26,121 27,501 
Subtotal liabilities of operations 383,047 339,779 
Liabilities of consolidated investment management funds, at fair value4 1 
Total liabilities 383,051 339,780 
Temporary equity
Redeemable noncontrolling interests179 143 
Permanent equity
Preferred stock – par value $0.01 per share; authorized 100,000,000 shares; issued 45,826 and 35,826 shares
4,532 3,542 
Common stock – par value $0.01 per share; authorized 3,500,000,000 shares; issued 1,381,650,891 and 1,374,443,376 shares
14 14 
Additional paid-in capital27,741 27,515 
Retained earnings 33,821 31,894 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax(1,359)(2,638)
Less: Treasury stock of 495,515,086 and 473,760,338 common shares, at cost
(19,832)(18,844)
Total The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation shareholders’ equity 44,917 41,483 
Nonredeemable noncontrolling interests of consolidated investment management funds251 102 
Total permanent equity 45,168 41,585 
Total liabilities, temporary equity and permanent equity $428,398 $381,508 
(a)    In the first quarter of 2020, we adopted new accounting guidance included in ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, on a prospective basis. See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
See accompanying unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

BNY Mellon 53
The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (and its subsidiaries)
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (unaudited)

Nine months ended Sept. 30,
(in millions)20202019
Operating activities
Net income$2,871 $3,018 
Net (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests(4)(17)
Net income applicable to shareholders of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation2,867 3,001 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used for) operating activities:
Provision for credit losses (a)
321 (17)
Pension plan contributions
(18)(30)
Depreciation and amortization
1,175 971 
Deferred tax (benefit)
(351)(185)
Net securities (gains)
(27)(7)
Change in trading assets and liabilities1,736 (1,880)
Change in accruals and other, net200 714 
Net cash provided by operating activities5,903 2,567 
Investing activities
Change in interest-bearing deposits with banks(3,808)(1,503)
Change in interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks(9,775)(7,171)
Purchases of securities held-to-maturity(23,507)(5,390)
Paydowns of securities held-to-maturity6,291 3,501 
Maturities of securities held-to-maturity5,477 2,274 
Purchases of securities available-for-sale(56,860)(33,929)
Sales of securities available-for-sale10,824 7,482 
Paydowns of securities available-for-sale7,300 5,260 
Maturities of securities available-for-sale21,113 20,006 
Net change in loans(537)1,478 
Sales of loans and other real estate10 147 
Change in federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements525 3,071 
Net change in seed capital investments20 68 
Purchases of premises and equipment/capitalized software(956)(1,112)
Other, net(417)588 
Net cash (used for) investing activities(44,300)(5,230)
Financing activities
Change in deposits35,736 13,207 
Change in federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements4,299 (2,447)
Change in payables to customers and broker-dealers4,627 (1,332)
Change in other borrowed funds(183)(2,422)
Change in commercial paper(3,288)1,599 
Net proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt2,245 2,246 
Repayments of long-term debt(4,400)(4,250)
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options36 51 
Issuance of common stock9 19 
Issuance of preferred stock990 — 
Treasury stock acquired(988)(2,286)
Common cash dividends paid(838)(834)
Preferred cash dividends paid(146)(120)
Other, net36 23 
Net cash provided by financing activities38,135 3,454 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash(10)(57)
Change in cash and due from banks and restricted cash
Change in cash and due from banks and restricted cash (272)734 
Cash and due from banks and restricted cash at beginning of period7,267 8,258 
Cash and due from banks and restricted cash at end of period$6,995 $8,992 
Cash and due from banks and restricted cash
Cash and due from banks at end of period (unrestricted cash)$4,104 $6,718 
Restricted cash at end of period2,891 2,274 
Cash and due from banks and restricted cash at end of period$6,995 $8,992 
Supplemental disclosures
Interest paid$1,166 $3,528 
Income taxes paid1,112 697 
Income taxes refunded23 445 
(a)    In the first quarter of 2020, we adopted new accounting guidance included in ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, on a prospective basis. See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

See accompanying unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

54 BNY Mellon
The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (and its subsidiaries)
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity (unaudited)

The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation shareholdersNonredeemable
noncontrolling
interests of
consolidated
investment
management
funds		Total
permanent
equity		Redeemable
non-
controlling
interests/
temporary
equity
(in millions, except per
share amount)		Preferred stockCommon
stock		Additional
paid-in
capital		Retained
earnings		Accumulated other comprehensive (loss), net
of tax		Treasury
stock
Balance at June 30, 2020$4,532 $14 $27,702 $33,224 $(1,943)$(19,832)$112 $43,809 (a)$157 
Shares issued to shareholders of noncontrolling interests
— — — — — — — — 21 
Redemption of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interests
— — — — — — — — (1)
Other net changes in noncontrolling interests
— — — — — — 132 132 — 
Net income— — — 937 — — 7 944 — 
Other comprehensive income
— — — — 584 — — 584 2 
Dividends:
Common stock at $0.31 per
  share
— — — (279)— — — (279)— 
Preferred stock— — — (61)— — — (61)— 
Common stock issued under employee benefit plans
— — 6 — — — — 6 — 
Stock awards and options exercised
— — 33 — — — — 33 — 
Balance at Sept. 30, 2020$4,532 $14 $27,741 $33,821 $(1,359)$(19,832)$251 $45,168 (a)$179 
(a)Includes total The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation common shareholders’ equity of $39,165 million at June 30, 2020 and $40,385 million at Sept. 30, 2020.


The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation shareholdersNonredeemable
noncontrolling
interests of
consolidated
investment
management
funds		Total
permanent
equity		Redeemable
non-
controlling
interests/
temporary
equity
(in millions, except per
share amount)		Preferred stockCommon
stock		Additional
paid-in
capital		Retained
earnings		Accumulated other comprehensive (loss), net
of tax		Treasury
stock
Balance at March 31, 2020$3,542 $14 $27,644 $32,601 $(2,827)$(19,829)$94 $41,239 (a)$140 
Shares issued to shareholders of noncontrolling interests
— — — — — — — — 17 
Other net changes in noncontrolling interests
— — — — — — 3 3 — 
Net income— — — 950 — — 15 965 — 
Other comprehensive income— — — — 884 — — 884 — 
Dividends:
Common stock at $0.31 per
  share
— — — (278)— — — (278)— 
Preferred stock— — — (49)— — — (49)— 
Repurchase of common stock— — — — — (3)— (3)— 
Common stock issued under employee benefit plans
— — 6 — — — — 6 — 
Preferred stock issued990 — — — — — — 990 — 
Stock awards and options exercised
— — 52 — — — — 52 — 
Balance at June 30, 2020$4,532 $14 $27,702 $33,224 $(1,943)$(19,832)$112 $43,809 (a)$157 
(a)Includes total The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation common shareholders’ equity of $37,603 million at March 31, 2020 and $39,165 million at June 30, 2020.

BNY Mellon 55
The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (and its subsidiaries)
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity (unaudited) (continued) 

The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation shareholdersNonredeemable
noncontrolling
interests of
consolidated
investment
management
funds		Total
permanent
equity		Redeemable
non-
controlling
interests/
temporary
equity
(in millions, except per
share amount)		Preferred stockCommon
stock		Additional
paid-in
capital		Retained
earnings		Accumulated other comprehensive (loss), net
of tax		Treasury
stock
Balance at June 30, 2019$3,542 $14 $27,406 $30,081 $(2,688)$(16,822)$166 $41,699 (a)$136 
Shares issued to shareholders of noncontrolling interests
— — — — — — — — 16 
Other net changes in noncontrolling interests
— — 2 — — — 34 36 (2)
Net income— — — 1,038 — — 3 1,041 — 
Other comprehensive income
— — — — (205)— — (205)(3)
Dividends:
Common stock at $0.31 per
  share
— — — (294)— — — (294)— 
Preferred stock— — — (36)— — — (36)— 
Repurchase of common stock— — — — — (981)— (981)— 
Common stock issued under employee benefit plans
— — 6 — — — — 6 — 
Stock awards and options exercised
— — 57 — — — — 57 — 
Balance at Sept. 30, 2019$3,542 $14 $27,471 $30,789 $(2,893)$(17,803)$203 $41,323 (a)$147 
(a)    Includes total The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation common shareholders’ equity of $37,991 million at June 30, 2019 and $37,578 million at Sept. 30, 2019.


The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation shareholdersNonredeemable
noncontrolling
interests of
consolidated
investment
management
funds		Total
permanent
equity		Redeemable
non-
controlling
interests/
temporary
equity
(in millions, except per
share amount)		Preferred stockCommon
stock		Additional
paid-in
capital		Retained
earnings		Accumulated other comprehensive (loss), net
of tax		Treasury
stock
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019$3,542 $14 $27,515 $31,894 $(2,638)$(18,844)$102 $41,585 (a)$143 
Impact of adopting ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses
— — — 45 (5)— — 40 — 
Adjusted balance at Jan. 1, 2020
3,542 14 27,515 31,939 (2,643)(18,844)102 41,625 143 
Shares issued to shareholders of noncontrolling interests
— — — — — — — — 55 
Redemption of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interests
— — — — — — — — (17)
Other net changes in noncontrolling interests
— — (5)— — — 145 140 (2)
Net income (loss)— — — 2,867 — — 4 2,871 — 
Other comprehensive income (loss)
— — — — 1,284 — — 1,284 — 
Dividends:
Common stock at $0.93 per
  share
— — — (839)— — — (839)— 
Preferred stock— — — (146)— — — (146)— 
Repurchase of common stock— — — — — (988)— (988)— 
Common stock issued under employee benefit plans
— — 21 — — — — 21 — 
Preferred stock issued
990 — — — — — — 990 — 
Stock awards and options exercised
— — 210 — — — — 210 — 
Balance at Sept. 30, 2020$4,532 $14 $27,741 $33,821 $(1,359)$(19,832)$251 $45,168 (a)$179 
(a)Includes total The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation common shareholders’ equity of $37,941 million at Dec. 31, 2019 and $40,385 million at Sept. 30, 2020.

56 BNY Mellon
The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (and its subsidiaries)
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity (unaudited) (continued) 

The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation shareholdersNonredeemable
noncontrolling
interests of
consolidated
investment
management
funds		Total
permanent
equity		Redeemable
non-
controlling
interests/
temporary
equity
(in millions, except per
share amount)		Preferred stockCommon
stock		Additional
paid-in
capital		Retained
earnings		Accumulated other comprehensive (loss), net
of tax		Treasury
stock
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018$3,542 $14 $27,118 $28,652 $(3,171)$(15,517)$101 $40,739 (a)$129 
Reclassification of certain tax effects related to adopting
ASU 2018-02
— — — 90 (90)— — — — 
Adjusted balance at Jan. 1, 2019
3,542 14 27,118 28,742 (3,261)(15,517)101 40,739 129 
Shares issued to shareholders of noncontrolling interests
— — — — — — — — 52 
Redemption of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interests
— — — — — — — — (7)
Other net changes in noncontrolling interests
— — 23 — — — 85 108 (26)
Net income— — — 3,001 — — 17 3,018 — 
Other comprehensive income
— — — — 368 — — 368 (1)
Dividends:
Common stock at $0.87 per
  share
— — — (834)— — — (834)— 
Preferred stock— — — (120)— — — (120)— 
Repurchase of common stock— — — — — (2,286)— (2,286)— 
Common stock issued under:
Employee benefit plans— — 22 — — — — 22 — 
Direct stock purchase and dividend reinvestment plan
— — 11 — — — — 11 — 
Stock awards and options exercised
— — 297 — — — — 297 — 
Balance at Sept. 30, 2019$3,542 $14 $27,471 $30,789 $(2,893)$(17,803)$203 $41,323 (a)$147 
(a)Includes total The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation common shareholders’ equity of $37,096 million at Dec. 31, 2018 and $37,578 million at Sept. 30, 2019.


See accompanying unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

BNY Mellon 57
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1–Basis of presentation

In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, references to “our,” “we,” “us,” “BNY Mellon,” the “Company” and similar terms refer to The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries. The term “Parent” refers to The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation but not its subsidiaries.

Basis of presentation

The accounting and financial reporting policies of BNY Mellon, a global financial services company, conform to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and prevailing industry practices. For information on our significant accounting and reporting policies, see Note 1 in our 2019 Annual Report.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are unaudited. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented have been made. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with our 2019 Annual Report. Certain immaterial reclassifications have been made to prior periods to place them on a basis comparable with the current period presentation.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates based upon assumptions about future economic and market conditions which affect reported amounts and related disclosures in our financial statements. Although our current estimates contemplate current conditions and how we expect them to change in the future, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could be worse than anticipated in those estimates, which could materially affect our results of operations and financial condition.


Note 2–Accounting changes and new accounting guidance

The following accounting guidance was adopted in the first quarter of 2020.

Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an ASU, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This ASU introduces a new current expected credit losses model, which applies to financial assets subject to credit losses and measured at amortized cost, including held-to-maturity securities and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. The guidance also changes current practice for the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities by requiring the use of an allowance to record estimated credit losses and subsequent recoveries. The standard requires a cumulative effect of initial application to be recognized in retained earnings at the date of initial application.

In conjunction with adopting the new standard, we developed expected credit loss models and approaches that include consideration of multiple forecast scenarios and other methodologies. On Jan. 1, 2020, we adopted this new accounting guidance on a prospective basis and recognized a $45 million after-tax increase in retained earnings primarily attributable to a reduction to the allowance for credit losses for our commercial lending portfolios. The comparative financial information for prior periods has not been restated. See the Consolidated Balance Sheet and Notes 4 and 5 for the disclosures required by this ASU.


58 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
The table below presents the reconciliation of the allowance for credit losses (pre-tax).

Allowance for credit losses
(in millions)
Allowance for credit losses – Dec. 31, 2019$216 
Impact of adopting ASU 2016-13:
Securities7 
Loans (a)
(69)
Other 3 
Total impact of adoption of ASU 2016-13(59)
Reclassification of credit-related reserves on accounts receivable
4 
Allowance for credit losses – Jan. 1, 2020$161 
(a)    Includes $48 million related to loans and $21 million for lending-related commitments.


Significant accounting policies

Loans

Loans are reported at amortized cost, net of any unearned income and deferred fees and costs. Certain loan origination and upfront commitment fees, as well as certain direct loan origination and commitment costs, are deferred and amortized as a yield adjustment over the lives of the related loans. Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value.

Troubled debt restructuring/loan modifications

A modified loan is considered a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) if the debtor is experiencing financial difficulties and the creditor grants a concession to the debtor that would not otherwise be considered. A TDR may include a transfer of real estate or other assets from the debtor to the creditor, or a modification of the term of the loan. Credit losses related to TDRs are accounted for under an individual evaluation methodology (see “Allowance for credit losses” below). Credit losses for anticipated TDRs are accounted for similarly to TDRs and are identified when there is a reasonable expectation that a TDR will be executed with the borrower and when we expect the modification to affect the timing or amount of payments and/or the payment term.

Due to the coronavirus pandemic, there have been two forms of relief provided for classifying loans as TDRs: The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) and the Interagency
Guidance (as defined below). Financial institutions may account for eligible loan modifications either under the CARES Act or the Interagency Guidance. The Company has elected to apply both the CARES Act and the Interagency Guidance, as applicable, in providing borrowers with loan modification relief in response to the coronavirus pandemic.

The CARES Act, which became law on March 27, 2020, provides that financial institutions may, subject to certain conditions, elect to temporarily suspend the U.S. GAAP requirements with respect to loan modifications related to the coronavirus pandemic that were current as of Dec. 31, 2019 and that would otherwise be identified and treated as TDRs.

This TDR relief is applicable to modifications that were made from March 1, 2020 until the earlier of Dec. 31, 2020 or 60 days from the date the national emergency related to the coronavirus pandemic officially ends.

Various banking regulators issued guidance in the April 7, 2020 “Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus (revised)” (“Interagency Guidance”) on loan modification treatment pursuant to which financial institutions can apply the U.S. GAAP requirements for loan modifications. In accordance with this guidance, a loan modification is not considered a TDR if the modification is related to the coronavirus pandemic, the borrower had been current when the modification program was implemented, and the modification includes payment deferrals for not more than six months.

Nonperforming assets

Commercial loans are placed on nonaccrual status when principal or interest is past due 90 days or more, or when there is reasonable doubt that interest or principal will be collected.

When a first or second lien residential mortgage loan reaches 90 days delinquent, it is subject to an individual evaluation of credit loss and placed on nonaccrual status.

When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, previously accrued and uncollected interest is reversed against current period interest revenue. Interest receipts on nonaccrual loans are recognized

BNY Mellon 59
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
as interest revenue or are applied to principal when we believe the ultimate collectability of principal is in doubt. Nonaccrual loans generally are restored to an accrual basis when principal and interest become current and remain current for a specified period.

“Allowance for credit losses” below provides additional information regarding the individual evaluation of credit losses for nonperforming loans.

Allowance for credit losses

The accounting policy for estimating credit losses related to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loans and lending-related commitments changed beginning in the first quarter of 2020 as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This ASU also included targeted amendments with respect to credit losses for available-for-sale debt securities. The accounting policy for determining the allowances has been identified as a “critical accounting estimate” as it requires us to make numerous complex and subjective estimates and assumptions relating to amounts which are judgmental and inherently uncertain.

Credit quality is monitored by management and is reflected within the allowance for credit losses. The allowance represents management’s estimate of expected credit losses over the expected contractual life of the financial instruments as of the balance sheet date. The allowance methodology is designed to provide procedural discipline in assessing the appropriateness of the allowance.

A quantitative methodology and qualitative framework is used to estimate the allowance for credit losses. The qualitative framework is described in further detail within “Allowance for credit losses - Other” below. The quantitative component of our estimate uses models and methodologies that categorize financial assets based on product type, collateral type, and other credit trends and risk characteristics, including relevant information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions that affect the collectability of the recorded amounts. The allowance may be determined using various methods, including discounted cash flow methods, loss-rate methods, probability of default methods or other methods that we determine to be appropriate.
We estimate our expected credit losses using the probability of default method for the majority of our financial assets. We measure expected credit losses of financial assets on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. For a financial asset that does not share risk characteristics with other assets, expected credit losses are measured based on an individual evaluation method.

In our estimate, with the exception of our small home equity line of credit portfolio, available-for-sale debt securities, and individually evaluated financial assets, we utilize a multi-scenario macroeconomic forecast which includes a weighting of baseline, stronger near-term growth and moderate recession scenarios. This approach allows us to develop our estimate using a wide span of economic input variables. Our baseline scenario reflects a view on likely performance of each global region and the other two scenarios are designed relative to the baseline scenario. The scenarios include both a reasonable and supportable forecast period as well as a reversion period. The reasonable and supportable forecast is typically over a two- to three-year horizon, followed by a reversion period in which the economic data reverts to long-term historical experience. In general, the forecasts across the alternative economic scenarios tend to revert toward the long-term trends after the forecast period, which is the period in which the confidence interval is considered reasonable and supportable. The speed at which the scenario specific forecasts revert is based on observed historical patterns of mean reversion that are reflected in our model parameter estimates. Certain macroeconomic variables such as unemployment or home prices take longer to revert after a contraction, though specific recovery times are scenario-specific. Reversion will usually take longer the further away the scenario specific forecast is from the historical mean. On a quarterly basis, within a developed governance structure, we update these scenarios for current economic conditions and may adjust the scenario weighting based on our economic outlook.

Allowance for credit losses - Loans and lending-related commitments

The allowance for credit losses on loans is presented as a valuation allowance to loans, and the allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments is recorded in other liabilities. The components of the allowance for credit losses on loans and lending-

60 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
related commitments consist of the following three elements:

•a pooled allowance component for higher risk-rated and pass-rated commercial and institutional credits;
•a pooled allowance component for residential mortgage loans; and
•an asset-specific allowance component involving individually evaluated credits of $1 million or greater.

The first element, a pooled allowance component for higher risk-rated and pass-rated commercial and institutional credits, is based on our expected credit loss model. Individual credit analyses are performed on such loans before being assigned a credit rating. All borrowers are collectively evaluated based on their credit rating. The loss expected in each loan incorporates the borrower’s credit rating, facility rating and maturity. The loss given default, derived from the facility rating, incorporates a recovery expectation, and for unfunded lending exposures, an estimate of the use of the facility at default (usage given default). The borrower’s probability of default is derived from the associated credit rating. For each of the different parameters, specific credit models are developed for each segment of our portfolio, including commercial loans and lease financing, commercial real estate, financial institutions, and other. Segmentation is established based on risk characteristics of the loans and how risk is monitored. We use both internal and external data in the development of these parameters. In estimating the term of the exposures and resulting effect on the measurement of expected credit loss, we consider the impact of potential prepayments as well as the effect of borrower extension options. Borrower ratings are reviewed at least annually and are periodically mapped to third-party databases, including rating agency and default and recovery databases, to ensure ongoing consistency and validity. Higher risk-rated loans and lending-related commitments are reviewed quarterly.

The second element, a pooled allowance component for residential mortgage loans, is determined by first segregating our mortgage pools into two categories: (i) our wealth management mortgages and (ii) our legacy mortgage portfolio disclosed as other residential mortgages. We then apply models to each portfolio to predict prepayments, default rates and
loss severity. We consider historical loss experience and use a loan-level, multi-period default model which further segments each portfolio by product type including first lien fixed rate mortgages, first lien adjustable rate mortgages, second lien mortgages, and interest-only mortgages. We calculate the mortgage loss up to loan contractual maturity and embed a reasonable and supportable forecast and macroeconomic variable inputs which are described above. For home equity lines of credit, probability of default and loss given default are based on external data from third-party databases due to the small size of the portfolio and limited internal data. Our legacy mortgage portfolio and home equity line of credit portfolios represent small sub-segments of our mortgage loans.

The third element, individually evaluated credits, is based on individual analysis of loans of $1 million and greater which no longer share the risk characteristics with other loans. Factors we consider in measuring the extent of expected credit loss include the payment status, collateral value, the borrower’s financial condition, guarantor support, the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due, anticipated modifications of payment structure or term for troubled borrowers, and recoveries if they can be reasonably estimated. We measure the expected credit loss as the difference between the amortized cost basis in the loan and the present value of the expected future cash flows from the borrower which is generally discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, or the fair value of the collateral, if the loan is collateral dependent. We generally consider nonperforming loans as well as loans that have been or are anticipated to be modified under a troubled debt restructuring for individual evaluation given the risk characteristics of such loans.

Allowance for credit losses - Securities - Debt

When estimating expected credit losses, we segment our available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities portfolios by major asset class. This is influenced by whether the security is structured or non-structured (i.e., direct obligation), as well as the issuer type.

Debt securities are classified as available-for-sale securities when we intend to hold the securities for an indefinite period of time or when the securities may be used for tactical asset/liability management

BNY Mellon 61
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
purposes and may be sold from time to time to effectively manage interest rate exposure, prepayment risk and liquidity needs. Available-for-sale securities are measured at fair value. The difference between fair value and amortized cost represents the unrealized gains or losses on assets classified as available-for-sale, and is recorded net of tax as an addition to, or deduction from, other comprehensive income, unless we determine that this difference or a portion thereof represents an expected credit loss. If we determine that a credit loss exists, the amount is recognized as an allowance for credit losses in securities - available-for sale, with a corresponding adjustment to the provision for credit losses. We evaluate credit losses at the individual security level and do not recognize credit losses if the fair value exceeds amortized cost, and if we determine that a credit loss exists, we limit the recognition of the loss to the difference between fair value and amortized cost. In our determination of whether an expected credit loss exists, we routinely conduct periodic reviews and examine various quantitative and qualitative factors that are unique to each portfolio, including the severity of the unrealized loss position, agency rating, credit enhancement, cash flow deterioration and other factors. The measurement of an expected credit loss is then based on the best estimate of the present value of cash flows to be collected from the debt security. Generally, cash flows are discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security. Changes to the present value of cash flows due to the passage of time are recognized within the allowance for credit losses.

We estimate expected credit losses for held-to-maturity debt securities using a similar methodology as described in the first allowance element within “Allowance for credit losses - Loans and lending-related commitments” above. The allowance for credit losses on held-to-maturity debt securities are recorded in securities - held-to-maturity. The components of the credit loss calculation for each major portfolio or asset class include a probability of default and loss given default and their values depend on the forecast behavior of variables in the macroeconomic environment. For structured debt securities, we estimated expected credit losses at the individual security level and use a cash flow model to project principal losses. Generally, cash flows are discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security. The difference is reflected in the allowance for credit losses, and changes to the present
value of cash flows due to the passage of time are recognized within the allowance for credit losses.

We currently do not require an estimate of expected credit losses to be measured and recorded for U.S. Treasury securities, agency debt securities, as well as other debt securities that meet certain conditions that are based on a combination of factors such as guarantees, credit ratings, and other credit quality factors. These assets are monitored within our established governance structure on a recurring basis to determine if any changes are warranted.

Allowance for credit losses – Other financial instruments

We also estimate expected credit losses associated with margin loans, reverse repurchase agreements, security lending indemnifications, and deposits with third-party financial institutions using a similar methodology as described in the first allowance element within “Allowance for credit losses - Loans and lending-related commitments” above. The allowance for credit losses on reverse repurchase agreements are recorded in federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements; the allowance for credit losses on securities lending indemnifications is recorded in other liabilities and the allowance for credit losses on deposits with third-party financial institutions is recorded in cash and due from banks or interest-bearing deposits with banks. Our reverse repurchase agreements are short term and subject to continuous overcollateralization by our counterparties and timely collateral replenishment, when necessary. As a result, we estimate the expected credit loss related to the uncollateralized portion of the asset at the balance sheet date, if any, and when there is a reasonable expectation that the counterparty will not replenish the collateral in compliance with the terms of the repurchase agreement. This method is also applied to margin lending arrangements and securities lending indemnifications.

Allowance for credit losses - Other

We do not apply our credit loss measurement methodologies to accrued interest receivable balances related to our loan, debt securities and deposits with third party financial institutions assets given our nonaccrual policy that requires charge-off of interest receivable when deemed uncollectible. Accrued interest receivable related to these instruments is

62 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
presented in total with other interest-bearing instruments in the consolidated balance sheet. Accrued interest receivable related to each major loan class is disclosed within our credit quality disclosure in Note 5.

Our policy for credit losses related to purchased financial assets requires an evaluation to be performed prior to the effective purchase date to determine if more than an insignificant decline in credit quality has occurred during the period between the origination and purchase date, or, in the case of debt securities, the period between the issuance and purchase date. If we purchase a financial asset with more than insignificant deterioration in credit quality, the measurement of expected credit loss is performed using the methodologies described above, and the credit loss is recorded as an allowance for credit losses on the purchase date. Subsequent to purchase, changes (favorable and unfavorable) in expected cash flows are recognized immediately in net income by adjusting the allowance. We evaluate various factors in the determination of whether a more than an insignificant decline in credit quality has occurred and these factors vary depending upon the type of asset purchased. Such factors include changes in risk rating and/or agency rating, collateral deterioration, payment status, purchase price, credit spreads, and other factors. We did not purchase any such assets during the first nine months of 2020 and did not own such assets as of Sept. 30, 2020.

We apply a separate credit loss methodology to accounts receivables to estimate the expected credit losses associated with these short-term receivables which historically have not resulted in significant credit losses. The allowance for credit losses on accounts receivable is reflected in other assets.

The qualitative component of our estimate for the allowance for credit losses is intended to capture expected losses that may not have been fully captured in the quantitative component. Through an established governance structure, management determines the qualitative allowance each period based on an evaluation of various internal and environmental factors which include: scenario weighting and sensitivity risk, credit concentration risk, economic conditions and other considerations. We may also make adjustments for idiosyncratic
risks. Once determined in the aggregate, our qualitative allowance is then allocated to each of our financial instrument portfolios except for debt securities and those instruments carried in other assets based on the respective instruments’ quantitative allowance balances. The allocation of this additional allowance for credit losses is inherently judgmental, and the entire allowance for credit losses is available to absorb credit losses regardless of the nature of the loss.

Note 3–Acquisitions and dispositions

We sometimes structure our acquisitions with both an initial payment and later contingent payments tied to post-closing revenue or income growth. There were no contingent payments in the third quarter of 2020. Contingent payment totaled $3 million in the first nine months of 2020.

At Sept. 30, 2020, we are potentially obligated to pay additional consideration which, using reasonable assumptions, could range from $5 million to $10 million over the next two years, but could be higher as certain of the arrangements do not contain a contractual maximum.

Transaction in 2019

On Nov. 8, 2019, BNY Mellon, along with the other holders of Promontory Interfinancial Network, LLC (“PIN”), completed the sale of their interests in PIN. BNY Mellon recorded an after-tax gain of $622 million on the sale of this equity investment.

Note 4–Securities

On Jan. 1, 2020, we adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments on a prospective basis. See Note 2 for the significant accounting policy related to securities.

The following tables present the amortized cost, the gross unrealized gains and losses and the fair value of securities at Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019.

BNY Mellon 63
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Securities at Sept. 30, 2020Gross
unrealized		Fair
value
Amortized cost
(in millions)GainsLosses
Available-for-sale:
Agency RMBS$24,262 $526 $55 $24,733 
U.S. Treasury23,166 1,568 1 24,733 
Sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed13,925 169 1 14,093 
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”)9,299 646 3 9,942 
Supranational7,069 68 1 7,136 
Foreign covered bonds5,777 64 — 5,841 
Collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”)4,696 5 44 4,657 
Foreign government agencies3,924 46 — 3,970 
U.S. government agencies3,300 180 2 3,478 
Other asset-backed securities (“ABS”)2,903 31 4 2,930 
Non-agency commercial MBS2,565 156 10 2,711 
Non-agency RMBS (a)
1,793 157 9 1,941 
State and political subdivisions1,661 33 4 1,690 
Corporate bonds988 43 1 1,030 
Commercial paper/certificates of deposit (“CDs”)355 2 — 357 
Other debt securities1 — — 1 
Total securities available-for-sale (b)(c)
$105,684 $3,694 $135 $109,243 
Held-to-maturity:
Agency RMBS$37,086 $1,117 $10 $38,193 
U.S. Treasury3,288 103 — 3,391 
U.S. government agencies2,266 5 4 2,267 
Agency commercial MBS2,041 107 — 2,148 
Sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed983 41 — 1,024 
Commercial paper/CDs295 — — 295 
Non-agency RMBS70 3 1 72 
Supranational52 1 — 53 
State and political subdivisions15 — — 15 
Total securities held-to-maturity$46,096 $1,377 $15 $47,458 
Total securities$151,780 $5,071 $150 $156,701 
(a)    Includes $512 million that was included in the former Grantor Trust.
(b)    In the first quarter of 2020, we adopted new accounting guidance included in ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, on a prospective basis. The amortized cost of available-for-sale securities is net of the allowance for credit loss of $12 million. The allowance for credit loss primarily relates to CLOs. See Note 2 for additional information.
(c)    Includes gross unrealized gains of $25 million and gross unrealized losses of $49 million recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income related to securities that were transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity. The unrealized gains and losses are primarily related to Agency RMBS and will be amortized into net interest revenue over the contractual lives of the securities.


Securities at Dec. 31, 2019Gross
unrealized
Amortized costFair
value
(in millions)GainsLosses
Available-for-sale:
Agency RMBS$27,022 $164 $143 $27,043 
U.S. Treasury14,979 472 20 15,431 
Sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed
12,548 109 11 12,646 
Agency commercial MBS
9,231 203 17 9,417 
Foreign covered bonds
4,189 15 7 4,197 
CLOs4,078 1 16 4,063 
Supranational3,697 18 6 3,709 
Foreign government agencies
2,638 7 2 2,643 
Non-agency commercial MBS
2,134 46 2 2,178 
Other ABS
2,141 7 5 2,143 
U.S. government agencies
1,890 61 2 1,949 
Non-agency RMBS (a)
1,038 202 7 1,233 
State and political subdivisions
1,017 27 — 1,044 
Corporate bonds832 21 — 853 
Other debt securities1 — — 1 
Total securities available-for-sale (b)
$87,435 $1,353 $238 $88,550 
Held-to-maturity:
Agency RMBS$27,357 $292 $46 $27,603 
U.S. Treasury3,818 28 3 3,843 
Agency commercial MBS
1,326 21 3 1,344 
U.S. government agencies
1,023 1 2 1,022 
Sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed
756 31 — 787 
Non-agency RMBS80 4 1 83 
Foreign covered bonds
79 — — 79 
Supranational
27 — — 27 
State and political subdivisions
17 — — 17 
Total securities held-to-maturity
$34,483 $377 $55 $34,805 
Total securities$121,918 $1,730 $293 $123,355 
(a)    Includes $640 million that was included in the former Grantor Trust.
(b)    Includes gross unrealized gains of $32 million and gross unrealized losses of $65 million recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income related to securities that were transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity. The unrealized gains and losses are primarily related to Agency RMBS and will be amortized into net interest revenue over the contractual lives of the securities.


The following table presents the realized gains, losses and impairments, on a gross basis.

Net securities gains (losses)
(in millions)3Q202Q203Q19YTD20YTD19
Realized gross gains$10 $16 $1 $38 $18 
Realized gross losses(1)(7)(1)(11)(10)
Recognized gross impairments— — (1)— (1)
Total net securities gains (losses)$9 $9 $(1)$27 $7 

64 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
The following table presents pre-tax net securities gains (losses) by type.

Net securities gains (losses)
(in millions)3Q202Q203Q19YTD20YTD19
Foreign government agencies$5 $2 $— $7 $— 
U.S. Treasury1 1 — 7 4 
Supranational— 6 — 6 — 
Sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed1 2 — 3 3 
State and political subdivisions— — — — 2 
Other2 (2)(1)4 (2)
Total net securities gains (losses)$9 $9 $(1)$27 $7 


Allowance for credit losses - Securities

In the first quarter of 2020, we adopted new accounting guidance included in ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, on a prospective basis. The allowance for credit losses related to securities was $7 million on Jan. 1, 2020 and $12 million at Sept. 30, 2020. The increase reflects additional credit deterioration in the available-for-sale CLO portfolio. For additional information about the review of securities under previous other-than-temporary impairment guidance, refer to Notes 1 and 4, both Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, in our 2019 Annual Report.
Credit quality indicators - Securities

At Sept. 30, 2020, the gross unrealized losses on the securities portfolio were primarily attributable to an increase in credit spreads from the date of purchase, and for certain securities that were transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity, an increase in interest rates through the date they were transferred. Specifically, $49 million of the unrealized losses at Sept. 30, 2020 and $65 million at Dec. 31, 2019 reflected in the available-for-sale sections of the tables below relate to certain securities (primarily Agency RMBS) that were transferred in prior periods from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity. The unrealized losses will be amortized into net interest revenue over the contractual lives of the securities. The transfer created a new cost basis for the securities. As a result, if these securities have experienced unrealized losses since the date of transfer, the corresponding fair value and unrealized losses would be reflected in the held-to-maturity sections of the following tables. We do not intend to sell these securities, and it is not more likely than not that we will have to sell these securities.

BNY Mellon 65
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
The following table shows the aggregate fair value of available-for-sale securities with a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months and those that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more without an allowance for credit losses.

Available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position without an allowance for credit losses at Sept. 30, 2020 (a)
Less than 12 months12 months or moreTotal
Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses
(in millions)
Agency RMBS$1,126 $3 $2,102 $52 $3,228 $55 
U.S. Treasury1,041 1 — — 1,041 1 
Sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed1,069 1 119 — 1,188 1 
Agency commercial MBS566 1 306 2 872 3 
Supranational1,583 1 127 — 1,710 1 
CLOs3,449 31 579 13 4,028 44 
U.S. government agencies99 2 — — 99 2 
Other ABS675 2 229 2 904 4 
Non-agency commercial MBS358 6 194 4 552 10 
Non-agency RMBS (b)
636 3 97 6 733 9 
State and political subdivisions262 4 2 — 264 4 
Corporate bonds173 1 — — 173 1 
Total securities available-for-sale (c)
$11,037 $56 $3,755 $79 $14,792 $135 
(a)    Includes $370 million of securities with an unrealized loss of greater than $1 million.
(b)    Includes $22 million of securities with an unrealized loss of $1 million for less than 12 months and $1 million of securities with an unrealized loss of less than $1 million for 12 months or more that were included in the former Grantor Trust.
(c)    Includes gross unrealized losses of $49 million for 12 months or more recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income related to securities that were transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity. The unrealized losses are primarily related to Agency RMBS and will be amortized into net interest revenue over the contractual lives of the securities. There were no gross unrealized losses for less than 12 months.


The following table presents the temporarily impaired securities under the disclosure guidance that existed prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 and shows the aggregate fair value of available-for-sale securities with a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months and those that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more.

Temporarily impaired securities at Dec. 31, 2019Less than 12 months12 months or moreTotal
(in millions)Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses
Available-for-sale:
Agency RMBS$8,373 $33 $5,912 $110 $14,285 $143 
U.S. Treasury1,976 16 766 4 2,742 20 
Sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed4,045 10 225 1 4,270 11 
Agency commercial MBS1,960 12 775 5 2,735 17 
Foreign covered bonds1,009 4 690 3 1,699 7 
CLOs1,066 2 1,499 14 2,565 16 
Supranational1,336 6 360 — 1,696 6 
Foreign government agencies1,706 2 47 — 1,753 2 
Non-agency commercial MBS525 2 45 — 570 2 
Other ABS456 3 305 2 761 5 
U.S. government agencies377 2 — — 377 2 
Non-agency RMBS (a)
101 — 113 7 214 7 
State and political subdivisions— — 16 — 16 — 
Corporate bonds82 — 21 — 103 — 
Total securities available-for-sale (b)
$23,012 $92 $10,774 $146 $33,786 $238 
(a)    Includes $2 million of securities with an unrealized loss of less than $1 million for less than 12 months and $2 million of securities with an unrealized loss of less than $1 million for 12 months or more that were included in the former Grantor Trust.
(b)    Includes gross unrealized losses of $65 million for 12 months or more recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income related to securities that were transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity. The unrealized losses are primarily related to Agency RMBS and will be amortized into net interest revenue over the contractual lives of the securities. There were no gross unrealized losses for less than 12 months.

66 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
The following table shows the credit quality of the held-to-maturity securities. We have included certain credit ratings information because the information can indicate the degree of credit risk to which we are exposed. Significant changes in ratings classifications could indicate increased credit risk for us and could be accompanied by a reduction in the fair value of our securities portfolio.

Held-to-maturity securities portfolio at Sept. 30, 2020 (a)
Ratings (b)
Net unrealized gainBB+
and
lower		A1+/A2/SP-1+
(dollars in millions)Amortized
cost		AAA/
AA-		A+/
A-		BBB+/
BBB-		Not
rated
Agency RMBS
$37,086 $1,107 100 %— %— %— %— %— %
U.S. Treasury3,288 103 100 — — — — — 
U.S. government agencies
2,266 1 100 — — — — — 
Agency commercial MBS
2,041 107 100 — — — — — 
Sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed (c)
983 41 100 — — — — — 
Commercial paper/CDs295 — — — — — 100 — 
Non-agency RMBS70 2 39 46 2 12 — 1 
Supranational52 1 100 — — — — — 
State and political subdivisions
15 — 6 2 6 — — 86 
Total held-to-maturity securities
$46,096 $1,362 99 %— %— %— %1 %— %
(a)    In the first quarter of 2020, we adopted new accounting guidance included in ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, on a prospective basis. See Note 2 for additional information.
(b)    Represents ratings by Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) or the equivalent.
(c)    Primarily consists of exposure to France, UK and Germany.


Maturity distribution

The following table shows the maturity distribution by carrying amount and yield (on a tax equivalent basis) of our securities portfolio.

Maturity distribution and yields on securities at Sept. 30, 2020
U.S. TreasuryU.S. government
agencies		State and political
subdivisions		Other bonds, notes and debenturesMortgage/
asset-backed
(dollars in millions)Amount
Yield (a)
Amount
Yield (a)
Amount
Yield (a)
Amount
Yield (a)
Amount
Yield (a)
Total
Securities available-for-sale:
One year or less$4,405 1.11 %$25 2.55 %$549 1.49 %$11,186 0.44 %$— — %$16,165 
Over 1 through 5 years10,546 1.28 1,866 0.85 570 3.16 17,769 0.61 — — 30,751 
Over 5 through 10 years6,517 1.57 1,468 2.51 223 1.88 3,240 0.56 — — 11,448 
Over 10 years3,265 3.11 119 2.06 348 2.22 233 0.62 — — 3,965 
Mortgage-backed securities— — — — — — — — 39,327 2.18 39,327 
Asset-backed securities— — — — — — — — 7,587 1.72 7,587 
Total$24,733 1.57 %$3,478 1.60 %$1,690 2.26 %$32,428 0.55 %$46,914 2.10 %$109,243 
Securities held-to-maturity:
One year or less$785 1.43 %$— — %$— — %$307 1.99 %$— — %$1,092 
Over 1 through 5 years2,503 1.90 1,253 0.82 2 5.66 946 0.67 — — 4,704 
Over 5 through 10 years— — 564 1.13 — — 32 0.92 — — 596 
Over 10 years— — 449 2.28 13 4.76 45 0.35 — — 507 
Mortgage-backed securities— — — — — — — — 39,197 2.57 39,197 
Total$3,288 1.79 %$2,266 1.19 %$15 4.91 %$1,330 0.96 %$39,197 2.57 %$46,096 
(a)Yields are based upon the amortized cost of securities.



BNY Mellon 67
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Pledged assets

At Sept. 30, 2020, BNY Mellon had pledged assets of $141 billion, including $108 billion pledged as collateral for potential borrowings at the Federal Reserve Discount Window and $5 billion pledged as collateral for borrowing at the Federal Home Loan Bank. The components of the assets pledged at Sept. 30, 2020 included $123 billion of securities, $11 billion of loans, $6 billion of trading assets and $1 billion of interest-bearing deposits with banks.

If there has been no borrowing at the Federal Reserve Discount Window, the Federal Reserve generally allows banks to freely move assets in and out of their pledged assets account to sell or repledge the assets for other purposes. BNY Mellon regularly moves assets in and out of its pledged assets account at the Federal Reserve.

At Dec. 31, 2019, BNY Mellon had pledged assets of $118 billion, including $80 billion pledged as collateral for potential borrowing at the Federal Reserve Discount Window and $6 billion pledged as collateral for borrowing at the Federal Home Loan Bank. The components of the assets pledged at Dec. 31, 2019 included $98 billion of securities, $13 billion of loans, $7 billion of trading assets and less than $1 billion of interest-bearing deposits with banks.

At Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, pledged assets included $23 billion and $29 billion, respectively, for which the recipients were permitted to sell or repledge the assets delivered.

At Sept. 30, 2020, we pledged commercial paper and CDs totaling $295 million as collateral to the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston to secure non-recourse borrowings under the Federal Reserve’s Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility (“MMLF”) program.

We also obtain securities as collateral, including receipts under resale agreements, securities borrowed, derivative contracts and custody agreements, on terms which permit us to sell or repledge the securities to others. At Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, the market value of the securities received that can be sold or repledged was $112 billion and $153 billion, respectively. We routinely sell or repledge these securities through delivery to third parties. As of Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, the market value of
securities collateral sold or repledged was $80 billion and $107 billion, respectively.

Restricted cash and securities

Cash and securities may be segregated under federal and other regulations or requirements. At Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, cash segregated under federal and other regulations or requirements was $3 billion and $2 billion, respectively. Restricted cash is included in interest-bearing deposits with banks on the consolidated balance sheet. Securities segregated under federal and other regulations or requirements were $4 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and $1 billion at Dec. 31, 2019. Restricted securities were sourced from securities purchased under resale agreements and are included in federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements on the consolidated balance sheet.

Note 5–Loans and asset quality

Loans

The table below provides the details of our loan portfolio.

LoansSept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(in millions)
Domestic:
Commercial$1,839 $1,442 
Commercial real estate5,987 5,575 
Financial institutions4,915 4,852 
Lease financings482 537 
Wealth management loans and mortgages
15,805 16,050 
Other residential mortgages423 494 
Overdrafts899 524 
Other1,616 1,167 
Margin loans11,220 11,907 
Total domestic43,186 42,548 
Foreign:
Commercial102 347 
Commercial real estate5 7 
Financial institutions6,097 7,626 
Lease financings596 576 
Wealth management loans and mortgages
121 140 
Other (primarily overdrafts)3,106 2,230 
Margin loans2,278 1,479 
Total foreign12,305 12,405 
Total loans (a)
$55,491 $54,953 
(a)    Net of unearned income of $285 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $313 million at Dec. 31, 2019 primarily related to domestic and foreign lease financings.


68 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Our loan portfolio consists of three portfolio segments: commercial, lease financings and mortgages. We manage our portfolio at the class level, which consists of six classes of financing receivables: commercial, commercial real estate, financial institutions, lease financings, wealth
management loans and mortgages, and other residential mortgages.

The following tables are presented for each class of financing receivables and provide additional information about our credit risks.


Allowance for credit losses

On Jan. 1, 2020, we adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, on a prospective basis. See Note 2 for the significant accounting policy related to allowance for credit losses on loans and lending-related commitments.

Activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans and lending-related commitments is presented below. This does not include activity in the allowance for credit losses related to other financial instruments, including cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with banks, federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements, held-to-maturity securities, available-for-sale securities and accounts receivable.

Allowance for credit losses activity for the quarter ended Sept. 30, 2020Wealth management loans and mortgagesOther
residential
mortgages
(in millions)CommercialCommercial
real estate		Financial
institutions		Lease
financings		Total
Beginning balance$40 $372 $16 $3 $11 $12 $454 
Charge-offs— — — — — — — 
Recoveries— — — — — 1 1 
Net recoveries— — — — — 1 1 
Provision (a)
(13)14 (5)— 4 5 5 
Ending balance (b)
$27 $386 $11 $3 $15 $18 $460 
Allowance for:
Loan losses$14 $270 $7 $3 $13 $18 $325 
Lending-related commitments13 116 4 — 2 — 135 
Individually evaluated for impairment:
Loan balance$— $— $— $— $17 (c)$— $17 
Allowance for loan losses— — — — — — — 
(a)    Does not include provision for credit losses related to other financial instruments of $4 million for the third quarter 2020.
(b)    Includes $8 million of allowance for credit losses related to foreign loans, primarily financial institutions.
(c)    Includes collateral dependent loans of $17 million with $25 million of collateral at fair value.


Allowance for credit losses activity for the quarter ended June 30, 2020Wealth management loans and mortgagesOther
residential
mortgages
(in millions)CommercialCommercial
real estate		Financial
institutions		Lease
financings		Total
Beginning balance$26 $208 $18 $13 $9 $14 $288 
Charge-offs— — — — — — — 
Recoveries— — — — — 3 3 
Net recoveries— — — — — 3 3 
Provision (a)
14 164 (2)(10)2 (5)163 
Ending balance (b)
$40 $372 $16 $3 $11 $12 $454 
Allowance for:
Loan losses$23 $244 $11 $3 $9 $12 $302 
Lending-related commitments17 128 5 — 2 — 152 
Individually evaluated for impairment:
Loan balance$— $— $— $— $18 (c)$— $18 
Allowance for loan losses— — — — — — — 
(a)    Does not include provision for credit losses related to other financial instruments of $(20) million for the second quarter 2020.
(b)    Includes $11 million of allowance for credit losses related to foreign loans, primarily financial institutions.
(c)    Includes collateral dependent loans of $18 million with $26 million of collateral at fair value.

BNY Mellon 69
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Allowance for credit losses activity for the quarter ended Sept. 30, 2019Wealth management loans and mortgagesOther
residential
mortgages		All
other		ForeignTotal
(in millions)CommercialCommercial
real estate		Financial
institutions		Lease
financings
Beginning balance$77 $72 $21 $4 $20 $14 $— $33 $241 
Charge-offs(1)— — — — — — — (1)
Recoveries— — — — — — — — — 
Net (charge-offs)(1)— — — — — — — (1)
Provision(15)5 — (1)— — — (5)(16)
Ending balance$61 $77 $21 $3 $20 $14 $— $28 $224 
Allowance for:
Loan losses$10 $57 $7 $3 $17 $14 $— $19 $127 
Lending-related commitments51 20 14 — 3 — — 9 97 
Individually evaluated for impairment:
Loan balance$— $— $— $— $16 $— $— $— $16 
Allowance for loan losses— — — — — — — — — 
Collectively evaluated for impairment:
Loan balance$1,335 $5,292 $4,973 $559 $15,748 $520 $12,567 (a)$13,871 $54,865 
Allowance for loan losses10 57 7 3 17 14 — 19 127 
(a)    Includes $1,247 million of domestic overdrafts, $10,177 million of margin loans and $1,143 million of other loans at Sept. 30, 2019.


Allowance for credit losses activity for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020Wealth management loans and mortgagesOther
residential
mortgages		ForeignTotal
(in millions)CommercialCommercial
real estate		Financial
institutions		Lease
financings		(a)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019$60 $76 $20 $3 $20 $13 $24 $216 
Impact of adopting ASU 2016-13
(43)14 (6)— (12)2 (24)(69)
Balance at Jan. 1, 202017 90 14 3 8 15 — 147 
Charge-offs— — — — — — — — 
Recoveries— — — — — 4 — 4 
Net recoveries— — — — — 4 — 4 
Provision (b)
10 296 (3)— 7 (1)— 309 
Ending balance$27 $386 $11 $3 $15 $18 $— $460 
(a)    The allowance related to foreign exposure has been reclassified to financial institutions ($10 million), commercial ($10 million) and lease financings ($4 million).
(b)    Does not include provision for credit losses related to other financial instruments of $12 million for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020.


Allowance for credit losses activity for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019Wealth management loans and mortgagesOther
residential
mortgages		All
other		ForeignTotal
(in millions)CommercialCommercial
real estate		Financial
institutions		Lease
financings
Beginning balance$81 $75 $22 $5 $21 $16 $— $32 $252 
Charge-offs(12)— — — (1)— — — (13)
Recoveries— — — — — 2 — — 2 
Net (charge-offs) recoveries(12)— — — (1)2 — — (11)
Provision(8)2 (1)(2)— (4)— (4)(17)
Ending balance$61 $77 $21 $3 $20 $14 $— $28 $224 



70 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Nonperforming assets

The table below presents our nonperforming assets.

Nonperforming assetsSept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
Recorded investment
With an
allowance		Without an allowance
(in millions)Total
Nonperforming loans:
Other residential mortgages$56 $— $56 $62 
Wealth management loans and mortgages
10 17 27 24 
Total nonperforming loans66 17 83 86 
Other assets owned— 1 1 3 
Total nonperforming assets
$66 $18 $84 $89 


At Sept. 30, 2020, undrawn commitments to borrowers whose loans were classified as nonaccrual or reduced rate were not material.


Past due loans

The table below presents our past due loans.

Past due loans and still accruing interest
Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
 Days past dueTotal
past due		Days past dueTotal
past due
(in millions)30-5960-89≥9030-5960-89≥90
Wealth management loans and mortgages
$20 $1 $— $21 $22 $5 $— $27 
Other residential mortgages
7 — — 7 8 3 — 11 
Financial institutions
— — — — 1 30 — 31 
Commercial real estate
9 — — 9 6 12 — 18 
Total past due loans$36 $1 $— $37 $37 $50 $— $87 


Loan modifications

Due to the coronavirus pandemic, there have been two forms of relief provided for classifying loans as TDRs: The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) and the Interagency Guidance. See Note 2 for additional details on the CARES Act and Interagency Guidance. Financial institutions may account for eligible loan modifications either under the CARES Act or the Interagency Guidance. The Company has elected to apply both the CARES Act and the Interagency Guidance, as applicable, in providing borrowers with loan modification relief in response to the coronavirus pandemic. We modified loans of $106 million in the third quarter of 2020 and $282 million in the second quarter of 2020. Nearly all of the modifications were
short-term loan payment forbearances or modified principal and/or interest payments. These loans were primarily residential mortgage and commercial real estate loans. We also modified loans of $56 million in the third quarter of 2020, a majority of which were commercial real estate loans, by providing long-term loan payment modifications and an extension of maturity. We did not identify any of the modifications as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). None of these loans were reported as past due or nonperforming at Sept. 30, 2020. At Sept. 30, 2020, the unpaid principal balance of the loans modified under the CARES Act or Interagency Guidance was $174 million. We modified other residential mortgage loans of $4 million in the third quarter of 2019.

BNY Mellon 71
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Credit quality indicators

Our credit strategy is to focus on investment-grade clients that are active users of our non-credit services. Each customer is assigned an internal credit rating,
which is mapped to an external rating agency grade equivalent, if possible, based upon a number of dimensions, which are continually evaluated and may change over time.

The table below provides information about the credit profile of the loan portfolio by the period of origination.

Credit profile of the loan portfolioSept. 30, 2020
Revolving loans
Originated, at amortized costAmortized costConverted to term loans - Amortized costAccrued
interest
receivable
(in millions)YTD202019201820172016Prior to 2016
Total (a)
Commercial:
Investment grade$153 $73 $96 $450 $57 $— $893 $— $1,722 
Non-investment grade85 61 7 — — — 66 — 219 
Total commercial238 134 103 450 57 — 959 — 1,941 $1 
Commercial real estate:
Investment grade611 1,065 542 543 385 430 175 — 3,751 
Non-investment grade160 526 604 159 367 152 244 29 2,241 
Total commercial real estate771 1,591 1,146 702 752 582 419 29 5,992 8 
Financial institutions:
Investment grade60 238 47 125 14 165 8,471 — 9,120 
Non-investment grade98 36 — — — — 1,758 — 1,892 
Total financial institutions158 274 47 125 14 165 10,229 — 11,012 13 
Wealth management loans and mortgages:
Investment grade31 80 11 149 56 85 7,235 — 7,647 
Non-investment grade— — — — — — 63 — 63 
Wealth management mortgages781 1,082 682 1,267 1,622 2,748 34 — 8,216 
Total wealth management loans and mortgages
812 1,162 693 1,416 1,678 2,833 7,332 — 15,926 29 
Lease financings126 19 17 10 25 881 — — 1,078 — 
Other residential mortgages— — — — — 423 — — 423 2 
Other loans— — — — — — 1,658 — 1,658 1 
Margin loans3,553 — — — — — 9,945 — 13,498 7 
Total loans$5,658 $3,180 $2,006 $2,703 $2,526 $4,884 $30,542 $29 $51,528 $61 
(a)    Excludes overdrafts of $3,963 million. Overdrafts occur on a daily basis primarily in the custody and securities clearance business and are generally repaid within two business days.


Commercial loans

The commercial loan portfolio is divided into investment grade and non-investment grade categories based on the assigned internal credit ratings, which are generally consistent with those of the public rating agencies. Customers with ratings consistent with BBB- (S&P)/Baa3 (Moody’s) or better are considered to be investment grade. Those clients with ratings lower than this threshold are considered to be non-investment grade.

Commercial real estate

Our income-producing commercial real estate facilities are focused on experienced owners and are
structured with moderate leverage based on existing cash flows. Our commercial real estate lending activities also include construction and renovation facilities.

Financial institutions

Financial institution exposures are high quality, with 95% of the exposures meeting the investment grade equivalent criteria of our internal credit rating classification at Sept. 30, 2020. In addition, 75% of the financial institutions exposure is secured. For example, securities industry clients and asset managers often borrow against marketable securities held in custody. The exposure to financial

72 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
institutions is generally short-term, with 89% expiring within one year.

Wealth management loans and mortgages

Wealth management non-mortgage loans are not typically rated by external rating agencies. A majority of the wealth management loans are secured by the customers’ investment management accounts or custody accounts. Eligible assets pledged for these loans are typically investment grade fixed-income securities, equities and/or mutual funds. Internal ratings for this portion of the wealth management portfolio, therefore, would equate to investment grade external ratings. Wealth management loans are provided to select customers based on the pledge of other types of assets, including business assets, fixed assets or a modest amount of commercial real estate. For the loans collateralized by other assets, the credit quality of the obligor is carefully analyzed, but we do not consider this portfolio of loans to be investment grade.

Credit quality indicators for wealth management mortgages are not correlated to external ratings. Wealth management mortgages are typically loans to high-net-worth individuals, which are secured primarily by residential property. These loans are primarily interest-only, adjustable rate mortgages with a weighted-average loan-to-value ratio of 62% at origination. Delinquency rate is a key indicator of credit quality in the wealth management portfolio. At Sept. 30, 2020, less than 1% of the mortgages were past due.

At Sept. 30, 2020, the wealth management mortgage portfolio consisted of the following geographic concentrations: California - 22%; New York - 17%; Massachusetts - 10%; Florida - 8%; and other - 43%.

Lease financing

At Sept. 30, 2020, the lease financings portfolio consisted of exposures backed by well-diversified assets, primarily large-ticket transportation equipment and real estate. The largest component of our lease
residual value exposure is freight-related rail. Assets are both domestic and foreign-based, with primary concentrations in the U.S. and Germany.

Other residential mortgages

The other residential mortgage portfolio primarily consists of 1-4 family residential mortgage loans and totaled $423 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $494 million at Dec. 31, 2019. These loans are not typically correlated to external ratings. Included in this portfolio at Sept. 30, 2020 were $76 million of mortgage loans purchased in 2005, 2006 and the first quarter of 2007, of which 19% of the serviced loan balance was at least 60 days delinquent.

Overdrafts

Overdrafts primarily relate to custody and securities clearance clients and totaled $4.0 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and $2.7 billion at Dec. 31, 2019. Overdrafts occur on a daily basis and are generally repaid within two business days.

Other loans

Other loans primarily include loans to consumers that are fully collateralized with equities, mutual funds and fixed-income securities.

Margin loans

We had $13.5 billion of secured margin loans at Sept. 30, 2020, compared with $13.4 billion at Dec. 31, 2019. Margin loans are collateralized with marketable securities, and borrowers are required to maintain a daily collateral margin in excess of 100% of the value of the loan. We have rarely suffered a loss on these types of loans.

Reverse repurchase agreements

Reverse repurchase agreements at Sept. 30, 2020 were fully secured with high quality collateral. As a result, there was no allowance for credit losses related to these assets at Sept. 30, 2020.

BNY Mellon 73
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Note 6–Goodwill and intangible assets

Goodwill

The tables below provide a breakdown of goodwill by business.

Goodwill by business

(in millions)
Investment
Services		Investment and Wealth
Management		OtherConsolidated
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019$8,332 $9,007 $47 $17,386 
Foreign currency translation21 (50)— (29)
Other (a)
47 — (47)— 
Balance at Sept. 30, 2020$8,400 $8,957 $— $17,357 
(a)    Reflects the transfer of goodwill associated with the Capital Markets business.


Goodwill by business

(in millions)
Investment
Services		Investment and Wealth ManagementOtherConsolidated
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018$8,333 $8,970 $47 $17,350 
Foreign currency translation(45)(57)— (102)
Balance at Sept. 30, 2019$8,288 $8,913 $47 $17,248 


Intangible assets

The tables below provide a breakdown of intangible assets by business.

Intangible assets – net carrying amount by business

(in millions)
Investment
Services		Investment and Wealth ManagementOtherConsolidated
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019$678 $1,580 $849 $3,107 
Amortization(54)(24)— (78)
Foreign currency translation1 (4)— (3)
Balance at Sept. 30, 2020$625 $1,552 $849 $3,026 


Intangible assets – net carrying amount by business
(in millions)
Investment
Services		Investment and Wealth ManagementOtherConsolidated
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018$758 $1,613 $849 $3,220 
Amortization(61)(28)— (89)
Foreign currency translation(1)(6)— (7)
Balance at Sept. 30, 2019$696 $1,579 $849 $3,124 



74 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
The table below provides a breakdown of intangible assets by type.

Intangible assetsSept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(in millions)Gross
carrying
amount		Accumulated
amortization		Net
carrying
amount		Remaining
weighted-
average
amortization
period		Gross
carrying
amount		Accumulated
amortization		Net
carrying
amount
Subject to amortization: (a)
Customer contracts—Investment Services$1,482 $(1,228)$254 10 years$1,520 $(1,214)$306 
Customer relationships—Investment and Wealth Management
711 (563)148 10 years712 (544)168 
Other64 (21)43 14 years64 (16)48 
Total subject to amortization2,257 (1,812)445 10 years2,296 (1,774)522 
Not subject to amortization: (b)
Tradenames1,292 N/A1,292 N/A1,293 N/A1,293 
Customer relationships1,289 N/A1,289 N/A1,292 N/A1,292 
Total not subject to amortization2,581 N/A2,581 N/A2,585 N/A2,585 
Total intangible assets$4,838 $(1,812)$3,026 N/A$4,881 $(1,774)$3,107 
(a)    Excludes fully amortized intangible assets.
(b)    Intangible assets not subject to amortization have an indefinite life.


Estimated annual amortization expense for current intangibles for the next five years is as follows:

For the year ended
Dec. 31,
Estimated amortization expense
(in millions)
2020$104 
202181 
202263 
202352 
202445 


Impairment testing

The goodwill impairment test is performed at least annually at the reporting unit level. Intangible assets not subject to amortization are tested for impairment annually or more often if events or circumstances indicate they may be impaired.

BNY Mellon’s three business segments include six reporting units for which goodwill impairment testing is performed on an annual basis. The Investment Services segment is comprised of four reporting units and the Investment and Wealth Management segment is comprised of two reporting units. As a result of the annual goodwill impairment test of the six reporting units conducted in the second quarter of 2020, no goodwill impairment was recognized.

Note 7–Other assets

The following table provides the components of other assets presented on the consolidated balance sheet.

Other assetsSept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(in millions)
Corporate/bank-owned life insurance
$5,276 $5,219 
Accounts receivable3,549 3,802 
Fails to deliver2,192 1,671 
Software1,832 1,590 
Prepaid pension assets1,599 1,464 
Equity in a joint venture and other investments
1,190 1,102 
Renewable energy investments1,057 1,144 
Qualified affordable housing project investments
997 1,024 
Prepaid expense522 491 
Federal Reserve Bank stock478 466 
Income taxes receivable332 388 
Seed capital200 184 
Fair value of hedging derivatives56 21 
Other (a)
1,499 1,655 
Total other assets$20,779 $20,221 
(a)    At Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, other assets include $8 million and $22 million, respectively, of Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost.



BNY Mellon 75
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Non-readily marketable equity securities

Non-readily marketable equity securities do not have readily determinable fair values. These investments are valued using a measurement alternative where the investments are carried at cost, less any impairment, and plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. The observable price changes are recorded in investment and other income on the consolidated income statement. Our non-readily marketable equity securities totaled $112 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $61 million at Dec. 31, 2019 and are included in equity in a joint venture and other investments in the table above.

The following table presents the adjustments on the non-readily marketable equity securities.

Adjustments on non-readily marketable equity securities
Life-to-date
(in millions)3Q202Q203Q19YTD20YTD19
Upward adjustments
$4 $2 $1 $10 $3 $42 
Downward adjustments
— — — — (1)(4)
Net adjustments$4 $2 $1 $10 $2 $38 


Qualified affordable housing project investments

We invest in affordable housing projects primarily to satisfy the Company’s requirements under the Community Reinvestment Act. Our total investment in qualified affordable housing projects totaled $1.0 billion at both Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019. Commitments to fund future investments in qualified
affordable housing projects totaled $388 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $422 million at Dec. 31, 2019 and are recorded in other liabilities. A summary of the commitments to fund future investments is as follows: 2020 – $40 million; 2021 – $187 million; 2022 – $99 million; 2023 – $36 million; 2024 – $1 million; and 2025 and thereafter – $25 million.

Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized were $35 million in the third quarter of 2020, $38 million in the second quarter of 2020, $39 million in the third quarter of 2019, $111 million in the first nine months of 2020 and $117 million in the first nine months of 2019.

Amortization expense included in the provision for income taxes was $30 million in the third quarter of 2020, $31 million in the second quarter of 2020, $33 million in the third quarter of 2019, $92 million in the first nine months of 2020 and $97 million in the first nine months of 2019.

Investments valued using net asset value (“NAV”) per share

In our Investment and Wealth Management business, we make seed capital investments in certain funds we manage. We also hold private equity investments, specifically small business investment companies (“SBICs”), which are compliant with the Volcker Rule, and certain other corporate investments. Seed capital, private equity and other corporate investments are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of certain of these investments was estimated using the NAV per share for our ownership interest in the funds.

The table below presents information on our investments valued using NAV.

Investments valued using NAVSept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(in millions)Fair valueUnfunded 
commitments		Fair valueUnfunded
commitments
Seed capital (a)
$44 $11 $59 $— 
Private equity investments (SBICs) (b)
97 55 89 55 
Other (c)
43 — 33 — 
Total
$184 $66 $181 $55 
(a)    Primarily includes leveraged loans and structured credit funds, which are generally not redeemable. Distributions from such investments will be received as the underlying investments in the funds, which have lives of six to 11 years at Sept. 30, 2020 and lives of six years at Dec. 31, 2019, are liquidated.
(b)    Private equity investments include Volcker Rule-compliant investments in SBICs that invest in various sectors of the economy. Private equity investments do not have redemption rights. Distributions from such investments will be received as the underlying investments in the private equity investments, which have a life of 10 years, are liquidated.
(c)    Primarily includes investments in funds that relate to deferred compensation arrangements with employees. Investments in funds can be redeemed on a monthly to quarterly basis with redemption notice periods of up to 95 days.


76 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Note 8–Contract revenue

Fee revenue in Investment Services and Investment and Wealth Management is primarily variable, based on levels of assets under custody and/or administration, assets under management and the level of client-driven transactions, as specified in fee schedules. See Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2019 Annual Report for information on the nature of our services and revenue recognition. See Note 24 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2019 Annual Report for additional information on our principal businesses, Investment Services and
Investment and Wealth Management, and the primary services provided.

Disaggregation of contract revenue

Contract revenue is included in fee revenue on the consolidated income statement. The following table presents fee revenue related to contracts with customers, disaggregated by type of fee revenue, for each business segment. Business segment data has been determined on an internal management basis of accounting, rather than the generally accepted accounting principles used for consolidated financial reporting.

Disaggregation of contract revenue by business segment
Quarter ended
Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020
Sept. 30, 2019 (a)
(in millions)ISIWMOtherTotalISIWMOtherTotalISIWMOtherTotal
Fee revenue - contract revenue:
Investment services fees:
Asset servicing fees$1,143 $25 $(13)$1,155 $1,147 $25 $(15)$1,157 $1,106 $20 $(5)$1,121 
Clearing services fees397 — — 397 431 — — 431 419 — — 419 
Issuer services fees296 — — 296 277 — — 277 324 — — 324 
Treasury services fees153 1 (2)152 144 — 1 145 140 — — 140 
Total investment services fees
1,989 26 (15)2,000 1,999 25 (14)2,010 1,989 20 (5)2,004 
Investment management and performance fees
4 838 (3)839 4 792 (5)791 4 829 (4)829 
Financing-related fees13 1 1 15 23 1 — 24 14 — — 14 
Distribution and servicing
(2)31 — 29 (7)34 — 27 (12)45 — 33 
Investment and other income
57 (33)(2)22 62 (41)3 24 72 (50)— 22 
Total fee revenue - contract revenue
2,061 863 (19)2,905 2,081 811 (16)2,876 2,067 844 (9)2,902 
Fee and other revenue - not in scope of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606 (b)(c)
185 8 39 232 258 27 54 339 229 (6)3 226 
Total fee and other revenue (loss)$2,246 $871 $20 $3,137 $2,339 $838 $38 $3,215 $2,296 $838 $(6)$3,128 
(a)    Restated to reflect the first quarter 2020 business segment reclassifications. There was no impact on total revenue, by type or in aggregate. See Note 19 for additional information related to the reclassifications.
(b)    Primarily includes foreign exchange and other trading revenue, financing-related fees, investment and other income (loss), asset servicing fees and net securities gains (losses), all of which are accounted for using other accounting guidance.
(c)    The Investment and Wealth Management business segment includes income from consolidated investment management funds, net of noncontrolling interests, of $20 million in the third quarter of 2020, $39 million in the second quarter of 2020 and $— million in the third quarter of 2019.
IS - Investment Services business segment.
IWM - Investment and Wealth Management business segment.

BNY Mellon 77
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Disaggregation of contract revenue by business segmentYear-to-date
Sept. 30, 2020
Sept. 30, 2019 (a)
(in millions)ISIWMOtherTotalISIWMOtherTotal
Fee revenue - contract revenue:
Investment services fees:
Asset servicing fees$3,417 $73 $(39)$3,451 $3,282 $60 $(19)$3,323 
Clearing services fees1,298 — — 1,298 1,228 — (1)1,227 
Issuer services fees836 — — 836 866 — — 866 
Treasury services fees446 1 (1)446 412 1 — 413 
Total investment services fees
5,997 74 (40)6,031 5,788 61 (20)5,829 
Investment management and performance fees
13 2,492 (12)2,493 12 2,503 (12)2,503 
Financing-related fees64 2 1 67 47 — 1 48 
Distribution and servicing
(21)108 — 87 (39)134 — 95 
Investment and other income
191 (124)1 68 210 (147)— 63 
Total fee revenue - contract revenue
6,244 2,552 (50)8,746 6,018 2,551 (31)8,538 
Fee and other revenue - not in scope of ASC 606 (b)(c)
777 3 138 918 672 10 74 756 
Total fee and other revenue
$7,021 $2,555 $88 $9,664 $6,690 $2,561 $43 $9,294 
(a)    Restated to reflect the first quarter 2020 business segment reclassifications. There was no impact on total revenue, by type or in aggregate. See Note 19 for additional information related to the reclassifications.
(b)    Primarily includes foreign exchange and other trading revenue, financing-related fees, investment and other income (loss), asset servicing fees and net securities gains (losses), all of which are accounted for using other accounting guidance.
(c)    The Investment and Wealth Management business segment includes income from consolidated investment management funds, net of noncontrolling interests, of $39 million in the first nine months of 2020 and $22 million in the first nine months of 2019.
IS - Investment Services business segment.
IWM - Investment and Wealth Management business segment.


Contract balances

Our clients are billed based on fee schedules that are agreed upon in each customer contract. Receivables from customers were $2.5 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and $2.4 billion at Dec. 31, 2019.

Contract assets represent accrued revenues that have not yet been billed to the customers due to certain contractual terms other than the passage of time and were $57 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $32 million at Dec. 31, 2019. Accrued revenues recorded as contract assets are usually billed on an annual basis.

Both receivables from customers and contract assets are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.

Contract liabilities represent payments received in advance of providing services under certain contracts and were $187 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $168 million at Dec. 31, 2019. Contract liabilities are included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. Revenue recognized in the third quarter of 2020 relating to contract liabilities as of June 30, 2020 was $65 million. Revenue recognized in the first nine months of 2020 relating to contract liabilities as of Dec. 31, 2019 was $95 million.
Changes in contract assets and liabilities primarily relate to either party’s performance under the contracts.

Contract costs

Incremental costs for obtaining contracts that are deemed recoverable are capitalized as contract costs. Such costs result from the payment of sales incentives, primarily in the Wealth Management business, and totaled $77 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $86 million at Dec. 31, 2019. Capitalized sales incentives are amortized based on the transfer of goods or services to which the assets relate and typically average nine years. The amortization of capitalized sales incentives, which is primarily included in staff expense on the consolidated income statement, totaled $6 million in the third quarter of 2020, $7 million in the third quarter of 2019, $5 million in the second quarter of 2020, $16 million in the first nine months of 2020 and $17 million in the first nine months of 2019.

Costs to fulfill a contract are capitalized when they relate directly to an existing contract or a specific anticipated contract, generate or enhance resources that will be used to fulfill performance obligations, and are recoverable. Such costs generally represent set-up costs, which include any direct cost incurred at the inception of a contract which enables the

78 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
fulfillment of the performance obligation, and totaled $12 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $16 million at Dec. 31, 2019. These capitalized costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected contract period, which generally ranges from seven to nine years. The amortization is included in professional, legal and other purchased services and other expenses on the consolidated income statement and totaled $1 million in the third quarter of 2020 and third quarter of 2019, $2 million in the second quarter of 2020 and $4 million in the first nine months of 2020 and first nine months of 2019. There were no impairments recorded on capitalized contract costs in the first nine months of 2020.
Unsatisfied performance obligations

We do not have any unsatisfied performance obligations other than those that are subject to a practical expedient election under ASC 606, Revenue From Contracts With Customers. The practical expedient election applies to (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less, and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed.


Note 9–Net interest revenue

The following table provides the components of net interest revenue presented on the consolidated income statement.

Net interest revenueQuarter endedYear-to-date
(in millions)Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019Sept. 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
Interest revenue
Deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks$(10)$(7)$102 $63 $354 
Deposits with banks20 40 73 118 200 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements48 61 660 505 1,702 
Margin loans41 40 104 168 358 
Non-margin loans199 230 287 (a)738 1,007 (a)
Securities:
Taxable499 556 669 1,649 2,062 
Exempt from federal income taxes7 6 7 19 29 
Total securities506 562 676 1,668 2,091 
Trading securities16 17 40 73 115 
Total interest revenue820 943 1,942 3,333 5,827 
Interest expense
Deposits(29)(17)437 194 1,260 
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements6 1 443 282 1,146 
Trading liabilities2 2 8 11 26 
Other borrowed funds3 7 10 14 54 
Commercial paper— 1 22 7 48 
Customer payables— (1)59 29 198 
Long-term debt135 170 233 499 722 
Total interest expense117 163 1,212 1,036 3,454 
Net interest revenue703 780 730 2,297 2,373 
Provision for credit losses9 143 (16)321 (17)
Net interest revenue after provision for credit losses$694 $637 $746 $1,976 $2,390 
(a)    Includes the impact of a lease-related impairment of $70 million.

BNY Mellon 79
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Note 10–Employee benefit plans

The components of net periodic benefit (credit) cost are presented below. The service cost component is reflected in staff expense, whereas the remaining components are reflected in other expense.

Net periodic benefit (credit) cost
Quarter ended
Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
(in millions)Domestic
pension
benefits		Foreign
pension
benefits		Health
care
benefits		Domestic
pension
benefits		Foreign
pension
benefits		Health
care
benefits		Domestic
pension
benefits		Foreign
pension
benefits		Health
care
benefits
Service cost$— $3 $— $— $3 $— $— $3 $— 
Interest cost39 7 2 39 6 1 44 8 2 
Expected return on assets(80)(10)(2)(79)(9)(2)(84)(11)(1)
Other22 2 (1)21 3 — 13 — (1)
Net periodic benefit (credit) cost
$(19)$2 $(1)$(19)$3 $(1)$(27)$— $— 


Net periodic benefit (credit) costYear-to-date
Sept. 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
(in millions)Domestic
pension
benefits		Foreign
pension
benefits		Health
care
benefits		Domestic
pension
benefits		Foreign
pension
benefits		Health
care
benefits
Service cost$— $9 $— $— $9 $— 
Interest cost117 20 4 133 24 5 
Expected return on assets(239)(29)(5)(252)(34)(5)
Other65 8 (2)39 1 (2)
Net periodic benefit (credit) cost$(57)$8 $(3)$(80)$— $(2)


Note 11–Income taxes

BNY Mellon recorded an income tax provision of $213 million (18.4% effective tax rate) in the third quarter of 2020, $246 million (19.1% effective tax rate) in the third quarter of 2019 and $216 million (18.3% effective tax rate) in the second quarter of 2020.

Our total tax reserves as of Sept. 30, 2020 were $85 million compared with $173 million at Dec. 31, 2019. If these tax reserves were unnecessary, $85 million would affect the effective tax rate in future periods. We recognize accrued interest and penalties, if applicable, related to income taxes in income tax expense. Included in the balance sheet at Sept. 30, 2020 is accrued interest, where applicable, of
$23 million. The additional tax expense related to interest for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020 was $5 million, compared with $9 million for the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019.

It is reasonably possible the total reserve for uncertain tax positions could decrease within the next 12 months by approximately $15 million as a result of adjustments related to tax years that are still subject to examination.

Our federal income tax returns are closed to examination through 2016. Our New York State and New York City income tax returns are closed to examination through 2012. Our UK income tax returns are closed to examination through 2015.


80 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Note 12–Variable interest entities and securitization

We have variable interests in variable interest entities (“VIEs”), which include investments in retail, institutional and alternative investment funds, including CLO structures in which we provide asset management services, some of which are consolidated.

We earn management fees from these funds as well as performance fees in certain funds and may also provide start-up capital for new funds. The funds are primarily financed by our customers’ investments in the funds’ equity or debt.
Additionally, we invest in qualified affordable housing and renewable energy projects, which are designed to generate a return primarily through the realization of tax credits. The projects, which are structured as limited partnerships and limited liability companies, are also VIEs, but are not consolidated.

The following table presents the incremental assets and liabilities included in the consolidated balance sheet as of Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019. The net assets of any consolidated VIE are solely available to settle the liabilities of the VIE and to settle any investors’ ownership liquidation requests, including any seed capital we invested in the VIE.

Consolidated investmentsSept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(in millions)Investment
Management
funds		SecuritizationTotal
consolidated
investments		Investment
Management
funds		SecuritizationTotal
consolidated
investments
Trading assets$579 $400 $979 $229 $400 $629 
Other assets9 — 9 16 — 16 
Total assets$588 (a)$400 $988 $245 (b)$400 $645 
Other liabilities$4 $400 $404 $1 $387 $388 
Total liabilities$4 (a)$400 $404 $1 (b)$387 $388 
Nonredeemable noncontrolling interests
$251 (a)$— $251 $102 (b)$— $102 
(a)    Includes voting model entities (“VMEs”) with assets of $226 million, liabilities of $1 million and nonredeemable noncontrolling interests of $31 million.
(b)    Includes VMEs with assets of $50 million, liabilities of $1 million and nonredeemable noncontrolling interests of $1 million.


We have not provided financial or other support that was not otherwise contractually required to be provided to our VIEs. Additionally, creditors of any consolidated VIEs do not have any recourse to the general credit of BNY Mellon.

Non-consolidated VIEs

As of Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, the following assets and liabilities related to the VIEs where we are
not the primary beneficiary were included in our consolidated balance sheets and primarily related to accounting for our investments in qualified affordable housing and renewable energy projects.

The maximum loss exposure indicated in the table below relates solely to our investments in, and unfunded commitments to, the VIEs.

Non-consolidated VIEsSept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(in millions)AssetsLiabilitiesMaximum
loss exposure		AssetsLiabilitiesMaximum
loss exposure
Securities - Available-for-sale (a)
$206 $— $206 $208 $— $208 
Other2,278 388 2,675 2,400 422 2,822 
(a)    Includes investments in the Company’s sponsored CLOs.



BNY Mellon 81
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Note 13–Preferred stock

The Parent has 100 million authorized shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.01 per share. The following table summarizes the Parent’s preferred stock issued and outstanding at Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019.

Preferred stock summary (a)
Total shares issued and outstanding
Carrying value (b)
(in millions)
Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
Per annum dividend rate
Series A
Greater of (i) three-month LIBOR plus 0.565% for the related distribution period; or (ii) 4.000%
5,001 5,001 $500 $500 
Series C5.2%5,825 5,825 568 568 
Series D
4.50% to but excluding June 20, 2023, then a floating rate equal to the three-month LIBOR plus 2.46%
5,000 5,000 494 494 
Series E
4.95% to but excluding June 20, 2020, then a floating rate equal to the three-month LIBOR plus 3.42%
10,000 10,000 990 990 
Series F
4.625% to but excluding Sept. 20, 2026, then a floating rate equal to the three-month LIBOR plus 3.131%
10,000 10,000 990 990 
Series G
4.70% to but excluding Sept. 20, 2025, then a floating rate equal to the five-year treasury rate plus 4.358%
10,000 — 990 — 
Total45,826 35,826 $4,532 $3,542 
(a)    All outstanding preferred stock is noncumulative perpetual preferred stock with a liquidation preference of $100,000 per share.
(b)    The carrying value of the Series C, Series D, Series E, Series F and Series G preferred stock is recorded net of issuance costs.


In May 2020, the Parent issued 1,000,000 depositary shares, each representing a 1/100th interest in a share of the Parent’s Series G Noncumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (the “Series G Preferred Stock”). The Parent will pay dividends on the Series G Preferred Stock, if declared by its board of directors, on each March 20 and September 20, at an annual rate of 4.70%, from the original issue date to but
excluding Sept. 20, 2025; and at a floating rate equal to the five-year treasury rate on the date that is three business days prior to the reset date plus 4.358% for each reset period, from and including Sept. 20, 2025. The floating rate will initially reset on Sept. 20, 2025 and subsequently on each date falling on the fifth anniversary of the preceding reset date.

The table below presents the dividends paid on the Parent’s preferred stock.

Preferred dividends paid
(dollars in millions, except per share amounts)
Depositary shares
per share		3Q202Q203Q19YTD20YTD19
Per shareTotal
dividend		Per shareTotal
dividend		Per shareTotal
dividend		Per shareTotal
dividend		Per shareTotal
dividend
Series A100 (a)$1,011.11 $5 $1,022.22 $5 $1,022.22 $5 $3,044.44 $15 $3,044.44 $15 
Series C4,000 1,300.00 7 1,300.00 8 1,300.00 8 3,900.00 23 3,900.00 23 
Series D100 N/A— 2,250.00 11 N/A— 2,250.00 11 2,250.00 11 
Series E100 962.65 10 2,475.00 25 N/A— 3,437.65 35 2,475.00 25 
Series F100 2,312.50 23 N/A— 2,312.50 23 4,625.00 46 4,625.00 46 
Series G100 1,579.72 16 N/A— N/A— 1,579.72 16 N/A— 
Total$61 $49 $36 $146 $120 
(a)    Represents Normal Preferred Capital Securities.
N/A - Not applicable.


For additional information on the preferred stock, see Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2019 Annual Report.


82 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Note 14–Other comprehensive income (loss)

Components of other comprehensive income (loss)
Quarter ended
Sept. 30, 2020June 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
(in millions)Pre-tax
amount		Tax
(expense)
benefit		After-tax
amount		Pre-tax
amount		Tax
(expense)
benefit		After-tax
amount		Pre-tax
amount		Tax
(expense)
benefit		After-tax
amount
Foreign currency translation:
Foreign currency translation adjustments arising during the period (a)
$262 $69 $331 $104 $11 $115 $(213)$(63)$(276)
Total foreign currency translation262 69 331 104 11 115 (213)(63)(276)
Unrealized gain on assets available-for-sale:
Unrealized gain arising during period297 (64)233 989 (236)753 88 (25)63 
Reclassification adjustment (b)
(9)3 (6)(9)2 (7)1 — 1 
Net unrealized gain on assets available-for-sale288 (61)227 980 (234)746 89 (25)64 
Defined benefit plans:
Amortization of prior service credit, net loss and initial obligation included in net periodic benefit cost (b)
24 (4)20 24 (5)19 13 (3)10 
Total defined benefit plans24 (4)20 24 (5)19 13 (3)10 
Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized hedge gain (loss) arising during period
9 (1)8 3 (1)2 (9)4 (5)
Reclassification of net (gain) loss to net income:
Interest rate contracts - interest expense— — — — — — 1 — 1 
Foreign exchange (“FX”) contracts - staff expense
— — — 3 (1)2 (2)— (2)
Total reclassifications to net income— — — 3 (1)2 (1)— (1)
Net unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges
9 (1)8 6 (2)4 (10)4 (6)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)
$583 $3 $586 $1,114 $(230)$884 $(121)$(87)$(208)
(a)    Includes the impact of hedges of net investments in foreign subsidiaries. See Note 17 for additional information.
(b)    The reclassification adjustment related to the unrealized gain (loss) on assets available-for-sale is recorded as net securities gains on the consolidated income statement. The amortization of prior service credit, net loss and initial obligation included in net periodic benefit cost is recorded as staff expense on the consolidated income statement.


Components of other comprehensive income (loss)Year-to-date
Sept. 30, 2020Sept. 30, 2019
(in millions)Pre-tax
amount		Tax
(expense)
benefit		After-tax
amount		Pre-tax
amount		Tax
(expense)
benefit		After-tax
amount
Foreign currency translation:
Foreign currency translation adjustments arising during the period (a)
$101 $(24)$77 $(157)$(80)$(237)
Total foreign currency translation101 (24)77 (157)(80)(237)
Unrealized gain on assets available-for-sale:
Unrealized gain (loss) arising during period
1,529 (360)1,169 794 (205)589 
Reclassification adjustment (b)
(27)7 (20)(7)2 (5)
Net unrealized gain on assets available-for-sale1,502 (353)1,149 787 (203)584 
Defined benefit plans:
Net (loss) arising during the period— — — (11)2 (9)
Amortization of prior service credit, net loss and initial obligation included in net periodic benefit cost (b)
72 (15)57 38 (8)30 
Total defined benefit plans72 (15)57 27 (6)21 
Unrealized (loss) gain on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized hedge (loss) arising during period(1)1 — (1)(2)(3)
Reclassification of net loss (gain) to net income:
Interest rate contracts - interest expense— — — 1 — 1 
FX contracts - staff expense
2 (1)1 (1)2 1 
Total reclassifications to net income2 (1)1 — 2 2 
Net unrealized (loss) on cash flow hedges1 — 1 (1)— (1)
Total other comprehensive income$1,676 $(392)$1,284 $656 $(289)$367 
(a)    Includes the impact of hedges of net investments in foreign subsidiaries. See Note 17 for additional information.
(b)    The reclassification adjustment related to the unrealized gain (loss) on assets available-for-sale is recorded as net securities gains on the consolidated income statement. The amortization of prior service credit, net loss and initial obligation included in net periodic benefit cost is recorded as staff expense on the consolidated income statement.

BNY Mellon 83
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Note 15–Fair value measurement

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level hierarchy for fair value measurements is utilized based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. BNY Mellon’s own creditworthiness is considered when valuing liabilities. See Note 20 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2019 Annual Report for
information on how we determine fair value and the fair value hierarchy.

The following tables present the financial instruments carried at fair value at Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, by caption on the consolidated balance sheet and by the three-level valuation hierarchy. We have included credit ratings information in certain of the tables because the information indicates the degree of credit risk to which we are exposed, and significant changes in ratings classifications could result in increased risk for us.

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at Sept. 30, 2020Total carrying
value
(dollars in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Netting (a)
Available-for-sale securities:
Agency RMBS$— $24,733 $— $— $24,733 
U.S. Treasury24,733 — — — 24,733 
Sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed7,179 6,914 — — 14,093 
Agency commercial MBS— 9,942 — — 9,942 
Supranational— 7,136 — — 7,136 
Foreign covered bonds— 5,841 — — 5,841 
CLOs— 4,657 — — 4,657 
Foreign government agencies— 3,970 — — 3,970 
U.S. government agencies— 3,478 — — 3,478 
Other ABS— 2,930 — — 2,930 
Non-agency commercial MBS— 2,711 — — 2,711 
Non-agency RMBS (b)
— 1,941 — — 1,941 
State and political subdivisions— 1,690 — — 1,690 
Corporate bonds— 1,030 — — 1,030 
Commercial paper/CDs— 357 — — 357 
Other debt securities— 1 — — 1 
Total available-for-sale securities31,912 77,331 — — 109,243 
Trading assets:
Debt instruments3,181 3,050 — — 6,231 
Equity instruments (c)
2,694 — — — 2,694 
Derivative assets not designated as hedging:
Interest rate4 4,958 — (2,133)2,829 
Foreign exchange— 4,410 — (3,102)1,308 
Equity and other contracts4 11 — (3)12 
Total derivative assets not designated as hedging8 9,379 — (5,238)4,149 
Total trading assets5,883 12,429 — (5,238)13,074 
Other assets:
Derivative assets designated as hedging:
Foreign exchange— 56 — — 56 
Total derivative assets designated as hedging— 56 — — 56 
Other assets (d)
113 174 — — 287 
Assets measured at NAV (d)
184 
Subtotal assets of operations at fair value
37,908 89,990 — (5,238)122,844 
Percentage of assets of operations prior to netting30 %70 %— %
Assets of consolidated investment management funds360 228 — — 588 
Total assets$38,268 $90,218 $— $(5,238)$123,432 
Percentage of total assets prior to netting
30 %70 %— %

84 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at Sept. 30, 2020Total carrying
value
(dollars in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Netting (a)
Trading liabilities:
Debt instruments$3,396 $66 $— $— $3,462 
Equity instruments26 — — — 26 
Derivative liabilities not designated as hedging:
Interest rate3 4,243 — (2,551)1,695 
Foreign exchange— 4,522 — (3,631)891 
Equity and other contracts— 11 — (1)10 
Total derivative liabilities not designated as hedging3 8,776 — (6,183)2,596 
Total trading liabilities3,425 8,842 — (6,183)6,084 
Long-term debt (c)
— 400 — — 400 
Other liabilities – derivative liabilities designated as hedging:
Interest rate— 803 — — 803 
Foreign exchange— 194 — — 194 
Total other liabilities – derivative liabilities designated as hedging
— 997 — — 997 
Subtotal liabilities of operations at fair value
3,425 10,239 — (6,183)7,481 
Percentage of liabilities of operations prior to netting25 %75 %— %
Liabilities of consolidated investment management funds— 4 — — 4 
Total liabilities$3,425 $10,243 $— $(6,183)$7,485 
Percentage of total liabilities prior to netting
25 %75 %— %
(a)    ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, permits the netting of derivative receivables and derivative payables under legally enforceable master netting agreements and permits the netting of cash collateral. Netting is applicable to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments included in trading assets or trading liabilities and derivatives designated as hedging instruments included in other assets or other liabilities. Netting is allocated to the derivative products based on the net fair value of each product.
(b)    Includes $512 million in Level 2 that was included in the former Grantor Trust.
(c)    Includes certain interests in securitizations.
(d)    Includes seed capital, private equity investments and other assets.

BNY Mellon 85
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at Dec. 31, 2019Total carrying
value
(dollars in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Netting (a)
Available-for-sale securities:
Agency RMBS$— $27,043 $— $— $27,043 
U.S. Treasury15,431 — — — 15,431 
Sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed7,784 4,862 — — 12,646 
Agency commercial MBS— 9,417 — — 9,417 
Foreign covered bonds— 4,197 — — 4,197 
CLOs— 4,063 — — 4,063 
Supranational— 3,709 — — 3,709 
Foreign government agencies— 2,643 — — 2,643 
Non-agency commercial MBS— 2,178 — — 2,178 
Other ABS— 2,143 — — 2,143 
U.S. government agencies— 1,949 — — 1,949 
Non-agency RMBS (b)
— 1,233 — — 1,233 
State and political subdivisions— 1,044 — — 1,044 
Corporate bonds— 853 — — 853 
Other debt securities— 1 — — 1 
Total available-for-sale securities23,215 65,335 — — 88,550 
Trading assets:
Debt instruments1,568 4,243 — — 5,811 
Equity instruments (c)
4,539 — — — 4,539 
Derivative assets not designated as hedging:
Interest rate4 3,686 — (1,792)1,898 
Foreign exchange— 5,331 — (4,021)1,310 
Equity and other contracts— 19 — (6)13 
Total derivative assets not designated as hedging4 9,036 — (5,819)3,221 
Total trading assets6,111 13,279 — (5,819)13,571 
Other assets:
Derivative assets designated as hedging:
Foreign exchange— 21 — — 21 
Total derivative assets designated as hedging— 21 — — 21 
Other assets (d)
38 179 — — 217 
Assets measured at NAV (d)
181 
Subtotal assets of operations at fair value
29,364 78,814 — (5,819)102,540 
Percentage of assets of operations prior to netting27 %73 %— %
Assets of consolidated investment management funds212 33 — — 245 
Total assets$29,576 $78,847 $— $(5,819)$102,785 
Percentage of total assets prior to netting
27 %73 %— %


86 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at Dec. 31, 2019Total carrying
value
(dollars in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Netting (a)
Trading liabilities:
Debt instruments$1,477 $107 $— $— $1,584 
Equity instruments73 — — — 73 
Derivative liabilities not designated as hedging:
Interest rate6 3,244 — (1,986)1,264 
Foreign exchange— 5,340 — (3,428)1,912 
Equity and other contracts3 6 — (1)8 
Total derivative liabilities not designated as hedging9 8,590 — (5,415)3,184 
Total trading liabilities1,559 8,697 — (5,415)4,841 
Long-term debt (c)
— 387 — — 387 
Other liabilities – derivative liabilities designated as hedging:
Interest rate— 350 — — 350 
Foreign exchange— 257 — — 257 
Total other liabilities – derivative liabilities designated as hedging
— 607 — — 607 
Subtotal liabilities of operations at fair value
1,559 9,691 — (5,415)5,835 
Percentage of liabilities of operations prior to netting14 %86 %— %
Liabilities of consolidated investment management funds1 — — — 1 
Total liabilities$1,560 $9,691 $— $(5,415)$5,836 
Percentage of total liabilities prior to netting
14 %86 %— %
(a)    ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, permits the netting of derivative receivables and derivative payables under legally enforceable master netting agreements and permits the netting of cash collateral. Netting is applicable to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments included in trading assets or trading liabilities and derivatives designated as hedging instruments included in other assets or other liabilities. Netting is allocated to the derivative products based on the net fair value of each product.
(b)    Includes $640 million in Level 2 that was included in the former Grantor Trust.
(c)    Includes certain interests in securitizations.
(d)    Includes seed capital, private equity investments and other assets.



BNY Mellon 87
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Details of certain available-for-sale securities measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
Total
carrying
value
Ratings (a)
Total
carrying value
Ratings (a)
AAA/
AA-		A+/
A-		BBB+/
BBB-		BB+ and
lower		AAA/
AA-		A+/
A-		BBB+/
BBB-		BB+ and
lower
(dollars in millions)(b)(b)
Non-agency RMBS (c), originated in:
2007-2020$1,311 88 %— %— %12 %$464 55 %1 %— %44 %
2006244 — 23 — 77 291 — 21 — 79 
2005243 4 — 7 89 305 5 2 8 85 
2004 and earlier143 20 9 12 59 173 22 24 4 50 
Total non-agency RMBS$1,941 61 %4 %2 %33 %$1,233 25 %9 %3 %63 %
Non-agency commercial MBS originated in:
2009-2020$2,711 100 %— %— %— %$2,178 98 %2 %— %— %
Foreign covered bonds:
Canada$2,368 98 %2 %— %— %$1,798 100 %— %— %— %
UK1,130 100 — — — 984 100 — — — 
Australia775 100 — — — 431 100 — — — 
Norway609 100 — — — 287 100 — — — 
Germany479 100 — — — 357 100 — — — 
Other480 100 — — — 340 100 — — — 
Total foreign covered bonds$5,841 99 %1 %— %— %$4,197 100 %— %— %— %
Sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed:
Germany$2,155 100 %— %— %— %$1,997 100 %— %— %— %
UK2,037 100 — — — 3,318 100 — — — 
Italy1,974 — — 100 — 1,260 — — 100 — 
France1,846 100 — — — 1,272 100 — — — 
Spain1,835 — 5 95 — 1,453 — 6 94 — 
Singapore949 100 — — — 742 100 — — — 
Canada732 100 — — — 271 100 — — — 
Ireland522 — 100 — — 301 — 100 — — 
Netherlands471 100 — — — 791 100 — — — 
Japan 437 — 100 — — 274 — 100 — — 
Austria294 100 — — — 240 100 — — — 
Belgium253 100 — — — 79 100 — — — 
Hong Kong206 100 — — — 411 100 — — — 
Other (d)
382 51 — 18 31 237 39 4 — 57 
Total sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed$14,093 65 %7 %27 %1 %$12,646 73 %5 %21 %1 %
Foreign government agencies:
Germany$1,483 100 %— %— %— %$1,131 100 %— %— %— %
Netherlands800 100 — — — 678 100 — — — 
Canada442 72 28 — — 71 — 100 — — 
France293 100 — — — 42 100 — — — 
Sweden276 100 — — — 202 100 — — — 
Finland246 100 — — — 245 100 — — — 
Other430 77 23 — — 274 79 21 — — 
Total foreign government agencies$3,970 94 %6 %— %— %$2,643 95 %5 %— %— %
(a)    Represents ratings by S&P or the equivalent.
(b)    At Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed securities were included in Level 1 and Level 2 in the valuation hierarchy. All other assets in the table are Level 2 assets in the valuation hierarchy.
(c)    Includes $512 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $640 million at Dec. 31, 2019 that were included in the former Grantor Trust.
(d)    Includes non-investment grade sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed securities related to Brazil of $119 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $134 million at Dec. 31, 2019.


88 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis

Under certain circumstances, we make adjustments to the fair value of our assets, liabilities and unfunded lending-related commitments although they are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis.

Examples would be the recording of an impairment of an asset and non-readily marketable equity securities carried at cost with upward or downward adjustments.

The following table presents the financial instruments carried on the consolidated balance sheet by caption and level in the fair value hierarchy as of Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019.

Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis
Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
Total carrying
value		Total carrying
value
(in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 1Level 2Level 3
Loans (a)
$— $52 $— $52 $— $58 $— $58 
Other assets (b)
— 113 — 113 — 64 — 64 
Total assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$— $165 $— $165 $— $122 $— $122 
(a)The fair value of these loans decreased less than $1 million in the third quarter of 2020 and the fourth quarter of 2019, based on the fair value of the underlying collateral, as required by guidance in ASC 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, with an offset to the allowance for credit losses.
(b)Includes non-readily marketable equity securities carried at cost with upward or downward adjustments and other assets received in satisfaction of debt.


Estimated fair value of financial instruments

The following tables present the estimated fair value and the carrying amount of financial instruments not carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet at Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, by caption on the consolidated balance sheet and by the valuation hierarchy.

Summary of financial instrumentsSept. 30, 2020
(in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
estimated
fair value		Carrying
amount
Assets:
Interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks
$— $106,185 $— $106,185 $106,185 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks— 19,037 — 19,037 19,027 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements— 29,647 — 29,647 29,647 
Securities held-to-maturity4,415 43,043 — 47,458 46,096 
Loans (a)
— 54,475 — 54,475 54,088 
Other financial assets4,104 1,121 — 5,225 5,225 
Total$8,519 $253,508 $— $262,027 $260,268 
Liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing deposits$— $79,470 $— $79,470 $79,470 
Interest-bearing deposits— 216,499 — 216,499 216,842 
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements— 15,907 — 15,907 15,907 
Payables to customers and broker-dealers— 23,514 — 23,514 23,514 
Commercial paper— 671 — 671 671 
Borrowings— 607 — 607 607 
Long-term debt— 27,457 — 27,457 25,721 
Total$— $364,125 $— $364,125 $362,732 
(a)    Does not include the leasing portfolio.


BNY Mellon 89
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Summary of financial instrumentsDec. 31, 2019
(in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total estimated
fair value		Carrying
amount
Assets:
Interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other central banks
$— $95,042 $— $95,042 $95,042 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks— 14,832 — 14,832 14,811 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements— 30,182 — 30,182 30,182 
Securities held-to-maturity4,630 30,175 — 34,805 34,483 
Loans (a)
— 54,194 — 54,194 53,718 
Other financial assets4,830 1,233 — 6,063 6,063 
Total$9,460 $225,658 $— $235,118 $234,299 
Liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing deposits$— $57,630 $— $57,630 $57,630 
Interest-bearing deposits— 200,846 — 200,846 201,836 
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements— 11,401 — 11,401 11,401 
Payables to customers and broker-dealers— 18,758 — 18,758 18,758 
Commercial paper— 3,959 — 3,959 3,959 
Borrowings— 917 — 917 917 
Long-term debt— 27,858 — 27,858 27,114 
Total$— $321,369 $— $321,369 $321,615 
(a)    Does not include the leasing portfolio.


Note 16–Fair value option

We elected fair value as an alternative measurement for selected financial assets and liabilities that are not otherwise required to be measured at fair value, including the assets and liabilities of consolidated investment management funds and certain long-term debt. The following table presents the assets and liabilities of consolidated investment management funds, at fair value.

Assets and liabilities of consolidated investment
management funds, at fair value
Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(in millions)
Assets of consolidated investment management funds:
Trading assets$579 $229 
Other assets9 16 
Total assets of consolidated investment management funds
$588 $245 
Liabilities of consolidated investment management funds:
Other liabilities4 1 
Total liabilities of consolidated investment management funds
$4 $1 


BNY Mellon values the assets and liabilities of its consolidated investment management funds using quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets or observable inputs such as quoted
prices for similar assets or liabilities. Quoted prices for either identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets may also be used. Accordingly, fair value best reflects the interests BNY Mellon holds in the economic performance of the consolidated investment management funds. Changes in the value of the assets and liabilities are recorded in the consolidated income statement as investment income of consolidated investment management funds and in the interest of investment management fund note holders, respectively.

We have elected the fair value option on $240 million of long-term debt. The fair value of this long-term debt was $400 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $387 million at Dec. 31, 2019. The long-term debt is valued using observable market inputs and is included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

The following table presents the changes in fair value of long-term debt recorded in foreign exchange and other trading revenue in the consolidated income statement.

Change in fair value of long-term debt (a)
(in millions)3Q202Q203Q19YTD20YTD19
Foreign exchange and other trading revenue
$(1)$(2)$(3)$(13)$(15)
(a)    The changes in fair value are approximately offset by an economic hedge included in foreign exchange and other trading revenue.


90 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Note 17–Derivative instruments

We use derivatives to manage exposure to market risk, including interest rate risk, equity price risk and foreign currency risk, as well as credit risk. Our trading activities are focused on acting as a market-maker for our customers and facilitating customer trades in compliance with the Volcker Rule.

The notional amounts for derivative financial instruments express the dollar volume of the transactions; however, credit risk is much smaller. We perform credit reviews and enter into netting agreements and collateral arrangements to minimize the credit risk of derivative financial instruments. We enter into offsetting positions to reduce exposure to foreign currency, interest rate and equity price risk.

Use of derivative financial instruments involves reliance on counterparties. Failure of a counterparty to honor its obligation under a derivative contract is a risk we assume whenever we engage in a derivative contract. There were no counterparty default losses recorded in the third quarter of 2020.

Hedging derivatives

We utilize interest rate swap agreements to manage our exposure to interest rate fluctuations. We enter into fair value hedges as an interest rate risk management strategy to reduce fair value variability by converting certain fixed rate interest payments associated with available-for-sale securities and long-term debt to floating interest rates. We also utilize interest rate swaps and forward exchange contracts as cash flow hedges to manage our exposure to interest rate and foreign exchange rate changes.

The available-for-sale securities hedged consist of U.S. Treasury, agency and non-agency commercial MBS, sovereign debt/sovereign guaranteed, corporate bonds and foreign covered bonds. At Sept. 30, 2020, $14.5 billion par value of available-for-sale securities were hedged with interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges that had notional values of $14.5 billion.

The fixed rate long-term debt instruments hedged generally have original maturities of five to 30 years. In fair value hedging relationships, debt is hedged with “receive fixed rate, pay variable rate” swaps. At Sept. 30, 2020, $13.9 billion par value of debt was hedged with interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges that had notional values of $13.9 billion.
In addition, we utilize forward foreign exchange contracts as hedges to mitigate foreign exchange exposures. We use forward foreign exchange contracts as cash flow hedges to convert certain forecasted non-U.S. dollar revenue and expenses into U.S. dollars. We use forward foreign exchange contracts with maturities of 15 months or less as cash flow hedges to hedge our foreign exchange exposure to currencies such as Indian rupee, British pound, Euro, Hong Kong dollar, Singapore dollar and Polish zloty used in revenue and expense transactions for entities that have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. As of Sept. 30, 2020, the hedged forecasted foreign currency transactions and designated forward foreign exchange contract hedges were $319 million (notional), with a pre-tax gain of $5 million recorded in accumulated OCI. This gain will be reclassified to earnings over the next 12 months.

We also utilize forward foreign exchange contracts as fair value hedges of the foreign exchange risk associated with available-for-sale securities. Forward points are designated as an excluded component and amortized into earnings over the hedge period. The unamortized derivative value associated with the excluded component is recognized in accumulated OCI. At Sept. 30, 2020, $140 million par value of available-for-sale securities was hedged with foreign currency forward contracts that had a notional value of $140 million.

Forward foreign exchange contracts are also used to hedge the value of our net investments in foreign subsidiaries. These forward foreign exchange contracts have maturities of less than one year. The derivatives employed are designated as hedges of changes in value of our foreign investments due to exchange rates. The change in fair market value of these forward foreign exchange contracts is reported within foreign currency translation adjustments in shareholders’ equity, net of tax. At Sept. 30, 2020, forward foreign exchange contracts with notional amounts totaling $7.9 billion were designated as net investment hedges.

In addition to forward foreign exchange contracts, we also designate non-derivative financial instruments as hedges of our net investments in foreign subsidiaries. Those non-derivative financial instruments designated as hedges of our net investments in foreign subsidiaries were all long-term liabilities of BNY Mellon and, at Sept. 30, 2020, had a combined U.S. dollar equivalent carrying value of $179 million.

BNY Mellon 91
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
The following table presents the pre-tax gains (losses) related to our fair value and cash flow hedging activities recognized in the consolidated income statement.

Income statement impact of fair value and cash flow hedges
(in millions)Location of
gains (losses)		3Q202Q203Q19YTD20YTD19
Interest rate fair value hedges of available-for-sale securities
DerivativeInterest revenue$150 $19 $(250)$(864)$(1,119)
Hedged itemInterest revenue(140)(15)243 856 1,099 
Interest rate fair value hedges of long-term debt
DerivativeInterest expense(68)47 146 693 631 
Hedged itemInterest expense66 (49)(145)(691)(627)
Foreign exchange fair value hedges of available-for-sale securities
Derivative (a)
Other revenue1 (5)2 (11)3 
Hedged itemOther revenue1 5 (2)13 (2)
Cash flow hedge of interest rate risk
(Loss) reclassified from OCI into incomeInterest expense— — (1)— (1)
Cash flow hedges of forecasted FX exposures
(Loss) gain reclassified from OCI into incomeStaff expense— (3)2 (2)1 
Gain (loss) recognized in the consolidated income statement due to fair value and cash flow hedging relationships$10 $(1)$(5)$(6)$(15)
(a)    Includes gains of less than $1 million in the third quarter of 2020, second quarter of 2020 and third quarter of 2019 and gains of $1 million in the first nine months of 2020 and first nine months of 2019 associated with the amortization of the excluded component. At Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, the remaining accumulated OCI balance associated with the excluded component was de minimis.


The following table presents the impact of hedging derivatives used in net investment hedging relationships.

Impact of derivative instruments used in net investment hedging relationships
(in millions)
Derivatives in net investment hedging relationshipsGain or (loss) recognized in accumulated OCI on derivativesLocation of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income Gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income
3Q202Q203Q19YTD20YTD193Q202Q203Q19YTD20YTD19
FX contracts$(289)$(45)$252 $103 $322 Net interest revenue$— $— $— $— $— 


The following table presents information on the hedged items in fair value hedging relationships.

Hedged items in fair value hedging relationshipsCarrying amount of hedged
asset or liability
Hedge accounting basis adjustment increase (decrease) (a)
(in millions)Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
Available-for-sale securities (b)(c)
$14,629 $13,792 $1,650 $687 
Long-term debt$14,889 $13,945 $870 $116 
(a)    Includes $187 million and $53 million of basis adjustment increases on discontinued hedges associated with available-for-sale securities at Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, respectively, and $136 million and $200 million of basis adjustment decreases on discontinued hedges associated with long-term debt at Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, respectively.
(b)    Excludes hedged items where only foreign currency risk is the designated hedged risk, as the basis adjustments related to foreign currency hedges will not reverse through the consolidated income statement in future periods. The carrying amount excluded for available-for-sale securities was $140 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $142 million at Dec. 31, 2019.
(c)    Carrying amount represents the amortized cost.

92 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
The following table summarizes the notional amount and carrying values of our total derivative portfolio at Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019.

Impact of derivative instruments on the balance sheetNotional valueAsset derivatives
fair value		Liability derivatives
fair value
Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(in millions)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: (a)(b)
Interest rate contracts$28,441 $28,365 $— $— $803 $350 
Foreign exchange contracts8,369 8,390 56 21 194 257 
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments  $56 $21 $997 $607 
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: (b)(c)
Interest rate contracts$206,771 $306,790 $4,962 $3,690 $4,246 $3,250 
Foreign exchange contracts753,812 848,961 4,410 5,331 4,522 5,340 
Equity contracts2,241 3,189 15 19 8 5 
Credit contracts165 165 — — 3 4 
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments$9,387 $9,040 $8,779 $8,599 
Total derivatives fair value (d)
$9,443 $9,061 $9,776 $9,206 
Effect of master netting agreements (e)
(5,238)(5,819)(6,183)(5,415)
Fair value after effect of master netting agreements$4,205 $3,242 $3,593 $3,791 
(a)    The fair value of asset derivatives and liability derivatives designated as hedging instruments is recorded as other assets and other liabilities, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheet.
(b)    For derivative transactions settled at clearing organizations, cash collateral exchanged is deemed a settlement of the derivative each day. The settlement reduces the gross fair value of derivative assets and liabilities and results in a corresponding decrease in the effect of master netting agreements, with no impact to the consolidated balance sheet.
(c)    The fair value of asset derivatives and liability derivatives not designated as hedging instruments is recorded as trading assets and trading liabilities, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheet.
(d)    Fair values are on a gross basis, before consideration of master netting agreements, as required by ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging.
(e)    Effect of master netting agreements includes cash collateral received and paid of $675 million and $1,620 million, respectively, at Sept. 30, 2020, and $1,022 million and $618 million, respectively, at Dec. 31, 2019.


Trading activities (including trading derivatives)

Our trading activities are focused on acting as a market-maker for our customers, facilitating customer trades and risk mitigating economic hedging in compliance with the Volcker Rule. The change in the fair value of the derivatives utilized in our trading activities is recorded in foreign exchange and other trading revenue on the consolidated income statement.

The following table presents our foreign exchange and other trading revenue.

Foreign exchange and other trading revenue
(in millions)3Q202Q203Q19YTD20YTD19
Foreign exchange$151 $174 $129 $578 $439 
Other trading (loss) revenue
(14)(8)21 44 47 
Total foreign exchange and other trading revenue
$137 $166 $150 $622 $486 


Foreign exchange revenue includes income from purchasing and selling foreign currencies and
currency forwards, futures and options. Other trading revenue reflects results from trading in cash instruments, including fixed income and equity securities and non-foreign exchange derivatives.

We also use derivative financial instruments as risk mitigating economic hedges, which are not formally designated as accounting hedges. This includes hedging the foreign currency, interest rate or market risks inherent in some of our balance sheet exposures, such as seed capital investments and deposits, as well as certain investment management fee revenue streams. We also use total return swaps to economically hedge obligations arising from the Company’s deferred compensation plan whereby the participants defer compensation and earn a return linked to the performance of investments they select. The gains or losses on these total return swaps are recorded in staff expense on the consolidated income statement and were a gain of $12 million in the third quarter of 2020, a de minimis loss in the third quarter of 2019, a gain of $28 million in the second quarter of 2020, a loss of $1 million in the first nine months of 2020 and a gain of $23 million in the first nine months of 2019.

BNY Mellon 93
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
We manage trading risk through a system of position limits, a value-at-risk (“VaR”) methodology based on historical simulation and other market sensitivity measures. Risk is monitored and reported to senior management by a separate unit, independent from trading, on a daily basis. Based on certain assumptions, the VaR methodology is designed to capture the potential overnight pre-tax dollar loss from adverse changes in fair values of all trading positions. The calculation assumes a one-day holding period, utilizes a 99% confidence level and incorporates non-linear product characteristics. The VaR model is one of several statistical models used to develop economic capital results, which are allocated to lines of business for computing risk-adjusted performance.

VaR methodology does not evaluate risk attributable to extraordinary financial, economic or other occurrences. As a result, the risk assessment process includes a number of stress scenarios based upon the risk factors in the portfolio and management’s assessment of market conditions. Additional stress scenarios based upon historical market events are also performed. Stress tests may incorporate the impact of reduced market liquidity and the breakdown of historically observed correlations and extreme scenarios. VaR and other statistical measures, stress testing and sensitivity analysis are incorporated into other risk management materials.

Counterparty credit risk and collateral

We assess the credit risk of our counterparties through regular examination of their financial statements, confidential communication with the management of those counterparties and regular monitoring of publicly available credit rating information. This and other information is used to develop proprietary credit rating metrics used to assess credit quality.

Collateral requirements are determined after a comprehensive review of the credit quality of each counterparty. Collateral is generally held or pledged in the form of cash and/or highly liquid government securities. Collateral requirements are monitored and adjusted daily.

Additional disclosures concerning derivative financial instruments are provided in Note 15.

Disclosure of contingent features in over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivative instruments

Certain OTC derivative contracts and/or collateral agreements contain credit-risk contingent features triggered upon a rating downgrade in which the counterparty has the right to request additional collateral or the right to terminate the contracts in a net liability position.

The following table shows the aggregate fair value of OTC derivative contracts in net liability positions that contained credit-risk contingent features and the value of collateral that has been posted.

Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(in millions)
Aggregate fair value of OTC derivatives in net liability positions (a)
$5,958 $3,442 
Collateral posted$6,384 $3,671 
(a)    Before consideration of cash collateral.


The aggregate fair value of OTC derivative contracts containing credit-risk contingent features can fluctuate from quarter to quarter due to changes in market conditions, composition of counterparty trades, new business or changes to the contingent features.

The Bank of New York Mellon, our largest banking subsidiary, enters into the substantial majority of our OTC derivative contracts and/or collateral agreements. As such, the contingent features may be triggered if The Bank of New York Mellon’s long-term issuer rating was downgraded.

The following table shows the fair value of contracts falling under early termination provisions that were in net liability positions for three key ratings triggers.

Potential close-out exposures (fair value) (a)
Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(in millions)
If The Bank of New York Mellon’s rating changed to: (b)
A3/A-$10 $56 
Baa2/BBB$565 $608 
Ba1/BB+$3,113 $2,084 
(a)    The amounts represent potential total close-out values if The Bank of New York Mellon’s long-term issuer rating were to immediately drop to the indicated levels, and do not reflect collateral posted.
(b)    Represents ratings by Moody’s/S&P.


94 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
If The Bank of New York Mellon’s debt rating had fallen below investment grade on Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, existing collateral arrangements would
have required us to post additional collateral of $31 million and $63 million, respectively.


The following tables present derivative and financial instruments and their related offsets. There were no derivative instruments or financial instruments subject to a legally enforceable netting agreement for which we are not currently netting.

Offsetting of derivative assets and financial assets at Sept. 30, 2020
Gross assets recognizedGross amounts offset in the balance sheet Net assets recognized in the balance sheetGross amounts not offset in the balance sheet
(in millions)(a)Financial instrumentsCash collateral receivedNet amount
Derivatives subject to netting arrangements:
Interest rate contracts$3,183 $2,133 $1,050 $350 $— $700 
Foreign exchange contracts4,043 3,102 941 33 — 908 
Equity and other contracts8 3 5 — — 5 
Total derivatives subject to netting arrangements
7,234 5,238 1,996 383 — 1,613 
Total derivatives not subject to netting arrangements
2,209 — 2,209 — — 2,209 
Total derivatives9,443 5,238 4,205 383 — 3,822 
Reverse repurchase agreements72,507 54,629 (b)17,878 17,852 — 26 
Securities borrowing11,769 — 11,769 11,216 — 553 
Total$93,719 $59,867 $33,852 $29,451 $— $4,401 
(a)    Includes the effect of netting agreements and net cash collateral received. The offset related to the OTC derivatives was allocated to the various types of derivatives based on the net positions.
(b)    Offsetting of reverse repurchase agreements relates to our involvement in the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation (“FICC”), where we settle government securities transactions on a net basis for payment and delivery through the Fedwire system.


Offsetting of derivative assets and financial assets at Dec. 31, 2019
Gross assets recognizedGross amounts offset in the balance sheet Net assets recognized
in the
balance sheet		Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet
(in millions)(a)Financial instrumentsCash collateral receivedNet amount
Derivatives subject to netting arrangements:
Interest rate contracts$2,394 $1,792 $602 $207 $— $395 
Foreign exchange contracts4,861 4,021 840 44 — 796 
Equity and other contracts9 6 3 — — 3 
Total derivatives subject to netting arrangements
7,264 5,819 1,445 251 — 1,194 
Total derivatives not subject to netting arrangements
1,797 — 1,797 — — 1,797 
Total derivatives9,061 5,819 3,242 251 — 2,991 
Reverse repurchase agreements112,355 93,794 (b)18,561 18,554 — 7 
Securities borrowing11,621 — 11,621 11,278 — 343 
Total$133,037 $99,613 $33,424 $30,083 $— $3,341 
(a)    Includes the effect of netting agreements and net cash collateral received. The offset related to the OTC derivatives was allocated to the various types of derivatives based on the net positions.
(b)    Offsetting of reverse repurchase agreements relates to our involvement in the FICC, where we settle government securities transactions on a net basis for payment and delivery through the Fedwire system.


BNY Mellon 95
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Offsetting of derivative liabilities and financial liabilities at Sept. 30, 2020Net liabilities recognized in the balance sheet
Gross liabilities recognizedGross amounts offset in the balance sheet Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet
(in millions)(a)Financial instrumentsCash collateral pledgedNet amount
Derivatives subject to netting arrangements:
Interest rate contracts$5,035 $2,551 $2,484 $2,477 $— $7 
Foreign exchange contracts4,294 3,631 663 224 — 439 
Equity and other contracts8 1 7 — — 7 
Total derivatives subject to netting arrangements
9,337 6,183 3,154 2,701 — 453 
Total derivatives not subject to netting arrangements
439 — 439 — — 439 
Total derivatives9,776 6,183 3,593 2,701 — 892 
Repurchase agreements69,494 54,629 (b)14,865 14,863 1 1 
Securities lending1,002 — 1,002 961 — 41 
Total$80,272 $60,812 $19,460 $18,525 $1 $934 
(a)    Includes the effect of netting agreements and net cash collateral paid. The offset related to the OTC derivatives was allocated to the various types of derivatives based on the net positions.
(b)    Offsetting of repurchase agreements relates to our involvement in the FICC, where we settle government securities transactions on a net basis for payment and delivery through the Fedwire system.


Offsetting of derivative liabilities and financial liabilities at Dec. 31, 2019Net liabilities recognized
in the
balance sheet
Gross liabilities recognizedGross amounts offset in the balance sheet Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet
(in millions)(a)Financial instrumentsCash collateral pledgedNet amount
Derivatives subject to netting arrangements:
Interest rate contracts$3,550 $1,986 $1,564 $1,539 $— $25 
Foreign exchange contracts4,873 3,428 1,445 74 — 1,371 
Equity and other contracts5 1 4 2 — 2 
Total derivatives subject to netting arrangements
8,428 5,415 3,013 1,615 — 1,398 
Total derivatives not subject to netting arrangements
778 — 778 — — 778 
Total derivatives9,206 5,415 3,791 1,615 — 2,176 
Repurchase agreements104,451 93,794 (b)10,657 10,657 — — 
Securities lending718 — 718 694 — 24 
Total$114,375 $99,209 $15,166 $12,966 $— $2,200 
(a)    Includes the effect of netting agreements and net cash collateral paid. The offset related to the OTC derivatives was allocated to the various types of derivatives based on the net positions.
(b)    Offsetting of repurchase agreements relates to our involvement in the FICC, where we settle government securities transactions on a net basis for payment and delivery through the Fedwire system.



96 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Secured borrowings

The following table presents the contract value of repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions accounted for as secured borrowings by the type of collateral provided to counterparties.

Repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions accounted for as secured borrowings
Sept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
Remaining contractual maturityTotalRemaining contractual maturityTotal
(in millions)Overnight and continuousUp to 30 days30 days or moreOvernight and continuousUp to 30 days30 days or more
Repurchase agreements:
U.S. Treasury$60,350 $— $— $60,350 $94,788 $10 $— $94,798 
Agency RMBS2,913 675 2 3,590 4,234 774 — 5,008 
Corporate bonds232 64 1,432 1,728 266 236 1,617 2,119 
Sovereign debt/ sovereign guaranteed128 — 1,151 1,279 — 22 — 22 
State and political subdivisions43 39 810 892 38 166 1,077 1,281 
U.S. government agencies610 — — 610 594 16 — 610 
Other debt securities47 44 186 277 2 — 2 4 
Equity securities— 53 715 768 31 99 479 609 
Total
$64,323 $875 $4,296 $69,494 $99,953 $1,323 $3,175 $104,451 
Securities lending:
Agency RMBS$180 $— $— $180 $160 $— $— $160 
U.S. government agencies1 — — 1 19 — — 19 
Other debt securities49 — — 49 41 — — 41 
Equity securities772 — — 772 498 — — 498 
Total
$1,002 $— $— $1,002 $718 $— $— $718 
Total secured borrowings
$65,325 $875 $4,296 $70,496 $100,671 $1,323 $3,175 $105,169 


BNY Mellon’s repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions primarily encounter risk associated with liquidity. We are required to pledge collateral based on predetermined terms within the agreements. If we were to experience a decline in the fair value of the collateral pledged for these transactions, we could be required to provide additional collateral to the counterparty, therefore decreasing the amount of assets available for other liquidity needs that may arise. BNY Mellon also offers tri-party collateral agency services in the tri-party repo market where we are exposed to credit risk. In order to mitigate this risk, we require dealers to fully secure intraday credit.


Note 18–Commitments and contingent liabilities

Off-balance sheet arrangements

In the normal course of business, various commitments and contingent liabilities are outstanding that are not reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Our significant trading and off-balance sheet risks are securities, foreign currency and interest rate risk management products, commercial lending commitments, letters of credit and securities lending indemnifications. We assume these risks to reduce interest rate and foreign currency risks, to provide customers with the ability to meet credit and liquidity needs and to hedge foreign currency and interest rate risks. These items involve, to varying degrees, credit, foreign currency and interest rate risks not recognized on the balance sheet. Our off-balance sheet risks are managed and monitored in manners similar to those used for on-balance sheet risks.


BNY Mellon 97
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
The following table presents a summary of our off-balance sheet credit risks.

Off-balance sheet credit risksSept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
(in millions)
Lending commitments$47,658 $49,119 
Standby letters of credit (“SBLC”) (a)
2,175 2,298 
Commercial letters of credit87 74 
Securities lending indemnifications (b)(c)
414,324 408,378 
(a)Net of participations totaling $145 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $146 million at Dec. 31, 2019.
(b)Excludes the indemnification for securities for which BNY Mellon acts as an agent on behalf of CIBC Mellon clients, which totaled $58 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and $57 billion at Dec. 31, 2019.
(c)Includes cash collateral, invested in indemnified repurchase agreements, held by us as securities lending agent of $43 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and $37 billion at Dec. 31, 2019.


The total potential loss on undrawn lending commitments, standby and commercial letters of credit, and securities lending indemnifications is equal to the total notional amount if drawn upon, which does not consider the value of any collateral.

Since many of the lending commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total amount does not necessarily represent future cash requirements. A summary of lending commitment maturities is as follows: $31.0 billion in less than one year, $16.3 billion in one to five years and $336 million over five years.

SBLCs principally support obligations of corporate clients and were collateralized with cash and securities of $200 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $184 million at Dec. 31, 2019. At Sept. 30, 2020, $1.6 billion of the SBLCs will expire within one year, $568 million in one to five years and $1 million over five years.

We must recognize, at the inception of an SBLC and foreign and other guarantees, a liability for the fair value of the obligation undertaken in issuing the guarantee. The fair value of the liability, which was recorded with a corresponding asset in other assets, was estimated as the present value of contractual customer fees. The estimated liability for losses related to SBLCs and foreign and other guarantees, if any, is included in the allowance for lending-related commitments.

Payment/performance risk of SBLCs is monitored using both historical performance and internal ratings
criteria. BNY Mellon’s historical experience is that SBLCs typically expire without being funded. SBLCs below investment grade are monitored closely for payment/performance risk. The table below shows SBLCs by investment grade:

Standby letters of creditSept. 30, 2020Dec. 31, 2019
Investment grade87 %90 %
Non-investment grade13 %10 %


A commercial letter of credit is normally a short-term instrument used to finance a commercial contract for the shipment of goods from a seller to a buyer. Although the commercial letter of credit is contingent upon the satisfaction of specified conditions, it represents a credit exposure if the buyer defaults on the underlying transaction. As a result, the total contractual amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Commercial letters of credit totaled $87 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $74 million at Dec. 31, 2019.

We expect many of the lending commitments and letters of credit to expire without the need to advance any cash. The revenue associated with guarantees frequently depends on the credit rating of the obligor and the structure of the transaction, including collateral, if any. The allowance for lending-related commitments was $135 million at Sept. 30, 2020 and $94 million at Dec. 31, 2019.

A securities lending transaction is a fully collateralized transaction in which the owner of a security agrees to lend the security (typically through an agent, in our case, The Bank of New York Mellon) to a borrower, usually a broker-dealer or bank, on an open, overnight or term basis, under the terms of a prearranged contract.

We typically lend securities with indemnification against borrower default. We generally require the borrower to provide collateral with a minimum value of 102% of the fair value of the securities borrowed, which is monitored on a daily basis, thus reducing credit risk. Market risk can also arise in securities lending transactions. These risks are controlled through policies limiting the level of risk that can be undertaken. Securities lending transactions are generally entered into only with highly rated counterparties. Securities lending indemnifications

98 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
were secured by collateral of $435 billion at Sept. 30, 2020 and $428 billion at Dec. 31, 2019.

CIBC Mellon, a joint venture between BNY Mellon and the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”), engages in securities lending activities.  CIBC Mellon, BNY Mellon and CIBC jointly and severally indemnify securities lenders against specific types of borrower default. At Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, $58 billion and $57 billion, respectively, of borrowings at CIBC Mellon, for which BNY Mellon acts as agent on behalf of CIBC Mellon clients, were secured by collateral of $61 billion and $61 billion, respectively. If, upon a default, a borrower’s collateral was not sufficient to cover its related obligations, certain losses related to the indemnification could be covered by the indemnitors.

Unsettled repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements

In the normal course of business, we enter into repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements that settle at a future date. In repurchase agreements, BNY Mellon receives cash from and provides securities as collateral to a counterparty at settlement. In reverse repurchase agreements, BNY Mellon advances cash to and receives securities as collateral from the counterparty at settlement. These transactions are recorded on the consolidated balance sheet on the settlement date. At Sept. 30, 2020, we had $150 million of unsettled repurchase agreements and no unsettled reverse repurchase agreements.

Industry concentrations

We have significant industry concentrations related to credit exposure at Sept. 30, 2020. The tables below present our credit exposure in the financial institutions and commercial portfolios.

Financial institutions
portfolio exposure
(in billions)
Sept. 30, 2020
LoansUnfunded
commitments		Total exposure
Securities industry$2.8 $22.3 $25.1 
Asset managers1.2 6.5 7.7 
Banks6.1 1.1 7.2 
Insurance0.1 2.7 2.8 
Government0.1 0.2 0.3 
Other0.7 0.7 1.4 
Total$11.0 $33.5 $44.5 


Commercial portfolio
exposure
(in billions)
Sept. 30, 2020
LoansUnfunded
commitments		Total exposure
Services and other$1.0 $3.5 $4.5 
Manufacturing0.7 3.8 4.5 
Energy and utilities0.2 4.0 4.2 
Media and telecom— 0.9 0.9 
Total$1.9 $12.2 $14.1 


Major concentrations in securities lending are primarily to broker-dealers and are generally collateralized with cash and/or securities.

Sponsored Member Repo Program

BNY Mellon is a sponsoring member in the FICC sponsored member program, where we submit eligible overnight repurchase and reverse repurchase transactions in U.S. Treasury securities (“Sponsored Member Transactions”) between BNY Mellon and our sponsored member clients for novation and clearing through FICC pursuant to the FICC Government Securities Division rulebook (the “FICC Rules”). We also guarantee to FICC the prompt and full payment and performance of our sponsored member clients’ respective obligations under the FICC Rules in connection with such clients’ Sponsored Member Transactions. We minimize our credit exposure under this guaranty by obtaining a security interest in our sponsored member clients’ collateral and rights under Sponsored Member Transactions. See “Offsetting assets and liabilities” in Note 17 for additional information on our repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements.

Indemnification arrangements

We have provided standard representations for underwriting agreements, acquisition and divestiture agreements, sales of loans and commitments, and other similar types of arrangements and customary indemnification for claims and legal proceedings related to providing financial services that are not otherwise included above. Insurance has been purchased to mitigate certain of these risks. Generally, there are no stated or notional amounts included in these indemnifications and the contingencies triggering the obligation for indemnification are not expected to occur. Furthermore, often counterparties to these transactions provide us with comparable indemnifications. We are unable to develop an estimate of the maximum payout under these

BNY Mellon 99
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
indemnifications for several reasons. In addition to the lack of a stated or notional amount in a majority of such indemnifications, we are unable to predict the nature of events that would trigger indemnification or the level of indemnification for a certain event. We believe, however, that the possibility that we will have to make any material payments for these indemnifications is remote. At Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, we have not recorded any material liabilities under these arrangements.

Clearing and settlement exchanges

We are a noncontrolling equity investor in, and/or member of, several industry clearing or settlement exchanges through which foreign exchange, securities, derivatives or other transactions settle. Certain of these industry clearing and settlement exchanges require their members to guarantee their obligations and liabilities and/or to provide liquidity support in the event other members do not honor their obligations. We believe the likelihood that a clearing or settlement exchange (of which we are a member) would become insolvent is remote. Additionally, certain settlement exchanges have implemented loss allocation policies that enable the exchange to allocate settlement losses to the members of the exchange. It is not possible to quantify such mark-to-market loss until the loss occurs. Any ancillary costs that occur as a result of any mark-to-market loss cannot be quantified. In addition, we also sponsor clients as members on clearing and settlement exchanges and guarantee their obligations. At Sept. 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, we did not record any material liabilities under these arrangements.

Legal proceedings

In the ordinary course of business, The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation and its subsidiaries are routinely named as defendants in or made parties to pending and potential legal actions. We also are subject to governmental and regulatory examinations, information-gathering requests, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal). Claims for significant monetary damages are often asserted in many of these legal actions, while claims for disgorgement, restitution, penalties and/or other remedial actions or sanctions may be sought in governmental and regulatory matters. It is inherently difficult to predict the eventual outcomes of such matters given their complexity and the particular facts and circumstances at issue in each of these matters.
However, on the basis of our current knowledge and understanding, we do not believe that judgments, settlements or orders, if any, arising from these matters (either individually or in the aggregate, after giving effect to applicable reserves and insurance coverage) will have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position or liquidity of BNY Mellon, although they could have a material effect on our results of operations in a given period.

In view of the inherent unpredictability of outcomes in litigation and regulatory matters, particularly where (i) the damages sought are substantial or indeterminate, (ii) the proceedings are in the early stages, or (iii) the matters involve novel legal theories or a large number of parties, as a matter of course there is considerable uncertainty surrounding the timing or ultimate resolution of litigation and regulatory matters, including a possible eventual loss, fine, penalty or business impact, if any, associated with each such matter. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, we establish accruals for litigation and regulatory matters when those matters proceed to a stage where they present loss contingencies that are both probable and reasonably estimable. In such cases, there may be a possible exposure to loss in excess of any amounts accrued. We regularly monitor such matters for developments that could affect the amount of the accrual, and will adjust the accrual amount as appropriate. If the loss contingency in question is not both probable and reasonably estimable, we do not establish an accrual and the matter continues to be monitored for any developments that would make the loss contingency both probable and reasonably estimable. We believe that our accruals for legal proceedings are appropriate and, in the aggregate, are not material to the consolidated financial position of BNY Mellon, although future accruals could have a material effect on the results of operations in a given period. In addition, if we have the potential to recover a portion of an estimated loss from a third party, we record a receivable up to the amount of the accrual that is probable of recovery.

For certain of those matters described here for which a loss contingency may, in the future, be reasonably possible (whether in excess of a related accrued liability or where there is no accrued liability), BNY Mellon is currently unable to estimate a range of reasonably possible loss. For those matters described here where BNY Mellon is able to estimate a reasonably possible loss, the aggregate range of such

100 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
reasonably possible loss is up to $750 million in excess of the accrued liability (if any) related to those matters. For matters where a reasonably possible loss is denominated in a foreign currency, our estimate is adjusted quarterly based on prevailing exchange rates. We do not consider potential recoveries when estimating reasonably possible losses.

The following describes certain judicial, regulatory and arbitration proceedings involving BNY Mellon:

Mortgage-Securitization Trusts Proceedings
The Bank of New York Mellon has been named as a defendant in a number of legal actions brought by MBS investors alleging that the trustee has expansive duties under the governing agreements, including the duty to investigate and pursue breach of representation and warranty claims against other parties to the MBS transactions. Three actions commenced in December 2014, December 2015 and February 2017 are pending in New York federal court; and one action commenced in May 2016 is pending in New York state court. A New York federal court action filed in August 2014 has been dismissed.

Matters Related to R. Allen Stanford
In late December 2005, Pershing LLC (“Pershing”) became a clearing firm for Stanford Group Co. (“SGC”), a registered broker-dealer that was part of a group of entities ultimately controlled by R. Allen Stanford (“Stanford”). Stanford International Bank, also controlled by Stanford, issued certificates of deposit (“CDs”). Some investors allegedly wired funds from their SGC accounts to purchase CDs. In 2009, the Securities and Exchange Commission charged Stanford with operating a Ponzi scheme in connection with the sale of CDs, and SGC was placed into receivership. Alleged purchasers of CDs have filed two putative class action proceedings against Pershing: one in November 2009 in Texas federal court, and one in May 2016 in New Jersey federal court. Thirteen lawsuits have been filed against Pershing in Louisiana, Florida and New Jersey federal courts in January 2010, January and February 2015, October 2015 and May 2016. The purchasers allege that Pershing, as SGC’s clearing firm, assisted Stanford in a fraudulent scheme and assert contractual, statutory and common law claims. In March 2019, a group of investors filed a putative class action against The Bank of New York Mellon in New Jersey federal court, making the same allegations as in the prior actions brought against
Pershing. All the cases that have been brought in federal court against Pershing and the case brought against The Bank of New York Mellon have been consolidated in Texas federal court for discovery purposes. On Dec. 19, 2019, the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the dismissal of six individual federal lawsuits brought under Florida law, which will also apply to four other similarly situated cases. On March 18, 2020, the plaintiffs in those lawsuits filed a Petition for Writ of Certiorari seeking permission to appeal to the United States Supreme Court. On Oct. 5, 2020, the United States Supreme Court denied the Petition. In July 2020, after being enjoined from pursuing claims before the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”), an investment firm filed an action against Pershing in Texas federal court. FINRA arbitration proceedings also have been initiated by alleged purchasers asserting similar claims.

Brazilian Postalis Litigation
BNY Mellon Servicos Financeiros DTVM S.A. (“DTVM”), a subsidiary that provides asset services in Brazil, acts as administrator for certain investment funds in which a public pension fund for postal workers called Postalis-Instituto de Seguridade Social dos Correios e Telégrafos (“Postalis”) invested. On Aug. 22, 2014, Postalis sued DTVM in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil for losses related to a Postalis fund for which DTVM is administrator. Postalis alleges that DTVM failed to properly perform duties, including to conduct due diligence of and exert control over the manager. On March 12, 2015, Postalis filed a lawsuit in Rio de Janeiro against DTVM and BNY Mellon Administração de Ativos Ltda. (“Ativos”) alleging failure to properly perform duties relating to another fund of which DTVM is administrator and Ativos is manager. On Dec. 14, 2015, Associacão dos Profissionais dos Correios (“ADCAP”), a Brazilian postal workers association, filed a lawsuit in São Paulo against DTVM and other defendants alleging that DTVM improperly contributed to Postalis investment losses. On March 20, 2017, the lawsuit was dismissed without prejudice, and ADCAP has appealed that decision. On Dec. 17, 2015, Postalis filed three lawsuits in Rio de Janeiro against DTVM and Ativos alleging failure to properly perform duties with respect to investments in several other funds. On Feb. 4, 2016, Postalis filed a lawsuit in Brasilia against DTVM, Ativos and BNY Mellon Alocação de Patrimônio Ltda. (“Alocação de Patrimônio”), an investment management subsidiary, alleging failure to properly perform duties and liability for losses with

BNY Mellon 101
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
respect to investments in various funds of which the defendants were administrator and/or manager. On Jan. 16, 2018, the Brazilian Federal Prosecution Service (“MPF”) filed a civil lawsuit in São Paulo against DTVM alleging liability for Postalis losses based on alleged failures to properly perform certain duties as administrator to certain funds in which Postalis invested or as controller of Postalis’s own investment portfolio. On April 18, 2018, the court dismissed the lawsuit without prejudice, and the MPF has appealed that decision. In addition, the Tribunal de Contas da Uniao (“TCU”), an administrative tribunal, has initiated two proceedings with the purpose of determining liability for losses to two investment funds administered by DTVM in which Postalis was the exclusive investor. On Sept. 9, 2020, TCU rendered a decision in one of the proceedings, finding DTVM and two former Postalis directors jointly and severally liable for approximately $41.7 million. TCU also imposed on DTVM a fine of approximately $1.8 million. DTVM has filed an administrative appeal of the decision. On Oct. 4, 2019, Postalis and another pension fund filed a request for arbitration in São Paulo against DTVM and Ativos alleging liability for losses to an investment fund for which DTVM was administrator and Ativos was manager. On Oct. 25, 2019, Postalis filed a lawsuit in Rio de Janeiro against DTVM and Alocação de Patrimônio, alleging liability for losses in another fund for which DTVM was administrator and Alocação de Patrimônio and Ativos were managers. On June 19, 2020, a lawsuit was filed in federal court in Rio de Janeiro against DTVM, Postalis, and various other defendants alleging liability against DTVM for certain Postalis losses in an investment fund of which DTVM was administrator.

Brazilian Silverado Litigation
DTVM acts as administrator for the Fundo de Investimento em Direitos Creditórios Multisetorial Silverado Maximum (“Silverado Maximum Fund”), which invests in commercial credit receivables. On June 2, 2016, the Silverado Maximum Fund sued DTVM in its capacity as administrator, along with Deutsche Bank S.A. - Banco Alemão in its capacity as custodian and Silverado Gestão e Investimentos Ltda. in its capacity as investment manager. The Fund alleges that each of the defendants failed to fulfill its respective duty, and caused losses to the Fund for which the defendants are jointly and severally liable.

German Tax Matters
German authorities are investigating past “cum/ex” trading, which involved the purchase of equity securities on or shortly before the dividend date, but settled after that date, potentially resulting in an unwarranted refund of withholding tax. German authorities have taken the view that past cum/ex trading may have resulted in tax avoidance or evasion. European subsidiaries of BNY Mellon have been informed by German authorities about investigations into potential cum/ex trading by certain third-party investment funds, where one of the subsidiaries had acquired entities that served as depositary and/or fund manager for those third-party investment funds. We have received information requests from the authorities relating to pre-acquisition activity and are cooperating fully with those requests. We have not received any tax demand concerning cum/ex trading. In August 2019, the District Court of Bonn ordered that one of these subsidiaries be joined as a secondary party in connection with the prosecution of unrelated individual defendants. Trial commenced in September 2019. In March 2020, the court stated that it would refrain from taking action against the subsidiary in order to expedite the conclusion of the trial. The court convicted the unrelated individual defendants, and determined that the cum/ex trading activities of the relevant third-party investment funds were unlawful. In connection with the acquisition of the subject entities, we obtained an indemnity for liabilities from the sellers that we intend to pursue as necessary.

Note 19–Lines of business

We have an internal information system that produces performance data along product and service lines for our two principal businesses and the Other segment. The primary products and services and types of revenue for our principal businesses and a description of the Other segment are presented in Note 24 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2019 Annual Report.

Business accounting principles

Our business data has been determined on an internal management basis of accounting, rather than the generally accepted accounting principles used for consolidated financial reporting. These measurement principles are designed so that reported results of the businesses will track their economic performance.

102 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
Business results are subject to reclassification when organizational changes are made, or for refinements in revenue and expense allocation methodologies. Refinements are typically reflected on a prospective basis. There were no significant organizational changes in the second or third quarters of 2020. In the first quarter of 2020, we reclassified the results of certain services provided between the segments from noninterest expense to fee and other revenue. The intersegment activity is eliminated in the Other segment and relates to services that are also provided to third parties and provides consistency with the reporting of the revenues. This adjustment had no impact on income before taxes of the businesses. Also in the first quarter of 2020, we reclassified the results related to certain lending activities from the Wealth Management business to the Pershing business. These loans were originated by the Wealth Management business as a service to Pershing clients. This resulted in an increase in total revenue, noninterest expense and income before taxes in the Pershing business and corresponding decrease in the Wealth Management business. Prior periods were restated in the first quarter of 2020 for both reclassifications.

The accounting policies of the businesses are the same as those described in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2019 Annual Report.

The results of our businesses are presented and analyzed on an internal management reporting basis.

•Revenue amounts reflect fee and other revenue generated by each business and include revenue for services provided between the segments that are also provided to third parties. Fee and other revenue transferred between businesses under revenue transfer agreements is included within other revenue in each business.
•Revenues and expenses associated with specific client bases are included in those businesses. For example, foreign exchange activity associated with clients using custody products is included in Investment Services.
•Net interest revenue is allocated to businesses based on the yields on the assets and liabilities generated by each business. We employ a funds transfer pricing system that matches funds with the specific assets and liabilities of each business based on their interest sensitivity and maturity characteristics.
•The provision for credit losses associated with the respective credit portfolios is reflected in each business segment.
•Incentives expense related to restricted stock is allocated to the businesses.
•Support and other indirect expenses, including services provided between segments that are not provided to third parties or not subject to a revenue transfer agreement, are allocated to businesses based on internally developed methodologies and reflected in noninterest expense.
•Recurring FDIC expense is allocated to the businesses based on average deposits generated within each business.
•Litigation expense is generally recorded in the business in which the charge occurs.
•Management of the securities portfolio is a shared service contained in the Other segment. As a result, gains and losses associated with the valuation of the securities portfolio are generally included in the Other segment.
•Client deposits serve as the primary funding source for our securities portfolio. We typically allocate all interest revenue to the businesses generating the deposits. Accordingly, accretion related to the portion of the securities portfolio restructured in 2009 has been included in the results of the businesses.
•Balance sheet assets and liabilities and their related income or expense are specifically assigned to each business. Businesses with a net liability position have been allocated assets.
•Goodwill and intangible assets are reflected within individual businesses.

BNY Mellon 103
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
The following consolidating schedules present the contribution of our businesses to our overall profitability.

For the quarter ended Sept. 30, 2020Investment
Services		Investment and Wealth
Management		OtherConsolidated
(dollars in millions)
Total fee and other revenue$2,246 $871 (a)$20 $3,137 (a)
Net interest revenue (expense)681 47 (25)703 
Total revenue (loss)2,927 918 (a)(5)3,840 (a)
Provision for credit losses(10)12 7 9 
Noninterest expense2,020 661 — 2,681 
Income (loss) before income taxes$917 $245 (a)$(12)$1,150 (a)
Pre-tax operating margin (b)
31 %27 %N/M30 %
Average assets$329,324 $30,160 $55,381 $414,865 
(a)    Total fee and other revenue includes net income from consolidated investment management funds of $20 million, representing $27 million of income and noncontrolling interests of $7 million. Total revenue and income before income taxes are net of noncontrolling interests of $7 million.
(b)    Income before income taxes divided by total revenue.
N/M - Not meaningful.


For the quarter ended June 30, 2020Investment
Services		Investment and Wealth
Management		OtherConsolidated
(dollars in millions)
Total fee and other revenue$2,339 $838 (a)$38 $3,215 (a)
Net interest revenue (expense)768 48 (36)780 
Total revenue3,107 886 (a)2 3,995 (a)
Provision for credit losses145 7 (9)143 
Noninterest expense1,989 658 39 2,686 
Income (loss) before income taxes$973 $221 (a)$(28)$1,166 (a)
Pre-tax operating margin (b)
31 %25 %N/M29 %
Average assets$335,288 $30,327 $49,744 $415,359 
(a)    Total fee and other revenue includes net income from consolidated investment management funds of $39 million, representing $54 million of income and noncontrolling interests of $15 million. Total revenue and income before income taxes are net of noncontrolling interests of $15 million.
(b)    Income before income taxes divided by total revenue.
N/M - Not meaningful.


For the quarter ended Sept. 30, 2019Investment
Services		Investment and Wealth
Management		OtherConsolidated
(dollars in millions)
Total fee and other revenue (loss)$2,296 $838 (a)$(6)$3,128 (a)
Net interest revenue (expense)761 49 (80)730 
Total revenue (loss)3,057 887 (a)(86)3,858 (a)
Provision for credit losses(15)— (1)(16)
Noninterest expense1,973 592 25 2,590 
Income (loss) before income taxes$1,099 $295 (a)$(110)$1,284 (a)
Pre-tax operating margin (b)
36 %33 %N/M33 %
Average assets$269,926 $27,840 $52,913 $350,679 
(a)    Total fee and other revenue includes net income from consolidated investment management funds of $— million, representing $3 million of income and noncontrolling interests of $3 million. Total revenue and income before income taxes are net of noncontrolling interests of $3 million.
(b)    Income before income taxes divided by total revenue.
N/M - Not meaningful.



104 BNY Mellon
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
For the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2020Investment
Services		Investment and Wealth
Management		OtherConsolidated
(dollars in millions)
Total fee and other revenue$7,021 $2,555 (a)$88 $9,664 (a)
Net interest revenue (expense)2,255 147 (105)2,297 
Total revenue (loss)9,276 2,702 (a)(17)11,961 (a)
Provision for credit losses284 28 9 321 
Noninterest expense5,996 2,014 69 8,079 
Income (loss) before income taxes$2,996 $660 (a)$(95)$3,561 (a)
Pre-tax operating margin (b)
32 %24 %N/M30 %
Average assets$322,924 $30,343 $51,936 $405,203 
(a)    Total fee and other revenue includes net income from consolidated investment management funds of $39 million, representing $43 million of income and noncontrolling interests of $4 million. Total revenue and income before income taxes are net of noncontrolling interests of $4 million.
(b)    Income before income taxes divided by total revenue.
N/M - Not meaningful.


For the nine months ended Sept. 30, 2019Investment
Services		Investment and Wealth
Management		OtherConsolidated
(dollars in millions)
Total fee and other revenue$6,690 $2,561 (a)$43 $9,294 (a)
Net interest revenue (expense)2,348 175 (150)2,373 
Total revenue (loss)9,038 2,736 (a)(107)11,667 (a)
Provision for credit losses(11)(1)(5)(17)
Noninterest expense5,917 1,916 103 7,936 
Income (loss) before income taxes$3,132 $821 (a)$(205)$3,748 (a)
Pre-tax operating margin (b)
35 %30 %N/M32 %
Average assets$263,631 $29,815 $49,683 $343,129 
(a)    Total fee and other revenue includes net income from consolidated investment management funds of $22 million, representing $39 million of income and noncontrolling interests of $17 million. Total revenue and income before income taxes are net of noncontrolling interests of $17 million.
(b)    Income before income taxes divided by total revenue.
N/M - Not meaningful.


Note 20–Supplemental information to the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

Non-cash investing and financing transactions that, appropriately, are not reflected in the consolidated statement of cash flows are listed below.

Non-cash investing and financing transactionsNine months ended Sept. 30,
(in millions)20202019
Transfers from loans to other assets for other real estate owned$1 $1 
Change in assets of consolidated investment management funds343 120 
Change in liabilities of consolidated investment management funds3 13 
Change in nonredeemable noncontrolling interests of consolidated investment management funds149 102 
Securities purchased not settled846 804 
Premises and equipment/capitalized software funded by finance lease obligations— 14 
Premises and equipment/operating lease obligations126 1,440 (a)
(a)    Includes $1,244 million related to the adoption of ASU 2016-02, Leases, and $196 million related to new or modified leases.


BNY Mellon 105
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures

Our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, with participation by the members of the Disclosure Committee, has responsibility for ensuring that there is an adequate and effective process for establishing, maintaining, and evaluating disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our SEC reports is timely recorded, processed, summarized and reported and that information required to be disclosed by BNY Mellon is accumulated and communicated to BNY Mellon’s management to allow timely decisions regarding the required disclosure. In addition, our ethics hotline can also be used by employees and others for the anonymous communication of concerns about financial controls or reporting matters. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

In the ordinary course of business, we may routinely modify, upgrade or enhance our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting. There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act during the third quarter of 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.


106 BNY Mellon
Forward-looking Statements
Some statements in this Quarterly Report are forward-looking. These include all statements about the usefulness of Non-GAAP measures, the future results of BNY Mellon, our businesses, financial, liquidity and capital condition, results of operations, liquidity, risk and capital management and processes, goals, strategies, outlook, objectives, expectations (including those regarding our performance results, expenses, nonperforming assets, products, impacts of currency fluctuations, impacts of money market fee waivers, impacts of trends on our businesses, regulatory, technology, market, economic or accounting developments and the impacts of such developments on our businesses, legal proceedings and other contingencies), effective tax rate, net interest revenue, estimates (including those regarding expenses, losses inherent in our credit portfolios and capital ratios), intentions (including those regarding our capital returns and expenses, including our investments in technology and pension expense), targets, opportunities, potential actions, growth and initiatives, including the potential effects of the coronavirus pandemic on any of the foregoing.

In this report, any other report, any press release or any written or oral statement that BNY Mellon or its executives may make, words, such as “estimate,” “forecast,” “project,” “anticipate,” “likely,” “target,” “expect,” “intend,” “continue,” “seek,” “believe,” “plan,” “goal,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “may,” “might,” “will,” “strategy,” “synergies,” “opportunities,” “trends,” “future,” “potentially,” “outlook” and words of similar meaning, may signify forward-looking statements.

Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied as a result of a number of factors, including those discussed in “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report and our 2019 Annual Report, such as:

•a communications or technology disruption or failure within our infrastructure or the infrastructure of third parties that results in a loss of information, delays our ability to access information or impacts our ability to provide services to our clients may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations;
•a cybersecurity incident, or a failure to protect our computer systems, networks and information and our clients’ information against cybersecurity threats, could result in the theft, loss, unauthorized access to, disclosure, use or
alteration of information, system or network failures, or loss of access to information; any such incident or failure could adversely impact our ability to conduct our businesses, damage our reputation and cause losses;
•our business may be materially adversely affected by operational risk;
•the coronavirus pandemic is adversely affecting us and creates significant risks and uncertainties for our business, and the ultimate impact of the pandemic on us will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted;
•our risk management framework may not be effective in mitigating risk and reducing the potential for losses;
•we are subject to extensive government rulemaking, policies, regulation and supervision; these rules and regulations have, and in the future may, compel us to change how we manage our businesses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations;
•regulatory or enforcement actions or litigation could materially adversely affect our results of operations or harm our businesses or reputation;
•our businesses may be negatively affected by adverse events, publicity, government scrutiny or other reputational harm;
•failure to satisfy regulatory standards, including “well capitalized” and “well managed” status or capital adequacy and liquidity rules more generally, could result in limitations on our activities and adversely affect our business and financial condition;
•a failure or circumvention of our controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition;
•the application of our Title I preferred resolution strategy or resolution under the Title II orderly liquidation authority could adversely affect the Parent’s liquidity and financial condition and the Parent’s security holders;
•impacts from climate change, natural disasters, acts of terrorism, pandemics, global conflicts and other geopolitical events may have a negative impact on our business and operations;
•we are dependent on fee-based business for a substantial majority of our revenue and our fee-based revenues could be adversely affected by

BNY Mellon 107
Forward-looking Statements (continued)
slowing in market activity, weak financial markets, underperformance and/or negative trends in savings rates or in investment preferences;
•weakness and volatility in financial markets and the economy generally may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition;
•changes in interest rates and yield curves could have a material adverse effect on our profitability;
•transitions away from and the anticipated replacement of LIBOR and other IBORs could adversely impact our business and results of operations;
•the UK’s withdrawal from the EU may have negative effects on global economic conditions, global financial markets, and our business and results of operations;
•we may experience losses on securities related to volatile and illiquid market conditions, reducing our earnings and impacting our financial condition;
•the failure or perceived weakness of any of our significant clients or counterparties, many of whom are major financial institutions and sovereign entities, and our assumption of credit and counterparty risk, could expose us to loss and adversely affect our business;
•our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected if we do not effectively manage our liquidity;
•we could incur losses if our allowance for credit losses, including loan and lending-related commitments reserves, is inadequate;
•any material reduction in our credit ratings or the credit ratings of our principal bank subsidiaries, The Bank of New York Mellon or BNY Mellon, N.A., could increase the cost of funding and borrowing to us and our rated subsidiaries and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition and on the value of the securities we issue;
•new lines of business, new products and services or transformational or strategic project initiatives may subject us to additional risks, and the failure to implement these initiatives could affect our results of operations;

•we are subject to competition in all aspects of our business, which could negatively affect our ability to maintain or increase our profitability;
•our business may be adversely affected if we are unable to attract and retain employees;
•our strategic transactions present risks and uncertainties and could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition;
•tax law changes or challenges to our tax positions with respect to historical transactions may adversely affect our net income, effective tax rate and our overall results of operations and financial condition;
•our ability to return capital to shareholders is subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and may be limited by U.S. banking laws and regulations, including those governing capital and the approval of our capital plan, applicable provisions of Delaware law or our failure to pay full and timely dividends on our preferred stock;
•the Parent is a non-operating holding company, and as a result, is dependent on dividends from its subsidiaries and extensions of credit from its IHC to meet its obligations, including with respect to its securities, and to provide funds for share repurchases and payment of dividends to its stockholders; and
•changes in accounting standards governing the preparation of our financial statements and future events could have a material impact on our reported financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and other financial data.

Investors should consider all risk factors discussed in this Quarterly Report and our 2019 Annual Report and any subsequent reports filed with the SEC by BNY Mellon pursuant to the Exchange Act. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which such statements are made, and BNY Mellon undertakes no obligation to update any statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which such forward-looking statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. The contents of BNY Mellon’s website or any other website referenced herein are not part of this report.


108 BNY Mellon
Part II - Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

The information required by this Item is set forth in the “Legal proceedings” section in Note 18 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, which portion is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

The following discussion supplements the discussion of risk factors that could affect our business, financial condition or results of operations set forth in Part I, Item 1A., Risk Factors, on pages 75 through 99 of our 2019 Annual Report. The discussion of Risk Factors, as so supplemented, sets forth our most significant risk factors that could affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. However, other factors, besides those discussed below or in our 2019 Annual Report or other of our reports filed with or furnished to the SEC, also could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. We cannot assure you that the risk factors described below or elsewhere in this report and such other reports address all potential risks that we may face. These risk factors also serve to describe factors which may cause our results to differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements included herein or in other documents or statements that make reference to this Form 10-Q. See “Forward-looking Statements.”

The coronavirus pandemic is adversely affecting us and creates significant risks and uncertainties for our business, and the ultimate impact of the pandemic on us will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted.

The coronavirus pandemic has negatively affected the global economy, decreased liquidity in fixed income markets, created significant volatility and disruption in financial and equity markets, increased unemployment levels and disrupted businesses in many industries. This has resulted in increased demand on our transaction processing and clearance capabilities in many of our Investment Services businesses and volatility in the levels and mix of the assets under management of our Investment and Wealth Management business. Moreover, governmental actions in response to the pandemic are meaningfully influencing the interest rate environment, which has reduced, and is expected to continue to reduce, our net interest margin. As a
result, we have granted and may continue to grant money market fee waivers. The effects of the pandemic have resulted, and could continue to result, in higher and more volatile provisions for credit losses for financial instruments subject to ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, held by us. The continuing effects of the pandemic could also result in increased credit losses and charge-offs, particularly if our credit exposures increase and as more clients and customers experience credit deterioration, as well as increased risk of other asset write-downs and impairments, including, but not limited to, equity investments, goodwill and intangibles. Any of these events could potentially result in a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

In addition, reliance on work-from-home capabilities by us, our clients and other industry participants, as well as the potential inability to maintain critical staff in operational facilities due to stay-at-home orders or operational precautions across jurisdictions, illness and quarantines present heightened cybersecurity, information security and operational risks. Any disruption to our ability to deliver services to our clients and customers could result in potential liability to our clients and customers, regulatory fines, penalties or other sanctions, increased operational costs or harm to our reputation.

The pandemic has resulted in an increase in our balance sheet and volatility in risk-weighted assets, as we experience elevated deposit levels. Moreover, on March 15, 2020, we, along with the other member banks of the Financial Services Forum, announced that we would temporarily suspend share repurchases through the second quarter of 2020 to preserve capital and liquidity in order to further our objective of using our capital and liquidity to support our clients and customers. Further, in June 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that it has required participating CCAR firms, including us, to update and resubmit their capital plans and that, as a result, unless otherwise approved by the Federal Reserve, participating firms would not be permitted, during the third quarter of 2020, to conduct open market common stock repurchases, to increase their common stock dividends or to pay common stock dividends that exceed average net income for the preceding four quarters. The Federal Reserve has extended these limitations to the fourth quarter and may further extend these limitations. Our ability to resume our common stock repurchase program and maintain our

BNY Mellon 109
Part II - Other Information (continued)
common stock dividend depends on factors such as prevailing market conditions, our outlook for the economic environment, the performance of our business, the additional capital analysis required by the Federal Reserve, and whether the Federal Reserve keeps the limitations for the third and fourth quarters of 2020 in place for subsequent quarters.

The extent to which the pandemic impacts our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations, as well as our regulatory capital, will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the
scope and duration of the pandemic, the effectiveness of our work-from-home arrangements, actions taken by governmental authorities in response to the pandemic, as well as the direct and indirect impact on us, our clients and customers, and third parties. As the pandemic adversely affects the United States or the global economy, or our business, financial condition, liquidity or results of operations, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and any subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

(c)    The following table discloses repurchases of our common stock made in the third quarter of 2020. All of the Company’s preferred stock outstanding has preference over the Company’s common stock with respect to the payment of dividends.

Issuer purchases of equity securities
Share repurchases – third quarter of 2020
Total shares
repurchased as
part of a publicly
announced plan
or program
Maximum approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the publicly announced plans or programs at Sept. 30, 2020
(dollars in millions, except per share amounts; common shares in thousands)Total shares
repurchased		Average price
per share
July 2020$5 $37.41 $5 N/A
August 20202 37.96 2 N/A
September 20208 35.81 8 N/A
Third quarter of 2020 (a)
15 $36.65 15 N/A(b)
(a)    Reflects shares repurchased from employees, primarily in connection with the employees’ payment of taxes upon the vesting of restricted stock.
(b)    The Federal Reserve has announced that it will conduct additional analysis for all participating CCAR firms later this year and will not allow participating firms to make open market common stock repurchases during the third or fourth quarter of 2020. We are permitted to continue to repurchase shares from employees, primarily in connection with the employees’ payment of taxes upon the vesting of restricted stock.
N/A - Not applicable.

In June 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that it has required participating Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (“CCAR”) firms, including us, to update and resubmit their capital plans and that, as a result, unless otherwise approved by the Federal Reserve, participating firms were not permitted to conduct open market common stock repurchase in the third quarter of 2020. On Sept. 30, 2020, the Federal Reserve extended the limitation on open market common stock repurchase through the fourth quarter of 2020.

BNY Mellon intends to resume the common stock repurchase program as early as possible, depending on factors such as prevailing market conditions, our outlook for the economic environment and the additional capital analysis required by the Federal Reserve.
Share repurchases may be executed through open market repurchases, in privately negotiated transactions or by other means, including through repurchase plans designed to comply with Rule 10b5-1 and other derivative, accelerated share
repurchase and other structured transactions. The timing and exact amount of any common stock repurchases will depend on various factors, including market conditions and the common stock trading price; the Company’s capital position, liquidity and financial performance; alternative uses of capital; and legal and regulatory considerations.

Item 6. Exhibits.

The list of exhibits required to be filed as exhibits to this report appears below.

110 BNY Mellon
Index to Exhibits
Exhibit No.DescriptionMethod of Filing
3.1Previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-52710) as filed with the Commission on July 2, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.2Previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-52710) as filed with the Commission on July 5, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.3Previously filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8A12B (File No. 001-35651) as filed with the Commission on Sept. 14, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.4Previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-35651) as filed with the Commission on May 16, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.5

Previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-35651) as filed with the Commission on April 28, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.6Previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-35651) as filed with the Commission on Aug. 1, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.7Previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-35651) as filed with the Commission on May 19, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.8Previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-35651) as filed with the Commission on Nov. 3, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.9Previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-35651) as filed with the Commission on April 10, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.10Previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-35651) as filed with the Commission on Feb. 13, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference.

BNY Mellon 111
Index to Exhibits (continued)

Exhibit No.DescriptionMethod of Filing
4.1
None of the instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of the Parent or any of its subsidiaries represented long-term debt in excess of 10% of the total assets of the Company as of Sept. 30, 2020. The Company hereby agrees to furnish to the Commission, upon request, a copy of any such instrument.
N/A
10.1Filed herewith.
10.2Filed herewith.
31.1Filed herewith.
31.2Filed herewith.
32.1Furnished herewith.
32.2Furnished herewith.
101.INSInline XBRL Instance Document.The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.Filed herewith.
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.Filed herewith.
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.Filed herewith.
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.Filed herewith.
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.Filed herewith.
104
The cover page of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended Sept. 30, 2020, formatted in inline XBRL.
The cover page interactive data file is embedded within the inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101.



112 BNY Mellon






SIGNATURE








Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.








THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON CORPORATION
(Registrant)

Date: November 5, 2020By:/s/ Kurtis R. Kurimsky
Kurtis R. Kurimsky
Corporate Controller
(Duly Authorized Officer and
Principal Accounting Officer of
the Registrant)



BNY Mellon 113

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