Companies: 10,793     total market cap: $134.237 T
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Enphase Energy
ENPH
#3223
Rank
$4.57 B
Marketcap
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ United States
Country
$34.92
Share price
-8.78%
Change (1 day)
-39.03%
Change (1 year)
๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ’ป Software๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ’ป Tech๐Ÿ”Œ Electronics
Categories
Enphase Energy is an Aerican energy technology company that designs and manufactures software-driven home energy solutions that span solar generation, home energy storage and web-based monitoring and control.
  1. Enphase Energy
  2. Quarterly Reports (10-Q)
  3. Financial Year FY2025 Q3

Enphase Energy - 10-Q quarterly report FY2025 Q3


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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
Form 10-Q
 
(Mark One)
☒
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025
or
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from              to             
Commission File Number: 001-35480
enpha15.jpg
Enphase Energy, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
20-4645388
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
47281 Bayside Parkway
Fremont, CA 94538
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(707) 774-7000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Not Applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.00001 par value per shareENPHNasdaq Global Market
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒ No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒ No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an “emerging growth company.” See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:
Large accelerated filer
☒

Accelerated filer
☐

Non-accelerated filer
☐

Smaller reporting company
☐
Emerging growth company
☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes  ☐ No  ☒
As of October 24, 2025, there were 130,859,709 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding, $0.00001 par value per share.

Enphase Energy, Inc. | 2025 Form 10-Q | 1

ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
32
43
43
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
44
45
48
48
48
48
48
50

















Enphase Energy, Inc. | 2025 Form 10-Q | 2
Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.    Financial Statements (unaudited)
ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except par value)
As of
September 30,
2025		December 31,
2024
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$401,880 $369,110 
Restricted cash— 95,006 
Marketable securities1,076,044 1,253,480 
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $654 and $7,788 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively
265,513 223,749 
Inventory188,652 165,004 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets459,698 220,735 
Total current assets2,391,787 2,327,084 
Property and equipment, net131,317 147,514 
Intangible assets, net27,332 42,398 
Goodwill214,406 211,571 
Other assets234,748 205,542 
Deferred tax assets, net320,898 315,567 
Total assets$3,320,488 $3,249,676 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable$188,571 $90,032 
Accrued liabilities207,926 196,887 
Deferred revenues, current111,493 237,225 
Warranty obligations, current31,473 34,656 
Debt, current631,681 101,291 
Total current liabilities1,171,144 660,091 
Long-term liabilities:
Deferred revenues, non-current345,710 341,982 
Warranty obligations, non-current178,668 158,233 
Other liabilities58,077 55,265 
Debt, non-current571,867 1,201,089 
Total liabilities2,325,466 2,416,660 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.00001 par value, 300,000 shares authorized; and 130,849 shares and 132,448 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively
1 1 
Additional paid-in capital1,234,287 1,084,573 
Accumulated deficit(242,583)(245,206)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)3,317 (6,352)
Total stockholders’ equity995,022 833,016 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$3,320,488 $3,249,676 
See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Enphase Energy, Inc. | 2025 Form 10-Q | 3
Table of Contents
ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
Net revenues$410,427 $380,873 $1,129,664 $947,670 
Cost of revenues214,188 202,702 594,691 516,825 
Gross profit196,239 178,171 534,973 430,845 
Operating expenses:
Research and development47,266 47,843 142,861 150,925 
Sales and marketing48,429 49,671 148,085 154,753 
General and administrative33,098 30,192 101,168 98,924 
Restructuring and asset impairment charges1,287 677 7,771 3,755 
Total operating expenses130,080 128,383 399,885 408,357 
Income from operations66,159 49,788 135,088 22,488 
Other income, net
Interest income15,429 19,977 47,372 58,889 
Interest expense(830)(2,237)(3,692)(6,653)
Other expense, net(3,739)(16,785)(12,651)(24,264)
Total other income, net10,860 955 31,029 27,972 
Income before income taxes77,019 50,743 166,117 50,460 
Income tax provision(10,381)(4,981)(32,697)(9,962)
Net income$66,638 $45,762 $133,420 $40,498 
Net income per share:
Basic$0.51 $0.34 $1.02 $0.30 
Diluted$0.50 $0.33 $1.01 $0.30 
Shares used in per share calculation:
Basic130,797 135,329 131,228 135,621 
Diluted132,995 139,914 133,439 136,236 

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Enphase Energy, Inc. | 2025 Form 10-Q | 4
Table of Contents
ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
Net income $66,638 $45,762 $133,420 $40,498 
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments(3,636)4,356 6,168 698 
Marketable securities
Change in net unrealized gain, net of income tax provision $314 and $689 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $2,286 and $1,517 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.
1,593 6,858 3,501 4,553 
Comprehensive income $64,595 $56,976 $143,089 $45,749 
    

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Enphase Energy, Inc. | 2025 Form 10-Q | 5
Table of Contents
ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
Common stock and paid-in capital
Balance, beginning of period$1,184,498 $993,369 $1,084,574 $939,339 
Issuance of common stock from exercise of equity awards— 14 5,369 7,969 
Payment of withholding taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards(1,679)(6,286)(16,653)(73,801)
Stock-based compensation expense51,469 45,940 160,998 159,530 
Balance, end of period$1,234,288 $1,033,037 $1,234,288 $1,033,037 
Accumulated earnings deficit
Balance, beginning of period$(309,221)$(100,895)$(245,206)$46,273 
Repurchase of common stock— (49,794)(129,957)(191,698)
Net income 66,638 45,762 133,420 40,498 
Excise tax on net stock repurchases— — (840)— 
Balance, end of period$(242,583)$(104,927)$(242,583)$(104,927)
Accumulated other comprehensive income
Balance, beginning of period$5,360 $(7,951)$(6,352)$(1,988)
Foreign currency translation adjustments(3,636)4,356 6,168 698 
Change in net unrealized gain on marketable securities, net of tax1,593 6,858 3,501 4,553 
Balance, end of period$3,317 $3,263 $3,317 $3,263 
Total stockholders' equity, ending balance
$995,022 $931,373 $995,022 $931,373 

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Enphase Energy, Inc. | 2025 Form 10-Q | 6
Table of Contents
ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
20252024
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income $133,420 $40,498 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization60,218 60,724 
Amortization (accretion) of investments purchased at a premium (discount)1,513 (1,109)
Provision for credit losses162 4,471 
Asset impairment1,565 24,141 
Non-cash interest expense3,336 6,462 
Net loss from change in fair value of debt securities12,315 1,730 
Stock-based compensation160,998 159,530 
Deferred income taxes7,137 (27,644)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable(47,539)208,956 
Inventory(23,648)54,758 
Prepaid expenses and other assets(218,144)(117,856)
Accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities116,938 (58,140)
Warranty obligations17,252 (4,855)
Deferred revenues(136,562)(5,265)
Net cash provided by operating activities88,961 346,401 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment(30,899)(25,540)
Investment in debt securities(6,300)— 
Investment in tax equity fund(9,752)— 
Issuance of loan receivables(48,500)— 
Purchases of marketable securities(601,368)(1,091,511)
Maturities and sale of marketable securities780,099 994,677 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities83,280 (122,374)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Settlement of Notes due 2025(102,168)(7)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee equity plans5,369 7,969 
Payment of withholding taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards(16,653)(73,801)
Repurchase of common stock(129,957)(191,698)
Net cash used in financing activities(243,409)(257,537)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash8,932 1,087 
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(62,236)(32,423)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — Beginning of period464,116 288,748 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — End of period$401,880 $256,325 
Supplemental cash flow disclosure:
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment through tenant improvement allowance$855 $— 
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable$4,952 $5,722 

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Enphase Energy, Inc. | 2025 Form 10-Q | 7
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)

1.    DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Description of Business
Enphase Energy, Inc. (the “Company”) is a global energy technology company. The Company delivers smart, easy-to-use solutions that manage solar generation, storage and communication on one platform. The Company’s intelligent microinverters work with virtually every solar panel made, and when paired with the Company’s smart technology, results in one of the industry’s best-performing clean energy systems.
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Unaudited Interim Financial Information
These accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial reporting. In the opinion of management, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring items, considered necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the interim periods indicated. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in the financial statements include revenue recognition, allowance for credit losses, stock-based compensation, income tax provision, inventory valuation, government grants, accrued warranty obligations, fair value of debt securities, convertible notes, fair value of acquired intangible assets and goodwill, useful lives of acquired intangible assets and property and equipment, incremental borrowing rate for right-of-use assets and lease liability. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; therefore, actual results could differ materially from those estimates due to risks and uncertainties.
The year-end condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. The Company filed audited consolidated financial statements, which included all information and notes necessary for such a complete presentation in conjunction with its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on February 10, 2025 (the “Form 10‑K”).
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Except for the updated accounting policies related to the fair value of financial instruments specifically for loan receivables issued, there have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies as described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of the Form 10-K.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The financial instruments include the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, loan receivables, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The Company considers the carrying amount of short-term financial instruments to approximate the fair value because of the short maturity of those instruments. The Company’s long-term financial
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
instruments are measured at amortized cost, no fair value option is elected. The Company evaluates the allowance for credit losses by assessing the risks and losses inherent to the financial instruments.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
Not Yet Adopted
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 requires that an entity disclose specific categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation as well as provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold, certain disclosures of state versus federal income tax expenses and taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and interim periods for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025. The Company plans to adopt ASU 2023-09 in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2025. As ASU 2023-09 affects only disclosures, the adoption of ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Not Yet Effective
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures” (“ASU 2024-03”), which requires additional disclosure of certain costs and expenses within the notes to the financial statements. ASU 2024-03 will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact from ASU 2024-03 on its consolidated financial statements disclosures.
In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets” (“ASU 2025-05”), which introduces a practical expedient for the application of the current expected credit loss model to current accounts receivable and contract assets. The practical expedient allows entities to assume that conditions as of the balance sheet date remain unchanged over the remaining life of these assets, thereby eliminating the need to incorporate macroeconomic forecasts. ASU 2025-05 is effective beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance may be applied prospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2025-05 on its consolidated financial statements.
In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, “Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software” (“ASU 2025-06”), which simplifies the capitalization guidance by removing all references to software development project stages so that the guidance is neutral to different software development methods. ASU 2025-06 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted. ASU 2025-06 permits an entity to apply the new guidance using a prospective, retrospective or modified transition approach. The Company is currently evaluating the impact from ASU 2025-06 on its consolidated financial statements.
Enphase Energy, Inc. | 2025 Form 10-Q | 9
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
2.    REVENUE RECOGNITION
Disaggregated Revenue
The Company has one major business activity, which is the design, manufacture and sale of solutions for the solar photovoltaic (“PV”) industry. Disaggregated revenue by primary geographical market and timing of revenue recognition for the Company’s single product line were as follows:
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
(In thousands)
Primary geographical markets:
United States$349,982 $284,033 $884,550 $632,719 
International
60,445 96,840 245,114 314,951 
Total$410,427 $380,873 $1,129,664 $947,670 
Timing of revenue recognition:
Products delivered at a point in time$383,001 $348,669 $1,034,952 $854,406 
Products and services delivered over time27,426 32,204 94,712 93,264 
Total$410,427 $380,873 $1,129,664 $947,670 
Contract Balances
Accounts receivable, and contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers, were as follows:
September 30,
2025		December 31,
2024
(In thousands)
Accounts receivable$265,513 $223,749 
Long-term accounts receivable (Other assets)15,297 — 
Short-term contract assets (Prepaid expenses and other current assets)34,659 42,001 
Long-term contract assets (Other assets)112,268 110,954 
Short-term contract liabilities (Deferred revenues, current)111,493 237,225 
Long-term contract liabilities (Deferred revenues, non-current)345,710 341,982 
The Company receives payments from customers based upon contractual payment terms. Accounts receivable are recorded in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services when the right to consideration becomes unconditional.
Contract assets include deferred product costs and commissions associated with the deferred revenue and will be amortized along with the associated revenue. The Company had no asset impairment charges related to contract assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
Significant changes in the balances of contract assets (prepaid expenses and other assets) as of September 30, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):
Contract Assets
Contract assets, beginning of period$152,955 
Amount recognized(26,144)
Increased due to billings20,116 
Contract assets, end of period$146,927 
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Contract liabilities are recorded as deferred revenue on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets and include payments received in advance of performance obligations under the contract and are realized when the associated revenue is recognized under the contract.
Significant changes in contract liabilities (deferred revenue) as of September 30, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):
Contract Liabilities
Contract liabilities, beginning of period$579,207 
Revenue recognized(204,984)
Increased due to billings82,980 
Contract liabilities, end of period$457,203 
Remaining Performance Obligations
Estimated revenue expected to be recognized in future periods related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied at the end of the reporting period were as follows:
September 30,
2025
(In thousands)
Fiscal year:
2025 (remaining three months)$28,936 
2026109,542 
2027101,155 
202888,202 
202970,858 
Thereafter58,510 
Total$457,203 
3.    OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Inventory
Inventory consists of the following:
September 30,
2025		December 31,
2024
(In thousands)
Raw materials$30,827 $38,740 
Finished goods157,825 126,264 
Total inventory$188,652 $165,004 
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Accrued Liabilities
Accrued liabilities consist of the following:
September 30,
2025		December 31,
2024
(In thousands)
Customer rebates and sales incentives$89,158 $96,324 
Liability due to supply agreements51,802 42,745 
Freight5,806 7,497 
Salaries, commissions, incentive compensation and benefits15,119 11,956 
Income tax payable248 3,540 
Operating lease liabilities, current5,813 5,815 
VAT payable3,666 1,472 
Liabilities related to restructuring accruals2,444 3,262 
Other33,870 24,276 
Total accrued liabilities$207,926 $196,887 
4.    GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The Company’s goodwill as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was as follows:
GoodwillSeptember 30,
2025		December 31,
2024
(In thousands)
Goodwill, beginning of period$211,571 $214,562 
Currency translation adjustment2,835 (2,991)
Goodwill, end of period$214,406 $211,571 
The Company’s purchased intangible assets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:
September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
GrossAccumulated AmortizationNetGrossAccumulated AmortizationImpairmentNet
(In thousands)
Intangible assets:
Indefinite-lived intangibles$286 $— $286 $286 $— $— $286 
Intangible assets with finite lives:
 Developed technology47,683 (40,648)7,035 51,054 (35,903)(3,351)11,800 
 Customer relationships51,114 (40,435)10,679 51,306 (35,804)(177)15,325 
 Trade names37,700 (28,368)9,332 37,700 (22,713)— 14,987 
Total purchased intangible assets$136,783 $(109,451)$27,332 $140,346 $(94,420)$(3,528)$42,398 
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, intangible assets decreased by less than $0.1 million due to the impact of foreign currency translation.
Amortization expense related to finite-lived intangible assets were as follows:
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
(In thousands)
Developed technology$1,595 $2,100 $4,807 $7,025 
Customer relationships
1,568 1,578 4,677 4,721 
Trade-names1,885 1,885 5,655 5,655 
Total amortization expense
$5,048 $5,563 $15,139 $17,401 
Amortization of developed technology is recorded to cost of revenues, amortization of customer relationships and trade-names are recorded to sales and marketing expense, and amortization of certain customer relationships is recorded as a reduction to revenue.
The expected future amortization expense of intangible assets as of September 30, 2025 is presented below:
September 30,
2025
(In thousands)
Fiscal year:
2025 (remaining three months)$5,045 
202617,997 
20274,004 
Total$27,046 
5.    CASH EQUIVALENTS, RESTRICTED CASH AND MARKETABLE SECURITIES
The cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities consist of the following:
As of September 30, 2025
Amortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair ValueCash EquivalentsMarketable Securities
(In thousands)
Money market funds$144,482 $— $— $144,482 $144,482 $— 
Certificates of deposit24,174 14 (1)24,187 — 24,187 
Commercial paper40,178 10 (4)40,184 14,687 25,497 
Corporate notes and bonds399,026 1,610 (41)400,595 — 400,595 
U.S. Treasuries39,996 — — 39,996 — 39,996 
U.S. Government agency securities584,438 1,442 (111)585,769 — 585,769 
Total$1,232,294 $3,076 $(157)$1,235,213 $159,169 $1,076,044 
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
As of December 31, 2024
Amortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair ValueCash EquivalentsMarketable SecuritiesRestricted Cash
(In thousands)
Money market funds$191,410 $— $— $191,410 $191,410 $— $— 
Certificates of deposit125,087 13 (8)125,092 — 30,092 95,000 
Commercial paper30,681 40 (8)30,713 — 30,713 — 
Corporate notes and bonds449,612 1,115 (1,157)449,570 — 449,570 — 
U.S. Treasuries111,606 42 (36)111,612 — 111,612 — 
U.S. Government agency securities631,389 1,241 (1,137)631,493 — 631,493 — 
Total$1,539,785 $2,451 $(2,346)$1,539,890 $191,410 $1,253,480 $95,000 
The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of the Company’s cash equivalents and marketable securities as of September 30, 2025:
Amortized CostFair Value
(In thousands)
Due within one year$813,123 $814,480 
Due within one to three years419,171 420,733 
Total$1,232,294 $1,235,213 
All available-for-sale securities have been classified as current, based on management's intent and ability to use the funds in current operations.
6.    WARRANTY OBLIGATIONS
The Company’s warranty obligation activities were as follows:
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
(In thousands)
Warranty obligations, beginning of period$206,086 $177,179 $192,889 $189,087 
Accruals for warranties issued during period7,924 7,763 22,842 20,285 
Expense (benefit) from changes in estimates707 4,584 13,937 (8,052)
Settlements(5,971)(6,615)(19,230)(21,114)
Increase due to accretion expense3,498 2,649 9,804 8,244 
Change in discount rate— — (5,715)759 
Other(2,103)(1,328)(4,386)(4,977)
Warranty obligations, end of period210,141 184,232 210,141 184,232 
Less: warranty obligations, current(31,473)(35,755)(31,473)(35,755)
Warranty obligations, non-current$178,668 $148,477 $178,668 $148,477 
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Changes in Estimates
In the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded $0.7 million in warranty expense from changes in estimates, of which $7.6 million related to an increase in product replacement costs primarily for estimated additional tariff costs, partially offset by $6.9 million related to continuing analysis of field performance data and diagnostic root-cause failure analysis for Enphase IQ® Battery systems. In the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded $4.6 million in warranty expense from changes in estimates, of which $8.4 million related to the Company proactively addressing certain component defects in a specific population of products that did not meet the Company’s high quality standards, $0.5 million related to increasing the warranty term to 20 years for microinverter units sold in Mexico, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica and nine Caribbean countries, partially offset by $4.3 million related to a decrease in product replacement costs for Enphase IQ Battery systems and related accessories as the Company expanded its network of field service technicians in the United States to provide direct homeowner assistance.
In the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded $13.9 million in warranty expense from changes in estimates, of which $15.3 million related to an increase in product replacement costs primarily for estimated additional tariff costs and $5.5 million related to continuing analysis of field performance data and diagnostic root-cause failure analysis primarily for prior generation products, partially offset by $6.9 million related to continuing analysis of field performance data and diagnostic root-cause failure analysis for Enphase IQ Battery systems. In the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded $8.1 million in warranty benefit from changes in estimates, of which $15.5 million related to a decrease in product replacement costs primarily associated with Enphase IQ Battery systems and related accessories as the Company expanded its network of field service technicians in the United States, Europe and Australia to provide direct homeowner assistance, and $4.4 million related to continuing analysis of field performance data and diagnostic root-cause failure analysis for early generations of IQ Battery. This benefit was partially offset by $10.2 million related to the Company proactively addressing certain component defects in a specific population of products that did not meet the Company’s high quality standards, $1.1 million for continuing analysis of field performance data and diagnostic root-cause failure analysis for all other products, as well as $0.5 million related to increasing the warranty term to 20 years for microinverter units sold in Mexico, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica and nine Caribbean countries.
7.    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
The accounting guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions, and risk of nonperformance.
The fair value hierarchy requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. An asset’s or liability’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Three levels of inputs may be used to measure fair value:
•Level 1 - Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company is able to access. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of such assets or liabilities do not entail a significant degree of judgment.
•Level 2 - Valuations based on one or more quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.
•Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
The following table presents assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using the above input categories:
September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
(In thousands)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 1Level 2Level 3
Assets:
Cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities:
Money market funds$144,482 $— $— $191,410 $— $— 
Certificates of deposit— — — 95,000 — — 
Commercial paper— 14,687 — — — — 
Marketable securities:
Certificates of deposit— 24,187 — — 30,092 — 
Commercial paper— 25,497 — — 30,713 — 
Corporate notes and bonds— 400,595 — — 449,570 — 
U.S. Treasuries— 39,996 — — 111,612 — 
U.S. Government agency securities— 585,769 — — 631,493 — 
Other assets:
Investments in debt securities— 6,300 52,519 — — 64,834 
Investment in tax equity fund— — 3,058 — — — 
Total assets measured at fair value$144,482 $1,097,031 $55,577 $286,410 $1,253,480 $64,834 
Liabilities:
Warranty obligations:
Current$— $— $24,133 $— $— $27,173 
Non-current— — 162,946 — — 143,743 
Total warranty obligations measured at fair value— — 187,079 — — 170,916 
Total liabilities measured at fair value$— $— $187,079 $— $— $170,916 
Notes due 2028 and Notes due 2026
The Company carries the Notes due 2028 (as defined in Note 9, “Debt”) and Notes due 2026 (as defined in Note 9, “Debt”) at face value less unamortized debt issuance costs on its condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2025, the fair value of the Notes due 2028 and Notes due 2026 was $494.5 million and $617.8 million, respectively. The fair value as of September 30, 2025 was determined based on the closing trading price per $100 principal amount as of the last day of trading for the period. The Company considers the fair value of the Notes due 2028 and Notes due 2026 to be a Level 2 measurement as they are not actively traded.
Investments in debt securities
In September 2025, the Company invested $6.3 million in cash to purchase convertible notes with an aggregate principal amount of $7.0 million issued by Complete Solaria, Inc. (“Complete Solaria”). The Company elected the fair value option for this investment. Accordingly, the convertible notes are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, with changes in fair value recognized in “Other expense, net” in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations. At initial recognition, the fair value of the notes approximated the purchase price. Subsequent changes in fair value, including those attributable to changes in credit risk and the embedded conversion feature, will be reflected in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations. Interest income is accrued and recognized based on the stated coupon rate.
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Investments in debt securities is recorded in “Other assets” on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The changes in the balance in investments in debt securities during the period were as follows:
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of period$55,693 $78,866 $64,834 $79,855 
Investment6,300 — 6,300 — 
Fair value adjustments included in other expense, net(3,174)(741)(12,315)(1,730)
Impairment — (16,988)— (16,988)
Balance at end of period$58,819 $61,137 $58,819 $61,137 
Investment in tax equity fund
In January 2025, June 2025 and September 2025, the Company made an investment in a tax equity fund contributing $6.9 million, $1.4 million and $1.4 million, respectively. The Company has elected to report its investment at fair value, which is equal to the present value of the remaining future cash flows expected to be received from the investment. The investment is included in “Other assets” on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025.
As of September 30, 2025, the fair value of the Company’s investment in tax equity fund was $3.1 million, representing its proportionate share of the tax equity fund’s net assets. As of September 30, 2025, the Company recognized a deferred tax asset of $6.2 million related to the difference between the initial investment amounts and its fair value. Additionally, the Company recognized an expense of $0.5 million for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, included in “Other expense, net” in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Issuance of Loan Receivables
The loan receivables represent financing arrangements provided to certain direct and indirect customers. These loan receivables have contractual maturities ranging from one to three years and are recorded on amortized cost basis. Interest income is accrued and recognized based on the stated coupon rate, included in “Other expense, net” in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company’s short-term and long-term loan receivables were as follows:
September 30,
2025
(In thousands)
Current$32,034 
Non-current16,466 
Loan receivables$48,500 
There was no activity in allowance for credit losses during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.
Fair Value Option for Warranty Obligations Related to Products Sold Since January 1, 2014
The Company estimates the fair value of warranty obligations by calculating the warranty obligations in the same manner as for sales prior to January 1, 2014 and applying an expected present value technique to that result. The expected present value technique, an income approach, converts future amounts into a single current discounted amount. In addition to the key estimates of return rates and replacement costs, the Company used certain Level 3 inputs, which are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Such additional assumptions are based on the Company’s credit-adjusted risk-free rate (“discount rate”) and compensation comprised of a profit element and risk premium required of a market participant to assume the obligation.
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
The following table provides information regarding changes in nonfinancial liabilities related to the Company’s warranty obligations measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs designated as Level 3 for the periods indicated:
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of period$182,179 $150,193 $170,916 $161,793 
Accruals for warranties issued during period7,918 7,752 22,814 20,251 
Changes in estimates554 2,161 8,430 (12,307)
Settlements(4,965)(4,707)(14,783)(17,043)
Increase due to accretion expense3,498 2,649 9,804 8,244 
Change in discount rate — — (5,715)759 
Other(2,105)(1,328)(4,387)(4,977)
Balance at end of period$187,079 $156,720 $187,079 $156,720 
Quantitative and Qualitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s liabilities designated as Level 3 were as follows:
Percent Used
(Weighted Average)
Item Measured at Fair ValueValuation TechniqueDescription of Significant Unobservable InputSeptember 30,
2025		December 31,
2024
Warranty obligations for products sold since January 1, 2014Discounted cash flowsProfit element and risk premium17.5%16.8%
Credit-adjusted risk-free rate7.7%7.2%
Sensitivity of Level 3 Inputs - Warranty Obligations
Each of the significant unobservable inputs is independent of the other. The profit element and risk premium are estimated based on the requirements of a third-party participant willing to assume the Company’s warranty obligations. The discount rate is determined by reference to the Company’s own credit standing at the fair value measurement date, which increased in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 due to the increase in the risk free rate and market spreads, contributing to the $5.7 million change in warranty benefit captured in “Change in discount rate” in the table above. Under the expected present value technique, increasing the profit element and risk premium input by 100 basis points would result in a $1.4 million increase to the liability. Decreasing the profit element and risk premium by 100 basis points would result in a $1.4 million reduction to the liability. Increasing the discount rate by 100 basis points would result in a $12.6 million decrease to the liability. Decreasing the discount rate by 100 basis points would result in a $14.2 million increase to the liability.
8.    RESTRUCTURING AND ASSET IMPAIRMENT CHARGES
2024 Restructuring Plan
In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company implemented a restructuring plan (the “2024 Restructuring Plan”) designed to better align its workforce and cost structure with the Company’s business needs, strategic priorities and ongoing commitment to profitable growth, while increasing operational efficiencies and reducing operating cost. The Company plans to complete its restructuring activities under the 2024 Restructuring Plan in the fourth quarter of 2025.
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
The following table presents the details of the Company’s restructuring and asset impairment charges under the 2024 Restructuring Plan for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025:
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
(In thousands)
Employee severance and benefits $586 $— $4,936 $— 
Contract termination charges701 — 1,270 — 
Asset impairment— — 1,565 — 
Total restructuring and asset impairment charges$1,287 $— $7,771 $— 
The following table provides information regarding changes in the Company’s accrued restructuring balances under the 2024 Restructuring Plan for the periods indicated:
Employee Severance and BenefitsContract Termination Charges Asset ImpairmentTotal
(In thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2024$2,220 $766 $— $2,986 
Charges4,936 1,270 1,565 7,771 
Cash payments and receipts, net(5,930)(230)— (6,160)
Non-cash settlement and other(588)— (1,565)(2,153)
Balance as of September 30, 2025$638 $1,806 $— $2,444 
2023 Restructuring Plan
In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company implemented a restructuring plan (the “2023 Restructuring Plan”) designed to increase operational efficiencies and execution, reduce operating costs, and better align the Company’s workforce and cost structure with current market conditions, and the Company’s business needs, strategic priorities and ongoing commitment to profitable growth. The Company completed its restructuring activities under the 2023 Restructuring Plan in the fourth quarter of 2024 and substantially all of the remaining liabilities as of December 31, 2024, were settled during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
9.    DEBT
The following table provides information regarding the Company’s debt:
September 30,
2025		December 31,
2024
(In thousands)
Convertible notes
Notes due 2028$575,000 $575,000 
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs(3,133)(4,102)
Carrying amount of Notes due 2028 571,867 570,898 
Notes due 2026632,500 632,500 
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs(819)(2,309)
Carrying amount of Notes due 2026 631,681 630,191 
Notes due 2025— 102,168 
Less: unamortized debt discount— (803)
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs— (74)
Carrying amount of Notes due 2025— 101,291 
Total carrying amount of debt1,203,548 1,302,380 
Less: debt, current(631,681)(101,291)
Debt, non-current$571,867 $1,201,089 
The following tables present the total amount of interest cost recognized in the consolidated statement of operations relating to the Company’s notes:
Three Months Ended
September 30,
20252024
Notes due 2028Notes due 2026Notes due 2028Notes due 2026Notes due 2025
(In thousands)
Contractual interest expense$— $— $— $— $64 
Amortization of debt discount— — — — 1,222 
Amortization of debt issuance costs326 502 327 502 122 
Total interest cost recognized$326 $502 $327 $502 $1,408 
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
20252024
Notes due 2028Notes due 2026Notes due 2025Notes due 2028Notes due 2026Notes due 2025
(In thousands)
Contractual interest expense$— $— $43 $— $— $192 
Amortization of debt discount— — 803 — — 3,604 
Amortization of debt issuance costs969 1,489 75 979 1,507 371 
Total interest cost recognized$969 $1,489 $921 $979 $1,507 $4,167 
Convertible Senior Notes due 2028
On March 1, 2021, the Company issued $575.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 0.0% convertible senior notes due 2028 (the “Notes due 2028”). The Notes due 2028 will not bear regular interest, and the principal amount of the Notes due 2028 will not accrete. The Notes due 2028 are general unsecured obligations and are governed by an indenture between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. The Notes due 2028 will mature on March 1, 2028, unless earlier repurchased by the Company or converted at the option of the holders. The Company received approximately $566.4 million in net proceeds, after deducting the initial purchasers’ discount, from the issuance of the Notes due 2028.
The initial conversion rate for the Notes due 2028 is 3.5104 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Notes due 2028 (which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $284.87 per share). Upon conversion, the Company will settle conversions of the Notes due 2028 through payment or delivery, as the case may be, of cash, shares of its common stock or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock, at the Company’s election.
The Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Notes due 2028, at the Company’s election, on or after September 6, 2024, if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock has been greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price then in effect for the Notes due 2028 (i.e., $370.33, which is 130% of the current conversion price for the Notes due 2028) for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption. The redemption price will equal 100% of the principal amount of the Notes due 2028 to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid special interest, if any to, but excluding, the relevant redemption date. No sinking fund is provided for the Notes due 2028.
The Notes due 2028 may be converted on any day prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding September 1, 2027, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at the option of the holder only under any of the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on June 30, 2021 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price for the Notes due 2028 on each applicable trading day; (2) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the “Measurement Period”) in which the “trading price” (as defined in the relevant indenture) per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of the Measurement Period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate for the Notes due 2028 on each such trading day; (3) if the Company calls any or all of the Notes due 2028 for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On and after September 1, 2027 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of March 1, 2028, holders of the Notes due 2028 may convert their notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the relevant indenture), holders may require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of their Notes due 2028 for cash at a price equal to
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
100% of the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased plus any accrued and unpaid special interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.
As of September 30, 2025, the sales price of the Company’s common stock was not greater than or equal to $370.33 (130% of the notes conversion price) for at least 20 trading days (whether consecutive or not) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days preceding the quarter-ended September 30, 2025. As a result, the Notes due 2028 are not convertible at the holders’ option. Accordingly, the Company classified the net carrying amount of the Notes due 2028 of $571.9 million as Debt, non-current on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, the unamortized deferred issuance cost for the Notes due 2028 was $3.1 million on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
Notes due 2028 Hedge and Warrant Transactions
In connection with the offering of the Notes due 2028, the Company entered into privately-negotiated convertible note hedge transactions (“Notes due 2028 Hedge”) pursuant to which the Company has the option to purchase a total of approximately 2.0 million shares of its common stock (subject to anti-dilution adjustments), which is the same number of shares initially issuable upon conversion of the Notes due 2028, at a price of $284.87 per share. The total cost of the convertible note hedge transactions was approximately $161.6 million. The convertible note hedge transactions are expected generally to reduce potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of the Notes due 2028 and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted notes, as the case may be.
Additionally, the Company separately entered into privately-negotiated warrant transactions (the “2028 Warrants”) whereby the Company sold warrants to acquire approximately 2.0 million shares of the Company’s common stock (subject to anti-dilution adjustments) at an initial strike price of $397.91 per share. The Company received aggregate proceeds of approximately $123.4 million from the sale of the 2028 Warrants. If the market value per share of the Company’s common stock, as measured under the 2028 Warrants, exceeds the strike price of the 2028 Warrants, the 2028 Warrants will have a dilutive effect on the Company’s earnings per share, unless the Company elects, subject to certain conditions, to settle the 2028 Warrants in cash. Taken together, the purchase of the Notes due 2028 Hedge and the sale of the 2028 Warrants are intended to reduce potential dilution from the conversion of the Notes due 2028 and to effectively increase the overall conversion price from $284.87 to $397.91 per share. The 2028 Warrants are only exercisable on the applicable expiration dates in accordance with the Notes due 2028 Hedge. Subject to the other terms of the 2028 Warrants, the first expiration date applicable to the Notes due 2028 Hedge is June 1, 2028, and the final expiration date applicable to the Notes due 2028 Hedge is July 27, 2028.
Given that the transactions meet certain accounting criteria, the Notes due 2028 Hedge and the 2028 Warrants transactions were recorded in stockholders’ equity, and they were not accounted for as derivatives and are not remeasured each reporting period.
Convertible Senior Notes due 2026
On March 1, 2021, the Company issued $575.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.0% convertible senior notes due 2026 (the “Notes due 2026”). In addition, on March 12, 2021, the Company issued an additional $57.5 million aggregate principal amount of the Notes due 2026 pursuant to the initial purchasers’ full exercise of the over-allotment option for additional Notes due 2026. The Notes due 2026 will not bear regular interest, and the principal amount of the Notes due 2026 will not accrete. The Notes due 2026 are general unsecured obligations and are governed by an indenture between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. The Notes due 2026 will mature on March 1, 2026, unless repurchased earlier by the Company or converted at the option of the holders. The Company received approximately $623.0 million in net proceeds, after deducting the initial purchasers’ discount, from the issuance of the Notes due 2026.
The initial conversion rate for the Notes due 2026 is 3.2523 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Notes due 2026 (which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $307.47 per share). Upon conversion, the Company will settle conversions of Notes due 2026 through payment or delivery, as the case
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
may be, of cash, shares of its common stock or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock, at the Company’s election.
The Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Notes due 2026, at the Company’s election, on or after September 6, 2023, if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock has been greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price then in effect for the Notes due 2026 (i.e., $399.71, which is 130% of the current conversion price for the Notes due 2026) for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption. The redemption price will equal 100% of the principal amount of the Notes due 2026 to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid special interest, if any, to, but excluding, the relevant redemption date for the Notes due 2026. The redemption price will be increased as described in the relevant indentures by a number of additional shares of the Company in connection with such optional redemption by the Company. No sinking fund is provided for the Notes due 2026.
The Notes due 2026 may be converted on any day prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding September 1, 2025, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at the option of the holder only under any of the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on June 30, 2021 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price of the Notes due 2026 on each applicable trading day; (2) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the “measurement period”) in which the “trading price” (as defined in the relevant indenture) per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate for Notes due 2026 on each such trading day; (3) if the Company calls any or all of the Notes due 2026 for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On and after September 1, 2025 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of March 1, 2026, holders of the Notes due 2026 may convert their notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the relevant indenture), holders may require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of their Notes due 2026 for cash at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased plus any accrued and unpaid special interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.
The Notes due 2026 are convertible at the option of the holder any time from September 1, 2025, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of March 1, 2026. Further, as the Notes due 2026 mature in less than a year, accordingly, the Company has classified the net carrying amount of the Notes due 2026 of $631.7 million as Debt, current on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, the unamortized deferred issuance cost for the Notes due 2026 was $0.8 million on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
Notes due 2026 Hedge and Warrant Transactions
In connection with the offering of the Notes due 2026 (including in connection with the issuance of additional Notes due 2026 upon the initial purchasers’ exercise of their over-allotment option), the Company entered into privately-negotiated convertible note hedge transactions (the “Notes due 2026 Hedge”) pursuant to which the Company has the option to purchase a total of approximately 2.1 million shares of its common stock (subject to anti-dilution adjustments), which is the same number of shares initially issuable upon conversion of the Notes due 2026, at a price of $307.47 per share, which is the initial conversion price of the Notes due 2026. The total cost of the Notes due 2026 Hedge was approximately $124.6 million. The Notes due 2026 Hedge are expected generally to reduce potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of the Notes due 2026 and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted notes, as the case may be.
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Additionally, the Company separately entered into privately-negotiated warrant transactions, including in connection with the issuance of additional Notes due 2026 upon the initial purchasers’ exercise of their over-allotment option (the “2026 Warrants”), whereby the Company sold warrants to acquire approximately 2.1 million shares of the Company’s common stock (subject to anti-dilution adjustments) at an initial strike price of $397.91 per share. The Company received aggregate proceeds of approximately $97.4 million from the sale of the 2026 Warrants. If the market value per share of the Company’s common stock, as measured under the 2026 Warrants, exceeds the strike price of the 2026 Warrants, the 2026 Warrants will have a dilutive effect on the Company’s earnings per share, unless the Company elects, subject to certain conditions, to settle the 2026 Warrants in cash. Taken together, the purchase of the Notes due 2026 Hedge and the sale of the 2026 Warrants are intended to reduce potential dilution from the conversion of the Notes due 2026 and to effectively increase the overall conversion price from $307.47 to $397.91 per share. The 2026 Warrants are only exercisable on the applicable expiration dates in accordance with the 2026 Warrants. Subject to the other terms of the 2026 Warrants, the first expiration date applicable to the Warrants is June 1, 2026, and the final expiration date applicable to the 2026 Warrants is July 27, 2026.
Given that the transactions meet certain accounting criteria, the Notes due 2026 Hedge and the 2026 Warrants transactions were recorded in stockholders’ equity, and they were not accounted for as derivatives and are not remeasured each reporting period.
Convertible Senior Notes due 2025
The Company settled all of its outstanding 0.25% convertible senior notes due 2025 (the “Notes due 2025”) on March 1, 2025 (the “maturity date”). As part of the settlement, the Company paid $102.2 million in cash towards principal amount of the Notes due 2025 and no shares were issued in connection with the settlement as the conversion value was less than the principal amount of the Notes due 2025. Following the settlement, there were no Notes due 2025 outstanding as of September 30, 2025.
Notes due 2025 Hedge and Warrant Transactions
In connection with the offering of the Notes due 2025, the Company entered into privately-negotiated convertible note hedge transactions (the “Notes due 2025 Hedge”) to reduce potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of the Notes due 2025 and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted notes, as the case may be. The Notes due 2025 Hedge expired on March 1, 2025, upon maturity of Notes due 2025 as the strike price was higher than the market price.
Additionally, the Company separately entered into privately-negotiated warrant transactions in connection with the offering of the Notes due 2025 whereby the Company sold the 2025 Warrants to acquire approximately 3.9 million shares of the Company’s common stock (subject to anti-dilution adjustments) at an initial strike price of $106.94 per share. None of the 2025 Warrants were exercised and all expired during the three months ended September 30, 2025.
10.    COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Operating Leases
The Company leases office facilities under noncancellable operating leases that expire on various dates through 2034, some of which may include options to extend the leases for up to 12 years.
The components of lease expense are presented as follows:
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
(In thousands)
Operating lease costs$2,623 $2,845 $9,546 $8,167 
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
The components of right of use assets and lease liabilities are presented as follows:
September 30,
2025		December 31,
2024
(In thousands, except years and percentage data)
Operating leases:
Operating lease, right of use asset, net (Other assets)$24,028 $24,617 
Operating lease liabilities, current (Accrued liabilities)
$5,813 $5,815 
Operating lease liabilities, non-current (Other liabilities)24,262 23,044 
Total operating lease liabilities
$30,075 $28,859 
Supplemental lease information:
Weighted average remaining lease term
6.2 years5.9 years
Weighted average discount rate
6.6%6.7%
Supplemental cash flow and other information related to operating leases were as follows:
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
(In thousands)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases$2,193 $2,015 $6,510 $5,619 
Non-cash investing activities:
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets
$— $10,337 $7,260 $12,687 
Undiscounted cash flows of operating lease liabilities as of September 30, 2025 were as follows:
Lease Amounts
(In thousands)
Year:
2025 (remaining three months)$1,758 
20267,773 
20275,450 
20284,506 
20294,451 
Thereafter13,168 
Total lease payments
37,106 
Less: imputed lease interest
(7,031)
Total lease liabilities
$30,075 
Purchase Obligations
The Company has contractual obligations related to component inventory that its contract manufacturers procure on its behalf in accordance with its production forecast as well as other inventory related purchase commitments. As of September 30, 2025, these purchase obligations totaled approximately $155.0 million.
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Litigation
The Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business and that have not been fully resolved. An accrual for a loss contingency or loss recovery is recognized when it is probable and the amount of loss or recovery can be reasonably estimated. The outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. If one or more legal matters were resolved against the Company in a reporting period for amounts above management’s expectations, the Company’s business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows for that reporting period could be materially adversely affected. As of September 30, 2025, in the opinion of management, there was not at least a reasonable possibility the Company may have incurred a material loss, or a material loss greater than a recorded accrual, concerning loss contingencies for asserted legal and other claims.
11.    STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
In July 2023, the board of directors authorized a share repurchase program (the “2023 Repurchase Program”) pursuant to which the Company was authorized to repurchase up to $1.0 billion of the Company’s common stock. The Company may repurchase shares of common stock from time to time through solicited or unsolicited transactions in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions or pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1 plan.
During the three months ended September 30, 2025 there were no repurchases of common stock. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company repurchased and subsequently retired 434,947 shares of common stock from the open market at an average cost of $114.48 per share for a total of $49.8 million.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company repurchased and subsequently retired 2,297,053 and 1,659,578 shares, respectively, of common stock from the open market at an average cost of $56.58 and $115.51 per share, respectively, for a total of $130.0 million and $191.7 million, respectively.
As of September 30, 2025, $268.7 million remains available for repurchase of shares under the 2023 Repurchase Program.
12.    STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
Stock-based Compensation Expense
Stock-based compensation expense for all stock-based awards, which includes shares purchased under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance stock units (“PSUs”), expected to vest is measured at fair value on the date of grant and recognized ratably over the requisite service period.
The following table summarizes the components of total stock-based compensation expense included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented:
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
(In thousands)
Cost of revenues$4,105 $2,948 $12,655 $10,860 
Research and development20,488 19,790 62,616 64,550 
Sales and marketing14,493 14,237 47,546 49,199 
General and administrative12,383 8,965 37,593 34,921 
Restructuring— — 588 — 
Total$51,469 $45,940 $160,998 $159,530 
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
The following table summarizes the various types of stock-based compensation expense for the periods presented:
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
(In thousands)
RSUs and PSUs$50,138 $44,727 $156,980 $154,834 
ESPP1,331 1,213 4,018 4,696 
Total$51,469 $45,940 $160,998 $159,530 
As of September 30, 2025, there was approximately $263.8 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested equity awards, which are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.2 years.

Equity Awards Activity
Stock Options
No stock options were granted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Stock option activity during the period, as well as stock options outstanding as of September 30, 2025, were immaterial.
Restricted Stock Units
The following table summarizes RSU activity:
Number of
Shares
Outstanding		Weighted-
Average
Fair Value
per Share at
Grant Date
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value (1)
(In thousands)(In thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 20242,283 $139.27 
Granted843 59.23 
Vested(704)154.69 $36,610 
Canceled(295)131.70 
Outstanding at September 30, 20252,127 $103.49 $75,260 
Expected to vest at September 30, 20252,127 $103.49 $75,260 
(1)    The intrinsic value of RSUs vested is based upon the value of the Company’s stock when vested. The intrinsic value of RSUs outstanding and expected to vest as of September 30, 2025 is based on the closing price of the last trading day during the period ended September 30, 2025. The Company’s stock fair value used in this computation was $35.39 per share.
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Performance Stock Units
The following summarizes PSU activity:
Number of
Shares
Outstanding		Weighted-
Average
Fair Value
per Share at
Grant Date
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value (1)
(In thousands)(In thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2024899 $154.67 
Granted1,128 77.71 
Vested(175)110.20 $10,017 
Canceled(220)119.53 
Outstanding at September 30, 20251,632 $110.98 $57,758 
Expected to vest at September 30, 20251,632 $110.98 $57,758 
(1)    The intrinsic value of PSUs vested is based upon the value of the Company’s stock when vested. The intrinsic value of PSUs outstanding and expected to vest as of September 30, 2025 is based on the closing price of the last trading day during the period ended September 30, 2025. The Company’s stock fair value used in this computation was $35.39 per share.
13.    INCOME TAXES
For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s income tax provision totaled $10.4 million and $5.0 million, respectively, on income before income taxes of $77.0 million and $50.7 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s income tax provision totaled $32.7 million and $10.0 million, respectively, on income before income taxes of $166.1 million and $50.5 million, respectively.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the income tax provision was calculated using the annualized effective tax rate method and was primarily due to tax expense in U.S. and foreign jurisdictions that are profitable, tax expense from equity compensation shortfalls, and prior year true up adjustments.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the income tax provision was calculated using the annualized effective tax rate method and was primarily due to tax expense in U.S. and foreign jurisdictions that are profitable and tax expense from equity compensation shortfalls, partially offset by a discrete tax benefit from the impairment of an investment in a private company.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, in accordance with FASB guidance for interim reporting of income tax, the Company has computed its provision for income taxes based on a projected annual effective tax rate while excluding loss jurisdictions, which cannot be benefited.
In December 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion Profit Shifting released Model Global Anti-Base Erosion rules (“Model Rules”) under Pillar Two. The Model Rules set forth the “common approach” for a Global Minimum Tax at 15 percent for multinational enterprises with a turnover of more than 750 million euros. The Company does not expect adoption of Pillar Two rules to have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements during fiscal year 2025.
In July 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBB”) was enacted into law, extending key provisions of 2017 Tax Act while scaling back clean energy tax incentives of Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. The OBBB brought back accelerated depreciation for property acquired and placed in service after January 19, 2025, and restored expensing of domestic research expenditures for years beginning after December 31, 2024. Additionally, the bill also amended international tax provisions on global intangible low-tax income, foreign derived intangible income, and base erosion and anti-abuse tax.
Among the significant changes to the clean energy provisions are those related to the repeal of the Section 25D residential solar incentive tax credit starting after December 31, 2025, and the Section 48E tax credit after December 31, 2027, if construction is not started within 12 months of the enactment. The OBBB expanded the new
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Foreign Entity of Concern requirements for the Section 45X tax credit to deny credits from projects owned or controlled by certain foreign entities or use components from or make payments to these foreign entities.
On October 1, 2025, the Governor of California signed Senate Bill 302 (“SB 302”) into law. SB 302 provides a gross income exclusion for taxpayers that either elect to receive direct payments from the Internal Revenue Service or receive payment from transfer of certain federal clean energy tax credits beginning tax years on or after January 1, 2026, and before January 1, 2031. The Company is currently evaluating the impacts of SB 302 on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
14.    NET INCOME PER SHARE
Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed in a similar manner, but it also includes the effect of potential common shares outstanding during the period, when dilutive.
The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted net income per share for the periods presented:
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
(In thousands, except per share data)
Numerator:
Net income$66,638 $45,762 $133,420 $40,498 
Notes due 2028 and Notes due 2026 financing costs, net243 618 732 — 
Adjusted net income$66,881 $46,380 $134,152 $40,498 
Denominator:
Shares used in basic per share amounts:
Weighted average common shares outstanding130,797 135,329 131,228 135,621 
Shares used in diluted per share amounts:
Weighted average common shares outstanding used for basic calculation130,797 135,329 131,228 135,621 
Effect of dilutive securities:
Employee stock-based awards180 456 193 528 
2025 Warrants
— 54 — 87 
Notes due 2026— 2,057 — — 
Notes due 20282,018 2,018 2,018 — 
Weighted average common shares outstanding for diluted calculation132,995 139,914 133,439 136,236 
Basic and diluted net income per share
Net income per share, basic$0.51 $0.34 $1.02 $0.30 
Net income per share, diluted$0.50 $0.33 $1.01 $0.30 
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 includes the dilutive effect of potentially dilutive common shares by application of the treasury stock method for stock options, RSUs, PSUs, ESPP, and includes potentially dilutive common shares by application of the if-converted method for the Notes due 2028. Diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 includes the dilutive effect of potentially dilutive common shares by application of the treasury stock method for stock options, RSUs, PSUs, ESPP, the 2025 Warrants, and includes potentially dilutive common shares by application of the if-converted method for the Notes due 2025, Notes due 2026 and Notes due 2028. To the extent these potential common shares are antidilutive, they are excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share.
The Company under the relevant sections of the indenture, irrevocably may elect to settle principal in cash and any excess in cash or shares of the Company’s common stock for the Notes due 2028. If and when the Company makes such election, there will be no adjustment to the net income and the Company will use the average share price for the period to determine the potential number of shares to be issued based upon assumed conversion to be included in the diluted share count.
The Company's Notes due 2026 are convertible at any time from September 1, 2025, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of March 1, 2026. Upon conversion, the Notes due 2026 will be settled in combination of cash and shares of Common Stock, whereby the principal amount will settle in cash, and any excess conversion value will be settled in shares of the Company's common stock. As a result of this settlement method, no adjustment to net income was required for the three and nine months ending September 30, 2025, and the Company utilized the average share to determine the potential number of shares issuable upon conversion and be included in the diluted share count.
The following outstanding shares of common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of the diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders because their effect would have been antidilutive:
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
(In thousands)
Employee stock-based awards3,177 1,330 3,337 1,396 
Notes due 2025— 1,253 693 1,253 
Warrants 20251,213 — 742 — 
Notes due 202614,968 — 10,959 2,057 
2026 Warrants18,584 5,269 13,537 5,065 
Notes due 2028— — — 2,018 
2028 Warrants18,235 5,170 13,283 4,970 
Total56,177 13,022 42,551 16,759 
15.    SEGMENT INFORMATION
The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer (the “CEO”). The Company has one business activity, which entails the design, development, manufacture and sale of solutions for the solar PV industry. There are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results or plans for levels or components below the consolidated unit level. Accordingly, management has determined that the Company has a single operating and reportable segment. The primary measure of segment profit or loss is consolidated net income as presented below and is used by the CEO for the purpose of evaluating segment performance and allocation of budget to support business expansion, new product development and operational efficiencies.
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ENPHASE ENERGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
(In thousands)
Net revenues$410,427 $380,873 $1,129,664 $947,670 
Less:
Other cost of revenues(1)
250,964 233,006 699,117 567,550 
Income-based government grants(67,627)(46,552)(182,298)(89,498)
Incremental cost for manufacturing in the United States(2)
25,151 11,396 60,452 22,228 
Stock-based compensation expense51,469 45,940 160,998 159,530 
Acquisition related amortization4,487 5,006 13,383 15,712 
Other restructuring and asset impairment charges(3)
1,287 677 7,183 3,755 
Other research and development(4)
26,778 28,053 80,245 86,375 
Other sales and marketing(5)
31,044 32,332 91,921 95,527 
Other general and administrative(6)
20,715 21,227 63,575 64,003 
Income from operations66,159 49,788 135,088 22,488 
Total other income, net10,860 955 31,029 27,972 
Income from income taxes77,019 50,743 166,117 50,460 
Income tax provision(10,381)(4,981)(32,697)(9,962)
Net Income $66,638 $45,762 $133,420 $40,498 
(1)    Represents consolidated cost of revenue, excluding stock-based compensation, acquisition related amortization, income-based government grants and incremental costs for manufacturing in the United States.
(2)    Represents the incremental manufacturing cost incurred in the United States relative to manufacturing in India. This is calculated based on the difference in product cost for manufacturing the product in the United States as compared to India for the same or similar products. It also includes the portion of the income-based government grants earned that the Company remits to its contract manufacturers.
(3)    Represents consolidated restructuring and asset impairment charges, excluding stock-based compensation.
(4)    Represents consolidated research and development, excluding stock-based compensation.
(5)    Represents consolidated sales and marketing, excluding stock-based compensation and acquisition related amortization.
(6)    Represents consolidated general and administrative, excluding stock-based compensation.

16.    RELATED PARTY
In September 2025, the Company invested $6.3 million in cash to purchase convertible notes with an aggregate principal amount of $7.0 million issued by Complete Solaria. The CEO of Complete Solaria also serves as a member of the Company’s Board of Directors, and therefore this transaction constitutes a related party transaction. The notes bear an interest rate of 7% per annum and mature on July 1, 2029. The initial conversion rate is 467.8363 shares of Complete Solaria common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes (equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $2.14 per share). The terms of the transaction were reviewed and approved by the Company’s Audit Committee and were determined to be on an arm’s-length basis. See Note 7. “Fair Value Measurements” for additional information related to this purchase.

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Item 2.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Forward-Looking Statements
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion contains forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations and involves risks and uncertainties. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “intend,” “potential,” “aim” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Such statements, include but are not limited to statements regarding: our expectations as to future financial performance, including expenses, liquidity sources and cash requirements; the capabilities, advantages, features, and performance of our technology and products; timing of new product releases, and the anticipated market adoption of our current and future products; our expectations regarding demand for our products; our business strategies, including anticipated trends and operating conditions; growth of and development in markets we target, and our expansion into new and existing markets; our performance in operations, including factors affecting our supply chain; our product quality and customer service; our expectations regarding the macroeconomic environment, geopolitical developments, including the effects of tariffs, which may impact our business operations, financial performance and the markets in which we, our suppliers, manufacturers and installers operate; our expectations regarding potential growth through engagement in the third-party ownership (“TPO”) segment; and the importance of government incentives for solar products, including the impact of recent changes in the tax laws, rules and regulations. You should be aware that the forward-looking statements contained in this report are based on our current views and assumptions, and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual events or results to differ materially. For a discussion identifying some of the important factors that could cause actual results to vary materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements, see below, those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” herein and those included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed on February 10, 2025 (the “Form 10-K”). Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this report to “Enphase,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Enphase Energy, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
Business Overview
We are a global energy technology company. We deliver smart, easy-to-use solutions that manage solar generation, storage and communication on one platform. Our intelligent microinverters work with virtually every solar panel made, and when paired with our smart technology, result in one of the industry’s best-performing clean energy systems. As of September 30, 2025, we have shipped approximately 84.8 million microinverters, and more than 5.0 million Enphase residential and commercial systems have been deployed in over 160 countries.
The Enphase® Energy System, powered by IQ® Microinverters and IQ® Batteries, our current generation integrated solar, storage and energy management offering, enables self-consumption and delivers our core value proposition of yielding more energy, simplifying design and installation, and improving system uptime and reliability. The IQ family of microinverters, like all of our previous microinverters, is fully compliant with NEC 2014 and 2017 rapid shutdown requirements. Unlike string inverters, this capability is built-in, with no additional equipment necessary.
The Enphase Energy System brings a high technology, networked approach to solar generation plus energy storage, by leveraging our design expertise across power electronics, semiconductors and cloud-based software technologies. Our integrated approach to energy solutions maximizes a home’s energy potential while providing advanced monitoring and remote maintenance capabilities. The Enphase Energy System with IQ uses a single technology platform for seamless management of the whole solution, enabling rapid commissioning with the Enphase® Installer App and consumption monitoring with IQ® Gateway with IQ® Combiner+, Enphase® App, a cloud-based energy management platform, and our IQ Battery. System owners can use the Enphase App to monitor their home’s solar generation, energy storage and consumption from any web-enabled device. Unlike some of our competitors, who utilize a traditional inverter, or offer separate components of solutions, we have built-in system redundancy in both photovoltaic generation and energy storage, eliminating the risk that comes with a single point of failure. Further, the nature of our cloud-based, monitored system allows for remote firmware and software updates, enabling cost-effective remote maintenance and ongoing utility compliance.
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We sell primarily to solar distributors who combine our products with others, including solar module products and racking systems, and resell to installers in each target region. In addition to our solar distributors, we sell directly to select large installers, original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and strategic partners. Our OEM customers include solar module manufacturers who integrate our microinverters with their solar module products and resell to both distributors and installers. Strategic partners include providers of solar financing solutions. We also sell certain products and services to homeowners primarily in support of our warranty services and legacy product upgrade programs, via our online store.
Events Affecting our Business and Operations
As we have a growing global footprint, we are subject to risk and exposure from the evolving macroeconomic environment, including the effects of increased global inflationary pressures, tariffs and interest rates, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, potential economic slowdowns or recessions, geopolitical pressures and potential regulatory changes, including the unknown impacts of current and future trade regulations. We continuously monitor the direct and indirect impacts of these circumstances on our business and financial results.
One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025. In July 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025 (the “OBBB”) was enacted, introducing material changes to clean energy tax credit programs that are significant to our business and may impact our financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.
The OBBB scales back the Investment Tax Credit (the “ITC”) available under Section 25D of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”) for residential solar and storage systems purchased through cash or loans. Under the new law, the Section 25D credit will expire on December 31, 2025. In addition, the OBBB imposes new timing requirements for eligibility under Section 48E of the Code, which governs ITCs for leased solar and storage systems. Specifically, solar-only projects that do not commence construction within 12 months of the OBBB’s enactment must be placed in service by December 31, 2027 in order to remain eligible for the credit. Energy storage projects are not subject to this placed-in-service deadline; however, the ITC for storage systems will begin to phase down in 2034 — decreasing to 75% in 2034, 50% in 2035 and phasing out entirely by 2036.
The OBBB also amends the domestic content bonus credit rules for Section 48E projects. Projects commencing construction after June 16, 2025 must meet a 45% domestic cost threshold, up from 40%.
Additionally, the OBBB introduces new compliance requirements under the Foreign Entity of Concern (“FEOC”) provisions for both Section 48E and the Advanced Manufacturing Production Tax Credit (“AMPTC”) under Section 45X. These provisions establish an escalating threshold of non-FEOC content that must be met by solar and storage projects beginning construction in 2026 and by manufactured components produced beginning in 2026.
On July 7, 2025, the President issued an Executive Order directing the Secretary of the Treasury to issue updated guidance within 45 days on the “beginning of construction” requirements applicable to Section 48E projects. The Executive Order also requires the Secretary to implement the FEOC restrictions set forth in the OBBB.
These legislative and regulatory developments may negatively impact our eligibility for certain tax credits, the attractiveness of our offerings to solar and storage system lease providers, and the overall demand for our products. If we are unable to meet the revised domestic content or FEOC requirements, our ability to qualify for these incentives could be impaired, which may adversely affect our revenue, gross margins, business operations and competitive position.
Trade Tariff Uncertainties. The impact of new or existing tariff, trade restrictions or retaliatory actions on us, the solar industry and our customers continue to create uncertainty and impact on our business operations. We have relocated a significant portion of our contract manufacturing to the United States while continuing to utilize contract manufacturing in China and India. However, certain critical components for our products are still sourced from outside the United States.
For example, lithium iron phosphate ("LFP") battery cells used in our energy storage systems are still supplied exclusively by two vendors located in China. While we are actively exploring alternative suppliers outside of China, the global supply chain for LFP battery cells remains heavily concentrated in China, and identifying qualified suppliers with the necessary expertise and capacity remains challenging.
An escalation in trade tensions or the implementation of broader tariffs, trade restrictions or retaliatory measures on our products or components originating from countries outside the United States could adversely impact our ability to source necessary components, manufacture products at competitive cost, or sell our products
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at prices customers are willing to pay. Any such developments could materially and adversely affect our business operations, results of operations and cash flows.
Safe Harbor Agreements. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we entered into multiple safe harbor agreements with customers, including solar and battery financing companies that offer TPO arrangements to homeowners, such as leases and power purchase agreements. These agreements reflect our increasing engagement in the TPO segment, which we expect to be an important growth channel for U.S. residential solar and battery adoption following the scheduled expiration of the ITC available under Section 25D of the Code on December 31, 2025. The timing and structure of these safe harbor transactions have resulted in higher variability in our quarterly revenue recognition and overall financial performance.
Demand for Products. The prolonged softness in demand has continued to adversely impact certain distributors and installers, contributing to reduced liquidity, bankruptcies and business closures across the channel. These disruptions have negatively affected our revenue and profitability and resulted in higher allowances for credit losses. In addition, uncertainty related to potential changes in legislation, including from the OBBB, which eliminates or reduces existing tax credits for clean energy programs, as well as evolving U.S. trade and tariff policies, may further contribute to market volatility and adversely impact customer demand for our products, pricing and our financial performance.
Products
The Enphase Energy System, powered by IQ Microinverters, IQ Batteries and other products and services, is an integrated solar, storage and energy management offering that enables self-consumption and delivers our core value proposition of yielding more energy, simplifying design and installation, and improving system uptime and reliability.
IQ Microinverters. We ship IQ8™ series microinverters into 58 countries worldwide. We are also shipping IQ8 Microinverters with peak output power of 480 W AC for the residential and small-commercial market in North America, and grid-tied applications in South Africa, Mexico, Brazil, India, Thailand, the Philippines, France, Spain, Switzerland, Poland, Columbia, Panama, Costa Rica, Vietnam, Malaysia, Australia and 13 Caribbean countries. Our IQ8 Microinverters are designed to maximize energy production and can manage a continuous direct current (“DC”) of 14 amperes, supporting higher powered solar modules through increased energy harvesting.
Our new IQ8 Microinverter, the IQ8P-3P™, which enables a peak output power of up to 480 W, supporting small three-phase commercial applications and newer, high-powered solar panels, is shipping into North America for customers in the small commercial solar market.
We now ship our IQ8HC™ Microinverters supplied from contract manufacturing facilities in the United States with higher domestic content than previous models when paired with other U.S.-made solar equipment that could qualify for the domestic content bonus tax credit under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”).
We began accepting pre-orders for our new IQ9N-3P™ Commercial Microinverter in September 2025. This is the first microinverter powered by advanced gallium nitride technology and designed for three-phase 480Y/277 V (wye) grid configurations, without using external transformers. The IQ9N-3P Commercial Microinverter helps simplify design complexity, lowers installation and balance of system costs, and improves system efficiency for 480 V commercial projects.
In 2025, we released a software update that enables homeowners with existing legacy IQ7™ Microinverter-based systems to expand their solar capacity with IQ8 Microinverters. This software facilitates seamless interoperability between legacy and current system architectures and is available in North America, Europe, Australia, South Africa, Philippines and other key markets.
IQ Batteries. Our Enphase IQ Battery storage systems, with usable and scalable capacity of 10.1 kWh and 3.4 kWh for the United States, and 10.5 kWh and 3.5 kWh for Europe and other international countries, are based on our Ensemble OS™ energy system, which powers our grid-independent microinverter-based storage systems. We currently ship our Enphase IQ Battery storage systems to customers in the United States, Puerto Rico, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, Austria, France, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Finland, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Denmark and Greece. Enphase IQ Batteries in Europe can be installed with both single-phase and three-phase third-party solar energy inverters, enabling homeowners to upgrade their existing home solar systems with a residential battery storage solution that reduces costs while providing increased self-reliance.
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Our IQ Battery 5P is modular with 5 kWh capacity and provides a peak output power of 384 W. Our IQ Battery 5P is available for customers in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Canada, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, Romania and India. We currently ship our IQ Battery 5P with FlexPhase, an all-in-one AC-coupled system that delivers reliable backup power and supports both single-phase and three-phase applications, to customers in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Poland, Spain, Portugal, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Denmark, Greece, Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Romania, Australia, New Zealand and India.
We started shipping our fourth-generation Enphase Energy System, featuring the IQ® Battery 10C, IQ® Meter Collar and the IQ® Combiner 6C into the United States in June 2025. The IQ Battery 10C is designed to be 30% more energy-dense, occupy 60% less wall space, and cost less than previous models. The IQ Meter Collar simplifies whole-home backup by providing microgrid interconnection device functionality, while the IQ Combiner 6C further streamlines installation by consolidating interconnection equipment into one enclosure. Together, these components are designed to simplify the entire backup installation process and enhance reliability. We announced in August 2025 the initial shipments of our IQ Battery 10C, supplied from our contract manufacturing facilities in the United States, delivering additional value in growing TPO market.
IQ® Balcony Solar System. We launched our IQ Balcony Solar System in Germany and Belgium in May 2025. This system is designed for plug-and-play installation and enables apartment residents and homeowners with limited roof space to generate solar energy from balconies, patios and small outdoor areas. Our IQ Balcony Solar System includes Enphase IQ8HC Microinverters, IQ® Balcony Gateway, and other components.
IQ® Energy Management. We introduced IQ Energy Management in France in May 2025. This solution integrates with Enphase solar and battery systems to enable smart management of variable electricity rates. It also supports integration with select third-party electric vehicle (“EV”) chargers, heat pumps, and resistive electric water heaters, providing homeowners with enhanced control over energy consumption and costs. We also recently introduced the expansion of IQ Energy Management capabilities to include select electric water heaters in Belgium, the Netherlands and Switzerland.
Electric Vehicle Chargers. Our EV chargers are compatible with most EVs sold in North America. Customers are able to purchase Enphase-branded EV chargers, which support both J1772 and North American Charging Standard connectors with a charging power range between 32 amperes and 64 amperes.
Our smart IQ® EV Chargers sold in the United States and Canada are Wi-Fi-equipped and include smart control and monitoring capabilities. Our IQ EV Charger is designed to seamlessly integrate into our solar and battery systems to help homeowners maximize electricity cost savings by charging directly from solar energy.
Our most advanced residential charger to date, the IQ EV Charger 2 supports up to 22 kW of three-phase charging and can operate either as a standalone charger or fully integrated with our IQ Microinverters and IQ Batteries. We ship IQ EV Charger 2 into 14 countries in Europe and recently expanded across Europe to now include Greece, Romania, Ireland and Poland. In June 2025, we started shipping IQ EV Charger 2 to Australia and New Zealand. We also opened pre-orders in the United States for the IQ EV Charger 2 in September 2025.
The new CS-100 EV Charger, our most powerful EV charger to date providing up to 19.2 kW of continuous power, is available for customers with commercial fleet EVs in the United States.
We announced a new IQ® Bidirectional EV Charger architecture in September 2025, featuring vehicle-to-home and vehicle-to-grid capability. The charger connects to the DC port of the EV and lets homeowners charge their EV, power their home seamlessly during outages, and share energy with the grid – all managed through the Enphase App.

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Results of Operations
Net Revenues 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
Change in
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
Change in
20252024
$
%
20252024
$
%
(In thousands, except percentages)
Net revenues
$410,427 $380,873 $29,554 8 %$1,129,664 $947,670 $181,994 19 %
Three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
Net revenues increased by $29.6 million, or 8%, in the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024, driven primarily by a 2% increase in microinverter units sold and 13% increase in IQ Batteries Megawatt-hours (“MWh”) shipped. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, we sold approximately 1.8 million microinverter units and shipped 195.0 MWh of IQ Batteries, as compared to approximately 1.7 million microinverter units and 172.9 MWh of IQ Batteries shipped in the three months ended September 30, 2024.
Net revenues in the United States were $350.0 million in the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $284.0 million in the same period in 2024, an increase of $66.0 million, or 23%, primarily driven by $70.9 million of microinverter shipments in the three months ended September 30, 2025 that are associated with safe harbor transactions with customers.
Net revenues from international geographical markets were $60.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $96.8 million in the same period in 2024, a decrease of $36.4 million, or 38%, primarily driven by continued softening in demand from customers in Europe, which was impacted by the overall slower economic growth in Europe in addition to changes in government policies and lower utility rates.
Nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
Net revenues increased by $182.0 million, or 19%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024, driven primarily by a 7% increase in microinverter units sold and 51% increase in IQ Batteries MWh shipped. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we sold approximately 4.8 million microinverter units and shipped 556.0 MWh of IQ Batteries, as compared to approximately 4.5 million microinverter units and 368.6 MWh of IQ Batteries shipped in the three months ended September 30, 2024.
Net revenues in the United States were $884.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $632.7 million in the same period in 2024, an increase of $251.9 million, or 40%, primarily driven by $110.3 million of microinverter shipments in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 that are associated with orders that were prepaid in December 2024 for products to be delivered in 2025 and $70.9 million of microinverter shipments that are associated with safe harbor transactions with customers.
Net revenues from international geographical markets were $245.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $315.0 million in the same period in 2024, a decrease of $69.9 million, or 22%, primarily driven by continued softening in demand from customers in Europe, which was impacted by the overall slower economic growth in Europe in addition to changes in government policies and lower utility rates.
Cost of Revenues and Gross Margin
Three Months Ended
September 30,
Change in
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
Change in
20252024
$
%
20252024
$
%
(In thousands, except percentages)
Cost of revenues
$214,188 $202,702 $11,486 6 %$594,691 $516,825 $77,866 15 %
Gross profit
196,239 178,171 18,068 10 %534,973 430,845 104,128 24 %
Gross margin
47.8 %46.8 %47.4 %45.5 %
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Three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
Cost of revenues increased by $11.5 million, or 6%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. This increase was primarily driven by a higher volume of microinverter units sold, increased MWh of IQ Batteries shipped and higher tariffs. This increase also included $25.1 million of incremental costs for manufacturing in the United States during the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $11.4 million for the same period in 2024. This increase in cost of revenues was partially offset by benefits recognized from tax credits under the AMPTC for U.S. manufactured microinverters and IQ Batteries MW shipped to customers. The AMPTC benefits recognized were $67.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $46.6 million for the same period in 2024, resulting in a net IRA benefit of $42.5 million and $35.2 million, respectively.
Gross margin increased by 1.0 percentage point in the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily due to recognition of a 10.3 percentage point net IRA benefit in the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to a 9.2 percentage point net IRA benefit in the same period in 2024, due to a higher proportion of sales from U.S. manufactured microinverters and IQ Battery MWh shipped, partially offset by product mix and increased tariff costs.
Nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
Cost of revenues increased by $77.9 million, or 15%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. This increase was primarily driven by a higher volume of microinverter units sold, increased MWh of IQ Batteries shipped and higher tariffs. This increase also included $60.5 million of incremental costs for manufacturing in the United States during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $22.2 million for the same period in 2024. This increase in cost of revenues was partially offset by benefits recognized from tax credits under the AMPTC for U.S. manufactured microinverters and IQ Batteries MWh shipped to customers. The AMPTC benefits recognized were $182.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $89.5 million for the same period in 2024, resulting in a net IRA benefit of $121.8 million and $67.3 million, respectively.
Gross margin increased by 1.9 percentage points in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily due to recognition of a 10.8 percentage point net IRA benefit in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to a 7.1 percentage point net IRA benefit in the same period in 2024, due to a higher proportion of sales from U.S. manufactured microinverters and IQ Battery MWh shipped, partially offset by product mix and increased tariff costs.
Research and Development
Three Months Ended
September 30,
Change in
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
Change in
20252024
$
%
20252024
$
%
(In thousands, except percentages)
Research and development$47,266 $47,843 $(577)(1)%$142,861 $150,925 $(8,064)(5)%
Percentage of net revenues12 %13 %13 %16 %
Three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
Research and development expense decreased by $0.6 million, or 1%, in the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily due to actions in connection with the restructuring initiatives implemented in 2024 that lowered equipment, supplies and professional services costs by $1.3 million, partially offset by $0.7 million in higher personnel-related expenses due to bonus program and stock-based compensation.
Nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
Research and development expense decreased by $8.1 million, or 5%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily due to actions in connection with the restructuring initiatives implemented in 2024 that lowered personnel-related expenses due to a reduction in headcount by $5.0 million and lowered equipment, supplies and professional services costs by $3.1 million. The amount of research and development expenses may fluctuate from period to period due to the differing levels and stages of development activity for our products.
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Sales and Marketing
Three Months Ended
September 30,
Change in
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
Change in
20252024
$
%
20252024
$
%
(In thousands, except percentages)
Sales and marketing$48,429 $49,671 $(1,242)(3)%$148,085 $154,753 $(6,668)(4)%
Percentage of net revenues12 %13 %13 %16 %
Three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
Sales and marketing expense decreased by $1.2 million, or 3%, in the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. A decrease of $1.5 million was primarily due to our network of field service technicians providing warranty services as well as serving the growing Enphase Care and third-party upgrade program for the IQ Gateway. The decrease was also from actions in connection with the restructuring initiatives implemented in 2024 that lowered professional services, equipment and advertising costs by $1.3 million, partially offset by $1.6 million in higher personnel-related expenses due to our commission and bonus program.
Nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
Sales and marketing expense decreased by $6.7 million, or 4%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. A decrease of $2.4 million was primarily due to our network of field service technicians providing warranty services as well as serving the growing Enphase Care and third-party upgrade program for the IQ Gateway. The decrease was also from actions in connection with the restructuring initiatives implemented in 2024 that lowered professional services, equipment and advertising costs by $4.3 million.
General and Administrative
Three Months Ended
September 30,
Change in
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
Change in
20252024
$
%
20252024
$
%
(In thousands, except percentages)
General and administrative$33,098 $30,192 $2,906 10 %$101,168 $98,924 $2,244 2 %
Percentage of net revenues8 %8 %9 %10 %
Three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
General and administrative expense increased by $2.9 million, or 10%, in the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily due to $3.9 million in higher personnel-related expenses due to bonus program and stock-based compensation, partially offset by actions in connection with the restructuring initiatives implemented in 2024 that lowered professional services costs by $1.0 million.
Nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
General and administrative expense increased by $2.2 million, or 2%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily due to $2.3 million increase in higher personnel-related expenses due to bonus program and stock-based compensation, partially offset by actions in connection with the restructuring initiatives implemented in 2024 that lowered professional services costs by $0.1 million.
Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges
Three Months Ended
September 30,
Change in
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
Change in
20252024
$
%
20252024
$
%
(In thousands, except percentages)
Restructuring and asset impairment charges$1,287 $677 $610 100 %$7,771 $3,755 $4,016 107 %
Percentage of net revenues 0.3 %0.2 %0.7 %0.4 %
Three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
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Restructuring and asset impairment charges were incurred in connection with restructuring initiatives implemented in 2023 and 2024 to increase operational efficiencies, reduce operating costs, and to better align our workforce and cost structure with current market conditions, our business needs, and strategic priorities. Restructuring charges of $1.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2025, primarily consisted of $0.7 million of contract termination charges and $0.6 million of employee-related expenses. Restructuring charges of $0.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily consisted of $0.6 million of asset impairment charges and $0.1 million of one-time termination benefits and other employee-related expenses.
Nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
Restructuring and asset impairment charges of $7.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, primarily consisted of $4.9 million of employee related expenses, $1.4 million of asset impairment charges and $1.5 million of contract termination charges. Restructuring and asset impairment charges of $3.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily consisted of $1.6 million of contract termination charges, $1.2 million of employee severance, one-time benefits and other employee-related expenses, and $1.0 million of asset impairment charges.
Other Income, Net
Three Months Ended
September 30,
Change in
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
Change in
20252024
$
%
20252024
$
%
(In thousands, except percentages)
Interest income$15,429 $19,977 $(4,548)(23)%$47,372 $58,889 $(11,517)(20)%
Interest expense(830)(2,237)1,407 (63)%(3,692)(6,653)2,961 (45)%
Other expense, net(3,739)(16,785)13,046 (78)%(12,651)(24,264)11,613 (48)%
Total other income, net$10,860 $955 $9,905 1,037 %$31,029 $27,972 $3,057 11 %
Three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
Interest income of $15.4 million decreased in the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $20.0 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to lower average cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, and lower interest rates.
Interest expense of $0.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2025, primarily included $0.8 million for the amortization of debt issuance costs with our 0.0% convertible senior notes due 2026 (the “Notes due 2026”) and our 0.0% convertible senior notes due 2028 (the “Notes due 2028”). Interest expense of $2.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily included $2.2 million for the coupon interest, debt discount amortization with our 0.25% convertible senior notes due 2025 (the “Notes due 2025”), and amortization of debt issuance costs with the Notes due 2025, Notes due 2026 and Notes due 2028.
Other expense, net, of $3.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2025, primarily consisted of $3.2 million non-cash expense related to change in the fair value of debt securities and $0.5 million change in the fair value of our tax equity fund investment. Other expense, net, of $16.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily related to a $17.0 million impairment of investment in a private company and a $0.5 million net loss due to foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities, partially offset by $0.6 million non-cash net gain related to change in the fair value of debt securities and $0.1 million in realized gain on investments.
Nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
Interest income of $47.4 million decreased in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $58.9 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to lower average cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, and lower interest rates.
Interest expense of $3.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, primarily included $3.7 million for the coupon interest, debt discount amortization with the Notes due 2025, and amortization of debt issuance costs with the Notes due 2025, Notes due 2026 and Notes due 2028, and other interest. Interest expense of $6.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily included $6.7 million for the coupon interest, debt discount amortization with the Notes due 2025, and amortization of debt issuance costs with the Notes due 2025, Notes due 2026 and Notes due 2028.
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Other expense, net, of $12.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, primarily consisted of $12.3 million non-cash expense related to change in the fair value of debt securities and $0.5 million change in the fair value of our tax equity fund investment, partially offset by $0.1 million net gain due to foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities. Other expense, net, of $24.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily related to $23.0 million impairment of investments in private companies, $1.1 million net loss due to foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities, and $0.3 million non-cash net loss related to change in the fair value of debt securities, partially offset by $0.1 million in realized gain on investments.
Income Tax Provision
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Change inNine Months Ended
September 30,		Change in
20252024$
%
20252024$
%
(In thousands, except percentages)
Income tax provision$(10,381)$(4,981)$(5,400)108 %$(32,697)$(9,962)$(22,735)228 %
Three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
The income tax provision was $10.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $5.0 million in the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily due to higher projected tax expense as our operations in U.S. and foreign jurisdictions were more profitable in 2025, and an increase in tax expense from equity compensation shortfalls in 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The 2025 income tax provision also excludes a discrete tax benefit recognized in 2024 related to the impairment of an investment in a private company.
Nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
The income tax provision was $32.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $10.0 million in the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily due to higher projected tax expense as our operations in U.S. and foreign jurisdictions were more profitable in 2025, an increase in tax expense from equity compensation shortfalls in 2025, and prior year true up adjustments in 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The 2025 income tax provision also excludes a discrete tax benefit recognized in 2024 related to the impairment of an investment in a private company.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources of Liquidity
As of September 30, 2025, we had $1.2 billion in net working capital, including cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of approximately $1.5 billion, of which approximately $1.3 billion were held in the United States. Our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities primarily consist of U.S. Government agency securities and treasuries, money market mutual funds, corporate notes and bonds, commercial paper and certificate of deposit, and both interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing deposits, with the remainder held in various foreign subsidiaries. We consider amounts held outside the United States to be accessible and have provided for the estimated withholding tax liability on the repatriation of our foreign earnings.
Nine Months Ended
September 30,		Change in
20252024$%
(In thousands, except percentages)
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities$1,477,924 $1,766,624 $(288,700)(16)%
Total Debt$1,203,548 $1,300,192 $(96,644)(7)%
Our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities decreased by $288.7 million from September 30, 2024 to September 30, 2025, primarily due to repurchases of common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program, payout of the Notes due 2025, investments in private companies, issuance of loan receivables and payments of withholding taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards, partially offset by cash generated from operations.
Total carrying amount of debt decreased by $96.6 million from September 30, 2024 to September 30, 2025, primarily due to the payout of the Notes due 2025, partially offset by accretion of issuance costs.
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We expect our principal short-term cash requirements (over the next 12 months) to include working capital, strategic investments, acquisitions, repurchases of common stock and payments of withholding taxes for net share settlement of employee equity awards, payments on our outstanding debt, and purchases of property and equipment. We plan to fund any cash requirements for the next 12 months from our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities on hand, and cash generated from operations.
For the long-term period (beyond 12 months), we plan to continue growing cash flows from operations to support our business operations and strategic investment plans. We regularly evaluate our liquidity position, debt obligations and anticipated cash needs. As part of this ongoing assessment, we may pursue additional financing through the issuance of equity or the debt financing, as necessary, to support our operational and investment needs.
We anticipate that access to the debt market will be more constrained compared to prior periods due to elevated interest rates and recent policy changes to solar tax incentives following the enactment of the OBBB. Our ability to secure debt or any other additional financing that we may choose to, or need to, obtain will depend on, various factors including our development efforts, business plans, operating performance and prevailing capital market conditions.
Repurchase of Common Stock. In July 2023, the board of directors authorized a share repurchase program (the “2023 Repurchase Program”) pursuant to which we were authorized to repurchase up to $1.0 billion of our common stock. The repurchases could be funded from available working capital and marketable securities, and could be executed from time to time, subject to general business and market conditions and other investment opportunities, through open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions, including through Rule 10b5-1 plans. The 2023 Repurchase Program may be discontinued or amended at any time and expires on July 26, 2026. As of September 30, 2025, we had approximately $268.7 million remaining for repurchase of shares under the 2023 Repurchase Program. For more information on the 2023 Repurchase Program, refer to Note 11. “Stockholders’ Equity,” of the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Convertible Notes. As of September 30, 2025, our aggregate principal convertible notes obligations were $1,207.5 million, which primarily consisted of the Notes due 2026 of $632.5 million and the Notes due 2028 of $575.0 million. Upon conversion of the Notes due 2026 and Notes due 2028, we expect to pay cash equal to the aggregate principal amount of the Notes of such series to be converted, and, at our election, will pay or deliver cash and/or shares of our common stock for the amount of our conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes of such series. Holders of the Notes due 2026 may now convert their notes at any time until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of March 1, 2026. These conversions will be settled in a combination settlement method with the principal value settled in cash and the remaining value in shares of our common stock. For more information on our convertible notes, refer to Note 9. “Debt,” of the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Cash Flows. The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
20252024
(In thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities$88,961 $346,401 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities83,280 (122,374)
Net cash used in financing activities(243,409)(257,537)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 8,932 1,087 
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents $(62,236)$(32,423)
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Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Cash flows from operating activities consisted of our net income adjusted for certain non-cash reconciling items, such as stock-based compensation expense, asset impairment, non-cash interest expense, change in the fair value of debt securities, deferred income taxes, depreciation and amortization, amortization (accretion) of premium (discount) on marketable securities, provision for credit losses, and changes in our operating assets and liabilities. Net cash provided by operating activities decreased by $257.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024, primarily driven by $110.3 million of microinverter shipments in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 that are associated with orders that were prepaid in December 2024 for products delivered in the first half of 2025, as well as extended payment terms related to certain safe harbor shipments in the three months ended September 30, 2025.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net cash provided by investing activities of $83.3 million was primarily from the maturities of $178.8 million of marketable securities, net of purchases, partially offset by $48.5 million issuance of loan receivables to private companies, $30.9 million used in purchases of test and assembly equipment for U.S. manufacturing related facility improvements and information technology enhancements, including capitalized costs related to internal-use software, $9.8 million used in an investment in a tax equity fund and $6.3 million used in an investment in a debt security.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net cash used in investing activities of $122.4 million was primarily from the purchase of $96.9 million of marketable securities, net of maturities, and $25.5 million used in purchases of test and assembly equipment for U.S. manufacturing, related facility improvements, and information technology enhancements, including capitalized costs related to internal-use software.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net cash used in financing activities of approximately $243.4 million was primarily from payment of $130.0 million used to repurchase our common stock under the 2023 Repurchase Program, $102.2 million towards the settlement of the Notes due 2025, and payment of $16.6 million in employee withholding taxes related to net share settlement of employee equity awards, partially offset by $5.4 million of net proceeds from purchases under our employee stock purchase plan.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net cash used in financing activities of approximately $257.5 million was primarily from $191.7 million used to repurchase our common stock under the 2023 Repurchase Program, payment of $73.8 million in employee withholding taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards, and less than $0.1 million from the partial settlement of the Notes due 2025, partially offset by $8.0 million net proceeds from employee stock option exercises and purchases under our employee stock purchase plan.
Contractual Obligations
Our contractual obligations primarily consist of the Notes due 2028 and Notes due 2026, obligations under operating leases and inventory component purchases. As of September 30, 2025, there have been no material changes from our disclosure in the Form 10-K, except that (i) we settled all of our outstanding Notes due 2025 for $102.2 million in cash and (ii) the Notes due 2026 mature in less than a year and are now classified as Debt, current on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025. For more information on our future minimum operating leases and inventory component purchase obligations as of September 30, 2025, refer to Note 10, “Commitments and Contingencies - Purchase Obligations” and for more information on our notes and other related debt, refer to Note 9, “Debt” of the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Critical Accounting Policies
Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). In connection with the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements, we are required to make assumptions and estimates about future events and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. We base our assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and other factors that management believes to be relevant at the time our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared. On a regular basis, we review the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that our condensed consolidated financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with U.S. GAAP. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected.
We consider an accounting policy to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made, and if different estimates that reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact the condensed consolidated financial statements. There have been no changes to our critical accounting policies as described in the Form 10-K.
Adoption of New and Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
For a discussion of adoption of new accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 1, “Description of Business and Basis of Presentation - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There have been no material changes in our market risk compared to the disclosures in Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in the Form 10-K. Also see the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A in the Form 10-K.
Item 4.    Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), includes, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
Changes in Internal Control
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.    Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we might be subject to various legal proceedings relating to claims arising out of our operations. The outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. If one or more legal matters were resolved against us in a reporting period for amounts above management’s expectations, our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows for that reporting period could be materially adversely affected. Except as described in this Item 1, we are not currently involved in any material legal proceedings, the ultimate disposition of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial condition or cash flows.
Securities Class Action Lawsuits
On July 15, 2024, a putative class action complaint was filed against us, our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer (collectively, the “Initial Defendants”) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, captioned Hayes v. Enphase Energy, Inc., Case No. 3:24-cv-04249 (the “Securities Class Action”), purportedly on behalf of a class of individuals who purchased or otherwise acquired our common stock between December 12, 2022 and April 25, 2023. The Securities Class Action alleges that Initial Defendants made false and/or misleading statements in violation of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. The complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages and other relief.
On or about July 29, 2024, six additional stockholders filed motions to be appointed lead plaintiff and have their selection of counsel appointed as lead counsel in the Securities Class Action. The Court held a hearing on the lead plaintiff motions on September 5, 2024, and appointed Lon D. Praytor as lead plaintiff on March 31, 2025. On April 17, 2025, movant Andrey Ponomarchuk filed a motion for reconsideration of the Court’s order appointing Praytor as lead plaintiff. Lead plaintiff Praytor filed an amended complaint on May 21, 2025, alleging violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder by Enphase and our chief executive officer, purported only on behalf of a class of individuals who purchased or otherwise acquired our common stock between February 7, 2023 and April 25, 2023 and removing our chief financial officer as a defendant (the remaining defendants referred hereto as “Defendants”). Defendants filed a motion to dismiss on July 2, 2025. Lead Plaintiff’s filed his opposition on August 15, 2025, and Defendants’ filed their reply on September 15, 2025. A hearing is currently scheduled for November 6, 2025.
On December 13, 2024, another putative class action complaint was filed naming us, our chief executive officer and our chief products officer (collectively, “Defendants II”) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, captioned Trustees of the Welfare and Pension Funds of Local 464A v. Enphase Energy, Inc., Case No. 4:24-cv-09038 (the “Pension Fund Action”), purportedly on behalf of a class of individuals who purchased or otherwise acquired our common stock between April 25, 2023 and October 22, 2024. The Pension Fund Action alleges that Defendants II made false and/or misleading statements in violation of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. The complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages and other relief.
On or about February 11, 2025, several additional stockholders moved to be appointed lead plaintiff in the Pension Fund Action and have their selection of counsel appointed as lead counsel. On August 20, 2025, the Court appointed HANSAINVEST Hanseatische Investment-GMBH as lead plaintiff. Lead plaintiff filed its amended complaint on October 20, 2025. Defendants’ motion to dismiss will be due on December 12, 2025, lead plaintiff’s opposition will be due on February 10, 2026, and Defendants’ reply will be due March 27, 2026. The hearing date has not yet been determined. We dispute the allegations in each of the above-referenced lawsuits and intend to defend the matters vigorously.
Shareholder Derivative Lawsuits
On July 16, 2024, a shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed purportedly on our behalf against the Initial Defendants, our non-employee directors and us (as nominal defendant) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, captioned Ibarra v. Kothandaraman, et al., Case No. 3:24-cv-04278 (the “Ibarra Action”). The Ibarra Action asserts claims for breaches of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, abuse of control, gross mismanagement, waste of corporate assets, and violations of Sections 14(a), 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, and contribution under Sections 10(b) and 21D of the Exchange Act based on the purported dissemination of substantially the same allegedly false and misleading statements asserted in the Securities Class Action. The Ibarra Action is seeking unspecified damages and other relief, including reforms and improvements to our corporate governance and internal procedures.
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On September 5, 2024, another shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed purportedly on our behalf against the Initial Defendants, our non-employee directors and us (as nominal defendant) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, captioned Isaac v. Kothandaraman, et al., Case No. 4:24-cv-06257 (the “Isaac Action”), containing substantially the same allegations as those in the Ibarra Action. On September 20, 2024, the Court consolidated the Isaac and Ibarra Actions for all purposes into one action under the title In re Enphase Energy, Inc. Stockholder Derivative Litigation (the “Derivative Action”).
On October 11, 2024, the Court granted the parties’ stipulation to stay the Derivative Action until all motions to dismiss the Securities Class Action are decided.
On December 31, 2024, a shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed purportedly on our behalf against Defendants II, our non-employee directors and us (as nominal defendant) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, captioned Hirani v. Kothandaraman, et al., Case No. 4:24-cv-09532 (the “Hirani Action”). The Hirani Action asserts claims for breaches of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, abuse of control, gross mismanagement, waste of corporate assets, and violations of Sections 14(a), 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, and contribution under Sections 10(b) and 21D of the Exchange Act based on the purported dissemination of substantially the same allegedly false and misleading statements asserted in the Pension Fund Action. The Hirani Action is seeking unspecified damages and other relief, including reforms and improvements to our corporate governance and internal procedures.
On January 17, 2025, another shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed purportedly on our behalf against Defendants II, our non-employee directors and us (as nominal defendant) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, captioned Hanowski v. Kothandaraman, et al., Case No. 4:25-cv-000652 (the “Hanowski Action”). The Hanowski Action asserts claims substantially similar to those asserted in the Hirani Action, also based on the same allegedly false and misleading statements asserted in the Pension Fund Action. The Hanowski Action is seeking unspecified damages and other relief, including reforms and improvements to our corporate governance and internal procedures.
On January 31, 2025, the plaintiffs in the Hirani and Hanowski Actions filed a motion to relate their actions to the Pension Fund Action, which the Court approved on February 18, 2025. On March 7, 2025, the Court granted the parties’ stipulation to consolidate the Hirani and Hanowski Actions for all purposes into one action under the title In re Enphase Energy, Inc. 2025 Shareholder Derivative Litigation (the “Derivative II Action”). On May 8, 2025, the Court stayed the Derivative II Action pending resolution of all motion(s) to dismiss in the Pension Fund Action.
We dispute the allegations in each of the above-referenced lawsuits and intend to defend the matters vigorously.
The pending lawsuits and any other related lawsuits are subject to inherent uncertainties, and the actual defense and disposition costs will depend upon many unknown factors. We could be forced to expend significant resources in the defense of the pending lawsuits and any additional lawsuits, and we may not prevail. In addition, we may incur substantial legal fees and costs in connection with such lawsuits.
Item 1A.    Risk Factors
Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before investing in our securities, you should consider carefully the information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in the Form 10-K, including the risk factors identified in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” thereof. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Forward-Looking Statements” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations” above. Our actual results could differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements. Any of the risks discussed in the Form 10-K, in other reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and other risks we have not anticipated or discussed, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Except as set forth below, there has been no material change to our risk factors from those disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in the Form 10‑K.
The reduction, elimination or expiration of government subsidies and economic incentives for on-grid solar electricity applications could reduce demand for solar PV systems and harm our business.
The market for on-grid applications, where solar power, on a standalone basis or paired with energy storage systems, is used to supplement a customer’s electricity purchased from the utility network or sold to a utility under tariff, depends in large part on the availability and size of government-issued subsidies and economic incentives that vary by geographic market. Because our customers’ sales of solar power are typically into the on-grid market,
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the reduction, elimination or expiration of government subsidies and economic incentives for on-grid solar electricity may negatively affect the competitiveness of rooftop solar electricity relative to centralized sources of electricity (including from conventional thermal or utility-scale renewable generation) and could harm or halt the growth of the solar electricity industry and our business.
National, state and local government bodies in many countries, including the United States, have provided incentives in the form of feed-in tariffs (“FiTs”), Net Energy Metering (“NEM”) tariffs and related policies, rebates, tax credits, tax incentives and others to system owners, distributors, system integrators and manufacturers of solar PV systems and battery energy storage systems to bolster the cost competitiveness of solar electricity in on-grid applications relative to the cost of utility power, and to reduce dependency on other forms of energy. Many of these government incentives expire, phase out over time, have limited funding allocations, that require renewal by the applicable jurisdictional authority, or are being changed by governments due to changing market circumstances or changes to national, state or local energy policy.
In July 2025, the OBBB was enacted, introducing material changes to clean energy tax credit programs that are significant to our business and may impact our financial condition, results of operations and future prospects. The OBBB scales back the ITC available under Section 25D of the Code for residential solar and storage systems purchased through cash or loans. Under the new law, the Section 25D credit will expire on December 31, 2025. In addition, the OBBB imposes new timing requirements for eligibility under Section 48E of the Code, which governs ITCs for leased solar and storage systems. Specifically, solar-only projects that do not commence construction within 12 months of the OBBB’s enactment must be placed in service by December 31, 2027 in order to remain eligible for the credit. Energy storage projects are not subject to this placed-in-service deadline; however, the ITC for storage systems will begin to phase down in 2034 — decreasing to 75% in 2034, 50% in 2035 and phasing out entirely by 2036.
The OBBB also amends the domestic content bonus credit rules for Section 48E projects. Projects commencing construction after June 16, 2025 must meet a 45% domestic cost threshold, up from 40%. The OBBB also introduces new compliance requirements under the FEOC provisions for both Section 48E and the AMPTC under Section 45X. These provisions establish an escalating threshold of non-FEOC content that must be met by solar and storage projects beginning construction in 2026 and by manufactured components produced beginning in 2026. On July 7, 2025, the President issued an Executive Order directing the Secretary of the Treasury to issue updated guidance within 45 days on the “beginning of construction” requirements applicable to Section 48E projects. The Executive Order also requires the Secretary to implement the FEOC restrictions set forth in the OBBB. These legislative and regulatory developments may negatively impact our eligibility for certain tax credits, the attractiveness of our offerings to solar and storage system lease providers, and the overall demand for our products. If we are unable to meet the revised domestic content or FEOC requirements, our ability to qualify for these incentives could be impaired, which may adversely affect our revenue, gross margins, business operations and competitive position.
In addition, several European countries, including Germany, Belgium, Austria and the Netherlands, have adopted reductions in or ended their NEM or FiT programs. Certain countries have proposed or enacted higher grid fees or taxes levied on renewable energy. These and related developments have significantly impacted the solar industry in Europe and may adversely affect the future demand for solar energy solutions in Europe, which could adversely impact our results of operations.
Among other government-established incentives, NEM and related policies have supported the growth of on-grid rooftop solar products, and changes to such policies may reduce demand for electricity from our solar service offerings. NEM is a tariffed utility rate program that permits a consumer to sell the excess solar energy that the consumer’s solar panels produce to the electric utility company at a predetermined price. The most basic type of NEM tariff pays consumers the retail rate for electricity that their solar panels export to the grid, less certain “non-bypassable” fees paid by the consumer. However, certain states have sought to move away from retail rate NEM crediting for compensating excess solar generation. For example, in December 2022, the California Public Utilities Commission (“CPUC”) adopted a “NEM 3.0” policy, also known as the Net Billing Tariff, that unbundles export compensation from retail rates and instead bases it on a tool called the Avoided Cost Calculator (“ACC”), which estimates the utility costs that are avoided by exports from distributed generation for each hour of the year. The CPUC did seek to ease the transition for the solar market by adopting small “adders” to the hourly ACC export values for the first several years of the tariff. Nevertheless, these ACC-based export compensation values are significantly lower than retail rates for most hours of the year and may therefore increase payback periods, and thereby reduce demand, for solar-only systems. Similarly, in November 2023, the CPUC adopted changes to its
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“Virtual NEM” and “NEM Aggregation” programs that prohibit multi-meter commercial or agricultural property owners from netting solar energy generated at or adjacent to those properties against import charges recorded on the meters at the property, except for residential account holders in a multi-family residential property. These types of modifications to NEM policies have impacted and could further harm our business, both in California, where we have derived a significant portion of historical revenues in the United States, and in other state and national jurisdictions, if pursued there.
Reductions in, or eliminations or expirations of, governmental incentives (including the elimination of the ITC available under Section 25D of the Code at the end of 2025) or NEM policies in regions where we focus our sales efforts could result in decreased demand for and lower revenue from solar PV systems, which would adversely affect sales of our products. In addition, our ability to successfully penetrate new geographic markets may depend on new countries adopting and maintaining tax credits, tax incentives, NEM policies, or other programs to promote solar electricity and storage, to the extent such incentives or programs are not currently in place. Furthermore, electric utility companies may establish rate structures or interconnection requirements that could be harmful to the solar industry and adversely affect our sales.
Changes in current laws or regulations or the imposition of new laws or regulations, or new interpretations thereof, in the solar energy sector, by federal or state agencies in the United States or foreign jurisdictions could impair our ability to compete and could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
There has been, and will continue to be, regulatory uncertainty in the clean energy sector generally and the solar energy sector in particular. Changes in current laws or regulations, or the imposition of new laws and regulations in the United States and around the world, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, any changes to the laws and implementing regulations affecting the clean energy sector may create delays in the introduction of new products, prevent our customers from deploying our products or, in some cases, require us to redesign our products.
For example, the recently enacted OBBB scales back the use of the ITC for residential solar, tightens domestic content rules and imposes new deadlines for projects to qualify for the ITC. Such actions could result in a decrease in demand for our technology offerings in the United States and other geographical markets, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in the United States trade environment, including the imposition of import tariffs, could adversely affect the amount or timing of our revenue, results of operations or cash flows.
The United States has recently imposed significant new tariffs on nearly all products and components imported into the United States and could propose additional tariffs or increases to those already in place. A subset of our products is sourced from China and India, and certain components necessary to manufacture our products in the United States, including our microinverters, batteries and related accessories, are imported from China, India, Taiwan, Vietnam and Japan, among other countries. It is unknown whether and to what extent these tariffs will remain in place or if other new laws or regulations will be adopted. Due to broad uncertainty regarding the timing, content and extent of any regulatory changes in the United States or abroad, we cannot predict the impact, if any, that these changes could have to our business, financial condition and results of operations.
It is unknown what effect any such new tariffs or retaliatory actions will have on the solar industry and our customers. We have moved a significant portion of our contract manufacturing to the United States, while retaining limited contract manufacturing in China and India. However, certain components necessary for our products are still required to be imported from outside the United States. Our LFP battery cells for our storage products are supplied solely via our two suppliers in China. Although we are in the process of searching for other vendors outside of China for future supplies, the expertise and industry for the LFP battery cell is primarily in China, and it will require significant effort to identify qualified suppliers with the right expertise to develop our battery cells. The resulting environment of retaliatory trade or other practices or additional trade restrictions or barriers, if implemented on a broader range of products or components from outside the United States, could harm our ability to obtain necessary product components or to sell our products at prices customers are willing to pay, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations and cash flows.
Further, if the price of solar power systems in the United States increases, as well as the cost of manufacturing our products in the United States, the use of solar power systems could become less economically feasible and could reduce our gross margins or reduce the demand of solar power systems manufactured and sold, which in turn may decrease demand for our products. Additionally, existing or future tariffs may negatively affect key
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partners, suppliers and manufacturers. Such outcomes could adversely affect the amount or timing of our revenue, results of operations or cash flows, and continuing uncertainty could cause sales volatility, price fluctuations or supply shortages or cause our customers to advance or delay their purchase of our products. It is difficult to predict what further trade-related actions the U.S. and other governments may take, which may include additional or increased tariffs and trade restrictions, and we may be unable to quickly and effectively react to such actions. As additional new tariffs, legislation and/or regulations are implemented, or if existing trade agreements are renegotiated or if affected countries take retaliatory trade actions, such changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Stock Repurchase Program
In July 2023, our board of directors authorized the 2023 Repurchase Program pursuant to which we may repurchase up to an aggregate of $1.0 billion of our common stock. As of September 30, 2025, we have approximately $268.7 million remaining for repurchase of shares under the 2023 Repurchase Program. Purchases may be completed from time to time in the open market or privately negotiated transactions, including through Rule 10b5-1 plans. The 2023 Repurchase Program may be discontinued or amended at any time and expires on July 26, 2026.
The following table provides information about our repurchases of our common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2025 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
Period Ended
Total Number of Shares Purchased
Average Price Paid per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs
Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Programs
July 2025— — — $268,680 
August 2025— — — $268,680 
September 2025— — — $268,680 
Total
— — 
Item 3.    Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5.    Other Information
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans
Set forth below is certain information regarding Rule 10b5-1 trading plans adopted by our directors and officers (as defined in Rule 16-a-1(f)) under the Exchange Act) during the third quarter of 2025. The adoption of this trading plan occurred during an open insider trading window and is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act.

Name
Title
Date Plan was Adopted
Expiration Date
Total Amount of Common Stock to be Sold Under the Plan
Mandy YangExecutive Vice President and Chief Financial OfficerSeptember 2, 2025January 2, 2026
6,000 shares
Item 6.    Exhibits
A list of exhibits filed with this report or incorporated herein by reference is found in the Exhibit Index below.

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Incorporation by Reference
Exhibit NumberExhibit DescriptionFormSEC File No.ExhibitFiling DateFiled Herewith
3.1
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Enphase Energy, Inc.
8-K001-354803.14/6/2012
3.2
Certificate of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Enphase Energy, Inc.
10-Q001-354803.18/9/2017
3.3
Certificate of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Enphase Energy, Inc.
10-Q001-354802.18/6/2018
3.4
Certificate of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Enphase Energy, Inc.
8-K001-354803.15/27/2020
3.5
Certificate of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Enphase Energy, Inc.
S-8333-2562904.55/19/2021
3.6
Amended and Restated Bylaws of Enphase Energy, Inc.
8-K
001-354803.14/8/2022
31.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a).
X
31.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a).
X
32.1*
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended.
X
101.INS
XBRL Instance Document.
X
101.SCH
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
X
101.CAL
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
X
101.DEF
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
X
101.LAB
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
X
101.PRE
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Document.
X
104
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibits 101).
X
* The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and shall not be deemed “filed” by Enphase Energy, Inc. for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, nor shall they be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing.
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Dated: October 28, 2025
Enphase Energy, Inc.
By:
/s/ Mandy Yang
Mandy Yang
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
(Duly Authorized Officer)

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