DSS, Inc. (Document Security Systems) - 10-K annual report 2025

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form10-K

☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

or

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________ to __________

Commission file number 001-32146

DSS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

275 Wiregrass Pkwy

Henrietta,New York 14586

(Address of principal executive offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ☐ NO ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. YES ☐ NO ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant computed by reference to the price at which the common stock was last sold, as reported on the NYSE American LLC exchange on June 30, 2025 was $2,767,603.

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding as of March 12, 2026, was 9,992,518.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

None.

DSS, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES

Table of Contents

PART I

ITEM 1 - BUSINESS

Overview

DSS, Inc. together with its consolidated subsidiaries (unless the context otherwise requires), referred to herein as “DSS,” “we,” “us,” “our” or the “Company”, currently operates four distinct business lines operate around the globe with primary operations in North America and Asia. The four divisions are:

Each of these business lines are in various stages of development, growth, and income generation. Due to these variations in the business cycle, including differences in revenue and assets acquired, the Company is currently reporting financial information for four of these operating segments:

As the other divisions grow and start generating material operations and revenue, those operating segments may be added to our financial segmental reporting.

Our divisions, their business lines, subsidiaries, and operating territories:

2025 RECAP

The following is a summary of the DSS reported transactions and investments since January 2025 that reflect the active advancements and investments in these business lines:

February 3, 2025 – DSS, Inc. issued a Letter to Shareholders outlining management’s strategic priorities for 2025, including operational efficiency, portfolio optimization, capital discipline, and long-term value creation initiatives.

February 26, 2025 – DSS, Inc. announced the sale of its Celios® air purification asset to Impact BioMedical Inc. in an all-equity transaction valued at approximately $1.15 million. The transaction was completed as part of the Company’s portfolio streamlining efforts.

April 24, 2025 – Sentinel Brokers Company, Inc., a FINRA-registered broker-dealer subsidiary of DSS, Inc., announced that it received FINRA approval to act as an underwriter and selling group member for corporate securities offerings, including IPOs and follow-on offerings.

May 22, 2025 – DSS, Inc. reported financial results for the first quarter ended March 31, 2025. The Company reported year-over-year revenue growth, increased printed product sales within the Product Packaging segment, increased rental income within its real estate portfolio, and the completion of the sale of its Plano, Texas facility for $9.5 million. The Company disclosed that a portion of the proceeds was used to reduce outstanding debt.

June 24, 2025 – DSS, Inc.’s subsidiary, Impact BioMedical Inc., announced that it entered into a definitive merger agreement with Dr. Ashleys Limited. The transaction was structured as a reverse merger and, if consummated, is expected to result in a combined public entity listed on the NYSE American.

STRATEGIC BUSINESS PLAN AND PROGRESSION

Here we highlight three specific developments:

As DSS, Inc. enters a new chapter, our strategic focus is to optimize operational efficiencies, realign resources, and position the Company for sustainable long-term growth. This approach has already yielded meaningful results, as demonstrated in our most recent earnings report. Below, we outline our key initiatives moving forward:

Strategic Focus for Revenue Growth and Operational Excellence

Cost Structure Optimization and Operational Efficiency

Driving Innovation for Competitive Advantage

Maximizing Shareholder Value Through Disciplined Growth

Three-Stage Development for Exponential Growth

For every completed acquisition, and taking into consideration market conditions and other constraints, we adhere to a well-structured three-stage development process with the goal of maximizing value creation and propelling our growth by expanding our capabilities, strength, and scale.

Stage 1: Asset Acquisition and Organizational Development. In this initial phase, our focus lies in identifying and acquiring assets, vehicles, asset structures, and assembling the necessary talent and organizations. This strategic step serves as the strong foundation upon which we build future growth.

Stage 2: Revenue Generation and Operational Excellence. Our second stage revolves around driving revenue through diverse channels, including revenue streams, licensing, and other scalable sources. Our primary objective during this phase is the creation of efficient and well-operating businesses that excel in operational performance.

Stage 3: Profitability and Positive EBITDA The third and final stage focuses on achieving positive EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization) and profitability. This is realized through the optimization of business operations, capitalizing on scale and efficiency to generate sustained profits.

Growth Strategies

IPOs as a Growth Strategy: Our company has plans to pursue Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) as a means to share its success with shareholders. We aim to take our businesses public once they reach an optimal point for effective leverage and meet internal goals and expectations.

Decentralized Sharing Model: We firmly believe in our unique decentralized sharing model, combined with the three-stage development process, to create substantial shareholder value. This model involves distributing dividends from potential IPOs directly to benefit shareholders.

In summary, our strategy delineates a methodical approach encompassing asset acquisition, revenue generation, operational efficiency, profitability, and ultimately, taking businesses public through IPOs to reward our shareholders. We place a strong emphasis on our decentralized sharing model, ensuring that the benefits of our success are shared directly with our valued shareholders.

Premier Packaging Strategic Update and Progression

Premier Packaging Corp. is focusing on its core competencies and growth areas for 2025 and 2026, with a strong emphasis on expanding into targeted markets while enhancing internal capabilities. Here’s an update on the Company’s focus areas and plans:

Focus Areas & Growth Markets

Key Strategic Initiatives for 2026

These strategic initiatives will be instrumental in positioning the company for sustained growth, profitability, and shareholder value in 2026 and beyond.

Impact BioMedical, Inc. IPO: A Key Milestone for DSS, Inc.

In 2024, Impact BioMedical, Inc., a subsidiary of DSS, Inc., achieved a significant milestone with the successful completion of its initial public offering (IPO). This event marks a pivotal moment in the strategic evolution of DSS, Inc., reflecting our commitment to creating long-term shareholder value and providing a solid foundation for continued growth within the biotechnology and biomedical sectors.

IPO Overview

Impact BioMedical’s IPO, which was finalized in the latter half of 2024, resulted in the company being listed on a recognized public exchange. This public offering raised substantial capital, enabling Impact BioMedical to further accelerate its expansion into cutting-edge biomedical technologies, which align with the growing demand for advanced healthcare solutions. The funds raised from the IPO will be allocated to advancing R&D initiatives, scaling production capabilities, and enhancing market penetration.

Strategic Importance for DSS, Inc.

The successful IPO of Impact BioMedical is not only a significant achievement for the subsidiary but also serves as a key strategic move for DSS, Inc. By spinning off Impact BioMedical and enabling it to operate as an independent public company, DSS has effectively unlocked the value inherent in this high-potential subsidiary, providing both entities with the flexibility to pursue their respective growth trajectories. The IPO also enhances DSS’s ability to focus on its core operations while benefiting from any future financial or strategic synergies with Impact BioMedical.

Financial and Market Impact

The completion of Impact BioMedical’s IPO reflects a robust market appetite for innovative biotech companies with strong growth prospects. For DSS, Inc., the IPO has led to increased market visibility and raised investor confidence in our broader portfolio. The capital infusion into Impact BioMedical, combined with the increased operational independence of the subsidiary, positions both DSS, Inc. and Impact BioMedical for sustainable growth in the rapidly evolving biomedical sector.

Sentinel Brokers Company

Sentinel Brokers Company (“Sentinel Brokers” or “Sentinel”), a majority owned subsidiary of the Company, operates as a registered broker-dealer and is subject to regulation by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). During the year ended December 31, 2025, Sentinel Brokers continued to maintain its regulatory standing and focused on compliance infrastructure, supervisory controls, and operational readiness. The Company evaluated strategic opportunities to expand broker-dealer activities, including capital markets transactions, including IPOs and follow on offerings, and related advisory services, consistent with applicable regulatory requirements.

2026 Strategic Focus

For 2026, Sentinel Brokers intends to:

Reporting Operating Segments:

The Company reports its segment information to reflect the manner in which the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) reviews and assesses performance. The Company’s Interim Chief Executive Officer has responsibilities as the CODM and reviews and assess the performance of the Company as a whole. The primary financial measures used by the CODM to evaluate performance and allocate resources are net income (loss) and operating income (loss). The CODM uses net income (loss) and operating income (loss) to evaluate the performance of the Company’s ongoing operations and as part of the Company’s internal planning and forecasting processes. Information on Net income (loss) and Operating income (loss) is disclosed in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Segment expenses and other segment items are provided to the CODM on the same basis as disclosed in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The CODM does not evaluate performance or allocate resources based on segment assets, and therefore such information is not presented in the notes to the financial statements. During the fourth quarter of 2025, we realigned our internal reporting to better reflect how management reviews operating results and allocates resources. As a result of this CODM realignment, Direct Marketing is no longer a reportable segment and is now reported within Corporate and Other. This change did not impact consolidated revenue, consolidated net income (loss), total assets, or cash flows for any period presented; it only impacted the presentation of segment information. Segment information for prior periods presented has been recast to conform to the current-period segment presentation.

As we have reported above, we financially report business operating results on four operating segments, which we believe will certainly increase and transition as the newer lines of business develop and mature. DSS’s operating segments in 2025 highlight the Company’s ongoing commitment to innovation and diversification. Each segment is strategically positioned for growth, with Premier Packaging and Commercial Lending continuing to evolve and adapt to market demands. The Securities and Investment Management segment remains a key pillar of our growth strategy, with expanding initiatives that include real estate investment, digital securities, and wealth management solutions. As DSS continues to evolve and execute its strategic objectives, it is well-positioned to deliver sustained value to its shareholders and customers across these key business lines. The four business segments that we are reporting on in 2025 are as follows:

Product Packaging: Our wholly-owned subsidiary Premier Packaging Corporation (“Premier”), provides custom packaging services and serves clients in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, consumer goods, beverage, specialty foods, confections, photo packaging and direct marketing industries, among others. The group also provides active and intelligent packaging and document security printing services for end-user customers. In addition, the division produces a wide array of printed materials, such as folding cartons and paperboard packaging, security paper, vital records, prescription paper, birth certificates, receipts, identification materials, entertainment tickets, secure coupons and parts tracking forms. The division also provides resources and production equipment for our ongoing research and development of security printing, brand protection, consumer engagement and related technologies.

Commercial Lending: (“Commercial Lending”) through its operating company, American Pacific Financial, Inc. (“APF”) represents our financing business line. is organized for the purposes of being a financial network holding company, focused providing commercial loans and on acquiring equity positions in (i) undervalued commercial bank(s), bank holding companies and nonbanking licensed financial companies operating in the United States, South East Asia, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea, and (ii) companies engaged in—nonbanking activities closely related to banking, including loan syndication services, mortgage banking, trust and escrow services, banking technology, loan servicing, equipment leasing, problem asset management, SPAC (special purpose acquisition company) consulting, and advisory capital raising services. From this financial platform, the Company shall provide an integrated suite of financial services for businesses that shall include commercial business lines of credit, land development financing, inventory financing, third party loan servicing, and services that address the financial needs of the world Gig Economy.

Biotechnology:(“Biotech”) targets unmet, urgent medical needs and expands the borders of medical and pharmaceutical science. Biotech drives mission-oriented research, development, and commercialization of solutions for medical advances in human wellness and healthcare. By leveraging technology and new science with strategic partnerships, Biotech provides advances in drug discovery for the prevention, inhibition, and treatment of neurological, oncology and immuno-related diseases. Other exciting technologies include a breakthrough alternative sugar aimed to combat diabetes and functional fragrance formulations aimed at the industrial and medical industry.

Biotech has several important and valuable products, technology or compounds that are in continuing development and/or licensing stages:

Securities and Investment Management: (“Securities”) Securities was established to develop and/or acquire assets in the securities trading or management arena, and to pursue, among other product and service lines, real estate investment funds, broker dealers, and mutual funds management. This business sector has already established the following business lines/investments and associated products and services:

Intellectual Property

We strive to protect the intellectual property that we believe is important to our business, including seeking and maintaining patent protection intended to cover the composition of matter of our product candidates, their methods of use, their methods of production, related technologies and other inventions. In addition to patent protection, we also rely on trade secrets to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection, including certain aspects of technical know-how.

Patents

Impact Biomedical Inc. has nine (9) patents issued, and over forty (40) patents pending worldwide with expiration of US patents between 2029 and 2040. Pending patents could extend this exclusivity period in all regions.

The issued and allowed patents include composition and method of application for Linebacker, Equivir, 3F (Functional Fragrance), and Laetose.

Trademarks

We have several trademarks related to our DSS, Inc. businesses, which support the protection of our brand and products in various markets. These trademarks are critical to maintaining the distinctiveness and recognition of our offerings.

Websites:

The primary corporate website we maintain is www.dssworld.com. Our other sites are:

Premier Packaging: https://www.premiercustompkg.com

Impact Biomedical: https://www.impactbiomedinc.com

DSS PureAir, Inc.: https://dsspureair.com/

In addition to the active websites, the Company is building multiple new sites and owns several other domain names reserved for future use or for strategic competitive reasons. Information on our websites or any other website does not constitute a part of this annual report.

Markets and Competition

Product Packaging: In our packaging division, we face competition from a wide range of national and regional companies, many of which operate independently and are privately held. The competition is primarily concentrated in the consumer-packaged goods and health and beauty sectors, with major players including prominent integrated paper companies such as WestRock Company and Graphic Packaging Holding Company. Competition is based on pricing, quality, service, regulatory compliance, sustainability, and turnaround time.

Commercial Lending: American Pacific Financial, our commercial lending company, offers a comprehensive range of financial services tailored to businesses. Our services encompass commercial business lines of credit, land development financing, inventory financing, third-party loan servicing, and solutions designed to meet the diverse financial requirements of various business sectors. In this competitive landscape, APF competes with a wide array of traditional commercial banks and investment banking firms.

Biotechnology: This segment is dedicated to the discovery, confirmation, and patenting of unique scientific advancements and technologies, which lead to innovative solutions in the realm of human healthcare and wellness. It collaborates closely with licensing partners, engages in co-development initiatives, forms joint ventures, and nurtures other valuable relationships to effectively introduce these groundbreaking solutions to the market. Within this competitive landscape, we face competition from other biotechnology firms and research institutions that are also pursuing cutting-edge advancements in healthcare, wellness, and related technologies.

Securities and Investment Management: Was established to develop and/or acquire assets in the securities trading or management arena. This business unit faces competition from individual money managers, established financial institutions, and organizations that engage in securities trading and management, including Broker-Dealers. Additionally, the division competes with Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), private equity firms, and other personal investment companies that offer similar investment opportunities and financial products to individual and institutional clients.

Customers

As of December 31, 2025, one customer accounted for approximately 29% of our consolidated revenue. As of December 31, 2024, one customer accounted for approximately 22% of our consolidated revenue and second customer accounted for approximately 13% of our consolidated revenue.

Securities and Investment Management: Our Securities and Investment Management division has a mixture of retail and institutional investors.

Raw Materials

Product Packaging: The primary raw materials used in our packaging business are paper, paperboard, and ink. We work closely with leading suppliers to maximize purchasing efficiencies, utilizing a diverse range of paper grades, formats, ink formulations, and colors to meet the needs of our products. Sustainability in procurement is a critical focus for the Company. We not only ensure that our suppliers meet rigorous sustainability standards, but we are also committed to continuous internal improvements in sustainability practices. We are proactively setting high standards for sustainability and working with our supply chain partners to ensure these standards are met, contributing to the overall progress and compliance within the industry.

Environmental Compliance

The Company is committed to conducting its operations in full compliance with all applicable environmental laws, regulations, and other requirements. While the potential impact of future environmental matters, including remediation efforts and compliance initiatives, cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes that adherence to current environmental protection laws, excluding any potential recoveries from third parties, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position, or cash flows. The Company remains focused on maintaining environmental responsibility while managing any future environmental liabilities in a prudent and cost-effective manner.

Government Regulation

Our biotechnology business is faced with potential government regulations. If new legislation, regulations, or rules are implemented either by Congress, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (the “USPTO”), or the courts that impact the patent application process, the patent enforcement process or the rights of patent holders, these changes could negatively affect our patent monetization efforts and, in turn, our assets, expenses and revenue. United States patent laws have been amended by the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act. The America Invents Act includes several significant changes to U.S. patent law. In general, the legislation attempts to address issues surrounding the enforceability of patents and the increase in patent litigation by, among other things, establishing new procedures for patent litigation. For example, the America Invents Act changes the way that parties may be joined in patent infringement actions, increasing the likelihood that such actions will need to be brought against individual parties allegedly infringing by their respective individual actions or activities. In addition, the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) has conducted reviews of the patent system to evaluate the impact of patent assertion entities, such as our Company, on industries in which those patents relate. It is possible that the findings and recommendations of the DOJ could adversely impact our ability to effectively license and enforce standards-essential patents and could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the enforcement of any such patented technologies.

Moreover, new rules regarding the burden of proof in patent enforcement actions could significantly increase the cost of our enforcement actions, and new standards or limitations on liability for patent infringement could negatively impact our revenue derived from such enforcement actions.

Corporate History

The Company, incorporated in the state of New York in May 1984 has formally conducted business in the name of Document Security Systems, Inc. On September 16, 2021, the board of directors approved an agreement and plan of merger with a wholly owned subsidiary, DSS, Inc. (a New York corporation, incorporated in August 2020), for the sole purpose of effecting a rebranding from Document Security Systems, Inc. to DSS, Inc. This change became effective on September 30, 2021. DSS, Inc. maintained the same trading symbol “DSS” and updated its CUSIP number to 26253C-102. In January 2024, in conjunction with a reverse split, DSS now operates under the CUSIP 26253C 201. See the “Overview” section above for further details about our acquisitions.

Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2025, DSS, Inc. had 102 employees. We continue to retain and attract qualified management and technical personnel. Our employees are not covered by any collective bargaining agreement, and we believe that our relations with our employees are in good standing.

Available information

Our website address is www.dssworld.com. Information on our website is not incorporated herein by reference. We make available free of charge through our website our press releases, Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission.

ITEM 1A – RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves risk. Before deciding whether to invest in our common stock, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below. There may be other unknown or unpredictable economic, business, competitive, regulatory or other factors that could have material adverse effects on our future results. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, business prospects, financial condition or results of operations could be seriously harmed. This could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline, resulting in a loss of all or part of your investment. Please also read carefully the section contained in Part II, Item 7, below, entitled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

We have identified the following risks and uncertainties that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations in the future. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also significantly impair our business operations. If any of these risks occur, our business, results of operations or financial condition could suffer, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment in our common stock.

The value of our intangible assets and investments may not be equal to their carrying values.

As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $17.0 million of net intangible assets. Approximately $17.0 million is associated with Impact Biomedical, Inc. The Company has completed valuations for certain developed technology assets acquired in the transaction as well as the non-controlling interest portion of Impact BioMedical, Inc. and its subsidiaries. If licensing efforts are not successful, the values of these assets could be reduced. We are required to evaluate the carrying value of such intangibles and goodwill and the fair value of investments whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an intangible asset, including goodwill, and investment may not be recoverable. If any of our intangible assets, goodwill or investments are deemed to be impaired then it will result in a significant reduction of the operating results in such period.

We have secured indebtedness, and a potential risk exists that we may be unable to satisfy our obligations to pay interest and principal thereon when due or negotiate acceptable extensions or settlements.

We have outstanding indebtedness (described below), most of which is secured by assets of various DSS subsidiaries and guaranteed by the Company. Given our history of operating losses and our cash position, there is a risk that we may not be able to repay indebtedness when due. If we were to default on any of our other indebtedness that require payments of cash to settle such default and we do not receive an extension or a waiver from the creditor and the creditor were to foreclose on the secured assets, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

As of December 31, 2025, we had the following significant amounts of outstanding indebtedness:

A significant amount of our revenue is derived by one customers.

As of December 31, 2025, one customers accounted for approximately 29% of our consolidated revenue. As of December 31, 2025, five customers accounted for 19%, 18%, 13%, 12% and 11% of our trade accounts receivable balance. If we were to lose this customer or if the amount of business we do with this customer declines significantly, our business would be adversely affected. As of December 31, 2024, two customers accounted for approximately 22% and 13% of our consolidated revenue and these two customers accounted for approximately 29% and 20% of our consolidated trade accounts receivable balance.

We may face intellectual property infringement or other claims against us, our customers or our intellectual property that could be costly to defend and result in our loss of significant rights.

Although we have received patents with respect to certain of our core business technologies, there can be no assurance that these patents will afford us any meaningful protection. Although we believe that our use of the technology and products we have developed, and other trade secrets used in our operations do not infringe upon the rights of others, our use of the technology and trade secrets we developed may infringe upon the patents or intellectual property rights of others. In the event of infringement, we could, under certain circumstances, be required to obtain a license or modify aspects of the technology and trade secrets we developed or refrain from using the same. We may not be able to successfully terminate any infringement in a timely manner, upon acceptable terms and conditions or at all. Failure to do any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our operations and our financial condition. Moreover, if the patents, technology, or trade secrets we developed or use in our business are deemed to infringe upon the rights of others, we could, under certain circumstances, become liable for damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and our financial condition. As we continue to market our products, we could encounter patent barriers that are not known today. A patent search may not disclose all related applications that are currently pending in the United States Patent Office, and there may be one or more such pending applications that would take precedence over any or all of our applications.

Furthermore, third parties may assert that our intellectual property rights are invalid, which could result in significant expenditures by us to refute such assertions. If we become involved in litigation, we could lose our proprietary rights, be subject to damages and incur substantial unexpected operating expenses. Intellectual property litigation is expensive and time-consuming, even if the claims are subsequently proven unfounded, and could divert management’s attention from our business. If there is a successful claim of infringement, we may not be able to develop non-infringing technology or enter into royalty or license agreements on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unsuccessful in defending claims that our intellectual property rights are invalid, we may not be able to enter into royalty or license agreements on acceptable terms, if at all.

Certain of our recently developed products are not yet commercially accepted and there can be no assurance that those products will be accepted, which would adversely affect our financial results.

We’ve acquired several patents in the bio-health field through our acquisition if Impact Biomedical, Inc. Our business plan includes plans to incur significant marketing, intellectual property development and sales costs for the bio-health related products. If we are not able to develop and sell these new products, our financial results will be adversely affected.

The results of our research and development efforts are uncertain and there can be no assurance of the commercial success of our products.

We believe that we will need to continue to incur research and development expenditures to remain competitive. The products we are currently developing or may develop in the future may not be technologically successful. In addition, the length of our product development cycle may be greater than we originally expected, and we may experience delays in future product development. If our resulting products are not technologically successful, they may not achieve market acceptance or compete effectively with our competitors’ products.

The markets in which we operate are highly competitive, and we may not be able to compete effectively, especially against established industry competitors with greater market presence and financial resources.

Our markets are highly competitive and characterized by rapid technological change and product innovations. Our competitors may have advantages over us because of their longer operating histories, more established products, greater name recognition, larger customer bases, and greater financial, technical and marketing resources. As a result, they may be able to adapt more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements and devote greater resources to the promotion and sale of their products. Competition may also force us to decrease the price of our products and services. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in developing and introducing new technology on a timely basis, new products with enhanced features, or that these products, if introduced, will enable us to establish selling prices and gross margins at profitable levels.

If we are unable to respond to regulatory or industry standards effectively, our growth and development could be delayed or limited.

Our future success will depend in part on our ability to enhance and improve the functionality and features of our products and services in accordance with regulatory or industry standards. Our ability to compete effectively will depend in part on our ability to influence and respond to emerging industry governmental standards in a timely and cost-effective manner. If we are unable to influence these or other standards or respond to these or other standards effectively, our growth and development of various products and services could be delayed or limited.

Breaches in security, whether cyber or physical, and other disruptions and/or our inability to prevent or respond to such breaches, could diminish our ability to generate revenues or contain costs, compromise our assets, and negatively impact our business in other ways.

We face certain security threats, including threats to our information technology infrastructure, attempts to gain access to our proprietary or classified information, and threats to physical and cyber security. Our information technology networks and related systems are critical to the operation of our business and essential to our ability to successfully perform day-to-day operations. The risks of a security breach, cyber-attack, cyber intrusion, or disruption, particularly through actions taken by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, have increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Although we have acquired and developed systems and processes designed to protect our proprietary and/or classified information, they may not be sufficient and the failure to prevent these types of events could disrupt our operations, require significant management attention and resources, and could negatively impact our reputation among our customers and the public, which could have a negative impact on our financial condition, and weaken our results of operations and liquidity.

Our investments in Asia are subject to unique risks and uncertainties, including tariffs and trade restrictions.

Our investment in Alset International Limited, presents risks including, but not limited to, changes in share price of investments, changes in local regulatory requirements, changes in labor laws, local wage laws, environmental regulations, taxes and operating licenses, compliance with U.S. regulatory requirements, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, uncertainties as to application and interpretation of local laws and enforcement of contract and intellectual property rights, currency restrictions, currency exchange controls, fluctuations of currency, and currency revaluations, eminent domain claims, civil unrest, power outages, water shortages, labor shortages, labor disputes, increase in labor costs, rapid changes in government, economic and political policies, political or civil unrest, acts of terrorism, or the threat of boycotts, other civil disturbances and the possible impact of the imposition of tariffs as a result of the tariff dispute between the U.S. and China as well as any retaliating trade policies or restrictions. Any such disruptions could depress our earnings and have other material adverse effects on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Future growth in our business could make it difficult to manage our resources.

Future business expansion could place a significant strain on our management, administrative and financial resources. Significant growth in our business may require us to implement additional operating, product development and financial controls, improve coordination among marketing, product development and finance functions, increase capital expenditures and hire additional personnel. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully manage any substantial expansion of our business, including attracting and retaining qualified personnel. Any failure to properly manage our future growth could negatively impact our business and operating results.

If we fail to retain certain of our key personnel and attract and retain additional qualified personnel, we might not be able to remain competitive, continue to expand our technology or pursue growth.

Our future success depends upon the continued service of certain of our executive officers and other key personnel who possess longstanding industry relationships and technical knowledge of our products and operations. Although we believe that our relationship with these individuals is positive, there can be no assurance that the services of these individuals will continue to be available to us in the future. There can be no assurance that these persons will agree to continue to be employed by us after the expiration dates of their current contracts.

We have identified weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting structure; any material weaknesses may cause errors in our financial statements that could require restatements of our financial statements and investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could lead to a decline in our stock price.

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires us to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of each year, and to include a management report assessing the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in each Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have had previously identified weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting following management’s annual assessment of internal controls over financial reporting and, as a result of that assessment, management had concluded our controls associated may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends.

We do not intend to declare or pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will retain any earnings and other cash resources for investment in our business. The payment of dividends on our common stock is subject to the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our operations, financial position, financial requirements, general business conditions, restrictions imposed by financing arrangements, if any, legal restrictions on the payment of dividends and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant.

We may seek to develop additional new inventions and intellectual property, which would take time and would be costly. Moreover, the failure to obtain or maintain intellectual property rights for such inventions would lead to the loss of our investments in such activities.

Part of our business may include the development of new inventions and intellectual property that we would seek to monetize. However, this aspect of our business would likely require significant capital and would take time to achieve. Such activities could also distract our management team from our present business initiatives, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business. There is also the risk that these initiatives would not yield any viable new inventions or technology, which would lead to a loss of our investments in time and resources in such activities.

In addition, even if we are able to develop new inventions, in order for those inventions to be viable and to compete effectively, we would need to develop and maintain, and we would heavily rely on, a proprietary position with respect to such inventions and intellectual property. However, there are significant risks associated with any such intellectual property we may develop principally including the following:

We cannot be certain that patents will be issued as a result of any future applications, or that any of our patents, once issued, will provide us with adequate protection from competing products. For example, issued patents may be circumvented or challenged, declared invalid or unenforceable, or narrowed in scope. In addition, since publication of discoveries in scientific or patent literature often lags behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that it will be the first to make our additional new inventions or to file patent applications covering those inventions. It is also possible that others may have or may obtain issued patents that could prevent us from commercializing our products or require us to obtain licenses requiring the payment of significant fees or royalties in order to enable us to conduct our business. As to those patents that we may license or otherwise monetize, our rights will depend on maintaining our obligations to the licensor under the applicable license agreement, and we may be unable to do so. Our failure to obtain or maintain intellectual property rights for our inventions would lead to the loss of our investments in such activities, which would have a material and adverse effect on our business.

Moreover, patent application delays could cause delays in recognizing revenue from our internally generated patents and could cause us to miss opportunities to license patents before other competing technologies are developed or introduced into the market.

Changes in the laws and regulations to which we are subject may increase our costs.

We are subject to numerous laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, environmental and health and welfare benefit regulations, as well as those associated with being a public company. These rules and regulations may be changed by local, state, provincial, national or foreign governments or agencies. Such changes may result in significant increases in our compliance costs. Compliance with changes in rules and regulations could require increases to our workforce, and could result in increased costs for services, compensation and benefits, and investment in new or upgraded equipment.

Declines in general economic conditions or acts of war and terrorism may adversely impact our business.

Demand for printing services is typically correlated with general economic conditions. The prolonged decline in United States economic conditions associated with the great recession adversely impacted our business and results of operations and may do so again. The overall business climate of our industry may also be impacted by domestic and foreign wars or acts of terrorism, which events may have sudden and unpredictable adverse impacts on demand for our products and services.

If we fail to comply with the continued listing standards of the NYSE American LLC Exchange, it may result in a delisting of our common stock from the exchange.

Our common stock is currently listed for trading on the NYSE American LLC Exchange (“NYSE American”), and the continued listing of our common stock on the NYSE American is subject to our compliance with a number of listing standards.

If our common stock were no longer listed on the NYSE American, investors might only be able to trade our shares on the OTC Bulletin Board ® or in the Pink Sheets ® (a quotation medium operated by Pink Sheets LLC). This would impair the liquidity of our common stock not only in the number of shares that could be bought and sold at a given price, which might be depressed by the relative illiquidity, but also through delays in the timing of transactions and reduction in media coverage.

If we are delisted from the NYSE American, your ability to sell your shares of our common stock may be limited by the penny stock restrictions, which could further limit the marketability of your shares.

If our common stock is delisted from the NYSE American, it could come within the definition of a “penny stock” as defined in the Exchange Act and could be covered by Rule 15g-9 of the Exchange Act. That rule imposes additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell securities to persons other than established customers and accredited investors. For transactions covered by Rule 15g-9, the broker-dealer must make a special suitability determination for the purchaser and receive the purchaser’s written agreement to the transaction prior to the sale. Consequently, Rule 15g-9, if it were to become applicable, would affect the ability or willingness of broker-dealers to sell our securities, and accordingly would affect the ability of stockholders to sell their securities in the public market. These additional procedures could also limit our ability to raise additional capital in the future.

If our common stock is not listed on a national securities exchange, compliance with applicable state securities laws may be required for certain offers, transfers and sales of the shares of our common stock.

Because our common stock is listed on the NYSE American, we are not required to register or qualify in any state the offer, transfer or sale of the common stock. If our common stock is delisted from the NYSE American and is not eligible to be listed on another national securities exchange, sales of stock pursuant to the exercise of warrants and transfers of the shares of our common stock sold by us in private placements to U.S. holders may not be exempt from state securities laws. In such event, it will be the responsibility of us in the case of warrant exercises or the holder of privately placed shares to register or qualify the shares for any offer, transfer or sale in the United States or to determine that any such offer, transfer or sale is exempt under applicable state securities laws.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they change their recommendations regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. Our research coverage by industry and financial analysts is currently limited. Even if our analyst coverage increases, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Because certain of our stockholders control a significant number of shares of our common stock, they may have effective control over actions requiring stockholder approval.

As of February 15, 2026 our directors, executive officers and principal stockholders (those beneficially owning in excess of 5%), and their respective affiliates, beneficially own approximately 68% of our outstanding shares of common stock. As a result, these stockholders, acting together, could have the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. As such, these stockholders, acting together, could have the ability to exert influence over the management and affairs of our company. Accordingly, this concentration of ownership might harm the market price of our common stock by: delaying, deferring or preventing a change in corporate control; impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving us; or discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

Additional financing or future equity issuances may result in future dilution to our shareholders.

We expect that we will need to raise additional funds in the future to finance our internal growth, our merger and acquisition plans, investment activities, continued research and product development, and for other reasons. Any required additional financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, you may experience significant dilution of your ownership interest and the newly issued securities may have rights senior to those of the holders of our common stock. The price per share at which we sell additional securities in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share in this offering. Alternatively, if we raise additional funds by obtaining loans from third parties, the terms of those financing arrangements may include negative covenants or other restrictions on our business that could impair our operational flexibility and would also require us to fund additional interest expense. If adequate additional financing is not available when required or is not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully execute our business plan.

ITEM 1B – UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C - CYBERSECURITY

We have a range of security measures that are designed to protect against the unauthorized access to and misappropriation of our information, corruption of data, intentional or unintentional disclosure of confidential information, or disruption of operations. These security measures include controls, security processes and monitoring of our manufacturing systems. We have cloud security tools and governance processes designed to assess, identify and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats. In addition, we maintain an information security training program designed to address phishing and email security, password security, data handling security, cloud security, operational technology security processes, and cyber-incident response and reporting processes.

Our approach to cybersecurity is proactive and multifaceted, combining the scalability and reliability of the Microsoft cloud services with the agility and expertise of our third-party cybersecurity partner. Together, these resources form a comprehensive defense mechanism against a wide range of cyber threats, from phishing and malware attacks to sophisticated nation-state sponsored cyber-attacks. We continuously evaluate and adapt our cybersecurity strategy to respond to evolving threats and to align with best practices and regulatory requirements. Our commitment to cybersecurity is integral to our business operations, and we believe our strategic investments in this area significantly mitigate the risk of cybersecurity incidents that could impact our company’s reputation, financial position, or operational capabilities.

Governance

TheCompany’s cybersecurity program is overseen by our VPE&T, who is responsible for global information technology, including cybersecurity.Our VPE&T, is primarily responsible for assessing and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats, including monitoring the measures used for prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. The information security organization is comprised of internal IBO employees and external security suppliers who provide security monitoring and response.

ITEM 2 - PROPERTIES

The corporate group and the packaging division has occupied an approximate 105,000 square foot leased facility, located at 275 Wiregrass Parkway, Henrietta, New York since March 2022. This lease expires twelve years and 3 months later. Base rents escalate from $61,000 per month in year one to $78,000 per month in year twelve. In March 2021, the Company leased Suite 100 for approximately 3,800 sq. ft. in Houston for approximately $4,400 per month, in October 2022 the Company expanded the space by acquiring neighboring Suite 130. The Company currently leases both Suite 100 and Suite 130 at approximately 3,855 square feet for approximately $7,000 per month. The office is in Houston, Texas at 1400 Broadfield Blvd., Suite 100 and Suite 130, for corporate offices and subsidiary expansion.

ITEM 3 - LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

DSS BioHealth Holdings, Inc. (“DSS BioHealth”) is the plaintiff in an action pending in the 281st Judicial District Court of Harris County, Texas, styled DSS BioHealth Holdings, Inc. v. Puradigm LLC, Ryan Beagley, Derik Sandstrom, and Padraig Lawlor, Cause No. 2024-73209. DSS BioHealth, as assignee of DSS PureAir, Inc., seeks to recover amounts due under a $5,000,000 secured convertible note dated May 14, 2021 and a $210,000 secured promissory note dated May 9, 2022, as well as to enforce related security and guaranty agreements. DSS BioHealth alleges that Puradigm LLC has failed to make required payments on the notes and that the individual defendants have failed to perform under their personal guaranties. Puradigm has filed counterclaims against DSS BioHealth and certain affiliates alleging, among other things, breach of contract, fraud, negligent misrepresentation, deceptive trade practices, conspiracy, and promissory estoppel, and seeks monetary relief in excess of $1,000,000. The case is in the pre-trial stage, and the parties are engaged in motion practice and discovery. DSS BioHealth believes it has meritorious claims and valid defenses to the counterclaims, but the outcome of the litigation, including any potential losses or recoveries, cannot be predicted at this time, and no assurance can be given as to the ultimate resolution or its impact on the Company’s financial statements.

We may become subject to other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business and have not been finally adjudicated. Adverse decisions in any of the foregoing may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows or our financial condition. The Company accrues for potential litigation losses when a loss is probable and estimable.

ITEM 4 - MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

Part II

ITEM 5 - MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common stock is listed on the NYSE American LLC Exchange, where it trades under the symbol “DSS”.

Holders of Record

As of March 12, 2026, we had 311 record holders of our common stock. This number does not include the number of persons whose shares are in nominee or in “street name” accounts through brokers.

Dividends

We did not pay dividends during 2025 or 2024.

The payment of dividends on our common stock is subject to the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our operations, financial position, financial requirements, general business conditions, restrictions imposed by financing arrangements, if any, legal restrictions on the payment of dividends and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

As of December 31, 2025, securities issued and securities available for future issuance under 2020 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plans”) is as follows:

Recent Issuances of Unregistered Securities

Information regarding any equity securities we have sold during the period covered by this Report that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and was not included in a quarterly report on Form 10-Q or in a current report on Form 8-K, is set forth below. Each such transaction was exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act by virtue of Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act or Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated by the SEC, unless otherwise noted. Unless stated otherwise: (i) the securities were offered and sold only to accredited investors; (ii) there was no general solicitation or general advertising related to the offerings; (iii) each of the persons who received these unregistered securities had knowledge and experience in financial and business matters which allowed them to evaluate the merits and risk of the receipt of these securities, and that they were knowledgeable about our operations and financial condition; (iv) no underwriter participated in, nor did we pay any commissions or fees to any underwriter in connection with the transactions; and, (v) each certificate issued for these unregistered securities contained a legend stating that the securities have not been registered under the Securities Act and setting forth the restrictions on the transferability and the sale of the securities.

Shares Repurchased by the Registrant

We did not purchase or repurchase any of our securities in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025.

ITEM 6 - SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

Not applicable.

ITEM 7 - MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained herein this report constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “1995 Reform Act”). Except for the historical information contained herein, this report contains forward-looking statements (identified by words such as “estimate”, “project”, “anticipate”, “plan”, “expect”, “intend”, “believe”, “hope”, “strategy” and similar expressions), which are based on our current expectations and speak only as of the date made. These forward-looking statements are subject to various risks, uncertainties, and factors, that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results anticipated in the forward-looking statements.

Overview

The Company, which was incorporated in the state of New York in May 1984, previously conducted its business under the name of Document Security Systems, Inc On September 16, 2021, our board of directors approved an agreement and plan of merger with a wholly owned subsidiary, DSS, Inc. This subsidiary, incorporated in August 2020, was created for the sole purpose of facilitating a transformational name change from Document Security Systems, Inc. to DSS, Inc. This significant shift in our identity became official on September 30, 2021. With the name change, DSS, Inc. retained its trading symbol, “DSS,” and is currently trading under its CUSIP number to 26253C 201. This change reflects not only our evolution as a company but also our commitment to adapting and growing in an ever-changing business landscape. DSS, Inc. (referred to herein as “DSS,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) now operates across four distinct business lines, each with its own unique scope and presence on a global scale. These business lines encompass a wide range of industries and sectors, including:

Product Packaging: Our involvement in product packaging represents our dedication to delivering innovative and sustainable packaging solutions that meet the evolving needs of various markets.

Biotechnology: In the field of biotechnology, we are focused on pioneering scientific advancements and technologies that have the potential to transform human healthcare and wellness.

Commercial Lending: We are actively engaged in commercial lending, offering a suite of financial services that cater to the unique needs of businesses, ranging from commercial lines of credit to land development financing.

Securities and Investment Management: In the world of securities and investment management, we aim to provide expertise and guidance to help our clients navigate the complexities of the financial markets and achieve their investment goals.

Each of these business lines is at a different stage of development, growth, and income generation, reflecting the diversity of our operations. This multi-faceted approach allows us to adapt to changing market conditions and explore new opportunities for expansion and success. We are committed to our continued evolution and to delivering value to our stakeholders across these diverse business lines.

Diverse Business Lines and Global Presence:

Under the banner of DSS, Inc., we have diversified our operations into four distinct business lines, each with its own unique scope and geographical footprint. These business lines include:

Product Packaging: Led by Premier Packaging Corporation, Inc. (“Premier”), a New York corporation, this segment specializes in paperboard and fiber-based folding carton manufacturing, consumer product packaging, and document security printing. Premier is headquartered in its newly established facility in Rochester, NY, primarily serving the US market.

Biotechnology: This business line is dedicated to investing in or acquiring companies in the BioHealth and BioMedical fields, focusing on drug discovery, prevention, treatment of various diseases, and open-air defense initiatives against infectious diseases.

Commercial Lending: American Pacific Financial, Inc. (“APF”) represents our financing business line. Looking ahead, to better meet the needs of the current financial market, the company is looking to transition away form certain industries like direct marketing and focus more on growing its inventory / equipment loan portfolio as well as engaging in more specialized areas of lending like broker/dealer loans. We will continue to monitor our managed loan portfolio, and explore future opportunities. Importantly, the equity portfolio as a bank holding company is anticipated to remain relatively stable, regardless of stock market fluctuations.

Securities and Investment Management: This division focuses on acquiring assets in the securities trading and management arena, including broker-dealers. It also oversees a real estate investment trust (REIT) that acquires hospitals and care centers.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE FISCAL YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,

Revenue

Revenue - For the year ended December 31, 2025, revenue increased 9% to approximately $20.8 million as compared to revenues of approximately $19.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in Printed Product revenue of approximately 12% is driven by new customer orders as well as existing customer orders exceeding their forecasts. The decreases in Rental income of approximately 31% is driven by a tenant at our AMRE LifeCare subsidiary as our Pittsburgh, PA location had significant vacancy during 2025. The decreases in Net investment income approximating 80% is due to a number of loans made going on non-accrual as borrowers have struggled to make expect payments. Commission revenue associated with our Sentinel Brokers subsidiary increased 39% year over year as commissions on equity trading was reestablished during 2025 as a result of the completion of our clearing house change took place in December 2024 as well as commissions earned as part of its underwriting activities in 2025 as compared to none in 2024. Biotechnology revenue is driven by sales of the Company’s air purification Celios brand.

Costs and Expenses

Costs of revenue includes all direct costs of the Company’s printed products, including its packaging and printing sales, materials, direct labor, transportation, and manufacturing facility costs. In addition, this category includes all direct costs associated with the Company’s technology sales, services and licensing including hardware and software that are resold, third-party fees, and fees paid to inventors or others because of technology licenses or settlements, if any. Cost of revenue for our REIT line of business includes all direct cost associated with the maintenance and upkeep of the related facilities, depreciation, amortization and the costs to acquire the facilities. Our Commercial Lending operating segment has costs of revenue associated with the impairment of notes receivable for those amounts at risk of collection. Total costs of revenue decreased 3% in 2025 as compared to 2024. Cost of revenue at our Printed products business line increased driven by an increase in revenue. Cost of revenue at our Securities business segment decreased year over year driven by the disposal of the Company’s AMRE Plano, Tx., Ft Worth, Tx., and Winter Haven, Fl. Facilities during 2025 and the elimination of related cost to operate and maintain those locations. In addition, This our Pittsburgh, PA facility housed a new tenant for part of 2025 paying related cost previously paid for by the Company as well as decreases in our Commercial lending business unit driven by decreases on loans reserved for year over year.

Sales, general and administrative compensation costs, increased 12% in 2025 as compared to 2024, primarily due to stock awarded to Heng Fai Holdings Limited (“HFHL”), a Hong Kong Company, which is beneficially owned by Mr. Heng Fai Ambrose Chan, Director of DSS, Inc. The issuance was approved by the board of directors on January 31, 2025.

Professional fees decreased 3% in 2025 as compared to 2024, due primarily to efforts taken to control these costs as the Company continues to drive savings in non-essential areas.

Stock based compensation includes expense charges for all stock-based awards to employees, directors, and consultants. Such awards include option grants, warrant grants, and restricted stock awards. Stock based compensation during the year ended December 31, 2025, is associated with such awards given to officers, directors and consultants of Impact BioMedical.

Sales and marketing costs, which includes internet and trade publication advertising, travel and entertainment costs, sales-broker commissions, and trade show participation expenses, decreased 20% during 2025 as compared to 2024, primarily due decreases in marketing efforts at our Biotechnology business segments offset by increased sales persons within our Printed Products business segment.

Rent and utilities decreased 22% in 2025, as compared to 2024 primarily due to end of the lease in office space in California for the Company’s DSS Wealth Management subsidiary.

Research and development costs represent costs consisting primarily of independent, third-party testing of the various properties of each technology the Company owns possesses as well as research on new technologies. During the year ended December 31, 2025, Research and development costs increased 22% as compared to the same period in 2024 due to cost incurred to file, perfect or update existing and potential patents on technologies owned by Impact BioMedical.

Impairment of goodwill during 2024, the Company performed qualitative and quantitative assessments of the goodwill value associated with its Impact BioMedical subsidiary and determined that as of December 31, 2024 the assets required impairment. At December 31, 2024 the Company deemed a full impairment of the Impact BioMedical goodwill was necessary in the amount of $25,093,000.

Impairment of fixed assets is the impairment of marketing assets in development that the Company decided to forego completion.

Other operating expenses consist primarily of equipment maintenance and repairs, office supplies, IT support, and insurance costs. During the year ended December 31, 2025, other operating expenses decreased 19% compared to the same period in 2024, due primarily the Company released certain legal fee accruals approximating $897,000 deemed no longer necessary, offset by increases in Impact BioMedical’s directors and officers insurance obtained post IPO.

Other Income and (Expense)

Interest income is recognized on the Company’s money markets, and notes receivable identified in Note 4. The decrease of 92% year over year in interest income is driven by several notes being put on non-accrual as the related borrowers have shown an inability to pay timely.

Interest income on notes receivable, related party is recognized on the Company’s notes receivable with related parties identified in Note 4. The decrease of 69% year over year in interest income is driven by several notes being put on non-accrual as the related borrowers have shown an inability to pay timely.

Dividend income for 2025 represent dividends received on certain investments owned by the Company. No such dividends were received in 2024.

Other income decreased 95% during the year 2025 as compared to 2024 due primarily to Releases of accruals no longer deemed necessary associated with normal business operations.

Interest expense decreased 6% year-over-year primarily due to the decreasing debt balances driven by the sale of the Company’s Plano, Texas facility.

Gain on extinguishment of debt represents insurance proceeds received for claims on AMRE Lifecare’s Plano, Tx facility which was applied to the outstanding principle on a note for this location.

Gain/(loss) from equity method investment represents the Company’s prorated portion of earnings for its investments accounted for under the equity method for the year ended December 31, 2025, and 2024. The transition from a gain of $1,000 in 2024 to a loss of $16,000 in 2025 is indicative of the related companies financial performance year over year.

Gain/(loss) on investments consists of net realized and unrealized losses on marketable securities which are recognized as the difference between the purchase price and sale price of the common stock investment, and net unrealized losses on marketable securities which are recognized on the change in fair market value on our common stock investment. The 2025 loss in our marketable securities as compared to 2024 is driven by the performance in our True Partners Capital Holdings Limited investment which incurred an approximate loss in fair value of $609,000 in 2025 as compared to gain in fair value of approximately $591,000 in 2024.

Impairment of investments in real estate represents a write-down of real estate assets associated with our AMRE LifeCare properties during 2025 and 2024 based on a fair value analysis performed as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. At December 31, 2025, the Company performed an assessment of the fair value of its AMRE LifeCare properties and determined an impairment of its Pittsburg, Pa. facility in the amount of $2,420,000 was necessary, not such impairment was identified for the Company’s AMRE Shelton property. A fair value analysis was performed during 2024 which resulted in a $2,973,000 impairment of the AMRE LifeCare Pittsburgh and Fort Worth locations. Further, the Company executed a purchase agreement for its AMRE LifeCare Plano location with a sale price at approximately $4,250,000 below its 2023 fair value. This transaction closed on March 26, 2025.

Impairment of investments the Company determined an impairment of its investments in Nano9 and BioMed Technologies was necessary and were fully impaired in the amounts of $150,000 and $632,000, respectively, at December 31, 2024. No such impairments were deemed necessary in 2025.

Impairment of intangible assets is a result of the Company resigning its position as the registered investment advisor (“RIA”) of the American First Mutual Funds during the third quarter of 2025. The related asset was acquired at the time the Company became the RIA in September 2021.

Provision for loan losses represents a reserve put against certain notes receivable deemed uncollectible. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company reviewed the entire loan portfolio and determined specific loans required an allowance for credit losses. See Note 5.

Gain/(loss) on sale of assets the gain in 2024 is driven by the sale of its Linden, Ut facility while, the loss in 2025 is driven by the Company’s loss on the sale of its AMRE LifeCare Forth Worth, Tx facility of approximately $9,318,000 and AMRE Winterhaven facility of approximately $292,000.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company has historically met its liquidity and capital requirements primarily through the sale of its equity securities and debt financing. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had cash of approximately $6.2 million. In addition, the Company believes that it will have access to sources of capital from the sale of its equity securities and debt financing. As of December 31, 2025, the Company believes that it has sufficient cash or access to cash to meet its cash requirements for at least the next 12 months from the filing date of this Annual Report.

Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Net cash used by operating activities was approximately $9.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to approximately $8.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This decrease is driven by $3.1 million decrease in net loss adjusted to reconcile net loss to net cash used by operating activities, less payments of accounts payable of $0.7 million year over year as well as in collections of accounts receivable of approximately $0.5 million year over year.

Cash Flow from Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was approximately $18.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 and $12.1 million for year ended December 31, 2024. The year ended December 31, 2025 included $15.7 million in cash provided by the sale of real estate, as well as $2.4 million received from the sale of investments in related parties. In comparison, the Company sold $3.3 million in marketable securities, received payments on notes receivable of $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Cash Flow from Financing Activities

Net cash used by financing activities was approximately $14.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 driven by payments toward long-term debt of $17.8 million offset by borrowings of long-term debt of $3.3 million. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $1.4 million due to $0.9 million of additional borrowings on long-term debt as well as $3.2 million of proceeds received from Impact BioMedical’s IPO offset by $2.6 million of payments toward long-term debt.

Continuing Operations and Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. This basis of accounting contemplates the recovery of our assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. These consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to the specific amounts and classifications of assets and liabilities, which might be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern. While the Company has approximately $6.2 million in cash, the Company has incurred operating losses as well as negative cash flows from operating activities over the past two years.

Aside from its $6.2 million in cash as of December 31, 2025, to continue as a going concern, the Company can generate operating cash through the sale of its $6.5 million of marketable securities. To continue as a going concern, Also, historically, the Company has been able to obtain equity via issuance of authorized shares of its common stock currently not issued and/or debt-based financing to meet its working capital needs. In addition, the Company has taken steps, and will continue to take measures, to materially reduce the expenses and cash burn at all corporate and business line levels.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, an effect on our financial condition, financial statements, revenues or expenses.

Inflation

Although our operations are influenced by general economic conditions, we do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our results of operations during 2025 or 2024 as we are generally able to pass the increase in our material and labor costs to our customers or absorb them as we improve the efficiency of our operations.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements and accompanying notes. The financial statements as of December 31, 2025, describe the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of the financial statements. There have been no material changes to such critical accounting policies as of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Allowance For Loans Losses

The Company adopted amended accounting guidance ASC Topic 326 which requires an allowance for credit losses to be deducted from the amortized cost basis of financial assets to present the net carrying value at the amount that is expected to be collected over the contractual term of the asset considering relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. In estimating expected losses in the loan and lease portfolio, borrower-specific financial data and macro-economic assumptions are utilized to project losses over a reasonable and supportable forecast period. Assumptions and judgment are applied to measure amounts and timing of expected future cash flows, collateral values and other factors used to determine the borrowers’ abilities to repay obligations. After the forecast period, the Company utilizes longer-term historical loss experience to estimate losses over the remaining contractual life of the loans.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Fair Value Measurement Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). These tiers include:

● Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

● Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable such as quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and

● Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions, such as valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheet of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaids, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value because of the immediate or short-term maturity of these financial instruments. Marketable securities classify as a Level 1 fair value financial instrument. The fair value of notes receivable approximates their carrying value as the stated or discounted rates of the notes do not reflect recent market conditions. The fair value of revolving credit lines notes payable and long-term debt approximates their carrying value as the stated or discounted rates of the debt reflect recent market conditions. The fair value of investments where the fair value is not considered readily determinable, are carried at cost.

Investments

Investments in equity securities with a readily determinable fair value, not accounted for under the equity method, are recorded at that value with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. For equity securities without a readily determinable fair value, the investment is recorded at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus adjustments related to observable transactions for the same or similar securities, with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings.

For equity method investments, the Company regularly reviews its investments to determine whether there is a decline in fair value below book value. If there is a decline that is other-than-temporary, the investment is written down to fair value. See Note 9 for further discussion on investments.

Revenue

The Company recognizes its revenue based on when the title passes to the customer or when the service is completed and accepted by the customer. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for shipped product or service provided. Sales and other taxes billed and collected from customers are excluded from revenue. The Company recognizes rental income associated with its REIT, net of amortization of favorable/unfavorable lease terms relative to market and includes rental abatements and contractual fixed increases attributable to operating leases, where collection has been considered probable, on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease. The Company recognizes net investment income from its investment banking line of business as interest owed to the Company occurs. The Company generates revenue from its direct marketing line of business primarily through internet sales and recognizes revenue as items are shipped.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had no unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected duration of greater than one year. Pursuant to Topic 606, the Company has applied the practical expedient with respect to disclosure of the deferral and future expected timing of revenue recognition for transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations. The Company elected the practical expedient allowing it to not recognize as a contract asset the commission paid to its salesforce on the sale of its products as an incremental cost of obtaining a contract with a customer but rather recognize such commission as expense when incurred as the amortization period of the asset that the Company would have otherwise recognized is one year or less.

Business combinations and Acquisitions

Business combinations and non-controlling interests are recorded in accordance with FASB ASC 805 Business Combinations. Under the guidance, the assets and liabilities of the acquired business are recorded at their fair values at the date of acquisition and all acquisition costs are expensed as incurred. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values is recorded as goodwill. If the fair value of the assets acquired exceeds the purchase price and the liabilities assumed, then a gain on acquisition is recorded. The application of business combination accounting requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions.

Acquisition of assets are recorded at their relative fair value based on total accumulated costs of the acquisition. Direct acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred. This includes all costs related to finding, analyzing and negotiating a transaction. The allocation of the purchase price is an area that requires judgment and significant estimates. Tangible and intangible assets include land, building and improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment, acquired above market and below market leases, in-place lease value (if applicable). Acquisition-date fair values of assets and assumed liabilities are determined based on replacement costs, appraised values, and estimated fair values using methods like those used by independent appraisers and that use appropriate discount and/or capitalization rates and available market information.

Segment reporting

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which improves reportable segment disclosure through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company has adopted the enhanced segment disclosures for the year ended December 31, 2024.

ITEM 7A - QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not applicable.

ITEM 8 - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Financial Statements

DSS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors of and Stockholders of

DSS, INC.

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of DSS, INC. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025, and the related consolidated statement of operations, consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity, and consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2025, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company has incurred net losses, losses from operations and negative cashflow from operations. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to this matter are also discussed in Note 2. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Emphasis of Matter

The Company has significant transactions with related parties which are described in Notes 20 of the consolidated financial statements. Transactions involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm’s length basis, as the requisite condition of competitive, free market dealings may not exist.

Critical Audit Matters

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current year audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Investments in Real Estate

As disclosed in Note 2 and 9   to the consolidated financial statements, the Company owns real estate properties through their subsidiaries with a net book value of approximately $16,612,000. We identified the valuation of the real estate to be a critical audit matter.

The principal consideration for our determination of management’s assessment of impairment of the real estate as a critical audit matter is the high degree of subjective auditor judgment associated with evaluating management’s determination of impairment of the real estate properties, which is primarily due to the complexity of the valuation models used and the sensitivity of the underlying significant assumptions. The key assumptions used within the valuation models included site valuations and various approaches such as cost, sales comparison, etc. The calculated fair values are sensitive to changes in these key assumptions.

How the Critical Audit Matter was addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the determination of the fair value of the real estate properties included the following, among others:

Evaluation of Intangible Assets and Goodwill for Impairment

As disclosed in Notes 2 and 10 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company holds Intangible Assets and Goodwill through its subsidiaries with a net book value of approximately $17,034,000 and $1,769,000, respectively. We identified the value of Intangible Assets and Goodwill to be a critical audit matter.

The principal consideration for our determination of management’s assessment of impairment of the Intangible Assets and Goodwill as a critical audit matter is the high degree of subjective auditor judgment associated with evaluating management’s analysis, which is primarily due to the subjectivity of management’s qualitative assumptions. The conclusion of the impairment analysis is sensitive to changes in these key assumptions.

How the Critical Audit Matter was addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the evaluation of the Intangible Assets and Goodwill for impairment included the following, among others:

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2025
HTL International, LLC
Houston, Texas
March 31, 2026

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

DSS, Inc.

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of DSS, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024, and the related consolidated statement of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Investments in Real Estate

As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company owns real estate properties through their subsidiaries with a net book value of approximately $45,158,000, which are classified as held for sale. We identified the valuation of the real estate to be a critical audit matter.

The principal consideration for our determination of management’s assessment of impairment of the real estate as a critical audit matter is the high degree of subjective auditor judgment associated with evaluating management’s determination of impairment of the real estate properties, which is primarily due to the complexity of the valuation models used and the sensitivity of the underlying significant assumptions. The key assumptions used within the valuation models included site valuations and various approaches such as cost, sales comparison, etc. The calculated fair values are sensitive to changes in these key assumptions.

How the Critical Audit Matter was addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the determination of the fair value of the real estate properties included the following, among others:

Evaluation of Intangible Assets and Goodwill for Impairment

As described in Notes 2 and 10 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company holds Intangible Assets and Goodwill through its subsidiaries with a net book value of approximately $18,890,000 and $1,769,000, respectively. We identified the value of Intangible Assets and Goodwill to be a critical audit matter.

The principal consideration for our determination of management’s assessment of impairment of the Intangible Assets and Goodwill as a critical audit matter is the high degree of subjective auditor judgment associated with evaluating management’s determination of impairment of Intangible Assets and Goodwill, which is primarily due to the complexity of the valuation models used and the sensitivity of the underlying significant assumptions. The key assumptions used within the valuation models included qualitative and quantitative assessments. The calculated fair values are sensitive to changes in these key assumptions.

How the Critical Audit Matter was addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the determination of the fair value of the Intangible Assets and Goodwill included the following, among others:

Grassi & Co., CPAs, P.C.

We served as the Company’s auditor from 2022 to 2025.

Jericho, New York

March 31, 2025

DSS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets