Kenon Holdings - 20-F annual report 2020

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 20-F

☐

REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☒

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020

☐

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☐

SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 001-36761

KENON HOLDINGS LTD.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(Company Registration No. 201406588W)

Singapore	4911	Not Applicable
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
	1 Temasek Avenue #37-02B Millenia Tower Singapore 039192 +65 6351 1780

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Copies to:
Scott V. Simpson
James A. McDonald
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher and Flom (UK) LLP
40 Bank Street
London E14 5DS
Telephone: +44 20 7519 7000
Facsimile: +44 20 7519 7070

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Ordinary Shares, no par value	KEN	The New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

53,871,159 shares

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ☐ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such a shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☐

Accelerated filer ☒

Non-accelerated filer ☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards † provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☐	International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting	Other ☐
	Standards Board ☒

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the Registrant has elected to follow:

Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I
ITEM 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers		8
	A.	Directors and Senior Management	8
	B.	Advisers	8
	C.	Auditors	8
ITEM 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable		8
ITEM 3.	Key Information		8
	A.	Reserved	8
	B.	Capitalization and Indebtedness	8
	C.	Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds	8
	D.	Risk Factors	8
ITEM 4.	Information on the Company		41
	A.	History and Development of the Company	41
	B.	Business Overview	41
	C.	Organizational Structure	99
	D.	Property, Plants and Equipment	100
ITEM 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments		100
ITEM 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects		100
	A.	Operating Results	108
	B.	Liquidity and Capital Resources	113
	C.	Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc.	126
	D.	Trend Information	127
	E.	Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements	128
	F.	Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations	128
	G.	Safe Harbor	128
ITEM 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees		129
	A.	Directors and Senior Management	129
	B.	Compensation	131
	C.	Board Practices	131
	D.	Employees	134
	E.	Share Ownership	135
ITEM 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions		135
	A.	Major Shareholders	135
	B.	Related Party Transactions	136
	C.	Interests of Experts and Counsel	137
ITEM 8.	Financial Information		137
	A.	Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information	137
	B.	Significant Changes	137
ITEM 9.	The Offer and Listing		137
	A.	Offer and Listing Details.	137
	B.	Plan of Distribution	137
	C.	Markets	137
	D.	Selling Shareholders	137
	E.	Dilution.	137
	F.	Expenses of the Issue	137

ITEM 10.	Additional Information		138
	A.	Share Capital	138
	B.	Constitution	138
	C.	Material Contracts	150
	D.	Exchange Controls	150
	E.	Taxation	151
	F.	Dividends and Paying Agents	155
	G.	Statement by Experts	155
	H.	Documents on Display	156
	I.	Subsidiary Information	156
ITEM 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk		156
ITEM 12.	Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities		156
	A.	Debt Securities	156
	B.	Warrants and Rights	156
	C.	Other Securities	157
	D.	American Depositary Shares	157
PART II
ITEM 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies		157
ITEM 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds		157
ITEM 15.	Controls and Procedures		157
ITEM 16.	[RESERVED]		158
ITEM 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert		158
ITEM 16B.	Code of Ethics		158
ITEM 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services		158
ITEM 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees		159
ITEM 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers		159
ITEM 16F.	Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant		159
ITEM 16G.	Corporate Governance		159
ITEM 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure		159
PART III
ITEM 17.	Financial Statements		159
ITEM 18.	Financial Statements		159
ITEM 19.	Exhibits		160

INTRODUCTION AND USE OF CERTAIN TERMS

We have prepared this annual report using a number of conventions, which you should consider when reading the information contained herein. In this annual report, the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” shall refer to Kenon Holdings Ltd., or Kenon, and each of our subsidiaries and associated company, collectively, as the context may require, including:

•

OPC Energy Ltd. (“OPC”), an owner, developer and operator of power generation facilities in the Israeli and United States power markets, in which Kenon has a 58.2% interest;

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Qoros Automotive Co., Ltd. (“Qoros”), a Chinese automotive company based in China, in which Kenon, through its 100%-owned subsidiary Quantum (as defined below), has a 12% interest;

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ZIM Integrated Shipping Services, Ltd. (“ZIM”), an Israeli global container shipping company, in which Kenon has an approximately 28% interest; and

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“CPV” means the CPV Group (i.e. Power Holdings LP (a limited partnership established under Delaware law), Competitive Power Ventures Inc. (a company incorporated under Delaware law) and CPV Renewable Energy Company Inc.), a business engaged in the development, construction and management of power plants running conventional energy (powered by natural gas) and renewable energy in the United States, which was acquired from Global Infrastructure Management, LLC in January 2021 by CPV Group LP, an entity in which OPC holds a 70% interest.

Additionally, this annual report uses the following conventions:

•

“Ansonia” means Ansonia Holdings Singapore B.V., a company organized under the laws of Singapore, which owns approximately 58% of the outstanding shares of Kenon;

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“Hadera Paper” means Hadera Paper Ltd., an Israeli corporation, which is owned by OPC;

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“HelioFocus” means HelioFocus Ltd., an Israeli corporation, in which Kenon, through IC Green, held a 70% interest, and which was liquidated on July 6, 2017;

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“IC” means Israel Corporation Ltd., an Israeli corporation traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, or the “TASE,” and Kenon’s former parent company;

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“IC Green” means IC Green Energy Ltd., an Israeli corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Kenon, which held Kenon’s equity interests in Primus and previously held Kenon’s equity interest in HelioFocus;

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“IEC” means Israel Electric Corporation, a government-owned entity, which generates and supplies the majority of electricity in Israel, transmits and distributes all of the electricity in Israel, acts as the system operator of Israel’s electricity system, determines the dispatch order of generation units, grants interconnection surveys, and sets spot prices, among other roles;

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“Inkia Business” means Inkia’s Latin American and Caribbean power generation and distribution businesses, which were sold in December 2017;

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“Kallpa” means Kallpa Generación SA, a company within the Inkia Business. Kallpa was owned by Inkia until December 2017;

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“Majority Shareholder in Qoros” means the China-based investor related to the Baoneng Group that holds 63% of Qoros;

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“OPC-Hadera” is the trade name of Advanced Integrated Energy Ltd., an Israeli corporation, in which OPC has a 100% interest;

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“OPC-Rotem” means O.P.C. Rotem Ltd., an Israeli corporation, in which OPC has an 80% interest;

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“our businesses” shall refer to each of our subsidiaries and associated company, collectively, as the context may require;

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“Primus” refers to Primus Green Energy, Inc. In 2020, Primus changed its name to ICG Energy, Inc and was transferred to OPC in 2021;

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“Quantum” means Quantum (2007) LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Kenon and which is the direct owner of our interest in Qoros;

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“Samay I” means Samay I S.A., a Peruvian corporation;

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“spin-off” shall refer to (i) IC’s January 7, 2015 contribution to Kenon of its interests in each of IC Power, Qoros, ZIM, Tower, Primus, HelioFocus and the Renewable Energy Group, as well as other intermediate holding companies related to these entities, and (ii) IC’s January 9, 2015 distribution of Kenon’s issued and outstanding ordinary shares, via a dividend-in-kind, to IC’s shareholders;

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“Tower” means Tower Semiconductor Ltd., an Israeli specialty foundry semiconductor manufacturer, listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange, or “NASDAQ,” and the TASE, in which Kenon used to hold an interest until June 30, 2015; and

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“Tzomet” means Tzomet Energy Ltd., an Israeli corporation in which OPC has a 100% interest, following the acquisition of the remaining 5% interest in February 2020.

Additionally, this annual report uses the following conventions for OPC and ZIM:

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“Availability factor” refers to the number of hours that a generation facility is available to produce electricity divided by the total number of hours in a year.

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“COD” means the commercial operation date of a development project;

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“cooperation arrangements” means one or more vessel sharing arrangements, swap agreements and slot sharing arrangements.

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“distribution” refers to the transfer of electricity from the transmission lines at grid supply points and its delivery to consumers at lower voltages through a distribution system;

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“EPC” means engineering, procurement and construction;

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“firm capacity” means the amount of energy available for production that, pursuant to applicable regulations, must be guaranteed to be available at a given time for injection to a certain power grid;

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“GWh” means gigawatt hours (one GWh is equal to 1,000 MWh);

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“Energy Center” means OPC Hadera’s boilers and a steam turbine. The Energy Center currently serves as back-up for the OPC-Hadera power plant’s supply for steam and its turbine is not currently operating and is not expected to operate with generation of more than approximately 16MW;

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“installed capacity” means the intended full-load sustained output of energy that a generation unit is designed to produce (also referred to as name-plate capacity);

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“IPP” means independent power producer, excluding co-generators and generators for self-consumption;

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“kWh” means kilowatts per hour;

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“MW” means megawatts (one MW is equal to 1,000 kilowatts or kW);

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“MWh” means megawatt per hour;

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“OEM” means original equipment manufacturer;

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“OPC’s capacity” or “OPC’s installed capacity” means, with respect to each asset, 100% of the capacity of such asset, regardless of OPC’s ownership interest in the entity that owns such asset;

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“PPA” means power purchase agreement;

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“strategic alliance” means a more extensive type of cooperation arrangement and is longer-term than a strategic cooperation. It involves cooperation arrangements and usually includes all of ZIM’s East/West routes, such as Asia-Europe, Asia-Med, Cross Atlantic and Trans Pacific. The duration of a strategic alliance will typically be long-term, as long as 10 years;

•

“strategic cooperation” means a more extensive type of cooperation arrangement, generally being longer term and involving more trade routes. It involves some joint planning mechanism, but joint planning is less extensive as compared to a strategic alliance. A strategic cooperation can take the form of one or a combination of cooperation arrangements; and

•

“transmission” refers to the bulk transfer of electricity from generating facilities to the distribution system at load center station in which the electricity is stabilized by means of the transmission grid.

FINANCIAL INFORMATION

We produce financial statements in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IFRS, and all financial information included in this annual report is derived from our IFRS financial statements, except as otherwise indicated. In particular, this annual report contains certain non-IFRS financial measures which are defined under “Item 5 Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and “Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—OPC.”

Our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report comprise the consolidated statements of profit and loss, other comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 and the consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. We present our consolidated financial statements in U.S. Dollars.

All references in this annual report to (i) “U.S. Dollars,” “$” or “USD” are to the legal currency of the United States of America; (ii) “RMB” are to Yuan, the legal currency of the People’s Republic of China, or China; and (iii) “NIS” or “New Israeli Shekel” are to the legal currency of the State of Israel, or Israel. We have made rounding adjustments to reach some of the figures included in this annual report. Consequently, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be arithmetic aggregations of the figures that precede them.

The financial information presented herein with respect to Qoros has not been audited and is based on Qoros' management accounts.

NON-IFRS FINANCIAL INFORMATION

In this annual report, we disclose non-IFRS financial measures, namely EBITDA, as defined under “Item 5 Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and “Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—OPC—OPC’s Description of Operations.” Each of these measures are important measures used by us, and our businesses, to assess financial performance. We believe that the disclosure of EBITDA provides transparent and useful information to investors and financial analysts in their review of our, or our subsidiaries’, operating performance and in the comparison of such operating performance to the operating performance of other companies in the same industry or in other industries that have different capital structures, debt levels and/or income tax rates.

MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA

Certain information relating to the industries in which each of our subsidiaries and associated companies operate and their position in such industries used or referenced in this annual report were obtained from internal analysis, surveys, market research, publicly available information and industry publications. Unless otherwise indicated, all sources for industry data and statistics are estimates or forecasts contained in or derived from internal or industry sources we believe to be reliable. Market data used throughout this annual report was obtained from independent industry publications and other publicly available information. Such data, as well as internal surveys, industry forecasts and market research, while believed to be reliable, have not been independently verified. In addition, in certain cases we have made statements in this annual report regarding the industries in which each of our subsidiaries and associated company operate and their position in such industries based upon the experience of our businesses and their individual investigations of the market conditions affecting their respective operations. We cannot assure you that any of these statements are accurate or correctly reflect the position of subsidiaries and associated company in such industries, and none of our internal surveys or information has been verified by independent sources.

Market data and statistics are inherently predictive and speculative and are not necessarily reflective of actual market conditions. Such statistics are based upon market research, which itself is based upon sampling and subjective judgments by both the researchers and the respondents. In addition, the value of comparisons of statistics for different markets is limited by many factors, including that (i) the markets are defined differently, (ii) the underlying information was gathered by different methods and (iii) different assumptions were applied in compiling the data. Accordingly, although we believe and operate as though all market and industry information presented in this annual report is accurate, the market statistics included in this annual report should be viewed with caution.

PRESENTATION OF OPC CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION FIGURES

Unless otherwise indicated, statistics provided throughout this annual report with respect to power generation units are expressed in MW, in the case of the capacity of such power generation units, and in GWh, in the case of the electricity production of such power generation units. One GWh is equal to 1,000 MWh, and one MWh is equal to 1,000 kWh. Statistics relating to aggregate annual electricity production are expressed in GWh and are based on a year of 8,760 hours. Unless otherwise indicated, OPC’s capacity figures provided in this annual report reflect 100% of the capacity of all of OPC’s assets, regardless of OPC’s ownership interest in the entity that owns each such asset. For information on OPC’s ownership interest in each of its operating companies, see “Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—OPC.”

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, and reflects our current expectations and views of the quality of our assets, our anticipated financial performance, our future growth prospects, the future growth prospects of our businesses, the liquidity of our ordinary shares, and other future events. Forward-looking statements relate to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends and similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts and are principally contained in the sections entitled “Item 3. Key Information,” “Item 4. Information on the Company” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.” These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Some of these forward-looking statements can be identified by terms and phrases such as “anticipate,” “should,” “likely,” “foresee,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “continue,” “could,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “predict,” “will,” and similar expressions.

These forward-looking statements relate to:

•

our goals and strategies;

•

our capital commitments and/or intentions with respect to each of our businesses;

•

our capital allocation principles, as set forth in “Item 4.B Business Overview”;

•

the funding requirements, strategies, and business plans of our businesses;

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the potential listing, offering, distribution or monetization of our businesses;

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expected trends in the industries and markets in which each of our businesses operate;

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our expected tax status and treatment;

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statements relating to litigation and/or regulatory proceedings;

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statements relating to the sale of the Inkia Business including the pledge of OPC’s shares, the deferred payment agreement and Kenon’s guarantee and risks related thereto, and statements with respect to claims relating to the Inkia Business sale retained by Kenon;

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the expected effect of new accounting standards on Kenon;

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the expected effects of the coronavirus, including the effect of any current or future force majeure notices, on our businesses;

•

with respect to OPC:

•

the expected cost and timing of commencement and completion of development and construction of CPV’s construction and development projects and the Tzomet project, as well as the anticipated installed capacities and expected performance (e.g., efficiency) of such projects, including the license and approvals for the development of the project, financing and the expected payment of the remaining consideration;

•

expected macroeconomic trends in Israel and the US, including the expected growth in energy demand;

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potential expansions (including new projects or existing projects);

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its gas supply agreements;

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its strategy;

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its dividend policy;

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expected trends in energy consumption;

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regulatory trends;

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its anticipated capital expenditures, and the expected sources of funding for capital expenditures;

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projections and expected trends in the electricity market in Israel and the US; and

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the price and volume of gas available to OPC and other IPPs in Israel and the US;

•

with respect to Qoros:

•

Qoros’ expectation to renew or refinance its working capital facilities to support its continued operations and development;

•

statements with respect to trends in the Chinese passenger vehicle market;

•

Qoros’ expectation of pricing trends in the Chinese passenger vehicle market;

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Qoros’ ability to increase its production capacity;

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statements relating to the investment by the Majority Shareholder in Qoros into Qoros, including the put option and the Majority Shareholder in Qoros’ obligation to assume its proportionate share of Kenon and Chery’s guarantee and pledge obligations;

•

statements relating to the agreement to sell Kenon's remaining interest in Qoros to the Majority, including with respect to the timing for payments and the conditions to me in connection with the sale including the release of the pledge over Kenon’s shares in Qoros; and

vii

•

with respect to ZIM:

•

the assumptions used in Kenon’s and ZIM’s impairment analysis with respect to Kenon’s investment in ZIM, and ZIM’s assets, respectively, including with respect to expected fuel price, freight rates, demand trends;

•

ZIM’s expectation of modifications with respect to its and other shipping companies’ operating fleet and lines, including the utilization of larger vessels within certain trade zones and modifications made in light of environmental regulations;

•

statements with respect to International Maritime Organization, or IMO, regulations which came into effect in 2020 (“IMO 2020”) and other regulations, including the expected effects of such regulations;

•

statements regarding the 2M Alliance and expected benefits of the alliance;

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statements with respect to ZIM’s dividend policy; and

•

trends related to market conditions and the global container shipping industry, including with respect to fluctuations in container supply, industry consolidation, demand, bunker prices and charter/freights rates, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The preceding list is not intended to be an exhaustive list of each of our forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of future performance, taking into account the information currently available to us and are only predictions based upon our current expectations and projections about future events. There are important factors that could cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from the results, level of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements which are set forth in “Item 3.D Risk Factors.” Given these risks and uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results.

Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. The foregoing factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contemplated in any forward-looking statement included in this annual report should not be construed as exhaustive. You should read this annual report, and each of the documents filed as exhibits to the annual report, completely, with this cautionary note in mind, and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

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PART I

ITEM 1.

Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

A.	Directors and Senior Management

Not applicable.

Advisers

Not applicable.

Auditors

Not applicable.

ITEM 2.

Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

ITEM 3.

Key Information

Reserved

B.	Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C.	Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D.	Risk Factors

Our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity can suffer materially as a result of any of the risks described below. While we have described all of the risks we consider material, these risks are not the only ones we face. We are also subject to the same risks that affect many other companies, such as technological obsolescence, labor relations, geopolitical events, climate change and risks related to the conducting of international operations. Additional risks not known to us or that we currently consider immaterial may also adversely impact our businesses. Our businesses routinely encounter and address risks, some of which may cause our future results to be different—sometimes materially different—than we presently anticipate.

Risks Related to Our Strategy and Operations

Some of our businesses have significant capital requirements.

The business plans of our businesses contemplate additional debt or equity financing which is expected to be raised from third parties. However, our businesses may be unable to raise the necessary capital from third party financing sources.

In the event that one or more of our businesses requires capital, either in accordance with their business plans or in response to new developments or to meet operating expenses, and such businesses are unable to raise such financing, Kenon may provide such financing by (i) issuing equity in the form of shares or convertible instruments (through a pre-emptive offering or otherwise), (ii) using funds received from the operations or sales of Kenon’s other businesses, (iii) selling part, or all, of its interest in any of its businesses, (iv) raising debt financing at the Kenon level or (v) providing guarantees or collateral in support of the debt of its businesses. To the extent that Kenon raises debt financing, any debt financing that Kenon incurs may not be on favorable terms, may impose restrictive covenants that limit how Kenon manages its investments in its businesses, and may also limit dividends or other distributions by Kenon. In addition, any equity financing, whether in the form of a sale of shares or convertible instruments, would dilute existing holders of our ordinary shares and any such equity financing could be at prices that are lower than the current trading prices.

Kenon may also seek to raise financing at the Kenon level to meet its obligations. Kenon is currently restricted in raising indebtedness at the Kenon level pursuant to the limitations set forth in the side letter described under “—Side letter Entered into in connection with the Repayment of the Deferred Payment Agreement. In the event that funds from its businesses or external financing are not available to meet such obligations on reasonable terms or at all, Kenon may need to sell assets to meet such obligations, and its ability to sell assets may be limited, particularly in light the various pledges over the shares and assets of some of Kenon’s businesses. Any sales of assets may not be at attractive prices, particularly if such sales must be made quickly to meet Kenon’s obligations.

Kenon has provided loans and guarantees and made equity investments to support its businesses, such as investments in and guarantees of debt relating to Qoros and investments in OPC, and may provide additional loans to or make other investments in or provide guarantees in support of its businesses. Kenon’s liquidity requirements will increase to the extent it makes further loans or other investments in or grants additional guarantees to support its businesses. Third party financing sources for Kenon’s businesses may require Kenon to guarantee an individual business’ indebtedness and/or provide collateral, including collateral via a cross-collateralization of assets across businesses (i.e., pledging shares or assets of one of our businesses to secure debt of another of our businesses). To the extent Kenon guarantees an individual business’ indebtedness, it may divert funds received from one business to another business. We may also sell some or all of our interests in any of our businesses to provide funding for another business. Additionally, if we cross-collateralize certain assets in order to provide additional collateral to a lender, we may lose an asset associated with one business in the event that a separate business is unable to meet its debt obligations. Furthermore, if Kenon provides any of its businesses with additional capital, provides any third parties with indemnification rights or a guarantee, and/or provides additional collateral, including via cross-collateralization, this could reduce our liquidity. For further information on the capital resources and requirements of each of our businesses, see “Item 5.B Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Disruptions in the financial markets could adversely affect Kenon or its businesses, which may not be able to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms or at all.

Kenon’s businesses may seek to access capital markets for various purposes, which may include raising funding for the repayment of indebtedness, acquisitions, capital expenditures and for general corporate purposes. The ability of Kenon’s businesses to access capital markets, and the cost of such capital, could be negatively impacted by disruptions in those markets. Disruptions in the capital or credit markets could make it more difficult or expensive for our businesses to access the capital or lending markets if the need arises and may make financing terms for borrowers less attractive or available. Furthermore, a decline in the value of any of our businesses, which are or may be used as collateral in financing agreements, could also impact their ability to access financing.

Kenon may seek to access the capital or lending markets to obtain financing in the future, including to support its businesses. The availability of such financing and the terms thereof will be impacted by many factors, including: (i) our financial performance, (ii) credit ratings or absence of a credit rating, (iii) the liquidity of the overall capital markets, and (iv) the state of the economy. There can be no assurance that Kenon or its businesses will be able to access the capital markets on acceptable terms or at all. If Kenon or its businesses deems it necessary to access financing and is unable to do so on acceptable terms or at all, this could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or liquidity.

We are subject to volatility in the capital markets.

Our strategy may include sales or distributions of our interests in our businesses. For example, in August 2017, OPC completed an initial public offering, or IPO, in Israel, and a listing on the TASE, and in February 2021, ZIM completed an IPO on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE. Our ability to complete a public offering, distribution or listing of one or more of our businesses is heavily dependent upon the public equity markets.

As our holdings in OPC and ZIM securities of our business are publicly traded (and to the extent any of our other holdings in companies are listed in the future), we are exposed to risks of downward movement in market prices. In addition, large holdings of securities can often be disposed only over a substantial length of time. Accordingly, under certain conditions, we may be forced to either sell our equity interest in a particular business at lower prices than expected to realize or defer such a sale, potentially for a long period of time.

We have pledged a portion of our shares in OPC to secure obligations to the buyer of the Inkia Business under the indemnification obligations in the share purchase agreement for the sale, and in 2020 we increased the number of pledged shares and the duration of the pledge until the end of 2021. To the extent that we are required to make payments under the indemnity obligation in the share purchase agreement, we may be required to sell shares in OPC and we would be subject to market conditions at the time of such sale (and the TASE regulations in relation to such sale) which could mean that we are forced to sell our shares for a lower price than we would otherwise be able to do so, particularly if we need to sell a significant amount of shares. If we do not make required payments in the event we are required to make payments under the share purchase agreement, then, in certain circumstances, the pledge can be enforced to satisfy the indemnity obligations, which would result in a loss of some or all of the pledged OPC shares.

In connection with ZIM’s IPO, we have entered into a lockup agreement with respect to our shares in ZIM which expires on July 26, 2021, so we will unlikely be able to sell or otherwise dispose of our shares in ZIM prior to that date, subject to limited exceptions.

We are a holding company and are dependent upon cash flows from our businesses to meet our existing and future obligations.

We are a holding company of various operating companies, and as a result, do not conduct independent operations or possess significant assets other than investments in and advances to our businesses. As a result, we depend on funds from our businesses or external financing to meet our operating expenses and obligations, including our operating expenses, our guarantee of the indemnification obligations under the share purchase agreement for the sale of the Inkia Business and our guarantee obligations in respect of Qoros debt.

In addition, as Kenon’s businesses are legally distinct from it and will generally be required to service their debt obligations before making distributions to Kenon, Kenon’s ability to access such cash flows from its businesses may be limited in some circumstances and it may not have the ability to cause its subsidiaries and associated companies to make distributions to Kenon, even if they are able to do so. Additionally, the terms of existing and future joint venture, financing, or cooperative operational agreements and/or the laws and jurisdictions under which each of Kenon’s businesses are organized may also limit the timing and amount of any dividends, other distributions, loans or loan repayments to Kenon.

Additionally, as dividends are generally taxed and governed by the relevant authority in the jurisdiction in which each respective company is incorporated, there may be numerous and significant tax or other legal restrictions on the ability of Kenon’s businesses to remit funds to us, or to remit such funds without incurring significant tax liabilities or incurring a ratings downgrade.

We do not have the right to manage, and in some cases do not control, some of our businesses, and therefore we may not be able to realize some or all of the benefits that we expect to realize from our businesses.

As we own minority interests in Qoros and ZIM, we are subject to the operating and financial risks of these businesses, the risk that these businesses may make business, operational, financial, legal or regulatory decisions that we do not agree with, and the risk that we may have objectives that differ from those of the applicable business itself or its other shareholders. Our ability to control the development and operation of these investments may be limited, and we may not be able to realize some or all of the benefits that we expect to realize from these investments. For example, we may not be able to cause these businesses to make distributions to us in the amount or at the time that we may need or want such distributions.

The Majority Shareholder in Qoros holds 63% of Qoros and Kenon and Chery have 12% and 25% stakes in Qoros, respectively. Kenon can appoint two of nine Qoros directors. Although we still actively participate in the management of Qoros through our 12% interest and board representatives, our right to control Qoros decreased with the Majority Shareholder in Qoros’ investments in Qoros. For further information, see “Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—Qoros —Qoros’ Investment Agreement” and “Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—Qoros—Kenon’s Sale of Half of its Remaining Interest in Qoros to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros.”

In addition, we rely on the internal controls and financial reporting controls of our businesses and the failure of our businesses to maintain effective controls or to comply with applicable standards could make it difficult to comply with applicable reporting and audit standards. For example, the preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires the prompt receipt of financial statements that comply with applicable accounting standards and legal requirements from each of our subsidiaries and associated company, some of whom rely on the prompt receipt of financial statements from each of their subsidiaries and associated company. Additionally, in certain circumstances, we may be required to file with our annual report on Form 20-F, or a registration statement filed with the SEC, financial information of associated companies which has been audited in conformity with SEC rules and regulations and relevant audit standards. We may not, however, be able to procure such financial statements, or such audited financial statements, as applicable, from our subsidiaries and associated companies and this could render us unable to comply with applicable SEC reporting standards.

Our businesses are leveraged.

Some of our businesses are significantly leveraged and may incur additional debt financing in the future. As of December 31, 2020, OPC had $921 million of outstanding indebtedness, ZIM had outstanding indebtedness of approximately $1.9 billion and Qoros had external loans and borrowings of RMB3.3 billion (approximately $512 million) and loans and other advances from parties related to the Majority Shareholder of RMB5.3 million (approximately $809 million).

Highly leveraged assets are inherently more sensitive to declines in earnings, increases in expenses and interest rates, and adverse market conditions. A leveraged company’s income and net assets also tend to increase or decrease at a greater rate than would otherwise be the case if money had not been borrowed. Consequently, the risk of loss associated with a leveraged company is generally greater than for companies with comparatively less debt. Additionally, some of our businesses’ assets have been pledged to secure indebtedness, and as a result, the amount of collateral that is available for future secured debt or credit support and a business’ flexibility in dealing with its secured assets may be limited. Our businesses use a substantial portion of their consolidated cash flows from operations to make debt service payments, thereby reducing its ability to use their cash flows to fund operations, capital expenditures, or future business opportunities. Additionally, ZIM remains highly leveraged and continues to face risks associated with those of a highly leveraged company.

Our businesses will generally have to service their debt obligations before making distributions to us or to any other shareholder. In addition, many of the financing agreements relating to the debt facilities of our operating companies contain covenants and limitations, including the following:

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leverage ratio;

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minimum equity;

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debt service coverage ratio;

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limits on the incurrence of liens or the pledging of certain assets;

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limits on the incurrence of subsidiary debt;

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limits on the ability to enter into transactions with affiliates, including us;

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minimum liquidity and fixed charge cover ratios;

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limits on the ability to pay dividends to shareholders, including us;

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limits on the ability to sell assets; and

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other non-financial covenants and limitations and various reporting obligations.

If any of our businesses are unable to repay or refinance their indebtedness as it becomes due, or if they are unable to comply with their covenants, we may decide to sell assets or to take other actions, including (i) reducing financing in the future for investments, acquisitions or general corporate purposes or (ii) dedicating an unsustainable level of our cash flow from operations to the payment of principal and interest on their indebtedness. As a result, the ability of our businesses to withstand competitive pressures and to react to changes in the various industries in which we operate could be impaired. A breach of any of our businesses’ debt instruments and/or covenants could result in a default under the relevant debt instrument(s), which could lead to an event of default. Upon the occurrence of such an event of default, the lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding thereunder to be immediately due and payable and, in the case of credit facility lenders, terminate all commitments to extend further credit. If the lenders accelerate the repayment of the relevant borrowings, the relevant business may not have sufficient assets to repay any outstanding indebtedness, which could result in a complete loss of that business for us. Furthermore, the acceleration of any obligation under certain debt instrument may permit the holders of other material debt to accelerate their obligations pursuant to “cross default” provisions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and liquidity.

As a result, our businesses’ leverage could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

In addition, we have back-to-back guarantee obligations to Chery of approximately $17 million and have pledged substantially all of our interest in Qoros to support certain Qoros debt, as well as Chery’s guarantees of Qoros debt.

We face risks in relation to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros’ investment in Qoros and the agreement to sell all of Kenon's remaining interest in Qoros

In 2018, the Majority Shareholder in Qoros acquired 51% of Qoros from Kenon and Chery. The investment was made pursuant to an investment agreement among the Majority Shareholder in Qoros, Quantum, Wuhu Chery Automobile Investment Co., Ltd. (a subsidiary of Chery), or Wuhu Chery, and Qoros. In April 2020, Kenon sold half of its remaining interest in Qoros (i.e. 12%) to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros. As a result, Kenon holds a 12% interest in Qoros, the Majority Shareholder in Qoros holds 63% and Chery holds 25%.

In April 2021, Kenon agreed to sell all of its remaining interest in Qoros (i.e. 12%) to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros for a purchase price of RMB1,560 million (approximately $238 million). The sale is subject to certain conditions, including a release of the share pledge over the shares to be sold (substantially all of which have been pledged to Qoros’ lending banks), approval of the transaction by the National Development and Reform Commission and registration with the State Administration of Market Regulation.

An entity within the Baoneng Group has guaranteed the obligations of the Majority Shareholder in Qoros under this agreement.

The purchase price for Kenon's 12% stake in Qoros is payable in instalments with a deposit of 5% of the purchase price payable no later than July 31, 2021 and the final payment due by March 31, 2023. The agreement provides that the first and second payments, including the deposit (collectively representing, together with the deposit, 50% of the purchase price), will be paid into a designated account set up in the name of the Majority Shareholder in Qoros over which Quantum has joint control. According to the agreement, the transfer of these payments to Quantum will occur by the end of Q2 2022, provided that the relevant conditions are met in connection with the registration of the shares to the purchaser, subject to receipt by Quantum of collateral acceptable to it. The agreement provides that the third and fourth payments will be paid directly to Quantum.

Completion of the sale requires obtaining necessary regulatory approvals and a release of the pledge over Kenon's shares in Qoros and the registration of the transfer of such shares as well as the execution of amended documents relating to Qoros (e.g. the Joint Venture Agreement), which will require execution of relevant documentation by the relevant parties, including Qoros' shareholders.

Kenon faces risks in connection with the sale agreement, including the risk that regulatory approvals are not obtained, that the pledge over Kenon's shares is not released or that the sale is not completed for any other reason whether because conditions to the sale are not met or because the Majority Shareholder in Qoros is not able to, or otherwise does not, comply with its obligations under the agreement.

The agreement requires Kenon to transfer all of its shares representing 12% of Qoros following payment of only 50% of the total purchase price, with the remaining 50% of the purchase price to be paid in installments following the transfer of shares. Kenon's ability to enforce such payment obligations, if not paid as required, may be more limited after it has transfer title to the shares.

Kenon has put rights with respect to its remaining interest in Qoros. In the event that the Majority Shareholder in Qoros fails to pay the full amount of any payment due for the sale of Kenon's remaining interest in Qoros within sixty days after the relevant payment date, or Quantum fails to receive the full amount of the first and second payments (including the deposit) by June 30, 2022, Quantum may, at its sole election, immediately exercise the put option without any required notice period.

Substantially all of Kenon's shares in Qoros are pledged to Qoros' lenders and it is a condition to the transfer of shares that such pledge be released. To the extent that Kenon’s pledge is not released as required, this would impact Kenon’s ability to complete the sale of its remaining 12% interest in Qoros.

If the sale of Kenon's remaining interest is not completed on the agreed terms or at all and if the Majority Shareholder in Qoros does not purchase Kenon’s equity interest in Qoros upon exercise of the put option, for any reason, this could have a material adverse effect on Kenon.

Our success will be dependent upon the efforts of our directors and executive officers.

Our success will be dependent upon the decision-making of our directors and executive officers as well as the directors and executive officers of our businesses. The loss of any or all of our directors and executive officers could delay the implementation of our strategies or divert our directors and executive officers’ attention from our operations which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Foreign exchange rate fluctuations and controls could have a material adverse effect on our earnings and the strength of our balance sheet.

Through our businesses, we have facilities and generate costs and revenues in a number of geographic regions across the globe. As a result, a significant portion of our revenue and certain of our businesses’ operating expenses, assets and liabilities, are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. The predominance of certain currencies varies from business to business, with many of our businesses generating revenues or incurring indebtedness in more than one currency. For example, most of ZIM’s revenues and a significant portion of its expenses are denominated in the U.S. Dollar. However, a material portion of ZIM’s expenses are denominated in local currencies. In addition, OPC is subject to exchange rate fluctuations in its operations in Israel, and a portion of its PPAs and its supply arrangements are determined by reference to the NIS:USD exchange rate. OPC's acquisition of CPV will increase its exposure to the US dollar.

We have outstanding back-to-back guarantees to Chery of up to RMB109 million (approximately $17 million) in respect of certain of Qoros’ indebtedness. In addition, from time to time, we have held, and may hold, a portion of our available cash in RMB, which may expose us to RMB exchange rate fluctuations.

Furthermore, our businesses may pay distributions or make payments to us in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, which we must convert to U.S. Dollars prior to making dividends or other distributions to our shareholders if we decide to make any distributions in the future. Foreign exchange controls in countries in which our businesses operate may further limit our ability to repatriate funds from unconsolidated foreign affiliates or otherwise convert local currencies into U.S. Dollars.

Consequently, as with any international business, our liquidity, earnings, expenses, asset book value, and/or amount of equity may be materially affected by short-term or long-term exchange rate movements or controls. Such movements may give rise to one or more of the following risks, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity:

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Transaction Risk—exists where sales or purchases are denominated in overseas currencies and the exchange rate changes after our entry into a purchase or sale commitment but prior to the completion of the underlying transaction itself;

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Translation Risk—exists where the currency in which the results of a business are reported differs from the underlying currency in which the business’ operations are transacted;

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Economic Risk—exists where the manufacturing cost base of a business is denominated in a currency different from the currency of the market into which the business’ products are sold; and

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Reinvestment Risk—exists where our ability to reinvest earnings from operations in one country to fund the capital needs of operations in other countries becomes limited.

If our businesses do not manage their interest rate risks effectively, our cash flows and operating results may suffer.

Certain of our businesses’ indebtedness bears interest at variable, floating rates. In particular, some of this indebtedness is in the form of Consumer Price Index (or CPI)-linked, NIS-denominated bonds. We, or our businesses, may incur further indebtedness in the future that also bears interest at a variable rate or at a rate that is linked to fluctuations in a currency in the form of other than the U.S. Dollar. Although our businesses attempt to manage their interest rate risk, there can be no assurance that they will hedge such exposure effectively or at all in the future. Accordingly, increases in interest rates or changes in the CPI that are greater than changes anticipated based upon historical trends could have a material adverse effect on our or any of our businesses’ business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Risks Related to the Industries in Which Our Businesses Operate

Conditions in the global economy, and in the industries in which our businesses operate in particular, could have a material adverse effect on us.

The business and operating results of each of our businesses are affected by worldwide economic conditions, particularly conditions in the energy generation, passenger vehicle, and shipping industries in which our businesses operate. The operating results and profitability of our businesses may be adversely affected by slower global economic growth, credit market crises, lower levels of consumer and business confidence, downward pressure on prices, high unemployment levels, reduced levels of capital expenditures, fluctuating commodity prices (particularly prices for electricity, natural gas, bunker, gasoline, and crude oil), bankruptcies, government deficit reduction and austerity measures, heightened volatility, uncertainties with respect to the stability of the emerging markets, increased tariffs and other forms of trade protectionism and other challenges affecting the global economy. Volatility in global financial markets and in prices for oil and other commodities could result in a deterioration of global economic conditions. As a result of deteriorating global economic conditions, some of the customers of our businesses have experienced, and may experience, deterioration of their businesses, cash flow shortages, and/or difficulty in obtaining financing. As a result, existing or potential customers may delay or cancel plans to purchase the products and/or services of our businesses, or may not be able to fulfill their obligations to us in a timely fashion. Furthermore, the vendors, suppliers and/or partners of each of our businesses may experience similar conditions, which may impact their ability to fulfill their obligations.

In addition, the business and operating results of each of our businesses have been and may continue to be adversely affected by the effects of a widespread outbreak of contagious disease, including the COVID-19 outbreak, which has and could continue to adversely affect the economies and financial markets of many countries, which has had and could continue to have an adverse effect on our businesses. The coronavirus outbreak has led to quarantines, cancellation of events and travel, business and school shutdowns and restrictions, supply chain interruptions, increased unemployment and overall economic and financial market instability. Further spread of the coronavirus could cause additional quarantines, reduction in business activity, labor shortages and other operational disruptions. The full impact of this outbreak will depend on future developments, including continued or further severity of the outbreak of the coronavirus and the actions to contain the coronavirus or treat its impact.

Additionally, economic downturns may alter the priorities of governments to subsidize and/or incentivize participation in any of the markets in which our businesses operate. Slower growth or deterioration in the global economy (as a result of recent volatility in global markets, the coronavirus outbreak, trade protectionism and commodity prices, or otherwise) could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Our businesses’ operations expose us to risks associated with conditions in those markets where they operate.

Through our businesses, we operate and service customers in geographic regions around the world which exposes us to risks, including:

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heightened economic volatility;

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difficulty in enforcing agreements, collecting receivables and protecting assets;

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the possibility of encountering unfavorable circumstances from host country laws or regulations;

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fluctuations in revenues, operating margins and/or other financial measures due to currency exchange rate fluctuations and restrictions on currency and earnings repatriation;

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unfavorable changes in regulated electricity tariffs;

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trade protection measures, import or export restrictions, licensing requirements and local fire and security codes and standards;

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increased costs and risks of developing, staffing and simultaneously managing a number of operations across a number of countries as a result of language and cultural differences;

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issues related to occupational safety, work hazard, and adherence to local labor laws and regulations;

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adverse tax developments;

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changes in the general political, social and/or economic conditions in the countries where we operate; and

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the presence of corruption in certain countries.

If any of our businesses are impacted by any of the aforementioned factors, such an impact could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

We require qualified personnel to manage and operate our various businesses.

As a result of our decentralized structure, we require qualified and competent management to independently direct the day-to-day business activities of each of our businesses, execute their respective business plans, and service their respective customers, suppliers and other stakeholders, in each case across numerous geographic locations. We must be able to retain employees and professionals with the skills necessary to understand the continuously developing needs of our customers and to maximize the value of each of our businesses. This includes developing talent and leadership capabilities in the emerging markets in which certain of our businesses operate, where the depth of skilled employees may be limited. Changes in demographics, training requirements and/or the unavailability of qualified personnel could negatively impact the ability of each of our businesses to meet these demands. If any of our businesses fail to train and retain qualified personnel, or if they experience excessive turnover, we may experience declining sales, production/manufacturing delays or other inefficiencies, increased recruiting, training or relocation costs and other difficulties, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Raw material shortages, supplier capacity constraints, production disruptions, supplier quality and sourcing issues or price increases could increase our operating costs and adversely impact the competitive positions of the products and/or services of our businesses.

The reliance of certain of our businesses on certain third-party suppliers, contract manufacturers and service providers, or commodity markets to secure raw materials (e.g., natural gas for OPC and bunker and containers for ZIM), parts, components and sub-systems used in their products or services exposes us to volatility in the prices and availability of these materials, parts, components, systems and services. Some of these suppliers or their sub-suppliers are limited- or sole-source suppliers. For more information on the risks relating to supplier concentration in relation to OPC, see “—Risks Related to OPC— Supplier concentration may expose OPC to significant financial credit or performance risk.”

A disruption in deliveries from these and other third-party suppliers, contract manufacturers or service providers, capacity constraints, production disruptions, price increases, or decreased availability of raw materials or commodities, including as a result of the coronavirus outbreak or catastrophic events, could have an adverse effect on the ability of our businesses to meet their commitments to customers or could increase their operating costs. Our businesses could encounter supply problems and may be unable to replace a supplier that is not able to meet their demand in either the short- or the long-term; these risks are exacerbated in the case of raw materials or component parts that are sourced from a single-source supplier. Furthermore, quality and sourcing issues experienced by third-party providers can also adversely affect the quality and effectiveness of our businesses’ products and/or services and result in liability and reputational harm that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Some of our businesses must keep pace with technological changes and develop new products and services to remain competitive.

The markets in which some of our businesses operate experience rapid and significant changes as a result of the introduction of both innovative technologies and services. To meet customer needs in these areas, these businesses must continuously design new, and update existing, products and services, as well as invest in, and develop new technologies. Introducing new products and technologies requires a significant commitment to research and development that, in return, requires the expenditure of considerable financial resources that may not always result in success.

Our sales and profitability may suffer if our businesses invest in technologies that do not operate, or may not be integrated, as expected or that are not accepted into the marketplace as anticipated, or if their services, products or systems are not introduced to the market in a timely manner, in particular, compared to its competitors, or become obsolete. Furthermore, in some of these markets, the need to develop and introduce new products rapidly in order to capture available opportunities may lead to quality problems. Our operating results depend on our ability, and the ability of these businesses, to anticipate and adapt to changes in markets and to reduce the costs of producing high-quality, new and existing products and services. If we, or any of these businesses, are unsuccessful in our efforts, such a failure could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Our businesses may be adversely affected by work stoppages, union negotiations, labor disputes and other matters associated with our labor force.

As of December 31, 2020, OPC employed 116 employees, ZIM employed approximately 5,145 employees and Qoros employed approximately 2,646 employees. Our businesses have experienced and could experience strikes, industrial unrest, work stoppages or labor disruptions as a result of the coronavirus outbreak. Any disruptions in the operations of any of our businesses as a result of labor stoppages, strikes or other disruptions could materially and adversely affect our or the relevant businesses’ reputation and could adversely affect operations. Additionally, a work stoppage or other disruption at any one of the suppliers of any of our businesses could materially and adversely affect our operations if an alternative source of supply were not readily available.

A disruption in our and each of our business’ information technology systems, including incidents related to cyber security, could adversely affect our business operations

Our business operations, and the operations of our businesses, rely upon the accuracy, availability and security of information technology systems for data processing, storage and reporting. As a result, we, and our businesses, maintain information security policies and procedures for managing such information technology systems. However, such security measures may be ineffective and our information technology systems, or those of our businesses, may be subject to cyber-attacks. A number of companies around the world have been the subject of cyber security attacks in recent years, including in Israel where we have a large part of our businesses. For example one of ZIM’s peers experienced a major cyber-attack on its IT systems in 2017, which impacted the company’s operations in its transport and logistics businesses and resulted in significant financial loss. Other Israeli businesses are facing cyber-attack campaigns, and it is believed the attackers may be from hostile countries. These attacks are increasing and becoming more sophisticated, and may be perpetrated by computer hackers, cyber terrorists or other perpetrators of corporate espionage.

Cyber security attacks could include malicious software (malware), attempts to gain unauthorized access to data, social media hacks and leaks, ransomware attacks and other electronic security breaches of our and our business’ information technology systems as well as the information technology systems of our customers and other service providers that could lead to disruptions in critical systems, unauthorized release, misappropriation, corruption or loss of data or confidential information. In addition, any system failure, accident or security breach could result in business disruption, unauthorized access to, or disclosure of, customer or personnel information, corruption of our data or of our systems, reputational damage or litigation. We or our operating companies may also be required to incur significant costs to protect against or repair the damage caused by these disruptions or security breaches in the future, including, for example, rebuilding internal systems, implementing additional threat protection measures, providing modifications to our services, defending against litigation, responding to regulatory inquiries or actions, paying damages, providing customers with incentives to maintain the business relationship, or taking other remedial steps with respect to third parties. These cyber security threats are constantly evolving. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting reduced staff in in offices and increased reliance on remote access for employees have increased and may continue to increase the likelihood of cyber security attacks. We, therefore, remain potentially vulnerable to additional known or yet unknown threats, as in some instances, we, our businesses and our customers may be unaware of an incident or its magnitude and effects. Should we or any of our operating businesses experience a cyber-attack, this could have a material adverse effect on our, or any of our operating companies’, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risks Related to Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Matters

We, and each of our businesses, are subject to legal proceedings and legal compliance risks.

We are subject to a variety of legal proceedings and legal compliance risks in every part of the world in which our businesses operate. We, our businesses, and the industries in which we operate, are periodically reviewed or investigated by regulators and other governmental authorities, which could lead to enforcement actions, fines and penalties or the assertion of private litigation claims and damages. Changes in laws or regulations could require us, or any of our businesses, to change manners of operation or to utilize resources to maintain compliance with such regulations, which could increase costs or otherwise disrupt operations. Protectionist trade policies and changes in the political and regulatory environment in the markets in which we operate, such as foreign exchange import and export controls, tariffs and other trade barriers and price or exchange controls, could affect our businesses in several national markets, impact our profitability and make the repatriation of profits difficult, and may expose us or any of our businesses to penalties, sanctions and reputational damage. In addition, the uncertainty of the legal environment in some regions could limit our ability to enforce our rights.

The global and diverse nature of our operations means that legal and compliance risks will continue to exist and additional legal proceedings and other contingencies, the outcome of which cannot be predicted with certainty, will arise from time to time. No assurances can be made that we will be found to be operating in compliance with, or be able to detect violations of, any existing or future laws or regulations. In addition, as we hold minority interests in ZIM and Qoros, we do not control them and therefore cannot ensure that they will comply with all applicable laws and regulations. A failure to comply with or properly anticipate applicable laws or regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

We may be subject to further government regulation, which may adversely affect our strategy.

The U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940 regulates “investment companies,” which includes entities that are, or that hold themselves out as being, primarily engaged in the business of investing, reinvesting and trading in securities or that are engaged, or propose to engage, in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and own, or propose to acquire, investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of the issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis (or 45% of the issuer’s net income or assets, excluding interest in primarily controlled companies). We do not believe that we are subject to regulation under the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940. We are organized as a holding company that conducts its businesses primarily through majority owned and primarily controlled subsidiaries. Maintaining such status may impose limits on our operations and on the assets that we and our subsidiaries may acquire or dispose of. If, at any time, we meet the definition of investment company, we could, among other things, be required either (a) to substantially change the manner in which we conduct our operations to avoid being required to register as an investment company or (b) to register as an investment company under the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, either of which could have an adverse effect on us and the market price of our securities. The U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940 generally only allows U.S. entities to register. If we were required to register as an investment company but failed to do so, we could be prohibited from engaging in our business in the United States or offering and selling securities in the United States or to U.S. persons, unable to comply with our reporting obligations in the United States as a foreign private issuer, subject to the delisting of the Kenon shares from the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, and subject to criminal and civil actions that could be brought against us, any of which would have a material adverse effect on the liquidity and value of the Kenon shares and on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

We could be adversely affected by violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-bribery laws outside of the United States.

The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, and similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to government officials or other persons for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Recent years have seen substantial anti-bribery law enforcement activity, with aggressive investigations and enforcement proceedings by both the U.S. Department of Justice and the SEC, increased enforcement activity by non-U.S. regulators, and increases in criminal and civil proceedings brought against companies and individuals. Our policies mandate compliance with the FCPA and other applicable anti-bribery laws. We operate, through our businesses, in some parts of the world that are recognized as having governmental and commercial corruption. Additionally, because many of our customers and end users are involved in construction and energy production, they are often subject to increased scrutiny by regulators. Our internal control policies and procedures may not protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees, the employees of any of our businesses, or third-party intermediaries. In the event that we believe or have reason to believe that our employees or agents have or may have violated applicable anti-corruption laws, including the FCPA, we would investigate or have outside counsel investigate the relevant facts and circumstances, which can be expensive and require significant time and attention from senior management. Violations of these laws may result in criminal or civil sanctions, inability to do business with existing or future business partners (either as a result of express prohibitions or to avoid the appearance of impropriety), injunctions against future conduct, profit disgorgements, disqualifications from directly or indirectly engaging in certain types of businesses, the loss of business permits, reputational harm or other restrictions which could disrupt our business and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. We face risks with respect to compliance with the FCPA and similar anti-bribery laws through our acquisition of new companies and the due diligence we perform in connection with an acquisition may not be sufficient to enable us fully to assess an acquired company’s historic compliance with applicable regulations. Furthermore, our post-acquisition integration efforts may not be adequate to ensure our system of internal controls and procedures are fully adopted and adhered to by acquired entities, resulting in increased risks of non-compliance with applicable anti-bribery laws.

We could be adversely affected by international sanctions and trade restrictions.

We have geographically diverse businesses, which may expose our business and financial affairs to political and economic risks, including operations in areas subject to international restrictions and sanctions. Legislation and rules governing sanctions and trade restrictions are complex and constantly evolving. Moreover, changes in these laws and regulations can be unpredictable and happen swiftly. Part of our global operations necessitate the importation and exportation of goods and technology across international borders on a regular basis. From time to time, we, or our businesses, obtain or receive information alleging improper activity in connection with such imports or exports. Our policies mandate strict compliance with applicable sanctions laws and trade restrictions. Nonetheless, our policies and procedures may not always protect us from actions that would violate U.S. and/or foreign laws. Such improper actions could subject us to civil or criminal penalties, including material monetary fines, denial of import or export privileges, or other adverse actions. The occurrence of any of the aforementioned factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Risks Related to OPC’s Israel operations

OPC faces risks in connection with the expansion of its business.

OPC is in the process of the construction and development of power generation facilities and is contemplating further such development. Existing regulation, such as antitrust laws, regulation by virtue of the Israeli Concentration Law, or regulation by virtue of the Israeli Electricity Sector Law 5756-1996, or Electricity Sector Law, with respect to holdings in generation licenses, may restrict the expansion of OPC’s activity in Israel.

According to the Israeli Concentration Law, when allocating and determining the terms of certain rights, including the right to an electricity generation license under certain circumstances, the regulator must consider the promotion of competition in the relevant industry sector and the Israeli economy generally. If the right is on the list of rights that may have a material impact on competition, the regulator must consult with the Israel Antitrust Commissioner regarding sector concentration. Kenon, OPC, and OPC’s subsidiaries are considered concentration entities under the Israel Corporation Group for purposes of sector-specific and economy-wide concentration. The list of concentration entities also includes Mr. Idan Ofer, who is the beneficiary of entities that indirectly hold a majority of the shares in Kenon, and includes a list of other entities which may be affiliated with Mr. Idan Ofer, including ZIM, in which Kenon holds an approximately 28% interest. With respect to economy-wide concentration, this may affect OPC’s or its subsidiaries’ ability to receive a generation license if it involves the construction and operation of power plants exceeding 175 MW. For example, in August 2017, the Israel Antitrust Authority and the Chairman of the Committee for the Reduction of Concentration, or the Concentration Committee, recommended to the Electricity Authority, or EA not to grant a conditional license for the Tzomet project. The conditional license was eventually approved after OPC and the Idan Ofer group had complied with certain conditions agreed with the Concentration Committee, including the completion of the sale of the Idan Ofer group’s shares in Reshet Media Ltd. in April 2019. Therefore, OPC’s expansion activities and future projects have been and could in the future be limited by the Israeli Concentration Law.

Following the Israeli Government’s electricity sector reform, as part of which the IEC is expected to sell five of its sites (currently remaining sites are three), the Israel Competition Authority issued guiding principles for sector concentration consultation in such sale process. According to such principles, which are subject to change and review considering the relevant circumstances, entities will not be permitted to hold more than 20% of the total planned installed capacity on the date of sale of all the sites being sold. The generation capacity of an entity’s related parties with generation licenses will be counted towards such entity’s capacity for purposes of this 20% limitation. These principles may therefore increase competition and impose limitations on OPC’s ability to expand its business. In addition, the EA published proposed regulations in respect of maximum holdings in generation licenses which are not identical to the Competition Authority principles. The Competition Authority has stated that the relevant limit is 20% of 10,500 MW (which is the anticipated capacity in the market held by private players by 2023, excluding capacity of IEC), while, the EA has proposed regulation whereby the relevant limit is 20% of 14,000 MW (including capacity of IEC). We may be subject to more restrictive interpretation. The MW currently attributable to OPC, including Oil Refineries Ltd., or ORL, and Israel Chemicals Ltd. as parties with generation licenses that are related to OPC, is approximately 1,480 MW.

In addition, OPC faces risks in connection with the expansion of its business into the United States with the CPV acquisition and OPC may examine possibilities for further expanding its electricity generation activities by means of construction of power plants and/or acquisition of power plants (including in renewable energy) in and outside of its existing geographies. The regulatory environment or other limitations or restrictions in such jurisdictions may restrict OPC’s ability to expand its business in such other jurisdictions.

OPC faces risks in connection with integration of the CPV business.

In January 2021, an entity in which OPC holds a 70% interest acquired CPV, a business engaged in the development, construction and management of power plants running conventional energy (powered by natural gas) and renewable energy in the United States. For risks relating to CPV’s business, see “—Risks Relating to OPC’s U.S. Business.”

The acquisition of CPV by OPC involves, among other things, the integration of two companies that have previously operated independently. OPC is in the process of integration and establishing operating procedures and corporate governance in order to revise OPC’s structure and management after completion of the transaction. These processes and procedures are expected to continue in the near term. The success of the CPV acquisition will depend on, among other things, the successful integration of CPV into the OPC group, implementation of control and information flow procedures, assimilation and absorption of management and personnel, as well as implementation of a successful business strategy and development plans for OPC.

The potential difficulties of combining the operations of the companies include, among others:

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difficulties in the integration of operations and systems;

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conforming standards, controls, procedures and accounting and other policies, business cultures and compensation structures between the OPC and CPV;

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difficulties in the assimilation of employees, including possible culture conflicts and different opinions;

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difficulties in managing the expanded operations of a larger and more complex company; and

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coordinating across a new jurisdiction for OPC.

Many of these factors will be outside of OPC’s control and any one of them could result in increased costs. The diversion of management’s attention, and any difficulties encountered in the transition and integration process, could harm OPC’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the CPV acquisition may result in material unanticipated problems, expenses, and liabilities.

Changes in the EA’s electricity rates have and may further reduce OPC’s profitability.

The price of electricity for OPC’s customers is directly affected by the electricity generation tariff, and this is the basis of linking the price of natural gas pursuant to gas purchase agreements. Therefore, changes in the electricity rates published by the EA, including the rate of the electricity generation component, may have a substantial adverse effect on OPC’s profits.

To the extent that the generation component tariffs published by the EA change as a result of, among other things, fluctuations in currency exchange rates or IEC fuel costs, OPC’s revenues from sales to private customers and cost of sales will be affected. The EA publishes tariffs each year. The EA has published the electricity tariffs for 2021, which included a decrease of the EA’s generation component tariff by approximately 5.7%. The decline in the generation component is expected to have a negative impact on OPC’s profits in 2021 compared with 2020.

Furthermore, the gas price formula determined in the agreements with the Tamar Group is subject to a minimum U.S. dollar price mechanism. When the price of gas is equal to or lower than the minimum price, as was the case for example in January and February 2021 for both OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera (and for OPC-Rotem may be, and for OPC-Hadera will be, the case for the rest of 2021) reductions in the generation tariff will not lead to a reduction in the cost of natural gas consumed by OPC-Rotem and/or OPC-Hadera, but rather to a reduction in profit margins. For OPC-Hadera, the effect on profit margins depends on the US$/NIS exchange rate fluctuations. Therefore, declines in the EA generation component tariff below the minimum price may not result in a corresponding decline in natural gas expenses, due to the floor price mechanism and may lead to a decline in profit margins because the gas price may not decrease as much as revenues.

OPC is leveraged and may be unable to comply with its financial covenants or meet its debt service or other obligations.

As of December 31, 2020, OPC had $921 million of total outstanding consolidated indebtedness. The debt instruments to which OPC and its operating companies are party to require compliance with certain covenants and limitations, including:

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Minimum liquidity, loan life coverage ratios and debt service coverage ratios covenants; and

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Other non-financial covenants and limitations such as restrictions on dividend distributions, repayments of shareholder loans, asset sales, pledges investments and incurrence of debt, as well as reporting obligations.

Breach of the various covenants could result, among other things, in acceleration of the debt, restrictions in the declaration or payment of dividends or cross-defaults across the debt instruments.

Furthermore, OPC may have a limited ability to receive financing from Israeli banks due to Israeli regulatory restrictions on the amount of loans that Israeli banks are permitted to grant to single borrowers or groups of borrowers, which may result in limitations to the amount of loans that they are permitted to grant to OPC.

If OPC or its businesses, including CPV, are unable to obtain necessary financing for development of projects or refinancing as required this could have a material adverse effect on OPC’s business, financial condition and results of operation.

As a group that is engaged in initiation, development and acquisition of power generation projects, including in light of CPV’s development projects, OPC will need to raise money in the upcoming years in connection with execution of its business plans. OPC’s and its subsidiaries and associated companies financing agreements, including OPC’s debentures, restrict the amount of debt they are permitted to incur and provision of collateral. In addition, raising capital involves risks relating to the level of leverage and financing costs. High leverage exposes OPC and its subsidiaries and associated companies to inherent risks and could have an adverse impact on their results and businesses and on their ability to distribute dividends and/or to comply with the terms of the financing agreements, and could also involve provision of collateral or guarantees by OPC. Therefore, OPC may also be required to raise capital from investors, both at the OPC level and/or at the level of its subsidiaries or associated companies. Raising capital could result in OPC shareholder dilution or sale of OPC shares at a discount, as well as additional costs. There is no assurance that the amounts required will be raised under favorable terms or at all. An in ability to raise the required financing and/or a failure to maintain an optimal debt/equity structure could harm the OPC’s ability to execute its business plans, and have an adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

OPC’s facilities may be affected by disruptions, including planned maintenance, technical failures and natural disasters.

OPC’s ongoing activities may be affected by technical disruptions and faults to critical equipment. For instance, various natural disasters, such as earthquakes or fires, may harm OPC’s facilities and thereby affecting its operations and supply of electricity. Furthermore, such delays or other disruptions could cause a delay in the construction and COD of projects such as the Tzomet project. Due to the nature of OPC’s activities, which, for example, include the use and storage of flammable materials and working with high temperatures and pressures, OPC’s facilities are exposed to the risk of fire hazards. Should natural disasters damage OPC’s facilities, restoration may involve the investment of significant resources and time, which would likely lead to full or partial shutdown of the generation facilities that are damaged. Losses that are not fully covered by OPC’s insurance policies may have an adverse effect on OPC.

In addition, maintenance work may result in operational shutdowns and impact results. For example, as planned, major overhaul maintenance work was completed between September and November 2018, which halted the OPC-Rotem plant’s operations along with the related energy generation activities, which impacted results for that period. OPC’s long-term service agreement for the maintenance of OPC-Rotem includes timetables for performance of the maintenance work, and in particular the first “major overhaul” maintenance, which is to be performed every six years. Regular maintenance work is conducted approximately every 18 months; the most recent regularly scheduled maintenance in 2020 was delayed due to COVID-19 related restrictions resulting in completion of this maintenance and relating shutdowns later in 2020. While these shutdowns and delay in the timing of the planned maintenance work did not have a significant impact on the generation activities of the OPC-Rotem power plant and its results, and such delays or shutdowns in the future could have a material impact on OPC. The next regular maintenance work is expected to take place in October 2021.

Furthermore, OPC-Hadera reached COD on July 1, 2020. Certain components of the gas and steam turbines were subject to replacement, repair or improvement work during December 2020 and early 2021, and additional work is expected in the rest of 2021. During performance of such work, the power plant is expected to be operated partially. Partial operation or shutdowns for continued periods could impact OPC-Hadera’s compliance with availability provisions.

The political and security situation in Israel may affect OPC.

A deterioration of the political and security situation in Israel may adversely affect OPC’s activities and harm its assets. Security and political events such as a war or acts of terrorism may harm the facilities serving OPC (including the power station facilities owned by the Company), the construction of the OPC’s current development projects and future projects, computer systems, facilities for transmission of natural gas to the power stations and the electricity transmission grid. In addition, such acts may have an adverse effect on OPC’s material suppliers, thereby limiting OPC’s ability to supply electricity to its customers reliably. Likewise, a deterioration in the political and security situation in Israel may have a negative effect on OPC’s ability to construct new projects, to raise capital for new projects and to initiate new projects in areas exposed to a security risk. Negative developments in the political and security situation in Israel and various security events may cause additional restrictions on OPC, including boycotts by various parties. In addition, in such cases, parties with whom OPC has contracted may claim to terminate their obligations pursuant to the agreements with the OPC due to the occurrence of force majeure events. In addition, some of OPC’s employees may be called for reserve military duty and their absence may have an adverse effect on OPC’s operations.

OPC’s operations and financial condition may be adversely affected by the outbreak of the coronavirus.

The COVID-19 pandemic and measures take to address it have had an impact on business globally including Israel and our operations. The coronavirus outbreak has led to quarantines, cancellation of events and travel, businesses and school shutdowns and restrictions, supply chain interruptions and overall economic and financial market instability. For example, in light of the restrictions on entry into Israel due to the coronavirus pandemic, the OPC-Rotem maintenance work was postponed and was ultimately performed in October 2020. Both contractors informed OPC that these circumstances constitute a force majeure under their agreements with OPC. Further proliferation and outbreaks of the coronavirus, including outbreaks of new variations could cause additional quarantines, reduction in business activity and consumption in the Israeli market, labor shortages and other operational disruptions, and adversely impact OPC’s activities and results as well as its ability to complete projects under construction in time or at all and/or its ability to executed future projects. The full impact of this outbreak on OPC will depend on future developments, including continued or further severity of the outbreak of the coronavirus, impact on main suppliers (such as suppliers of natural gas and construction and maintenance contractors) or main customers, the extent the virus spreads to other regions, including Israel, and the actions to contain the coronavirus or treat its impact which are outside of OPC’s control.

Further to notices issued to OPC in 2020 by Energean claiming “force majeure events” under its agreement, in September 2020, Energean issued an additional notice to OPC claiming force majeure events under its agreement and indicating that it expects flowing of the first gas from the Karish reservoir to take place in the second half of 2021. OPC rejected the force majeure contentions under the agreements. As stated in Energean's January 2021 publications, flowing of gas from the Karish reservoir is expected to take place during the fourth quarter of 2021. This projection requires an increase in workforce in order to be attained, and if such increase is not effected the flowing of gas may be further delayed. In February 2021, as part of issuance of bonds by Energean, Moody’s published a report stating that the full operation of the Karish reservoir may be delayed to the second quarter of 2022. There is, therefore, no guarantee that such alternative gas supply will be available by the stated timeframes or at all, which could have a material adverse effect on OPC’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in the Consumer Price Index in Israel or the U.S. Dollar to NIS exchange rate could adversely affect OPC.

Inflation in Israel may affect OPC. A significant portion of the liabilities of OPC and its subsidiaries is linked to the CPI, including the interest rates applicable to a substantial part of the OPC-Rotem, OPC-Hadera and Tzomet loans and OPC’s Series B bonds. Therefore, changes to the CPI could impact OPC’s financing expenses and results of operations. In addition, to the extent that the price OPC pays for gas is above the floor price in its gas supply agreements, the price it pays for gas is linked in part to the U.S. Dollar to NIS exchange rate, and accordingly variations in such rate can impact OPC’s results. The IEC’s electricity tariff is also set, in part, in accordance with the IEC’s fuel costs that are denominated in U.S. Dollars and is therefore also affected by variations in the U.S. Dollar to NIS exchange rate.

There are barriers to exit in connection with the disposal or transfer of OPC and its businesses, development projects or other assets.

OPC may face exit barriers, including high exit costs or objections from various parties (whose approval OPC requires), in connection with dispositions of its operating companies, development projects or their assets. For example, pursuant to Electricity Sector Law the transfer of control over an entity that holds a generation license in Israel must be approved by the EA. Additionally, there are restrictions on a transfer of control of OPC, OPC-Rotem, OPC-Hadera and Tzomet, pursuant to, among others, OPC-Rotem’s and Tzomet’s PPAs with the Israel Electric Corporation, or IEC (which PPAs will be assigned to the System Administrator), the trust deed relating to OPC’s bonds, and OPC-Rotem’s, OPC-Hadera’s and Tzomet’s credit agreements. Such restrictions may prohibit or make it difficult for OPC to dispose of its interests in its businesses.

OPC is also defined as a “significant real corporation.” As a result, OPC is subject to various restrictions, which mainly include restrictions on significant financial entities holding an interest (above a certain percentage) in such companies and restrictions on OPC’s holdings (above a certain percentage) of financial entities.

Such restrictions may also limit Kenon’s ability to transfer its interests in OPC.

OPC holds 80% of OPC-Rotem and has entered into a shareholders’ agreement with the minority shareholder.

OPC owns a majority of the voting equity in OPC-Rotem (80%), and has entered into shareholders’ agreements with Veridis, the 20% minority shareholder of OPC-Rotem. The shareholders’ agreement grants Veridis certain minority rights, including veto rights over certain decisions, including (i) changes to OPC-Rotem’s constitutional documents, (ii) the liquidation of OPC-Rotem, (iii) changes to the rights attached to OPC-Rotem’s shares that may prejudice shareholders, (iv) entry into related party transactions, (v) changes in OPC-Rotem’s activities and entry into new projects, (vi) significant acquisitions and dispositions, (vii) changes in OPC-Rotem’s share capital or incurrence of significant debt and (viii) appointment or dismissal of directors on behalf of Veridis or the auditors. The agreements also provide for a right of first refusal and tag-along rights in the event of a sale of OPC-Rotem shares by any of the parties. Therefore, OPC’s ability to develop and operate OPC-Rotem may be limited if OPC is unable to obtain the approval of Veridis for certain corporate actions OPC deems to be in the best interest of OPC-Rotem. In addition, OPC’s ability to dispose of its interest in OPC-Rotem may be limited as a result of the foregoing. OPC’s operation of OPC-Rotem may also subject OPC to litigation proceedings initiated by Veridis.

OPC requires qualified personnel to manage and operate its various businesses and projects.

OPC requires professional and skilled personnel in order to manage its current activities and the performance of its projects, to service and respond to customers and suppliers. Therefore, OPC must be able to retain employees and professionals with the necessary skills. Furthermore, OPC employs foreign employees. Any unavailability of qualified personnel could negatively impact OPC’s activity and results of operations.

In addition, most of OPC-Rotem’s and the OPC Hadera’s operations employees are employed through a collective agreement. Collective agreements may reduce managerial flexibility and impose additional costs on OPC. For further information on these collective agreements, see “Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—OPC—OPC’s Description of Operations—Employees.”

The interruption or failure of OPC’s information technology, communication and processing systems or external attacks and invasions of these systems, including incidents relating to cyber security, could have an adverse effect on OPC.

OPC uses information technology systems, telecommunications and data processing systems to operate its businesses and relies on the accuracy, availability and security of information technology systems for data processing, storage and reporting. In recent years, cyber security attacks of security systems have increased globally and OPC could be exposed to such attacks, which may harm its business and operations or result in reputational damage. These attacks are becoming more sophisticated, and may be perpetrated by computer hackers, cyber terrorists or other perpetrators of corporate espionage. Given the security risks in Israel and the industry in which OPC operates, it may be particularly susceptible to cyber security attacks.

If a cyber-attack occurs, OPC may not be able to prevent harm on its information systems and any such attack could have a significant effect on OPC’s operations. Cyber security attacks could include malicious software (malware), attempts to gain unauthorized access to data, social media hacks and leaks, ransomware attacks, remote control and shutdown of critical systems, and other electronic security breaches of OPC’s information technology systems and its power plant facilities as well as the information technology systems of its customers and other service providers that could lead to disruptions in critical systems, unauthorized release, misappropriation, corruption or loss of data or confidential information. Furthermore, damage to such systems may result in service delays or interruptions to OPC’s ability to provide electricity to its customers. In addition, any system failure, accident or security breach could result in business disruption, unauthorized access to, or disclosure of, customer or personnel information, corruption of OPC’s data or of its systems, reputational damage or litigation. OPC may also be required to incur significant costs to protect against or repair the damage caused by these disruptions or security breaches in the future, including, for example, rebuilding internal systems, implementing additional threat protection measures, providing modifications to our services, defending against litigation, responding to regulatory inquiries or actions, paying damages, providing customers with incentives to maintain the business relationship, or taking other remedial steps with respect to third parties. These cyber security threats are constantly evolving. OPC, therefore, remains potentially vulnerable to additional known or yet unknown threats, as in some instances, OPC and its customers may be unaware of an incident or its magnitude and effects. Should OPC experience a cyber-attack, this could have a material adverse effect on its reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

OPC is exposed to litigation and administrative proceedings.

OPC is involved in various litigation proceedings, and may be subject to future litigation proceedings, which could have adverse consequences on its business, see Note 19 to our financial statements included in this annual report.

Litigation and/or regulatory proceedings are inherently unpredictable, and excessive verdicts may occur. Adverse outcomes in lawsuits and investigations could result in significant monetary damages, including indemnification payments, or injunctive relief that could adversely affect OPC’s ability to conduct its business and may have a material adverse effect on OPC’s financial condition and results of operations. In addition, such investigations, claims and lawsuits could involve significant expense and diversion of OPC’s management’s attention and resources from other matters, each of which could also have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

OPC’s insurance policies may not fully cover damage, and OPC may not be able to obtain insurance against certain risks.

OPC and its subsidiaries maintain insurance policies intended to reduce various risks, including policies related to development projects, as is customary in the industry. However, the existing insurance policies maintained by OPC and its subsidiaries and associated companies may not cover certain types of damages or may not cover the entire scope of damage caused. In addition, OPC may not be able to obtain insurance on comparable terms in the future. OPC and its subsidiaries may be adversely affected if they incur losses that are not fully covered by their insurance policies.

OPC’s operations are significantly influenced by regulations.

OPC is subject to significant government regulation. OPC-Rotem, OPC-Hadera and Tzomet are governed by different regulatory regimes set by the EA and any future projects will also be governed by different regulations, see “Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—OPC—OPC’s Description of Operations—Regulatory, Environmental and Compliance Matters.” OPC is therefore exposed to changes in these regulations as well as changes to regulations applicable to sectors that are associated with the company’s activities. Regulatory changes may have an adverse effect on OPC’s activity and results or on its terms of engagement with third parties, such as its customers and suppliers, such as the Tamar Group. In the coming years, OPC expects frequent regulatory changes in the industry, including in relation to the private electricity market in Israel, which is a new and developing market. Regulatory changes may impact the power stations owned by OPC or the power stations that it intends to develop, including the economic feasibility of establishing new power stations.

Furthermore, OPC is subject to environmental laws and regulations, including those that seek to regulate noise pollution and emission of contaminants to treat hazardous materials. If stricter regulatory requirements are imposed on private electricity producers or if OPC does not comply with such requirements, laws and regulations, this could have an adverse effect on OPC’s results and activity. Furthermore, stricter regulatory requirements could require material expenditures or investments by OPC.

Additionally, OPC requires certain licenses to produce and sell electricity in Israel, and may need further licenses in the future. For example, in November 2017, OPC-Rotem applied to the EA to obtain a supply license. In February 2018, the EA responded that OPC-Rotem needs a supply license to continue selling electricity to customers and that the license will not change the terms of the PPA between OPC-Rotem and the IEC (which will be assigned by IEC to the System Administrator). The EA also stated that it will consider OPC-Rotem’s supply license once the issue of electricity trade in the Israeli economy has been comprehensively dealt with. OPC-Rotem has not received a supply license to date and there is no assurance regarding the receipt of the license and its terms. If OPC-Rotem does not receive a supply license, it may adversely affect OPC-Rotem’s operations. In February 2020, the EA issued standards regarding deviations from consumption plans submitted by private electricity suppliers, which will become effective on September 1, 2020, see “Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—OPC—OPC’s Description of Operations—Regulatory, Environmental and Compliance Matters.” The EA has stated that this regulation will apply to OPC-Rotem after supplementary arrangements have been determined for OPC-Rotem, which have yet to be determined. OPC-Rotem is currently in discussions with the EA and OPC has submitted its position to the EA that preserving OPC’s rights under the OPC-Rotem tender required granting a supply license at the same time as applying the described decision to OPC-Rotem. This regulation could limit OPC-Rotem’s operations if it does not obtain a supply license or if it obtains a license that contains more restrictive terms than expected. OPC is still examining the effects of the decision on OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera.

Furthermore, the grant of a permanent generation license to Tzomet, upon expiration of the conditional license, is subject to Tzomet’s compliance with the conditions set by law. If Tzomet is unable to obtain the permanent generation license in time or at all this may result in the project not being completed in time or at all and, therefore, have a material adverse effect on OPC’s business, financial condition and results of operations. See also “—OPC faces risks in connection with the expansion of its business.”

With the acquisition of CPV, OPC is subject to risks relating to the regulations applicable to CPV's business in the United States.

Construction and development projects may not be completed or, if completed, may not be completed on time or perform as expected.

OPC faces risks in connection with its construction and development projects, including future projects, in particular because it owns projects at a development stage. Constructing and developing a power station project entails certain risks, such as:

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delays in project completion,

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costs exceeding budget,

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risks associated with the construction contractor,

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supply and operation of key equipment,

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performance of works at the required specifications,

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receipt of services required from the IEC to establish the station and connect it to the grid (which may be affected by sanctions and IEC strikes),

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impact on PPAs from any delays in completing new projects,

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applicable regulations, and

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obtaining the required approvals and permits for the development and operation of the station, including obtaining permits required in connection with the environment, including emission permits, and compliance with their terms.

OPC faces these risks in the development of its Tzomet project.

Tzomet is subject to conditions set forth in its conditional license, including construction of the plant, as well as for the receipt of a permanent generation license upon expiration of the conditional license. If Tzomet is unable to meet such conditions this could result in a delay or inability to complete the project.

In September 2018, Tzomet entered into an EPC agreement with PW Power Systems LLC, or PW, for construction of the Tzomet project. In March 2020, Tzomet issued a notice to commence to the contractor under the agreement and extended the period for completion of construction by three months. OPC’s management currently does not expect that the extension will result in a delay in the project. For more information on Tzomet’s EPC agreement, see “Item 4.B Business Overview—OPC—OPC’s Description of Operations—Tzomet.” If OPC is unable to meet its commitments or achieve the milestones under the agreement, including in the case that OPC is unable to obtain relevant approvals, this could result in increased costs for or delays in the project, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In December 2019, Tzomet entered into a financing agreement to finance the construction of Tzomet’s power plant, and funding under this agreement is subject to conditions, see “Item 5.B Liquidity and Capital Resources—OPC’s Liquidity and Capital Resources—OPC’s Material Indebtedness—Tzomet Financing.” If Tzomet is unable to comply with any of the conditions this could impact the financing for the construction of the power plant and result in delays or an inability to complete the project.

OPC faces competition from other IPPs.

In recent years, the Israeli government’s policy has been to open the electricity market to competition and to encourage the entry of private electricity producers. This policy has increased the number of private electricity producers, increasing the level of competition in the private generation market, which may have an adverse effect on OPC’s business.

Pursuant to the Electricity Sector Law (Amendment No. 16 and Temporary Order) (2018) that was published in July 2018, the IEC is required to sell five of its power plants (currently remaining plants are three) through a tender process by 2023, which is expected to reduce the IEC’s market share to below 40%. OPC participated in the tenders of the Alon Tabor plant and Ramat Hovav plants — the first two plants that have been sold out of the five plants to be sold by the IEC — but was not the winning bidder. There is no certainty that OPC will participate in future IEC tenders or that it will be successful.

Furthermore, the IEC will be required to build and operate two new gas-powered stations, but will not be authorized to construct any new stations or recombine existing stations. This new law is expected to further increase competition from private producers, which may have an adverse effect on OPC’s business. For more information regarding this law, see “Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—OPC—OPC’s Description of Operations—Regulatory, Environmental and Compliance Matters.”

Increased competition could make it more difficult for OPC to enter into new long-term PPAs, renew the existing PPAs at the time they expire. OPC-Rotem has a PPA with the IEC, the government-owned electricity generation, transmission and distribution company in Israel, or the IEC PPA (which will be assigned by IEC to the System Administrator). The term of the IEC PPA is for 20 years after the power station’s COD. According to the agreement, OPC-Rotem is entitled to operate in one of the following two ways (or a combination of both with certain restrictions set in the agreement): (1) provide the entire net available capacity of its power station to IEC or (2) carve out energy and capacity for direct sales to private consumers. OPC-Rotem has allocated the entire capacity of the plant to private consumers since COD. Under the IEC PPA, OPC-Rotem can also elect to revert back to supplying to IEC instead of private customers, subject to twelve months’ advance notice. If OPC is required to rely on the IEC PPA because it is unable to enter into sufficient PPAs as a result of increased competition, it will be faced with lower margins, which may have an adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations. In January 2020, Tzomet entered into a PPA with the IEC, or the Tzomet PPA. Once the Tzomet plant reaches its COD, its entire capacity will be allocated to the System Administrator pursuant to the terms of the Tzomet PPA, and Tzomet will not be permitted to sign agreements with private customers unless the electricity trade rules are updated.

Furthermore, entry into PPAs that are not long-term, are at less competitive prices and/or with high “take or pay” commitments could have a material adverse effect on OPC’s business, financial condition and results of operation.

OPC is dependent on certain significant customers.

OPC has a small number of customers that purchase a significant portion of OPC’s output under PPAs that account for a substantial percentage of the anticipated revenue of its generation companies. OPC’s top two customers represented approximately 42% of its revenues in 2020; therefore, OPC’s revenues from the generation of electricity are highly sensitive to the consumption by significant customers. Therefore, should there be a decrease in demand for electricity from OPC’s significant customers or should such customers not fulfill their obligations, including by failing to make payments to OPC, OPC’s revenues could be significantly affected.

Intel and a group of companies related to the Company’s controlling shareholder, the Bazan Group, a related party of OPC, are major OPC customers and represented approximately 22.5% and 19.3%, respectively, of OPC’s revenues in 2020. Loss of these customers could have a material adverse effect on OPC’s business and results of operations. In January 2018, a shareholder of the ORL Group filed a claim against, among others, OPC, regarding certain gas purchase transactions. If this suit or related considerations impacts OPC’s ability to do business with the ORL Group or other related parties, or if OPC were to otherwise lose these significant customers, this could impact OPC’s business and results of operations.

Furthermore, OPC-Hadera is dependent on Hadera Paper’s consumption of steam. If such consumption ceases, it could have a material effect on OPC’s operations and OPC-Hadera’s classification as a cogeneration electricity producer (which entails certain benefits). For further information on the regulations relating to cogeneration electricity producers, see “Item 4.B Business Overview—OPC—OPC’s Description of Operations—Regulatory, Environmental and Compliance Matters—Regulatory Framework for Cogeneration IPPs.”

Supplier concentration may expose OPC to significant financial credit or performance risk.

The Tamar Group is OPC’s sole supplier of gas. If the Tamar Group is unable to supply OPC with its gas requirements, this could have a material adverse effect on OPC’s profitability. OPC has also entered into an agreement with Energean for the supply of gas in the future. Energean’s natural gas reservoirs have been established. In early 2021, Energean notified OPC that it expects that the flowing of the first gas from the Karish reservoir is expected to take place in the first quarter of 2022. Further to notices issued to OPC in 2020 by Energean claiming “force majeure events” under its agreement, in September 2020, Energean issued an additional notice to OPC claiming force majeure events under its agreement and indicating that it expects flowing of the first gas from the Karish reservoir to take place in the second half of 2021. OPC rejected the force majeure contentions under the agreements. As stated in Energean's January 2021 publications, flowing of gas from the Karish reservoir is expected to take place during the fourth quarter of 2021. This projection requires an increase in workforce by Energean in order to be attained, and if such increase is not effected the flowing of gas may be further delayed. In February 2021, as part of issuance of bonds of Energean, Moody’s published a report stating that the full operation of the Karish reservoir may be delayed to the second quarter of 2022. There is no guarantee that the gas supply will be available by the stated timeframes or at all.

OPC-Rotem has a single maintenance agreement with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., or Mitsubishi, for the maintenance of its power station. If Mitsubishi is unable to perform its obligations under its contract with OPC-Rotem, including warranties, this could result in the technical malfunctioning of the power station. This could lead to delays in the supply of electricity, loss of revenues for OPC and a reduction in its profits. It could also have similar adverse effects on other projects once they are completed.

OPC-Hadera has a single maintenance agreement with General Electric International, Inc. and its affiliates and Tzomet has a single maintenance agreement with PW and are both subject to the same risks identified above.

OPC relies on transmission facilities for the transmission of power and gas.

OPC’s businesses depend upon transmission facilities owned and operated by the IEC to deliver the wholesale power it sells from its power generation plants. If transmission is disrupted, or if the transmission capacity infrastructure is inadequate, OPC’s ability to sell and deliver wholesale power may be adversely impacted. OPC’s businesses may also be affected by IEC strikes and sanctions.

Furthermore, there is currently a single company supplying natural gas to OPC and one company providing it with gas transmission services. OPC has an agreement with the same company to provide OPC with gas transmission services upon commencement of the Energean supply contract. Failure to comply with the requirements of these companies or limitations in the supply or transmission of gas by such companies could affect OPC’s ability to generate electricity using natural gas, which could have a material adverse effect on OPC’s business and results of operations. Finally, OPC’s plants require water for their operation. A continued disruption in the water supply could disrupt the operation of such plants.

Risks Related to OPC’s U.S. Operations

Many of the risks relating to OPC’s Israel operations also apply to CPV. Additional risks relating to CPV are indicated below.

CPV’s operations are significantly influenced by energy market risks and federal and local regulations.

CPV is subject to significant federal and local regulations relating to the U.S. electricity market and natural gas market, including environmental regulations. Such regulations may change and could also be affected by changes in political and governmental policies at the federal and state levels. In addition, CPV’s results and development projects in the renewable energy sector are affected by governmental policies (federal and state) relating to the promotion and granting of incentives to renewable energy. Furthermore, CPV is subject to environmental laws and regulations, including those that seek to regulate air pollution, disposal of hazardous wastewater and garbage, preservation of vegetation and endangered species and historical sites. CPV’s projects and operations also require certain licenses and permits under environmental and other regulations, which require compliance with their terms, including the renewal of the licenses. A failure or deviation from the standards or regulations and/or non-compliance with the terms of the issued licenses, could have a material adverse effect on CPV’s business, results of operation and financial condition and/or prevent advancement of its development projects.

If stricter regulatory requirements are imposed on CPV or if CPV does not comply with such requirements, laws and regulations, this could have an adverse effect on CPV’s results and activity. Furthermore, stricter regulatory requirements could require material expenditures or investments by CPV.

CPV is subject to market risks.

CPV’s activities are subject to market risks, including price fluctuations primarily the prices of electricity, natural gas, emission allowances and certificates for renewable energy (REC—Renewable Energy Credits, as well as fluctuations in the index prices associated with the hedging agreements that have been entered into by certain CPV projects. CPV’s projects generally enter into commodity prices hedge agreements to reduce exposure to price fluctuations and/or to assure minimum cash flows as an inherent part of the activities. However, such hedge agreements may not ultimately assure full protection against price fluctuations, including fluctuations due to hedging less than the total amount of electricity being sold, the delivery point or prices in the hedge agreement being different than the delivery points in CPV’s project operations, and/or the hedge agreements not being renewed on favorable terms or at all. Also, once these hedging arrangements expire, CPV will be subject to price fluctuations except to the extent such new hedging arrangements are entered into. This could have a material adverse effect on CPV’s business, financial condition and results of operation.

Severe weather conditions could have a material adverse effect on CPV’s operations and financial results.

Severe weather conditions, natural disasters and other natural phenomena (such as hurricanes and tornadoes) could adversely affect CPV's activities and its financial condition and results of operation. Such severe weather conditions could affect suppliers and pipelines that supply natural gas to natural gas-powered facilities. Furthermore, severe weather conditions could cause damage to CPV’s facilities, increased repair costs and result in loss of revenue if CPV fails to supply electricity to the markets in which it operates. To the extent that these losses are not covered by CPV’s insurance or are not recovered by CPV through the price of electricity, they could have a material adverse effect on CPV’s business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows.

CPV’s facilities are subject to disruptions, including breakdowns and other disruptions as a result of natural disasters, terrorist attacks, and infrastructure failure.

CPV’s facilities are subject to breakdowns, such as mechanical breakdowns, breakdowns in the electricity and natural gas transmission systems, breakdown of electricity and gas transmission connections, difficulties with fuel supply, and accidents or disruptions of the activities of the facilities or the infrastructure on which they operate. Any such disruption could have material adverse effect on CPV’s business, financial condition and results of operation.

CPV’s facilities and operations could be adversely affected by natural disasters, terrorist attacks, infrastructure failure (such as failure of gas pipeline systems, Regional Transmission Organizations, or RTO/Independent System Operator, or ISO systems) and other extreme events. Such events could also adversely impact CPV’s suppliers and customers, thereby adversely impacting CPV. In addition, such events may affect the ability of CPV's personnel to operate or maintain CPV’s facilities or perform additional tasks necessary for their proper operation. Natural disasters and terrorist attacks may also disrupt capital market activity and, consequently, CPV's ability to raise capital.

Third party disruptions could have a material adverse effect on CPV’s business.

CPV’s business relies on third parties, such as construction contractors for construction projects, maintenance providers, suppliers of natural gas and capacity of natural‑gas transmission grids. Any disruption in the operations of such third parties could have a material adverse effect on CPV’s business, financial condition and results of operation.

An inability to obtain required financing could have a material adverse effect on CPV’s business, financial condition and results of operation.

CPV’s results and its development projects could be adversely impacted if we are unable to obtain financing on attractive terms or at all, to comply with the conditions of CPV’s existing financing agreements and the ability to refinance existing debt and credit on favorable terms or at all. The financing agreements that have been entered into at a project level include restrictions, covenants and obligations that could limit distribution or require making of repayments in certain events. If we are unable to obtain financing or refinancing on favorable terms or at all may adversely affect CPV’s ability to execute its development projects or adversely affect the results of CPV’s active project. In addition, difficulty in complying with the terms of financing agreements may require the provision of collateral and additional guarantees, and in some circumstances even the provision of immediate repayment of the credit facilities, which could have a material adverse effect on CPV’s business, financial condition and results of operation.

An inability to extend or renew certain agreements could have an adverse impact on CPV’s business, financial condition and results of operation.

Most of CPV’s material agreements (including hedging agreements, financing agreements, gas supply agreements, gas transmission agreements and project management agreements) have short to medium terms, as is customary in the market in which CPV operates. An inability to renew or extend agreements that are close to expiration on favorable terms or at all could have a material adverse effect on CPV’s business, financial condition and results of operation.

CPV faces risks in connection with the construction and development of its projects’ power plants.

CPV is involved in the development, construction and management of power plants. Therefore, its activities are subject to construction risks that are part of the construction of a power plant, including obtaining the required financing, receipt of permits, connection of the facility to transmission and distribution networks, compliance with timetables and dependency on technical teams and equipment. Any failure or delay with respect to such items could result in delays in project completion, increase in costs and adversely affect the results CPV’s results of operation.

CPV’s operations and financial condition may be adversely affected by the outbreak of the coronavirus.

The spread of the coronavirus has had a significant impact on the economy and financial markets – both in the United States and worldwide. In addition, during the coronavirus outbreak, considerable instability is visible in the U.S. commodity markets, including a decline in the prices of electricity and natural gas. With the reduced worldwide demand for fuel, fuel prices plummeted to a low point and have remained at levels that turn new drillings in the United States into economic challenges. As a result, there has been a decline in the fuel production, mainly in the Permian Reservoir in Texas, as well as a decrease in the accompanying production of natural gas. Furthermore, the electricity market in the northeastern part of the U.S. was harmed by COVID-19, mainly due to a significant part of the population staying in their homes. In April through June 2020, the demand for electricity in the northeastern part of the U.S. was approximately 5%–10% lower than usual, with the most significant decline being experienced in New York City. Although CPV’s power plants continued to operate during COVID-19, there were changes in employee shift time schedules, a reduction of self‑initiated shutdowns for purposes of periodic maintenance, extension of the length of the unplanned periodic maintenance period, adaptations with respect to employees working from home and other adaptations required in the workplace. Furthermore, CPV was and continues to be required to make adjustments relating to information security at its power plants. In addition, COVID-19 has affected and may continue to affect the availability of suppliers and factors involved in the development and construction processes of CPV's projects. The full impact of this outbreak on CPV will depend on future developments, including continued or further severity of the outbreak of the coronavirus, impact on main suppliers or main customers, the extent the virus spreads to other regions, including the United States, and the actions to contain the coronavirus or treat its impact which are outside of CPV’s control. The outbreak of the virus and the (possible) spread thereof at the CPV power plants or restrictions on conducting business in the areas in which CPV operates, as well as the measures taken and that will be taken worldwide as a result thereof – which have impacted the economy and commodity markets in the U.S., in general, and the prices of electricity and natural gas, in particular – could have a material adverse effect on CPV’s activities, thwart completion of CPV’s project under construction and delay advancement of CPV’s projects under development, and could also impact the ability to commence execution of its future projects.

Risks Related to the Sale of the Inkia Business

We have indemnification obligations under the share purchase agreement for the sale of the Inkia Business

In December 2017, our wholly-owned subsidiary Inkia sold its Latin America and Caribbean businesses, or the Inkia Business, to an entity controlled by I Squared Capital, an infrastructure private equity firm. For further information on the sale and share purchase agreement see “Item 4.B Business Overview—Discontinued Operations—Inkia Business — Sale of the Inkia Business— Share Purchase Agreement.”

Under the share purchase agreement, our subsidiary Inkia has agreed to indemnify the buyer and its successors, permitted assigns, and affiliates against certain losses arising from a breach of Inkia’s representations and warranties and certain tax matters, subject to certain time and monetary limits depending on the particular indemnity obligation. Following repayment of the deferred payment agreement in October 2020, these indemnification obligations are supported by (a) a pledge of shares of OPC which represent 29% of OPC’s outstanding shares as of March 31, 2021, which pledge expires on December 31, 2021 subject to extension in the event of unresolved indemnity claims, and (b) a corporate guarantee from Kenon for all of the Inkia’s indemnification obligations, which expires on December 31, 2021, subject to extension in the event of unresolved indemnity claims. To the extent that Inkia is required to make indemnification payments under the share purchase agreement (and such payment obligations are agreed between buyer and seller or determined by a court in a non-appealable judgment), the buyer is entitled to seek recourse to the foregoing support arrangements in the following order: first, by exhausting rights under the OPC share pledge and second, against the Kenon guarantee.

If Inkia is required to make indemnification payments under the share purchase agreement this could require us to sell OPC shares or result in enforcement of the OPC share pledge and enforcement the Kenon guarantee, which could impact our liquidity and financial position. Furthermore, any enforcement of the OPC share pledge could result in the buyer acquiring a significant interest in OPC or could result in a sale of a significant amount of OPC shares which could adversely affect the market price of OPC’s shares.

If Kenon is required to make payments under the guarantee it may need to use funds from its businesses, or sell assets, including OPC shares. Furthermore, any sales of assets may not be at attractive prices, particularly if such sales must be made quickly to meet the sellers’ obligations.

We are subject to certain restrictions in connection with the agreements entered into in connection with the repayment of the Deferred Payment Agreement

In October 2020, Kenon received the full amount of the deferred consideration (approximately $218 million (approximately $188 million net of taxes)) under the Deferred Payment Agreement prior to the due date for such payment (December 2021). In connection with the agreement with the buyer of the Inkia Business to repay the Deferred Payment Agreement prior to initial scheduled maturity, the parties agreed to increase the number of OPC shares pledged to 55,000,000 shares (representing approximately 29% of OPC’s shares as of March 31, 2021) and to extend the OPC Pledge and the corporate guarantee by one year until December 31, 2021. In addition, Kenon has agreed that, until December 31, 2021, it shall maintain at least $50 million in cash and cash equivalents, and has agreed to restrictions on indebtedness, subject to certain exceptions.

Risks Related to Our Interest in Qoros

Qoros is significantly leveraged.

As of December 31, 2020, Qoros had external loans and borrowings of RMB3.3 billion (approximately $512 million) and loans and other advances from parties related to the Majority Shareholder of RMB5.3 billion (approximately $809 million). Qoros will require additional financing for its continued development and operating expenses, including accounts payable, and debt service requirements until it increases its sales levels, and is also seeking to extend repayment deadlines under its credit facilities. To the extent that the Majority Shareholder in Qoros provides additional financing to Qoros in the form of equity (or loans that convert to equity), Kenon’s interest in Qoros would be diluted.

Highly leveraged businesses are inherently more sensitive to declines in revenues, increases in expenses and interest rates, and adverse market conditions. This is particularly true for Qoros, as Qoros has yet to generate positive cash flows from its operations. Qoros has limited cash flows and uses a portion of its liquidity to make debt service payments, including interest and amortization payments on its RMB3 billion, RMB1.2 billion and RMB700 million facilities. This debt reduces its ability to use cash flows from operations to fund its operations, capital expenditures, or future business opportunities.

Qoros’ RMB3 billion syndicated credit facility, RMB1.2 billion syndicated credit facility, and RMB700 million syndicated credit facility contain affirmative and negative covenants. Those facilities, as well as its other short-term credit facilities, also contain events of default and mandatory prepayments for breaches, including certain changes of control, and for material mergers and divestments, among other provisions. A significant portion of Qoros’ assets secures its RMB3 billion syndicated credit facility and, as a result, the amount of collateral that Qoros has available for future secured debt or credit support and its flexibility in dealing with its secured assets is therefore relatively limited.

Qoros’ lenders under its RMB1.2 billion facility agreed to postpone RMB180 million (approximately $28 million) of repayments due during 2020 until the end of 2020 and all repayments are currently up to date. Qoros is in ongoing discussions with its lenders under its RMB3 billion, RMB1.2 billion and RMB700 million facilities to reschedule all future repayments.

If Qoros is unable meet its debt service obligations or otherwise comply with other covenants in its credit facilities, this would lead to an event of default. Each of Qoros’ significant debt facilities above contains a “cross-default” provision which provides for an event of default if any other debt of Qoros in excess of RMB50 million becomes payable prior to maturity, so a default under such other debt facilities would result in a default under the facilities referenced above and a default that leads to acceleration under either facility above will result in an event of default under the other facility. Currently, Qoros’ debt-to-asset ratio is higher, and its current ratio is lower, than the allowable ratios set forth in the terms of Qoros’ RMB3 billion syndicated credit facility, which was also the case in 2019 and 2020. The lenders under this credit facility waived compliance with the financial covenants under this facility through the first half of 2020. The waiver has not been extended and Qoros’ debt-to-asset ratio continues to exceed, or its current ratio continues to be less than, the permitted ratios. Qoros’ syndicated lenders have not revised such covenants and could accelerate the repayment of borrowings due under this credit facility. Such a default results in a cross default, enabling the lenders to require immediate payment under, Qoros’ RMB 1.2 billion and RMB 700 million facilities. If Qoros does not maintain a good relationship with its lenders or negotiate successfully with them this could impact requests for lender consents, including the pledge release over Kenon’s interest in Qoros in connection with Kenon’s April 2021 agreement to sell all of its remaining interest in Qoros (i.e. 12%) to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros.

In the event that any of Qoros’ lenders accelerate the payment of Qoros’ borrowings, Qoros would not have sufficient liquidity to repay such debt. Additionally, as a substantial portion of Qoros’ assets, including its manufacturing facility and significant portion of its intellectual property, secure its syndicated credit facility and other indebtedness, if Qoros were unable to comply with the terms of its debt agreements, this could result in the foreclosure upon and loss of certain of Qoros’ assets.

Kenon has outstanding “back-to-back” guarantee obligations to Chery in respect of guarantees that Chery has given in respect of Qoros’ bank debt and has pledged substantially all of its interests in Qoros to secure Qoros’ bank debt, as well as Chery’s guarantees of Qoros’ debt. Accordingly, if Qoros’ debt facilities become payable due to a default under these facilities or otherwise, Kenon may be required to make payments under its guarantees and could lose the shares in Qoros it has pledged. In addition, Kenon may be required to increase the amount of Qoros shares pledged (or Kenon may provide other credit support).

Qoros sales volumes decreased in 2020 and it needs to significantly increase sales to reach breakeven.

Qoros’ sales decreased to approximately 12,587 vehicles in 2020, as compared to approximately 26,000 in 2019. A substantial number of the 2019 sales reflected purchase orders by the leasing companies introduced by the Majority Shareholder in Qoros. In 2020, the number of vehicles sold to such leasing companies decreased to 1,544 compared to 22,900 in 2019. Qoros’ success will depend upon Qoros increasing its sales volumes, which will depend on, among other things:

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the volume of vehicles purchased by customers introduced by the Majority Shareholder in Qoros;

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the development of the Qoros brand;

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successful development and launch of new vehicle models;

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performance of its dealer network, including dealerships that are owned and operated by a party related to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros;

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build-up of its aftersales and services infrastructure;

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managing its procurement, manufacturing and supply processes;

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establishing effective, and continuing to improve, customer service processes; and

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securing additional financing to support its operating and capital expenses and further its growth and development.

Qoros will need to increase sales to a broad base of customers to establish its brand and create a sustainable customer base. Qoros’ success is also dependent upon the margins it achieves on the cars it sells.

In prior years, Qoros has sold a majority of its vehicles to leasing companies introduced by the Majority Shareholder in Qoros.

A significant portion of car sales in 2018 and 2019 were made to leasing companies, which were introduced by the Majority Shareholder in Qoros. In 2020, the number of vehicles sold to leasing companies significantly reduced. If these entities continue to reduce or cease their purchases from Qoros, it could have a material impact on sales which could have a material adverse effect on Qoros’ business, financial condition and results of operations. This concentration of sales also results in potential credit risk and impacts the development of the Qoros brand, which Qoros is seeking to establish across a broad customer base.

We have a minority interest in Qoros.

Kenon owns 12% of Qoros, as a result of the sale of half of its remaining interest in Qoros (i.e. 12%) to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros in April 2020. The Majority Shareholder in Qoros holds 63% of Qoros and Chery holds 25%.

Prior to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros’ investments, Kenon had a 50% interest in Qoros, and the right to appoint three of the six directors on the Qoros board, among various other management rights. Following the 2018 and 2020 sales of Qoros shares to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros, Kenon’s interest in Qoros has been diluted, and it is now entitled to only appoint two of the nine Qoros directors.

Accordingly, while Kenon maintains an active role as one of the three joint venture partners in Qoros, it holds a minority interest in Qoros. Qoros’ other joint venture partners may have goals, strategies, priorities, or resources that conflict with our goals, strategies, priorities or resources, which may adversely impact our ability to effectively own Qoros, undermine the commitment to Qoros’ long-term growth, or adversely impact Qoros’ business. In addition, the Joint Venture Agreement contains provisions relating to the transfer and pledge of Qoros’ shares, the appointment of executive officers and directors, and the approval of certain matters which may prevent us from causing Qoros to take actions that we deem desirable. For further information on the terms of our Joint Venture Agreement, see “Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—Qoros—Qoros’ Joint Venture Agreement.”

Qoros has entered into certain arrangements and agreements with its shareholders.

Qoros has entered into transactions with its shareholders and their related parties.

Qoros currently sells a significant portion of its cars through dealerships that are owned and operated by a party related to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros.

In recent years, Qoros has sold a significant portion of its cars to leasing companies that were introduced by the Majority Shareholder in Qoros.

Qoros has taken loans and other advances from parties related to the Majority Shareholder with outstanding balances as at December 31, 2020 of RMB5.3 billion (approximately $809 million).

Qoros sources a portion of its engines and spare parts from Chery and has entered into various commercial agreements with respect to the provision of such supplies from Chery. Qoros has also entered into a platform sharing agreements with Chery, pursuant to which Qoros provides Chery with the right to use Qoros’ platform in exchange for a fee.

Qoros has total amounts payable to Chery in the amount of RMB245 million (approximately $38 million) as of December 31, 2020.

Qoros may enter into additional commercial arrangements and agreements with shareholders or their affiliates in the future. Kenon’s ability to control the terms of such transactions may be limited. Such transactions could create potential conflicts of interest, which could impact the terms of such transactions.

Qoros faces certain risks relating to its business.

Qoros faces the following risks relating to its business, which could have a material adverse effect on Qoros’ business, financial condition and results of operations:

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Risks relating to sales levels, brand and the achievement of broad customer acceptance — Qoros commenced commercial operations in the end of 2013 and has not achieved significant sales levels. Qoros’ future business and profitability depend, in large part, on its ability to sell vehicle models to its targeted customers in its targeted price range;

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Risks relating to Qoros’ network of dealers to sell its automobiles to retail customers — Qoros sells vehicles through a network of dealers, including dealerships that are owned and operated by a party related to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros. An increasing number of these dealers are owned and operated by a party related to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros, so Qoros’ success is increasingly dependent on the success of such dealerships. Qoros does not directly employ, and therefore cannot control, the salespersons of its dealer network and as a result Qoros’ dealer network may not achieve the required standards of quality of service. Qoros’ dealer network will likely be affected by conditions in the Chinese passenger vehicle market and the Chinese economy (which may impact Qoros, as a relatively new company, more than other established companies), the financial resources available to existing and potential dealers, the decisions dealers make as a result of the current and future sales prospects of Qoros’ vehicle models, and the availability and cost of the capital necessary to acquire and hold inventories of Qoros’ vehicles for resale. Qoros has had and may continue to have difficulty in successfully expanding its dealer network if existing dealers are not performing well in terms of sales.

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Risks relating to the competitive industry in which Qoros operates — Qoros operates in the highly competitive Chinese passenger vehicle market with established automobile manufacturers that may be able to devote greater resources to the design, development, manufacturing, distribution, promotion, pricing sale and support of their products, which could impair Qoros’ ability to operate within this market or adversely impact Qoros’ sales volumes or margins. Furthermore, additional competitors, both international and domestic, may seek to enter the Chinese market. Increased competition may impact Qoros’ margins and may also make it difficult for Qoros to increase sales.

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Risks relating to recent trends in the Chinese market. Sales in the Chinese vehicle market declined in 2018, 2019, and 2020, after many years of growth. The COVID-19 outbreak has exacerbated this downward trend. This trend has resulted in increased competition in China’s automotive market through price reductions, which has resulted in reduced margins.

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Risks relating to suppliers. Qoros sources the component parts necessary for its vehicle models from over 100 suppliers. A number of Qoros’ component parts are currently obtained from a single source. Additionally, Qoros sources its engines and certain spare parts from Chery. Qoros is dependent upon the continued ability of its suppliers to deliver the materials, systems, components and parts needed to conduct its manufacturing operations in sufficient quantities and at such times that will allow Qoros to meet its production schedules. If Qoros is unable to pay its suppliers on a timely basis, it may be unable to procure on favorable terms the parts, components and services it requires to continue operating and Qoros has been, and may continue to be, subject to suits or other claims in respect of outstanding payables.

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New Energy Vehicle (NEV) market strategy. Qoros has indicated that it plans to launch NEV models in the future, which is expected to require significant capital expenditure, research and development expenses, raw material procurement costs and selling and distribution expenses. If Qoros is unable to cost efficiently design, manufacture, market, sell and distribute and service its NEVs, its financial condition and results of operation will be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, the NEV industry is currently experiencing lower profit margins as compared with internal combustion vehicles due to the decrease in government subsidies, which could affect NEV manufacturers in China, including Qoros.

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Risks relating to the impact of the coronavirus on Qoros’ operations and the operations of its suppliers. Qoros’ manufacturing plant was closed for approximately two months in 2020 as a result of measures taken in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. This closure resulted in a halt of production for part of 2020 and Qoros’ administrative functions were also impacted by precautionary measures which resulted in workers staying home for periods of time. This outbreak has also impacted suppliers, upon whom Qoros is dependent for production, some of which were subject to temporary facility closures. In addition, this outbreak has impacted car sales generally in China, as consumer activity has been significantly impacted. Starting in the second quarter of 2020, the production of Qoros’ manufacturing plant and the operation of Qoros returned to normal. In 2021, Qoros’ manufacturing plant was shut down as a result of engine and semiconductor shortages and has yet to resume production. The full impact of this outbreak on Qoros will depend on future developments, including the severity of the pandemic in 2021 and beyond, the extent of the spread of the pandemic in other regions and the actions to contain the coronavirus or treat its impact. Qoros may be required to modify its operations in the future in response to disruptions and temporary closures it experiences, including any such disruptions experienced by its suppliers, and incur expenses or delays relating to the coronavirus outbreak outside of its control.

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Credit Risk. Qoros is subject to credit risks in connection with its accounts receivable for sales of vehicles on a wholesale basis.

Risks Related to Our Interest in ZIM

ZIM is leveraged. Its leverage may make it difficult for ZIM to operate its business, and ZIM may be unable to meet related obligations, which could adversely affect its business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

ZIM is leveraged and may incur additional debt financing in the future. As of December 31, 2020, the face value of ZIM’s outstanding indebtedness (including lease liabilities) was $1,862 million to be repaid between 2021 through 2036, of which $501 million of principal (including short-term bank loans) are scheduled to be repaid during the following 12 months (not including early repayments of $84.6 million and $0.8 million to the holders of Series 1A Notes and to the holders of Series 1B Notes, respectively, in accordance with the mandatory excess cash redemption of ZIM’s notes on March 22, 2021). ZIM’s Series 1 and 2 unsecured Notes (tranches C and D) in an aggregate amount of $433 million (further to its partial repurchase of Series 1 (Tranche C) Notes in October 2020) will mature in June 2023. Highly leveraged assets are inherently more sensitive to declines in earnings, increases in expenses and interest rates, and adverse market conditions. This may have important negative consequences for ZIM’s business, including requiring that a substantial portion of the cash flows from ZIM’s operations be dedicated to debt service obligations, increasing ZIM’s vulnerability to economic downturns in the shipping industry, limiting its flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in its business and its industry, restricting ZIM from pursuing certain acquisitions or business opportunities and limiting, among other things, ZIM’s ability to borrow additional funds or raise equity capital in the future and increasing the costs of such additional financing.

ZIM’s ability to generate cash flow from operations to make interest and principal payments in respect of its debt, depends on its performance, which is affected by a range of economic, competitive and business factors. ZIM cannot control many of these factors, including general economic conditions and the health of the shipping industry. If ZIM’s operations do not generate sufficient cash flow from operations to satisfy its debt service and other obligations, ZIM may need to sell assets, borrow additional funds or undertake alternative financing plans, such as refinancing or restructuring its debt, or reducing or delaying capital investments and other expenses. It may also be difficult for ZIM to borrow additional funds on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Substantially all of ZIM’s vessels and most of its container fleet are leased by it and accordingly, ZIM has limited assets that its owns and is able to pledge to secure financing, which could make it more difficult for ZIM to incur additional debt financing.

The agreements governing ZIM’s outstanding indebtedness, as well as certain other financial agreements (including certain vessel charters) to which ZIM is party, contain covenants and other limitations which restrict ZIM’s ability to operate. The marine shipping industry remains capital-intensive and cyclical, and ZIM has in the past, and it may in the future continue to experience losses, working capital deficiencies, negative operating cash flow or shareholders’ deficiency. Such losses may not be offset by other cost-cutting measures ZIM may take in the future. Should any of the aforementioned occur, ZIM’s ability to pursue operational activities that it considers to be beneficial may be affected, which may, in turn, impair ZIM’s financial condition and operations.

In recent years, due to deteriorating market conditions, ZIM has obtained amendments to certain of its financial covenants, the most recent of which concluded in the third quarter of 2018. However, in June 2020, further to an early repayment to a certain group of creditors (“Tranche A”), such amended covenants were removed and no longer apply. Other indebtedness currently require ZIM, among other things, to maintain a monthly minimum liquidity of at least $125 million and impose other non-financial covenants and limitations such as restrictions on dividend distribution and incurrence of debt and various reporting obligations.

If ZIM is unable to meet its obligations or refinance its indebtedness as it becomes due, or if it is unable to comply with the related requirements, ZIM may have to take disadvantageous actions, such as (i) reducing financing in the future for investments, acquisitions or general corporate purposes or (ii) dedicating an unsustainable level of its cash flow from operations to the payment of principal and interest on indebtedness. As a result, the ability of ZIM’s business to withstand competitive pressures and to react to changes in the container shipping industry could be impaired. If ZIM chooses not to pursue any of these alternatives and is unable to obtain waivers from the relevant creditors, a breach of any of its debt instruments and/or covenants could result in a default under the relevant debt instruments. Upon the occurrence of such an event of default, the lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding thereunder to be immediately due and payable and, in the case of credit facility lenders, terminate all commitments to extend further credit.

Furthermore, the acceleration of any obligation under a particular debt instrument may cause a default under other material debt or permit the holders of such debt to accelerate repayment of their obligations pursuant to “cross default” or “cross acceleration” provisions, which could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition and liquidity.

If ZIM is unable to generate sufficient cash flows from its operations, its liquidity will suffer and it may be unable to satisfy its debt service and other obligations.

ZIM’s ability to generate cash flow from operations to make interest and principal payments on its debt obligations will depend on its future performance, which will be affected by a range of economic, competitive and business factors. ZIM cannot control many of these factors, including general economic conditions and the health of the shipping industry. If ZIM’s operations do not generate sufficient cash flow from operations to satisfy its debt service and other obligations, it may need to borrow additional funds or undertake alternative financing plans, such as refinancing or restructuring its debt, or reducing or delaying capital investments and other expenses. It may be difficult for ZIM to incur additional debt on commercially reasonable terms, even if ZIM is permitted to do so under its restructured debt agreements, due to, among other things, its financial condition and results of operations and market conditions. ZIM’s inability to generate sufficient cash flows from operations or obtain additional funds or alternative financing on acceptable terms could have a material adverse effect on its business.

ZIM only operates in the container segment of the shipping industry, and the container shipping industry is dynamic and volatile.

ZIM’s principal operations are in the container shipping market and ZIM is significantly dependent on conditions in this market, which are for the most part beyond its control. For example, ZIM’s results in any given period are substantially impacted by supply and demand in the container shipping market, which impacts freight rates, bunker prices, and the prices ZIM pays under the charters for its vessels. Unlike some of its competitors, ZIM does not own any ports or similar ancillary assets. Due to ZIM’s lack of diversification, an adverse development in the container shipping industry would have a significant impact on ZIM’s financial condition and results of operations.

The container shipping industry is dynamic and volatile and has been marked in recent years by instability as a result of global economic crises and the many conditions and factors that affect supply and demand in the shipping industry, which include:

• global and regional economic and geopolitical trends, armed conflicts, terrorist activities, embargoes, strikes and trade wars;

• the global supply of and demand for commodities and industrial products globally and in certain key markets, such as China;

• developments in international trade, including the imposition of tariffs, the modification of trade agreements between states and other trade protectionism (for example, in the U.S.-China trade);

• currency exchange rates;

• prices of energy resources;

• environmental and other regulatory developments;

• changes in seaborne and other transportation patterns;

• changes in the shipping industry, including mergers and acquisitions, bankruptcies, restructurings and alliances;

• changes in the infrastructure and capabilities of ports and terminals;

• weather conditions;

• outbreaks of diseases, including the COVID-19 pandemic; and

• development of digital platforms to manage operations and customer relations, including billing and services.

As a result of some of these factors, including cyclical fluctuations in demand and supply, container shipping companies have experienced volatility in freight rates. For example, although freight rates have recovered during the fourth quarter of 2019, mainly driven by a recovery of the higher bunker cost associated with the implementation of IMO 2020 Regulations, the comprehensive Shanghai (Export) Containerized Freight Index which increased from 716 points at October 17, 2019 to 1,023 points at January 3, 2020, thereafter decreased to 818 points at April 23, 2020 and increased again to 2,311 points at December 11, 2020. Furthermore, rates within the charter market, through which ZIM sources almost all of its capacity, may also fluctuate significantly based upon changes in supply and demand for shipping services. In addition, in 2014, in order to cope with the cyclicality in the industry and its leveraged financial position, ZIM entered into a restructuring of its debt. As global trends continue to change, it remains difficult to predict their impact on the container shipping industry and on ZIM’s business. If ZIM is unable to adequately predict and respond to market changes, they could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

ZIM charters-in substantially all of its fleet, with the majority of charters being less than a year, which makes ZIM more sensitive to fluctuations in the charter market, and as a result of its dependency on the vessel charter market, the costs associated with chartering vessels are unpredictable.

ZIM charters-in substantially all of the vessels in its fleet. As of December 31, 2020, of the 87 vessels through which ZIM provides transport services globally, 86 are chartered (including 57 vessels accounted as right- of-use assets under the accounting guidance of IFRS 16 and 4 vessels accounted under sale and leaseback refinancing agreements), which represents a percentage of chartered vessels that is significantly higher than the industry average of 56% (according to Alphaliner). Any rise in charter hire rates could adversely affect ZIM’s results of operations.

While there have been fluctuations in the demand in the container shipping market, charter demand is currently higher than expected, leading to an imbalance in supply and demand and a shortage of vessels available for hire, increased charter rates and longer charter periods dictated by owners. In addition, in February 2021, ZIM and Seaspan Corporation entered into a strategic agreement for the long-term charter of ten 15,000 TEU liquified natural gas (LNG dual-fuel) container vessels to serve ZIM’s Asia-U.S. East Coast Trade, with the vessels intended to be delivered to ZIM between February 2023 and January 2024. ZIM is also a party to a number of other long-term charter agreements, and may enter into additional long-term agreements based on its assessment of current and future market conditions and trends. As of December 31, 2020, 44% of ZIM’s chartered-in vessels (or 49% in terms of TEU capacity) were chartered under leases for terms exceeding one year, and ZIM may be unable to take full advantage of short-term reductions in charter hire rates with respect to such longer-term charters. In addition, a substantial portion of ZIM’s fleet is chartered-in for short-term periods of one year and less, which could cause ZIM’s costs to increase quickly compared to competitors with longer-term charters or owned vessels. To the extent ZIM replaces vessels that are chartered-in under short-term leases with vessels that are chartered-in under long- term leases, the principal amount of ZIM’s long-term contractual obligations would increase. There can be no assurance that ZIM will replace short-term leases with long-term leases or that the terms of any such long- term leases will be favorable to ZIM. If ZIM is unable in the future to charter vessels of the type and size needed to serve its customers efficiently on terms that are favorable to it, if at all, this may have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has created significant business disruptions and adversely affected ZIM’s business and is likely to continue to create significant business disruptions and adversely affect its business in the future.

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of novel coronavirus COVID-19 a global pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the global economy, disrupted global supply chains, created significant volatility and disruption in financial markets and increased unemployment levels, all of which may become heightened concerns upon a second wave of infection or future developments. In addition, the pandemic has resulted in temporary closures of many businesses and the institution of social distancing and sheltering in place requirements in many states and communities. In particular, the State of Israel where ZIM’s head office is located has been highly affected by COVID-19, with a high and steady increase in percentage per capita of reported cases of infected patients. In March 2020, the Government of Israel imposed a mandatory quarantine of all foreign visitors and, in addition, announced that non-Israeli residents or citizens traveling from certain countries may be denied entry into Israel. Israel has further issued regulations imposing partial home confinement and other movement restrictions, reducing staffing of nonessential businesses, restricting public transportation and other public activities. In mid-September 2020, in light of an increase in percentage per capita of reported cases, the government of Israel imposed an additional lockdown for a period of approximately three weeks, subject to certain exceptions. In December 2020, following a further increase in the percentage per capita of reported cases, the government of Israel imposed an additional lockdown for a period of two weeks, with the option of an additional extension thereafter, and subject to certain exceptions. Although ZIM is considered an essential business and therefore enjoys certain exemptions from the restrictions under Israeli regulations, ZIM has voluntary reduced its maximum permitted percentage of staffing in its offices in order to mitigate the COVID-19 risks and has therefore relied more on remote connectivity. In addition, since December 2020 the US Food and Drug Administration FDA issued three Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) for COVID-19 vaccines applications, launching COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in many countries worldwide. There is no certainty that these countries will succeed in administering enough doses of the vaccines to reduce global or national morbidity rates, that the vaccination will prove as effective as in the results of their clinical trials, or that the vaccines will continue to be effective for all existing and future variants of the virus. ZIM continues to monitor its operations and government regulations, guidelines and recommendations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in reduced industrial activity in various countries around the world, with temporary closures of factories and other facilities such as port terminals, which led to a temporary decrease in supply of goods and congestion in warehouses and terminals. For example, in January 2020, the government of China imposed a lockdown during the Chinese New Year holiday which prevented many workers from returning to the manufacturing facilities, resulting in prolonged reduction of manufacturing and export. Government-mandated shutdowns in various countries have also decreased consumption of goods, negatively affecting trade volumes and the shipping industry globally. Moreover, because ZIM’s vessels travel to ports in countries in which cases of COVID-19 have been reported, ZIM faces risks to its personnel and operations. Such risks include delays in the loading and discharging of cargo on or from ZIM’s vessels, difficulties in carrying out crew changes, offhire time due to quarantine regulations, delays and expenses in finding substitute crew members if any of ZIM’s vessels’ crew members become infected, delays in drydocking if insufficient shipyard personnel are working due to quarantines or travel restrictions and increased risk of cyber-security threats due to ZIM’s employees working remotely. Fear of the virus and the efforts to prevent its spread continue to exert increasing pressure on the supply-demand balance, which could also put financial pressure on ZIM’s customers and increase the credit risk that ZIM faces in respect of some of them. Such events have affected our operations and may have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, these and other impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic could have the effect of heightening many of the other risk factors disclosed herein.

A decrease in the level of China’s export of goods could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business.

A significant portion of ZIM’s business originates from China and therefore depends on the level of imports and exports to and from China. Trade tensions between the US and China have intensified in recent years, and trade restrictions have reduced bilateral trade between the US and China and led to shifts in trade structure and reductions in container trade. Furthermore, as China exports considerably more goods than it imports, any reduction in or hindrance to China-based exports, whether due to decreased demand from the rest of the world, an economic slowdown in China, seasonal decrease in manufacturing levels due to the Chinese New Year holiday or other factors, could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business. For instance, the Chinese government has recently implemented economic policies aimed at increasing domestic consumption of Chinese-made goods and national security measures for Hong Kong which may have the effect of reducing the supply of goods available for export and may, in turn, result in decreased demand for cargo shipping. In recent years, China has experienced an increasing level of economic autonomy and a gradual shift toward a “market economy” and enterprise reform. However, many of the reforms implemented, particularly some price limit reforms, are unprecedented or experimental and may be subject to revision, change or abolition. The level of imports to and exports from China could be adversely affected by changes to these economic reforms by the Chinese government, as well as by changes in political, economic and social conditions or other relevant policies of the Chinese government. Changes in laws and regulations, including with regard to tax matters, and their implementation by local authorities could affect ZIM’s vessels calling on Chinese ports and could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Excess supply of global container ship capacity may limit ZIM’s ability to operate its vessels profitably.

Global container ship capacity has increased over the years and continues to exceed demand. As of December 31, 2020, global container ship capacity was approximately 24 million 20-foot equivalent units, or TEUs, spread across approximately 5,371 vessels. According to Alphaliner, global container ship capacity is projected to increase by 3.7% in 2021, while demand for shipping services is projected to increase by 3.5%, therefore the increase in ship capacity is expected to be more aligned with the increase in demand for container shipping. During the first half of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has caused a decrease in demand for goods, causing carriers to adopt mitigating measures such as blank sailings and redelivery of chartered vessels. However, during the second half of 2020 carriers resumed temporarily halted service lines, performed additional sailings, and reduced the number of idle vessels to a minimum as a result of a significant increase in demand and a market shift to consumption of goods over services. Thus, the reduction of demand for shipping services in 2020 was significantly lower than anticipated in early 2020, although concerns regarding the vaccine rates, turnaround in the pandemic, renewed waves and new variants of the virus continue to pose risk for future worldwide demand.

There is no guarantee that measures of blank sailings and redelivery of chartered vessels will prove successful, partially or at all in mitigating the gap between excess supply and demand. Additionally, responses to changes in market conditions may be slower as a result of the time required to build new vessels and adapt to market needs. As shipping companies purchase vessels years in advance of their actual use to address expected demand, vessels may be delivered during times of decreased demand (or oversupply if other carriers act in kind) or unavailable during times of increased demand, leading to a supply/demand mismatch. The container shipping industry may continue to face oversupply in the coming years and numerous other factors beyond ZIM’s control may also contribute to increased capacity, including deliveries of refurbished or converted vessels, port and canal congestion, decreased scrapping levels of older vessels, any decline in the practice of slow steaming, a reduction in the number of void voyages and a decrease in the number of vessels that are out of service (e.g., vessels that are laid-up, drydocked, awaiting repairs or retrofitted scrubbers that meet the IMO’s 2020 low-sulfur fuel mandate or are otherwise not available for hire). Excess capacity depresses freight rates and can lead to lower utilization of vessels, which may adversely affect ZIM’s revenues, profitability and asset values. Until such capacity is fully absorbed by the container shipping market and, in particular, the shipping lines on which ZIM’s operations are focused, the industry will continue to experience downward pressure on freight rates and such prolonged pressure could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

The increasing vessel size of containership newbuilding has exceeded the parallel development and adjustment of new and existing container terminals, which has led to higher utilization of vessels, near-full capacity at container terminals and congestion in certain ports. In addition, access to ports could be limited or unavailable for other reasons.

In recent years, the size of container ships has increased dramatically and at a faster rate than that to which container terminals are able to cater efficiently. Global development of new terminals continues to be outpaced by the increase in demand. In addition, the increasing vessel size of containership newbuilding has forced adjustments to be made to existing container terminals. As such, existing terminals are coping with high berth utilization and space limitations of stacking yards, which are at near-full capacity. This results in longer cargo operations times for the vessels and port congestions, which could increase operational costs and have a material adverse effect on affected shipping lines. Decisions about container terminal expansion and port access are made by national or local governments and are outside of ZIM’s control. Such decisions are based on local policies and concerns and the interests of the container shipping industry may not be taken into account. In addition, as industry capacity and demand for container shipping continue to grow, ZIM may have difficulty in securing sufficient berthing windows to expand its operations in accordance with its growth strategy, due to the limited availability of terminal facilities. Furthermore, major ports may close for long periods of time due to maintenance, natural disasters, strikes or other reasons beyond ZIM’s control (including the COVID-19 pandemic). ZIM cannot ensure that its efforts to secure sufficient port access will be successful. Any of these factors may have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changing trading patterns, trade flows and sharpening trade imbalances may adversely affect ZIM’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

ZIM’s TEUs carried can vary depending on the balance of trade flows between different world regions. For each service ZIM operates, it measures the utilization of a vessel on the “strong,” or dominant, leg, as well as on the “weak,” or counter-dominant, leg by dividing the actual number of TEUs carried on a vessel by the vessel’s effective capacity. Utilization per voyage is generally higher when transporting cargo from net export regions to net import regions (the dominant leg). Considerable expenses may result when empty containers must be transported on the counter-dominant leg. ZIM seeks to manage the container repositioning costs that arise from the imbalance between the volume of cargo carried in each direction by utilizing its global network to increase cargo on the counter-dominant leg and by triangulating our land transportation activities and services. If ZIM is unable to successfully match demand for container capacity with available capacity in nearby locations, it may incur significant balancing costs to reposition its containers in other areas where there is demand for capacity. It is not guaranteed that ZIM will always be successful in minimizing the costs resulting from the counter-dominant leg trade, which could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, sharpening imbalances in world trade patterns — rising trade deficits of net import regions in relation to net export regions — may exacerbate imbalances between the dominant and counter-dominant legs of ZIM’s services. This could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Technological developments which affect global trade flows and supply chains are challenging some of ZIM’s largest customers and may therefore affect ZIM’s business and results of operations.

By reducing the cost of labor through automation and digitization and empowering consumers to demand goods whenever and wherever they choose, technology is changing the business models and production of goods in many industries, including those of some of ZIM’s largest customers. Consequently, supply chains are being pulled closer to the end-customer and are required to be more responsive to changing demand patterns. As a result, fewer intermediate and raw inputs are traded, which could lead to a decrease in shipping activity. If automation and digitization become more commercially viable and/or production becomes more regional or local, total containerized trade volumes would decrease, which would adversely affect demand for ZIM’s services. Rising tariff barriers and environmental concerns also accelerate these trends.

ZIM’s ability to participate in operational partnerships in the shipping industry is limited, which may adversely affect its business, and ZIM faces risks related to its strategic cooperation agreement with the 2M Alliance.

The container shipping industry has experienced a reduction in the number of major carriers, as well as a continuation and increase of the trends of strategic alliances and partnerships among container carriers, which can result in more efficient and better coverage for shipping companies participating in such arrangements. For example, in 2018, OOCL was acquired by COSCO and three large Japanese carriers, K-Line, MOL and NYK merged into ONE. In 2017, the merger of United Arab Shipping Company and Hapag-Lloyd, and the acquisition of Hamburg Sud by Maersk took place. Furthermore, in April 2020, Hyundai Merchant Marine (HMM) terminated its strategic cooperation with 2M and joined THE Alliance. The recent consolidation in the industry has affected the existing strategic alliances between shipping companies. For example, the Ocean Three alliance, which consisted of CMA CGM Shipping, United Arab Shipping Company and China Shipping Container Lines, was terminated in 2019 and replaced by the Ocean Alliance, consisting of COSCO Shipping Group (including OOCL), CMA CGM Shipping Group (including APL) and Evergreen Marine.

ZIM is not party to any strategic alliances and therefore has not been able to achieve the benefits associated with being a member of such an alliance. If, in the future, ZIM would like to enter into a strategic alliance but is unable to do so, it may be unable to achieve the cost and other synergies that can result from such alliances. However, ZIM is party to operational partnerships with other carriers in some of the other trade zones in which it operates, and may seek to enter into additional operational partnerships or similar arrangements with other shipping companies or local operators, partners or agents. For example, in September 2018, ZIM entered into a strategic operational cooperation agreement with the 2M Alliance in the Asia-USEC trade zone, which includes a joint network of five lines operated by ZIM and by the 2M Alliance. In March 2019, ZIM expanded its partnership with the 2M Alliance by entering into a second strategic cooperation agreement to cover the Asia-East Mediterranean and Asia-American Pacific Northwest trade zones, which includes two service lines on each trade, and in August 2019, ZIM further expanded its partnership and launched two new US-Gulf Coast direct services with the 2M Alliance. At the end of 2020, ZIM further upsized two joint services by utilizing larger vessels on the Asia U.S. Gulf Coast service and the Asia-U.S. East Coast service and in March 2021 ZIM announced its intention to launch in early May 2021 a new joint service line connecting from Yantian and Vietnam to U.S. South Atlantic ports via Panama Canal. Pursuant to its agreement with the 2M Alliance, commencing June 1, 2021, ZIM and the 2M Alliance will discuss possible amendments to the agreement that would govern the next phase of the parties’ cooperation. If the parties fail to mutually agree on the terms for a continuation of the strategic operational cooperation, any party may terminate the agreement prior to December 1, 2021, and such termination would become effective on April 1, 2022. A termination of this or any future cooperation agreement ZIM may enter into could adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations.

These strategic cooperation agreements and other arrangements could also reduce ZIM’s flexibility in decision making in the covered trade zones, and ZIM is subject to the risk that the expected benefits of the agreements may not materialize. Furthermore, in the rest of the trade zones in which the 2M Alliance operates, as well as in other trade zones in which other alliances operate, ZIM is still unable to benefit from the economies of scale that many of its competitors are able to achieve through participation in strategic arrangements (i.e., strategic alliances or operational agreements). If ZIM is not successful in expanding or entering into additional operational partnerships which are beneficial to it, this could adversely affect its business. In addition, ZIM’s status as an Israeli company has limited, and may continue to limit, its ability to call on certain ports and has therefore limited, and may continue to limit, its ability to enter into alliances or operational partnerships with certain shipping companies.

The container shipping industry is highly competitive and competition may intensify even further, which could negatively affect ZIM’s market position and financial performance.

ZIM competes with a large number of global, regional and niche container shipping companies, including, for example, Maersk, MSC, COSCO Shipping, CMA CGM S.A., Hapag-Lloyd AG, ONE and Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation to provide transport services to customers worldwide. In each of its key trades, ZIM competes primarily with global container shipping companies. The cargo shipping industry is highly competitive, with the top three carriers in terms of global capacity — A.P. Moller-Maersk Group, Mediterranean Shipping Company and COSCO — accounting for approximately 45% of global capacity, and the remaining carriers together contributing less than 55% of global capacity as of February 2021, according to Alphaliner. Certain of ZIM’s large competitors may be better positioned and have greater financial resources than ZIM and may therefore be able to offer more attractive schedules, services and rates. Some of these competitors operate larger fleets with larger vessels and with higher vessel ownership levels than ZIM and may be able to gain market share by supplying their services at aggressively low freight rates for a sustained period of time. In addition, there has been an increase in merger and acquisition activities within the container shipping industry in recent years, which has further concentrated global capacity with certain of ZIM’s competitors. See “— ZIM’s ability to enter into strategic alliances and participate in operational partnerships in the shipping industry is limited, which may adversely affect its business, and ZIM faces risks related to its strategic cooperation agreement with the 2M Alliance.” If one or more of its competitors expands its market share through an acquisition or secures a better position in an attractive niche market in which it operates or intends to enter, ZIM could lose market share as a result of increased competition, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

ZIM may be unable to retain existing customers or may be unable to attract new customers.

ZIM’s continued success requires it to maintain its current customers and develop new relationships. ZIM cannot guarantee that its customers will continue to use its services in the future or at the current level. ZIM may be unable to maintain or expand its relationships with existing customers or to obtain new customers on a profitable basis due to competitive dynamics. In addition, as some of ZIM’s customer contracts are longer-term in nature (up to one year), if market freight rates increase, ZIM may not be able to adjust the contractually agreed rates to capitalize on such increased freight rates until the existing contracts expire. Upon the expiration of its existing contracts, ZIM cannot assure that its customers will renew the contracts on favorable terms, or if at all, or that it will be able to attract new customers. Any adverse effect would be exacerbated if ZIM loses one or more of its significant customers. In 2020, ZIM’s 10 largest customers represented approximately 16% of its freight revenues and its 50 largest customers represented approximately 34% of its freight revenues. Although ZIM believes it currently has a diversified customer base, it may become dependent upon a few key customers in the future, especially in particular trades, such that ZIM would generate a significant portion of its revenue from a relatively small number of customers. Any inability to retain or replace its existing customers may have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Rising bunker prices and the low-sulfur fuel mandate under the IMO 2020 Regulations may have an adverse effect on ZIM’s results of operations.

Fuel expenses, in particular bunker expenses, represent a significant portion of ZIM’s operating expenses, accounting for 9%, 12% and 17% of the income from voyages and related services for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Bunker price moves in close interdependence with crude oil prices, which have historically exhibited significant volatility. Crude oil prices are influenced by a host of economic and geopolitical factors that are beyond ZIM’s control, particularly economic developments in emerging markets such as China and India, the US-China trade war, concerns related to the global recession and financial turmoil, policies of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and other oil producing countries and production cuts, sanctions on Iran by the US, consumption levels of other transportation industries such as the aviation, rail and car industries, and ongoing political tensions and acts of terror in key production countries such as Libya, Nigeria and Venezuela. Crude oil prices have decreased significantly in 2020, due in part to decreased demand as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the changing dynamics among OPEC+ members.

Effective January 1, 2020, the IMO imposed the IMO 2020 Regulations which require all ships to burn fuel with a maximum sulfur content of 0.5%, which is a significant reduction from the previous threshold of 3.5%. Commencing January 1, 2020, ships are required to remove sulfur from emissions through the use of scrubbers or other emission control equipment, or purchase marine fuel with 0.5% sulfur content, which has led to increased demand for this type of fuel and higher prices for such bunker compared to the price ZIM would have paid had the IMO 2020 Regulations not been adopted. Substantially all of the vessels chartered by ZIM do not have scrubbers, which means ZIM is required to purchase low sulfur fuel for its vessels. ZIM’s vessels began operating on 0.5% low sulfur fuel during the fourth quarter of 2019, and as a result, ZIM implemented a New Bunker Factor, or NBF, surcharge, in December 2019, intended to offset the additional costs associated with compliance with the IMO 2020 Regulations. However, there is no assurance that this surcharge will enable ZIM to mitigate the possible increased costs in full or at all. As a result of the IMO 2020 Regulations and any future regulations with which ZIM must comply, it may incur substantial additional operating costs.

A rise in bunker prices could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Historically and in line with industry practice, ZIM has imposed from time to time surcharges such as the NBF over the base freight rate we charge to customers in part to minimize our exposure to certain market-related risks, including bunker price adjustments. However, there can be no assurance that ZIM will be successful in passing on future price increases to customers in a timely manner, either for the full amount or at all.

ZIM’s bunker consumption is affected by various factors, including the number of vessels being deployed, vessel capacity, pro forma speed, vessel efficiency, the weight of the cargo being transported, port efficiency and sea conditions. ZIM has implemented various optimization strategies designed to reduce bunker consumption, including operating vessels in “super slow steaming” mode, trim optimization, hull and propeller polishing and sailing rout optimization. Additionally, ZIM sometimes manages part of its exposure to bunker price fluctuations by entering into hedging arrangements with reputable counterparties. ZIM’s optimization strategies and hedging activities may not be successful in mitigating higher bunker costs, and any price protection provided by hedging may be limited due to market conditions, such as choice of hedging instruments, and the fact that only a portion of ZIM’s exposure is hedged. There can be no assurance that ZIM’s hedging arrangements will be cost-effective, will provide sufficient protection, if any, against rises in bunker prices or that ZIM’s counterparties will be able to perform under its hedging arrangements.

ZIM may face difficulties in chartering or owning enough large vessels to support its growth strategy due to the possible shortage of vessel supply in the market.

Container shipping companies have been incorporating, and are expected to continue to incorporate, larger, more economical vessels into their operating fleets. Particularly, in February 2021, ZIM and Seaspan Corporation entered into a strategic agreement for the long-term charter of ten 15,000 TEU liquified natural gas (LNG dual-fuel) container vessels to serve ZIM’s Asia-US East Coast Trade, with the vessels expected to be delivered to ZIM between February 2023 and January 2024. The cost per TEU transported on large vessels is less than the cost per TEU for smaller vessels as, among other factors, larger vessels provide increased capacity and fuel efficiency per carried TEU. As a result, cargo shippers are encouraged to deploy large vessels, particularly within the more competitive trades. According to Alphaliner, vessels in excess of 12,500 TEUs represented approximately 74% of the current global orderbook based on TEU capacity as of February 2021, and approximately 29% of the global fleet based on TEU capacity will consist of vessels in excess of 12,500 TEUs by the end of 2021. Furthermore, a significant introduction of large vessels, including very large vessels in excess of 18,000 TEUs, into any trade, will enable the transfer of existing, large vessels to other shipping lines on which smaller vessels typically operate. Such transfer, which is referred to as “fleet cascading,” may in turn generate similar effects in the smaller trades in which ZIM operates. Other than its strategic agreement with Seaspan Corporation for the long-term charter of ten 15,000 TEU LNG dual-fuel container vessels, ZIM does not currently have additional agreements in place to procure or charter-in large container vessels (in excess of 12,500 TEU), and the continued deployment of larger vessels by its competitors will adversely impact its competitiveness if it is not able to charter-in, acquire or obtain financing for such vessels on attractive terms or at all. This risk is further exacerbated as a result of ZIM’s inability to participate in certain alliances and thereby access lager vessels for deployment. Even if ZIM is able to acquire or charter-in larger vessels, it cannot assure it will be able to achieve utilization of its vessels necessary to operate such vessels profitably.

There are numerous risks related to the operation of any sailing vessel and ZIM’s inability to successfully respond to such risks could have a material adverse effect on it.

There are numerous risks related to the operation of any sailing vessel, including dangers associated with potential marine disasters, mechanical failures, collisions, lost or damaged cargo, poor weather conditions (including severe weather events resulting from climate change), the content of the load, exceptional load (including dangerous and hazardous cargo or cargo the transport of which could affect ZIM’s reputation), meeting deadlines, risks of documentation, maintenance and the quality of fuels and piracy and maritime arrest. For example, ZIM had expenses of $9.6 million in respect of claims and demands for lost and damaged cargo for the year ended December 31, 2020. Such claims are typically insured and ZIM’s deductibles, both individually and in the aggregate, are typically immaterial. In addition, in the past, ZIM’s vessels have been involved in collisions resulting in loss of life and property. However, the occurrence of any of the aforementioned risks could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity and ZIM may not be adequately insured against any of these risks. For more information about ZIM’s insurance coverage, see “— ZIM’s insurance may be insufficient to cover losses that may occur to its property or result from its operations.” For example, acts of piracy have historically affected oceangoing vessels trading in several regions around the world. Although both the frequency and success of attacks have diminished recently, potential acts of piracy continue to be a risk to the international container shipping industry that requires vigilance. Additionally, ZIM’s vessels may be subject to attempts by smugglers to hide drugs and other contraband onboard. If ZIM’s vessels are found with contraband, whether with or without the knowledge of any of ZIM’s crew, ZIM may face governmental or other regulatory claims or penalties as well as suffer damage to its reputation, which could have an adverse effect on its business, results of operations and financial condition.

ZIM relies on third-party contractors and suppliers, as well as its partners and agents, to provide various products and services and unsatisfactory or faulty performance of its contractors, suppliers, partners or agents could have a material adverse effect on its business.

ZIM engages third-party contractors, partners and agents to provide services in connection with its business. An important example is ZIM’s chartering-in of vessels from ship owners, whereby the ship owner is obligated to provide the vessel’s crew, insurance and maintenance along with the vessel. Another example is ZIM’s carrier partners whom ZIM relies on for their vessels and service to deliver cargo to its customers, as well as third party agencies who serve as its local agents in specific locations. Disruptions caused by third-party contractors, partners and agents could materially and adversely affect ZIM’s operations and reputation.

Additionally, a work stoppage at any one of ZIM’s suppliers, including its land transportation suppliers, could materially and adversely affect ZIM’s operations if an alternative source of supply were not readily available. Also, ZIM outsources part of its back-office functions to a third-party contractor. The back-office support center may shut down due to various reasons beyond ZIM’s control, which could have an adverse effect on ZIM’s business. There can be no assurance that the products delivered and services rendered by ZIM’s third-party contractors and suppliers will be satisfactory and match the required quality levels. Furthermore, major contractors or suppliers may experience financial or other difficulties, such as natural disasters, terror attacks, failure of information technology systems or labor stoppages, which could affect their ability to perform their contractual obligations to ZIM, either on time or at all. Any delay or failure of its contractors or suppliers to perform their contractual obligations to ZIM could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

ZIM’s insurance may be insufficient to cover losses that may occur to its property or result from its operations.

The operation of any vessel includes risks such as mechanical failure, collision, fire, contact with floating objects, property loss, cargo loss or damage and business interruption due to political circumstances in foreign countries, hostilities and labor strikes. In addition, there is always an inherent possibility of a marine disaster, including oil spills and other environmental mishaps. There are also liabilities arising from owning and operating vessels in international trade. ZIM procures insurance for its fleet in relation to risks commonly insured against by operators and vessel owners, which ZIM believes is adequate. ZIM’s current insurance includes (i) hull and machinery insurance covering damage to ZIM’s and third-party vessels’ hulls and machinery from, among other things, collisions and contact with fixed and floating objects, (ii) war risks insurance covering losses associated with the outbreak or escalation of hostilities and (iii) protection and indemnity insurance, entered with reputable protection and indemnity, or P&I, clubs covering, among other things, third-party and crew liabilities such as expenses resulting from the injury or death of crew members, passengers and other third parties, lost or damaged cargo, smuggling fines, third-party claims in excess of a vessel’s insured value arising from collisions with other vessels, damage to other third-party property in excess of a vessel’s insured value and pollution arising from oil or other substances. While all of its insurers and P&I clubs are highly reputable, ZIM can give no assurance that it is adequately insured against all risks or that its insurers will pay a particular claim. Even if its insurance coverage is adequate to cover its losses, ZIM may not be able to obtain a timely replacement vessel or other equipment in the event of a loss. Under the terms of ZIM’s credit facilities, insurance proceeds are pledged in favor of the lender who financed the respective vessel. In addition, there are restrictions on the use of insurance proceeds ZIM may receive from claims under its insurance policies. ZIM may also be subject to supplementary calls, or premiums, in amounts based not only on its own claim records but also the claim records of all other members of the P&I clubs through which ZIM receives indemnity insurance coverage. There is no cap on ZIM’s liability exposure for such calls or premiums payable to its P&I clubs, even though unexpected additional premiums are usually at reasonable levels as they are distributed among a large number of ship owners. ZIM’s insurance policies also contain deductibles, limitations and exclusions which, although ZIM believes are standard in the shipping industry, may nevertheless increase its costs. While ZIM does not operate any tanker vessels, a catastrophic oil spill or a marine disaster could, under extreme circumstances, exceed its insurance coverage, which might have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any uninsured or underinsured loss could harm ZIM’s business and financial condition. In addition, the insurance may be voidable by the insurers as a result of certain actions, such as vessels failing to maintain required certification. Further, ZIM does not carry loss of hire insurance. Loss of hire insurance covers the loss of revenue during extended vessel off-hire periods, such as those that occur during an unscheduled drydocking due to damage to the vessel from accidents. Any loss of a vessel or any extended period of vessel off-hire, due to an accident or otherwise, could have an adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Global economic downturns and geopolitical challenges throughout the world could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

ZIM’s business and operating results have been, and will continue to be, affected by worldwide and regional economic and geopolitical challenges, including global economic downturns. Currently, global demand for container shipping is highly volatile across regions and remains subject to downside risks stemming mainly from factors such as government-mandated shutdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic, severe hits to the GDP growth of both advanced and developing countries, fiscal fragility in advanced economies, high sovereign debt levels, highly accommodative macroeconomic policies and persistent difficulties accessing credit. During 2020, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an immediate and sharp decline in economic activity worldwide. During the second half of 2020, market conditions improved with higher demand mainly by heavy consumers’ purchase orders and e-commerce sales. The increase in demand combined with congestions and bottlenecks in the terminals, led to a significant containers shortage which also resulted in surge in the freight rates, climbing up to record-breaking levels. The deterioration in the global economy has caused, and may continue to cause, volatility or a decrease in worldwide demand for certain goods shipped in containerized form. In particular, if growth in the regions in which ZIM conducts significant operations, including the United States, Asia and the Black Sea, Europe and Mediterranean regions, slows for a prolonged period and/or there is additional significant deterioration in the global economy, such conditions could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Further, as a result of weak economic conditions, some of ZIM’s customers and suppliers have experienced deterioration of their businesses, cash flow shortages and/or difficulty in obtaining financing. As a result, ZIM’s existing or potential customers and suppliers may delay or cancel plans to purchase ZIM’s services or may be unable to fulfill their obligations to ZIM in a timely fashion. Geopolitical challenges such as trade wars, weather and natural disasters, political crises, embargoes and canal closures could also have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

ZIM’s business may be adversely affected by trade protectionism in the markets that it serves, particularly in China.

ZIM’s operations are exposed to the risk of increased trade protectionism. Governments may use trade barriers in an effort to protect their domestic industries against foreign imports, thereby further depressing demand for container shipping services. In recent years, increased trade protectionism in the markets that ZIM accesses and serves, particularly in China, where a significant portion of ZIM’s business originates, has caused, and may continue to cause, increases in the cost of goods exported and the risks associated with exporting goods as well as a decrease in the quantity of goods shipped. In November 2020, China and additional 15 countries in the Asia-Pacific region entered into the largest free trade pact, the RCEP Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership), which is expected to strengthen China’s position on trade protectionism related matters. China’s import and export of goods may continue to be affected by trade protectionism, specifically the ongoing U.S.-China trade dispute, which has been characterized by escalating trade barriers between the U.S. and China as well as trade relations among other countries. These risks may have a direct impact on demand in the container shipping industry. While an agreement was reached between China and the U.S. in January 2020 aimed at easing the trade war, there can be no assurance that there will not be any further escalation.

The U.S. administration has advocated greater restrictions on trade generally and significant increases on tariffs on certain goods imported into the United States, particularly from China and has taken steps toward restricting trade in certain goods. The U.S. has imposed significant amounts of tariffs on Chinese imports since 2018. China and other countries have retaliated in response to new trade policies, treaties and tariffs implemented by the United States. China has imposed significant tariffs on U.S. imports since 2018. Such trade escalations have had, and may continue to have, an adverse effect on manufacturing levels, trade levels and specifically, may cause an increase in the cost of goods exported from Asia Pacific and the risks associated with exporting goods from the region. Such increases may also affect the quantity of goods to be shipped, shipping time schedules, voyage costs and other associated costs. Further, increased tensions may adversely affect oil demand, which would have an adverse effect on shipping rates. They could also result in an increased number of vessels sailing from China with less than their full capacity being met. These restrictions may encourage local production over foreign trade which may, in turn, affect the demand for maritime shipping. In addition, there is uncertainty regarding further trade agreements such as with the EU, trade barriers or restrictions on trade in the United States. Any increased trade barriers or restrictions on trade may affect the global demand for ZIM’s services and could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

Volatile market conditions could negatively affect ZIM’s business, financial condition, or results of operations and could thereby result in impairment charges.

As of the end of each of its reporting periods, ZIM examines whether there have been any events or changes in circumstances, such as a decline in freight rates or other general economic or market conditions, which may indicate an impairment. When there are indications of an impairment, an examination is made as to whether the carrying amount of the operating assets or cash generating units, or CGUs, exceeds the recoverable amount and, if necessary, an impairment loss is recognized in ZIM’s financial statements.

For each of the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, ZIM concluded there were no indications for potential impairment, or that the recoverable amount of our CGU was higher than the carrying amount of our CGU and, as a result, did not recognize an impairment loss in its financial statements. However, ZIM cannot assure that it will not recognize impairment losses in future years. If an impairment loss is recognized, ZIM’s results of operations will be negatively affected. Should freight rates decline significantly or ZIM or the shipping industry experience adverse conditions, this may have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, results of operations and financial condition, which may result in ZIM recording an impairment charge.

Governments, including that of Israel, could requisition ZIM’s vessels during a period of war or emergency, resulting in loss of earnings.

A government of the jurisdiction where one or more of ZIM’s vessels are registered, as well as a government of the jurisdiction where the beneficial owner of the vessel is registered, could requisition for title or seize ZIM’s vessels. Requisition for title occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and becomes its owner. A government could also requisition ZIM’s vessels for hire. Requisition for hire occurs when a government takes control of a ship and effectively becomes the charterer at dictated charter rates. Requisitions generally occur during periods of war or emergency, although governments may elect to requisition vessels in other circumstances. ZIM would expect to be entitled to compensation in the event of a requisition of one or more of its vessels; however, the amount and timing of payment, if any, would be uncertain and beyond ZIM’s control. For example, ZIM’s chartered-in and owned vessels, including those that do not sail under the Israeli flag, may be subject to control by Israeli authorities in order to protect the security of, or bring essential supplies and services to, the State of Israel. Government requisition of one or more of ZIM’s vessels may result in a prepayment event under certain of ZIM’s credit facilities, and could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

The shipping industry is subject to extensive government regulation and standards, international treaties and trade prohibitions and sanctions.

The shipping industry is subject to extensive regulation that changes from time to time and that applies in the jurisdictions in which shipping companies are incorporated, the jurisdictions in which vessels are registered (flag states), the jurisdictions governing the ports at which vessels call, as well as regulations by virtue of international treaties and membership in international associations. As a global container shipping company, ZIM is subject to a wide variety of international, national and local laws, regulations and agreements. As a result, ZIM is subject to extensive government regulation and standards, customs inspections and security checks, international treaties and trade prohibitions and sanctions, including laws and regulations in each of the jurisdictions in which it operates, including those of the State of Israel, the United States, the International Safety Management Code, or the ISM Code, and the European Union.

Any violation of such laws, regulations, treaties and/or prohibitions could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity and may also result in the revocation or non-renewal of ZIM’s “time-limited” licenses. Furthermore, the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, administers certain laws and regulations that impose restrictions upon U.S. companies and persons and, in some contexts, foreign entities and persons, with respect to activities or transactions with certain countries, governments, entities and individuals that are the subject of such sanctions laws and regulations. Similar sanctions are imposed by the European Union and the United Nations. Under economic and trading sanction laws, governments may seek to impose modifications to business practices, and modifications to compliance programs, which may increase compliance costs, and may subject us to fines, penalties and other sanctions.

ZIM is subject to competition and antitrust regulations in the countries where it operates, and has been subject to antitrust investigations by competition authorities.

ZIM is subject to competition and antitrust regulations in each of the countries where it operates. In most of the jurisdictions in which ZIM operates, operational partnerships among shipping companies are generally exempt from the application of antitrust laws, subject to the fulfillment of certain exemption requirements. However, it is difficult to predict whether existing exemptions or their renewal will be affected in the future. In August 2020, ZIM’s board of directors adopted a comprehensive new antitrust compliance plan, which included the adoption of a global policy as well as mandatory periodic employee trainings. ZIM is a party to numerous operational partnerships and views these agreements as competitive advantages in response to the market concentration in the industry as a result of mergers and global alliances. An amendment to or a revocation of any of the exemptions for operational partnerships that ZIM relies on could negatively affect its business and results of operations. In recent years, a number of liner shipping companies, including ZIM, have been the subject of antitrust investigations in the U.S., the EU and other jurisdictions into possible anti-competitive behavior. ZIM is also subject from time to time to civil litigation relating, directly or indirectly, to alleged anti-competitive practices and may be subject to additional investigations by other competition authorities. These types of claims, actions or investigations could continue to require significant management time and attention and could result in significant expenses as well as unfavorable outcomes which could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

Finally, Commission Regulation (EC) No 906/2009, or the Block Exemption Regulation, exempts certain cooperation agreements (such as operational cooperation agreements, VSA (vessel sharing agreements), SCA (slot chartering agreements) and slot swap agreements) in the liner shipping sector from the prohibition on anti-competitive agreements contained at Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, or TFEU. If the Block Exemption Regulation is not extended or its terms are amended, this could have an adverse effect on the shipping industry and limit ZIM’s ability to enter into cooperation arrangements with other shipping companies, which could adversely affecting its business, financial condition and results of operations.

ZIM is subject to environmental and other regulations and failure to comply with these regulations could have a material adverse effect on its business.

ZIM’s operations are subject to international conventions and treaties, national, state and local laws and national and international regulations in force in the jurisdictions in which its vessels operate or are registered relating to the protection of the environment. Such requirements are subject to ongoing developments and amendments and relate to, among other things, the storage, handling, emission, transportation and discharge of hazardous and non-hazardous substances, such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and the use of low- sulfur fuel or shore power voltage, and the remediation of contamination and liability for damages to natural resources. ZIM is subject to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (including designation of Emission Control Areas thereunder), the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water & Sediments, the International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea of 1996, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), the U.S. Clean Water Act (CWA), and National Invasive Species Act (NISA), among others. Compliance with such laws, regulations and standards, where applicable, may require the installation of costly equipment, make ship modifications or operational changes and may affect the useful lives or the resale value of ZIM’s vessels.

ZIM may also incur additional compliance costs relating to existing or future requirements which could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations and financial conditions. Such costs include, among other things: reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; changes with respect to cargo capacity or the types of cargo that could be carried; management of ballast and bilge waters; maintenance and inspection; elimination of tin-based paint; and development and implementation of emergency procedures. For example, the IMO 2020 Regulations have required ZIM’s vessels to comply with its low sulfur fuel requirement since January 1, 2020. ZIM complies with this requirement by using fuel with low sulfur content, which is more expensive than standard marine fuel, or ZIM may upgrade its vessels to provide cleaner exhaust emissions. Environmental or other incidents may result in additional regulatory initiatives, statutes or changes to existing laws that could affect ZIM’s operations, require it to incur additional compliance expenses, lead to decreased availability of or more costly insurance coverage, and result in ZIM’s denial of access to, or detention in, certain jurisdictional waters or ports.

If ZIM fails to comply with any environmental requirements applicable to it, it could be exposed to, among other things, significant environmental liability damages, administrative and civil penalties, criminal charges or sanctions, and could result in the and termination or suspension of, and substantial harm to, its operations and reputation. Additionally, environmental laws often impose strict, joint and several liability for remediation of spills and releases of oil and hazardous substances, which could subject ZIM to liability without regard to whether it was negligent or at fault. Under local, national and foreign laws, as well as international treaties and conventions, ZIM could incur material liabilities, including remediation costs and natural resource damages, as well as third-party damages, personal injury and property damage claims in the event there is a release of petroleum or other hazardous substances from its vessels, or otherwise, in connection with its operations. ZIM is required to satisfy insurance and financial responsibility requirements for potential petroleum (including marine fuel) spills and other pollution incidents. Although ZIM has arranged insurance to cover certain environmental risks, there can be no assurance that such insurance will be sufficient to cover all such risks or that any claims will not have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, results of operations and financial condition. Violations of, or liabilities under, environmental requirements can result in substantial penalties, fines and other sanctions, including in certain instances, seizure or detention of ZIM’s vessels and events of this nature could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

ZIM is also subject to numerous data privacy laws, in particular the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (2016/679), or the GDPR, which relates to the collection, use, retention, security, processing and transfer of personally identifiable information about ZIM’s customers and employees in the countries where ZIM operates. The EU data protection regime expands the scope of the EU data protection law to all companies processing data of EEA individuals, imposes a stringent data protection compliance regime, including administrative fines of up to the greater of 4% of worldwide turnover or €20 million (as well as the right to compensation for financial or non-financial damages claimed by any individuals), and includes new data subject rights such as the “portability” of personal data. Although ZIM is generally a business that serves other businesses (B2B), it still processes and obtains certain personal information relating to individuals, and any failure by it to comply with the GDPR or other data privacy laws where applicable could result in proceedings or actions against ZIM, which could subject it to significant fines, penalties, judgments and negative publicity.

ZIM is incorporated and based in Israel and, therefore, its results may be adversely affected by political, economic and military instability in Israel.

ZIM is incorporated and its headquarters are located in Israel and the majority of its key employees, officers and directors are residents of Israel. Additionally, the terms of the Special State Share require ZIM to maintain its headquarters and to be incorporated in Israel, and to have its chairman, chief executive officer and a majority of its board members be Israeli. As an Israeli company, ZIM has relatively high exposure, compared to many of its competitors, to acts of terror, hostile activities including cyber-attacks, security limitations imposed upon Israeli organizations overseas, possible isolation by various organizations and institutions for political reasons and other limitations (such as restrictions against entering certain ports). Political, economic and military conditions in Israel may directly affect ZIM’s business and existing relationships with certain foreign corporations, as well as affect the willingness of potential partners to enter into business arrangements with ZIM. Numerous countries, corporations and organizations limit their business activities in Israel and their business ties with Israeli-based companies. ZIM’s status as an Israeli company may limit its ability to call on certain ports and therefore could limit its ability to enter into alliances or operational partnerships with certain shipping companies, which has historically adversely affected its operations and its ability to compete effectively within certain trades. In addition, ZIM’s status as an Israeli company may limit its ability to enter into alliances that include certain carriers who are not willing to cooperate with Israeli companies.

Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its neighboring countries. In recent years, these have included hostilities between Israel and Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in the Gaza Strip, both of which resulted in rockets being fired into Israel, causing casualties and disrupting economic activities. Recent political uprisings, social unrest and violence in the Middle East and North Africa, including Israel’s neighbors Egypt and Syria, are affecting the political stability of those countries. This instability has raised concerns regarding security in the region and the potential for armed conflict. In addition, Israel faces threats from more distant neighbors, in particular, Iran. Iran is also believed to have a strong influence among parties hostile to Israel in areas that neighbor Israel, such as the Syrian government, Hamas in the Gaza Strip and Hezbollah in Lebanon. Armed conflicts or hostilities in Israel or neighboring countries could cause disruptions in ZIM’s operations, including significant employee absences, failure of its information technology systems and cyber-attacks, which may lead to the shutdown of its headquarters in Israel. For instance, during the 2006 Lebanon War, a military conflict took place in Lebanon. As a result of rocket fire in the city of Haifa, ZIM closed its headquarters for several days. Although ZIM maintains an emergency plan, such events can have material effects on its operational activities. Any future deterioration in the security or geopolitical conditions in Israel or the Middle East could adversely impact ZIM’s business relationships and thereby have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. If ZIM’s facilities, including its headquarters, become temporarily or permanently disabled by an act of terrorism or war, it may be necessary for ZIM to develop alternative infrastructure and it may not be able to avoid service interruptions. Additionally, ZIM’s owned and chartered-in vessels, including those vessels that do not sail under the Israeli flag, may be subject to control by the authorities of the State of Israel in order to protect the security of, or bring essential supplies and services to, the State of Israel. Israeli legislation also allows the State of Israel to use ZIM’s vessels in times of emergency. Any of the aforementioned factors may negatively affect ZIM and its results of operations.

ZIM’s commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of an event associated with the security situation in the Middle East. The Israeli government currently provides compensation only for physical property damage caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, based on the difference between the asset value before the attack and immediately after the attack or on any cost of repairing the damage, whichever is lower. Any losses or damages incurred by ZIM could have a material adverse effect on its business. Any armed conflict involving Israel could adversely affect ZIM’s business and results and operations.

Further, ZIM’s operations could be disrupted by the obligations of personnel to perform military service.

The State of Israel holds a Special State Share in ZIM, which imposes certain restrictions on its operations and gives Israel veto power over transfers of certain assets and shares above certain thresholds, and may have an anti- takeover effect.

The State of Israel holds a Special State Share in ZIM, which imposes certain limitations on its operating and managing activities and could negatively affect its business and results of our operations. These limitations include, among other things, transferability restrictions on ZIM’s share capital, restrictions on its ability to enter into certain merger transactions or undergo certain reorganizations and restrictions on the composition of its board of directors and the nationality of its chief executive officer, among others.

Because the Special State Share restricts the ability of a shareholder to gain control of ZIM, the existence of the Special State Share may have an anti-takeover effect and therefore depress the price of its ordinary shares or otherwise negatively affect its business and results of operations. In addition, the terms of the Special State Share dictate that ZIM maintains a minimum fleet of 11 wholly owned seaworthy vessels.

Currently, as a result of waivers received from the State of Israel, ZIM owns fewer vessels than the minimum fleet requirement. However, if ZIM acquires and owns additional vessels in the future, these vessels would be subject to the minimum fleet requirements and conditions of the Special State Share, and if ZIM would want to dispose of such vessels, it would need to obtain consent from the State of Israel.

Furthermore, although there are no contractual restrictions on any sales of ZIM’s shares by its controlling shareholders, if Idan Ofer’s ownership interest in Kenon is less than 36%, or Idan Ofer ceases to be the controlling shareholder, or sole controlling shareholder of Kenon, then Kenon’s rights with respect to its shares in ZIM (e.g., Kenon’s right to vote and receive dividends in respect of its ZIM shares) will be limited to the rights applicable to an ownership of 24% of ZIM, until or unless the State of Israel provides its consent, or does not object to, this decrease in Idan Ofer’s ownership or “control” (as defined in the State of Israel consent received by IC in connection with the spin-off). The State of Israel may also revoke Kenon’s permit if there is a material change in the facts upon which the State of Israel’s consent was based, upon a breach of the provisions of the Special State Share by Kenon, Mr. Ofer, or ZIM, or if the cancellation of the provisions of the Special State Share with respect to a person holding shares in ZIM contrary to the Special State Share’s provisions apply (without limitation). For further information on the Special State Share, see “Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—ZIM—ZIM’s Special State Share.”

Risks Related to Our Spin-Off

The potential indemnification of liabilities to IC pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement may require us to divert cash to IC to satisfy our indemnification obligations.

We entered into a Separation and Distribution Agreement with IC, or the Separation and Distribution Agreement, which provides for, among other things, indemnification obligations designed to make us financially responsible for liabilities incurred in connection with our businesses, and as otherwise allocated to us in the Separation and Distribution Agreement. If we are required to indemnify IC under the circumstances set forth in the Separation and Distribution Agreement, we may be subject to substantial liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

There can be no assurance that IC’s indemnification of certain of our liabilities will be sufficient to insure us against the full amount of those liabilities, or that IC’s ability to satisfy its indemnification obligation will not be impaired in the future.

Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, IC has agreed to indemnify us for certain liabilities retained by it (which includes one pending legal matter). However, third parties could seek to hold us responsible for any of the liabilities that IC has agreed to retain, and there can be no assurance that the indemnity from IC will be sufficient to protect us against the full amount, or any, of such liabilities, or that IC will be able to satisfy its indemnification obligations. Moreover, even if we ultimately succeed in recovering from IC any amounts for which we are held liable, we may be temporarily required to bear these losses ourselves. Additionally, IC’s insurers may deny coverage to us for liabilities associated with occurrences prior to the spin-off. Even if we ultimately succeed in recovering from such insurance providers, we may be required to temporarily bear such loss of coverage. If IC is unable to satisfy its indemnification obligations or if insurers deny coverage, the underlying liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares

Our ordinary shares are traded on more than one stock exchange and this may result in price variations between the markets.

Our ordinary shares are listed on each of the NYSE and the TASE. Trading of our ordinary shares therefore takes place in different currencies (U.S. Dollars on the NYSE and New Israeli Shekels on the TASE), and at different times (resulting from different time zones, different trading days and different public holidays in the United States and Israel). The trading prices of our ordinary shares on these two markets may differ as a result of these, or other, factors. Any decrease in the price of our ordinary shares on either of these markets could also cause a decrease in the trading prices of our ordinary shares on the other market.

A significant portion of our outstanding ordinary shares may be sold into the public market, which could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

A significant portion of our shares are held by Ansonia, which holds approximately 58% of our shares. If Ansonia sells, or indicates an intention to sell, substantial amounts of our ordinary shares in the public market, the trading price of our ordinary shares could decline. The perception that any such sales may occur, including the entry by Ansonia into programmed selling plans, could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our ordinary shares and/or could impair the ability of any of our businesses to raise capital.

Control by principal shareholders could adversely affect our other shareholders.

Ansonia beneficially owns approximately 58% of our outstanding ordinary shares and voting power. Ansonia therefore has a continuing ability to control, or exert a significant influence over, our board of directors, and will continue to have significant influence over our affairs for the foreseeable future, including with respect to the election of directors, the consummation of significant corporate transactions, such as an amendment of our constitution, a merger or other sale of our company or our assets, and all matters requiring shareholder approval. In certain circumstances, Ansonia’s interests as a principal shareholder may conflict with the interests of our other shareholders and Ansonia’s ability to exercise control, or exert significant influence, over us may have the effect of causing, delaying, or preventing changes or transactions that our other shareholders may or may not deem to be in their best interests.

We may not have sufficient distributable profits to pay dividends or make other distributions.

Under Singapore law and our constitution, dividends, whether in cash or in specie, must be paid out of our profits available for distribution. The availability of distributable profits is assessed on the basis of Kenon’s standalone unconsolidated accounts (which are based upon the Singapore Financial Reporting Standards, or the SFRS). We may incur losses and we may not have sufficient distributable income that can be distributed to our shareholders as a dividend or other distribution in the foreseeable future. Therefore, we may be unable to pay dividends to our shareholders unless and until we have generated sufficient distributable reserves. Accordingly, it may not be legally permissible for us to pay dividends to our shareholders. As a result, if we do not declare dividends with respect to our ordinary shares, a holder of our ordinary shares will only realize income from an investment in our ordinary shares if there is an increase in the market price of our ordinary shares. Such potential increase is uncertain and unpredictable.

Under Singapore law, it is possible to effect either a court-free or court-approved capital reduction exercise to return cash and/or assets to our shareholders. Further, the completion of a court-free capital reduction exercise will depend on whether our directors are comfortable executing a solvency statement attesting to our solvency, as well as whether there are any other creditor objections raised (in the event that we have creditors other than IC). We have completed capital reduction exercises in connection with the distribution of our Tower shares and the cash distribution in March 2018, but there is no assurance that we will be able to complete further capital reductions in the future.

Any dividend payments on our ordinary shares would be declared in U.S. Dollars, and any shareholder whose principal currency is not the U.S. Dollar would be subject to exchange rate fluctuations.

The ordinary shares are, and any cash dividends or other distributions to be declared in respect of them, if any, will be denominated in U.S. Dollars. For example, in 2020, we distributed approximately $120 million in cash to our shareholders. Although a significant percentage of our shareholders hold their shares through the TASE, the dividend was denominated in U.S. Dollars. Shareholders whose principal currency is not the U.S. Dollar are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk. Any depreciation of the U.S. Dollar in relation to such foreign currency will reduce the value of such shareholders’ ordinary shares and any appreciation of the U.S. Dollar will increase the value in foreign currency terms. In addition, we will not offer our shareholders the option to elect to receive dividends, if any, in any other currency. Consequently, our shareholders may be required to arrange their own foreign currency exchange, either through a brokerage house or otherwise, which could incur additional commissions or expenses.

We are a “foreign private issuer” under U.S. securities laws and, as a result, are subject to disclosure obligations that are different from those applicable to U.S. domestic registrants listed on the NYSE.

We are incorporated under the laws of Singapore and, as such, will be considered a “foreign private issuer” under U.S. securities laws. Although we will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the periodic and event-based disclosure required of foreign private issuers under the Exchange Act is different from the disclosure required of U.S. domestic registrants. Therefore, there may be less publicly available information about us than is regularly published by or about other public companies in the United States. We are also exempt from certain other sections of the Exchange Act that U.S. domestic registrants are otherwise subject to, including the requirement to provide our shareholders with information statements or proxy statements that comply with the Exchange Act. In addition, insiders and large shareholders of ours are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act and are not obligated to file the reports required by Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

As a foreign private issuer, we have followed certain, and may follow, home country corporate governance practices instead of otherwise applicable SEC and NYSE corporate governance requirements, and this may result in less investor protection than that accorded to investors under rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of those otherwise required under the NYSE’s rules for domestic U.S. issuers, provided that we disclose which requirements we are not following and describe the equivalent home country requirement. For example, foreign private issuers are permitted to follow home country practice with regard to director nomination procedures and the approval of compensation of officers.

In addition, we are not required to maintain a board comprised of a majority of independent directors and a fully independent nominating and corporate governance committee. We generally seek to apply the corporate governance rules of the NYSE that are applicable to U.S. domestic registrants that are not “controlled” companies. However, we do not fully comply such rules; for example, we do not have a fully independent nominating and corporate governance committee. We may, in the future, decide to rely on other foreign private issuer exemptions provided by the NYSE and follow home country corporate governance practices in lieu of complying with some or all of the NYSE’s requirements.

Following our home country governance practices, as opposed to complying with the requirements that are applicable to a U.S. domestic registrant, may provide less protection to you than is accorded to investors under the NYSE’s corporate governance rules. Therefore, any foreign private exemptions we avail ourselves of in the future may reduce the scope of information and protection to which you are otherwise entitled as an investor.

It may be difficult to enforce a judgment of U.S. courts for civil liabilities under U.S. federal securities laws against us, our directors or officers in Singapore.

We are incorporated under the laws of Singapore and certain of our officers and directors are or will be residents outside of the United States. Moreover, most of our assets are located outside of the United States. Although we are incorporated outside of the United States, we have agreed to accept service of process in the United States through our agent designated for that specific purpose. Additionally, for so long as we are listed in the United States or in Israel, we have undertaken not to claim that we are not subject to any derivative/class action that may be filed against us in the United States or Israel, as may be applicable, solely on the basis that we are a Singapore company. However, since most of the assets owned by us are located outside of the United States, any judgment obtained in the United States against us may not be collectible within the United States.

Furthermore, there is no treaty between the United States and Singapore providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, such that a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any federal or state court in the United States based on civil liability, whether or not predicated solely upon the federal securities laws, would not be automatically enforceable in Singapore. Additionally, there is doubt as to whether a Singapore court would impose civil liability on us or our directors and officers who reside in Singapore in a suit brought in the Singapore courts against us or such persons with respect to a violation solely of the federal securities laws of the United States, unless the facts surrounding such a violation would constitute or give rise to a cause of action under Singapore law. We have undertaken not to oppose the enforcement in Singapore of judgments or decisions rendered in Israel or in the United States in a class action or derivative action to which Kenon is a party. Notwithstanding such an undertaking, it may still be difficult for investors to enforce against us, our directors or our officers in Singapore, judgments obtained in the United States which are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States.

We are incorporated in Singapore and our shareholders may have greater difficulty in protecting their interests than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in the United States.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our constitution and by the laws governing corporations incorporated in Singapore. The rights of our shareholders and the responsibilities of the members of our board of directors under Singapore law are different from those applicable to a corporation incorporated in the United States. Therefore, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interest in connection with actions taken by our management or members of our board of directors than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in the United States. For information on the differences between Singapore and Delaware corporation law, see “Item 10.B Constitution.”

Singapore corporate law may delay, deter or prevent a takeover of our company by a third-party, but as a result of a waiver from application of the Code, our shareholders may not have the benefit of the application of the Singapore Code on Take-Overs and Mergers, which could adversely affect the value of our ordinary shares.

The Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers and Sections 138, 139 and 140 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore contain certain provisions that may delay, deter or prevent a future takeover or change in control of our company for so long as we remain a public company with more than 50 shareholders and net tangible assets of $5 million or more. Any person acquiring an interest, whether by a series of transactions over a period of time or not, either on his own or together with parties acting in concert with such person, in 30% or more of our voting shares, or, if such person holds, either on his own or together with parties acting in concert with such person, between 30% and 50% (both inclusive) of our voting shares, and such person (or parties acting in concert with such person) acquires additional voting shares representing more than 1% of our voting shares in any six-month period, must, except with the consent of the Securities Industry Council of Singapore, extend a mandatory takeover offer for the remaining voting shares in accordance with the provisions of the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers.

In October 2014, the Securities Industry Council of Singapore waived the application of the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers to the Company, subject to certain conditions. Pursuant to the waiver, for as long as Kenon is not listed on a securities exchange in Singapore, and except in the case of a tender offer (within the meaning of U.S. securities laws) where the offeror relies on a Tier 1 exemption to avoid full compliance with U.S. tender offer regulations, the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers shall not apply to Kenon.

Accordingly, Kenon’s shareholders will not have the protection or otherwise benefit from the provisions of the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers and the Securities and Futures Act to the extent that this waiver is available.

Our directors have general authority to allot and issue new shares on terms and conditions and with any preferences, rights or restrictions as may be determined by our board of directors in its sole discretion, which may dilute our existing shareholders. We may also issue securities that have rights and privileges that are more favorable than the rights and privileges accorded to our existing shareholders.

Under Singapore law, we may only allot and issue new shares with the prior approval of our shareholders in a general meeting. Other than with respect to the issuance of shares pursuant to awards made under our Share Incentive Plan 2014 or Share Option Plan 2014, and subject to the general authority to allot and issue new shares provided by our shareholders annually, the provisions of the Singapore Companies Act and our constitution, our board of directors may allot and issue new shares on terms and conditions and with the rights (including preferential voting rights) and restrictions as they may think fit to impose. Any such offering may be on a pre-emptive or non-pre-emptive basis. Subject to the prior approval of our shareholders for (i) the creation of new classes of shares and the (ii) granting to our directors of the authority to issue new shares with different or similar rights, additional shares may be issued carrying such preferred rights to share in our profits, losses and dividends or other distributions, any rights to receive assets upon our dissolution or liquidation and any redemption, conversion and exchange rights. At the annual general meeting of shareholders held in 2020, or the 2020 AGM, our shareholders granted the board of directors authority (effective until the conclusion of the annual general meeting of shareholders to be held in 2021, or the 2021 AGM, or the expiration of the period by which the 2021 AGM is required by law to be held, whichever is earlier) to allot and issue ordinary shares and/or instruments that might or could require ordinary shares to be allotted and issued as authorized by our shareholders at the 2020 AGM and shareholders will be asked to renew this authority at the 2021 AGM. Ansonia, our significant shareholder, may use its ability to control to approve a grant of such authority to our board of directors, or exert influence over, our board of directors to cause us to issue additional ordinary shares, which would dilute existing holders of our ordinary shares, or to issue securities with rights and privileges that are more favorable than those of our ordinary shareholders. There are no statutory pre-emptive rights for new share issuances conferred upon our shareholders under the Companies Act, Chapter 50 of Singapore, or the Singapore Companies Act. Furthermore, any additional issuances of new shares by our directors could adversely impact the market price of our ordinary shares.

Risks Related to Taxation

We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our ordinary shares.

Based upon, among other things, the valuation of our assets and the composition of our income and assets, we do not believe we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our previous taxable year ended December 31, 2020. However, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects and a separate determination must be made after the close of each taxable year as to whether we were a PFIC for that year. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will not be a PFIC for our current, or any future, taxable year. A non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC for any taxable year if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year is passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, we will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the businesses and earning our proportionate share of the income of any other business in which we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of the stock. In particular, in February 2021, ZIM completed its initial public offering, which reduced our equity interest from 32% to approximately 28%. Further reduction in our equity interest in ZIM to or below 25% will limit our ability to treat our proportionate share of ZIM’s businesses and earning as directly owned, which could increase the value of our assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income and/or our passive income and result in us becoming a PFIC for our current, and any future, taxable year. Additionally, because the value of our assets for purposes of the PFIC test will generally be determined in part by reference to the market price of our ordinary shares, fluctuations in the market price of the ordinary shares may cause us to become a PFIC. Moreover, changes in the composition of our income or assets may cause us to become a PFIC. As a result, dispositions of operating companies could increase the risk that we become a PFIC. For instance, the sale of the Inkia Business, the investment in Qoros by the Majority Shareholder in Qoros in 2018 (which reduced our equity interest in Qoros to 24%), the sale of half of our remaining interest in Qoros to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros in April 2020 (which reduced our equity interest in Qoros to 12%) and the expected sale of all of our remaining interest in Qoros to the Majority Shareholder in April 2021 (which will eliminate our equity interest in Qoros) each may increase the value of our assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income and/or our passive income and result in us becoming a PFIC for our current, and any future, taxable year. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined below) holds an ordinary share, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder. For further information on such U.S. tax implications, see “Item 10.E Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company.”

Tax regulations and examinations may have a material effect on us and we may be subject to challenges by tax authorities.

We operate in a number of countries and are therefore regularly examined by and remain subject to numerous tax regulations. Changes in our global mix of earnings could affect our effective tax rate. Furthermore, changes in tax laws could result in higher tax-related expenses and payments. Legislative changes in any of the countries in which our businesses operate could materially impact our tax receivables and liabilities as well as deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities. Additionally, the uncertain tax environment in some regions in which our businesses operate could limit our ability to enforce our rights. As a holding company with globally operating businesses, we have established businesses in countries subject to complex tax rules, which may be interpreted in a variety of ways and could affect our effective tax rate. Future interpretations or developments of tax regimes or a higher than anticipated effective tax rate could have a material adverse effect on our tax liability, return on investments and business operations.

In addition, we and our businesses operate in, are incorporated in and are tax residents of various jurisdictions. The tax authorities in the various jurisdictions in which we and our businesses operate, or are incorporated, may disagree with and challenge our assessments of our transactions (including any sales or distributions), tax position, deductions, exemptions, where we or our businesses are tax resident, or other matters. If we, or our businesses, are unsuccessful in responding to any such challenge from a tax authority, we, or our businesses, may be unable to proceed with certain transactions, be required to pay additional taxes, interest, fines or penalties, and we, or our businesses, may be subject to taxes for the same business in more than one jurisdiction or may also be subject to higher tax rates, withholding or other taxes. Even if we, or our businesses, are successful, responding to such challenges may be expensive, consume time and other resources, or divert management’s time and focus from our operations or businesses or from the operations of our businesses. Therefore, a challenge as to our, or our businesses’, tax position or status or transactions, even if unsuccessful, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity or the business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity of our businesses.

Our shareholders may be subject to non-U.S. taxes and return filing requirements as a result of owning our ordinary shares.

Based upon our expected method of operation and the ownership of our businesses following the spin-off, we do not expect any shareholder, solely as a result of owning our ordinary shares, to be subject to any additional taxes or additional tax return filing requirements in any jurisdiction in which we, or any of our businesses, conduct activities or own property. However, there can be no assurance that our shareholders, solely as a result of owning our ordinary shares, will not be subject to certain taxes, including non-U.S. taxes, imposed by the various jurisdictions in which we and our businesses do business or own property now or in the future, even if our shareholders do not reside in any of these jurisdictions. Consequently, our shareholders may also be required to file non-U.S. tax returns in some or all of these jurisdictions. Further, our shareholders may also be subject to penalties for failure to comply with these requirements. It is the responsibility of each shareholder to file each of the U.S. federal, state and local, as well as non-U.S., tax returns that may be required of such shareholder.

ITEM 4.

Information on the Company

A.	History and Development of the Company

We were incorporated in March 2014 under the Singapore Companies Act to be the holding company of certain companies that were owned (in whole, or in part) by IC in connection with our spin-off from IC in January 2015. We currently own the following:

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an approximately 58% interest in OPC, an owner, developer and operator of power generation facilities in the Israeli and US power market;

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an approximately 28% interest in ZIM, a large provider of global container shipping services; and

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a 12% interest in Qoros, a China-based automotive company.

In connection with our spin-off from IC, we also held a 29% interest in Tower, a NASDAQ- and TASE—listed specialty foundry semiconductor manufacturer. In July 2015, we completed a pro-rata distribution in specie of substantially all of our interest in Tower. In 2016, we sold our remaining interest in Tower.

In December 2017, our wholly-owned subsidiary Inkia sold its power generation and distribution businesses in Latin America and the Caribbean, or the Inkia Business, to an entity controlled by I Squared Capital, an infrastructure private equity firm. As a result of this sale, our power generation business consists of our 58% interest in OPC. In January 2021, an entity which is 70%-owned by OPC acquired CPV.

In April 2021, we entered into an agreement to sell our remaining 12% interest in Qoros.

The legal and commercial name of the Company is Kenon Holdings Ltd. Our principal place of business is located at 1 Temasek Avenue #37-02B, Millenia Tower, Singapore 039192. Our telephone number at our principal place of business is + 65 6351 1780. Our internet address is www.kenon-holdings.com.We have appointed Gornitzky & Co., Advocates and Notaries, as our agent for service of process in connection with certain claims which may be made in Israel.

Our ordinary shares are listed on each of the NYSE and the TASE under the symbol “KEN.”

The SEC also maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.

B.	Business Overview

We are a holding company that operates dynamic, primarily growth-oriented, businesses. The companies we own, in whole or in part, are at various stages of development, ranging from established, cash generating businesses to early stage companies.

We were established in connection with a spin-off of our businesses from IC to promote the growth and development of our primary businesses, and we are primarily engaged in the operations of OPC.

Our strategy is to realize the value of our businesses for our shareholders. In connection with this strategy, we will support the development of our business and we may provide our shareholders with direct access to our businesses, which may include spin-offs, listings, offerings, distributions or monetization of our businesses. To the extent we monetize our businesses (i.e., through offerings or sales), we may distribute the proceeds derived from such transactions to our shareholders.

Consistent with our strategy, we distributed approximately $120 million to our shareholders in 2020 and on March 30, 2021, Kenon’s board of directors approved an interim dividend of approximately $100 million for the year ending December 31, 2021.

Set forth below are some highlights of important developments for Kenon and its businesses in 2020 and 2021:

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Kenon:

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DPA Repayment. In October 2020, Kenon received the full amount of the deferred consideration payable (approximately $218 million (approximately $188 million net of taxes)) under the Deferred Payment Agreement prior to the due date for such payment (December 2021). In connection with the agreement with the buyer of the Inkia Business to repay the Deferred Payment Agreement prior to initial scheduled maturity, the parties agreed to increase the number of OPC shares pledged from 32,971,680 shares to 55,000,000 shares (representing approximately 29% of OPC’s shares as of March 31, 2021) and to extend the OPC Pledge and the corporate guarantee by one year until December 31, 2021. In addition, Kenon has agreed that, until December 31, 2021, it shall maintain at least $50 million in cash and cash equivalents, and has agreed to restrictions on indebtedness, subject to certain exceptions.

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OPC:

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Acquisition of CPV. In October 2020, OPC announced an agreement by CPV Group LP, an entity in which OPC indirectly holds a 70% stake, for the acquisition of CPV from Global Infrastructure Management, LLC. CPV is engaged in the development, construction and management of renewable energy and conventional energy (natural gas-fired) power plants in the United States. The acquisition was completed in January 2021. The consideration for the acquisition is $648 million (payable in cash), subject to post-closing adjustments based on closing date cash, working capital and debt. Additional consideration of $95 million was paid in the form of a vendor loan in respect of CPV’s 17.5% equity in the Three Rivers project, which is currently being developed. CPV subsequently reduced its interest in the Three River’s project to 10% and the consideration for the transaction and the amount of the seller’s loan was reduced accordingly.

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OPC-Hadera reaches COD. On July 1, 2020, OPC-Hadera’s cogeneration power plant reached its COD.

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Equity Issuances. In 2020 and 2021 to date, OPC has issued new ordinary shares in private and public offerings for total consideration of approximately NIS 1.4 billion ($0.4 billion). As a result of these share issuances, including Kenon's participation in the October 2020 public offering, Kenon’s interest in OPC decreased from 69.8% to 58.2%.

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Qoros:

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2020 Sale of 12% in Qoros. In April 2020, we sold half of our remaining interest in Qoros (i.e. 12%) to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros for RMB1.56 billion (approximately $220 million). As a result, Kenon holds a 12% interest in Qoros and retains a put option to sell this interest to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros for a price of RMB 1.56 billion (approximately $220 million). Pursuant to relevant agreements, the Majority Shareholder in Qoros is required to assume guarantee and pledge obligations of the shareholders in accordance with its pro rata ownership interest in Qoros. The Majority Shareholder in Qoros assumed its guarantee obligations in connection with its initial 51% investment, and in connection with the sale of 12% of Kenon's interest in Qoros in 2020, but has not assumed its pledge obligations under the RMB 1.2 billion loan facility but the Majority Shareholder in Qoros has provided Kenon a guarantee in respect of its pro rata share of the pledge obligations which it was required to assume from Kenon with respect to the RMB1.2 billion loan facility.

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2021 Agreement to Sell Remaining 12% Interest in Qoros. In April 2021, we entered into an agreement to sell our remaining 12% interest in Qoros to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros for a purchase price of RMB1,560 million (approximately $238 million). The sale is subject to certain conditions, including approvals by relevant government authorities and a release of the pledge over Kenon's shares in Qoros, which are currently pledged to secure debt of Qoros under its RMB1.2 billion loan facility. The purchase price is payable in installments due between July 31, 2021 and March 31, 2023. For more information, see “—Kenon’s Agreement to Sell its Remaining Interest in Qoros to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros”

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Receipt of Payments from Chery. Kenon had provided cash collateral to Chery of the RMB244 million (approximately $36 million) in connection with reductions in Kenon's back-to-back guarantee obligations to Chery; the relevant agreements provided that such cash collateral was to be released as Chery's guarantee obligations were reduced. Kenon received aggregate cash payments of $17 million from Chery in December 2019 and April 2020 as a result of repayments on Qoros’ bank loans and corresponding reductions of Chery’s obligations under its guarantees, bringing the total cash received from Chery to RMB244 million (approximately $36 million) in connection with these repayments resulting in full reimbursement of the cash collateral.

ZIM

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IPO and NYSE Listing. In February 2021, ZIM completed an initial public offering of its shares on the New York Stock Exchange selling 15 million new ordinary shares (including shares issued pursuant to the exercise of the underwriters’ overallotment option), for gross consideration of $225 million (before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions or other offering expenses). As a result of the offering, our interest in ZIM decreased from 32% to approximately 28%. We continue to assess our options with respect to our ownership interest in ZIM.

As we execute our strategy, we intend to operate under disciplined capital allocation principles designed to ensure the prudent use of our capital.

Our strategy set forth above is designed to promote the growth and development of our primary businesses, maximize value for our shareholders and ensure the prudent use of our capital. However, we will be required to make determinations over time that will be based on the facts and circumstances prevailing at such time, as well as continually evolving market conditions and outlook. As a result, we will be required to exercise significant judgment while seeking to adhere to these capital allocation principles in order to maximize value for our shareholders and further the development of our businesses.

Our Businesses

Set forth below is a description of our businesses.

OPC

OPC, which accounted for approximately 100% of our revenues in the year ended December 31, 2020, is an owner, developer and operator of power generation facilities located in Israel and, since its acquisition of CPV, in the United States. OPC’s facilities and primary development projects are set forth below.

Operations in Israel

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OPC-Rotem, in which OPC has an 80% equity interest, operates a conventional combined cycle power plant in Mishor Rotem, Israel, with an installed capacity of 466 MW (based on OPC-Rotem’s generation license). The power plant utilizes natural gas, with diesel oil and crude oil as backups.

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OPC-Hadera, a wholly-owned subsidiary of OPC, operates a power plant using cogeneration technology with an installed capacity of 144 MW in Hadera which reached its COD on July 1, 2020 and owns the Energy Center, which consists of boilers and a steam turbine. The Energy Center currently serves as back-up for the OPC-Hadera power plant’s supply of steam and its turbine is not currently operating and is not expected to operate with generation of more than 16MW.

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Tzomet, a wholly-owned subsidiary of OPC, is developing a natural gas-fired open-cycle power station in Israel with capacity of approximately 396 MW. Tzomet has a conditional license for the development project, which remains subject to conditions set forth under the conditional license, including construction of the plant, as well as for the receipt of a permanent generation license upon expiration of the conditional license. In September 2018, Tzomet entered into an EPC contract in an amount equivalent to approximately $300 million for the design, engineering, procurement and construction of the Tzomet power plant and provision of certain maintenance services in connection with the power station’s main equipment for a period of 20 years from the plant’s COD. During 2020, the construction of the Tzomet power plant commenced. OPC expects that the Tzomet plant will reach its COD in January 2023 and that the total cost of completing the Tzomet plant will be approximately NIS1.5 billion (approximately $0.5 billion) (excluding NIS 100 million, which is half of the tax assessment on the land). As of December 31, 2020, OPC had invested approximately NIS 694 million (approximately $216 million) in the project.

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Construction of energy generation facilities on the premises of consumers. To date, OPC has entered into agreements with several consumers (including consumers that were successful in the EA’s tender) for the installation and operation of generation facilities (natural gas) on the premises of consumers for aggregate capacity of approximately 76MW, as well as arrangements for the sale and supply of energy to consumers. Once completed, OPC will sell electricity from the generation facilities to the consumers for a period of approximately 15-20 years from the COD of the generation facilities. The total amount of OPC’s investment depends on the number of arrangements entered into and is expected to be an average of NIS 4 million for each installed MW. OPC has also entered into construction agreements and agreements for supply of motors for the generation facilities with a total capacity of approximately 41 MW. As of December 31, 2020, OPC’s investment in such generation facilities amounted to approximately NIS 12 million ($4 million).

•

Sorek 2 Desalination Plant. In May 2020, OPC, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, won a build-operate-transfer (BOT) tender with the State of Israel for the construction, operation and maintenance of a seawater desalination plant, pursuant to an agreement which states that OPC will construct, operate and maintain a natural gas-fired cogeneration power plant with a capacity of up to 99MW at the premises of the desalination plant, and sell electricity to the desalination plant for a period of 25 years, following which ownership of the power plant will be transferred to the State of Israel. OPC has committed to construct the plant within 24 months from the approval date of the national infrastructure plan (which has yet to be received). OPC is currently in the process of entering into an equipment supply agreement, a construction agreement and a maintenance agreement, which will be subject to approval by the Seawater Desalination Authority. OPC estimates that construction of the plant will be completed in the second half of 2023. Excess capacity beyond that used by the desalination plant is expected to be sold to the System Administrator.

Operations in the United States

OPC operates in the United States since January 2021, when an entity in which OPC indirectly holds a 70% stake, acquired CPV from Global Infrastructure Management, LLC. The consideration for the acquisition was $648 million in cash, subject to post-closing adjustments based on closing date cash, working capital and debt. Additional consideration of $95 million was paid in the form of a vendor loan in respect of CPV’s 17.5% equity in the Three Rivers project, which is currently being developed. CPV subsequently reduced its interest in the Three River’s project to 10% and the consideration for the transaction and the amount of the seller’s loan was reduced accordingly. In addition to the $648 million consideration, on the completion date of the transaction, the buyer paid an additional $5 million for a deposit in the same amount held by CPV and subsequent to the completion date of the transaction, $5 million was provided by the buyer for replacement of a letter of credit issued by the seller for the CPV Keasbey project. The final consideration is subject to final closing adjustments to be completed within 120 days of closing of the acquisition.

In addition, CPV holds a 10% ownership interest in the Three Rivers project, which consists of the construction of a natural gas, combined cycle power plant with expected capacity of 1,258 MW (CPV’s proportionate interest is approximately 125MW), expected to participate in tenders for capacity in the PJM market. Its expected COD is May 2023 and the expected cost of construction is approximately $1.3 billion for 100% of the project (not just CPV’s ownership interest). CPV also has 9 renewable energy projects in advanced stages of development, and additional projects using various technologies in different stages of development, having an aggregate scope of about 6,175 MW. CPV manages its active plants and the development of its projects. In addition, CPV provides management services to third parties.

OPC's Listing in 2017 and Financing Activities in 2019 to 2021

In August 2017, OPC completed an initial public offering in Israel, and a listing on the TASE, resulting in net proceeds to OPC of approximately $100 million and Kenon retaining 76% stake.

In 2019, OPC issued a total of 11,028,240 new ordinary shares (representing approximately 8% of OPC’s issued and outstanding share capital at the time on a fully diluted basis) in two share issuances, for total cash consideration net of issuance expenses of approximately NIS 272 million (approximately $76 million). As a result of these share issuances, Kenon’s interest in OPC decreased from 75.8% to 69.8% (68.9% on a fully diluted basis).

In 2020 and 2021 up to the date of this report, OPC issued new shares in multiple offerings:

•

In October 2020, OPC issued a total of 11,713,521 new ordinary shares (representing approximately 7.5% of OPC’s issued and outstanding share capital at the time on a fully diluted basis) for total (gross) consideration of NIS 350 million (approximately $103 million) to two institutional investors (the Clal Group and the Phoenix Group) in a private placement in connection with the acquisition of CPV.

•

Also in October 2020, OPC issued a total of 23,022,100 new ordinary shares (representing approximately 14.8% of OPC’s issued and outstanding share capital at the time on a fully diluted basis) for a total (gross) consideration of NIS 737 million (approximately $217 million) in a public offering. Kenon was allocated 10,700,200 shares in the public offering for a total purchase price of approximately $101 million.

•

In January 2021, OPC issued 10,300,000 ordinary shares (representing approximately 5.5% of OPC’s issued and outstanding share capital at the time on a fully diluted basis) to Altshuler Shaham and entities managed by Alsthuler Shaham in a private placement for a total (gross) consideration of NIS 350 million (approximately $107 million).

As a result of these share issuances, including Kenon's participation in the October 2020 public offering, Kenon’s interest in OPC decreased from 69.8% to 58.2%.

Overview of OPC's Operations

Israel

The following table sets forth summary operational information regarding OPC’s main operations in Israel as of March 25, 2021:

Amount of

Total

OPC

estimated

Power

investment

cost of the

plants/

in the

investment

facilities

Installed

Current

project at

in the

for

electricity

OPC

COD/

Main

12/31/2020

project

generation

capacity

Ownership

Expected

customer/

(NIS

of energy

Status

(MW)

Interest

Location

Technology

COD

consumer

millions)

Rotem Power Plant

Active

» 466

80%

Rotem plain

Conventional

July 2013

Private customers and IEC

» 2,000

–

Hadera Power Plant

Active

» 144

100%

Hadera Industrial Zone

Cogeneration

July 2020

Private customers and the System Administrator

» 900¹

–

Energy Center which as at the submission date of the report is operated for supply of steam as a back up

On the premises of Hadera Paper Mills

Zomet

Under construction

» 396

100%

Plugot Intersection

Conventional with open cycle

January 2023

The System Administrator

» 694

» 1,500²

Sorek 2

In initiation

Up to 99

100%

On the premises of the Sorek B seawater

desalination

facility

Conventional

Second half of 2023

Yard consumer and pursuant to EA regulations

» 1

Up to 200

Facilities for generation of energy on the consumer’s premises

In various stages of development starting from initiation and up to construction

Every facility up to 16 megawatts (as at the submission date of the report, construction and operation agreements were signed for a total of 76 megawatts. The Company intends to take action to sign construction and operation agreements in a cumulative scope of at least 120 megawatts

100%

On the premises of consumers throughout Israel

Conventional

The planned commercial operation dates are pursuant to the conditions provided in the agreements and in any case no later than 48 months from the signing date of the agreement³

Yard consumers also including Group customers

» 12

» an average of NIS 4 per megawatt

____________________

(1) The total investment is presented net of compensation from the construction contractor to which Hadera is entitled under Hadera’s construction agreement. Hadera offset part of such compensation against payments to the construction contractor.

(2) The estimate of the costs does not take into account half of the assessment received from Israel Lands Authority in January 2021, in the amount of about NIS 200 million (not including VAT) in respect of capitalization fees.

(3) The binding agreements and execution thereof are subject to receipt of approvals and/or consents of third parties, where necessary, including connection of the consumer to the natural gas distribution infrastructures (to the extent the consumer is not already connected), receipt of approval of Israel Electric Company (IEC) for connection of the facility to the electricity network, issuance of a building permit for the facility, and where necessary even preparation of a detailed statutory plan (Urban Planning Scheme) for this purpose.

OPC sells energy through PPAs. The weighted average remaining life of OPC’s PPAs based on firm capacity, as of March 25, 2021, is approximately 6.5 years for OPC-Rotem and 11.4 years for OPC-Hadera, including a 25-year PPA with Hadera Paper mill. The IEC PPA (as defined below), which extends for a 20-year term from COD of OPC-Rotem, provides OPC-Rotem with the option to allocate and sell the generated electricity of the power station directly to private customers. OPC-Rotem has exercised this option and sells all of its energy and capacity directly to private customers (i.e. customers other than the IEC), as of the date of this report. For further information on the IEC PPA, see “—OPC’s Description of Operations—Regulatory, Environmental and Compliance Matters.”

United States

The following table sets forth summary operational information regarding OPC’s United States operations (active projects), through its 70% ownership of CPV, as of March 25, 2021:

CPV

Year of

Ownership

Fuel/

Installed Capacity

commercial

Plant

Location

Interest

technology

(MW)

operation

CPV Fairview

Pennsylvania

25%

Natural gas, combined cycle

1,050

2019

CPV Towantic

Connecticut

26%

Natural gas / two fuels, combined cycle

805

2018

CPV Maryland

Maryland

25%

Natural gas, combined cycle

745

2017

CPV Shore

New Jersey

37.53%

Natural gas, combined cycle

725

2016

CPV Valley

New York

50%

Natural gas, combined cycle

720

2018

CPV Keenan II

Oklahoma

70%¹

Wind

152

2010

____________

(1) In April 2021, CPV acquired the remaining 30% interest in this project and, therefore, currently has 100% ownership interest.

The power plants in which CPV has an interest generally sell their output on the spot market. CPV has in place hedging arrangements as described below.

Industry Overview

Overview of Israeli Electricity Generation Industry

Israel’s power generation units primarily utilize fossil fuels. Most of the activity of power generation in Israel is carried out by the state-owned IEC. However, in recent years the market share of private producers has been increasing in light of the Israeli government policy to allow competition in the electricity market.

The following tables feature data on the share of private electricity producers and the IEC in the electricity market, as well as renewable energy production in 2018 and 2019, as published by the EA in the Report on the Condition of the Electricity Market for 2018 and 2019.

	December 31, 2019					December 31, 2018
	Installed Capacity (MW)		% of Total Installed Capacity in the Market			Installed Capacity (MW)		% of Total Installed Capacity in the Market
IEC		12,752		66	%		13,355		73	%
Private electricity producers (without renewable energy)		4,288		22	%		3,439		19	%
Renewable energy (private electricity producers)		2,326		12	%		1,424		8	%
Total in the market		19,366		100	%		18,198		100	%

	Energy generated (thousands of MWh)		% of total generated in the market			Energy generated (thousands of MWh)		% of total generated in the market
IEC		47,784		66	%		47,900		69	%
Private electricity producers (without renewable energy)		21,359		29	%		19,232		28	%
Renewable energy (private electricity producers)		3,334		5	%		2,038		3	%
Total in the market		72,476		100	%		69,170		100	%

Sales of IPPs are generally made on the basis of PPAs for the sale of energy to customers, with prices predominantly linked to the tariff published by the EA and denominated in NIS. The EA operates a “Time of Use” tariff, which provides different energy rates for different seasons (e.g., summer and winter) and different periods of time during the day. Within Israel, the price of energy varies by season and demand period, with tariffs varying based upon the season—summer (July, August), winter (January, February, December) and transition (March-June, September-November)—and demand (peak, shoulder and off-peak).

In January 2021, the EA published the electricity tariffs for 2021, which included a decrease of the EA’s generation component tariff by approximately 5.7%. OPC-Hadera’s and OPC-Rotem’s gas prices were at the minimum price in January and February 2021 and for OPC-Rotem may be (and for OPC-Hadera will be) at the minimum price for the remainder of 2021. This decrease in the EA generation component is expected to have a negative impact on OPC's profits in 2021 compared with 2020.

As of December 31, 2019, the total installed capacity of the Israeli market (IEC and IPPs) was approximately 17,040 MW excluding renewable energy, and approximately 2,326 MW, including renewable energy. According to EA publications, the demand for electricity in Israel is expected to grow at an annual rate of 2.8%, reaching an annual generation forecast of 97.26 kilowatts per hour in 2030. These projections for the growth in the electricity market are based on the following assumptions:

	Estimates megawatts
New installed capacity with gas up to 2030	1,400-4,000
Sale of IEC sites that have not yet been sold in accordance with sector reform (Hagit, Eshkol and Redding)	2,771
Total additional potential private capacity up to 2030	4,171 – 6,771

The IEC has been classified by the Electricity Sector Law as an “essential service provider” and, as such, is subject to basic obligations concerning management of the Israeli power utility market. These obligations include the filing of development plans, management of Israel’s power system, management of Israel’s power transmission and distribution systems, provision of backup and infrastructure services to IPPs and consumers, and the purchase of power from IPPs. The IEC also transmits all of the electricity in Israel.

Pursuant to the Israeli Government’s electricity sector reform, among other things, (i) the IEC will be required to sell five power plants (currently three plants remain to be sold) through a tender process over a period of 7 years, which is expected to reduce the IEC's market share to below 40% (ii) the IEC will cease acting as the System Administrator and (iii) certain limitations will be imposed on entities participating in the tender process as well as in overall capacity held by a single entity in the market. Furthermore, the IEC is permitted to build and operate two new gas-powered stations (through a subsidiary), but is not authorized to construct any new stations or recombine existing stations. This reform is expected to increase IPPs’ presence in the market and lead to further industry competition. The IEC’s Alon Tabor power plant was sold in 2019 and the Ramat Hovav power plant was sold in 2020. OPC submitted purchase bids as part of both tenders but was not the winning bidder.

For further information on Israel’s regulatory environment, see “—OPC’s Description of Operations—Regulatory, Environmental and Compliance Matters.” For information on the risks related to changes in Israel’s regulatory environment, see “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Related to OPC—Changes in the EA’s electricity rates may reduce OPC’s profitability” and “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Related to OPC—OPC’s operations are significantly influenced by regulations.”

Overview of United States Electricity Generation Industry

The electricity market in the United States, in which CPV operates, is the largest private electricity market in the world with about 1,100 gigawatts of generation facilities. The generation mix has changed significantly over the last several years. In 2016, natural gas overtook coal as the primary fuel source for electricity production in the United States, after coal comprised over 50% of the electricity supply since the 1980s. These changes have been driven by federal and state environmental policies, as well as the relative cost of the fuel sources and the advancement in technologies. These factors also have greatly contributed to the growth in renewable technologies over the last several years.

The transition in the United States to renewable and lower carbon emitting generation has been accelerating in recent years. While hydroelectric generation has been a mainstay of the industry from its early days, and certain parts of the country have a significant resource base, there is an acceleration of wind and solar power plants. A key factor driving the increase in renewable technologies are state policies supporting the decarbonization of the economy which includes energy, transportation, and heating. Thirty states have enacted mandatory targets for the percentage of renewable energy to support state demand, and others have policy goals that target reductions in CO2 emissions over time. State run programs for renewable energy development require local utilities to procure a percentage of power from renewable resources through certification programs typically referred to as RECs (Renewable Energy Certificates), which are tradable on a number of exchanges throughout the country. In addition, federal and state tax policies have incentivized investment in certain renewable technologies through Production Tax Credits (PTC), which provide a tax benefit for every KW/h generated during a ten-year period and through Investment Tax Credits (ITC), which provide tax benefits based upon the amount of investment made in a project.

OPC’s Description of Operations

OPC operates power generation plants in Israel and, with the acquisition of CPV in January 2021, in the United States. See below a description of OPC’s operations by geography. For an overview of certain key historical financial and operational information for OPC see “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Business Overview—OPC.”

Israel

OPC’s operations in Israel include power generation plants that operate on natural gas and diesel. As of December 31, 2020, OPC’s installed capacity was up to 610 MW. OPC’s operations in Israel consist of two power plants in operation: OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera, and one plant under construction, Tzomet.

OPC-Rotem

OPC’s first power plant, OPC-Rotem, a combined cycle power plant with an installed capacity of 466 MW (based on OPC-Rotem’s generation license), commenced commercial operations in Mishor Rotem, Israel in July 2013. The power plant utilizes natural gas, with diesel oil and crude oil as backups. OPC has an 80% equity interest in OPC-Rotem.

OPC-Hadera

OPC’s second power plant, OPC-Hadera operates a cogeneration power station in Israel with capacity of approximately 144 MW, which reached its COD on July 1, 2020 and owns the Energy Center, which consists of boilers and a steam turbine. The Energy Center currently serves as backup for the OPC-Hadera power plant’s supply of steam. Its turbine is not currently operating and is not expected to operate with generation of more than 16MW. The total investment in construction of the OPC-Hadera power plant and infrastructure of OPC-Hadera (including the Energy Center) amounted to about NIS 0.9 billion (approximately $0.3 billion).

Tzomet

OPC owns 100% of Tzomet, which is developing a natural gas-fired open-cycle power station in Israel with capacity of approximately 396 MW. The Tzomet plant will be a “peaking” facility and all capacity will be sold to the IEC. In April 2019, the EA granted Tzomet a conditional license for a 66-month term (which can be extended, subject to conditions) for the construction of a 396MW conventional open-cycle power plant. Tzomet’s conditional license remains subject to conditions set forth under the conditional license, including construction of the plant, as well as for the receipt of a permanent generation license upon expiration of the conditional license. If Tzomet is unable to meet such conditions this could result in a delay or inability to complete the project. In February 2020, the EA notified OPC that financial closing for the Tzomet project had been met. During 2020, the construction of the Tzomet power plant commenced. OPC expects that the Tzomet plant will reach its COD in January 2023 and that the total cost of completing the Tzomet plant will be approximately NIS 1.5 billion (approximately $0.5 billion) (excluding NIS 100 million, i.e. half of the tax assessment received with respect to the land). As of December 31, 2020, OPC had invested approximately NIS 694 million (approximately $216 million) in the project.

OPC has participated in the past and will consider participating in future tenders, including the IEC tenders. However, there is no certainty that OPC will participate in such tenders or that it will be successful.

See “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Related to OPC—OPC faces risks in connection with the expansion of its business” and “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Related to OPC—OPC faces competition from other IPPs.”

Construction of energy generation facilities on the premises of consumers

OPC has engaged several consumers (including consumers that were successful in the EA’s tender) in agreements through the installation and operation of generation facilities (natural gas) on the premises of consumers for capacity of approximately 76MW, as well as arrangements for the sale and supply of energy to consumers. Once completed, OPC will sell electricity from the generation facilities to the consumers for a period of approximately 15-20 years from the COD of the generation facilities. The planned COD dates are in accordance with the conditions provided in the agreements, but not later than 48 months from the execution date of the relevant agreement. The total amount of OPC’s investment depends on the number of arrangements entered into and is expected to be an average of NIS 4 million for every installed MW. OPC has also entered into construction agreements and agreements for supply of motors for the generation facilities with a total capacity of approximately 41 MW. As of December 31, 2020, OPC’s investment in such generation facilities amounted to approximately NIS 12 million (approximately $4 million).

Sorek 2

In May 2020, OPC, through its wholly owned subsidiary, won a build-operate-transfer (BOT) tender with the State of Israel for the construction, operation and maintenance of a seawater desalination plant, in an agreement which states that OPC will construct, operate and maintain a natural gas-fired cogeneration power plant with a capacity of up to 99MW at the premises of the desalination plant, and sell electricity to the desalination plant for a period of 25 years, following which ownership of the power plant will be transferred to the State of Israel. OPC has committed to construct the plant within 24 months from the approval date of the national infrastructure plan (which has yet to be received). OPC is currently in the process of entering into an equipment supply agreement, a construction agreement and a maintenance agreement, which will be subject to approval by the Seawater Desalination Authority. OPC estimates that the construction period for the plant will end in the second half of 2023. The plant is expected to operate in accordance with the EA’s regulations. Excess capacity beyond that used by the desalination plant is expected to be sold to the System Administrator.

The following table sets forth summary operational information for OPC’s operating plants in Israel as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020:

Entity	Installed Capacity (MW)		Net energy generated (GWh)		Availability factor (%)
OPC-Rotem		466		3,321		92	%
OPC-Hadera		144		431		79	%
OPC Total		610		3,752

The following table sets forth summary operational information for OPC’s operating plants in Israel as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019:

Entity	Installed Capacity (MW)		Net energy generated (GWh)		Availability factor (%)
OPC-Rotem		466		3,727		99	%
OPC-Hadera (Energy Center)		18		84		94	%
OPC Total		484		3,811

The following table sets forth summary operational information for OPC’s operating plants in Israel as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018:

Entity	Installed Capacity (MW)		Net energy generated (GWh)		Availability factor (%)
OPC-Rotem		466		3,299		87	%
OPC-Hadera (Energy Center)		18		84		94	%
OPC Total		484		3,383

The following summaries provide a description of OPC’s businesses in Israel.

OPC-Rotem

OPC has an 80% stake in OPC-Rotem. The remaining 20% is held by Veridis, which is indirectly controlled by Delek Automotive Systems Ltd. OPC-Rotem commenced operations in July 2013 in Mishor Rotem industrial zone in the south of Israel. The OPC-Rotem plant was constructed for an aggregate cost of approximately $508 million. OPC-Rotem’s plant has a capacity of 466 MW (based on OPC-Rotem’s generation license).

Gas Supply Agreements

OPC-Rotem purchases natural gas from the Tamar Group, pursuant to a natural gas supply agreement that expires upon the earlier of June 2029 or the date on which OPC-Rotem consumes the entire contractual capacity. The EA’s generation component tariff is the base for the natural gas price linkage formula in the agreement between OPC-Rotem and the Tamar Group. According to the agreement with the Tamar Group, OPC-Rotem has the option to decrease the daily contractual gas amount to a specific amount set forth in the agreement between 2020 and 2022, such that the minimum consumption from the Tamar Group constitutes 50% of the average gas consumption in the three years preceding the notice of the option exercise. This agreement was amended in 2019, reducing the minimum consumption to 40%, extending the time period when the option can be exercised, and increasing certain gas consumption commitments of OPC-Rotem until the end of the Karish gas reservoir commissioning (at which time gas supply from Energean — see below- is expected to be available). The amendment was intended to allow a reduction in the quantity of gas purchased under the agreement with Tamar Group and increase in the quantity purchased under the terms of the agreement with Energean (described below) with the purpose of decreasing the overall gas price of OPC. The amendment is also expected to increase OPC-Rotem’s cumulative annual take-or-pay obligations. Commencing in March 2020, OPC-Rotem was required to purchase minimum amounts of gas pursuant to the agreement (“take-or-pay” obligation).

In December 2017, OPC-Rotem signed an agreement for the purchase of natural gas with Energean Israel Ltd., or Energean. Pursuant to this agreement, OPC-Rotem has agreed to purchase from Energean 5.3 billion m³ of natural gas over a period of fifteen years (subject to adjustments based on their actual consumption of natural gas) or until the date of consumption of the full contractual quantity, commencing at the commercial operation date of the Energean natural gas reservoir. In 2019, the agreement between OPC-Rotem and Energean was amended to increase the daily and annual gas consumption from Energean, while keeping the same total contractual gas quantity. The supply period was shortened from fifteen years to ten years (unless the total contractual quantity is supplied earlier). Further to notices issued to OPC in 2020 by Energean claiming “force majeure events” under its agreement, in September 2020, Energean issued an additional notice to OPC claiming force majeure events under its agreement and indicating that it expects flowing of the first gas from the Karish reservoir to take place in the second half of 2021. OPC rejected the force majeure contentions under the agreements. According to Energean's January 2021 publications, flowing of gas from the Karish reservoir is expected to take place during the fourth quarter of 2021. This projection requires an increase in workforce in order to be attained, and if such increase is not effected the flowing of gas may be further delayed. In February 2021, as part of issuance of bonds by Energean, Moody’s published a report stating that the full operation of the Karish reservoir may be delayed to the second quarter of 2022. There is no guarantee that the gas supply will be available by the stated timeframes or at all.

Electricity Sales

OPC-Rotem has a PPA with IEC, the government-owned electricity generation, transmission and distribution company in Israel, or the IEC PPA (which will be assigned by IEC to the System Administrator). The term of the IEC PPA is for 20 years after the power station’s COD (which was in 2013). According to the agreement, OPC-Rotem is entitled to operate in one of the following two ways (or a combination of both, subject to certain restrictions set in the agreement): (1) provide the entire net available capacity of its power station to IEC or (2) carve out energy and capacity for direct sales to private consumers. OPC-Rotem has allocated the entire capacity of the plant to private consumers since COD. As of December 31, 2020, OPC-Rotem supplies energy to 36 private customers according to PPAs. OPC manages sales of electricity from the OPC-Rotem power plant in a manner that is intended to permit flexibility in the sale of electricity to its customers (for example by means of suspending from time to time the sale of the electricity). Under the IEC PPA, OPC-Rotem can also elect to revert back to supplying to IEC instead of private customers, subject to twelve months’ advance notice. In addition, some of OPC-Rotem’s customers have entered into agreements with OPC for construction and operation of energy generation facilities, whereby supply of the electricity will be made by the energy generation facility and OPC-Rotem, see “-Construction of energy generation facilities on the premises of consumers.”

Maintenance

Mitsubishi provides the long-term servicing of the power station, for a term of 100,000 hours of operation, or until the date on which 8 planned gas turbine treatments are completed (OPC estimates that this is a period of 12 years). OPC’s long-term service agreement with Mitsubishi includes timetables for performance of the maintenance work, including “major overhaul” maintenance, which is to be performed every six years. Regular maintenance work is scheduled to be completed approximately every 18 months. The most recent regularly scheduled maintenance was scheduled for the second quarter of 2020, but this was delayed due to COVID-19 related restrictions. In April 2020, OPC-Rotem shut down the power plant for a number of days in order to perform internally‑initiated technical tests and treatments. These shutdowns and delay in the timing of the planned maintenance work did not have a significant impact on the generation activities of the OPC-Rotem power plant and its results. In October 2020, Mitsubishi carried out maintenance work, as planned. The execution of maintenance work required thirteen days during which the activities of the Rotem Power Plant were halted. The next regular maintenance work is expected to take place in October 2021, during which the plant’s operations are expected to be suspended for 18 days.

Shareholder Agreement

OPC has entered into a shareholders’ agreement which grants minority rights to OPC Rotem’s minority shareholder. For further information on OPC’s shareholders’ agreements, see “—Shareholders’ Agreements.”

OPC-Hadera

OPC-Hadera operates a cogeneration power plant in Israel with capacity of approximately 144 MW and owns the Energy Center, which consists of boilers and a steam turbine. The Energy Center currently serves as back-up for the OPC-Hadera power plant’s supply of steam and its turbine is not currently operating and is not expected to operate with generation of more than 16MW. The cogeneration power plant reached its COD on July 1, 2020. In June 2020, the EA granted a permanent license to the OPC-Hadera power plant for generation of electricity using cogeneration technology having installed capacity of 144 MW and a supply license. The generation license is for a period of 20 years, as is the supply license so long as a valid generation license is held (the generation license may be extended by an additional 10 years). Certain components of the gas and steam turbines were subject to replacement, repair or improvement work during December 2020 and early 2021, and additional necessary work is expected in the rest of 2021. During performance of such work, the power plant is expected to be operated partially.

OPC-Hadera leases from Hadera Paper the land on which the power generation plant is located for a period of 24 years and 11 months from December 2018.

EPC Contract

In January 2016, OPC-Hadera entered into an EPC contract with IDOM, for the design, engineering, procurement and construction of the cogeneration power plant (as well as amendments to the agreement that were subsequently signed). The total consideration, following amendments made to the agreement in 2018, is estimated at NIS 639 million (approximately $185 million), payable upon achievement of certain milestones. The agreement contains a mechanism for the compensation of OPC-Hadera in the event that IDOM fails to meet its contractual obligations under the agreement. Furthermore, IDOM has provided bank guarantees and a corporate guarantee has been provided by its parent company to secure IDOM's obligations, and OPC has provided IDOM a guarantee to secure part of OPC-Hadera's liabilities. Due to delays in the plant’s COD, OPC estimates that part of the costs resulting from the delay, including lost profits, are expected to be covered by its insurance policy as well as the construction contractor, but has not received such reimbursements to date. There is no certainty that OPC be able to receive reimbursements and/or compensation for the full amount of its direct and indirect damages.

Sales of Electricity and Steam

OPC-Hadera’s power plant supplies the electricity and steam needs of Hadera Paper’s facility and provides electricity to private customers in Israel. It also sells electricity to the IEC. The power plant operates using natural gas as its energy source, and diesel oil and crude oil as backups. As a cogeneration plant which supplies electricity and steam in a single production process, based on the construction contractor’s estimates OPC-Hadera’s power plant is expected to have a relatively high level of energy utilization.

OPC-Hadera has entered into a PPA with Hadera Paper for supply of all of Hadera Paper’s electricity and steam needs for a period of 25 years. The agreement provides a minimum quantity of steam to be purchased by Hadera Paper (“take-or-pay”), which will be subject to adjustment. The Energy Center currently serves as back‑up for the OPC-Hadera power plant’s supply of the steam.

In addition to this agreement, OPC-Hadera has entered into PPAs with other private customers. Such agreements include a compensation mechanism in case of delay in the COD of the power plant and for non-availability of the power plant below a minimum level. In light of the delay in the COD of the power plant to July 2020, Hadera has paid its customers compensation. In addition, some of OPC-Hadera’s customers have entered into agreements with OPC for construction and operation of energy generation facilities, whereby supply of the electricity will be made by the energy generation facility and OPC-Hadera, see “—Construction of energy generation facilities on the premises of consumers.”

Gas Supply Agreements

In 2012, Hadera Paper entered into an agreement with the Tamar Group for the supply of natural gas, which has been assigned to OPC-Hadera. This gas supply agreement expires upon the earlier of April 2028 or the date on which OPC-Hadera consumes the entire contractual capacity. Both contracting parties have the option to extend the agreement, under certain conditions. The price of gas is linked to the weighted average of the generation component tariff published by the EA, and it is also subject to a price floor. According to the agreement, the gas shall be supplied on a firm basis, and includes a take-or-pay obligation, by OPC-Hadera. In addition, according to the agreement, OPC-Hadera has the option to effectively reduce the purchased gas quantities by approximately 50%, subject to certain conditions.

In September 2016, OPC-Hadera entered into another gas supply agreement with the Tamar Group. The gas supply agreement will expire at the earlier of fifteen years from January 2019 on the date on which OPC-Hadera consumes the entire contractual capacity. Both parties have the option to extend the agreement, under certain conditions. OPC-Hadera also has the right to terminate this agreement, which it may elect to do in connection with the Energean agreement described below. The price of gas is linked to the weighted average of the generation component tariff published by the EA, and it is also subject to a price floor. According to the agreement, the gas will be supplied on an interruptible basis, and the Tamar Group shall not be responsible for failures in the requested gas supply levels. The Tamar Group may decide to switch the supply to a firm basis. In the event of such a decision and from the date of the change in supply mechanism, OPC-Hadera will be subject to a take-or-pay obligation. OPC-Hadera also has the option to sell gas surplus to other customers, including related parties, subject to limitations. In 2019, this agreement was amended reducing the minimum consumption to 30%, extending the time period when the option can be exercised, and increasing certain gas consumption commitments of OPC-Hadera until the end of the Karish gas reservoir commissioning (at which time gas supply from Energean — see below- is expected to be available). The amendment was intended to allow a reduction in the quantity of gas purchased under the agreement with Tamar Group and increase in the quantity purchased under the terms of the agreement with Energean (as described below) with the purpose of decreasing the overall gas price of OPC.

In December 2017, OPC-Hadera signed an agreement for the purchase of natural gas with Energean. Pursuant to this agreement, OPC-Hadera has agreed to purchase from Energean 3.7 billion m³ of natural gas for a period of fifteen years (subject to adjustments based on their actual consumption of natural gas) or until the date of consumption of the full contractual quantity, commencing at the commercial operation date of the Energean natural gas reservoir. In 2019, this agreement was amended to increase the daily and annual gas consumption from Energean, while keeping the same total contractual gas quantity. The supply period was shortened from fifteen years to ten years (unless the total contractual quantity is supplied earlier). Further to notices issued to OPC in 2020 by Energean claiming “force majeure events” under its agreement, in September 2020, Energean issued an additional notice to OPC claiming force majeure events under its agreement and indicating that it expects flowing of the first gas from the Karish reservoir to take place in the second half of 2021. OPC rejected the force majeure contentions under the agreements. As stated in Energean's January 2021 publications, flowing of gas from the Karish reservoir is expected to take place during the fourth quarter of 2021. This projection requires an increase in workforce in order to be attained, and if such increase is not effected the flowing of gas may be further delayed. In February 2021, as part of issuance of bonds by Energean, Moody’s published a report stating that the full operation of the Karish reservoir may be delayed to the second quarter of 2022. There is no guarantee that the gas supply will be available by the stated timeframes or at all. For further information on OPC-Hadera’s gas supply agreements, see “—OPC’s Raw Materials and Suppliers.”

Maintenance

In June 2016, OPC-Hadera entered into a maintenance agreement with General Electric International Ltd., or GEI, and GE Global Parts & Products GmbH, or GEGPP pursuant to which these two companies will provide maintenance treatments for the two gas turbines of GEI, generators and auxiliary facilities of the OPC-Hadera plant for a period commencing on the date of commercial operation until the earlier of: (a) the date on which all of the covered units (as defined in the service agreement) have reached the end-date of their performance and (b) 25 years from the date of signing the service agreement. The service agreement contains a guarantee of reliability and other obligations concerning the performance of the OPC-Hadera plant and indemnification to OPC-Hadera in the event of failure to meet the performance obligations. OPC-Hadera has undertaken to pay bonuses in the event of improvement in the performance of the plant as a result of the maintenance work, up to a cumulative ceiling for every inspection period.

Tzomet

In March 2018, OPC acquired 95% of the shares of Tzomet, which is developing a natural gas-fired open-cycle power station in Israel with capacity of approximately 396 MW, for consideration of approximately $23 million. In February 2020, OPC acquired the remaining 5% of the shares of Tzomet, for consideration of approximately NIS 27 million (approximately $8 million).

In February 2020, financial closing for the Tzomet project was met and in 2020, the construction of the Tzomet power plant commenced. OPC expects that the Tzomet plant will reach its COD by January 2023 and that the total cost of completing the Tzomet plant will be approximately NIS1.5 billion (approximately $0.5 billion) (excluding NIS 100 million, i.e. half of the tax assessment received with respect to the land). As of December 31, 2020, OPC had invested approximately NIS 694 million (approximately $216 million) in the project.

Sales of Electricity

As opposed to generation facilities with an integrated cycle that operate during most of the hours in the year, the Tzomet plant will be an open-cycle power plant (Peaker plant). Peaker plants are generally planned to operate for a short number of hours during the day, where there is a gap in the demand and supply of electricity, e.g., at peak demand times. They act as backup plants whose purpose is to provide availability in times of peak demand, such as when other generation facilities break down, or as supplements when solar energy is unavailable. Therefore, as opposed to OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera, which enter into PPAs to sell power to private customers, Tzomet will sell all of its capacity to the IEC, acting as a Peaker plant.

In January 2020, Tzomet entered into a PPA with IEC, the government-owned electricity generation, transmission and distribution company in Israel, or the Tzomet PPA (in October 2020, Tzomet received notice of assignment by IEC to the System Administrator). The term of the Tzomet PPA is for 20 years after the power station’s COD. According to the terms of the Tzomet PPA, (1) Tzomet will sell energy and available capacity to IEC and IEC will provide Tzomet infrastructure and management services for the electricity system, including back-up services, (2) all of the Tzomet plant’s capacity will be sold pursuant to a fixed availability arrangement, which will require compliance with criteria set out in relevant regulation, (3) the plant will be operated pursuant to the System Administrator’s directives and the System Administrator will be permitted to disconnect supply of electricity to the grid if Tzomet does not comply with certain safety conditions and (4) Tzomet will be required to comply with certain availability and credibility requirements set out in its license and relevant regulation, and pay penalties for any non-compliance. Once the Tzomet plant reaches its COD, its entire capacity will be allocated to the System Administrator pursuant to the terms of the Tzomet PPA, and Tzomet will not be permitted to sign agreements with private customers unless the electricity trade rules are updated.

Gas Supply Agreement

In December 2019, Tzomet entered into an agreement with Israel Natural Gas Lines, or INGL, for the transmission of natural gas to the Tzomet power plant. The agreement is subject to cancellation under certain conditions. Construction work under the agreement has not yet commenced. OPC’s management estimates that the transmission price under the agreement will be NIS 25 million (approximately $7 million) per year.

Maintenance Agreement

In December 2019, Tzomet entered into a long-term maintenance agreement with PW Power Systems LLC, or PW. Pursuant to the agreement, PW will provide maintenance treatments to the Tzomet plant generators, turbines, and additional equipment for a period of 20-years commencing on the date of commercial operation of the Tzomet plant.

EPC Contract

Tzomet has entered into an EPC agreement with PW for construction of the Tzomet project. Pursuant to this agreement, PW committed to provide certain maintenance services in connection with the power station’s main equipment for a period of 20 years commencing from the start date of the commercial operation and undertook to complete the construction work of the Tzomet project. The aggregate consideration payable over the term of the agreement is approximately $300 million, and is payable based on the achievement of milestones. The agreement contains a mechanism for the compensation of Tzomet in the event that PW fails to meet its contractual obligations under the agreement. In March 2020, Tzomet issued a notice to commence to the contractor under the agreement and the agreement was further amended to extend the period for completion of construction by three months. OPC’s management currently does not expect that the extension will result in a delay in the project.

Construction of energy generation facilities on the premises of consumer

OPC has entered into agreements with several consumers (including consumers that were successful in the EA’s tender) for the installation and operation of generation facilities (natural gas) on the premises of consumers for capacity of approximately 76MW, as well as arrangements for the sale and supply of energy to consumers. Upon completion, OPC will sell electricity from the generation facilities to the consumers for a period of approximately 15-20 years from the COD of the generation facilities. The planned COD dates are in accordance with the conditions provided in the agreements, and no later than 48 months from the date of the agreement.

The arrangements with customers that have been entered into and those expected to be entered into provide for reduced tariffs for customers reflecting lower use of the infrastructure, and capacity payments to OPC. OPC has also signed construction agreements and agreements covering the supply of motors for the generation facilities, with a total capacity of approximately 41 MW. Some PPAs with OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera have been extended in connection with such arrangements. OPC intends to take action to sign construction and operation agreements with additional consumers (including customers of the group). OPC is considering participating in tenders by customers for additional capacity using these arrangements. The total amount of OPC’s investment depends on the number of arrangements entered into and is expected to be an average of NIS 4 million (approximately $1 million) for each installed MW. As of December 31, 2020, OPC’s investment in such generation facilities amounted to approximately NIS 12 million (approximately $4 million). OPC has entered into a framework agreement to order motors for the generation facilities.

United States

OPC’s operations in the United States consist of the operations of CPV, which was acquired in January 2021 by a partnership in which OPC has a 70% indirect interest and the general partner of which is indirectly owned by OPC. The acquisition agreement included representations of the sellers with respect to CPV, its assets, position and activities, which are subject to exceptions and qualifications. The representations of the sellers expired on the closing date of the transaction, except for certain fundamental representations that will apply for two years, where the right of recourse in a case of their breach is limited solely to an offset against the sellers loan, subject to conditions stipulated in the acquisition agreement and after full utilization of the right of recovery under the insurance policy. Pursuant to the acquisition agreement, the buyer purchased an insurance policy covering representations with a liability limit of up to about $53 million for a period of 3 years, except for certain representations regarding which the period is 6 years, on terms that are customary in insurance policies covering representations for a transaction of this type.

CPV is engaged in the development, construction and management of power plants running conventional energy (powered by natural gas) and renewable energy in the United States. CPV was founded in 1999 and since the date of its establishment it has initiated and constructed power plants having an aggregate capacity of approximately 14,800 MW, of which approximately 4,850 MW consists of wind energy and another approximately 9,950 MW consist of conventional power plants. CPV holds ownership interests in active power plants it constructed over the past years (both conventional and renewable energy): in power plants powered by natural gas (of the open‑cycle type from an advanced generation), CPV’s proportionate ownership interest is approximately 1,290 MW out of 4,045 MW (5 power plants), and in wind energy CPV’s proportionate ownership interest is approximately 106 MW out of 152 MW (1 power plant) (the remaining 30% interest for this project was acquired by CPV on April 7, 2021). In addition, CPV holds a 10% ownership interest in the Three Rivers project, a power plant under construction running on natural gas having an aggregate capacity of approximately 1,258 MW (CPV’s share currently is approximately 125MW). CPV also has 9 renewable energy projects in advanced stages of development, and additional projects using various technologies in different stages of development, having an aggregate scope of about 6,175 MW. CPV manages its active plants and the development of its projects. In addition, CPV provides management services to third parties.

Plants in Commercial Operation

The table below sets forth an overview of CPV’s power plants that were in commercial operation as of December 31, 2020.

Installed

CPV

Year of

Type of

Capacity

ownership

commercial

project/

Regulated

Project

Location

(MW)

interest

operation

technology

market¹

Manner of sale of capacity/electricity

CPV Fairview

Pennsylvania

1,050

25%

2019

Natural gas, combined cycle (there is a possibility of an ethane mix up to 25%)

PJM

Capacity payments from PJM, without reference to the actual quantity generated, based on the price determined in an annual tender for the activity year three years in advance. The capacity price is known up to May 2022. The capacity price determined for the 2021/22 capacity year is $140 per MW/day in the region in which the project is located.

Gas for the project is acquired in the market on the basis of market prices at the acquisition points.

CPV

Towantic

Connecticut

805

26%

2018

Natural gas / two fuels, combined cycle

ISO-NE

Capacity payments from ISO‑NE, without reference to the actual quantity generated, based on the price determined in the tender. The project participated in a capacity tender for the first time in 2018‑2019 based on a price of $9.55 per KW/month and it exercised the possibility to determine (fix) the tariff for seven years in respect of 725 MW linked to the Utilities Inputs Index. For 2023‑24 there is a possibility to sell an additional 45 MW. From 2025, capacity prices will be based on an annual tender for the activity year three years in advance.

Gas for the project is acquired in the market on the basis of market prices at the acquisition points.

CPV

Maryland

745

25%

2017

Natural gas, combined cycle

PJM

Gas for the project is acquired in the market on the basis of market prices at the acquisition points.

CPV Shore

New

Jersey

725

37.53%

2016

Natural gas, combined cycle

PJM

Capacity payments from PJM, without reference to the actual quantity generated, based on the price determined in an annual tender for the activity year three years in advance. The capacity price is known up to May 2022. The capacity price determined for the 2021/22 capacity year is $166 per MW/day in the region in which the project is located.

Gas for the project is made based on the market prices at the acquisition points.

CPV

Valley

New York

720

50%

2018

Natural gas, combined cycle

NYISO

Capacity payments from NYISO, based on the price determined in seasonal, monthly and SPOT capacity tenders, with capacity prices that change every month.

Gas for the project is acquired in the market on the basis of market prices at the acquisition points.

CPV

Keenan II

Oklahoma

152

70%²

2010

Wind

SPP

The project entered into an agreement for supply of electricity (PPA) with a utility company for 100% of the electricity generated up to 2030.

(1)

Sale of electricity in the organized PJM market is supervised and administered by PJM to ensure supply of the electricity in accordance with price offers of the electricity generators. Sale of electricity in the organized NYISO market is supervised and administered by NYISO to manage the supply of the electricity in accordance with price offers of the electricity generators.

(2)	In April 2021, CPV acquired the remaining 30% interest in this project and, therefore, currently has 100% ownership interest.

The table below provides sets forth an overview of the generation capacity of CPV’s plants in commercial operation for 2019 and 2020.

	2020					2019
	Net Electricity generation (GWh)¹		Actual Generation (%)²			Net Electricity generation (GWh)¹		Actual Generation (%)²
Fairview³		7,397		78.4	%		373		66.9	%
Towantic		5,322		72.6	%		3,868		52.9	%
Maryland		3,790		58.2	%		4,191		64.4	%
Shore		4,444		68.8	%		5,013		78.3	%
Valley		4,705		75.8	%		4,100		66.3	%
Keenan II		587		44.0	%		586		44.1	%

(1)	Net generation is the gross generation during the year less the electricity consumed for the self-use of the power plants.

(2)	The actual generation percentage is the electricity produced by the power plants relative to the maximum amount of generation able to be produced during the year.

(3)	Fairview was completed and commenced operations in December 2019.

Project under Construction

The table below sets forth an overview of CPV’s project under construction.

Expected

Projected

Manner of

construction

Planned

CPV

Year of

date of

Type of

sale of

cost for 100%

Loca-

Capacity

Ownership

construction

commercial

project/

capacity/

of the project (US$

Project

tion

(MW)

Interest

start

operation

technology

electricity

millions)

CPV

Three

Rivers

Illinois

1,258

10%¹

2020

May 2023

Natural gas, combined cycle

Expected to participate in tenders for capacity in the PJM market for the 2023/2024 year.

Gas for the project will be acquired in the market on the basis of market prices in (at) the acquisition points.

Approximately 1,293

(1)	Reflects completion of the sale of 7.5% of CPV’s interest in the Three Rivers Project on February 3, 2021.

Projects under Development

CPV currently has 9 renewable energy projects in advanced stages of development in the United States, and additional projects in various technologies and in various stages of development, of approximately 6,175 MW in the aggregate. The development stages for each project include, among other things, the following: formulation (securing) of the rights in the project’s lands; licensing processes; receipt of approvals and regulatory planning processes; environmental surveys; engineering examinations; examinations of connection to the relevant transmission networks (grids); signing of agreements with relevant investors/lenders and relevant suppliers (construction contractor, equipment and turbines contractors) and entering into a hedge agreement and agreements for sale of electricity (PPA), REC certificates (based on the type of project).

The table below sets forth an overview of the scope of the projects under development, the development stage and the technology (in MW):

Summary of the Scopes of the Development Projects as at the Submission Date of the Report (in megawatts)¹
Technology	Advanced	Early	Total
PV	895	1,150	2,045
Wind	175	0	175
CCGT	1,985	1,970	3,955
Storage²		100 – 500
Total	3,055	3,120	6,175

_________________________

(1) In general, CPV views projects that are in its estimation about two to three years prior to commencement of construction as projects in the advanced development stage. This depends on the scope of the project and the technology, and could change based on specific characteristics of a given project, as well as due to external reasons that are relevant to a certain project.

(2) Storage projects in initial stages were not included in the total above.

There is no certainty that these projects under development will be completed as anticipated or at all, due to various factors, including factors not under CPV’s control, and their development is subject to, among other things, completion of the development processes, signing agreements, assurance of financing and receipt of various approvals and permits. Given the nature of CPV's development projects, there is less certainty of completion of any particular development project as compared to OPC's historic development projects.

The tables below provide details regarding CPV’s development projects that are in an advanced stage of development as well as a summary of certain details relating to early stage projects.

Project	Technology	Capacity (MW)	Market
*Maple Hill*	PV	150¹	PJM
*Rogue's Wind*	Wind	114	PJM
*Kingsbrook*	PV	50	ISO-NE
*Five Bridges*	PV	147	SERC
*Browns Pond*	PV	40	ISO-NE
*Backbone*	PV	175	PJM
*Countyline*	PV	150	PJM
*Stagecoach*	PV	183	SERC
*Sullivan Wind*	Wind	61	ISO-NE
Renewable Advanced Stage		1,070

_________

(1) Of which 50MW is subject to fulfillment of certain conditions.

The table below sets forth additional details regarding two CPV projects that are in the advanced development stage.

Expected

Projected

Projected

Activity

Manner of

construction

OPC

Year of

date of

Type of

area

sale of

cost

Loca-

Capacity

Ownership

construction

commercial

project/

and electricity

capacity/

(US$

Project

tion

(MW)

Interest

start

operation

technology

region

electricity

millions)

Maple Hill

Pennsyl-vania

100

MWac,

plus an option for an additional 50 MWac if certain conditions are met

100%¹

2021

2022

Solar

PJM MAAC

1. Undertook renewable energy certificates for 5 years.

2. Expected to sign an electricity hedge agreement for 8-12.

3. Expected to sell capacity in the PJM market in annual tenders.

145-150

Rogue’s Wind

Pennsyl-vania

Approx.

114

100%²

2022

2023

Wind

PJM MAAC

In April 2021, signed PPA agreement for sale of electricity, capacity and renewable energy certificates for 10 years with a clean energy company³

200-205

1.	Upon consummation of an agreement with a "tax partner"' the CPV Group will have 100% of Class B rights. Class A rights are held by Tax Equity investors, who have excess tax benefits and dividend rights until a certain return (Tax Flip) is achieved.

2.	Upon consummation of an agreement with a "tax partner"' the CPV Group will have 100% of Class B rights. Class A rights are held by Tax Equity investors, who have excess tax benefits and dividend rights until a certain return (Tax Flip) is achieved.

3.	The PPA is expected to create annual revenue for the project of approximately $15 million. With the execution of the PPA, CPV has provided approximately $8.5 million to secure its liabilities under the PPA.

Management of Projects

CPV provides management services to power plants in the United States for projects in which it has an ownership interest as well as projects owned by third parties. The projects managed by CPV use a variety of technologies and fuel types, representing approximately 7,911 MW (approximately 5,455 MW for projects in which it holds equity rights and approximately 2,456 MW for projects for third parties). Management services are provided by means of signing asset and energy management agreements, usually for short/medium periods. The average balance of the period of all the management agreements (including projects wherein CPV holds ownership interests and in projects of third parties) is approximately 4 years, and the average balance of the period in the management agreements for projects in which CPV holds rights is about 6 years (subject to the provisions of the relevant agreement regarding the possibility of early conclusion of the agreements or possibilities for renewal thereof for additional periods, as applicable). Management services are provided for annual management and incentive fees. The management services include, among others, project management and compliance with regulations, supervision of operation of the project, management of the energy generated, including optimization and management of exposures, management of the project’s debt and credit agreements, management of undertakings in the agreements, licenses and contractual liabilities, management of budgets and financial matters, and project insurance.

Description of CPV projects

In general, each CPV project company enters into a limited liability company agreement with the other project equity owners setting forth each partner’s rights, duties and obligations with respect to the applicable project (each, an “LLC Agreement”). Each LLC Agreement generally contains customary provisions restricting the transfer of rights, including conditions for permissible transfers, minimum equity percentage transfer requirements and rights of first offer. CPV is also often required to maintain at least a minimum ten percent (10%) equity ownership in a project company for up to five (5) years after closing of construction financing. Each project company is governed by a board of managers selected by the members.

Material and certain other key decisions typically require unanimous or supermajority approval by the board of managers, including, decisions, among others, declaring bankruptcy, initiating dissolution and liquidation, selling assets or merging the company, entering into or amending material agreements, taking on indebtedness, initiating or settling litigation, engaging critical service providers, approving the annual budget or obligating the company for expenditures beyond those contemplated by the budget, and adopting hedging strategies and risk management policies. The CPV project companies do not have any employees. Each CPV project company is operated through a series of agreements, including among others those outlined below.

The CPV conventional operating projects are all merchant and participate in the sale of capacity, electricity and ancillary services in their respective ISO/RTO. Every day, CPV begins the process of forecasting and planning for the next operating day. After making preparations from the standpoint of purchases of natural gas to support the expected electricity generation activities, offers are submitted to the Day-Ahead market. In addition, revisions are made throughout the day for actual operations occurring that day (the Real-Time market), which include purchases and sales of natural gas and optimizing generation output based upon the real-time market price.

Set forth below is a discussion of the key contracts for each facility in which CPV has an ownership interest. With respect to asset management agreements and energy management agreements with companies part of the CPV group, such agreements permit early termination under circumstances set forth in the relevant agreements. In addition, other relevant agreements provide the possibility for early termination. Furthermore, from time to time, project companies for projects powered by natural gas enter into short-term transaction hedging commodity prices.

CPV Fairview

CPV Fairview is party to the following agreements.

•

Hedging: a hedge agreement on electricity margins of the Revenue Put Option (“RPO”) type until May 31, 2025. The RPO is intended to provide CPV Fairview a minimum gross margin for the period of the agreement. The RPO has an annual exercise price that covers an exercise period of a fiscal year. For purposes of calculating the gross margin, the agreement uses specific parameters, such as a heat rate, the expected generation levels, forward prices for electricity and gas, gas transmission costs and other specific project costs.

•

Gas Supply: a Base Contract for sale and purchase of natural gas (GSPA) which provides for supply of natural gas up to 180,000 MMBtu per day at a price that is linked to market prices as provided in the agreement. Pursuant to the agreement, the gas supplier is responsible for transport of natural gas to the designated supply point and is permitted to transport ethane in lieu of natural gas up to a rate of 25% of the agreed supply quantity. The GSPA is valid up to May 31, 2025.

•

Maintenance: a services agreement (CSA) with its original equipment manufacturer, for supply of parts and maintenances services. The CSA agreement went into effect on December 27, 2016 (“the Effective Date”) and ends on the earlier of: (A) 25 years from the Effective Date; or (B) when specific milestones are reached on the basis of use and wear and tear. CPV Fairview pays a fixed and a variable fee commencing from the date of the commercial operation. The remaining cost of the agreement is expected to be approximately $198 million over the life of the agreement subject to the variable components.

•

Operation: an agreement for operation and maintenance of the facility. The period of the agreement is three years from the completion date of construction of the facility. The agreement includes an extension/renewal clause for a period of one year, unless one of the parties gives notice of termination of the agreement based on its terms.

•

Management Agreements:

an asset management agreement (AMA) with Competitive Power Ventures Inc. (CPVI), whereby CPVI provides construction services and asset management services. The AMA includes an annual fixed payment, a performance based payment and provisions regarding reimbursement of certain expenses. The AMA includes provisions regarding reimbursement of expenses relating to construction management services. The initial period of the agreement is up to seven years after completion of the construction of the facility, and the agreement may be extended for an additional year.

an energy management agreement for consulting to CPV Fairview in connection with formulating energy management plans, risk management and performance strategies. CPV Fairview provided notice to terminate the agreement on December 31, 2020. CPV Fairview signed a replacement agreement with CPV Energy and Marketing Services, LLC (CEMS), a related party of the CPV Group, to provide similar services for a term up to December 31, 2025, with two option periods of five years each.

CPV Towantic

CPV Towantic is party to the following agreements:

•

Gas Supply:

an agreement for transmission of gas based on the availability of the system (interruptible service). The agreement does not require but, allows Towantic to transmit gas from Iroquois to Algonquin Gas Transmission at interruptible transmission rates.

an agreement for the supply of gas with a North American company. Pursuant to the agreement, up to 115,000 MMBtu per day will be supplied at a price linked to market prices. Supply of the gas runs up to March 31, 2023.

•

Gas Transmission: a services agreement pursuant to which CPV Towantic is guaranteed gas transmission of 2,500 MMBtu per day, at the AFT 1 Tariff price. The initial period of the agreement commenced on August 1, 2018 and runs up to March 31, 2021. The agreement renews automatically for periods of year, unless one of the parties terminates the agreement.

•

Maintenance: a services agreement (CSA) with its original equipment manufacturer, for provision of maintenance services for the fire turbines. CPV Towantic pays a fixed and a variable amount commencing from the date stipulated in the agreement. The remaining cost of the agreement is expected to be approximately $148 million over the life of the agreement subject to the variable components.

•

Operation: an agreement for operation and maintenance of the facility. The period of the agreement is three years from commencement of facility’s activities (i.e., up to June 1, 2021). CPV Towantic pays a fixed and a variable amount for the services provided, a performance based payment and is required to reimburse employment expenses, including payroll and taxes, subcontractor costs and other costs as provided in the agreement. The agreement includes an extension/renewal clause for a period of one year, unless one of the parties gives notice of termination in accordance with the agreement.

•

Management Agreements:

an asset management agreement with CPVI, for provision of construction and asset management services. The period of the agreement is ten years from completion of the construction of the facility, and such period may be extended for an additional three years. In consideration for the services provided, CPV Towantic pays a fixed annual payment, and a performance based payment and reimbursement of expenses during the period of the agreement.

an energy management agreement for consulting to CPV Towantic regarding formulation of energy management plans, risk management and performance strategy. The period of the agreement is up to December 31, 2021, with an extension option to CPV Towantic. CPV Towantic is permitted to conclude the agreement by prior notice of thirty days. CPV Towantic submitted a termination notice on March 2, 2021 under the existing agreement. CPV Towantic signed a replacement agreement with CEMS to provide similar services until March 31, 2026, along with two 5-year renewal options.

CPV Towantic has not entered into a long-term hedging transaction, such as an RPO. CPV Towantic sells to ISO-NE about 92% or 725 MW of its availability up to May 31, 2025, at various prices.

CPV Maryland

CPV Maryland is party to the following agreements:

•

Hedging: a hedge agreement on electricity margins of the RPO type. The RPO is intended to provide CPV Maryland a minimum margin, for the period of the agreement. The RPO has an annual exercise price that covers an exercise period of a fiscal year. For purposes of calculating the gross margin, the agreement uses specific parameters, such as a heat rate, the expected generation levels, forward prices for electricity and gas, gas transmission costs and other specific project costs. The RPO is up to February 28, 2022.

•

Gas Supply: an agreement for the supply of natural gas with a North American company. Pursuant to the agreement, up to 180,000 MMBtu per day will be supplied at a price linked to market prices. Supply of the gas runs up to October 31, 2022.

•

Gas Transmission: a natural gas transmission agreement for guaranteed capacity of up to 132,000 MMBtu/d. The agreement period is 20 years, which commenced on May 31, 2016, with an option for CPV Maryland to extend for an additional 5 years. The annual payment under the agreement is approximately $5 million.

•

Maintenance: a services agreement with its original equipment manufacturer. CPV Maryland can acquire additional services under the agreement as needed. The payments under the agreement consist of minimum annual fixed payments, variable quarterly payments based on operating parameters of the defined equipment and quarterly management fees. Except for the minimum annual payment, the rest of the payments increase by 2.5% each year. The agreement ends on the earlier of: (A) the date on which the equipment reaches a defined milestone; or (B) 25 years from the signing date (August 8, 2014). The remaining cost of the agreement is expected to be approximately $115 million over the life of the agreement subject to the variable components.

•

Operation: an agreement for operation and maintenance of the facility. CPV Maryland pays fixed annual management fees, a performance based bonus, and reimburses for employment expenses, payroll and taxes, subcontractor costs and other costs as provided in the agreement.

•

Management Agreements:

an asset management agreement with CPVI. The management services include management of the project documents, energy management services, development of operational strategy, negotiations with respect to additional project agreements, compliance and control, management of financial documents, financing, management of accounts and payments, taxes, budgets, insurance, government permits and regulation, etc. CPV Maryland pays a fixed annual payment, and a performance based payment and reimbursement of expenses during the period of the agreement. The period of the agreement is up to December 31, 2028.

an energy management agreement for consulting to CPV Maryland in connection with formulating energy management plans, risk management and performance strategies. The agreement ended on December 31, 2020. CPV Maryland entered into a replacement energy management agreement with CEMS for provision of certain services relating to sale of merchant energy, capacity and ancillary services. The consideration includes a fixed monthly payment, plus reimbursement of expenses during the agreement period. In addition, the agreement includes provisions for reimbursement of expenses to CEMS in respect of services provided by third parties for CPV Maryland. The period of the agreement is up to December 31, 2025, and CPV Maryland has an option to extend the period of the agreement twice for five additional years, at its discretion.

CPV Shore

CPV Shore is party to the following agreements:

•

Hedging: a Heat Rate Call Option agreement (HRCO). The agreement covers 100% of the facility’s output and is consistent with customary conditions for agreements of this type. The agreement runs up to April 30, 2021.

•	Gas Supply: an agreement for supply of natural gas. Pursuant to the agreement, the gas supplier supplies gas of 120,000 MMBtu per day at a price linked to the market price. The period of the agreement was up to March 31, 2021. CPV Shore signed an extension of this agreement up to October 31, 2022.

•

Gas Transmission: a number of agreements with an interstate pipeline company (a services agreement, a connection agreement, a construction agreement and an operating agreement). Pursuant to the agreements natural gas connection and transmission services are provided to CPV Shore by means of a pipe the start of which is an existing inter-state pipe and reaches the facility’s connection point. CPV Shore paid an advance deposit to the supplier for the services under the gas agreements. The period of the gas transmission agreements is 15 years (up to April 2030), and there is an option to extend the agreements twice for ten years. The annual payment under the agreements is approximately $6 million.

•

Maintenance: an amended services agreement with its original equipment manufacturer on December 22, 2017. CPV Shore may acquire additional services under the agreement, as needed. The consideration consists of a fixed minimum annual payment, variable quarterly payments based on operating parameters of the defined equipment, and quarterly management fees. Except for the minimum annual payment, the rest of the payments increase by 2.5% every year. The agreement ends on the earlier of: (A) the date on which the equipment reaches a defined milestone; or (B) 20 years from the signing date. The remaining cost of the agreement is expected to be approximately $123 million over the life of the agreement subject to the variable components.

•

Operation: an agreement for operation of the facility. The consideration includes fixed annual management fees, a performance based bonus and reimbursement of employment expenses, including payroll and taxes, subcontractor costs and other costs as provided in the agreement.

•

Management Agreements:

an asset management agreement with CPVI. The management services include management of the project documents, energy management services, development of operational strategy, negotiations with respect to additional project agreements, compliance and control, management of financial documents, financing, management of accounts and payments, taxes, budgets, insurance, government permits and regulation, etc. The consideration includes a fixed annual payment, and a performance based payment and reimbursement of expenses during the period of the agreement. The period of the agreement is up to December 31, 2030.

an energy management agreement for consulting in connection with formulating energy management plans, risk management and performance strategies. The agreement ended on December 31, 2020. CPV Shore signed a replacement energy management agreement with CEMS for provision of certain services relating to sale of merchant energy, capacity and ancillary services. The agreement includes a fixed monthly payment, plus reimbursement of expenses during the agreement period. The agreement also includes provisions for reimbursement of expenses to CEMS in respect of services provided by third parties for CPV Shore. The period of the agreement is up to December 31, 2025, and CPV Shore has an option to extend the period of the agreement twice for five additional years.

CPV Valley

CPV Valley participates in capacity tenders of NYISO. The tenders are seasonal, monthly or spot for the sale of unforced capacity in New York, both by means of tenders of NYISO and through bilateral transactions.

CPV Valley is party to the following agreements:

•

Hedging: a hedge agreement on electricity margins of the RPO type. The RPO is intended to provide CPV a minimum margin, for the period of the agreement. The RPO has an annual exercise price that covers an exercise period of a fiscal year. For purposes of calculating gross margin, the agreement uses specific parameters, such as a heat rate, the expected generation levels, forward prices for electricity and gas, gas transmission costs and other specific project costs. The RPO extends up to May 31, 2023.

•

Gas Supply: an agreement for the supply of natural gas of up to 127,200 MMBtu per day at a price linked to the market. The supplier is responsible for transmission of natural gas to the designated supply point. The period of the agreement is up to May 31, 2023.

•

Gas Transmission: an agreement with an interstate pipeline company for the licensing, construction, operation and maintenance of a pipe and measurement and regulating facilities, from the inter-state pipeline system for transmission of natural gas to the facility. The supplier provides 127,200 Dth per day of firm natural gas transportation at an agreed price during a period that ends on March 31, 2033. In addition, CPV Valley signed an agreement for provision of firm transmission services in a quantity of 35,000 MMbtu per day, for a period up to March 31, 2033. The annual payment under the agreement is approximately $21 million.

•

Maintenance: an agreement with its original equipment manufacturer, for maintenance services for the fire turbines. The consideration includes fixed and variable amounts from the first operation date of the turbines. The period of the agreement is up to the earlier of: (A) 132,800 equivalent base load hours; or (B) to June 9, 2044. The remaining cost of the agreement is expected to be approximately $149 million over the life of the agreement subject to the variable components.

•

Operation: an operation and maintenance agreement with one of the partners in the project. The consideration includes fixed annual management fees, an operation bonus and reimbursement of certain costs defined in the agreement that were incurred by the third party. The period of the agreement is five years from the completion date of construction of the facility, and the agreement may be renewed for an additional three years.

•

Management Agreements:

an asset management agreement with CPVI. The management services include management of the project documents, energy management services, development of operational strategy, negotiations with respect to additional project agreements, compliance and control, management of financial documents, financing, management of accounts and payments, taxes, budgets, insurance, government permits and regulation, etc. The consideration includes a fixed annual payment, a performance based payment and provisions with respect to reimbursement of certain expenses. The initial agreement period is up to five years after completion of construction of the facility, and the agreement may be renewed for three additional years.

an energy management agreement for the provision of management services in connection with fuels, electricity management, risk management and additional defined services. The consideration includes a fixed monthly payment and reimbursement of certain costs. The period of the agreement is up to October 31, 2022 and CPV Valley may extend the agreement.

CPV Keenan II

CPV Keenan II is party to the following agreements:

•

PPA: a wind power energy agreement (PPA) for sale of renewable energy. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, the purchaser is to receive all renewable energy generated in the wind farm, including any credits, certificates, similar rights or other environmental allotments related to the generation of energy by the wind farm and any associated capacity. The consideration includes a fixed payment. The period of the agreement is 20 years, ending in 2030. The purchaser is permitted, under certain circumstances, to extend the agreement for a period of an additional five years and the agreement includes an option in favor of the purchaser to purchase the project at the end of the agreement period at its fair market value as determined in accordance with the agreement and pursuant to the terms stipulated. The annual revenue of the agreement to the project is approximately $27 million.

•

Operation: a services agreement and an operations agreement with its original equipment manufacturer for the operations, maintenance and repair of the facility. The consideration includes fixed annual fees, performance-based bonus and reimbursement of expenses. The agreements run up to February 2031. For the most recent two calendar years, CPV Keenan II incurred approximately $6 million annually under these agreements.

•

Management Agreement with CPV Entity: an asset management agreement with CPVI. The management services include management of the project documents; negotiations with respect to additional project agreements; compliance and control; management of financial documents; financing; management of accounts and payments; taxes; budgets; insurance; government permits and regulation; etc. The consideration includes a fixed monthly payment and reimbursement of expenses. The period of the agreement is up to March 31, 2025, with an option for CPV Keenan II, under certain circumstances, to terminate the agreement early.

CPV Three Rivers

CPV Three Rivers is party to the following agreements:

•

Gas Supply: two agreements for the supply of natural gas. The agreements supply 139,500 MMBtu per day to the facility from the operation date of the facility and for a period of five years, and a reduced quantity of 25,000 MMBtu per day from the fifth year of operation of the facility and up to the tenth year. The price of natural gas delivered under these agreements is tied to the day-ahead electricity price at the connection point to the grid in the ComEd Zone within PJM. The agreements include an obligation to purchase a minimum amount/scope of natural gas (TOP) and CPV Three Rivers has the right to resell gas it does not need.

•

Gas Interconnection: two connection agreements for transmission of gas, where each of them is sufficient for the full demand of the facility.

One agreement is an interconnection agreement with an interstate pipeline company for transmission of natural gas. The agreement sets forth the responsibility of the parties in connection with the design, construction, ownership, operation and management of a pipe and connection and pressure equipment. Based on the agreement, CPV Three Rivers will bear the costs of all the said facilities.

The second agreement is an additional interconnection agreement with an interstate pipeline company for transmission of natural gas. As part of the agreement, the counterparty is responsible for the design and construction to the existing pipe. The other party to the agreement will remain the owner of these facilities and will operate them and CPV Three Rivers will bear the development and construction costs.

•

Gas Transmission: an agreement for transmission of gas with an interstate pipeline company and its Canadian affiliate, for firm transmission of natural gas from Alberta, Canada to the facility. The agreements include capacity of 36.2 MMcf per day, at agreed prices. The agreement runs for a period of 11 years from the signing date of the agreement (November 1, 2020). The counterparty is permitted to extend the agreement for an additional year by giving prior notice of 12 months.

•

Equipment: an agreement for acquisition of equipment for generation of electricity (power generation equipment) and related services, with an international company specializing in design and manufacture of equipment, including that required for an electricity generation facility. The equipment includes two units, where each of them consists of the following main components: a gas or fire turbine; steam generator for return of heat; a steam turbine; generator/producer; continuous control system for emissions and additional related required equipment. The equipment supplier is responsible for supply and installation in accordance with the agreement. In addition, the supplier will provide technical consulting services to CPV Three Rivers in order to support the installation process, commissioning, examinations and operation of all the equipment. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, CPV Three Rivers will pay the third party in installments based on reaching milestones.

•

EPC: a construction, engineering, and acquisition agreement with an international contractor. Pursuant to the agreement, the contractor will design and construct the required components of the facility, to integrate all the equipment required for the power plant.

•

Maintenance: a services agreement with its original equipment manufacturer, for maintenance services for the fire turbines. The consideration includes a fixed and a variable amount commencing from the date of the commercial operation. The period of the agreement commenced on August 21, 2020 and ends on the earlier of: (A) 25 years from August 21, 2020; or (B) when specific milestones are reached on the basis of use and wear and tear. The remaining cost of the agreement is expected to be approximately $305 million over the life of the agreement subject to the variable components.

•

Operation: an agreement for operation and maintenance of the facility to begin once the facility is well into its construction period. The consideration includes fixed annual management fees, a performance based bonus, and reimburses for employment expenses, payroll and taxes, subcontractor costs and other costs as provided in the agreement. The agreement has an initial term of approximately three years commencing upon substantial completion of the facility.

•

Management Agreement with CPV Entity: an asset management agreement with CPVI, whereby CPVI provides construction services and asset management services. The agreement includes an annual fixed payment, incentive fees during operation, and provisions regarding reimbursement of certain expenses. The agreement includes provisions regarding reimbursement of expenses of CPVI incurred in connection with construction management services, which include the work hours of CPVI’s team, and expenses and amounts paid to third parties. The period of the agreement is up to ten years after completion of the construction of the facility, and the agreement may be extended for an additional year.

Potential Expansions and Projects in Various Stages of Development

In March 2014, OPC, through one of its subsidiaries, was awarded a tender published by the Israeli Land Authority to lease a 5.5 hectare plot of land adjacent to the OPC-Rotem site. The lease agreement was approved by the Israeli Land Authority in August 2018. In April 2017, OPC was authorized by the Israeli Government to seek zoning permissions for a gas fired power station on the land adjacent to OPC-Rotem.

In April 2017, OPC was authorized by the Israeli Government to seek authority for zoning of the land for a gas-fired power station on land owned by Hadera Paper near the OPC-Hadera power plant. OPC Hadera Expansion Ltd. (“Hadera Expansion”), an OPC subsidiary, is party to an option agreement with Hadera Paper to lease the relevant land.

These plots of lands, if zoning permission is granted, would provide OPC with land that can be used with tenders but OPC would still require licenses to proceed with any projects on this land.

In addition, OPC may examine possibilities for expanding its electricity generation activities by means of construction of power plants and/or acquisition of power plants (including in renewable energy) in its existing and/or new geographies.

In April 2021, OPC announced that it signed an agreement to purchase an interest in Gnrgy Ltd., whose business focuses on e-mobility charging stations. For more information on, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Recent Developments—OPC—Agreement to Acquire Shares in Gnrgy Ltd.”

OPC’s Raw Materials and Suppliers

Israel

OPC’s power facilities utilize natural gas as primary fuel, and diesel oil and crude oil as backups. OPC is entitled to a refund for the incremental cost of using diesel for these periods.

OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera have entered into gas supply agreements with the Tamar Group, composed of Noble Energy Mediterranean Ltd., Delek Drilling Limited Partnership, Isramco Negev 2 Limited Partnership, Avner Oil Exploration Limited Partnership, Dor Gas Exploration Limited Partnership, Everest Infrastructures Limited Partnership and Tamar Petroleum Limited Partnership, or collectively the Tamar Group, for the purchase of natural gas. For further information on these agreements see “—OPC-Rotem” and “—OPC-Hadera.”

The price that OPC-Rotem pays to the Tamar Group for the natural gas supplied is based upon a base price in NIS set on the date of the agreement, indexed to changes in the EA’s generation component tariff, and partially indexed (30%) the U.S. Dollar representative exchange rate. The price that OPC-Hadera pays to the Tamar Group is based upon a base price in US$, fully indexed to changes in the EA’s generation component tariff. As a result, increases or decreases in the EA’s generation tariff have a related effect on OPC-Rotem’s and OPC-Hadera’s cost of sales and margins. In addition, the natural gas price formulas in OPC-Rotem’s and OPC-Hadera’s supply agreements are subject to a floor price mechanism, which is denominated in U.S. Dollars for both OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera.

As a result of previous declines in the EA’s generation component tariff, OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera paid the minimum price during 2020 (excluding two months for OPC-Rotem and one month for OPC-Hadera). In January 2021, the EA published the electricity tariffs for 2021, which included a decrease of the EA’s generation component tariff by approximately 5.7%. OPC-Hadera’s and OPC-Rotem’s gas prices were at the minimum price in January and February 2021 and for OPC-Rotem may be (and for OPC-Hadera will be) at the minimum price for the remainder of 2021. Therefore, reductions in the generation tariff will not lead to a reduction in the cost of natural gas consumed by OPC-Rotem, but rather to a reduction in profit margins. For OPC-Rotem, the effect on profit margins depends on the US$/NIS exchange rate fluctuations. For information on the risks associated with the impact of the EA’s generation tariff on OPC’s supply agreements with the Tamar Group, see “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Related to OPC—Changes in the EA’s electricity rates may reduce OPC’s profitability.”

Tzomet is also party to a gas supply agreement as described under "–Tzomet" above.

United States

CPV's project companies are party to gas supply, transmission and interconnection agreements as well as maintenance and operating agreements and management agreements., as described above.

OPC’s Competition

Israel

Within Israel, OPC’s major competitors are IEC and private power generators, such as Dorad Energy Ltd. and Dalia, who, as a result of government initiatives encouraging investments in the Israeli power generation market, have constructed, and are constructing, power stations with significant capacity. The more important private producers are presented in the table below.

Name	Power Station Technology	Approximate Capacity (MW)	Commercial Operating Date
Dorad	Conventional	860	May 2014
Mashav	Conventional	120	April 2014
Dalia — Unit 1¹	Conventional	450	July 2015
Dalia — Unit 2¹	Conventional	450	September 2015
Ashdod Energy²	Cogeneration	60	October 2015
Ramat Negev Energy²	Cogeneration	120	January 2016
Sugat²	Cogeneration	75	November 2019
IPP Alon Tabor²	Cogeneration	74	September 2019
IPP Ramat Gabriel²	Cogeneration	74	November 2019
Paz Ashdod²	Cogeneration	100	July 2013
Delek Sorek²	Conventional	140	August 2016
Dead Sea Works (DSW)²	Cogeneration	230	August 2018
IPM Beer Tuvia²	Conventional	450	February 2021
IPD Yovelay Ashkelon²	Cogeneration	87	February 2009

(1)	To OPC’s knowledge, part of Dalia’s total installed output (Unit 1 and Unit 2) is allocated to the IEC, and part of it is allocated to private customers.

(2)	To OPC’s knowledge, part of the capacity generated by these entities is designated to a yard consumer or to independent consumption.

OPC is considering participating in the IEC tenders of the remaining three of its power stations. There is no certainty that OPC will participate in future IEC tenders or that it will be successful. See “—Regulatory, Environmental and Compliance Matters.”

In February 2021, the EA made a decision regarding determination of an arrangement for suppliers that that do not have means of generation and revised the standards for existing suppliers, in order to gradually open supply in the electricity sector to new suppliers and supply to household consumers. As part of the decision, the EA determines standards and tariffs that will apply to suppliers that do not have means of generation and that will allow them, subject to receipt of a supply license and provision of security, to purchase energy from the System Administrator for their consumers. The pricing will be based on a component that is based on the SMP price and components that are impacted by, among other things, the consumption at peak demand hours. The arrangement for suppliers that that do not have means of generation is limited to a quota that was provided in the principles of the arrangement and customers having a consecutive meter only (approximately 36,000 household customers and about 15,000 household industrial/commercial customers). In addition, for purposes of opening supply to competition, as part of the decision the Electricity Authority revised the Standards for suppliers regarding, among other things, the manner of assigning the consumers to a private supplier, the manner of concluding transactions, moving from one supplier to another and payments on the account.

United States

CPV operates in a highly competitive market. Natural gas, solar, and wind projects account for over 90% of new capacity under construction in the U.S., with significant competition among independent power producers and renewable project developers. Independent power producers (IPPs) compete with CPV in selling power and capacity to the wholesale electricity network. In addition, competitors can also sell electricity to third-party customers by entering into a power purchase agreement (PPA). The efficiency of the power plants is a competitive advantage - as of 2020, the power plants of CPV are more efficient than the market average since the power plants of CPV are relatively new.

In addition, other competitors to CPV in the US energy market include generators of different technology types, such as coal, oil, hydroelectric, nuclear, wind, solar and other renewables. Some of the generation in different markets is owned and operated by supervised electricity companies, private equity, banks and other financial entities.

OPC’s Seasonality

Israel

Revenues from the sale of electricity are seasonal and impacted by the “Time of Use” tariffs published by the EA. The seasons are divided into three, as follows: (a) summer — July and August; (b) winter — December, January and February; (c) transitional seasons — March to June and September to November.

The following table provides a schedule of the weighted EA’s Generation Component rates for 2021 based on seasons and demand hours, published by the EA.

Season	Demand Hours	Weighted production rate (AGOROT per kWh)
Winter	Off—peak	18.72
	Shoulder	36.33
	Peak	63.42
Transition	Off—peak	16.00
	Shoulder	20.44
	Peak	26.34
Summer	Off—peak	15.80
	Shoulder	25.64
	Peak	66.51
Weighted Average Rate		25.26

In general, tariffs in the summer and winter are higher than during transitional seasons. The cost of acquiring gas, which is the primary cost of OPC, is not influenced by the tariff seasonality. Therefore, the profitability of power producers, including OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera, is generally higher in the summer and winter months compared to the remainder of the year.

For further information on the seasonality of tariffs in Israel, see “—Industry Overview— Overview of Israeli Electricity Generation Industry.”

The following table provides a summary of OPC’s revenues from the sale of electricity, by season (in $ millions) for 2020 and 2019. These figures have not been audited or reviewed.

	2020		2019
Summer (2 months)		84		70
Winter (3 months)		101		102
Transitional Seasons (7 months)		184		184
Total for the year		369		356

Tzomet’s revenues, to the extent the project is completed, will be divided into payment for availability and payment for energy. The availability tariff includes reimbursement for capital costs required for the construction of the plant. However, available capacity in peak demand seasons (i.e. winter and summer) receives higher compensation compared to capacity during transition seasons. The energy tariff includes reimbursement for electricity generation expenses and, therefore, does not change significantly between seasons.

United States

The revenues from generation of electricity are seasonal and are impacted by weather. In general, in conventional power plants operating on natural gas, profitability is higher during the highest and lowest temperatures of the year, which often coincides with summer and winter.

OPC’s Property, Plants and Equipment

Israel

For summary operational information for OPC’s operating plants in Israel as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020 see “—Our Businesses—OPC—Overview of OPC’s Operations—Israel”.

OPC leases its principal executive offices in Israel. OPC owns all of its power generation facilities. OPC has also been awarded a tender published by the Israel Land Authority to lease a 5.5-hectare plot of land adjacent to the OPC-Rotem site and OPC-Hadera has entered into an option agreement with Hadera Paper to lease land owned by Hadera Paper near the OPC-Hadera power plant, which agreement was assigned by OPC to Hadera Expansion in December 2019.

As of December 31, 2020, the consolidated net book value of OPC’s property, plant and equipment was $829 million.

The table below sets forth summary information regarding the primary real estate owned or leased by OPC (1 dunam = 1000m²).

Site	Location	Right in Asset	Area and Characteristics
Real estate held through Rotem
Land on which the Rotem Power Plant was built	Mishor Rotem	Lease	About 55 dunams
Real estate held through Hadera
Energy Center and the Hadera Power Plant (including emergency road)a	Hadera	Rental	About 30 dunams (Power Plant and Energy Center)
Real estate (including options for land) held by Hadera for Hadera Expansion
Hadera Expansion – Land near the area of the Hadera Power Plant	Hadera	Rental option	About 68 dunams
AGS land agreement
Land near to space on which Rotem Power Plant was built	Mishor Rotem	Lease	About 55 dunams
Land held by Zomet (through Zomet HLH General Partner Ltd. and Zomet Netive Limited Partnership)
Land on which Zomet is situated	Plugot Intersection	Zomet Netiv Limited Partnership – (by force of a development agreement with Israel Lands Authority) – Lease	About 85 dunams

United States

In general, the land on which CPV’s projects are situated (both the active projects and the projects under construction) is held in a number of ways: ownership, lease with a use right, under a permit and licenses. In some cases, the facilities themselves are located on owned land, where there are easement rights in land areas surrounding the facility for purposes of distribution and connection. In addition to the project land, CPV leases office space for its headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland and in Braintree Massachusetts. These leases have a remaining term of 4–7 years.

CPV Plants in commercial operation

		The right in	Area and	Expiration
Site	Location	the property	characteristics	date of right

Shore

Land on which the CPV Shore Holdings LLC power plant was constructed	Middlesex County, New Jersey	Ownership	About 111,290 square meters (28 acres)	N/A

St. Charles

Land on which the CPV Maryland LLC power plant was constructed	Charles County, Maryland	Ownership / rights of enjoyment / licenses and permits / authority	About 308,290 square meters (76 acres)	N/A

Valley

Land on which the CPV Valley LLC power plant was constructed	Wawayanda, Orange County, New York	Substantive Ownership¹ / rights of enjoyment / permits	About 121,406 square meters (30 acres)	N/A

Towantic

Land on which the CPV Towantic LLC power plant was constructed	New Haven County, Connecticut	Ownership / rights of enjoyment	About 107,242 square meters (26 acres)	N/A

Fairview

Land on which the CPV Fairview LLC power plant was constructed	Cambria County, Jackson Township, Pennsylvania	Ownership / rights of enjoyment	About 352,077 square meters (87 acres)	N/A

Keenan II

Land on which the CPV Keenan II Renewable Energy Company LLC wind field was constructed	Woodward County, Oklahoma	Contractual rights of enjoyment	Rights for access and to the equipment	December 31, 2040

_________________________

(1) This land is held for the benefit of CPV Valley, which is entitled to transfer it to its name.

CPV Project under construction

		The right in	Area and	Expiration
Site	Location	the property	characteristics	date of right
	Three Rivers

Land on which the CPV Three Rivers LLC power plant is being constructed	Grundy County, Illinois	Ownership / rights of enjoyment	About 485,623 square meters (120 acres)	N/A

Insurance

OPC and its subsidiaries, including CPV, hold various insurance policies in order to reduce the damage for various risks, including “all-risks” insurance. The existing insurance policies maintained by OPC and its subsidiaries may not cover certain types of damages or may not cover the entire scope of damage caused. In addition, OPC or CPV may not be able to obtain insurance on comparable terms in the future. OPC and its subsidiaries, including CPV, may be adversely affected if they incur losses that are not fully covered by their insurance policies.

Employees

Israel

As of December 31, 2020, in Israel, OPC had a total of 116 employees, of which 66 employees are in the operations division, and 40 are at OPC’s headquarters. Substantially all of OPC’s employees are employed on a full-time basis.

The table below sets forth breakdown of employees in Israel by main category of activity as of the dates indicated:

	As of December 31,
	2020		2019		2018
Number of employees by category of activity:
Plant operation and maintenance		66		56		55
Corporate management, finance, commercial and other		50		40		37
OPC Total (in Israel)		116		96		92

Most of the OPC-Rotem power plant’s operations employees are employed under a collective employment agreement entered into in November 2019. The agreement establishes and regulates which employees are subject to the agreement, as well as the career path that the employees will follow within the organization, from their initial hiring through the end of their employment. The agreement establishes the process of hiring employees, trial periods, starting compensation and salary, rates for wage increases and annual bonuses, as well as entitlement to vacation, sick days and convalescence pay, welfare benefits, disciplinary regulations, and the process for ending employment and the mechanism for resolving disputes between management and the employees’ representation. In addition, the agreement stipulates that OPC’s employees that are subject to the agreement will receive salary increase and annual bonus for each calendar year in the agreement period.

In March 2018, a collective employment agreement was signed with the Energy Center. This agreement was in line with the existing collective agreement of OPC-Rotem power plant’s operations employees. The agreement also applies to the employees at the OPC-Hadera’s power plant.

United States

As of December 31, 2020, CPV had a total of 88 employees, compared to 90 employees as of December 31, 2019. Substantially all of CPV’s employees are employed on a full-time basis.

Shareholders’ Agreements

OPC-Rotem

OPC holds a 80% stake in OPC-Rotem. OPC has entered into a shareholders’ agreement with Veridis, the minority shareholder of OPC-Rotem. The shareholders’ agreement grants Veridis veto rights in connection with certain material decisions relating to OPC-Rotem, including: (a) a change in the incorporation documents; (b) winding up of OPC-Rotem; (c) change in rights attached to shares prejudicing a shareholder; (d) transactions with affiliated parties; (e) change in the OPC-Rotem’s activity; (f) reorganization, merger, sale of material assets and such like; (g) pursuit of new projects; (h) changes in share capital, issue of bonds or allotment of various securities, subject to the exceptions determined in the agreement; (i) change of accountants; and (j) appointment and dismissal of directors by Veridis.

The agreements grant the shareholders additional rights in the event of any of them selling OPC-Rotem shares, such as a right of first refusal and tag-along rights. The agreement also permits OPC to terminate the shareholders' agreement in the event that Veridis sells its shares in OPC-Rotem.

OPC Partnership Agreement

In October 2020, OPC signed a partnership agreement with three institutional investors in connection with the formation of OPC Power (the “Partnership”) and acquisition of CPV by the Partnership. OPC is the general partner and owns 70% of the Partnership interests. The limited partners of the Partnership are: OPC (70% interest; directly or through a subsidiary), Clal Insurance Group (12.75% interest), Migdal Insurance Group (12.75% interest) and a company from the Poalim Capital Markets Group (4.5% interest) (together, these three investors, the “Financial Investors”). The total investment commitments and shareholder loans of all the partners amount to $815 million, based on their respective ownership interests, representing commitments for acquisition consideration, as well as funding of additional investments in CPV for implementation of certain new projects being developed by CPV.

The general partner of the Partnership, an entity wholly-owned by OPC, manages the ownership of CPV, with certain material actions (or which may involve a conflict of interest between the general partner and the limited partners) requiring approval of a majority or special majority (according to the specific action) of the institutional investors which are limited partners. The general partner is entitled to management fees and success fees subject to meeting certain achievements. There are limits on transfers of partnership interests, with OPC not permitted to sell its interest in the Partnership for a period of three years (except in the case of a public offering by the Partnership), tag along rights for the Financial Investors, drag along rights, and rights of first offer (ROFO) for OPC and the Financial Investors in the case of transfers by the other party. OPC and the Financial Investors have entered into put and call arrangements, with the Financial Investors being granted put options and OPC being granted a call option (if the put options are not exercised), with respect to their holdings in the Partnership. These options are exercisable after 10 years from the date of the CPV acquisition and to the extent that up to such time the Partnership rights are not traded on a recognized stock exchange.

CPV Projects

A description of the limited liability company agreements of the CPV projects in operation is included above under "–OPC’s Description of Operations—United States—Description of CPV Projects".

Legal Proceedings

For a discussion of significant legal proceedings to which OPC’s businesses are party, see Note 19 to our financial statements included in this annual report.

Regulatory, Environmental and Compliance Matters

Israel

IEC generates and supplies most of the electricity in Israel in accordance with licenses granted by virtue of the Israeli Electrical Market Law, and distributes and supplies almost all of the electricity in Israel. In June 2020, the “System Administrator” Company was granted a license to manage the Israeli electricity system (which was revised in November 2020), pursuant to which the Minister of Energy and the EA approved commencement of gradual activities of the System Administrator in two stages. The System Administrator’s Technological Planning and Development Unit is responsible for planning the transmission system and, among other things, preparing a development plan for the transmission and generation of electricity, determining criteria for development of the electricity system, formulating forecasts, engineering and statutory planning of the transmission system, and performing studies with respect to connection to generation facilities. The System Administrators’ Market Statistic Unit is responsible for the current ongoing operation of the transmission system and is intended to, among other things, maintain a balance in levels of supply and demand in the electricity market, manage the transmission of energy from power stations to substations at the reliability and quality required (by passing through the power grids), timing and performing maintenance works in production units and in transmission systems, managing commerce in Israel under competitive, equal and optimal terms, including performing agreements to purchase available capacity and energy from private electricity producers and for planning and developing the transmission and distribution systems.

Pursuant to the Electricity Sector Law, IEC and the System Administrator are each defined as an “essential service provider” and as such they are subject to the standards and tariffs provided by the EA. In addition, IEC was declared a monopoly by the Israeli Antitrust Authority in the electricity sector, in the field of power supply — electricity production and sale, transmission and distribution of electricity and providing backup services to electricity consumers and producers.

IEC Reform

Pursuant to the Israeli Government’s electricity sector reform, the IEC will be required to sell five of its power plants (currently remaining power plants are three) through a tender process over the 7 years, which is expected to reduce its market share to below 40%. The IEC will be permitted to build and operate two new gas-powered stations (through a subsidiary), but will not be authorized to construct any new stations or recombine existing stations. The IEC will also cease acting as the System Administrator. Following the Israeli Government’s electricity sector reform, as part of which the IEC is expected to sell five of its sites, the Israel Competition Authority issued guiding principles for sector concentration consultation in such sale process. According to such principles, which are subject to change and review considering the relevant circumstances:

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An entity may not hold more than 20% of the total planned installed capacity on the date of sale of all the sites being sold. The generation capacity of an entity’s related parties with generation licenses will be counted towards such entity’s capacity for purposes of this 20% limitation. In addition, the EA published proposed regulations in respect of maximum holdings in generation licenses which are not identical to the Competition Authority principles. The Competition Authority has stated that the relevant limit is 20% of 10,500 MW (which is the anticipated capacity in the market held by private players by 2023, excluding capacity of IEC), while, the EA has proposed regulation whereby the relevant limit is 20% of 14,000 MW (including capacity of IEC). We may be subject to more restrictive interpretation. The MW currently attributable to OPC, including Oil Refineries Ltd., or ORL, and Israel Chemicals Ltd. as parties with generation licenses that are related to OPC, is approximately 1,480 MW; and

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An entity holding a right to a fuel venture may not acquire any of the sites being sold.

OPC participated in the tenders of the Alon Tabor plant and Ramat Hovav plants — the first two plants that have been sold out of the five plants to be sold by the IEC — but was not the winning bidder.

Ministry of Energy and EA

The Israeli Ministry of Energy regulates the energy and natural resources markets of the State of Israel: electricity, fuel, cooking gas, natural gas, energy conservation, water, sewerage, oil exploration, minerals, scientific research of the land and water, etc. The Ministry of Energy regulates public and private entities involved in these fields, and operates to ensure the markets’ adequate supply under changing energy and infrastructure needs, while regulating the markets, protecting consumers and preserving the environment.

According to publications of the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Energy’s multi-year goals include diversified energy resources and ensuring reliability of supply during peacetime and emergency, developing effective and significant natural gas, and determining long-terms policies and appropriate regulations of the market’s electricity.

The Ministry of Energy’s main objectives in the electricity field are securing a reliable supply of electricity to the Israeli market, formulating development procedures to the electricity production sections, energy transmission and distribution, promoting policies to integrate renewable energies in electricity production in accordance with governmental decisions, formulating policies changing the market’s electricity structure, performing control and supervision of the implementation of the IEC’s and private producers’ development plans, performing control, supervision and enforcement of implementing safety regulations according to the Electricity Law, 5714-1954, and handling legislature in the electricity market fields, rules of performing electricity works and security in electricity. The main objectives of the Ministry of Energy in its workplan for 2019 included achieving an efficient and competitive electricity sector by focusing on the reform of the sector through the initiation of tenders for the sale of IEC power plants and the transfer of system management activities from the IEC to the new System Administrator.

In March 2019, the Ministry of Energy published the targets for the energy sector for 2030, with the main two objectives being (a) the end of coal usage and the transition to natural gas and renewable energies and (b) 10% penetration of renewable energies in electrical manufacturing by 2020 and 17% by 2030. In October 2020, the Israeli government issued a decision pursuant to which the target for renewable energy generation is 30% by 2030 (with an interim target of 20% by 2025). With respect to conventional generation, this decision provided that by July 2023 additional electricity generation capacity using natural gas and backed up by diesel fuel of 4,000 MW will be required. Further to determination of the targets, in November 2019, the Minister of Energy determined policy principles regarding discontinuance of the regular use of coal in the generation area of the electricity sector up to 2026, including policy principles for gradual conversion up to 2025 and no later than 2026 of the generation units 5–6 in the “Orot Rabin” power plant, and the generation units 1–4 in the “Rotenberg” power plant for purposes of discontinuance of the regular use of coal. In February 2021, the Ministry of Energy determined policy principles for examination of the scope and manner of preservation of electricity generation units at the “Orot Rabin” power plant, according to which IEC will maintain the generation units 1–4 in the “Rotenberg” power plant pursuant to a preservation outline determined up to 2025. It was also determined that shortly before the end of the preservation outline, the need will be examined for new policy principles. Regarding the targets for increased generation using renewable energy, in July 2020, the Ministry of Energy determined policy principles for update of the targets for generation of electricity using renewable energy in such a manner that the target for generation of the electricity using renewable energy will be 30% of the total electricity consumption in 2030. In October 2020, the Israeli government approved the Ministry of Energy’s proposal regarding the renewable energy targets.

The Electricity Authority, or the EA, which is subordinated to the Ministry of Energy and operates in accordance with its policy, was established in January 2016, and replaced the Public Utility Authority, or PUAE, which operated until that time by virtue of the Electricity Sector Law. The EA has the authority to grant licenses in accordance with the Electricity Sector Law (licenses for facilities with a generation capacity higher than 100 MW also require the approval of the Minister of Energy), to supervise license holders, to set electricity tariffs and criteria for them, including the level and quality of services required from an “essential service provider” license holder, supply license holder, a transmission and distribution license holder, an electricity producer and a private electricity producer. Thus, the EA supervises both the IEC and private producers.

The Minister of Energy can dispute EA rulings and request a renewed discussion on specific rulings, except in the matter of the electricity tariffs, which the EA has full authority to set. In addition, the Minister of Energy has the authority to propose the appointment of some of the members of the EA board, as well as the authority to rule on electricity market policy on the subjects defined in the Electricity Sector Law.

According to the Electricity Sector Law, the EA may set the power rates in the market, based, among others, on IEC costs that the EA elects to recognize, and yield on capital. The EA sets different rates for different electricity sectors. According to the Electricity Sector Law, the IEC shall charge customers in accordance with rates set by the EA and shall pay another license holder or a customer in accordance with the relevant rates. In addition, the EA sets the tariffs paid by private electricity producers to the IEC for various services provided by the IEC, including measurement and meter services, system services, and infrastructure services.

During 2020, the EA published decisions intended to advance construction of solar and storage facilities, advancement of construction and regulation of the activities of the System Administrator, advancement of opening the supply sector to competition and the continued advancement of competition in the generation sector by, among other things, advancement of sale of the generation sites of IEC.

For further information on related EA tariffs, see “—Industry Overview— Overview of Israeli Electricity Generation Industry.” For further information on the effect of EA tariffs on OPC’s revenues and margins, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Material Factors Affecting Results of Operations—OPC— Sales—EA Tariffs.”

Independent Power Producers (IPPs)

In recent years, a substantial number of independent power producers have begun entering the Israeli electricity generation market, in view of, among others, increasing competition in the field of electricity generation and encouraging the construction and operation of private generation facilities. This entry has led to a significant decrease in the IEC’s market share in the sale of electricity to large electricity consumers (high and medium voltage consumers) such that in 2016, according to public IEC reports, its market share dropped to under 50% of electricity sales to large consumers.

Activity by independent power producers, including the construction of private power stations and the sale of electricity produced therein, is regulated by IPP Regulations and the Cogeneration Regulations, as well as the rules, decisions, and standards established by the EA. OPC-Rotem has a unique regulation by virtue of a tender, as detailed below.

According to the Electricity Sector Law, none of the actions set in the Electricity Sector Law shall be carried out by anyone other than a license holder. The Licenses Regulations include provisions and conditions in the matter of issuing licenses, rules for operating under such licenses and the obligations borne by license holders.

In order to obtain a production license, an applicant must file a request in accordance with the relevant regulations, and meet the threshold conditions. Among others, the manufacturer bears the burden to prove that the corporation requesting the license has a link to the land relevant to the facility. According to EA rulings, subject to meeting the terms (and with the approval of the Minister of Energy for licenses exceeding 100 MW), the developer is granted a conditional license and, upon completion of construction of the facility and successful compliance with acceptance tests, a generation license. The conditional license holder must meet certain milestones for constructing its facility as detailed in the conditional license, and must also prove financial closing. Only after meeting these milestones and the commercial operation of the facility, the developer is granted a generation license (or Permanent License) determined by the EA for the period determined in such license (for licenses exceeding 100 MW, the license must be approved by the Minister of Energy).

This model, which is based on receiving a conditional license followed by a permanent license (subject to meeting the regulatory and statutory milestones), is applicable to both the production of electricity using all types of technology, with the exception of facilities with an installed capacity under 16 MW, for which no license is required for their operation. A party requesting a supply license must demonstrate compliance with the shareholders’ equity requirements as provided by the EA as a condition for receipt of a supply license for suppliers without means of generation.

According to the 2019 Electricity Market Report, as of 2019, IPPs (including OPC-Rotem and including renewable energy) are active in the market with an aggregate capacity of approximately 6,614 MW, constituting 34% of the Israeli electricity market’s total installed capacity. The EA estimates that by the end of the IEC reform period, the IEC’s market share is expected to be approximately 45% of the installed conventional capacity in the market, approximately 33% of the installed capacity (including renewable energy) and approximately 32% of the installed capacity for gas. The IEC’s market share is expected to drop below 40% of the generation in the market.

The regulatory arrangements applicable to IPPs were determined while distinguishing between the different generation technologies they use and the various levels of voltage they will be connected to (according to installed capacity). The following are the key electricity production technologies used by private producers in Israel:

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Conventional technology – electricity generation using fossil fuel (natural gas or diesel oil). Exercise of the quota of IPPs using this technology amounts to approximately 2,540 MW out of a total quota of 3,640 MW assigned to generation using this technology. Additional facilities of approximately 582MW are under construction.

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Cogeneration technology –electricity generation using facilities that simultaneously generate both electrical energy and useful thermal energy (steam) from a single source of energy. Exercise of the quota of generators using this technology amounts to approximately 990 MW out of a total quota of 1,000 MW assigned under the current regulation. Licenses issued beyond that shall be subject to different regulation.

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Renewable energy – generation of electric power the source of energy of which includes, inter alia, sun, wind, water or waste. In November 2020, the Israeli government updated the generation targets for renewable energy to 30% of the consumption up to 2030. As at the end of 2019, the installed capacity of photovoltaic generation facilities was approximately 1,915 MW and the expectation for 2025 is 5,016 MW, out of a quota of 5,925 MW assigned to generation using renewable energy up to 2025 pursuant to various regulations published by the EA.

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Pumped storage energy – generation of electricity using an electrical pump connected to the power grid in order to pump water from a lower water reservoir to an upper water reservoir, while taking advantage of the height differences between them in order to power an electric turbine. The installed capacity of production facilities using this technology amounts to 644 MW out of a total quota of 800 MW assigned to generation.

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Energy storage – this is possible through a range of technologies, including, among others, pumped storage, mechanical storage (for example compressed air) and chemical storage (for example batteries). In light of the Israeli government decision that provides a target for generation of electricity using renewable energies (mainly solar energy) at the rate of 30% out of the generation up to 2030, the EA estimates that the electricity sector in Israel will need to prepare for construction of facilities for energy storage. The use of this technology is currently negligible; however, it is expected to increase significantly in the upcoming years due to the need for storage facilities as a result of the anticipated increase in renewable energies. In particular, based on EA publications, compliance with the target for renewable energies up to 2030 will require construction of storage facilities in the scope of about 2,700 to 5,300 MW, deriving from the readiness of the technology and the economic feasibility of its use.

According to the Electricity Sector Law, the IEC, as an essential service provider, is committed to purchasing electricity from IPPs at the rates and under the conditions set in the Electricity Sector Law and the regulations and standards promulgated thereunder (and, in relation to OPC-Rotem, by virtue of the tender and OPC-Rotem’s PPA with IEC). In addition, the IEC is committed to connecting the IPPs facilities to the distribution and transmission grid and providing them with infrastructure services in order to allow IPPs to provide power to private customers and system administration service.

Electricity Consumers

In recent years more so than in the past, due to the Israeli government’s targets with respect to renewable energies and the targets of the Minister of Energy for decentralized generation, the impact of electricity consumers on the market has strengthened. In recent years, there is a global trend of transition from generation of electricity using fossil fuels to generation using renewable energy technologies – this being due to, among other things, the increasing awareness of the climate change crisis, as well as in light of the decline in the construction costs of the renewable energy facilities, particularly the photovoltaic generation facilities.

Regulatory Framework for Conventional IPPs

The regulatory framework for current and under construction conventional IPPs was set by the PUAE in 2008. An IPP may choose to allocate its generation capacity, as “permanently available capacity,” or PAC, or as “variable available capacity,” or VAC. PAC refers to capacity that is allocated to IEC and is dispatched according to IEC’s instructions. PAC receives a capacity payment for the capacity allocated to IEC, as well as energy payment to cover the energy costs, in the event that the unit is dispatched. VAC refers to capacity that is allocated to private consumers, and sold according to an agreement between the IPP and a third party. Under VAC terms, IPP shall be entitled to receive availability payments for excess energy not sold to private customers. In addition, the IEC can purchase electricity allocated to it at variable availability, on a price quote basis. Within this regulatory framework, a private electricity producer can choose to allocate between 70% and 90% of their production capacity at high availability, and the rest at variable availability.

Upon the development of the electricity market and the utilization of EA Regulation 241 quotas in December 2014, the EA published a follow-up arrangement for conventional producers, and implemented dispatch of IPPs according to the economic dispatch order. According to this regulation, the production units shall be dispatched in accordance with an economic dispatch principle and independent of PPAs between producers and customers, and shall apply to producers with an installed capacity higher than 16 MW and up to a total output of 1,224 MW. This regulation is referred to as “Regulation 914.”

In May 2017, the EA amended Regulation 914. Under the amendment, a higher tariff was adopted for production facilities that comply with certain flexible requirements. The amendment also offers open-cycle producers several alternatives, including receiving surplus gas from the gas agreements of other producers. The total quota for new facilities pursuant to this arrangement was limited to 1,100 MW distributed across various plants (at least 450 MW and up to 700 MW for combined cycle facilities, at least 400 MW and up to 650 MW for flexible open cycle facilities). Furthermore, under the amendment the EA prohibits entry into bilateral transactions by open-cycle facilities and demands that combined-cycle facilities sell at least 15% of their capacity to private consumers. Finally, in order to grant IPPs sufficient time to reach financial closing, Regulation 914 was extended to apply to producers who will receive licenses no later than January 1, 2020.

In November 2018, the EA published a decision regarding the activity arrangement of natural gas generation facilities connected to the distribution network. Pursuant to this decision, generators under 16 MW are encouraged to construct power plants within customers’ facilities. These power plants will only be permitted to sell electricity to customers within the facility (and not other private customers) and the System Administrator.

In March 2019, the EA published a decision regarding the establishment of generators connected to the high-voltage network without a tender process. This decision would permit the establishment of generation facilities that are connected to the transmission grid or integrated in the connection of a consumer connected to the transmission grid (excluding renewable energy) for a maximum capacity of 500 MW and provided they receive tariff approval by the end of 2023. These generation facilities will only be permitted to sell electricity to customers within the facility (and not other private customers) and to provide the rest of their available capacity to the System Administrator, that will upload the capacity to the grid according to central upload system. The EA has stated that it intends to publish information on the tender process for construction of such generation facilities in the future.

In November 2020, the EA proposed to the Minister of Energy regulations regarding the promotion of competition in the electricity generation industry. The regulations remain subject to the approval of the Minister of energy. Pursuant to these rules, a generation or conditional license may not be granted if (a) the grantee will hold plants operating on natural gas exceeding 20% of planned capacity (which the EA has stated is 14,000 MW, including the capacity of IEC), (b) the grantee will hold more than one plant operating on pumped storage technology, or (c) the grantee will hold plants operating on wind energy exceeding 60% of planned capacity. Regarding (a), according to the principles of the Competition Authority the relevant limit is 20% of 10,500 MW (which is the anticipated capacity in the market held by private players by 2023, excluding capacity of IEC). These regulations have not been adopted by the Minister of Energy yet.

OPC-Rotem’s Regulatory Framework

OPC-Rotem operates according to a tender issued by the state of Israel in 2001 and, in accordance therewith, OPC-Rotem and the IEC executed the IEC PPA in 2009, which stipulates OPC’s regulatory framework. This PPA will be assigned by IEC to the System Administrator. OPC-Rotem’s framework differs from the general regulatory framework for IPPs, as set by the PUAE and described above.

According to the IEC PPA, OPC-Rotem may sell electricity in one or more of the following ways:

Capacity and Energy to IEC: according to the IEC PPA, OPC-Rotem is obligated to allocate its full capacity to IEC. In return, IEC shall pay OPC-Rotem a monthly payment for each available MW, net, that was available to IEC. In addition, when IEC requests to dispatch OPC-Rotem, the IEC shall pay a variable payment based on the cost of fuel and the efficiency of the station. This payment will cover the variable cost deriving from the operation of the OPC-Rotem Power station and the generation of electricity.

Sale of energy to end users: OPC-Rotem is allowed to inform IEC, subject to the provision of advanced notice, that it is releasing itself in whole or in part from the allocation of capacity to IEC, and extract (in whole or in part) the capacity allocated to IEC, in order to sell electricity to private customers pursuant to the Electricity Sector Law. OPC-Rotem may, subject to 12-months’ advanced notice, re-include the excluded capacity (in whole or in part) as capacity sold to IEC.

OPC-Rotem informed IEC, as required by the IEC PPA, of the exclusion of the entire capacity of its power plant, in order to sell such capacity to private customers. Since July 2013, the entire capacity of OPC-Rotem has been allocated to private customers.

The IEC PPA includes a transmission and backup appendix, which requires IEC to provide transmission and backup services to OPC-Rotem and its customers, for private transactions between OPC-Rotem and its customers, and the tariffs payable by OPC-Rotem to IEC for these services. Moreover, upon entering a PPA between OPC-Rotem and an individual consumer, OPC-Rotem becomes the sole electricity provider for this customer, and IEC is required to supply power to this customer when OPC-Rotem is unable to do so, in exchange for a payment by OPC-Rotem according to the tariffs set by the EA for this purpose. For further information on the risks associated with the indexation of the EA’s generation tariff and its potential impact on OPC-Rotem’s business, financial condition and results of operations, see “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Related to OPC— Changes in the EA’s electricity rates may reduce OPC’s profitability.”

In November 2017, OPC-Rotem applied to the EA to obtain a supply license for the sale of electricity to customers in Israel. In February 2018, the EA responded that OPC-Rotem needs a supply license to continue selling electricity to customers and that the license will not change the terms of the PPA between OPC-Rotem and the IEC. The EA also stated that it will consider OPC-Rotem’s supply license once the issue of electricity trade in the Israeli economy has been comprehensively dealt with. OPC-Rotem has not received a supply license to date and there is no assurance regarding the receipt of the license and its terms. If OPC-Rotem does not receive a supply license, it may adversely affect OPC-Rotem’s operations.

In February 2020, the EA issued standards regarding deviations from consumption plans submitted by private electricity suppliers, which will become effective on September 1, 2020. Under these regulations, a supplier will only be permitted to sell electricity produced by IPPs to consumers and not electricity purchased from the IEC. Deviations from annual consumption plans exceeding 3% of the installed capacity allocated to a supplier will result in payment of an annual tariff. The regulation also provides for a settlement mechanism for deviations from daily consumption plans. The EA has stated that this regulation will apply to OPC-Rotem after supplementary arrangements have been determined for OPC-Rotem, which have yet to be determined. OPC-Rotem is currently in discussions with the EA and OPC has submitted its position to the EA that preserving OPC’s rights under the OPC-Rotem tender required granting a supply license at the same time as applying the described decision to OPC-Rotem. The EA regulations could limit OPC-Rotem’s operations if it does not obtain a supply license or if it obtains a license that contains more restrictive terms than expected. OPC is still examining the effects of the decision on OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera.

Regulatory Framework for Cogeneration IPPs

The regulatory framework for current and under construction cogeneration IPPs was established by the PUAE in its 2008 and 2016 decisions. A cogeneration IPP can sell electricity in the following ways:

At peak and shoulder times, one of the following shall apply:

each year, the IPP may sell up to 70% of the total electrical energy, calculated annually, produced in its facility to IEC—for up to 12 years from the date of the grant of the license; or

each year, the IPP may sell up to 50% of the total electrical energy, calculated annually, produced in its facility to IEC—for up to 18 years from the date of the grant of the license.

At low demand times, IPPs with units with an installed capacity of up to 175 MW, may sell electrical energy produced by it with a capacity of up to 35 MW, calculated annually or up to 20% of the produced power, inasmuch as the installed output of the unit is higher than 175 MW, all calculated on an annual basis.

According to the regulations, if a cogeneration facility no longer qualifies as a “Cogeneration Production Unit,” other rate arrangements are applied to it, which are inferior to the rate arrangements applicable to cogeneration producers.

In December 2018, the EA published a proposed decision for hearing regarding arrangements for high voltage generators that are established without a tender process. This would also enable the establishment of cogeneration facilities.

OPC-Hadera’s Regulatory Framework

In connection with construction of a cogeneration power station in Israel, OPC-Hadera reached its COD on July 1, 2020. In June 2020, the EA granted a permanent license to the OPC-Hadera power plant for generation of electricity using cogeneration technology having installed capacity of 144 MW and a supply license. The generation license is for a period of 20 years, as is the supply license so long as a valid generation license is held (the generation license may be extended by an additional 10 years).

In connection with above, OPC-Hadera must meet certain conditions before it will be subject to the regulatory framework for cogeneration IPPs and be considered a “Cogeneration Production Unit.” For example, OPC-Hadera will have to obtain a certain efficiency rate which will depend, in large part, upon the steam consumption of OPC-Hadera’s consumers. In circumstances where OPC-Hadera no longer satisfies such conditions and therefore no longer qualifies as a “Cogeneration Production Unit,” other rate arrangements, are applied to it, which are inferior to the rate arrangements applicable to cogeneration producers.

Tzomet’s Regulatory Framework

The Tzomet power plant is expected to be constructed pursuant to Regulation 914 and will be subject to the conditions and limitations thereunder, see “—Regulatory Framework for Conventional IPPs.”

In September 2019, Tzomet received the results of an interconnection study performed by the System Administrator. The study included a limitation on output of the power plant’s full capacity to the grid beyond a limited number of hours per year, up to completion of transmission projects by IEC, which are expected to be completed by the end of 2023. In December 2019, the EA approved Tzomet’s tariff rates, which will be applicable upon completion of the power plant and receipt of a permanent generation license. Given the limitation included in the interconnection study, Tzomet will be subject to a reduced availability tariff during 2023. See “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Related to OPC—OPC faces risks in connection with the expansion of its business.”

In January 2020, Tzomet entered into a PPA with IEC, the government-owned electricity generation, transmission and distribution company in Israel, or the Tzomet PPA (in October 2020, OPC-Rotem received notice of assignment by IEC to the System Administrator). The term of the Tzomet PPA is for 20 years after the power station’s COD. According to the terms of the Tzomet PPA, (1) Tzomet will sell energy and available capacity to IEC and IEC will provide Tzomet infrastructure and management services for the electricity system, including back-up services (2) all of the Tzomet plant’s capacity will be sold pursuant to a fixed availability arrangement, which will require compliance with criteria set out in Regulation 914, (3) the plant will be operated pursuant to the System Administrator’s directives and the System Administrator will be permitted to disconnect supply of electricity to the grid if Tzomet does not comply with certain safety conditions and (4) Tzomet will be required to comply with certain availability and credibility requirements set out in its license and Regulation 914, and pay penalties for any non-compliance. Once the Tzomet plant reaches its COD, its entire capacity will be allocated to the System Administrator pursuant to the terms of the Tzomet PPA, and Tzomet will not be permitted to sign agreements with private customers unless the electricity trade rules are updated.

Tzomet has not entered into a gas supply agreement yet, but has the option to engage with a gas supplier or have its gas supplied by the IEC.

United States

The electricity market in the United States has both Federal oversight (wholesale sales of electricity and interstate transmission) and State oversight (retail sales of electricity and provision of distribution service to end users). The primary federal regulator is the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), alongside separate state-level Public Service Commission’s exercising oversight in their respective states. The wholesale electric marketplace in the United States operates within the framework of several FERC-approved regional or state market operators, known as Regional Transmission Organizations (RTO) or Independent System Operator (ISO). ISO/RTO’s are responsible for the day-to-day operation of the transmission system, the administration of the wholesale markets in the regions in which they operate, and for the long-term transmission planning and resource adequacy functions.

FERC approval under the Federal Power Act may be required prior to a direct, or indirect upstream, change in ownership or control of voting interests, in any FERC jurisdictional public utility (including one of our U.S. project companies) or any public utility assets. FERC approval may also be required for individuals to serve as common officers or directors of public utilities or of a public utility and certain other companies that provide financing or equipment to public utilities. FERC also implements the requirements of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 2005 applicable to “holding companies” having direct or indirect voting interests of 10% or more in companies that (among other activities) own or operate facilities used for the generation of electricity for sale, which includes renewable energy facilities. The regulations of some US states also contains similar provisions with respect to ownership or control of voting interests, directly or indirectly through subsidiaries, of a public utility. Accordingly, the acquisition of an interest that gives rise to ownership of a percentage equal to or greater than 10% of the share capital of OPC Energy or Kenon may be subject to prior FERC approval and such direct or indirect acquisition may also require approval state regulatory authorities in certain US states in which OPC's US business operates.

The PJM market

The PJM Interconnection (PJM) is an ISO and RTO that operates a wholesale electricity market and serves as an administrator of the electric transmission system which covers parts of Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia, which services about 65 million residents. The PJM market is the largest among the RTOs with approximately 198 gigawatts of installed capacity and peak demand of approximately 148 gigawatts. PJM oversees the operation of more than 150,000 kilometers of transmission lines. Sale of electricity in the organized PJM market is supervised and managed by PJM to assure supply of the electricity, based on price offers of the electricity generators.

The PJM is supervised by and receives its authority from the FERC and is financed by payments from participants in the market. PJM collects payments for capacity, electricity, transmission, accompanying services and other services required for operation of the electricity system from utilities and electric distribution companies acting on behalf of consumers (households, commerce and industry), and distributes the payments to the generators and transmitters, by means of a variety of market mechanisms, including purchase of capacity (Forward Capacity Market) and an electricity acquisition mechanism in the Day-Ahead and Real-Time markets. In general, the capacity price is determined in an annual tender for operations over one year three years in advance and is guaranteed without reference to the actual amount of electricity generated. Payments for electricity are made for actual electricity generation and are determined on the basis of the marginal price in the market.

The NYISO market

The NYISO market has operated since 1999, and is one of the most advanced electricity markets in the United States and in the world. The NYISO market includes about 40 gigawatts of installed capacity and more than 18,000 kilometers of transmission lines, serving 20 million customers with a peak demand of 34 gigawatts. The market is divided into 11 regions (zones). The pricing of the electricity and the capacity varies amongst the regions based on demand and available supply. The NYISO electricity market includes a Day-Ahead and Real-Time market for the sale of electricity and other ancillary services. In addition, the NYISO has operated a capacity market since 2003. Capacity prices are determined on a monthly basis, with up to six-month forward auctions. Capacity payments are guaranteed without reference to the amount of electricity actually generated. For the delivery year beginning 2022/23 there were no capacity auctions in the PJM market due to an inquiry with FERC. Capacity auctions will be renewed in May 2021 and are expected to take place once every six months until the normal three-year forward schedule can resume beginning with the 2027/28 auction to be held in May of 2024. After that, the tenders are expected to continue as described above. The electricity prices for energy are determined on the basis of the marginal price in the market.

The ISO–NE market

ISO–NE is the ISO responsible for managing the day-to-day operation of the New England transmission system, as well as administering the wholesale electricity and capacity markets in New England. ISO–NE was created in 1997 to operate the wholesale power market under the direction of the New England Power Pool (NEPOOL). In 2005, it became an independent RTO, assuming broader authority over the day-to-day operation of the power system, market administration, and transmission planning with direct control over the transmission rates and market rules. The ISO-NE managed footprint covers Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, and most of Maine. It serves about 15 million residents with a generation scope of about 31 gigawatts and peak demand of about 28 gigawatts. ISO-NE administers more than 14,000 kilometers of transmission lines ranging from 69kv to 345kv and including several tie lines to neighboring control areas NY, Quebec, and New Brunswick. ISO–NE is a non-profit FERC-regulated entity which operates pursuant to a tariff on file with FERC.

The markets in New England include a Day Ahead and Real Time Energy Market for the sale of electricity, a Forward Capacity Market of tenders for operations over one year three years in advance. New projects have the option of ensuring capacity for a longer period), and other ancillary services.

Regulation permits/licenses

In general, CPV’s facilities and operations are regulated under a variety of federal and state laws and regulations. For example, CPV’s thermal power plant operations are subject to air quality requirements under the federal Clean Air Act (“CAA”) and related state laws, in addition to federal regulations requiring the reporting of greenhouse gas emissions under the Clean Air Act. The CAA regulates emissions of air pollutants from various industrial sources, such as gas-fired power plants, including by requiring Title V Permits to Operate for such sources of air pollution emissions above certain thresholds.

CPV’s thermal projects are also subject to regulation under the federal Clean Water Act (“CWA”) and related state laws in connection with any discharges of wastewater and storm water from its facilities. The CWA prohibits the discharge of pollutants into waters of the United States except pursuant to appropriate permits, including wastewater and stormwater permits under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (“NPDES”).

The projects of the CPV Group are also subject, as applicable, to requirements under federal and state laws governing the management, disposal and release of hazardous wastes and materials at or from its facilities, including the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”) and the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (“CERCLA”) (and equivalent state laws). RCRA requires owners and operators of facilities that generate, store, treat, or dispose of hazardous waste to obtain facility identification numbers from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) and operate in compliance with RCRA Subtitle C permit requirements. CERCLA authorizes the EPA to undertake environmental cleanup of releases of hazardous waste and pursue response actions against potentially responsible parties (“PRPs”) for such waste.

The siting and operation of CPV’s renewable power projects, in turn, are subject to a variety of federal environmental laws, including with respect to protection of threatened and endangered plant and animal species, such as the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. These laws and their state equivalents provide for significant civil and criminal penalties for unpermitted activities that result in harm to or harassment of certain protected animals and plants, including damage to their habitats. CPV’s operations in areas where such threatened or endangered species are located, designated as suitable or critical habitat, may be subject to increased restrictions, limitations, or mitigation requirements arising from species protection measures.

Current operations and future projects also may be subject to the National Historic Preservation Act (“NHPA”), which requires federal agencies to consider the effects on historic properties of federal projects as well as projects that they assist, fund, permit, license, or approve. CPV projects may be subject to additional federal permits, orders, approvals and consultations required by other federal agencies under these and other statutes, including the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Department of the Interior, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the EPA. In addition, federal permitting processes may trigger the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”), which requires federal agencies to evaluate major agency actions that have the potential to significantly impact the environment. State permitting regimes may require similar consultations with applicable state-level agencies and/or the preparation of a similar assessment of environmental impacts pursuant to state law.

CPV’s operations also are subject to a number of federal and state laws and regulations designed to protect the safety and health of workers, including the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act, and equivalent state laws.

Permits/licenses required in connection with operational projects

As part of its activities, CPV is required to obtain and hold permits due to various federal, state and local legislation and regulations relating to power plant operations and environmental protection. Such permits are required both due to the activities of the power plants involving generation therein based on natural gas and the impact of the generation process on the air and water in the area of the facilities, as well as a result of construction of the renewable energy facilities (wind fields and solar fields) that could constitute environmental hazards and have a harmful impact on the area in which they are located. The main required permits/licenses (without distinction between different requirements of the various jurisdictions in which the power plants / facilities are located):

CPV is required to hold permits in order to operate and/or construct the power plants, the purpose of which is prevention or reduction of air pollution. The power plants may also be required to hold permits for flowing water, waste-water and other waste into the local sewer systems or into other water sources in the United States.

Due to the height and location of the exhaust stacks and other components of the generation facilities, which could endanger the air traffic, the power plants are required to hold a permit for construction of the stacks and additional components in the generation facilities. This permit is issued by the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA).

All of CPV’s active plants, as well as the plant under construction, hold relevant valid permits for their operational and/or construction activities. With respect to CPV Valley, it commenced operations in January 2018 under a combined Air State Facility and a pre-construction Prevention of Significant Deterioration permit (together, the “ASF Permit”), among other permits and approvals. Valley subsequently filed its Title V Air Permit Application on August 24, 2018, (which is required to replace the ASF Permit) and continued operations under the automatic permit extension provision in the State Administrative Procedure Act, which also extends the ASF Permit. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (“NYSDEC”) published notice on May 29, 2019 that the Title V application was complete. NYSDEC was required to make a final determination on CPV Valley’s Title V permit application within eighteen months after the application was deemed complete. Rather than making a final determination within that time frame, however, NYSDEC revoked its prior application completeness determination and issued a Notice of Incomplete Application on November 29, 2020. NYSDEC stated that CPV Valley was required to provide an assessment of how NYSDEC’s issuance of a Title V permit would be consistent with the Statewide greenhouse gas emissions limits established in the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (the “CLCPA”). CPV Valley is engaged in discussions with NYSDEC Staff to identify the scope of the information the NYDEC seeks under the CLCPA. CPV Valley can continue to operate under the ASF Permit until a final determination is made regarding the Title V permit. There is no certainty regarding receipt of a Title V permit or timing thereof. If the permit is not received, or if receipt is subject to terms, as well as with respect to the proceedings with NYSDEC, this could have an adverse impact on CPV Valley.

A direct or indirect change in ownership or control of voting rights in a corporation that provides infrastructure services ("public utilities") (including one of the CPV project companies in the U.S.) within the jurisdiction of the FERC, or in any property used for infrastructure services, may be subject to FERC approval, pursuant to the Federal Power Act. Such approval may also be required for holding the position of officers or directors in corporations that provide infrastructure services or certain other companies that provide financing or equipment for infrastructure services. The FERC also applies the requirements in the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 2005 to companies that directly or indirectly hold at least 10% of the voting rights in companies that, among other activities, own or operate facilities that generate electricity for sale, including renewable energy facilities. There is similar state regulation in some states that regulates ownership or control, directly or indirectly through subsidiaries, of voting rights in corporations that provide infrastructure services. Therefore, the acquisition of 10% or more of the share capital of OPC, or Kenon may be subject to FERC approval, and such direct or indirect acquisition may also be subject to the approval of state regulatory authorities in some U.S. states where the company has business operations.

Property taxes/community payments

In general, each CPV project company is subject to property taxes annually paid to the local jurisdiction in which it is located. In some cases (Shore, Maryland, Valley & Towantic), the projects have come to an arrangement for a long-term payment which replaces the regular assessment and taxation process or recognizes certain exemption provisions in relevant laws or regulations. The long-term payment arrangements run between 20-30 years from COD for each applicable project. In other cases (Fairview & Keenan), the projects are subject to an annual assessment on the value of their taxable property and then pay property taxes at the relevant taxing jurisdiction rates.

In addition, few of the CPV project companies (Fairview and Valley) entered into agreements for the benefit of community purposes in their respective local communities. The long-term payments by virtue of such agreements fund community entities or reimburse the local community for the impact during construction. These payments are spread over periods of 20 to 30 years from COD.

Qoros

Kenon holds a 12% interest in Qoros, a China-based automotive company. Kenon previously held a 50% stake in Qoros prior to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros’ investment, and was one of the founding members of the company. Kenon continues to remain actively involved in the business with its current stake and right to appoint two of the nine directors on Qoros’ board.

In 2018, the Majority Shareholder in Qoros acquired 51% of Qoros from Kenon and Chery for RMB3.315 billion, as part of a total investment of approximately RMB6.63 billion by the Majority Shareholder in Qoros, of which RMB6.5 billion was ultimately invested in Qoros’ equity. As a result of this investment, Kenon and Chery had 24% and 25% stakes in Qoros, respectively. In April 2020, Kenon sold half of its remaining interest in Qoros (i.e. 12%) to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros for a price of RMB1.56 billion (approximately $220 million), which was based on the same post-investment valuation as the initial investment by the Majority Shareholder in Qoros, and retains a put option to sell this interest to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros for a price of RMB 1.56 billion (approximately $220 million). As a result, Kenon holds a 12% interest in Qoros, the Majority Shareholder in Qoros holds 63% and Chery holds 25%.

In April 2021, Kenon entered into an agreement to sell its remaining 12% interest in Qoros to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros for a purchase price of RMB1,560 million (approximately $238 million). The sale is subject to certain conditions, including approvals by relevant government authorities and a release of the pledge over Kenon's shares in Qoros, which are currently pledged to secure debt of Qoros under its RMB1.2 billion loan facility. The purchase price is payable in installments due between July 31, 2021 and March 31, 2023.

Kenon has outstanding back-to-back guarantees to Chery in respect of Qoros’ debt of approximately $17 million and has pledged substantially all of its interest in Qoros to support certain Qoros debt, as well as Chery’s guarantees of Qoros debt. Following the 2020 sale of Qoros shares to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros, the Majority Shareholder in Qoros was required to assume its additional pro rata pledge obligations in respect of Qoros debt; it has not yet done so but has provided Kenon with a guarantee for its pro rata share of the pledge obligations with respect to the RMB1.2 billion loan facility. The pledges over Kenon's equity in Qoros will need to be released before the completion of the sale of Kenon's remaining 12% interest in Qoros.

Qoros’ manufacturing facility in Changshu, China has a technical capacity of 150 thousand units per annum, which can be increased to approximately 220 thousand units per annum through the utilization of different shift models.

Qoros’ Description of Operations

Qoros designs, engineers and manufactures automobiles manufactured in China, designed to deliver international standards of quality and safety, as well as innovative features. In 2020, Qoros sold approximately 12,600 cars, as compared to approximately 26,000 cars in 2019. A substantial number of the 2019 sales reflected purchase orders by the leasing companies introduced by the Majority Shareholder in Qoros. These leasing companies primarily offer the vehicles to their customers under short-term arrangements, e.g. through car sharing mobile applications. In 2020, the number of vehicles sold to such leasing companies decreased to 1,544 compared to 22,900 in 2019.

Qoros sold approximately 700 cars in Q1 2021 as compared to approximately 500 cars in Q1 2020.

Qoros’ platform has been designed to enable the efficient introduction of new models in the C- and D-segments. Qoros developed its vehicles in accordance with international standards of quality and safety, working in conjunction with global entities from both automotive and non-automotive industries.

A significant portion of Qoros’ sales in 2019 and 2020 have been SUV vehicles.

Qoros’ strategy includes the development of NEV models.

Qoros’ Manufacturing: Property, Plants and Equipment

Qoros conducts its vehicle manufacturing and assembly operations at its 150 thousand unit per annum, 790,000 square meter factory by land size in Changshu, China, for which it has a land use right until 2062. This technical capacity of the manufacturing facility can be increased to approximately 220 thousand units per annum through the utilization of different shift models. Qoros’ manufacturing plant was closed for a brief time in early 2020 as a result of the coronavirus. Starting in the second quarter of 2020, the production of Qoros’ manufacturing plant and the operation of Qoros returned to normal. In 2021, Qoros’ manufacturing plant was shut down as a result of engine and semiconductor supply shortages and has yet to resume production.

Qoros’ Sourcing and Suppliers

Qoros sources the component parts necessary for its vehicle models from over 100 global suppliers. Qoros also collaborates and sub-contracts with several engineering firms for its product development activities. Qoros sources its engines and certain spare parts from Chery in the ordinary course of Qoros’ business and there are platform sharing arrangements between Qoros and Chery, and Qoros has entered into various commercial agreements with respect to the provision of such supplies from Chery. Qoros may enter into additional commercial arrangements and agreements with shareholders or their affiliates in the future. Qoros has total amounts payable to Chery in the amount of RMB245 million (approximately $38 million) as of December 31, 2020.

Qoros’ Dealers

Qoros markets its vehicles in China primarily through a network of dealers (who sell to retail customers), with whom Qoros enters into non-exclusive relationships, including dealerships operated and owned by parties related to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros. As of December 31, 2020, Qoros’ dealerships included 418 points of sales, including 350 dealerships operated by parties related to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros.

Qoros’ Competition

The passenger vehicle market in China is highly competitive, with competition from many of the largest global manufacturers (acting through joint ventures), including European, U.S., Korean and Japanese automakers, and domestic manufacturers. Additional competitors may seek to enter the Chinese automotive market.

Qoros’ strategy contemplates the development of NEV models. Qoros indicates that in 2021, two REEV models are expected to be launched. Also, Qoros is planning the launch of additional NEV models in the future. To the extent that Qoros launches NEV models, it will experience significant competition in the NEV market, as OEMs are required to satisfy regulations, under which automakers obtain a certain NEV score by 2023, which score is related to the number of NEVs the automaker produces.

Qoros’ Investment Agreement

In January 2018, the Majority Shareholder in Qoros acquired 51% of Qoros from Kenon and Chery for RMB3.315 billion (approximately $526 million), which was part of an investment structure to invest a total of approximately RMB6.63 billion (approximately $1,053 million) by the Majority Shareholder in Qoros. As a result of the 2018 investment, Kenon’s and Chery’s interests in Qoros were reduced to 24% and 25%, respectively. In April 2020, we sold half of our remaining interest in Qoros (i.e. 12%) to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros for a price of RMB1.56 billion (approximately $220 million), which was based on the same post-investment valuation as the initial investment by the Majority Shareholder in Qoros. As a result of the 2020 sale, Kenon holds a 12% interest in Qoros, the Majority Shareholder in Qoros holds 63% and Chery holds 25%. For purposes of this section, references to Kenon include Quantum (Kenon’s wholly-owned subsidiary which owns Kenon’s interest in Qoros) and references to Chery include Wuhu Chery (the direct owner of Chery’s interest in Qoros).

The 2018 investment was made pursuant to an investment agreement among the Majority Shareholder in Qoros, Quantum, Wuhu Chery and Qoros.

In connection with the 2018 investment, Kenon received initial cash proceeds of RMB1.69 billion (approximately $260 million) and Chery received cash proceeds of RMB1.625 billion (approximately $250 million). The investment was based on an RMB6.5 billion pre-investment valuation of Qoros, excluding RMB1.9 billion.

Guarantee Obligations and Equity Pledges

Chery has guaranteed a portion of Qoros’ obligations under its RMB3 billion and RMB700 million credit facilities, and Kenon has provided back-to-back guarantees to Chery in respect of a portion of Chery’s obligations. Kenon’s back-to-back guarantee obligations are approximately $17 million. In addition, Kenon and Chery have also pledged a significant portion of their equity interests in Qoros to secure Qoros’ obligations under its RMB1.2 billion credit facility.

In connection with previous reductions in Kenon’s back-to-back guarantee obligations, Kenon provided cash collateral to Chery that was used to fund shareholder loans on behalf of Chery for a total amount of RMB244 million and pledged a portion of Kenon’s equity interests in Qoros to Chery. The agreements for this guarantee and pledge provide that in the event that Chery’s obligations under its guarantees are reduced, Kenon is entitled to the proportionate return from Chery of the RMB244 million funding provided on Chery’s behalf and/or a release of the equity pledged to Chery.

As part of the investment, the Majority Shareholder in Qoros was required to assume its pro rata share of the guarantees and equity pledges based on post-investment equity ownership in Qoros, which is subject to further adjustment following any future changes in the equity ownership in Qoros.

In connection with the 2018 investment and the 2020 sale described below, the Majority Shareholder in Qoros has assumed its proportionate guarantee obligations with respect to the RMB3 billion and RMB700 million loan facilities, and as a result of this plus repayments by Qoros in relation to its loans, Chery has repaid the full RMB244 million cash collateral to Kenon. In addition, all of the Qoros equity pledged by Kenon to Chery has been released.

The Majority Shareholder in Qoros is also required to, but has not, assumed its pro rata share of pledge obligations under the RMB 1.2 billion loan facility, but has provided Kenon with a guarantee in respect of its pro rata share of these pledge obligations.

Kenon’s Put Option

Kenon has a put option over its remaining equity interest in Qoros. The investment agreement and the Qoros Joint Venture Agreement provide Kenon with the right to cause the Majority Shareholder in Qoros to purchase up to 50% of its remaining interest in Qoros at the time of the 2018 investment for up to RMB1.56 billion (approximately $220 million), subject to adjustments for inflation, during the three-year period beginning from the closing of the 2018 investment. The investment agreement further provided that from the third anniversary of the closing until April 2023, Kenon has the right to cause the Majority Shareholder in Qoros to purchase up to all of its remaining equity interests in Qoros for up to a total of RMB1.56 billion (approximately $220 million), subject to adjustment for inflation. Another company within the Baoneng Group guarantees this put option as it has granted a similar option. The put option requires six months’ notice for exercise (except as described below under “—Kenon’s Agreement to Sell its Remaining Interest in Qoros to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros”). The 2020 sale described below under “—Kenon’s Sale of Half of its Remaining Interest in Qoros to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros” was not made pursuant to this put option. See also “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Strategy and Operations—We face risks in relation to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros’ investment in Qoros.”

The investment agreement provides that any changes in the equity holdings of Qoros by Kenon, Chery or the Majority Shareholder in Qoros, including as a result of the put option described above, will result in adjustments to the respective parties’ pro rata obligations of the Qoros bank guarantees and pledges described above according to their equity ownership in Qoros.

Kenon’s Sale of Half of its Remaining Interest in Qoros to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros

In April 2020, Kenon sold half of its remaining interest in Qoros (i.e. 12%) to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros for a price of RMB1.56 billion (approximately $220 million), which was based on the same post-investment valuation as the initial 2018 investment by the Majority Shareholder in Qoros. As a result, Kenon holds a 12% interest in Qoros, the Majority Shareholder in Qoros holds 63% and Chery holds 25%. The Majority Shareholder in Qoros has agreed to assume its pro rata share of the pledge obligations with respect to the RMB1.2 billion loan facility after which Kenon will also be proportionately released from its pledge obligations thereunder, subject to the Qoros bank lender consent. As a result of the initial investment in 2018 and the 2020 sale by Kenon, the Majority Shareholder in Qoros is required to pledge additional shares or to provide other support acceptable to the lender banks. To date, Kenon has not been proportionately released by the bank lenders from these pledge obligations. However, following the 2020 sale to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros, the Majority Shareholder in Qoros has provided Kenon with a guarantee for its pro rata share of the pledge obligations with respect to the RMB1.2 billion loan facility.

Kenon retains its rights under the put option over its remaining 12% interest in Qoros.

Kenon’s Agreement to Sell its Remaining Interest in Qoros to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros

In April 2021, Kenon entered into an agreement to sell all of its remaining interest in Qoros (i.e. 12%) to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros for a purchase price of RMB1,560 million (approximately $238 million). The sale is subject to certain conditions, including approvals by relevant government authorities and a release of the pledge over Kenon's shares in Qoros, which are currently pledged to secure debt of Qoros under its RMB1.2 billion loan facility.

The total purchase price is RMB 1.56 billion (approximately $238 million), which is the same valuation as the previous sales by Quantum to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros. The sale is subject to certain conditions, including a release of the share pledge over the shares to be sold (substantially all of which have been pledged to Qoros’ lending banks), approval of the transaction by the National Development and Reform Commission and registration with the State Administration of Market Regulation.

An entity within the Baoneng Group has guaranteed the Majority Shareholder in Qoros' obligations under this agreement.

The purchase price is to be paid over time pursuant to the following schedule:

Installment	Amount (RMB)	Percentage of the Aggregate Purchase Price	Payment Date
Deposit	78,000,000	5%	July 31, 2021 or earlier if certain conditions are met¹
First Payment	312,000,000	20%	September 30, 2021¹
Second Payment	390,000,000	25%	March 31, 2022¹
Third Payment	390,000,000	25%	September 30, 2022
Fourth Payment	390,000,000	25%	March 31, 2023

______________________

(1) Payments to designated account

The agreement provides that the first and second payments, including the deposit, will be paid into a designated account set up in the name of the Majority Shareholder in Qoros over which Quantum has joint control. According to the agreement, the transfer of these payments to Quantum will occur by the end of Q2 2022, provided that the relevant conditions are met in connection with the registration of the shares to the purchaser, subject to receipt by Quantum of collateral acceptable to it. The agreement provides that the third and fourth payments will be paid directly to Quantum.

The agreement provides that any payment delayed for more than 30 days will be subject to interest at a rate equal to the one year loan prime rate published by the People’s Bank of China.

The agreement provides that following the transfer if its remaining shares in Qoros, Quantum will retain the right to appoint one director until receipt of the final payment. The agreement includes other cooperation provisions including an undertaking by both parties to take all necessary actions to obtain the approval or complete the registrations or filings for the transaction. Such cooperation provisions also include, to the extent required, notifying all lending banks of the transaction and using best efforts to cause Qoros to obtain consent or the waiver by Qoros' lending banks. The Majority Shareholder in Qoros has undertaken to provide additional security satisfactory to lending banks to cause the existing pledges over the shares to be sold to be released.

In the event that the Majority Shareholder in Qoros fails to pay the full amount of any payment due within sixty days after the relevant payment date, or Quantum fails to receive the full amount of the first and second payments (including the deposit) by June 30, 2022, Quantum may, at its sole election, immediately exercise the put option described above without any required notice period.

The agreement provides that either party may terminate the agreement upon material breach of the agreement or any representation is untrue or inaccurate in any material respect by the other party.

Kenon faces risks in connection with the sale agreement; see "Item 3.D.—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Strategy and Operations—We face risks in relation to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros’ investment in Qoros and the agreement to sell all of Kenon's remaining interest in Qoros."

Qoros’ Joint Venture Agreement

We are party to a joint venture agreement, or the Joint Venture Agreement, entered into on February 16, 2007, which has been amended to reflect the Majority Shareholder in Qoros’ 63% interest in Qoros. The Joint Venture Agreement sets forth certain rights and obligations of each of Quantum, the wholly-owned subsidiary through which we own our equity interest in Qoros, Wuhu Chery and the Majority Shareholder in Qoros with respect to Qoros.

The Joint Venture Agreement is governed by Chinese law. Under the Joint Venture Agreement, certain matters require the unanimous approval of Qoros’ board of directors, while other matters require a two-thirds or a simple majority board approval. Matters requiring unanimous approval of the Qoros board include amendments to Qoros’ articles of association, changes to Qoros’ share capital, the merger, division, termination or dissolution of Qoros, the sale or otherwise disposal of all or a material part of Qoros’ fixed assets for an amount equal or greater than RMB200 million (approximately $29 million) and the issuance of debentures or the creation of third-party security interests over any of Qoros’ material fixed assets (other than those provided in connection with legitimate Qoros loans). Matters requiring approval by two-thirds of the board include the acquisition of majority equity interests in another entity for an amount exceeding 5% of Qoros’ net asset value, termination of any material partnership or joint venture contract, profit distribution plans, the sale or otherwise disposal of all or a material part of Qoros’ fixed assets for an amount equal or greater than RMB60 million (approximately $9 million) but less than RMB200 million (approximately $29 million), and capital expenditures and investments which are equal to or greater than the higher of $4 million or 10% of the approved annual budget.

Pursuant to the terms of the Joint Venture Agreement, we have the right to appoint two of Qoros’ nine directors, Wuhu Chery has the right to appoint two of Qoros’ directors and the Majority Shareholder in Qoros has the right to appoint the remaining five of Qoros’ directors. If the Majority Shareholder in Qoros’ stake in Qoros increases to 67% through a new investment in Qoros, the board of directors of Qoros will be further adjusted such that Qoros will have a six-member board of directors, of which the Majority Shareholder in Qoros will have the right to appoint four directors, while Kenon and Wuhu Chery will each have the right to appoint one director. The Majority Shareholder in Qoros has the right to nominate Qoros’ Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. The nomination of Qoros’ Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer are each subject to the approval of Qoros’ board of directors by a simple majority vote. Quantum and Wuhu Chery each have the right to nominate one of Qoros’ deputy Chief Financial Officers. Such nominations by Quantum and Wuhu Chery are subject to the approval of Qoros’ board of directors by a simple majority vote.

The Joint Venture Agreement restricts transfers of interests in Qoros by the shareholders (other than transfers to affiliates). Quantum may transfer all of its interest in Qoros to any third-party, subject to the rights of first refusal discussed below. During the five-year period following the closing of the investment, Wuhu Chery and the Majority Shareholder in Qoros may not transfer any or all their interests in Qoros to any third-party without consent of the other joint venture partners (except for assignments in relation to an initial public offering of Wuhu Chery’s interest in Qoros).

Subject to the lock-up restrictions set forth above, if any of the joint venture partners elects to sell any of its equity interest in Qoros to a third party (i.e., other than an affiliate), the other joint venture partners have the right to purchase all, but not less than all, of the equity interests to be transferred, subject to certain conditions relating to the minimum price for such sale. In the event that more than one joint venture partner elects to exercise its right of first refusal, the shareholders shall purchase the equity interest to be transferred in proportion to their respective interests in Qoros at such time.

The Joint Venture Agreement also reflects Kenon’s put option and the Majority Shareholder in Qoros’ right to make further investments in Qoros.

The Joint Venture Agreement expires in 2042. The Joint Venture Agreement terminates prior to this date only (i) if the joint venture partners unanimously agree to dissolve Qoros (ii) in the event of any other reasons for dissolution specified in the Joint Venture Agreement and Articles of Association of Qoros or (iii) upon occurrence of any other termination event, as specified in PRC laws and regulations.

Qoros’ Regulatory, Environmental and Compliance Matters

Qoros is subject to regulation, including environmental regulations, in China and the Jiangsu Province. Such regulations focus upon the reduction of emissions, the mitigation of remediation expenses related to environmental liabilities, the improvement of fuel efficiency, and the monitoring and enhancement of the safety features of Chinese vehicles. For example, effective from January 2021, all provinces in China adopted the Chinese regulation on emissions (Stage 6 Limits and Measurement Methods for Emissions from Light Duty Vehicles), which requires that new models meet certain emission limits nationwide.

Qoros’ facility, activities and operations are also subject to continued monitoring and inspection by the relevant Chinese authorities. Qoros’ strategy contemplates the development of NEV models. Qoros is planning to launch two REEV models in 2021. Also, more NEV models are expected to be launched in the future. As such, Qoros will be subject to the laws, licensing requirements, regulations and policies applicable to NEVs in China. For instance, China has published a set of corporate average fuel consumption (CAFC) credit and NEV credit rules to promote the growth of the NEV market and reduce reliance on internal combustion vehicles. Under the regulations, automakers obtain a certain NEV score, which score is related to the number of NEVs the automaker produces. If the automaker is unable to obtain the score, it is required to purchase credits from other automakers or will be unable to sell its conventional vehicles. This could impact the cost of producing vehicles and could impact the timing of purchases by consumers as well as inventories of vehicles that do not meet the standards. In July 2020, the rules were revised by the Chinese government, increasing the required credit scores. As Qoros’ vehicles are currently primarily conventional vehicles, Qoros currently purchases credits from other automakers.

ZIM

Overview

We have an approximately 28% stake in ZIM, a global, asset-light container liner shipping company with leadership positions in niche markets where ZIM believes it has distinct competitive advantages that allow ZIM to maximize its market position and profitability. Founded in Israel in 1945, ZIM is one of the oldest shipping liners, with over 75 years of experience, providing customers with innovative seaborne transportation and logistics services with a reputation for industry leading transit times, schedule reliability and service excellence. In April 2021, Kenon exercised its right as a shareholder of ZIM to nominate two candidates for election to ZIM’s board of directors at ZIM’s 2021 annual general meeting.

As of December 31, 2020, ZIM operated a fleet of 87 vessels and chartered-in 98.7% of its TEU capacity and 98.9% of the vessels in its fleet. For comparison, according to Alphaliner, ZIM’s competitors chartered-in on average approximately 56% of their fleets. In an effort to respond to increased demand for container shipping services globally, between December 31, 2020 and February 28, 2021, ZIM chartered-in an additional 11 vessels (net, not including vessels pending delivery). ZIM deployed 6 of these vessels in its new China to Los Angeles and South East Asia to Los Angeles express services. In addition, in February 2021 ZIM and Seaspan Corporation entered into a strategic agreement for the long-term charter of ten 15,000 TEU liquified natural gas (LNG dual-fuel) container vessels to serve ZIM’s Asia-US East Coast Trade, with the vessels intended to be delivered to us between February 2023 and January 2024.

ZIM operates across five geographic trade zones that provide ZIM with a global footprint. These trade zones include (for the year ended December 31, 2020): (1) Transpacific (40% of carried TEUs), (2) Atlantic (21%), (3) Cross Suez (12%), (4) Intra-Asia (21%) and (5) Latin America (6%). Within these trade zones, ZIM strives to increase and sustain profitability by selectively competing in niche trade lanes where ZIM believes that the market is underserved and that ZIM has a competitive advantage versus its peers. These include both trade lanes where ZIM has an in-depth knowledge, long-established presence and outsized market position as well as new trade lanes into which ZIM is often driven by demand from its customers as they are not serviced in-full by its competitors. Several examples of niche trade lanes within ZIM’s geographic trade zones include: (1) US East Coast & Gulf to Mediterranean lane (Atlantic trade zone where ZIM maintains a 14% market share, (2) East Mediterranean & Black Sea to Far East lane (Cross Suez trade zone), 10% market share and (3) Far East to US East Coast (Pacific trade zone), 9% market share, in each case according to the Port Import/Export Reporting Service and Container Trade Statistics. In response to the growing trend in eCommerce, during 2020 ZIM launched a new, premium high-speed service called ZIM eCommerce Xpress, which moves freight from China to Los Angeles, and the ZIM China Australia Express, which moves freight from China to Australia. In addition, and as a result of further market demand, ZIM launched at the end of 2020 a new service line connecting South East Asia and South China with Australia, and in January 2021 ZIM launched a new express service line connecting South East Asia to Los Angeles.

As of December 31, 2020, ZIM operated a global network of 69 weekly lines, calling at 307 ports in more than 80 countries. ZIM’s complex and sophisticated network of lines allows ZIM to be agile as it identifies markets in which to compete. Within its global network, ZIM offers value-added and tailored services, including operating several logistics subsidiaries to provide complimentary services to its customers. These subsidiaries, which ZIM operates in China, Vietnam, Canada, Brazil, India and Singapore, are asset-light and provide services such as land transportation, custom brokerage, LCL, project cargo and air freight services. Out of ZIM’s total volume in the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, approximately 25.2% of its TEUs carried utilized additional elements of land transportation.

As of December 31, 2020, ZIM chartered-in nearly all of its capacity; in addition, 55.8% of ZIM’s chartered-in vessels are under leases having a remaining charter duration of one year or less (or 50.7% in terms of TEU capacity). ZIM’s short-term charter arrangements allow it to adjust its capacity quickly in anticipation of, or in response to, changing market conditions, including as ZIM continues to adjust its operations in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. ZIM’s fleet, both in terms of the size of its vessels and its short-term charters, enables it to optimize vessel deployment to match the needs of both mainlane and regional routes and to ensure high utilization of its vessels and specific trade advantages. The majority of ZIM’s vessels are from a large and liquid pool of large mid-sized vessels (3,000 to 10,000 TEUs) that are typically available for ZIM to charter, though ZIM recently agreed to the long-term charter of ten 15,000 TEU liquified natural gas (LNG dual-fuel) container vessels to be delivered to ZIM between February 2023 and January 2024, pursuant to its strategic agreement with Seaspan. Furthermore, ZIM operates a modern and specialized container fleet, which acts as an additional value-added service offering, attracting higher yields than standard cargos.

ZIM’s network is significantly enhanced by cooperation agreements with other leading container liner companies and alliances, allowing ZIM to maintain a high degree of agility while optimizing fleet utilization by sharing capacity, expanding its service offering and benefiting from cost savings. Such cooperation agreements include vessel sharing agreements (VSAs), slot purchase and swaps. ZIM’s strategic operational collaboration with the 2M Alliance, comprised of the two largest global carriers (Maersk and MSC), which was announced in July 2018, launched in September 2018 and further expanded in March 2019 and August 2019, allows ZIM to provide faster and more efficient service in some of its most critical trade lanes, including Asia — US East Coast, Asia — Pacific Northwest, Asia — Mediterranean and Asia — US Gulf Coast. ZIM’s cooperation with the 2M Alliance today covers four trade lanes, 11 services and approximately 22,200 weekly TEUs. In addition to its collaboration with the 2M Alliance, ZIM also maintains a number of partnerships with various global and regional liners in different trades. For example, in the Intra-Asia trade, ZIM partners with both global and regional liners in order to extend its services in the region.

ZIM has a highly diverse and global customer base with approximately 30,080 customers (which considers each of ZIM’s customer entities separately, even if it is a subsidiary or branch of another customer) using ZIM’s services. In 2020, ZIM’s 10 largest customers represented approximately 16% of its freight revenues and its 50 largest customers represented approximately 34% of its freight revenues. One of the key principles of ZIM’s business is its customer-centric approach and ZIM strives to offer value-added services designed to attract and retain customers. ZIM’s strong reputation, high-quality service offering and schedule reliability has generated a loyal customer base, with 75% of its top 20 customers in 2020 having a relationship with ZIM lasting longer than 10 years.

ZIM has focused on developing technologies to support its customers, including improvements in its digital capabilities to enhance both commercial and operational excellence. ZIM uses its technology and innovation to power new services, improve its customer experience and enhance its productivity and portfolio management. Several recent examples of ZIM’s digital services include: (i) ZIMonitor, which is an advanced tracking device that provides 24/7 online alerts to support high value cargo, (ii) eZIM, ZIM’s easy-to-use online booking platform; (iii) eZQuote, a digital tool that allows customers the ability to receive instant quotes with a fixed price and guaranteed terms; (iv) Draft B/L, an online tool that allows export users to view, edit and approve their bill of lading online without speaking with a representative; and (v) ZIMGuard, an artificial intelligence-based internal tool designed to detect possible misdeclarations of dangerous cargo in real-time. Furthermore, ZIM has formed a number of partnerships and collaborations with third party start-ups for the development of multiple engines of growth which are adjacent to ZIM’s traditional container shipping business. These technological partnerships and initiatives include: (i) “ZKCyberStar”, a collaboration with Konfidas, a cyber-security consulting company, to provide bespoke cyber-security solutions, guidance, methodology and training to the maritime industry; (ii) “Zcode”, a new initiative in cooperation with Sodyo, an early stage scanning technology company, aimed to provide visual identification solutions for the entire logistics sector (inventory management, asset tracking, fleet management, shipping, access control, etc.); (iii) ZIM’s investment in and partnership with WAVE, an electronic B/L based on blockchain technology, to replace and secure original documents of title; (iv) ZIM’s investment in and partnership with Ladingo, a one-stop-shop for Cross Border Shipments with all-in-one, easy to use software and fully integrated service, making it easier, more affordable and risk free to import and export LCLs, FCLs or any large and bulky shipments. This partnership is set to complement ZIM’s strategic cooperation with Alibaba, via Alibaba.com, to enhance logistics services to its customers and service providers, by adding an online LCL solution for Alibaba sellers, and is expected to enable ZIM to gain footprint in adjacent and new markets, grow its revenue streams and provide added value to its customers.

Over the past three years ZIM has taken initiatives to reduce and avoid costs across its operating activities through various cost-control measures and equipment cost reduction (including, but not limited to, equipment interchanges such as swapping containers in surplus locations, street turns to reduce trucking of empty containers and domestic repositioning from inland ports).

ZIM is headquartered in Haifa, Israel. As of December 31, 2020, ZIM had approximately 3,794 full-time employees worldwide and 1,351 contractors. In 2020 and 2019, ZIM carried 2.84 and 2.82 million TEUs, respectively, for its customers worldwide. During the same periods, ZIM’s revenues were $3,992 million and $3,300 million, its net income (loss) was $524 million and $(13) million and its Adjusted EBITDA was $1,036 million and $386 million, respectively.

ZIM’s services

With a global footprint of more than 200 offices and agencies in approximately 100 countries, ZIM offers both door-to-door and port-to-port transportation services for all types of customers, including end-users, consolidators and freight forwarders.

Comprehensive logistics solutions

ZIM offers its customers comprehensive logistics solutions to fit their transportation needs from door-to- door. ZIM’s wide range of reliable transportation services, handled by its highly trained sea and shore crews and supported with personalized customer service and its unified information technology platform, allows ZIM to offer its customers high quality and tailored services and solutions at any time around the world.

ZIM’s services and geographic trade zones

As of December 31, 2020, ZIM operated a global network of 69 weekly lines, calling at 307 ports in more than 80 countries. ZIM’s shipping lines are linked through hubs that strategically connect main lines and feeder lines, which provide regional transport services, creating a vast network with connections to and from smaller ports within the vicinity of main lines. ZIM has achieved leadership positions in specific markets by focusing on trades where it has distinct competitive advantages and can attain and grow its overall profitability.

ZIM’s shipping lines are organized into geographic trade zones by trade. The table below illustrates ZIM’s primary geographic trade zones and the primary trades they cover, as well as the percentage of ZIM’s total TEUs carried by geographic trade zone for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:

		Year ended December 31,
Geographic trade zone (percentage of total TEUs carried for the period)	Primary trade	2020			2019			2018
Pacific	Transpacific		40	%		36	%		38	%
Cross-Suez	Asia-Europe		12	%		13	%		15	%
Atlantic-Europe	Atlantic		21	%		21	%		18	%
Intra-Asia	Intra-Asia		21	%		23	%		22	%
Latin America	Intra-America		6	%		7	%		7	%
			100	%		100	%		100	%

Pacific geographic trade zone

The Pacific geographic trade zone serves the Transpacific trade, which covers trade between Asia, including China, Korea, South East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Caribbean, Central America, the Gulf of Mexico and the east coast and west coast of the United States and Canada. ZIM’s services within this geographic trade zone also connect to Intra-Asia and Intra-America regional feeder lines, which provide onward connections to additional ports. For its services from Asia to the west coast of the United States and Canada, ZIM mainly uses the Pacific Northwest (PNW) gateway.

Pacific Northwest service. Approximately 63% of all goods shipped to the United States are transported via ports located in the west coast of the United States and Canada. These include local discharge as well as delivery by train or trucks to their final destinations, mainly to the Midwestern United States and to the central and eastern parts of Canada. ZIM holds a position within the PNW, mostly via two Canadian gateways, the Vancouver and Prince Rupert ports, and also the Seattle port, which enable ZIM to serve the very large Canadian and U.S. Midwest markets. ZIM also has strategic relationships in these markets with Canadian National Railway Company, a rail operator, and with the 2M Alliance. ZIM operates four vessels with capacities of 8,500 TEUs serving two lines within the PNW, with access to nine additional vessels operated by members of the 2M Alliance.

In addition, for the trade between Asia and Pacific South West Coast, ZIM recently launched a unique expedited PSW service focusing on e-Commerce between South China and Los Angeles.

Asia-U.S. All-Water service. With respect to the Asia-U.S. east coast trade, “all-water” refers to trade between Asia and the U.S. east coast and Gulf Coast using marine transportation only, via the Suez or Panama Canal. Within its cooperation with the 2M Alliance, ZIM operates across seven services: five to USEC and two to the USGC. As of December 31, 2020, ZIM offered ten services in the Pacific geographic trade zone, which had an effective weekly capacity of 21,650 TEUs and covered all major international shipping ports in the Transpacific trade. ZIM’s services in the Pacific geographic trade zone accounted for 53% of its freight revenues from containerized cargo for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Cross-Suez geographic trade zone. The Cross-Suez geographic trade zone serves the Asia-Europe trade, which covers trade between Asia and Europe (including the Indian sub-continent) through the Suez Canal, primarily focusing on the Asia- Black Sea/East Mediterranean Sea sub-trade, which is one of ZIM’s key strategic zones. As of March 2019, ZIM extended its cooperation with the 2M Alliance to include this sector and ZIM operates by a slot charter agreement on two services from Asia to the East Mediterranean. In addition, in October 2018, ZIM purchased slots from MSC on two lines in India-East Mediterranean trade. As of December 31, 2020, ZIM offered four services in the Cross-Suez geographic trade zone, which had an effective weekly capacity of 4,967 TEUs and covered all major international shipping ports in the East Mediterranean, the Black Sea, China, East and Southeast Asia and India. The Cross-Suez geographic trade zone accounted for 11% of ZIM’s freight revenues from containerized cargo for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Atlantic-Europe geographic trade zone. The Atlantic-Europe geographic trade zone serves the Atlantic trade, which covers trade between North America and the Mediterranean, along with Intra-Europe/Mediterranean trade. ZIM’s services within this geographic trade zone also connect to Intra-Mediterranean and Intra-America regional feeder lines which provide onward connections to additional ports. Since 2014, ZIM has had a cooperation agreement with Hapag-Lloyd and other companies in ZIM’s Atlantic services. In addition, in the Intra-Europe/Mediterranean trade, ZIM has cooperation agreements with MSC and COSCO. As of December 31, 2020, ZIM offered 11 services within this geographic trade zone, with an effective weekly capacity of 9,371 TEUs, covering major international shipping ports in the East and West Mediterranean, the Black Sea, Northern Europe, the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the east and west coasts of North America. The Atlantic-Europe geographic trade zone accounted for 17% of ZIM’s freight revenues from containerized cargo for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Intra-Asia geographic trade zone. The Intra-Asia and Asia-Africa geographic trade zone serves the Intra-Asia trade, which covers trade within regional ports in Asia, including ISC (Indian sub-continent), West and South Africa. The Intra-Asia geographic trade zone accounted for 13% of ZIM’s freight revenues from containerized cargo for the year ended December 31, 2020. ZIM’s services within this geographic trade zone feed into the global lines of the Pacific and Cross-Suez trades. ZIM has cooperation agreements with a number of other shipping companies within this trade. ZIM has recently launched two unique expedited services enabling expanded reach and additional destinations to its customers on the trade between Asia and Australia. As of December 31, 2020, ZIM offered 35 services within this geographic trade zone with an effective weekly capacity of 16,930 TEUs. ZIM’s services within this geographic trade zone cover major regional ports, including those in China, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam and other ports in South East Asia, India, South and West Africa, Thailand and Vietnam, and connect to shipping lines within its Cross-Suez and Pacific geographic trade zones.

Latin America geographic trade zone. The Latin America geographic trade zone consists of the Intra-America trade, which covers trade within regional ports in the Americas, as well as trade between the South American east coast and Asia and trade between the South American east coast and West Mediterranean. The regional services within this geographic trade zone are linked to ZIM’s Pacific and Atlantic-Europe geographic trade zones. ZIM cooperates with other carriers within the regional services and, in the Asia-East Coast South America and Mediterranean- East Coast South America sub-trades, mostly by slots purchase. As of December 31, 2020, ZIM offered nine services within this geographic trade zone as well as a complementary feeder network with an effective weekly capacity of 2,795 TEUs and operated between major regional ports, including ports in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, the Caribbean, Central America, China, U.S. Gulf Coast, U.S. east coast and the West Mediterranean, and connect to ZIM’s Pacific and Atlantic- Europe services. The Latin America geographic trade zone accounted for 6% of ZIM’s freight revenues from containerized cargo for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Types of cargo

The following table sets forth details of the types of cargo ZIM shipped during the nine months ended December 31, 2020 as well as the related quantities and volume of containers (owned and leased).

Type of Container	Type of Cargo	Quantity		TEUs
Dry van containers	Most general cargo, including commodities in bundles, cartons, boxes, loose cargo, bulk cargo and furniture		1,563,218		2,162,156
Reefer containers	Temperature controlled cargo, including pharmaceuticals, electronics and perishable		82,951		164,712
Other specialized containers	Heavy cargo and goods of excess height and/or width, such as machinery, vehicles and building		50,722		63,684
Total			1,696,891		2,840,552

ZIM’s vessel fleet

As of December 31, 2020, ZIM’s fleet included 87 vessels (85 cargo vessels and two vehicle transport vessels), of which one vessel is owned by ZIM and 86 vessels are chartered-in (including 57 vessels accounted as right-of-use assets under the lease accounting guidance of IFRS 16 and 4 vessels accounted under sale and leaseback refinancing agreements). As of December 31, 2020, ZIM’s fleet (including both owned and chartered vessels) had a capacity of 374,636 TEUs. The average size of ZIM’s vessels is approximately 4,400 TEUs, compared to an industry average of 4,449 TEUs.

ZIM charters-in vessels under charter party agreements for varying periods. With the exception of those vessels for which charter rates were set in connection with our 2014 restructuring, ZIM’s charter rates are fixed at the time of entry into the charter party agreement and depend upon market conditions existing at that time. As of December 31, 2020, 81 of ZIM’s vessels are under a “time charter,” which consists of chartering-in the vessel capacity for a given period of time against a daily charter fee, with the crewing and technical operation of the vessel handled by its owner, including 8 vessels chartered-in under a time charter from a related party and 5 vessels chartered-in under a “bareboat charter,” which consists of chartering a vessel for a given period of time against a charter fee, with the operation of the vessel being handled by ZIM. Subject to any restrictions in the applicable arrangement, ZIM determines the type and quantity of cargo to be carried as well as the ports of loading and discharging. ZIM’s vessels operate worldwide within the trading limits imposed by its insurance terms. The average duration of ZIM’s charter party agreements is approximately 15 months. ZIM’s charter party agreements are predominately short-term in duration, which supports a flexible cost structure and enables ZIM to meet changing demands and opportunities in the market. ZIM’s fleet is comprised of vessels of various sizes, ranging from less than 1,000 TEUs to 12,000 TEUs, which allows for flexible deployment in terms of port access and is optimally suited for deployment in the sub-trades in which ZIM operates. In effort to respond to increased demand for container shipping services globally, between December 31, 2020 and February 28, 2021, ZIM chartered-in an additional 11 vessels (net, not including vessels pending delivery). ZIM deployed 6 of these vessels in its new express services: China to Los Angeles, and the ZIM China Australia Express. As of February 28, 2021, ZIM’s fleet included 98 vessels (95 cargo vessels and three vehicle transport vessels), of which one vessel is owned by ZIM and 97 vessels are chartered-in (including 4 vessels accounted under sale and leaseback refinancing agreements), and had a capacity of 416,844 TEUs. Further, as of February 28, 2021, approximately 50% of ZIM’s chartered-in vessels are under short-term leases with a remaining charter duration of less than one year, as ZIM continues to actively manage its asset mix.

The following table provides summary information, as of December 31, 2020, about ZIM’s fleet:

	Number	Capacity (TEU)	Other Vessels	Total⁽¹⁾
Vessels owned by ZIM	1	4,992	-	1
Vessels chartered from parties related to ZIM
Periods up to 1 year (from December 31, 2020)	3	6,359	1	4
Periods between 1 to 5 years (from December 31, 2020)	4	16,601	-	4
Periods over 5 years (from December 31, 2020)	-	-	-	-
Vessels chartered from third parties⁽²⁾
Periods up to 1 year (from December 31, 2020)	43	181,174	1	44
Periods between 1 to 5 years (from December 31, 2020)	32	145,386	-	32
Periods over 5 years (from December 31, 2020)	2	20,124	-	2
Total⁽³⁾	85	374,636	2	87

(1)

Includes 57 vessels accounted as right-of-use assets under the accounting guidance of IFRS 16.

(2)

Includes 4 vessels accounted as right-of-use assets under the accounting guidance of IFRS 16 and four vessels accounted under sale and leaseback refinancing agreements.

(3)

Between January 1, 2020 and February 28, 2021, ZIM chartered in an additional 11 vessels (net, not including vessels pending delivery). As of February 28, 2021, ZIM’s fleet included 98 vessels (95 cargo vessels and three vehicle transport vessels), of which one vessel is owned by ZIM and 97 vessels are chartered-in, and had a capacity of 416,844 TEUs. In addition, in February 2021, ZIM and Seaspan Corporation entered into a strategic agreement for the long-term charter of ten 15,000 TEU LNG dual fuel container vessels.

Under ZIM’s time charters, the vessel owner is responsible for operational costs and technical management of the vessel, such as crew, maintenance and repairs including periodic drydocking, cleaning and painting and maintenance work required by regulations, and certain insurance costs. Transport expenses such as bunker and port canal costs are borne by ZIM. For any vessel that we own or charter under “bareboat” terms, ZIM provides its own operational and technical management services. ZIM’s operational management services include the chartering-in, sale and purchase of vessels and accounting services, while ZIM’s technical management services include, among others, selecting, engaging, and training competent personnel to supervise the maintenance and general efficiency of ZIM’s vessels; arranging and supervising the maintenance, drydockings, repairs, alterations and upkeep of ZIM’s vessels in accordance with the standards developed by ZIM, the requirements and recommendations of each vessel’s classification society, and relevant international regulations and maintaining necessary certifications and ensuring that ZIM’s vessels comply with the law of their flag state.

Strategic Chartering Agreement for LNG-Fueled Vessels from Seaspan Corporation

In February 2021, ZIM and Seaspan Corporation entered into a strategic agreement for the long-term charter of ten 15,000 TEU liquified natural gas (LNG dual-fuel) container vessels, intended to be delivered between February 2023 and January 2024. Pursuant to the agreement, ZIM will charter the vessels for a period of 12 years and have secured an option to later elect a charter period of 15 years to be applied to all chartered vessels. Additionally, ZIM expects to incur between $16 million and $20 million in annualized charter hire costs per vessel over the term of the agreement. ZIM’s total cost during the term of the agreement will depend on the charter period and the initial payment ZIM selects to pay. ZIM was further granted by Seaspan a right of first refusal to purchase the chartered vessels should Seaspan choose to sell them during the charter period, and an option to purchase the vessels at the end of the charter term. ZIM intends to deploy these vessels on its Asia-US East Coast Trade as an enhancement to its service on this strategic trade.

ZIM’s containers

In addition to the vessels that it owns and charters, ZIM owns and charters a significant number of shipping containers. As of December 31, 2020, ZIM held 439,000 container units with a total capacity of 741,000 TEUs, of which 11% were owned by ZIM and 89% were leased (including 79% accounted as right-of- use assets). In some cases, the terms of the leases provide that ZIM will have the option to purchase the container at the end of the lease term.

Container fleet management

ZIM aims to reposition empty containers in the most cost-efficient way in order to minimize its overall empty container moves and container fleet while meeting demand. Due to a natural imbalance in demand between trade areas, ZIM seeks to optimize its container fleet by repositioning empty containers at minimum cost in order to timely and efficiently meet its customers’ demands. ZIM’s global logistics team oversees the internal management of empty containers and equipment to support this optimization effort. In addition to repairing and maintaining ZIM’s container fleet, ZIM’s logistics team continuously optimizes the flow of empty containers based on commercial demands and operational constraints. Below is a summary of our logistics initiatives relating to container fleet management:

•

Slot swap agreements. ZIM enters into agreements with other carriers for the exchange of vessel space, or “slots.” Each carrier continues to operate its own line, while also having access to slots on the other carrier’s line. ZIM currently has slot swap agreements with 12 other carriers.

•

Slot sale agreements. ZIM sells slots on board its vessels to transport empty, shipper-owned containers.

•

One-way container lease. ZIM uses leasing companies and other shipping liners’ empty containers to move cargo from locations with increased demand to over-supplied locations.

Equipment sub-leases. ZIM leases its equipment to other carriers and freight forwarders in order to reduce its container repositioning and evacuation costs.

ZIM’s containers

Container fleet management

•

Slot sale agreements. ZIM sells slots on board its vessels to transport empty, shipper-owned containers.

•

One-way container lease. ZIM uses leasing companies and other shipping liners’ empty containers to move cargo from locations with increased demand to over-supplied locations.

•

Equipment sub-leases. ZIM leases its equipment to other carriers and freight forwarders in order to reduce its container repositioning and evacuation costs.

ZIM’s operational partnerships

ZIM is party to a large number of cooperation agreements with other shipping companies and alliances, which generally provide for the joint operation of shipping services by vessel sharing agreements, the exchange of capacity and the sale or purchase of slots on vessels operated by other shipping companies. ZIM does not participate in any alliances, which are agreements between two or more container shipping companies that govern the sharing of a vessel’s capacity and other operational matters across multiple trades, although ZIM does partner with the 2M Alliance on a number of trades, as described below.

Strategic Cooperation Agreement with the 2M Alliance

In September 2018, ZIM entered into a strategic operational cooperation agreement with the 2M Alliance in the Asia-USEC trade zone, which includes a joint network of five lines operated by us and by the 2M Alliance. The term of the strategic cooperation is seven years. The strategic cooperation includes the creation of a joint network of five loops between Asia and USEC, out of which one is operated by ZIM and four are operated by the 2M Alliance. In addition, ZIM and the 2M Alliance are permitted to swap slots on all five loops under the agreement and ZIM may purchase additional slots in order to meet total demand in these trades. This strategic cooperation with the 2M Alliance enables ZIM to provide our customers with improved port coverage and transit time, while generating cost efficiencies. In March 2019, ZIM entered into a second strategic cooperation agreement with the 2M Alliance, which included a combination of vessel sharing, slot exchange and purchase, and covers two additional trade zones: Asia-East Mediterranean and Asia-American Pacific Northwest. This cooperation agreement offers four dedicated lines with extensive port coverage and premium service levels. In August 2019, ZIM launched two new U.S.-Gulf Coast direct services with the 2M Alliance. At the end of 2020, ZIM further upsized two joint services by utilizing larger vessels on the Asia U.S. Gulf Coast service and the Asia-U.S. East Coast service and in March 2021 ZIM announced its intention to launch in early May 2021 a new joint service line connecting from Yantian and Vietnam to U.S. South Atlantic ports via Panama Canal. Pursuant to its agreement with the 2M Alliance, commencing June 1, 2021, ZIM and the 2M Alliance will discuss possible amendments to the agreement that would govern the next phase of the parties’ cooperation. If the parties fail to mutually agree on the terms for a continuation of the strategic operational cooperation, any party may terminate the agreement prior to December 1, 2021, and such termination would occur on April 1, 2022. The agreement is otherwise subject to termination upon certain occurrences, including, for instance, a change of control or insolvency of one of the parties.

The table below shows ZIM’s operational partners by geographic trade zone as of December 31, 2020:

	Geographic trade zone
Partner	Pacific	Cross-Suez	Intra-Asia	Atlantic-Europe	Latin America
A.P. Moller-Maersk⁽¹⁾	✓	✓	✓		✓
Mediterranean Shipping Company⁽¹⁾	✓	✓		✓	✓
CMA CGM S.A.			✓
Evergreen Marine Corporation			✓
Hapag-Lloyd AG⁽²⁾				✓	✓
China Ocean Shipping Company			✓	✓
American President Lines Ltd.			✓
ONE			✓
Orient Overseas Container Line Limited			✓
Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation⁽²⁾			✓	✓
Hyundai Merchant Marine Co., Ltd.			✓
Others			✓	✓	✓

(1)

ZIM’s cooperation with Maersk and MSC is under the 2M Alliance framework. However, in the Cross- Suez trade, Atlantic and Latin America ZIM also has a separate bilateral cooperation agreement with MSC, as well as a separate bilateral cooperation agreement with Maersk and in the Latin America and Intra Asia trades.

(2)	With respect to the Atlantic-Europe trade, ZIM has a swap agreement with some of THE Alliance members: Hapag-Lloyd and Yang Ming, supporting ZIM loadings on THE Alliance service on this trade. ZIM also has a separate bilateral agreement in respect of the Atlantic-Europe trade with Hapag-Lloyd.

ZIM’s Customers

In 2020, ZIM had more than 30,080 customers using our services on a non-consolidated basis. ZIM’s customer base is well-diversified and it does not depend upon any single customer for a material portion of its revenue. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, no single customer represented more than 5% of ZIM’s revenues.

ZIM’s customers are divided into “end-users,” including exporters and importers, and “freight forwarders.” Exporters include a wide range of enterprises, from global manufacturers to small family-owned businesses that may ship just a few TEUs each year. Importers are usually the direct purchasers of goods from exporters, but may also comprise sales or distribution agents and may or may not receive the containerized goods at the final point of delivery. Freight forwarders are non-vessel operating common carriers that assemble cargo from customers for forwarding through a shipping company. End-users generally have long-term commitments that facilitate planning for future volumes, which results in high entry barriers for competing carriers due to customer loyalty. Freight forwarders have short-term contracts at renegotiated rates. As a result, entry barriers are low for competing carriers for this customer base. During the last five years, end-users have constituted approximately 39% of ZIM’s customers in terms of TEUs carried, and the remainder of its customers were freight forwarders. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, ZIM’s five largest customers in the aggregate accounted for approximately 10%, 9% and 9% of its freight revenues and related services, respectively, and 7% of ZIM’s TEUs carried for each year.

ZIM’s Sustainability and Focus on ESG

Through its core value of sustainability, ZIM aims to uphold and advance a set of principles regarding Ethical, Social and Environmental concerns. ZIM’s goal is to work resolutely to eliminate corruption risks, promote diversity among its teams and continuously reduce the environmental impact of its operations, both at sea and onshore. In particular, ZIM’s vessels are in compliance with materials and waste treatment regulations, including the IMO 2020 Regulations, and ZIM’s fuel consumption and CO2 emissions per TEU have decreased significantly in recent years. In addition to actively working to reduce accidents and security risks in its operations, ZIM also endeavors to eliminate corruption risks as a member of the Maritime AntiCorruption Network, with a vision of a maritime industry that enables fair trade. ZIM also fosters quality throughout the service chain, by selectively working with qualified partners to advance its business interests. Finally, ZIM promotes diversity among its teams, with a focus on developing high-quality training courses for all employees. As ZIM continues to grow, sustainability will remain as a core value.

ZIM’s Competition

ZIM competes with a large number of global, regional and niche shipping companies to provide transport services to customers worldwide. In each of its key trades, ZIM competes primarily with global shipping companies. The market is significantly concentrated with the top three carriers — A.P. Moller-Maersk Line, MSC and COSCO — accounting for approximately 45% of global capacity, and the remaining carriers together contributing less than 55% of global capacity as of February 2021, according to Alphaliner. As of February 2021, ZIM controlled approximately 1.6% of the global cargo shipping capacity and ranked 10th among shipping carriers globally in terms of TEU operated capacity, according to Alphaliner. See “Risk factors — The container shipping industry is highly competitive and competition may intensify even further, which could negatively affect ZIM’s market position and financial performance.”

In addition to the large global carriers, regional carriers generally focus on a number of smaller routes within a regional market and typically offer services to a wider range of ports within a particular market as compared to global carriers. Niche carriers are similar to regional carriers but tend to be even smaller in terms of capacity and the number and size of the markets in which they operate. Niche carriers often provide an intra-regional service, focusing on ports and services that are not served by global carriers.

ZIM’s Seasonality

ZIM’s business has historically been seasonal in nature. As a result, ZIM’s average freight rates have reflected fluctuations in demand for container shipping services, which affect the volume of cargo carried by ZIM’s fleet and the freight rates which ZIM charges for the transport of such cargo. ZIM’s income from voyages and related services are typically higher in the third and fourth quarters than the first and second quarters due to increased shipping of consumer goods from manufacturing centers in Asia to North America in anticipation of the major holiday period in Western countries. The first quarter is affected by a decrease in consumer spending in Western countries after the holiday period and reduced manufacturing activities in China and Southeast Asia due to the Chinese New Year. However, operating expenses such as expenses related to cargo handling, charter hire of vessels, fuel and lubricant expenses and port expenses are generally not subject to adjustment on a seasonal basis. As a result, seasonality can have an adverse effect on ZIM’s business and results of operations.

Recently, as a result of the continuing volatility within the shipping industry, seasonality factors have not been as apparent as they have been in the past. As global trends that affect the shipping industry have changed rapidly in recent years, including trends resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, it remains difficult to predict these trends and the extent to which seasonality will be a factor impacting ZIM’s results of operations in the future.

ZIM’s Legal Proceedings

For information on ZIM’s legal proceedings, see Note 27 to ZIM’s audited consolidated financial statements that have been incorporated by reference herein.

ZIM’s Regulatory, Environmental and Compliance Matters

Government and international regulations significantly affect the ownership and operation of vessels. ZIM is subject to many legal provisions relating to the protection of the environment, including with respect to the emissions of hazardous substances, SOx and NOx gas exhaust emissions, the operation of vessels while at anchor by means of generators, and the use of low-sulfur fuel. ZIM could be exposed to high costs in respect of environmental damages (to the extent that the costs are not covered by its insurance policies), criminal charges, and substantive harm to its operations and goodwill, if and to the extent that environmental damages are caused by its operations. ZIM instructs the crews of its vessels on the environmental regulatory requirements and operates in accordance with procedures that ensure its in compliance with such regulatory requirements. ZIM also insures its activities, where effective for it to do so, in order to hedge its environmental risks. ZIM’s vessels are also subject to the standards imposed by the IMO, the United Nations specialized agency with responsibility for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine pollution by ships.

ZIM has taken measures to comply with the IMO Ballast Water regulations. ZIM has taken measures to comply with the amendments of the IMO’s International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) code, and the amendments to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL).

In addition, ZIM may be required to incur significant costs in connection with modifications to environmental regulations applicable to shipping companies. For example, ZIM is required to comply with the new EU fuel regulation, known as “the Sulfur Cap,” which requires all marine carriers to use low sulfur fuel in all EU waters (up to 0.5% sulfur content, down from the current 3.5% requirement), which became effective in January 2020. Further, the EU imposed a 0.1% maximum sulfur requirement for fuel used by ships at berth in the Baltic, the North Sea and the English Channel (the so-called SOx-Emission Control Area). The Sulfur Cap regulation, introduced by the IMO in 2016, is aimed at reducing marine pollution and emissions. All shipping companies are obliged to comply and to significantly reduce emissions on the high seas and in coastal area. The Sulfur Cap regulation impacts all stakeholders in the industry and compliance with it has resulted in costs and is expected to result in further costs in the future and could also affect the supply of vessels in the market. Carriers can comply by (i) buying compliant fuel at higher prices; (ii) installing new cleaning systems on board vessels (scrubbers); or (iii) deploying new types of vessels using LNG. All three options are expected to result in significant costs for carriers and container shipping companies. ZIM has implemented a surcharge in order to compensate for the above described cost impact. In addition, ZIM voluntarily follows local regulation and reduces its vessels’ speed prior to port entry in North America and Pusan, which contributes to a reduction of green-house gas emissions.

ZIM is also subject to extensive regulation that changes from time to time and that applies in the jurisdictions in which shipping companies are incorporated, the jurisdictions in which vessels are registered (flag states), the jurisdictions governing the ports at which the vessels anchor, as well as regulations by virtue of international treaties and membership in international associations. Changes and/or amendments to the regulatory provisions applying to ZIM (e.g., the U.S.’s policy requiring the scanning of all cargo en route to the United States) could have a significant adverse effect on ZIM’s results of operations. Additionally, the non-compliance of a port with any of the regulations applicable to it may also adversely impact ZIM’s results of operations, by increasing ZIM’s operating expenses.

Additionally, ZIM is subject to competition regulations worldwide. For example, in the European Union, ZIM is subject to articles 101 and 102 of the Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. ZIM’s transport activities serving the U.S. ports are subject to the Shipping Act of 1984, as modified by the Ocean Shipping Reform Act of 1998. With respect to Israel, ZIM is subject to the general competition law established in the Israel Antitrust Law, 1988. In certain jurisdictions, exemptions from antitrust laws to certain agreements between ocean carriers that operate in the aforementioned jurisdictions, such as slot exchange agreements and other operational partnerships, are in effect. ZIM is party to certain operational and commercial partnerships with other carriers in the industry and each of those arrangements, as well as any future arrangements it becomes party to, must comply with the applicable antitrust regulations in order to remain protected and enforceable.

ZIM is also subject to Israeli regulation regarding, among other things, national security and the mandatory provision of ZIM’s fleet, environmental and sea pollution, and the Israeli Shipping Law (Seamen) of 1973, which regulates matters concerning seamen, and the terms of their eligibility and work procedures.

ZIM is subject, in the framework of its international activities, to laws, directives, decisions and orders in various countries around the world that prohibit or restrict trade with certain countries, individuals and entities. For example, the Block Exemption Regulation, exempts certain cooperation agreements in the liner shipping sector from the prohibition on anti-competitive agreements contained at Article 101 of the TFEU. The Block Exemption Regulation which was due to expire in April 2020 has been extended until April 2024.

ZIM’s Special State Share

When the State of Israel sold 100% of its interest in ZIM in 2004 to Israel Corporation Ltd., ZIM ceased to be a “mixed company” (as defined in the Israeli Government Companies Law, 5735-1975) and issued a Special State Share to the State of Israel whose terms were amended as part of the Company’s 2014 debt restructuring. The objectives underlying the Special State Share are to (i) safeguard ZIM’s existence as an Israeli company, (ii) ensure ZIM’s operating ability and transport capacity so as to enable the State of Israel to effectively access a minimal fleet in a time of emergency or for national security purposes and (iii) prevent elements hostile to the State of Israel or elements liable to harm the State of Israel’s interest in ZIM or its foreign or security interests or its shipping relations with foreign countries, from having influence on our management. The key terms and conditions of the Special State Share include the following requirements:

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ZIM must be, at all times, a company incorporated and registered in Israel, with its headquarters and principal and registered office domiciled in Israel.

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Subject to certain exceptions, ZIM must maintain a minimal fleet of 11 seaworthy vessels that are fully owned by ZIM, either directly or indirectly through its subsidiaries, at least three of which must be capable of carrying general cargo. Subject to certain exceptions, any transfer of vessels in violation thereof shall be invalid unless approved in advance by the State of Israel pursuant to the mechanism set forth in ZIM’s amended and restated articles of association. Currently, as a result of waivers received from the State of Israel, ZIM owns fewer vessels than the minimum fleet requirement.

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At least a majority of the members of ZIM’s board of directors, including the chairperson of the board and ZIM’s chief executive officer, must be Israeli citizens.

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The State of Israel must provide prior written consent for any holding or transfer of shares that confers possession of 35% or more of ZIM’s issued share capital, or that provides control over ZIM, including as a result of a voting agreement.

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Any transfer of shares that confers its owner with a holding of more than 24% but not more than 35% of ZIM’s issued share capital will require an advance notice to the State of Israel which will include full details regarding the proposed transferor and transferee, the percentage of shares to be held by the transferee after the transfer and relevant details regarding the transaction, including voting agreements and agreements for the appointment of directors (if any). If the State of Israel shall be of the opinion that the transfer of shares may possibly harm the security interests of the State of Israel or any of its vital interests or that it has not received the relevant information for the purpose of reaching its decision, the State of Israel shall be entitled to serve notice, within 30 days, that it objects to the transfer, giving reason for its objection. In such circumstances, the party requesting the transfer may initiate proceedings in connection with this matter with the competent court, which will consider and rule on the matter.

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The State of Israel must consent in writing to any winding-up, merger or spin-off, except for certain mergers with subsidiaries that would not impact the Special State Share or the minimal fleet.

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ZIM must provide governance, operational and financial information to the State of Israel similar to information that ZIM provides to its ordinary shareholders. In addition, ZIM must provide the State of Israel with particular information related to ZIM’s compliance with the terms of the Special State share and other information reasonably required to safeguard the State of Israel’s vital interests.

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Any amendment, review or cancellation of the rights afforded to the State of Israel by the Special State Share must be approved in writing by the State of Israel prior to its effectiveness.

Other than the rights enumerated above, the Special State Share does not grant the State any voting or equity rights. The full provisions governing the rights of the Special State Share appear in ZIM’s amended and restated articles of association. ZIM reports to the State of Israel on an ongoing basis in accordance with the provisions of its amended and restated articles of association. Certain asset transfer or sale transactions that in ZIM’s opinion require approval, have received the approval of the State (either explicitly or implicitly by not objecting to ZIM’s request).

Kenon’s ownership of ZIM’s shares is subject to the terms and conditions of the Special State Share, which limit Kenon’s ability to transfer its equity interest in us to third parties. The holder of ZIM’s Special State Share has granted a permit, or the Permit, to Kenon and Mr. Idan Ofer, individually and collectively referred to in this paragraph as a “Permitted Holder” of ZIM’s shares, pursuant to which the Permitted Holders may hold 24% or more of the means of control of ZIM (but no more than 35% of the means of control of ZIM), and only to the extent that this does not grant the Permitted Holders control in ZIM. The Permit further stipulates that it does not limit the Permitted Holder from distributing or transferring ZIM’s shares. However, the terms of the Permit provide that the transfer of the means of control of ZIM is limited in instances where the recipient is required to obtain the consent of the holder of ZIM’s Special State Share, or is required to notify the holder of ZIM’s Special State Share of its holding of ZIM’s ordinary shares pursuant to the terms of the Special State Share, unless such consent was obtained by the recipient or the State of Israel did not object to the notice provided by the recipient. In addition, the terms of the Permit provide that, if Idan Ofer’s holding interest in Kenon, directly or indirectly, falls below 36% or if Idan Ofer ceases to be the sole controlling shareholder of Kenon, then the shares held by Kenon will not grant Kenon any right in respect of its ordinary shares that would otherwise be granted to an ordinary shareholder holding more than 24% of ZIM’s ordinary shares (even if Kenon holds a greater percentage of ZIM’s ordinary shares), until or unless the State of Israel provides its consent, or does not object to, such decrease in holding interest or control in Kenon. “Control”, for the purposes of the Permit, shall bear the meaning ascribed to it in the Permit with respect to certain provisions. Additionally, the State of Israel may revoke Kenon’s permit if there is a material change in the facts upon which the State of Israel’s consent was based, or upon a breach of the provisions of the Special State Share by Kenon, Mr. Ofer, or ZIM. According to the Permit, the obligations of the Permitted Holder under the Permit will apply only for as long as the Permitted Holder holds more than 24% of ZIM’s shares.

Lock-up Agreements

In connection with ZIM’s initial public offering, ZIM, its executive officers and directors and the holders of substantially all of ZIM’s shares outstanding (including Kenon) immediately prior to the IPO agreed not to sell or transfer any of ZIM’s ordinary shares or securities convertible into, exchangeable for, exercisable for, or repayable with ZIM’s ordinary shares, for 180 days after January 27, 2021 without first obtaining the prior written consent of the underwriter representatives, subject to certain exceptions.

The underwriter representatives, in their sole discretion, may release the ordinary shares and other securities subject to the lock-up agreements described above in whole or in part at any time with or without notice, and such release could trigger the pro rata release of these restrictions with respect to certain other shareholders.

Discontinued Operations — Inkia Business

Sale of the Inkia Business

Share Purchase Agreement

In November 2017, Kenon, through its subsidiaries Inkia and IC Power Distribution Holdings Pte. Ltd., or ICPDH, entered into a share purchase agreement with Nautilus Inkia Holdings LLC which is an entity controlled by I Squared Capital, pursuant to which Inkia and ICPDH agreed to sell all of their interests in power generation and distribution companies in Latin America and the Caribbean (the “Inkia Business”). The sale was completed in December 2017.

The consideration for the sale was $1,332 million, consisting of (i) $935 million cash proceeds paid by the buyer, (ii) retained cash at Inkia of $222 million, and (iii) $175 million, which was deferred in the form of a Deferred Payment Obligation, which was repaid (prior to scheduled maturity) in October 2020. The consideration was subject to post-closing adjustments which were not significant. The buyer also assumed Inkia’s obligations under Inkia’s $600 million 5.875% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2027.

The consideration that Inkia received in the transaction was before estimated transaction costs, management compensation, advisor fees, other expenses and taxes, were in the aggregate approximately $263 million, of which $27 million comprised taxes to be paid upon payment of the $175 million Deferred Payment Obligation. The estimated tax payment includes taxes payable in connection with a restructuring of some of the companies remaining in the Kenon group, which is intended to simplify Kenon’s holding structure. As a result of this restructuring, Kenon now holds its interest in OPC directly. Kenon does not expect any further tax liability in relation to any future sales of its interest in OPC.

This sale was consistent with Kenon’s strategy, which includes monetization of its business and distribution of proceeds to shareholders.

Use of Proceeds of Transaction

In January 2018, Kenon used a portion of the proceeds of the transaction to repay debt of IC Power ($43 million of net debt outstanding), and to repay its loan facility with Israel Corporation ($240 million including accrued interest, and $3 million withholding tax).

In addition, in March 2018, Kenon distributed $665 million in cash to its shareholders.

Indemnification

In the share purchase agreement for the sale, the sellers, Inkia and ICPDH, gave representations and warranties in respect of the Inkia Business and the transaction. Subject to specified deductibles, caps and time limitations, the sellers agreed to indemnify the buyer and its successors, permitted assigns, and affiliates, and its officers, employees, directors, managers, members, partners, stockholders, heirs and personal representatives from and against any and all losses arising out of:

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prior to their expiration in July 2019 (or December 2020 in the case of representations relating to environmental matters), a breach of any of the sellers’ representations and warranties (other than fundamental representations) up to a maximum amount of $176.55 million;

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prior to their expiration upon the expiration of the statute of limitations applicable to breach of contract claims in New York, a breach of any of the sellers’ covenants or agreements set forth in the share purchase agreement;

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prior to their expiration thirty days after the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations, certain tax liabilities for pre-closing periods and certain transfer taxes, breach of certain tax representations and the incurrence of certain capital gain taxes by the transferred companies in connection with the transaction; and

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without limitation with respect to time, a breach of any of the sellers’ fundamental representations (including representations relating to due authorization, ownership title, and capitalization).

The sellers’ obligation to indemnify Nautilus Inkia Holdings LLC shall not exceed the base purchase price. The sellers’ indemnification obligations for any claims under the share purchase agreement that are agreed between the buyer and the sellers, or that are subject to a final non-appealable judgment, are supported by the following:

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Kenon’s pledge of OPC shares representing 29% of OPC’s outstanding shares as of March 31, 2021, which pledge lasts until December 31, 2021; and

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to the extent any obligations remain outstanding after the exercise of the above-described pledge (or payments of amounts equal to the value of the pledge), a corporate guarantee from Kenon which guarantee lasts until December 31, 2021.

The indemnification obligations were previously also supported by a deferred payment agreement owing from the buyers to the sellers, which was, however, repaid in October 2020 (prior to scheduled maturity). In addition, as described under “—Side letter Entered into in connection with the Repayment of the Deferred Payment Agreement,” Kenon has agreed that, until December 31, 2021, it shall maintain at least $50 million in cash and cash equivalents, and has agreed to restrictions on indebtedness, subject to certain exceptions.

Subject to certain terms and conditions, the terms of the pledge and the guarantee may each be extended if there are unresolved claims existing on the applicable expiration dates.

Pledge Agreement with respect to OPC Shares

In connection with the sale of the Inkia Business, ICP (which was the holder of Kenon’s shares in OPC at the time of the sale) entered into a pledge agreement with the buyer of the Inkia Business (Nautilus Inkia Holdings LLC) to pledge OPC shares (at the time representing 25% of OPC’s outstanding shares in favor of the buyer to secure the sellers’ indemnification obligations under the share purchase agreement for the sale. Following the sale of the Inkia Business, ICP transferred all of its shares in OPC to Kenon. As a result, Kenon and the buyer entered into an amended pledge agreement, pursuant to which Kenon became the pledgor and assumed ICP’s obligations under the pledge agreement. The pledge agreement was further amended in October 2020 in connection with the early repayment of the deferred payment agreement to increase the amount of pledged shares and the term of the pledge, and the pledged shares represented 29% of the outstanding shares of OPC as of March 31, 2021).

Set forth below is a description some of the key provisions of the pledge agreement. The provisions described below are subject to certain conditions described in the agreement, as amended, which is filed (or incorporated by reference) as an exhibit to this annual report.

Pledged Assets

Following the amendment of the pledge agreement in October 2020, Kenon has pledged 55,000,000 shares of OPC, representing 29% of the outstanding shares of OPC as of March 31, 2021 plus related rights including distributions on those shares and proceeds of sales of such shares and including accounts in which such shares are currently held or may be held in the future and rights in respect of such shares against the trustee holding such shares, all as discussed below.

Secured Obligations

The pledged shares secure indemnification claims by the buyer that are “finally determined” (i.e., agreed by the parties or pursuant to a non-appealable judgment of a court with proper jurisdiction) under the share purchase agreement and obligations in connection with the pledge agreement and related preservation and foreclosure costs and expenses incurred by the buyer. The pledged shares and cash are held in an account that Kenon has pledged in favor of the buyer. The secured obligations are reduced to the extent of indemnification payments to the buyer under the share purchase agreement and to the extent of the net proceeds from sales of shares upon enforcement of the pledge.

Certain Rights of Kenon with respect to the Pledged Shares

Kenon retains voting rights over the pledged shares unless an event of default under the pledge agreement has occurred and is continuing.

All dividends on the pledged shares are paid into the pledged account. Unless an event of default under the pledge agreement has occurred and is continuing:

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Kenon can withdraw dividends paid into that account as follows (i) in the first 365 days from November 24, 2017, if the 30-trading day volume weighted average price, or VWAP, prior to drawing such dividends exceeds NIS14.45, Kenon can draw an amount up to 50% of cumulative net income of OPC from January 1, 2017 (such amount is referred to as the “dividend cap”), (ii) during the following 365-day period, if the 30-trading day VWAP prior to drawing such dividends exceeds NIS14.82, Kenon can draw an amount up to the dividend cap and (iii) during the following 365-day period and thereafter, if the 30-trading day VWAP prior to drawing such dividends exceeds NIS15.17, Kenon can draw an amount up to the dividend cap; and

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in addition, on one occasion during the period from October 29, 2020 until then end of the term of the pledge agreement (and notwithstanding any prior exercise of this right) Kenon can draw from the pledged account its pro rata share of OPC dividends up to $25 million paid in respect of all of the pledged shares (by way of example if the company makes a distribution of $50 million following the original effective date of the pledge agreement, Kenon is entitled to draw from the pledged account $6.25 million).

Kenon can sell pledged shares on arms’ length terms in cash at market prices or at customary discounts to market prices for such sales (provided that the discounts do not exceed 5% of market price, based on customary VWAP from such a sale on the TASE), provided that cash equal to the number of pledged shares sold multiplied by NIS 14.105 is deposited into the pledged account.

Release of Pledged Shares

In the event of any indemnity claims under the share purchase agreement, pledged shares and cash shall be released in an amount equal to the indemnity payment, with the amount of pledged shares released calculated in accordance with the fair market value of OPC’s ordinary shares based on the 30-trading day VWAP of OPC shares prior to the release, and pledged cash is released prior to pledged shares.

Kenon may also release cash from the pledge by depositing additional OPC shares into the pledged account, with released cash being replaced by a number of OPC shares equal to the amount of cash released divided by the lower of (i) the 30-trading day VWAP of OPC shares prior to the release and (ii) NIS 14.105.

All pledged shares and cash remaining in the pledged account will be released on December 31, 2021, provided that if there are unresolved claims by the buyer for indemnity under the Inkia share purchase agreement, the pledge will continue to apply for pledged assets sufficient (in the case of pledged shares, based on a the 30-trading day VWAP prior to December 31, 2021) to cover an amount determined by Kenon and the buyer, each acting in good faith (or a third-party evaluator or PricewaterhouseCoopers in case the parties cannot agree on such evaluator) equal to a reasonable estimate of the amount ultimately payable on an unresolved claim (including interest and penalties) to be paid under the Inkia share purchase agreement, plus a reasonable estimate of the amount of costs and expenses that are expected to be incurred to resolve the claim plus 10% of the foregoing (the total amount is referred to as the reserve amount). To the extent that such unresolved indemnity claims which results in an extension of the pledge results in a claim amount actually paid exceeding 110% of the reserve amount, Kenon must pay the buyer interest in cash at a rate of 4% per annum on the difference between the amount paid and 110% of the reserve amount from December 31, 2021 until such payment, and to the extent that such unresolved indemnity claims which in an extension of the pledge results in a claim amount actually paid less than 90% of the reserve amount, the buyer must pay Kenon interest in cash at a rate of 4% per annum on the difference between the amount paid and 90% of the reserve amount from December 31, 2021 until the remaining pledged assets are released from the pledge.

Events of Default; Enforcement of Pledge

The pledge agreement contains events of default for events such as breaches of representations and warranties or undertakings, certain insolvency or bankruptcy events and a failure by Kenon to pay indemnification claims under the Inkia share purchase agreement which claims have been finally determined and are unpaid for three business days. Upon an event of default for a failure to pay a finally determined indemnification claim or a breach of the repeating representation confirming no insolvency or similar events relating to Kenon, the buyer may take customary enforcement measures, including enforcement of the pledges and sale of pledged shares. Upon any other event of default, the buyer may take possession of the pledged assets and exercise voting rights, but may not dispose of the pledged assets.

Side Letter Entered into in connection with the Repayment of the Deferred Payment Agreement

In October 2020, Kenon received the full amount of the deferred consideration amount (approximately $218 million (approximately $188 million net of taxes)) under the Deferred Payment Agreement prior to the due date for such payment (December 2021). In connection with the agreement with the buyer of the Inkia Business to repay the Deferred Payment Agreement prior to scheduled maturity, the parties agreed to increase the number of OPC shares pledged from 32,971,680 to 55,000,000 shares (representing approximately 29% of OPC’s shares as of March 31, 2021) and to extend the OPC Pledge and the corporate guarantee by one year until December 31, 2021. In addition, Kenon entered into a side letter pursuant to which Kenon has agreed that, until December 31, 2021, it shall maintain at least $50 million in cash and cash equivalents, and has agreed to restrictions on indebtedness at the Kenon level not to exceed $3 million, subject to certain exceptions. This restriction on indebtedness does not apply to Kenon's subsidiaries.

Kenon Guarantee

Pursuant to a guarantee agreement entered into in December 2017, Kenon has agreed to guarantee payment of Inkia’s and ICPDH’s payment obligations under the share purchase agreement relating to the sale of the Inkia Business, including all of their indemnification obligations, subject to certain conditions. The guarantee is only enforceable to the extent that there remain payment obligations under the share purchase agreement after the buyer has exhausted in full its rights under the OPC share pledge and the deferred payment agreement as described above. Following extension of the guarantee as part of the side letter in connection with the repayment of the Deferred Payment Agreement, the guarantee will expire in December 2021, provided that the term of the guarantee shall be extended to the extent that there remain indemnification obligations for which a claim has been made but not resolved at the scheduled expiration date.

Claims Relating to the Inkia Business

Set forth below is a description of the investment treaty claims that are being or may be pursued by Kenon or its subsidiaries and the other claims related to of the Inkia Business to which Kenon or its subsidiaries have rights.

The claims require funding for legal expenses and Kenon is considering its options with respect to meeting these funding needs, including potentially third-party funding for such claims in exchange for a portion of the awards or settlements (which it has done, as described below). Kenon may also sell its rights under or the rights to proceeds resulting from claims.

Bilateral Investment Treaty (“BIT”) Claims Relating to Peru

In June 2017 and November 2018, IC Power and Kenon respectively sent Notices of Dispute to the Republic of Peru under the Free Trade Agreement between Singapore and the Republic of Peru, or the FTA, relating to two disputes described below, based on events that occurred while Kenon, through IC Power, owned and operated their Peruvian subsidiaries Kallpa and Samay I, later sold as part of the Inkia sale. The disputes may be submitted to arbitration pursuant to the FTA subject to the fulfillment of certain procedural requirements, including the submission of a Notice of Intent one month prior to the institution of arbitral proceedings. In April 2019, IC Power and Kenon notified the Republic of Peru of their intent to submit the dispute to arbitration pursuant to the FTA. In June 2019, IC Power and Kenon submitted the dispute to arbitration before the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. In June 2020, IC Power and Kenon submitted a Memorial on the Merits, claiming compensation in excess of $200 million. In February 2021, Peru submitted a Counter-Memorial on the Merits and a Memorial on Jurisdiction. An oral hearing is scheduled to be held in December 2021 following which the arbitral tribunal will deliberate and issue an award. There is no fixed deadline for the issuance of the award. Set forth below is a summary of the claims.

IC Power and Kenon have entered into an agreement with a capital provider to provide capital for expenses in relation to the pursuit of their arbitration claims against the Republic of Peru and other costs. The obligations of Kenon and IC Power are secured by pledges relating to the agreement. Security has been provided relating to the obligations of Kenon and IC Power. The agreement contains certain representations and covenants by IC Power and the Kenon and events of default in event of breach of such representations and covenants.

In the event that Kenon or IC Power received proceeds from a successful award or settlement of their claims, the capital provider will be entitled to be repaid the amount committed by the capital provider and to receive a portion of the claim proceeds.

Secondary Frequency Regulation Claim

The Secondary Frequency Regulation, or SFR, is a complementary service required to adjust power generation in order to maintain the frequency of the system in certain situations. In March 2014, OSINERGMIN (the mining and energy regulator in Peru) approved Technical Procedure 22, or PR 22, establishing that the SFR would be provided through a firm and variable base provision. The firm base provision of the SFR would have priority in the daily electricity dispatch to keep turbines permanently on to respond to frequency changes in the system. OSINERGMIN provided that the SFR service would be tendered through a bid.

Kallpa submitted a bid offering to provide the firm base provision of SFR. In April 2016, Kallpa was awarded the SFR firm base provision for three years, from August 2016 until July 2019 on an exclusive basis, independently of its declared generation costs, and in exchange for a reserve assignment price of zero, plus certain reimbursable costs.

In June 2016, OSINERGMIN issued a resolution that materially modified PR 22 (the “Resolution”). Under the Resolution, the firm base SFR provider can only render the SFR service when it is programmed in the daily electricity dispatch based on its declared generation costs. This retroactive amendment to PR 22 withdrew Kallpa’s exclusive right to provide the firm base SFR service that had been awarded to it in April 2016. Kenon and IC Power suffered losses as a result.

Transmission Tolls Claim

Until July 2016, the responsibility for the payment for the use of the secondary and complementary transmission systems was apportioned between generators based on the use of each transmission line. OSINERGMIN identified the generators that made use of particular distribution lines and proceeded to determine payment based on actual use (or the “relevance of use” requirement).

However, in July 2016, OSINERGMIN issued a resolution, referred to as the Transmission Toll Resolution, eliminating the “relevance of use” requirement, replacing it with a methodology that required each generation company to pay for a number of transmission lines, irrespective of the transmission lines the company actually uses. The change in methodology benefited the state-owned electricity companies, including Electroperu, to the detriment of Kenon and IC Power’s Peruvian subsidiaries, causing significant losses to Kenon and IC Power.

Bilateral Investment Treaty Claim relating to Guatemala

In February 2018, ICP commenced an investment treaty arbitration against the Republic of Guatemala pursuant to the Agreement between the Government of the State of Israel and the Government of the Republic of Guatemala for the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments, or the Treaty. ICP had sought damages on the basis that Guatemala breached its obligations under the Treaty including through the treatment of Distribuidora de Electricidad de Oriente, S.A. (a Guatemalan corporation, which was owned by Inkia prior to the sale of the Inkia Business in December 2017) and Distribuidora de Electricidad de Occidente, S.A. (a Guatemalan corporation, which was owned by Inkia prior to the sale of the Inkia Business in December 2017). On October 7, 2020, the arbitration tribunal rejected ICP's claims.

Entitlement to Payments in Respect of Certain Proceedings and Claims

As discussed below, certain of our subsidiaries are pursuing claims or are entitled to receive certain payments from the buyer of the Inkia Business in connection with certain claims held by companies within the Inkia Business or as a result of the resolution of, and/or a change in regulations or cash payments received relating to the transmission tolls claim or the SFR claim. These payments are subject to conditions and may be subject to deduction for taxes incurred as a result of the relevant payment.

Transmission Toll Regulation

In the event of certain changes in or revocation of regulation in Peru or a final court order relating to the Transmission Toll Resolution (described above under “—Bilateral Investment Treaty Claims Relating to Peru—Transmission Tolls Claim”) which change, revocation or order has the effect of increasing operating profits of Kallpa or Samay I (which are part of the Inkia Business) then the buyer of the Inkia Business is required to pay or cause to be paid to Inkia in cash 75% of an amount equal to 70% of the increase in operating profits of Kallpa and Samay I attributable directly and solely to the changes in regulation through December 31, 2024.

In addition, in the event of any cash payments made to Kallpa or Samay I as a result certain changes in regulation in Peru relating to the Transmission Toll Resolution or as a result certain claims being pursued in Peru in connection with this resolution, the buyer is required to pay or cause to be paid in cash 75% of an amount equal to 70% of such cash proceeds.

Secondary Frequency Regulation Claim

In the event of certain changes to or revocation of PR 22 (as described under “—Bilateral Investment Treaty Claims Relating to Peru—Secondary Frequency Regulation Claim”) which result in a cash payment to Kallpa or Samay I, the buyer is required to pay or cause to be paid in cash 75% of an amount equal to 70% of such cash proceeds.

C.	Organizational Structure

The chart below represents a summary of our organizational structure, excluding intermediate holding companies, as of April 30, 2021. This chart should be read in conjunction with the explanation of our ownership and organizational structure above.

D.	Property, Plants and Equipment

For information on our property, plants and equipment, see “Item 4.B Business Overview.”

ITEM 4A.

Unresolved Staff Comments

Not Applicable.

ITEM 5.

Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

This section should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements, and the related notes thereto, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, included elsewhere in this annual report. Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS.

The financial information below also includes certain non-IFRS measures used by us to evaluate our economic and financial performance. These measures are not identified as accounting measures under IFRS and therefore should not be considered as an alternative measure to evaluate our performance.

Certain information included in this discussion and analysis includes forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties, and which may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. For further information on important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the results described in the forward-looking statements contained in this discussion and analysis, see “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 3.D Risk Factors.”

Business Overview

For a discussion of our strategy, see “Item 4.B Business Overview.”

Overview of Financial Information Presented

As a holding company, Kenon’s results of operations primarily comprise the financial results of each of its businesses. The following table sets forth the method of accounting for our businesses for each of the two years ended December 31, 2020 and our ownership percentage as of December 31, 2020:

	Ownership Percentage	Method of Accounting	Treatment in Consolidated Financial Statements
OPC	62.1%¹	Consolidated	Consolidated
ZIM	32%²	Equity	Share in losses of associated company, net of tax
Qoros	12%³	Fair value	Long-term investment
Other
Primus	100%⁴	Consolidated	Consolidated

(1)	In January 2021, OPC issued 10,300,000 ordinary shares in a private placement for a total (gross) consideration of NIS 350 million (approximately $107 million). As a result of this share issuance, Kenon’s interest in OPC decreased from 62.1% to 58.2%.

(2)	In February 2021, ZIM completed an initial public offering of its shares on the New York Stock Exchange and, as a result of the offering, our interest in ZIM has decreased from 32% to 27.8%.

(3)	In April 2020, Kenon sold half of its interest in Qoros (i.e. 12%) to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros. As a result, Kenon now has a 12% stake in Qoros and no longer accounts for Qoros under the equity method.

(4)	In August 2020, Primus sold substantially all of its assets for $1.6 million.

The results of Qoros (until the 2020 sale) and ZIM are included in Kenon’s statements of profit and loss as share in losses of associated company, net of tax, for the years set forth below, except as otherwise indicated.

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The following tables set forth selected financial data for Kenon’s reportable segments for the periods presented:

	Year Ended December 31, 2020
	OPC			Quantum¹			ZIM		Other²			Consolidated Results
	(in millions of USD, unless otherwise indicated)
Revenue		386			—			—		—			386
Depreciation and amortization		(34	)		—			—		—			(34	)
Financing income		—			—			—		14			14
Financing expenses		(50	)		—			—		—			(51	)
Net gains related to changes of interest in Qoros		—			310			—		(1	)		310
—Share in (losses)/profit of associated companies		—			(6	)		167		—			161
Write back of impairment of investment		—			—			44		—			44
(Loss) / Profit before taxes		(9	)		304			211		(5	)		501
Income taxes		(4	)		—			—		(1	)		(5	)
(Loss) / Profit from continuing operations		(13	)		304			211		(6	)		496
Segment assets³		1,724			235			—		226	⁴		2,185
Investments in associated companies		—			—			297		—			297
Segment liabilities		1,200			—			—		6	⁵		1,206

1)	Subsidiary of Kenon that owns Kenon’s equity holding in Qoros.

2)	Includes the results of Primus, as well as Kenon’s and IC Green’s holding company and general and administrative expenses.

3)	Excludes investments in associates.

4)	Includes Kenon’s, IC Green’s and IC Power holding company assets.

5)	Includes Kenon’s, IC Green’s and IC Power holding company liabilities.

	Year Ended December 31, 2019
	OPC			Quantum¹			ZIM			Other²			Consolidated Results
	(in millions of USD, unless otherwise indicated)
Revenue	$	373		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	373
Depreciation and amortization		(31	)		—			—			—			(31	)
Financing income		2			—			—			16			18
Financing expenses		(28	)		—			—			(2	)		(30	)
Fair value loss on put option		—			(19	)		—			—			(19	)
Recovery of financial guarantee		—			11			—			—			11
Share in losses of associated companies		—			(37	)		(4	)		—			(41	)
Profit / (Loss) before taxes	$	48		$	(45	)	$	(4	)	$	(4	)	$	(5	)
Income taxes		(14	)		—			—			(3	)		(17	)
Profit / (Loss) from continuing operations	$	34		$	(45	)	$	(4	)	$	(7	)	$	(22	)
Segment assets³	$	1,000		$	72		$	—		$	246	⁴	$	1,318
Investments in associated companies		—			106			84			—			190
Segment liabilities		762			—			—			34	⁵		796

1)	Subsidiary of Kenon that owns Kenon’s equity holding in Qoros.

2)	Includes the results of Primus, as well as Kenon’s and IC Green’s holding company and general and administrative expenses.

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3)	Excludes investments in associates.

4)	Includes Kenon’s, IC Green’s and IC Power holding company assets.

5)	Includes Kenon’s, IC Green’s and IC Power holding company liabilities.

The following table sets forth summary information regarding ZIM, our equity-method accounting business for the periods presented.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020		2019
	(in millions of USD)
Profit/(Loss) (100% of results)		518		(18	)
Share of profit/(loss) from Associates (i.e. Kenon's share of ZIM's results)		167		(4	)
Book Value		297		84

OPC

The following table sets forth summary financial information for OPC for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020			2019			2018
	($ millions)
Revenue		386			373			363
Cost of Sales (excluding depreciation and amortization)		(282	)		(256	)		(258	)
Net (Loss) / Profit		(13	)		34			26
EBITDA¹		75			105			91
Total Debt²		921			622			587

1)	OPC defines “EBITDA” for each period as net (loss) / income for the period before depreciation and amortization, financing expenses, net and income tax expense.

EBITDA is not recognized under IFRS or any other generally accepted accounting principles as a measure of financial performance and should not be considered as a substitute for net income or loss, cash flow from operations or other measures of operating performance or liquidity determined in accordance with IFRS. EBITDA is not intended to represent funds available for dividends or other discretionary uses because those funds may be required for debt service, capital expenditures, working capital and other commitments and contingencies. EBITDA presents limitations that impair its use as a measure of OPC’s profitability since it does not take into consideration certain costs and expenses that result from its business that could have a significant effect on OPC’s net income, such as finance expenses, taxes and depreciation.

The following table sets forth a reconciliation of OPC’s net income to its EBITDA for the periods presented. Other companies may calculate EBITDA differently, and therefore this presentation of EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures used by other companies:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020			2019		2018
	(in millions of USD)
Net (loss) / profit for the period		(13	)		34		26
Depreciation and amortization		34			31		30
Finance expenses, net		50			26		25
Income tax expense		4			14		10
EBITDA		75			105		91

2)	Includes short-term and long-term debt.

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Set forth below is a summary of certain OPC key historical financial and other operational information, for the periods set forth below.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020			2019			2018
	($ millions, except as otherwise indicated)
Revenue		386			373			363
Cost of Sales (excluding depreciation and amortization)		(282	)		(256	)		(258	)
Gross profit		71			86			75
Gross profit margin		18	%		23	%		21	%
Financing expenses, net		50			26			25
Net (loss) / profit for the period		(13	)		34			26
Net Energy sales (kWh)		4,344			4,030			3,965

Qoros

Following the completion of the sale of half of our remaining interest (i.e. 12%) to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros in April 2020, we have a 12% equity interest in Qoros. Prior to the sale, we accounted for Qoros pursuant to the equity method of accounting and discussed Qoros’ results of operations in our discussion of our share in losses/(profit) of associated companies, net of tax. From the date of the sale, we ceased equity accounting and started to account for our interest in Qoros on a fair value basis through profit or loss.

ZIM

ZIM’s results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are reflected in Kenon’s share in losses/(profit) of associated companies, net of tax.

Material Factors Affecting Results of Operations

OPC

Set forth below is a discussion of the material factors affecting the results of operations of OPC for the periods under review. OPC acquired CPV in January 2021. The discussion below refers to OPC without giving effect to the CPV business except where expressly indicated.

Sales—EA Tariffs

In Israel, sales by IPPs are generally made on the basis of PPAs for the sale of energy to customers, with prices predominantly linked to the tariff issued by the EA and denominated in NIS.

The EA operates a “Time of Use” tariff, which provides different energy rates for different seasons (e.g., summer and winter) and different periods of time during the day. Within Israel, the price of energy varies by season and demand period. For further information on Israel’s seasonality and the related EA tariffs, see “Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—OPC—Industry Overview—Overview of Israeli Electricity Generation Industry.”

The EA’s rates have affected OPC’s revenues and income in the periods under review.

In January 2019, the generation component tariff was increased by approximately 3.3%, from NIS 282 per MWh to NIS 290.9 per MWh. In December 2019, the EA published the electricity tariffs for 2020, which included a decrease of the EA generation component tariff by approximately 8% from NIS 290.9 per MWh to NIS 267.8 per MWh. In January 2021, the generation component tariff was decreased for 2021 by approximately 5.7%, from NIS 267.8 per MWh to NIS 252.6 per MWh. This decrease in the EA generation component is expected to have a negative impact on OPC's profits in 2021 compared with 2020.

Commencement of Operations of OPC-Hadera

On July 1, 2020, the OPC-Hadera plant reached COD, and commenced operations. This impacted revenue and cost of sales in 2020.

Cost of Sales

OPC’s principal costs of sales are natural gas, transmission, distribution and system services costs, personnel, third-party services and maintenance costs.

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The prices at which OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera purchase their natural gas from their sole natural gas supplier, the Tamar Group, is predominantly indexed to changes in the EA’s generation component tariff, pursuant to the price formula set forth in OPC-Rotem’s and OPC-Hadera’s supply agreements with the Tamar Group. As a result, increases or decreases in this tariff have a related effect on OPC-Rotem’s and OPC-Hadera’s cost of sales and margins. Additionally, the natural gas price formula in OPC-Rotem’s and OPC-Hadera’s supply agreement is subject to a floor price mechanism.

As a result of previous declines in the EA’s generation component tariff, OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera paid the minimum price during 2020 (excluding two months for OPC-Rotem and one month for OPC-Hadera). In January 2021, the EA published the electricity tariffs for 2021, which included a decrease of the EA’s generation component tariff by approximately 5.7%. OPC-Hadera’s and OPC-Rotem’s gas prices were at the minimum price in January and February 2021 and for OPC-Rotem may be (and for OPC-Hadera will be) at the minimum price for the remainder of 2021. Therefore, reductions in the generation tariff will not lead to a reduction in the cost of natural gas consumed by OPC-Rotem and/or OPC-Hadera, but rather to a reduction in profit margins. For OPC-Hadera, the effect on profit margins depends on the US$/NIS exchange rate fluctuations. For information on the risks associated with the impact of the EA’s generation tariff on OPC’s supply agreements with the Tamar Group, see “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Related to OPC—Changes in the EA’s electricity rates may reduce OPC’s profitability.”

OPC’s costs for transmission, distribution and systems services vary primarily according to the quantity of energy that OPC sells. These costs are passed on to its customers. OPC incurs personnel and third-party services costs in the operation of its plants. These costs are usually independent of the volumes of energy produced by OPC’s plants. OPC incurs maintenance costs in connection with the ongoing and periodic maintenance of its generation plants. These costs are usually correlated to the volumes of energy produced and the number of running hours of OPC’s plants.

In April 2020, OPC-Rotem shut down the power plant for a number of days in order to perform internally‑initiated technical tests and treatments. Due to postponement of the date of the maintenance work in March 2020, OPC-Rotem slowed the reduction (amortization) of the maintenance component in the OPC-Rotem plant. The shutdown for several days and delay in the timing of the planned maintenance work did not have a significant impact on the generation activities of the OPC-Rotem power plant and its results. The impact of the slowing of the reduction (amortization) on the results of the activities during the period under review amounted to approximately NIS 4 million (approximately $1 million). In October 2020, Mitsubishi carried out maintenance work, as planned, which required thirteen days during which the activities of the Rotem Power Plant were halted. The next regular maintenance work is expected to take place in October 2021, which the plant’s operations are expected to be discontinued for 18 days.

Income Taxes

OPC is subject to income tax in Israel. The corporate tax rate applicable in Israel as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 was 23%.

Changes in Exchange Rates

Fluctuations in the exchange rates between currencies in which certain of OPC’s agreements are denominated (such as the U.S. Dollar and Euro) and the NIS, which is OPC’s functional and reporting currency, will generate either gains or losses on monetary assets and liabilities denominated in such currencies and can therefore affect OPC’s profitability. Furthermore, OPC is indirectly influenced by changes in the U.S. Dollar to NIS exchange rate (i) due to the acquisition of CPV which operates in the US and (ii) as the IEC electricity tariff is partially linked to increases in fuel prices (mainly coal and gas) that are denominated in U.S. Dollars.

In addition, Kenon’s functional currency is the U.S. Dollar, so Kenon reports OPC’s NIS-denominated results of operations and balance sheet items in U.S. Dollars, translating OPC’s results into U.S. Dollars at the average exchange rate (for results of operation) or rate in effect on the balance sheet date (for balance sheet items). Accordingly, changes in the U.S. Dollar to NIS exchange rate impact Kenon’s reported results for OPC.

In 2020, the U.S. Dollar was weaker versus the NIS as compared to 2019.

Acquisition of CPV

In October 2020, OPC announced an agreement by CPV Group LP, an entity in which OPC indirectly holds a 70% stake, for the acquisition of CPV from Global Infrastructure Management, LLC. CPV is engaged in the development, construction and management of renewable energy and conventional energy (natural gas-fired) power plants in the United States. The acquisition was completed in January 2021. The consideration for the acquisition was $648 million (payable in cash), subject to post-closing adjustments based on closing date cash, working capital and debt. Additional consideration of $95 million was paid in the form of a vendor loan in respect of CPV’s 17.5% equity in the Three Rivers project, which is currently being developed. CPV subsequently reduced its interest in the Three River’s project to 10% and the consideration for the transaction and the amount of the seller’s loan was reduced accordingly. The final consideration is subject to final closing adjustments to be completed within 120 days of closing of the acquisition.

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OPC financed the acquisition through (i) available cash in the amount of approximately NIS 280 million (approximately $87 million); (ii) issuance of Series B bonds for proceeds of approximately NIS 250 million (approximately $78 million); (iii) a public offering of 23,022,100 new ordinary shares for a total (gross) proceeds of NIS 737 million (approximately $217 million) (an offering in which Kenon participated) and, (iv) a private placement of OPC’s shares to institutional investors, for (gross) proceeds of approximately NIS 350 million (approximately $107 million).

ZIM

Kenon had a 32% equity interest in ZIM as of December 31, 2020 (currently approximately 28% following completion of ZIM’s IPO). ZIM’s results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are reflected in Kenon’s share in losses/(profit) of associated companies, net of tax, pursuant to the equity method of accounting.

Market Volatility. The container shipping industry is characterized in recent years by volatility in freight rates, charter rates and bunker prices, including significant uncertainties in the global trade, mainly due to U.S. related trade restrictions, particularly with China. Current market conditions impact positively with increased freight rates and recovery in volumes of trades. However, an adverse trend in such industry indicators (including any further potential implications of the COVID-19 pandemic) could negatively affect the entire industry. For more information on ZIM’s risks related to the COVID-19 pandemic, see “Risk factors–Risks related to our interest in ZIM––The global COVID-19 pandemic has created significant business disruptions and adversely affected ZIM’s business and is likely to continue to create significant business disruptions and adversely affect its business in the future.”

Volume of cargo carried. The volume of cargo that ZIM carries affects its income and profitability from voyages and related services and varies significantly between voyages that depart from, or return to, a port of origin. The vast majority of the containers ZIM carries are either 20- or 40-foot containers. ZIM measures its performance in terms of the volume of cargo it carries in a certain period in 20-foot equivalent units carried, or TEUs carried. ZIM’s management uses TEUs carried as one of the key parameters to evaluate ZIM’s performance, used in real-time and take actions, to the extent possible, to improve performance.

Additionally, ZIM’s management monitors TEUs carried from a longer-term perspective, to deploy the right capacity to meet expected market demand. Although the volume of cargo that ZIM carries is principally a function of demand for container shipping services in each of its trade routes, it is also affected by factors such as ZIM’s:

•

local shipping agencies’ effectiveness in capturing such demand;

•

level of customer service, which affects its ability to retain and attract customers;

•

ability to effectively deploy capacity to meet such demand;

•

operating efficiency; and

•

ability to establish and operate existing and new services in markets where there is growing demand.

The volume of cargo that ZIM carries is also impacted by its participation in strategic alliances and other cooperation agreements. In periods of increased demand and increased volume of cargo, ZIM adjusts capacity by chartering-in additional vessels and containers and/or purchasing additional slots from partners, to the extent feasible. During these periods, increased competition for additional vessels and containers may increase ZIM’s costs. ZIM may deploy its capacity through additional vessels and containers in existing services, through new services that ZIM operates independently or through the exchange of capacity with vessels operated by other shipping companies or other cooperative agreements. In periods of decreased volumes of cargo, ZIM may adjust capacity to demand by electing to reduce its fleet size in order to reduce operating expenses mainly by redelivering chartered-in vessels and not renewing their charters, or by cancelling specific voyages (which are referred to as “blank sailings”). ZIM may also elect to close existing services within, or exit entirely from, less attractive trades. As a substantial portion of its fleet is chartered-in, primarily for short-term periods of one year and less, ZIM retains a relatively high level of flexibility.

Freight rates. Freight rates are largely established by the freight market and ZIM has a limited influence over these rates. ZIM uses average freight rate per TEU as one of the key parameters of its performance. Average freight rate per TEU is calculated as revenues from containerized cargo during a certain period, divided by total TEUs carried during that period. Container shipping companies have generally experienced volatility in freight rates. Freight rates vary widely as a result of, among other factors:

•

cyclical demand for container shipping services relative to the supply of vessel and container capacity;

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•

competition in specific trades;

•

bunker prices;

•

costs of operation;

•

the particular dominant leg on which the cargo is transported;

•

average vessel size in specific trades;

•

the origin and destination points selected by the shipper; and

•

the type of cargo and container type.

As a result of cyclical fluctuations in demand and supply, container shipping companies have experienced volatility in freight rates. For example, although freight rates have recovered during the 4th quarter of 2019, mainly driven by a recovery of the higher bunker cost associated with the implementation of IMO 2020 Regulations, the comprehensive Shanghai (Export) Containerized Freight Index which increased from 716 points at October 17, 2019 to 1,023 points at January 3, 2020, thereafter decreased to 818 points at April 23, 2020 and increased again to 2,311 points at December 11, 2020. Similar to other container shipping companies, the persistence of such difficult fluctuating conditions in the shipping industry and the increase in competition have impacted, and may continue to impact, ZIM’s results of operations and profitability. Global container ship capacity has increased over the years and continues to exceed demand. According to Alphaliner, global container ship capacity is projected to increase by 3.7% in 2021, while demand for shipping services is projected to increase by 3.5%, therefore the increase in ship capacity is expected to be more aligned with the increase in demand for container shipping. Excess capacity can lead to lower utilization of our vessels and depress freight rates, which may adversely impact ZIM’s revenues, profitability or asset values. Until such capacity is fully absorbed by the container shipping market, the industry may continue to experience downward pressure on freight rates.

There are cargo segments which require more expertise; for example, ZIM charges a premium over the base freight rate for handling specialized cargo, such as refrigerated, liquid, over-dimensional, or hazardous cargo, which require more complex handling and more costly equipment and are generally subject to greater risk of damage. ZIM believes that its commercial excellence and customer centric approach across its network of shipping agencies enable it to recognize and attract customers who seek to transport such specialized types of cargo, which are less commoditized services and more profitable. ZIM intends to focus on growing the specialized cargo transportation portion of its business: specialized cargo represented approximately 11% of its total cargo transported during the 2018 to 2020 period as measured by TEUs. ZIM also charges a premium over the base freight rate for global land transportation services it provides. Further, from time to time ZIM imposes surcharges over the base freight rate, in part to minimize its exposure to certain market-related risks, such as fuel price adjustments, exchange rate fluctuations, terminal handling charges and extraordinary events, although usually these surcharges are not sufficient to recover all of ZIM’s costs. Amounts received related to these adjustment surcharges are allocated to freight revenues.

Cargo handling expenses. Cargo handling expenses represent the most significant portion of ZIM’s operating expenses. Cargo handling expenses primarily include variable expenses relating to a single container, such as stevedoring and other terminal expenses, feeder services, storage costs, balancing expenses arising from repositioning containers with unutilized capacity on the non-dominant leg, and expenses arising from inland transport of cargo. ZIM manages the container repositioning costs that arise from the imbalance between the volume of cargo carried in each direction using various methods, such as triangulating our land transportation activities and services. If ZIM is unable to successfully match requirements for container capacity with available capacity in nearby locations, it may incur balancing costs to reposition its containers in other areas where there is demand for capacity. Cargo handling accounted for 51%, 51% and 46%, of ZIM’s operating expenses and cost of services for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.

Bunker expenses. Fuel expenses, in particular bunker fuel expenses, represent a significant portion of ZIM’s operating expenses. As a result, changes in the price of bunker or in ZIM’s bunker consumption patterns can have a significant effect on its results of operations. Bunker price has historically been volatile, can fluctuate significantly and is subject to many economic and political factors that are beyond ZIM’s control. Although bunker prices have been relatively low during fiscal year 2020, the global recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic is anticipated to lead to an increase in bunker prices, which would negatively impact ZIM’s results of operations. ZIM’s bunker fuel consumption is affected by various factors, including the number of vessels being deployed, vessel size, pro forma speed, vessel efficiency, weight of the cargo being transported and sea state. ZIM’s fuel expenses, which consist primarily of bunker expenses, accounted for approximately 13%, 14% and 18%, of its operating expenses and cost of services for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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Vessel charter portfolio. Substantially all of ZIM’s capacity is chartered-in. As of December 31, 2020, ZIM chartered-in 86 vessels (including 57 vessels accounted as right-of-use assets under the lease accounting guidance of IFRS 16 and 4 vessels accounted under sale and leaseback refinancing agreements), which accounted for 99% of our TEU capacity and 99% of the vessels in ZIM’s fleet. Of such vessels, 84 are under a “time charter”, which consists of chartering-in the vessel capacity for a given period of time against a daily charter fee, with the owner handling the crewing and technical operation of the vessel, including 7 vessels chartered-in from a related party. Five of ZIM’s vessels are chartered-in under a “bareboat charter”, which consists of chartering a vessel for a given period of time against a charter fee, with ZIM handling the operation of the vessel. Under these arrangements, both parties are committed for the charter period; however, vessels temporarily unavailable for service due to technical issues will qualify for relief from charges during such period (off hire). In February 2021, ZIM and Seaspan Corporation entered into a strategic agreement for the long-term charter of ten 15,000 TEU liquified natural gas (LNG dual-fuel container) vessels, to serve ZIM’s Asia-US East Coast Trade.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates

In preparing our financial statements, we make judgments, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our estimates and associated assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis and are based upon historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe that the estimates, assumptions and judgments involved in the accounting policies described below have the greatest potential impact on our financial statements:

•

long-term investment.

For further information on the estimates, assumptions and judgments involved in our accounting policies and significant estimates, see Note 2 to Kenon’s financial statements included in this annual report.

Adoption of New Accounting Standards in 2021

For more information on the impact of the adoption of these standards, see Note 3 to our financial statements included in this annual report.

Impairment Tests of ZIM

As a result of improved conditions in the container shipping market and operating conditions at ZIM throughout 2020, Kenon conducted an impairment analysis in relation to its 32% equity investment in ZIM as of December 31, 2020 in accordance with IAS 28 and IAS 36. The analysis concluded that the carrying amount of its investment in ZIM was lower than the recoverable amount, and therefore, Kenon wrote back $44 million of the impairment previously recognized in 2016. For further information on the write back of impairment, see Note 9 to our financial statements included in this annual report.

Recent Developments

Kenon

Dividend

In April 2021, Kenon’s board of directors approved an interim dividend for the year ending December 31, 2021 of $1.86 per share (approximately $100 million) to Kenon’s shareholders of record as of the close of trading on April 29, 2021, for payment on or about May 6, 2021.

OPC

Acquisition of CPV

In October 2020, OPC announced an agreement by CPV Group LP, an entity in which OPC indirectly holds a 70% stake, for the acquisition of CPV from Global Infrastructure Management, LLC. CPV is engaged in the development, construction and management of renewable energy and conventional energy (natural gas-fired) power plants in the United States. The acquisition was completed in January 2021. The consideration for the acquisition is $648 million (payable in cash), subject to post-closing adjustments based on closing date cash, working capital and debt. Additional consideration of $95 million was paid in the form of a vendor loan in respect of CPV’s 17.5% equity in the Three Rivers project, which is currently being developed. CPV subsequently reduced its interest in the Three River’s project to 10% and the consideration for the transaction and the amount of the seller’s loan was reduced accordingly. The final consideration is subject to final closing adjustments to be completed within 120 days of closing of the acquisition.

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OPC Private Placement

In January 2021, OPC issued 10,300,000 ordinary shares (representing approximately 7.5% of OPC’s issued and outstanding share capital at the time on a fully diluted basis) to Altshuler Shaham and entities managed by Alsthuler Shaham in a private placement for a total (gross) consideration of NIS 350 million (approximately $107 million). As a result of this share issuance, Kenon’s interest in OPC decreased to 58.2%.

Agreement to Acquire Shares in Gnrgy Ltd.

In April 2021, OPC announced it had signed an agreement to purchase an interest in Gnrgy Ltd., or Gnrgy. Gnrgy was established in Israel in 2008 and operates in the field of charging electric vehicles (e-mobility) and the installation of charging stations for electric vehicles. The acquisition is part of OPC’s strategy to expand into new areas of energy production and the provision of advanced energy solutions to its customers including energy supply and the management of energy for electric vehicles.

Pursuant to the purchase agreement, OPC has agreed to acquire a 51% interest in Gnrgy for NIS 67 million (approximately $20 million). The transaction is expected to be completed in 2 stages over 11 months with the majority of the purchase price earmarked for funding of Gnrgy’s business plan including repayment of existing related party debts. Gnrgy's founder will retain the remaining interests in Gnrgy and enter into a shareholders’ agreement with OPC, which will among other things give OPC an option to acquire a 100% interest in Gnrgy. Completion of the transaction is subject to certain conditions, including approval (or an exemption) from the Israel Competition Authority. OPC has indicated that it intends to finance the transaction from its own sources.

ZIM

In February 2021, ZIM completed an initial public offering of 15 million new ordinary shares (including shares issued pursuant to the exercise of the underwriters’ overallotment option, representing approximately 13% of total issued shares) in the offering at a price of $15.00 per share on the New York Stock Exchange.

Qoros

A.	Operating Results

Our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are comprised of OPC, Primus (which sold substantially all of its assets in August 2020), and the results of the associated companies (Qoros, until the 2020 sale of half (12%) of Kenon's remaining interest in Qoros, and ZIM).

Our consolidated results of operations for each of the periods primarily comprise the results of OPC.

Year Ended December 31, 2020 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2019¹

The following tables set forth summary information regarding our operating segment results for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.

	Year Ended December 31, 2020
	OPC			Quantum¹			ZIM		Other²			Consolidated Results
	(in millions of USD, unless otherwise indicated)
Revenue		386			—			—		—			386
Depreciation and amortization		(34	)		—			—		—			(34	)
Financing income		—			—			—		14			14
Financing expenses		(50	)		—			—		(1	)		(51	)
Net gains related to changes of interest in Qoros		—			310			—		—			310
Share in (losses)/profit of associated companies		—			(6	)		167		—			161
Write back of impairment of investment		—			—			44		—			44
(Loss) / Profit before taxes		(9	)		304			211		(5	)		501
Income taxes		(4	)		—			—		(1	)		(5	)
(Loss) / Profit from continuing operations		(13	)		304			211		(6	)		496
Segment assets³		1,724			235			—		216	⁴		2,185
Investments in associated companies		—			—			297		—			297
Segment liabilities		1,200			—			—		6	⁵		1,206

1)	Subsidiary of Kenon that owns Kenon’s equity holding in Qoros.

2)	Includes the results of Primus, as well as Kenon’s and IC Green’s holding company and general and administrative expenses.

¹	For a comparison of Kenon’s operating results for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 with the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, please see Item 5.A of Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

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3)	Excludes investments in associates.

4)	Includes Kenon’s, IC Green’s and IC Power holding company assets.

5)	Includes Kenon’s, IC Green’s and IC Power holding company liabilities.

	Year Ended December 31, 2019
	OPC			Quantum¹			ZIM			Other²			Consolidated Results
	(in millions of USD, unless otherwise indicated)
Revenue	$	373		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	373
Depreciation and amortization		(31	)		—			—			—			(31	)
Financing income		2			—			—			16			18
Financing expenses		(28	)		—			—			(2	)		(30	)
Fair value loss on put option		—			(19	)		—			—			(19	)
Recovery of financial guarantee		—			11			—			—			11
Share in losses of associated companies		—			(37	)		(4	)		—			(41	)
Profit / (Loss) before taxes	$	48		$	(45	)	$	(4	)	$	(4	)	$	(5	)
Income taxes		(14	)		—			—			(3	)		(17	)
Profit / (Loss) from continuing operations	$	34		$	(45	)	$	(4	)	$	(7	)	$	(22	)
Segment assets³	$	1,000		$	72		$	—		$	246	⁴	$	1,318
Investments in associated companies		—			106			84			—			190
Segment liabilities		762			—			—			34	⁵		796

1)	Subsidiary of Kenon that owns Kenon’s equity holding in Qoros.

2)	Includes the results of Primus, as well as Kenon’s and IC Green’s holding company and general and administrative expenses.

3)	Excludes investments in associates.

4)	Includes Kenon’s, IC Green’s and IC Power holding company assets.

5)	Includes Kenon’s, IC Green’s and IC Power holding company liabilities.

Currency fluctuations in the U.S. Dollar to NIS exchange rate on the translation of OPC’s results from NIS into U.S. Dollars did not have a significant impact on the results of 2020 versus 2019 discussed below.

The following table sets forth summary information regarding the results of operations of ZIM, our equity-method business for the periods presented:

	Year Ended December 31, 2020		Year Ended December 31, 2019
	(in millions of USD)
Revenue		3,992		3,300
Profit/(Loss)		518		(18	)
Other comprehensive income		6		(10	)
Total comprehensive income		524		(28	)

Adjusted EBITDA¹		1,036		386

Share of Kenon in total comprehensive income/(loss)		167		(9	)
Adjustments		-		1
Share of Kenon in total comprehensive income/(loss) presented in the books		167		(8	)
Total assets		2,824		1,926
Total liabilities		2,550		2,178
Book value of investment		297		84

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______________

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-IFRS financial measure that ZIM defines as net income (loss) adjusted to exclude financial expenses (income), net, income taxes, depreciation and amortization in order to reach EBITDA, and further adjusted to exclude impairments of assets, non-cash charter hire expenses, capital gains (losses) beyond the ordinary course of business and expenses related to contingencies. Adjusted EBITDA is a key measure used by ZIM’s management and board of directors to evaluate ZIM’s operating performance. Accordingly, ZIM believes that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating ZIM’s operating results and comparing its operating results between periods on a consistent basis, in the same manner as ZIM’s management and board of directors. The table below sets forth a reconciliation of ZIM’s net income (loss), to Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods indicated.

	Year Ended December 31, 2020			Year Ended December 31, 2019
	(in millions of USD)
Net income (loss)		524			(13	)
Financial expenses, net		181			154
Income taxes		17			12
Depreciation and amortization		314			246
EBITDA		1,036			399
Non-cash charter hire expenses¹		1			2
Capital loss (gain), beyond the ordinary course of business²		-			(14	)
Assets Impairment loss (recovery)		(4	)		1
Expenses related to contingencies		3			(2	)
Adjusted EBITDA		1,036			386

__________________

Mainly related to amortization of deferred charter hire costs, recorded in connection with the 2014 restructuring. Following the adoption of IFRS 16 on January 1, 2019, part of the adjustments are recorded as amortization of right-of-use assets.

Related to disposal of assets, other than containers and equipment (which are disposed on a recurring basis).

Revenues

Our revenues (primarily representing OPC’s revenues) increased by $13 million to $386 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $373 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The table below sets forth OPC’s revenue for 2020 and 2019, broken down by category.

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ millions
Revenue from energy generated by OPC (and/or purchased from other generators) and sold to private customers		246		261
Revenue from energy purchased by OPC at the TAOZ rate and sold to private customers		29		16
Revenue from private customers in respect of infrastructures services		80		76
Revenue from energy sold to the System Administrator		15		3
Revenue from sale of steam		16		17
Total		386		373

OPC’s revenue from the sale of electricity to private customers derives from electricity sold at the generation component tariffs, as published by the EA, with some discount. Accordingly, changes in the generation component generally affects the prices paid under PPAs by customers of OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera. The weighted-average generation component tariff for 2020, as published by the EA, was NIS 0.2678 per kW hour, as compared to NIS 0.2909 per kW hour in 2019. OPC’s revenues from sale of steam are linked partly to the price of gas and partly to the Israeli CPI.

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Set forth below is a discussion of the changes in revenues by category between 2020 and 2019.

•

Revenue from energy generated by OPC (and/or purchased from other generators) and sold to private customers — decreased by $15 million in 2020, as compared to 2019. As OPC’s revenue is denominated in NIS, translation of its revenue into US Dollars had a positive impact of $10 million. Excluding the impact of exchange rate fluctuations, OPC’s revenues decreased by $25 million primarily as a result of (i) a $21 million decrease in revenues due to a decrease in the generation component tariff, (ii) a $14 million decrease due to examinations and maintenance of the OPC-Rotem power plant and (iii) a $4 million decrease due to lower consumption of OPC’s customers, partially offset by an $14 million increase in revenues due to the commercial operation of the OPC-Hadera power plant.

•

Revenue from energy purchased by OPC at the TAOZ rate (time of use tariff) and sold to private customers — increased by $13 million in 2020, as compared to 2019, primarily as a result of an increase in acquisition of energy for customers of the OPC-Hadera power plant reflecting the commercial operation of the OPC-Hadera plant and acquisition of energy by the OPC-Rotem power plant when it was undergoing maintenance.

•

Revenue from private customers in respect of infrastructure services — increased by $4 million in 2020, as compared to 2019. As OPC’s revenue is denominated in NIS, translation of its revenue into US Dollars had a positive impact of $3 million. Excluding the impact of exchange rate fluctuations, OPC’s revenues increased by $1 million primarily as a result of an $7 million increase due to the commercial operation of the OPC-Hadera power plant, partially offset by (i) a $3 million decrease due to lower consumption of OPC’s customers and (ii) a $3 million decrease in infrastructure tariffs.

•

Revenue from energy sold to the System Administrator — increased by $12 million in 2020, as compared to 2019, primarily as a result of increases in sale of energy by OPC-Rotem power plant and OPC-Hadera power plant to the System Administrator.

Cost of Sales and Services (excluding Depreciation and Amortization)

Our cost of sales (representing OPC’s cost of sales) increased by $26 million to $282 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $256 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The following table sets forth OPC’s cost of sales for 2020 and 2019.

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ millions
Natural gas and diesel oil		135		138
Payment to IEC for infrastructure services and purchase of electricity		116		92
Gas transmission costs		10		9
Operating expenses		21		17
Total		282		256

•

Natural gas and diesel oil — decreased by $3 million in 2020, as compared to 2019. As such costs are denominated in NIS, translation of such costs into US Dollars had a negative impact of $5 million. Excluding the impact of exchange rate fluctuations, OPC’s natural gas and diesel oil costs decreased by $8 million primarily as a result of (i) a $12 million decrease in electricity generation due to maintenance and load reduction at the OPC-Rotem power plant and (ii) a $7 million decrease due to a decrease in the gas price as a result of the decline in generation component and US Dollar-Israeli Shekel exchange rate fluctuations, partially offset by an $11 million increase in gas expenses due to the commercial operation of the OPC-Hadera power plant.

•

Payment to IEC for infrastructures services and purchase of electricity — increased by $24 million in 2020, as compared to 2019. As such costs are denominated in NIS, translation of such costs into US Dollars had a negative impact of $4 million. Excluding the impact of exchange rate fluctuations, OPC’s costs for payment to IEC for infrastructures services and purchase of electricity increased by $20 million primarily as a result of (i) a $13 million increase due to the commercial operation of the OPC-Hadera power plant and start of sales to customers and (ii) a $10 million increase due to maintenance and corresponding load reductions on the OPC-Rotem power plant, partially offset by a $3 million decrease due to a decline in infrastructure tariffs.

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Depreciation and Amortization

Our depreciation and amortization expenses (representing OPC’s depreciation and amortization expenses) remained largely constant at $33 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $31 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Our selling, general and administrative expenses consist of payroll and related expenses, depreciation and amortization, and other expenses. Our selling, general and administrative expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization) increased to $50 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $36 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. This increase was primarily driven by an increase in OPC’s selling, general and administrative expenses.

OPC’s selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $11 million, or 61%, to $29 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $18 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily as a result of a $12 million increase in business development expenses in connection with the acquisition of CPV.

Financing Expenses, Net

Our financing expenses, net, increased by $25 million to $37 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $12 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. This increase was primarily driven by an increase in OPC’s financing expenses, net by the same amount.

OPC’s financing expenses, net increased by approximately $24 million to $50 million in 2020 from $26 million in 2019, primarily as a result of (i) a $12 million one-off expense due to early termination of Series A debentures, (ii) a $6 million increase as a result of interest expenses related to the OPC-Hadera power plant (that were capitalized until the plant’s COD and recognized after COD), and (iii) a $5 million increase as a result of US Dollar – Israeli Shekel exchange rate fluctuations.

Write back of impairment of investment

In 2020, in relation to its equity investment in ZIM, Kenon recognized a $44 million write back of impairment of investment previously recognized in 2016. For further information, see “—Impairment Tests for ZIM”.

Share in Losses/(Profit) of Associated Companies, Net of Tax

Our share in profit of associated companies, net of tax increased to approximately $161 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to share of losses of associated companies, net of tax of approximately $41 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Set forth below is a discussion of losses/(profit) for our associated companies and the share in losses/(profit) of associated companies, net of tax.

Qoros

Qoros’ comprehensive loss decreased to RMB1.3 billion (approximately $192 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to losses of RMB2.2 billion (approximately $312 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019. For the period from January 2019 until April 2020, Kenon accounted for Qoros as an associated company and included 12% of Qoros’ losses in Kenon’s results. As a result of the sale of Qoros shares to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros completed in April 2020, Qoros is no longer accounted for as an associated company. Our share in Qoros’ comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2019 was approximately $37 million. Our share in Qoros’ comprehensive loss for the period from January to April 2020 was approximately $6 million.

ZIM

Pursuant to the equity method of accounting, our share in ZIM’s results of operations was a profit of approximately $524 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and a loss of approximately $13 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Set forth below is a summary of ZIM’s consolidated results for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020			2019
	(in millions of USD)
Revenue		3,992			3,300
Cost of services		3,127			3,037
Gross profit		865			263
Operating profit		772			153
Profit (loss) before taxes on income		541			(1	)
Taxes on income		(17	)		(12	)

Profit/(loss) for the period		524			(13	)

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The number of TEUs carried for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased by 20 thousand TEUs, or 1%, from 2,821 thousand TEUs for the year ended December 31, 2019 to 2,841 thousand TEUs for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily impacted by changes in the operated lines’ structure and capacity in the Pacific trade, which were partially offset by the effect of changes in the operated lines’ structure and capacity in the Cross Suez trade, along with blank voyages in 2020 related to the COVID-19 pandemic impact across all trades. The average freight rate per TEU carried for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased by $220, or 22%, from $1,009 for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $1,229 for the year ended December 31, 2020.

ZIM’s revenues increased by $692 million, or 21%, from $3,300 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $3,992 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to (i) an increase of $645 million in revenues from containerized cargo with respect to carried volume and average freight rates, (ii) an increase of $33 million in income from related services and (iii) an increase of $22 million in income from slots and chartered vessels. ZIM’s operating expenses and cost of services for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased by $24 million, or 1%, from $2,811 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $2,835 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to (i) an increase in expenses of related service and sundry of $39 million (64%) and (ii) an increase in cargo handling expenses of $12 million (1%), offset by (iii) a decrease in bunker expenses of $25 million (7%).

ZIM publishes its results on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. This website, and any information referenced therein, is not incorporated by reference herein.

Tax Expenses

Our taxes on income decreased by $12 million to $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $17 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. This decrease was primarily driven approximately by a $10 million decrease in OPC’s tax expenses.

Profit (Loss) For the Year

As a result of the above, our profit for the year from continuing operations amounted to $496 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to a loss from continuing operations of $22 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.

B.	Liquidity and Capital Resources

Kenon’s Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2020, Kenon had approximately $222 million in cash on an unconsolidated basis and no material gross debt. Following the distribution of a dividend in April 2021, Kenon’s unconsolidated cash balance will be approximately $122 million.

Under its dividend policy, OPC has stated that it intends to issue a dividend of 50% net income. The issuance of dividends is subject to the board of directors’ discretion. In 2020, OPC did not distribute dividends to its shareholders.

ZIM’s board of directors has adopted a dividend policy, to distribute each year up to 50% of ZIM’s annual net income as determined under IFRS, subject to applicable law, and provided that such distribution would not be detrimental to ZIM’s cash needs or to any plans approved by its board of directors. ZIM has indicated that the actual payout ratio could be anywhere from 0% to 50% of its net income, and may fluctuate depending on its cash flow needs and such other factors.

We believe that Kenon’s working capital (on a stand-alone basis) is sufficient for its present requirements. Our principal needs for liquidity are expenses related to our day-to-day operations. We may also incur expenditures related to investments in our businesses, our back-to-back guarantees to Chery with respect to Qoros’ indebtedness and expenses we may incur in connection with legal claims and other rights we retained in connection with the sale of the Inkia Business. Our businesses are at various stages of development, ranging from early stage companies to established, cash generating businesses, and some of these businesses will require significant financing, via equity contributions or debt facilities, to further their development, execute their current business plans, and become or remain fully-funded. We may, in furtherance of the development of our businesses, make further investments, via debt or equity financings, in our remaining businesses.

Kenon has outstanding guarantee obligations to Chery of approximately $17 million.

In connection with Kenon’s sale of its Inkia Business, Kenon has given a guarantee of Inkia’s indemnification obligations to the buyer of the Inkia Business. For further information, see “Item 4.B Business Overview—Discontinued Operations—Inkia Business—Kenon Guarantee.”

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The cash resources on Kenon’s balance sheet may not be sufficient to meet any payment obligations or to fund additional investments that we deem appropriate in our businesses or meet our guarantee obligations. As a result, Kenon may seek additional liquidity from its businesses (via dividends, loans or advances, or the repayment of loans or advances to us, which may be funded by sales of assets or minority interests in our businesses), or obtain external financing, which may result in dilution of shareholders (in the event of equity financing) or additional debt obligations for the company (in the event of debt financing). For a description of our capital allocation principles, see “Item 4.B Business Overview.” For further information on the risks related to the significant capital requirements of our businesses, see “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Strategy and Operations—Some of our businesses have significant capital requirements.”

Consolidated Cash Flow Statement

Set forth below is a discussion of our cash and cash equivalents and our cash flows as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.²

Year Ended December 31, 2020 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2019

Cash and cash equivalents increased to approximately $286 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to approximately $147 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily as a result of an increase in Kenon’s balance of $189 million offset by a decrease in OPC’s balance of $50 million. The following table sets forth our summary cash flows from our operating, investing and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2020			2019
	(in millions of USD)
Continuing operations
Net cash flows provided by operating activities
OPC		105			109
Adjustments and Other		(13	)		(23	)
Total		92			86
Net cash flows used in investing activities		(230	)		(30	)
Net cash flows provided by / (used in) financing activities		256			(74	)
Net change in cash from continuing operations		118			(18	)
Net change in cash from discontinued operations		8			25
Cash—opening balance		147			131
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on balances of cash and cash equivalents		13			9
Cash—closing balance		286			147

Cash Flows Provided by Operating Activities

Net cash flows from operating activities increased to $92 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $86 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase is primarily driven by changes in working capital, partially offset by a decrease in OPC’s cash provided by operating activities as discussed below.

Cash flows provided by OPC’s operating activities decreased to $105 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $109 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily as a result of a decrease in gross profit, partially offset by an increase in working capital mainly as a result of higher collections.

Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities

Net cash flows used in our investing activities increased to approximately $230 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to cash flows used in investing activities of approximately $30 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. This increase in cash flow used was primarily driven by the increased outflows from OPC’s investing activities as described below, partially offset by one-off proceeds from the sale of our 12% interest in Qoros and the early receipt of the deferred payment as described under “Business—Discontinued Operations — Inkia Business —Side letter Entered into in connection with the Repayment of the Deferred Payment Agreement” in 2020.

²	For a comparison of Kenon’s cash flows for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 with the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, please see Item 5.A of Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

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Cash flows used in OPC’s investing activities increased to $644 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $41 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily as a result of a $500 million increase in short-term deposits, a $119 million increase in investment in OPC-Tzomet, and a $13 million increase in restricted cash, net.

Cash Flows Provided by / (Used in) Financing Activities

Net cash flows provided by financing activities of our consolidated businesses was approximately $256 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to cash flows used in financing activities of approximately $74 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The net inflow in 2020 was primarily driven by OPC’s net inflow as described below.

Cash flows provided by OPC’s financing activities increased to $478 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $54 million used for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily as a result of the proceeds of a $282 million issuance of Series B bonds, a $314 million d issuance of shares, and $78 million in drawdowns from financing agreements. These were partially offset by the repayment of Series A bonds of $92 million in 2020, and a $71 million dividend in 2019.

Kenon’s Commitments and Obligations

As of December 31, 2020, Kenon had consolidated liabilities of $1.2 billion, primarily consisting of OPC liabilities.

In addition, Kenon had obligations under its back-to-back guarantees provided by it to Chery, which amounted to RMB109 million (approximately $17 million), plus interest and certain fees, as of December 31, 2020. Under the investment agreement pursuant to which the Majority Shareholder in Qoros acquired a 51% stake in Qoros, the majority shareholder assumed its pro rata share of Qoros' shareholders' guarantees obligations.

Other than the back-to-back guarantees we have provided to Chery in respect of certain of Qoros’ indebtedness, and loans from subsidiaries, at the Kenon level, we have no outstanding indebtedness or financial obligations and are not party to any credit facilities or other committed sources of external financing. Kenon has given a guarantee of Inkia’s indemnity obligations under the share purchase agreement for the sale of the Inkia Business.

Set forth below is a summary of these obligations.

Back-to-Back Guarantees Provided to Chery

Kenon provided back-to-back guarantees to Chery in respect of certain of Qoros’ RMB3 billion EXIM bank credit facility and its RMB700 million EXIM bank loan facilities.

In 2016 and 2017, Kenon entered into agreements with Chery to provide financing to Qoros in connection with a release of Kenon’s back-to-back guarantee obligations to Chery (which were RMB850 million as of December 31, 2016). Pursuant to these agreements, during 2017, Kenon funded shareholder loans of RMB488 million (of which RMB244 million was advanced on behalf of Chery) to Qoros, reducing Kenon’s back-to-back guarantee obligations to Chery from RMB850 million to RMB288 million (approximately $41 million). In addition, as a result of the completion of the sale to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros in April 2020, in May 2020, Kenon received the remaining RMB5 million (approximately $1 million) previously provided to Chery resulting in full reimbursement of the RMB244 million (approximately $36 million) cash collateral.

As a result of the Majority Shareholder in Qoros’ acquisition of interests in Qoros in 2018 and 2020, the Majority Shareholder in Qoros assumed its share of Qoros bank guarantee obligations, which reduced Kenon’s back-to-back guarantee obligations to RMB109 million (approximately $17 million).

The following discussion sets forth the liquidity and capital resources of each of our businesses.

OPC’s Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2020, OPC had cash and cash equivalents and short-term deposits of $562 million. OPC’s total outstanding consolidated indebtedness was $921 million as of December 31, 2020.

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OPC’s principal sources of liquidity have traditionally consisted of cash flows from operating activities, short- and long-term borrowings under loan facilities, bond issuances and public and private equity offerings.

In addition, OPC is limited in usage of certain deposits and cash, with such restricted deposits and cash constituting an aggregate amount of $64 million and $34 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

OPC’s principal needs for liquidity generally consist of capital expenditures related to the development and construction of generation projects (including OPC-Hadera, Tzomet and other projects OPC may pursue), capital expenditures relating to maintenance (e.g., maintenance and diesel inventory), working capital requirements (e.g., maintenance costs that extend the useful life of OPC’s plants) and other operating expenses. OPC believes that its liquidity is sufficient to cover its working capital needs in the ordinary course of OPC’s business.

OPC’s Material Indebtedness

As of December 31, 2020, OPC had cash and cash equivalents and short-term deposits of $562 million, debt service reserves (classified as restricted cash) of $46 million, and total outstanding consolidated indebtedness of $921 million, consisting of $49 million of short-term indebtedness, including the current portion of long-term indebtedness, and $872 million of long-term indebtedness.

Israel

The following table sets forth selected information regarding OPC’s principal outstanding short-term and long-term debt, as of December 31, 2020 (excluding CPV):

	Outstanding Principal Amount as of December 31, 2020^*	Interest Rate	Final Maturity	Amortization Schedule
	($ millions)
OPC-Rotem:
Financing agreement¹	341	4.9%-5.4,% CPI linked	June 2031	Quarterly principal payments to maturity

OPC-Hadera:
Financing agreement²	217	2.4%-3.9%, CPI linked (2/3 of the loan) 3.6%-5.4% (1/3 of the loan)	September 2037	Quarterly principal payments to maturity, commencing 6 months following commercial operations of OPC-Hadera power plant

Tzomet:
Financing agreement³	57	CPI or US$-linked with interest equal to prime plus margin of 0.5-1.5% - agreement includes provisions for conversion of interest from variable to CPI-linked debenture interest plus margin of 2-3%	Earliest of 19 years from commercial operations date of Tzomet power plant and 23 years from the signing date, but no later than December 31, 2042	Quarterly principal payments to maturity, commencing close to the end of the first or second quarter following commercial operations of the Tzomet power plant

OPC⁴:
Bonds (Series B) ⁴	305	2.75% (CPI-Linked)	September 2028	Semi-annual principal payments commencing on September 30, 2020

Harel Loan Facility Agreement⁵	Undrawn	Annual rate equal to the Bank of Israel interest rate plus a margin ranging between 2.55% and 2.75%. Upon occurrence of any of the following events, the interest rate on the loans will increase by 2%: (A) non-compliance with the minimum liquidity condition (as defined below); (B) the ratio between the Company’s shareholders’ equity and the Company’s total assets, as stated below, falls below 25%; and (C) the LTV of the pledged rights is higher than 40%.	The principal amounts of the long-term loans that will be provided are to be repaid on a date that falls 36 months after the earlier of: (A) the date on which the first long-term withdrawal is made; or (B) the end of October 2022.	Quarterly principal payments to maturity

Total	920

* Includes interest payable, net of expenses.

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(1)	Represents NIS 1,097 million converted into U.S. Dollars at the exchange rate for NIS into U.S. Dollars of NIS 3.215 to $1.00. All debt has been issued in Israeli currency (NIS) linked to CPI.

(2)	Represents NIS 698 million converted into U.S. Dollars at the exchange rate for NIS into U.S. Dollars of NIS 3.215 to $1.00. All debt has been issued in Israeli currency (NIS), of which 2/3 is linked to CPI and 1/3 is not linked to CPI.

(3)	Represents NIS 184 million converted into U.S. Dollars at the exchange rate for NIS into U.S. Dollars of NIS 3.215 to $1.00. All debt has been issued in Israeli currency (NIS) part of which is linked to CPI and part of which is not linked to CPI.

(4)

In April 2020, OPC completed an offering of NIS400 million (approximately $113 million) of Series B bonds on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, at an annual interest rate of 2.75%. In October 2020, OPC issued 555,555 units of NIS1,000 Series B bonds, totaling gross proceeds of NIS 584 million ($171 million). The offering was an extension of the existing Series B bonds previously issued by OPC. The proceeds of the additional Series B issuance were used to redeem Series A bonds (NIS 313 million ($92 million) and in part to fund the CPV acquisition.

(5)

In November 2020, OPC entered into loan facility agreement with Harel Insurance Investments & Financial Services Ltd. in an amount of NIS400 million (approximately $117 million). OPC may draw funds under this loan facility on a short-term or long-term basis, for a period of up to 36 months. This loan facility will accrue interest at a rate of Bank of Israel base interest plus a margin between 2.55% and 2.75%, paid on a quarterly basis. The proceeds of this loan facility were used for payment of part of the consideration for the acquisition of CPV, and may be used to provide amounts required for CPV to develop its business; and/or to fund OPC’s existing operations.

The debt instruments to which OPC and its operating companies are party to require compliance with financial covenants. Under each of these debt instruments, the creditor has the right to accelerate the debt or restrict the company from declaring and paying dividends if, at the end of any applicable period the applicable entity is not in compliance with the defined financial covenants ratios.

The instruments governing a substantial portion of the indebtedness of OPC operating companies contain clauses that would prohibit these companies from paying dividends or making other distributions in the event that the relevant entity was in default on its obligations under the relevant instrument.

For further information on OPC’s financing arrangements, see Note 16 to our financial statements included in this annual report.

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OPC-Rotem Financing Agreement

In January 2011, OPC-Rotem entered into a financing agreement with a consortium of lenders led by Bank Leumi Le-Israel Ltd., or Bank Leumi, for the financing of its power plant project. As part of the financing agreement, the lenders committed to provide OPC-Rotem a long-term credit facility, including several types of lines of credit, in the overall amount of NIS 1,800 million (approximately $560 million). Currently, there are two available lines of credit in the total amount of NIS 21 million (approximately $7 million) and a working capital line of credit. Furthermore, as part of the financing agreement, certain restrictions were provided with respect to distributions of dividends and repayments of OPC-Rotem’s shareholders’ loans, commencing from the third year after the completion of OPC-Rotem’s power plant. The lock-up period prohibiting distributions ended in June 2015. The financing agreement contains additional restrictions and limitations, including:

•

minimum annual (in the past 12 months) debt service coverage ratio (DSCR), annual projected DSCR and annual loan life coverage ratio (LLCR): 1.05-1.1, depending on the supply of electricity to IEC;

•

maintenance of minimum amounts in the reserve accounts in accordance with the agreement; and

•

other non-financial covenants and limitations such as restrictions on asset sales, pledges investments and incurrence of debt, as well as reporting obligations.

The loans are CPI-linked and are repayable on a quarterly basis beginning in the fourth quarter of 2013 until 2031.

OPC-Rotem created a guarantee reserve account in the amount of NIS 57.5 million (approximately $18 million). As of December 31, 2020, the full balance had been deposited in the guarantee reserve account. OPC-Rotem is required to maintain a debt service reserve of two quarterly payments (NIS 76 million as of December 31, 2020).

OPC-Hadera Financing Agreement

In July 2016, OPC-Hadera entered into a NIS 1 billion (approximately $311 million) senior facility agreement with Israel Discount Bank Ltd. and Harel Company Ltd. to finance the construction of OPC-Hadera’s power plant in Hadera. Pursuant to the agreement, the lenders undertook to provide OPC-Hadera with financing in several facilities (including a term loan facility, a standby facility, a debt service reserve amount, or DSRA, facility to finance the DSRA deposit, a guarantee facility to facilitate the issuance of bank guarantees to be issued to third parties, a VAT facility (for the construction period only), a hedging facility (for the construction period only), and a working capital facility (for the operation period only)). In March 2020, the lenders under this agreement granted OPC-Hadera’s request to extend the COD under the agreement to June 2020.

In December 2017, Israel Discount Bank Ltd. assigned 43.5% of its share in the long-term credit facility (including the facility for variances in construction and related costs) to Clal Pension and Femel Ltd. and Atudot Pension Fund for Salaried and Self-employed Ltd.

The loans under the facility agreement accrue interest at the rates specified in the relevant agreement. The loans will be repaid in quarterly installments according to repayment schedules specified in the agreement. The financing will mature 18 years after the commencement of repayments in accordance with the provisions of the agreement which will commence approximately half a year following the commencement of commercial operation of the OPC-Hadera plant.

In connection with the senior facility agreement, liens were placed on some of OPC-Hadera’s existing and future assets and on certain OPC and OPC-Hadera rights, in favor of Israel Discount Bank Ltd., as collateral agent on behalf of the lenders. The senior facility agreement also contains certain restrictions and limitations, including:

•

minimum projected DSCR, average projected DSCR (in relation to long-term loans at the commercial operation date of the power plant) and LLCR (at the commercial operation date of the power plant): 1.10 – on the withdrawal dates the ratio must be at least 1.20;

•

maintenance of minimum amounts in the reserve accounts in accordance with the agreement; and

•

other non-financial covenants and limitations such as restrictions on dividend distributions, repayments of shareholder loans, asset sales, pledges investments and incurrence of debt as well as reporting obligations.

As of December 31, 2020, following the full investment of the project’s equity contribution, OPC-Hadera has made drawings in the aggregate amount of NIS 680 million (approximately $212 million) under the NIS 1 billion (approximately $311 million) loan agreement relating to the project.

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Tzomet Financing Agreement

In December 2019, Tzomet entered into a NIS 1.4 billion (approximately $435 million) senior facility agreement with a syndicate of lenders led by Bank Hapoalim Ltd, or Bank Hapoalim, to finance the construction of Tzomet’s power plant. Pursuant to the agreement, the lenders undertook to provide Tzomet with financing in several facilities (including a term loan facility, a standby facility, a DSRA facility to finance the DSRA deposit, a guarantee facility to facilitate the issuance of bank guarantees to be issued to third parties, a VAT facility (for the construction period only), a hedging facility (for the construction and operating periods), and a working capital facility (for the operation period only)).

The loans under the facility agreement accrue interest at the rates specified in the relevant agreement. The loans will be repaid in quarterly installments according to repayment schedules specified in the agreement. The financing will mature at the earliest of 19 years from the commencement of commercial operation of the Tzomet plant and 23 years from the signing date of the facility agreement, but no later than December 31, 2042, in accordance with the provisions of the agreement.

In connection with the facility agreement, OPC’s shares in Tzomet (including any shares that OPC acquires from the minority shareholders) certain OPC and Tzomet rights were pledged in favor of Bank Hapoalim, as collateral agent on behalf of the lenders. The facility agreement also contains certain restrictions and limitations, including:

•

minimum projected average debt service coverage ratio (ADSCR), average projected ADSCR and LLCR: 1.05 – on the withdrawal dates, Tzomet is required to comply with a minimum contractual ADSCR (i.e. the lowest contractual ADSCR of all the contractual ADSCRs up to the date of final repayment) an average contractual ADSCR (i.e. the average contractual ADSCR of all the contractual ADSCRs up to the date of final repayment), and a contractual LLCR on the commencement date of the commercial operation of at least 1.3;

•

maintenance of minimum amounts in the reserve accounts in accordance with the agreement; and

•

other non-financial covenants and limitations such as restrictions on dividend distributions, repayments of shareholder loans, asset sales, pledge investments and incurrence of debt.

As of December 31, 2020, Tzomet has made drawings in the aggregate amount of NIS 187 million (approximately $58 million) under the facility agreement.

Harel loan agreement

In October 2020, OPC entered into an NIS 400 million (approximately $117 million) loan facility agreement with Harel Insurance Investments & Financial Services Ltd. OPC may draw funds under this loan facility on a short-term or long-term basis, for a period of up to 36 months. This loan facility accrues interest at a rate of Bank of Israel base interest plus a margin between 2.55% and 2.75%, paid on a quarterly basis. The proceeds of this loan facility were used for (i) payment of part of the consideration for the acquisition of CPV, providing amounts required for CPV to develop its business; and/or (ii) to fund OPC’s existing operations.

The agreement provides a number of limitations and commitments, including, among others:

(1)

the loans will serve one or more of the following purposes: (A) investment, directly or indirectly, in OPC, for purposes of payment part of the consideration under the agreement for acquisition of CPV or in order to provide the amounts required by CPV for development of its business; or (B) for purposes of OPC’s current ongoing activities in the ordinary course of business;

(2)

OPC US, Inc. (which is wholly-owned by OPC and which is the General Partner of OPC Power), OPC, CPV Group LP and the CPV Group have limitations on dispositions, incurring financial debts, provision of guarantees or collaterals, liabilities relating to insurance, activities and holding structure; and

(3)

In addition, the agreement includes a number of events of default with respect to OPC and the other entities referred to under clause (2) above, including, among others, various insolvency events, discontinuance of activities, violation of obligations and representations, non‑payment, nationalization or expropriation of certain assets, cross acceleration relating to certain debts of OPC or any of the other companies referred to under clause (2) or of significant companies held by OPC, events having a significant adverse impact, certain changes of control (direct or indirect) of OPC, certain events relating collateral and compliance with certain legal proceedings.

The agreement also contains certain restrictions and limitations, including a requirement to maintain:

•

minimum shareholders’ equity of NIS 550 million;

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•

minimum ratio of shareholders’ equity to total assets based on separate-company (solo) financial statements of 20%;

•

ratio of OPC’s net debt to adjusted EBITDA of not less than 12;

•

LTV of pledged rights (ratio between the total outstanding balance of the loans and the value of the OPC’s holdings in OPC Power Ventures LP) less than 50%; and

•

cash, cash equivalents or deposits equal to at least the amount of OPC’s net current liabilities (including liabilities to Harel), during the 12 months following every examination date (however commencing from the date that will fall 12 months prior to the final repayment date and thereafter, the borrower will be required to maintain cash, cash equivalents or deposits in an amount equal to (A) the total current financial liabilities (that mature up to the date provided in the facility agreement for payment of the principal of the loan), however not less than the amount of all the current liabilities that mature in the calendar quarter following the date provided in the facility agreement for payment of the principal of the loan); plus (B) 50% of the outstanding balance of the loan (the “Minimum Liquidity Condition”).

The agreement imposes certain restrictions on distributions by OPC (including repayment of shareholder loans), including:

•

minimum shareholders’ equity of NIS 850 million;

•

minimum ratio of shareholders’ equity to total assets based on separate-company (stand-alone) financial statements of 30%;

•

ratio of OPC’s net debt to adjusted EBITDA of not less than 11;

•

LTV of pledged rights less than 35%; and

•

Minimum Liquidity Condition.

Vendor Loan

A portion of the consideration for the acquisition of CPV consisted of consideration of $95 million which was paid for CPV's 17.5% holding in the Three Rivers project currently being developed. This considered was paid in the form of a promissory note issued by CPV Power Holdings L.P. (which is the owner of most of CPV's operating projects), with a maturity of two years after completion of the acquisition. The loan bears interest at a rate of 4.5% per annum, and is secured by a pledge of shares of a holding company that owns the rights in the Three Rivers project and rights under a management agreement for the project. The CPV acquisition agreement provided that CPV may reduce its interest in the Three River's project to 10% and this was done shortly following the CPV acquisition and as a result, the loan was reduced from $95 million to $54 million.

OPC Bonds (Series B)

In April 2020, OPC issued NIS400 million (approximately $113 million) of bonds (Series B), which were listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. The bonds bear annual interest at the rate of 2.75% and are repayable every six months, commencing on September 30, 2020 (on March 31 and September 30 of every calendar year) through September 30, 2028. In addition, an unequal portion of principal is repayable every six months. The principal and interest are linked to an increase in the Israeli consumer product index of March 2020 (as published on April 15, 2020). The bonds have received a rating of A3 from Midroog and A- from S&P Global Ratings Maalot Ltd.

In October 2020, OPC issued NIS 584 million ($171 million) of Series B bonds. The offering was an extension of the existing Series B bonds previously issued by OPC. The proceeds of the additional Series B issuance were used to redeem OPC's Series A bonds (NIS 310 million ($90 million)) and in part to fund the CPV acquisition (approximately NIS 250 million (approximately $78 million)). The outstanding principal amount (net of expenses) as of December 31, 2020 is NIS 980 million (approximately $305 million).

The bonds are unsecured and the trust deed includes limitations on OPC’s ability to impose a floating lien on its assets and rights in favor of a third party.

The trust deed contains customary clauses for calling for the immediate redemption of the bonds, including events of default, insolvency, liquidation proceedings, receivership, stay of proceedings and creditors’ arrangements, certain types of restructuring, material downturn in the position of OPC. The bondholders’ right to call for immediate redemption also arises upon: (1) the occurrence of certain events of loss of control by Kenon; (2) the call for immediate repayment of other debts (or guarantees) of OPC or of a consolidated subsidiary in certain predefined minimum amounts; (3) a sale of one or more assets of the company which constitutes more than 50% of the value of company’s assets, in less than 12 consecutive months, or a change in the area of operation of OPC such that OPC’s main area of activity is not in the energy sector, including electricity generation in power plants and with renewable energy sources; (4) a rating being discontinued over a certain period of time; (5) the company breaching its covenant obligations under the deed of trust and executes an extraordinary transaction with the controlling shareholders (as these terms are defined under the Israeli Companies Law-1999); (6) the company’s financial reports containing a going concern notice addressing the company itself, for two consecutive quarters; and (7) a suspension of trading for a certain time period if the bonds are listed for trade on the main list of the stock exchange.

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The trust deed includes an undertaking by OPC to comply with covenants on the basis of its stand-alone financial statements: coverage ratio between net financial debt deducting financial debt of projects yet to produce EBITDA, and adjusted EBITDA of no more than 13, minimum equity of NIS 250 million (approximately $71 million) and an equity-to-balance sheet ratio of at least 17%.

The trust deed also includes an undertaking by OPC to monitor the rating by a rating agency.

Furthermore, restrictions are imposed on distributions and payment of management fees to the controlling shareholder, including compliance with certain covenants and certain legal restrictions.

The terms of the bonds also provide for the possible raising of the interest rate in certain cases of lowering the rating and in certain cases of breach of financial covenants. The ability of OPC to expand the series of the bonds has been limited under certain circumstances, including maintaining the rating of the bonds at its level shortly prior to the expansion of the series and the lack of breach.

Additionally, should OPC raise additional bonds that are not secured (and as long as they are not secured), such bonds will not have preference over the bonds (Series B) upon liquidation. Should OPC raise additional bonds that are secured, these will not have preference over the bonds (Series B) upon liquidation, except with respect to the security.

United States

Each CPV project company has arranged senior debt under similar, single asset, non-recourse, project financing structures. At financial closing, debt and equity capital is committed in an amount sufficient to fund the project’s projected capital costs during construction, along with revolving ancillary credit facilities. The ancillary credit facilities are provided by a subset of the project’s lenders and are comprised of letter of credit (LC) facilities, which support collateral obligations under the financing arrangements and commercial arrangements, and a working capital revolver facility, which supports the project’s ancillary credit needs. The senior credit facilities are generally structured such that subject to certain conditions precedent, they convert from construction facilities to long-term facilities (term loans) with maturity dates generally tied to the term of the commercial agreements anchoring projected operating cash flows. For the gas-fired projects, the tenors generally span the construction period plus 5-7 years after commercial operations (a “mini-perm” financing). The mini-perms are repaid based on the combination of scheduled amortization and result-based metrics, which in the aggregate, result in a partial repayment profile with a balance at maturity that must be refinanced or repaid. CPV’s practice is to opportunistically refinance the credit facilities depending on market conditions, and in all cases prior to the scheduled maturity. The credit facilities in place during construction are sourced from consortiums of international financiers (~ 10-20 in each gas fired project, fewer for renewables projects with lower capital needs) and executed in the “Term Loan A” market, which is substantially comprised of commercial banks, investment banks, institutional lenders, insurance companies, international funds, and equipment supplier credit affiliates. CPV has executed refinancings for its gas-fired projects in both the Term Loan A market and Term Loan B market, which includes mainly institutional lenders, international funds, and a number of commercial banks (the “Term Loan B” market).

While the credit facility terms and conditions have certain provisions specific to the project being financed, an overwhelming majority of the standard key terms and conditions (first lien security, covenants, events of default, equity cure rights, distribution restrictions, reserve requirements, etc.) are similar across the CPV project Term Loan A financings, while the Term Loan B market refinancing terms are slightly less restrictive. In each market and often within each financing, lenders to CPV’s projects have funded either on a credit spread over London Inter‑Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”)/Base Rate basis or on a fixed rate basis. To minimize exposure to potential interest rate risk, CPV executes interest rate hedges at each project level ranging from 70%-85% of projected notional term loan balances over a range of construction plus 3-7 years for the mini-perms, and longer for the renewable projects. Under the interest rate swaps, the project companies pay the major financial institutions fixed rate interest and receive variable interest payments to hedge the term loans. For the LIBOR-based loans, the credit agreements and interest rate swap arrangements include market-standard provisions to accommodate the eventual replacement of LIBOR as a reference rate.

The table below sets forth summaries of the key commercial terms of the senior credit facilities associated with each CPV project financing. The term loan commitment amounts are referenced as of the date noted and once drawn and repaid, may not be drawn again. The events of default consist of customary events of default, including, among others: breach of commitments and representations having a material adverse effect, failure of equity contributing party to fund during construction, nonpayment events, failure to adhere to certain covenants, various insolvency events, termination of the project’s activities or of significant parties in the project (as defined in the agreement), various events in connection with its regulatory status and maintenance of government approvals, certain changes in ownership of the project company, certain events in connection with the project, existence of legal proceedings in connection with the project, and the project not having the right to receive payments for its capacity and electricity – all of this in accordance with and subject to the terms, definitions and cure periods as stated in the relevant credit agreement.

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Project	Financial Closing Date	Total Commitment (approximately in $ millions)	Total Outstanding/ Issued (approximately in $ millions) as of Dec. 31, 2020	Maturity Date	Annual interest	Covenants
Fairview	March 24, 2017	710	621¹	June 30, 2025²	LIBOR plus margin of 2.50%–2.75% (subject to replacement base interest rate)	Dividends are subject to the project company meeting conditions, including compliance with a minimum debt service coverage ratio of 1.2 during the 4 quarters that preceded the distribution, compliance with reserve requirements (pursuant to the terms of the financing agreement), compliance with the debt balances target defined in the agreement, and that no ground for repayment or breach event exists (as defined in the financing agreement).
Towantic	March 11, 2016	753	589³	June 30, 2025²	LIBOR plus margin of 3.25%–3.75% (subject to replacement base interest rate)	Similar to Fairview (see above)
CPV Maryland	August 8, 2014	550	360⁴	March 31, 2022²	LIBOR plus margin in the range of 4.25% (subject to replacement base interest rate)	Similar to Fairview (see above)
CPV Shore	Sept. 20, 2013	565	430⁵	Dec. 27, 2025 (Term Loan) Dec. 27, 2023 (Ancillary Facilities)²	Term Loan: LIBOR plus margin of 3.75% (subject to replacement base interest rate) Ancillaries: 3.00% margin	Historic rolling 4 quarter debt service coverage ratio of 1:1. CPV is currently in compliance with this covenant Dividends are subject to, among others, certain reserve requirements, and having no existing default or event of default.
CPV Valley	June 12, 2015	680	595⁶	June 30, 2023	LIBOR plus margin of 3.50%–3.75% (subject to replacement base interest rate)	Dividends are subject to the project company meeting conditions, including compliance with a minimum debt service coverage ratio of 1.2 during the 4 quarters that preceded the distribution, compliance with reserve requirements (pursuant to the terms of the financing agreement), compliance with requirements for receipt of a certain permit, compliance with the debt balances target defined in the agreement, and that no ground for repayment or breach event exists (as defined in the financing agreement).
CPV Keenan II	Feb. 2, 2010	151	83⁷	Dec. 31, 2028 (Term Loan) Dec. 30, 2021 (Ancillaries)⁸	Term Loan: LIBOR + margin 2.25%–2.75% (subject to replacement base interest rate) Ancillaries: LIBOR + margin 1.00% (subject to replacement base interest rate)	Similar to Fairview, with the exception of the debt balances target provision (see above)
CPV Three Rivers	Aug. 21, 2020	875	340⁸	June 30, 2028²	LIBOR plus margin of 3.50%–4.00% (subject to replacement base interest rate)	Similar to Fairview (see above)

_____________

Consisting of Term Loan (Variable): $485M, Term Loan (Fixed, 5.78%): $112M, Ancillary Facilities (Working Capital Loan: $0; Letters of Credit/LC Loans: approximately $24M).

The rate and scope of repayment of loan principal varies until final repayment, in accordance with integration of amortization and cash sweep repayment mechanisms (“mini perm” financing)

Consisting of Term Loan (Variable): $555M, Ancillary Facilities (Working Capital Loan: $0; Letters of Credit/LC Loans: $34.5M).

Consisting of Term Loan (Variable): $315M, Ancillary Facilities (Working Capital Loan: $0; Letters of Credit/LC Loans: $46M (of which approximately $15M was withdrawn re: debt service reserve as of December 31, 2020)).

Consisting of Term Loan (Variable): $372M, Ancillary Facilities (Working Capital Loan: $0; Letters of Credit/LC Loans: $57M).

Consisting of Term Loan (Variable): $487M, Ancillary Facilities (Working Capital Loan: $10M; Letters of Credit/LC Loans: $108 M (of which approximately $31M was withdrawn re: debt service reserve as of December 31, 2020))). CPV Valley is currently in negotiations to seek certain concessions on the ancillary facilities in exchange for a $10M aggregate capital commitment from the project sponsors ($5M from CPV). The concessions would waive the annual, mandatory full repayment of the working capital loans through June 29, 2022 and release $5M million of working capital capacity that is currently restricted due to the Title V permit matter discussed elsewhere.

Consisting of Term Loan (Variable): $69M, Ancillary Facilities (Working Capital Loan: $0; Letters of Credit/LC Loans: $14M). the amortization schedule of the term loan is based on the December 2030 maturity date, however with a 100% cash sweep mechanism starting March 2027, so that the term loan is expected to be repaid in full by the December 2028 maturity date.

Consisting of: Term Loan (Variable): $176M, Term Loan (Fixed, 4.5%): $100M; Ancillary Facilities (Working Capital Loan: 0; Letters of Credit/LC Loans: $64.4M).

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Qoros’ Liquidity and Capital Resources

Qoros’ cash and cash equivalents was RMB10 million (approximately $2 million) as of December 31, 2020, compared to approximately RMB105 million (approximately $15 million) as of December 31, 2019. Qoros’ principal sources of liquidity are cash flows from car sales, cash inflows received from financing activities, including long-term loans, short-term facilities and capital contributions (in the form of equity contributions or shareholder loans). Qoros’ RMB3 billion syndicated credit facility, RMB1.2 billion syndicated credit facility and its RMB700 million credit facility are no longer available for drawing, and Qoros may require additional financing, including the renewal or refinancing of its working capital facilities, to fund its development and operations.

Qoros has historically relied upon shareholder funding as well as bank facilities supported by guarantees and pledges from its shareholders to fund its development and operations.

As of December 31, 2020, Qoros had external loans and borrowings of RMB3.3 billion (approximately $512 million) and loans and other advances from parties related to the Majority Shareholder of RMB5.3 million (approximately $809 million). As of December 31, 2020, Qoros had total current liabilities of RMB9.4 billion (approximately $1.4 billion) largely made up of external loans and borrowings and loans and other advances from parties related to the Majority Shareholder, trade and other payables, and current assets of RMB3.1 billion (approximately $470 million). Qoros uses a portion of its liquidity to make debt service payments. Qoros is required to make amortizing principal payments on its RMB3 billion, RMB1.2 billion and RMB700 million facilities but has limited cash flows. Qoros deferred the amortizing principal payments on its RMB1.2 billion facility in the aggregate amount of RMB180 million (approximately $28 million) that were due on various dates in 2020 to December 2020, and is currently pursuing deferrals of all future payments for its other facilities. All of Qoros' debt is classified as current as a result of a failure to comply with certain covenants and related cross defaults.

Until Qoros achieves significantly higher levels of sales, Qoros will continue to need additional financing from shareholders or third parties to meet its operating expenses (including accounts payable) and debt service requirements. If Qoros is not able to raise additional financing as required, it may be unable to continue operations, and Kenon may be required to make payments under its back-to-back guarantees to Chery in respect of Qoros’ bank debt and pledges over Qoros shares by Quantum (Kenon’s subsidiary which owns Kenon’s interest in Qoros) may be enforced.

Alternatively, the Majority Shareholder in Qoros (or its related entities), Chery or other investors, may choose to make additional investments in Qoros (without a corresponding Kenon investment) which may result in a dilution of Kenon’s interest. For information on the risks related to Qoros’ liquidity, see “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Interest in Qoros—Qoros depends on funding to further its development and, until it achieves significant sales levels, to meet its operating expenses, financing expenses, and capital expenditures.”

Material Indebtedness

As of December 31, 2020, Qoros had total loans and borrowings, excluding related party indebtedness, of RMB3.3 billion (approximately $512 million), primarily consisting of current loans and borrowings. Set forth below is a discussion of Qoros’ material indebtedness. Qoros also has loans outstanding to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros as discussed below.

RMB3 Billion Syndicated Credit Facility

On July 23, 2012, Qoros entered into a consortium financing agreement with a syndicate of banks for the ability to draw down loans, in either RMB or USD, up to an aggregate maximum principal amount of RMB3 billion. The RMB loans bear interest at the 5-year interest rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China from time to time and the USD loans bear interest at LIBOR + 4.8% per annum. Outstanding loans are repayable within ten years from July 27, 2012, the first draw down date. Qoros is required to make principal amortizing payments, with substantially all such payments scheduled between 2019 and 2022, and is currently seeking deferral of all upcoming payments.

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Qoros’ RMB/USD dual currency fixed rate credit facility is secured by Qoros’ manufacturing facility, the land use right for the premises on which such manufacturing facility is located, and its equipment, and properties, and several guarantees, including a joint, but not several, guarantee from each of Chery and Changshu Port. Loans under this facility are severally guaranteed by (i) Changshu Port for up to 50% of amounts outstanding under this loan, or up to RMB1.5 billion, plus related interest and fees and (ii) Chery for up to 50% of amounts outstanding under this loan, or up to RMB1.5 billion, plus related interest and fees. Kenon has outstanding back-to-back guarantees to Chery of approximately $9 million in respect of Chery’s guarantee of this facility.

Qoros’ syndicated credit facility contains financial, affirmative and negative covenants, events of default or mandatory prepayments for contractual breaches, including certain changes of control, and for material mergers and divestments, among other provisions. Qoros’ debt-to-asset ratio is currently higher, and its current ratio is lower, than the allowable ratios set forth in the terms of the syndicated credit facility, and in 2016, the lenders under this credit facility waived compliance with the financial covenants through the first half of 2020. The waiver has not been extended and Qoros’ debt-to-asset ratio continues to exceed, and its current ratio continues to be less than, the permitted ratios. Qoros’ syndicated lenders have not revised such covenants and could accelerate the repayment of borrowings due under Qoros’ RMB3 billion syndicated credit facility. Such a default results in a cross default enabling the lenders to require immediate payment under Qoros’ RMB 1.2 billion and RMB 700 million facilities (described below).

As of December 31, 2020, the aggregate amount outstanding on this loan was approximately RMB1.2 billion (approximately $191 million).

RMB1.2 Billion Syndicated Credit Facility

In July 2014, Qoros entered into a consortium financing agreement with a syndicate of banks for the ability to draw loans, in either RMB or USD, up to an aggregate maximum principal amount of RMB1.2 billion for the research and development of C-platform derivative models. The RMB loans bear interest at the 5-year interest rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China from time to time plus 10.0% of such quoted rate and the USD loans bear interest at LIBOR + 5.0% of such rate per annum. Outstanding loans are repayable within ten years from August 19, 2014, the first draw down date. Qoros has been required to make amortizing payments every six months starting in 2017. Qoros deferred amortizing principal payments on its RMB1.2 billion facility in the aggregate amount of RMB180 million (approximately $28 million) that were scheduled for various dates in 2020 to December 2020. Repayments are currently up to date.

Up to 50% of the indebtedness incurred under this facility is secured by Quantum’s pledge of substantially all of its shares in Qoros, including dividends deriving therefrom. The pledge agreement under which Quantum has pledged its equity interest in Qoros includes provisions setting forth, among other things, (i) minimum ratios relating to the value of Quantum’s pledged securities, (ii) Quantum’s ability to replace the pledge of its equity interest in Qoros with a pledge of cash collateral or to pledge cash collateral instead of pledging additional shares, representing up to 100% of Quantum’s equity interest in Qoros, and (iii) the events (e.g., Qoros’ default under the syndicated facility) that entitle the Chinese bank to enforce its lien on Quantum’s equity interest. In the event that the value of Qoros’ equity decreases and Quantum’s shares of Qoros’ equity is not sufficient to cover its proportionate stake of the pledge, Quantum has the option to provide additional collateral to secure the RMB1.2 billion facility. However, in the event that Quantum does not provide such additional collateral, the lenders under the facility may be entitled to sell some or all of Quantum’s shares in Qoros.

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Under the investment agreement pursuant to which the Majority Shareholder in Qoros acquired a 51% stake in Qoros, the majority shareholder was required to assume its pro rata share of Qoros' shareholders' guarantees and pledge obligations. The Majority Shareholder in Qoros has not assumed its pro rata share of Kenon's pledge obligations but it has provided a back guarantee to Kenon for its pro rata share of the pledge obligations under this facility.

The syndicated loan agreement includes covenants (including financial covenants) and events of default and acceleration provisions.

As discussed above under “—Qoros’ Liquidity and Capital Resources—Material Indebtedness—RMB3 Billion Syndicated Credit Facility", Qoros is currently not in compliance with certain financial covenants in its RMB 3 billion credit facility and previous waivers in respect of such non-compliance have not been extended and as a result the lenders under this facility could accelerate the repayment of borrowings due under the RMB3 billion facility. Such a default results in a cross default enabling the lenders to require immediate payment under the RMB 1.2 billion facility.

As of December 31, 2020, the aggregate principal amount outstanding on this loan was approximately RMB0.75 billion (approximately $115 million).

RMB700 Million Syndicated Credit Facility

In May 2015, Qoros entered into a RMB700 million facility with a bank consortium. The loan agreement covers a period of 102 months starting in May 2015, and is secured by a guarantee by Chery and a pledge over Qoros’ 90 vehicle patents. The RMB loan bears the 5-year interest rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China +10%, and the USD loan bears interest of LIBOR + 3.5% per annum. Qoros has been making principal repayments under this facility since the beginning of 2018, and is currently to seeking deferral of all upcoming payments. The facility includes covenants and event of default provisions.

As discussed above under “—Qoros’ Liquidity and Capital Resources—Material Indebtedness—RMB3 Billion Syndicated Credit Facility”, Qoros is currently not in compliance with certain financial covenants in its RMB 3 billion credit facility and previous waivers in respect of such non-compliance have not been extended and as a result the lenders under this facility could accelerate the repayment of borrowings due under the RMB3 billion facility. Such a default results in a cross default, enabling the lenders to require immediate payment under the RMB700 million facility.

The RMB700 million is guaranteed by Chery. Kenon has an outstanding back-to-back guarantee to Chery of approximately $8 million in respect of this facility.

As of December 31, 2020, the aggregate principal amount outstanding on this loan is RMB440 million (approximately $67 million).

Shareholder Loans and Working Capital Facilities

Qoros has taken loans and other advances from parties related to the Majority Shareholder with outstanding balances as at December 31, 2020 of RMB5.3 billion (approximately $809 million).

Qoros is party to various short-term and working capital facilities.

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ZIM’s Liquidity and Capital Resources

ZIM operates in the capital-intensive container shipping industry. Its principal sources of liquidity are cash inflows received from operating activities, generally in the form of income from voyages and related services and cash inflows received from investing activities, generally in the form of proceeds received from the sale of tangible assets. ZIM’s principal needs for liquidity are operating expenses, expenditures related to debt service and capital expenditures. ZIM’s long-term capital needs generally result from its need to fund its growth strategy. ZIM’s ability to generate cash from operations depends on future operating performance which is dependent, to some extent, on general economic, financial, legislative, regulatory and other factors, many of which are beyond its control, as well as the other factors discussed in “Risk factors—Risks Related to our Interest in ZIM.”

ZIM’s cash and cash equivalents were $570 million, $183 million, $186 million as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. In addition, ZIM’s short-term bank deposits were $56 million, $57 million, $66 million as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which mainly consist of pledged bank deposits, corresponding with the related short-term bank credit.

ZIM is party to a number of debt instruments which require it to comply with certain financial and non-financial covenants. In June 2020, further to an early full repayment to a certain group of creditors (Tranche A), certain financial covenants were removed and no longer apply.

Set forth below is a summary of the financial covenants and limitations, as currently applicable.

•

Minimum liquidity. ZIM is required to maintain a monthly minimum liquidity of at least $125 million. As of December 31, 2020, ZIM’s liquidity was $572 million.

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Other non-financial covenants and limitations such as restrictions on dividend distribution and incurrence of debt and various reporting obligations, and other negative covenants and limitations in the indentures governing ZIM’s outstanding notes.

ZIM reported that as of December 31, 2020, it is in compliance with all of its covenants.

In October 2020, ZIM repurchased Tranche C notes with an aggregate face value of $58 million out of $360 million, for total consideration (including related costs) of $47 million. In December 2020, ZIM amended the indenture to permit it to pay dividends to its shareholders in accordance with its dividend policy, among other covenant changes.

ZIM’s total outstanding indebtedness as of December 31, 2020 consisted of $1,361 million in long-term debt and $501 million in current installments of long-term debt and short-term borrowings (not including early repayments ZIM expects to pay and any additional early repayment ZIM may be required to further pay, in accordance with the excess cash provisions of its notes).

The weighted average interest rate paid per annum as of December 31, 2020 under all of ZIM’s indebtedness was 9%.

For further information on the risks related to ZIM’s liquidity, see “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Other Businesses—Risks Related to our Interest in ZIM— ZIM is leveraged. Its leverage may make it difficult for ZIM to operate its business, and ZIM may be unable to meet related obligations, which could adversely affect its business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.”

C.	Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc.

For a description of Qoros’ research and development activities see “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Interest in Qoros—Qoros faces certain risks relating to its business,” “Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—Qoros—Qoros’ Description of Operations” and “Item 5.A Operating Results— Share In Losses of Associated Companies, Net of Tax—Qoros.”

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D.	Trend Information

The following key trends contain forward-looking statements and should be read in conjunction with “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 3.D Risk Factors.” For further information on the recent developments of Kenon and our businesses, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Recent Developments.”

Trend Information

OPC

Israel—In January 2021, the EA published the electricity tariffs for 2021, which included a decrease of the EA’s generation component tariff by approximately 5.7%. This decrease in the EA generation component is expected to have a negative impact on OPC's profits in 2021 compared with 2020. For further information, see “Item. 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Material Factors Affecting Results of Operations—OPC—Sales—EA Tariffs.”

United States— The price of natural gas is significant in determination of the electricity price in many of the regions in which the CPV projects operate. The natural gas prices are driven by many variables, including demand in the industrial, residential and electricity sectors, productivity of the natural gas supply basins, natural gas production costs, changes in the pipeline infrastructure, international trade and the financial profile and the hedge profile of natural gas customers and producers. In 2020, the average natural gas prices in Henry Hub were 21% lower compared with 2019. In the existing production mix, the higher the natural gas prices will be, the higher the energy margins of the CPV Group are expected to be. This impact is partly offset by CPV’s hedge plan, which is designed to reduce changes in CPV’s gross margin resulting from changes in the commodity prices.

The price of the electricity is a main factor in CPV’s profitability. Many variables, such as the price of various fuels, the weather, an increase in load and unit availability, act together to impact the final electricity price and the company’s profits. The following table summarizes average electricity prices of 24x7 in each of the main markets in which CPV’s projects operated in the years 2020 and 2019. The electricity prices declined in 2020 compared with 2019, due to, among others, low lower natural gas prices and lower demand due to the weather and the impact of the COVID‑19 crisis.

Region	2020	2019
ISO-NE Mass Hub	$23.31/MWh	$31.22/MWh
NY-ISO Zone G	$20.32/MWh	$26.87/MWh
PJM West	$20.95/MWh	$26.69/MWh
PJM AD Hub	$20.95/MWh	$26.77/MWh

The average 24x7 power prices are based on day-ahead settlement prices as published by the respective ISOs.

ZIM

Total global container shipping demand totaled approximately 216 million TEUs in 2019 (including inland transportation) according to Drewry Container Forecaster, or Drewry, as of December 2020. Global container demand has seen steady and resilient growth equaling a 5.9% CAGR since 2000, driven by multiple factors. These include economic drivers such as GDP growth and industrial production, as well as other non-economic drivers such as geopolitics, containerization, consumer preferences and population growth. This was the first year in which demand declined since 1998. Following the Global Financial Crisis in 2008, demand for container shipping showed resiliency and increased every year from 2010 to 2019. During this period, containerization was a significant driver of growth, as goods that were once shipped via standard cargo transferred to container ships. Underlying macroeconomic growth has also required that more goods be shipped overall, further increasing demand for container ships.

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According to Drewry, demand is expected to rebound from the COVID-19 crisis and achieve an approximately 6.3% CAGR from 2020 to 2024. Demand growth already began to rebound by the end of Q3 2020 across the East-West trades, driven by the tapering of lockdown measures in Far East Asia, improving consumer spending and growing global e-commerce demand.

Qoros

Qoros sold approximately 700 cars in Q1 2021 as compared to approximately 500 cars in Q1 2020. In 2021, Qoros’ manufacturing plant was shut down as a result of engine and semiconductor supply shortages and has yet to resume production.

See also “—Material Factors Affecting Results of Operation.”

E.	Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Neither Kenon nor any of its subsidiaries are party to off-balance sheet arrangements.

F.	Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth Kenon’s contractual obligations (including future interest payments) and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2020, which consist of OPC’s contractual obligations (including future interest payments) and commercial commitments:

	Payments Due by Period^1,2
	Total		Less than One Year		One to Two Years		Two to Five Years		More than Five Years
	($ millions)
Kenon’s consolidated contractual obligations
Trade Payables		93		93		—		—		—
Other payables		24		24		—		—		—
Bonds		350		14		14		90		232
Lease liabilities		22		14		1		2		5
Loans		799		65		63		260		411
Interest SWAP contracts		41		6		6		14		15
Derivative instruments		34		32		2		—		—
Total contractual obligations and commitments	$	1,363		248		86		366		663

Excludes Kenon’s back-to-back guarantees to Chery as well as obligations under agreement with capital provider relating to Peru BIT claim and guarantee of indemnity obligations under the sale agreement for the Inkia Business. For further information on other commitments, see Note 19 to our financial statements included in this annual report.

2.	In January 2021, an entity in which OPC holds a 70% interest, completed the acquisition of CPV. This table does not include any obligations of CPV.

G.	Safe Harbor

See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

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ITEM 6.

Directors, Senior Management and Employees

A.	Directors and Senior Management

Board of Directors

The following table sets forth information regarding our board of directors:

Name	Age	Function	Original Appointment Date	Current Term Begins	Current Term Expires
Antoine Bonnier	38	Board Member	2016	2020	2021
Laurence N. Charney	74	Chairman of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee Member, Board Member	2014	2020	2021
Barak Cohen	39	Board Member	2018	2020	2021
Cyril Pierre-Jean Ducau	42	Chairman of the Board, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Chairman	2014	2020	2021
N. Scott Fine	64	Audit Committee Member, Compensation Committee Chairman, Board Member	2014	2020	2021
Bill Foo	63	Board Member, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Member	2017	2020	2021
Aviad Kaufman	50	Compensation Committee Member, Board Member, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Member	2015	2020	2021
Arunava Sen	60	Board Member, Audit Committee Member	2017	2020	2021

Our constitution provides that, unless otherwise determined by a general meeting, the minimum number of directors is five and the maximum number is 12.

Senior Management

Name	Age	Position
Robert L. Rosen	48	Chief Executive Officer
Mark Hasson	45	Chief Financial Officer

Biographies

Directors

Antoine Bonnier. Mr. Bonnier is currently a Managing Director of Quantum Pacific (UK) LLP and serves as a member of the board of directors of Club Atletico de Madrid SAD and of OPC, each of which may be associated with the same ultimate beneficiary, Mr. Idan Ofer. Mr. Bonnier was previously a member of the investment team of Quantum Pacific Advisory Limited from 2011 to 2012. Prior to joining Quantum Pacific Advisory Limited in 2011, Mr. Bonnier was an Associate in the Investment Banking Division of Morgan Stanley & Co. During his tenure there, from 2005 to 2011, he held various positions in the Capital Markets and Mergers and Acquisitions teams in London, Paris and Dubai. Mr. Bonnier graduated from ESCP Europe Business School and holds a Master of Science in Management.

Laurence N. Charney. Mr. Charney currently serves as the chairman of our audit committee. Mr. Charney retired from Ernst & Young LLP in June 2007, where, over the course of his more than 37-year career, he served as Senior Audit Partner, Practice Leader and Senior Advisor. Since his retirement from Ernst & Young, Mr. Charney has served as a business strategist and financial advisor to boards, senior management and investors of early stage ventures, private businesses and small to mid-cap public corporations across the consumer products, energy, high-tech/software, media/entertainment, and non-profit sectors. His most recent directorships also include board tenure with Marvel Entertainment, Inc. (through December 2009), Pacific Drilling S.A. (through November 19, 2018) and TG Therapeutics, Inc. (from March 2012 through the current date). Mr. Charney is a graduate of Hofstra University with a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration (Accounting), and has also completed an Executive Master’s program at Columbia University. Mr. Charney maintains active membership with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants.

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Barak Cohen. Mr. Cohen is a Managing Director at Quantum Pacific (UK) LLP and a board member of Qoros, each of which may be associated with the same ultimate beneficiary, Mr. Idan Ofer. In September 2018, Mr. Cohen was appointed to the board of directors of Kenon, having served as Co-CEO of Kenon till that time. Prior to serving as Kenon’s Co-CEO, Mr. Cohen served as Kenon’s Vice President of Business Development and Investor Relations from 2015 to September 2017. Prior to joining Kenon in 2015, Mr. Cohen worked in various capacities at Israel Corporation since 2008 most recently as Israel Corporation’s Senior Director of Business Development and Investor Relations. Prior to joining Israel Corporation, Mr. Cohen held positions at Lehman Brothers (UK) and Ernst & Young (Israel). Mr. Cohen holds Bachelor’s degrees in Economics, summa cum laude, and Accounting & Management, magna cum laude, both from Tel Aviv University.

Cyril Pierre-Jean Ducau. Mr. Ducau is the Chief Executive Officer of Ansonia and the Chief Executive Officer of Eastern Pacific Shipping Pte Ltd. He is a member of the board of directors of Ansonia and IC Power, as well as other private companies, each of which may be associated with the same ultimate beneficiary, Mr. Idan Ofer. He was previously Head of Business Development of Quantum Pacific Advisory Limited in London from 2008 to 2012 and acted as Director and Chairman of Pacific Drilling SA between 2011 and 2018. Prior to joining Quantum Pacific Advisory Limited, Mr. Ducau was Vice President in the Investment Banking Division of Morgan Stanley & Co. International Ltd. in London and, during his tenure there from 2000 to 2008, he held various positions in the Capital Markets, Leveraged Finance and Mergers and Acquisitions teams. Prior to that, Mr. Ducau gained experience in consultancy working for Arthur D. Little in Munich and investment management with Credit Agricole UI Private Equity in Paris. Mr. Ducau graduated from ESCP Europe Business School (Paris, Oxford, Berlin) and holds a Master of Science in business administration and a Diplom Kaufmann.

N. Scott Fine. Mr. Fine is the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Cyclo Therapeutics Inc., a biotechnology company focused on developing novel therapeutics based on cyclodextrin technologies. Mr. Fine has been involved in investment banking for over 35 years, working on a multitude of debt and equity financings, buy and sell side mergers and acquisitions, strategic advisory work and corporate restructurings. Much of his time has been focused on transactions in the healthcare and consumer products area, including time with The Tempo Group of Jakarta, Indonesia. Mr. Fine was the lead investment banker on the IPO of Keurig Green Mountain Coffee Roasters and Central European Distribution Corporation, or CEDC, a multi-billion-dollar alcohol company. He was also involved in an Equity Strategic Alliance between Research Medical and the Tempo Group. Mr. Fine continued his involvement with CEDC, serving as a director from 1996 until 2014, during which time he led the CEDC Board’s successful efforts in 2013 to restructure the company through a pre-packaged Chapter 11 process whereby CEDC was acquired by the Russian Standard alcohol group. He also served as sole director of Better Place Inc. from 2013 until 2015. In that role, Mr. Fine successfully managed the global wind down of the company in a timely and efficient manner which was approved by both the Delaware and Israeli courts. Mr. Fine devotes time to several non-profit organizations, including through his service on the Board of Trustees for the IWM American Air Museum in Britain. He and his wife, Cathy are also the Executive Producers of “The Concert for Newtown” with Peter Yarrow of Peter, Paul, and Mary. Mr. Fine has been a guest lecturer at Ohio State University’s Moritz School of Law.

Bill Foo. Dr. Bill Foo is a director and corporate advisor of several private, listed and non-profit entities, including Mewah International Inc., CDL Hospitality Trusts, Tung Lok Restaurants (2000) Ltd., M&C REIT Management Ltd and chairing the Salvation Army and Heartware Network Youth Charity organizations. In May 2017, Dr. Foo was appointed to the board of directors of Kenon, having served as a director of IC Power between November 2015 and January 2018. Prior to his retirement, Dr. Foo worked in financial services for over 30 years, including serving as CEO of ANZ Singapore and South East Asia Head of Investment Banking for Schroders. Dr. Foo has also worked in various positions at Citibank and Bank of America and has been a director of several listed and government-related entities, including International Enterprise Singapore (Trade Agency), where he chaired the Audit Committee for several years. Dr. Foo has a Master’s Degree in Business Administration from McGill University and a Bachelor of Business Administration from Concordia University and an honorary Doctor of Commerce from James Cook University Australia.

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Aviad Kaufman. Mr. Kaufman is the Chief Executive Officer of Quantum Pacific (UK) LLP, the chairman of IC, a board member of Israel Chemicals Ltd., and other private companies, each of which may be associated with the same ultimate beneficiary, Mr. Idan Ofer. From 2008 until 2017, Mr. Kaufman served as Chief Financial Officer of Quantum Pacific (UK) LLP (and its predecessor Quantum Pacific Advisory Limited). From 2002 until 2007, Mr. Kaufman served as Director of International Taxation and fulfilled different senior corporate finance roles at Amdocs Ltd. Previously, Mr. Kaufman held various consultancy positions with KPMG. Mr. Kaufman is a certified public accountant and holds a Bachelor’s degree in Accounting and Economics from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem (with distinction), and a Master’s of Business Administration in Finance from Tel Aviv University.

Arunava Sen. Mr. Sen is CEO and Managing Director of Coromandel Advisors Pte Ltd, a Singapore-based company that provides strategic and transactional advice to global investors in the infrastructure and clean energy sectors. In May 2017, Mr. Sen was appointed to the board of directors of Kenon, having served as a director of IC Power between November 2015 and January 2018. Between August 2010 and February 2015, Mr. Sen was CEO and Managing Director of Lanco Power International Pte Ltd, a Singapore-registered company focused on the development of power projects globally. Previously, Mr. Sen held several senior roles at Globeleq Ltd, a Houston-based power investment company, including COO, CEO—Latin America and CEO—Asia. In 1999, Mr. Sen cofounded and was COO of Hart Energy International, a Houston-based company that developed and invested in power businesses in Latin America and the Caribbean. Mr. Sen currently serves as a member of the investment committee of Armstrong Asset Management Pte Ltd. A qualified Chartered Accountant, Mr. Sen holds a B.Com. degree from the University of Calcutta and an M.S. degree in Finance from The American University in Washington, DC.

Senior Management

Robert Rosen. Mr. Rosen has served as CEO of Kenon since September 2018. Between September 2017 and September 2018, he served as Co-CEO of Kenon. Prior to becoming CEO, Mr. Rosen served as General Counsel of Kenon upon joining Kenon in 2014. Prior to joining Kenon in 2014, Mr. Rosen spent 15 years in private practice with top tier law firms, including Linklaters LLP and Milbank LLP. Mr. Rosen is admitted to the Bar in the State of New York, holds a Bachelor’s degree with honors from Boston University and a JD and MBA, both from the University of Pittsburgh, where he graduated with high honors.

Mark Hasson. Mr. Hasson has served as Chief Financial Officer at Kenon since October 2017. Prior to this role, Mr. Hasson served as Vice President of Finance at Kenon. Prior to joining Kenon in 2017, Mr. Hasson served in various senior finance positions in Singapore and Australia. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Finance and Accounting from the University of Cape Town in South Africa and is a Chartered Accountant (Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales).

B.	Compensation

We pay our directors compensation for serving as directors, including per meeting fees.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, the aggregate compensation accrued (comprising remuneration and the aggregate fair market value of equity awards granted) for our directors and executive officers was approximately $2 million.

For further information on Kenon’s Share Incentive Plan 2014 and Share Option Plan 2014, see “Item 6.E Share Ownership.”

C.	Board Practices

We have elected to apply the corporate governance rules of the NYSE that are applicable to U.S. domestic registrants that are not “controlled” companies, except in the case of our nominating and governance committee, as one of the members of our nominating and corporate governance committee is non-independent under NYSE standards.

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Board of Directors

Our constitution gives our board of directors general powers to manage our business. The board of directors, which consists of eight directors, oversees and provides policy guidance on our strategic and business planning processes, oversees the conduct of our business by senior management and is principally responsible for the succession planning for our key executives. Cyril Pierre-Jean Ducau serves as our Chairman.

Director Independence

Pursuant to the NYSE’s listing standards, listed companies are required to have a majority of independent directors. Under the NYSE’s listing standards, (i) a director employed by us or that has, or had, certain relationships with us during the last three years, cannot be deemed to be an independent director, and (ii) directors will qualify as independent only if our board of directors affirmatively determines that they have no material relationship with us, either directly or as a partner, shareholder or officer of an organization that has a relationship with us. Ownership of a significant amount of our shares, by itself, does not constitute a material relationship.

Although we are permitted to follow home country practice in lieu of the requirement to have a board of directors comprised of a majority of independent directors, we have determined that we are in compliance with this requirement and that a majority of our board of directors is independent according to the NYSE’s listing standards. Our board of directors has affirmatively determined that each of Antoine Bonnier, Arunava Sen, Aviad Kaufman, Bill Foo, Laurence N. Charney and N. Scott Fine, representing six of our eight directors, are currently “independent directors” as defined under the applicable rules and regulations of the NYSE.

Election and Removal of Directors

See “Item 10.B Constitution.”

Service Contracts

None of our board members have service contracts with us or any of our businesses providing for benefits upon termination of employment.

Indemnifications and Limitations on Liability

For information on the indemnification and limitations on liability of our directors, see “Item 10.B Constitution.”

Committees of our Board of Directors

We have established three committees, which report regularly to our board of directors on matters relating to the specific areas of risk the committees oversee: the audit committee, the nominating and corporate governance committee, and the compensation committee. Although we are permitted to follow home country practices with respect to our establishment of the nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees, we have determined that we are in compliance with the NYSE’s requirements in these respects, except that one of the members of our nominating and corporate governance committee is non-independent under NYSE standards.

Audit Committee

We have established an audit committee to review and discuss with management significant financial, legal and regulatory risks and the steps management takes to monitor, control and report such exposures; our audit committee also oversees the periodic enterprise-wide risk evaluations conducted by management. Specifically, our audit committee oversees the process concerning:

•

the quality and integrity of our financial statements and internal controls;

•

the compensation, qualifications, evaluation and independence of, and making a recommendation to our board for recommendation to the annual general meeting for appointment of, our independent registered public accounting firm;

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the performance of our internal audit function;

•

our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements; and

•

review of related party transactions.

The members of our audit committee, Laurence N. Charney, N. Scott Fine and Arunava Sen, are independent directors. Our board of directors has determined that Laurence N. Charney is an audit committee financial expert, as defined under the applicable rules of the SEC, and that each of our audit committee members has the requisite financial sophistication as defined under the applicable rules and regulations of each of the SEC and the NYSE. Our audit committee operates under a written charter that satisfies the applicable standards of each of the SEC and the NYSE.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our nominating and corporate governance committee oversees the management of risks associated with board governance, director independence and conflicts of interest. Specifically, our nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for identifying qualified candidates to become directors, recommending to the board of directors candidates for all directorships, overseeing the annual evaluation of the board of directors and its committees and taking a leadership role in shaping our corporate governance.

Our nominating and corporate governance committee considers candidates for director who are recommended by its members, by other board members and members of our management, as well as those identified by any third-party search firms retained by it to assist in identifying and evaluating possible candidates. The nominating and corporate governance committee also considers recommendations for director candidates submitted by our shareholders. The nominating and corporate governance committee evaluates and recommends to the board of directors qualified candidates for election, re-election or appointment to the board, as applicable.

When evaluating director candidates, the nominating and corporate governance committee seeks to ensure that the board of directors has the requisite skills, experience and expertise and that its members consist of persons with appropriately diverse and independent backgrounds. The nominating and corporate governance committee considers all aspects of a candidate’s qualifications in the context of our needs, including: personal and professional integrity, ethics and values; experience and expertise as an officer in corporate management; experience in the industry of any of our portfolio businesses and international business and familiarity with our operations; experience as a board member of another publicly traded company; practical and mature business judgment; the extent to which a candidate would fill a present need on the board of directors; and the other ongoing commitments and obligations of the candidate. The nominating and corporate governance committee does not have any minimum criteria for director candidates. Consideration of new director candidates will typically involve a series of internal discussions, review of information concerning candidates and interviews with selected candidates.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow home country practice in lieu of the requirement to have a nominating and corporate governance committee comprised entirely of independent directors. One of the members of our nominating and corporate governance committee is not deemed to be independent under NYSE standards and accordingly we rely on the NYSE exemption for foreign private issuers.

The members of our nominating and corporate governance committee are Cyril Pierre-Jean Ducau, Bill Foo and Aviad Kaufman. Our nominating and corporate governance committee operates under a written charter that satisfies the applicable standards of the NYSE for foreign private issuers.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee assists our board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure of our directors and officers, including all forms of compensation to be provided to our directors and officers. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

•

reviewing and determining the compensation package for our Chief Executive Officer and other senior executives;

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•

reviewing and making recommendations to our board with respect to the compensation of our non-employee directors;

•

reviewing and approving corporate goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of our Chief Executive Officer and other senior executives, including evaluating their performance in light of such goals and objectives; and

•

reviewing periodically and approving and administering stock options plans, long-term incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements, annual bonuses, employee pension and welfare benefit plans for all employees, including reviewing and approving the granting of options and other incentive awards.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow home country practice in lieu of the requirement to have a compensation committee comprised entirely of independent directors. Nonetheless, we have determined that all of the members of our compensation committee, Laurence N. Charney, N. Scott Fine and Aviad Kaufman are independent directors as defined under the applicable rules of the NYSE. Our compensation committee operates under a written charter that satisfies the applicable standards of the NYSE.

Code of Ethics and Ethical Guidelines

Our board of directors has adopted a code of ethics that describes our commitment to, and requirements in connection with, ethical issues relevant to business practices and personal conduct.

Employees

As of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 we, and our consolidated subsidiaries, employed 124, 116 and 114 individuals, respectively, as follows:

	Number of Employees as of December 31,
Company	2020		2019		2018
OPC¹		116		96		92
Primus²		—		12		13
Kenon		8		8		9
Total		124		116		114

___________________

(1)	In January 2021, an entity in which OPC holds a 70% interest, completed the acquisition of CPV. This table does not include CPV’s employees.

(2)	In August 2020, Primus sold substantially all of its assets for $1.6 million.

OPC

As of December 31, 2020, OPC employed 116 employees (excluding CPV employees, as the acquisition of CPV was completed in January 2021). For further information on OPC’s employees, see “Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—OPC—OPC’s Description of Operations—Employees.”

ZIM

As of December 31, 2020, ZIM employed approximately 5,145 employees (including employees of its subsidiaries), consisting of 3,794 full-time employees and 1,351 contractors.

A significant number of ZIM’s Israeli employees are unionized and ZIM is party to numerous collective agreements with respect to its employees. For further information on the risks related to ZIM’s unionized employees, see “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Industries in Which Our Businesses Operate—Our businesses may be adversely affected by work stoppages, union negotiations, labor disputes and other matters associated with our labor force.”

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E.	Share Ownership

Interests of our Directors and our Employees

Kenon has established the Share Incentive Plan 2014 and the Share Option Plan 2014 for its directors and management. The Share Incentive Plan 2014 and the Share Option Plan 2014 provide grants of Kenon’s shares, and stock options in respect of Kenon’s shares, respectively, to management and directors of Kenon, or to officers of Kenon’s subsidiaries or associated companies, pursuant to awards, which may be granted by Kenon from time to time. The total number of shares underlying awards which may be granted under the Share Incentive Plan 2014 or delivered pursuant to the exercise of options granted under the Share Option Plan 2014 shall not, in the aggregate, exceed 3% of the total issued shares (excluding treasury shares) of Kenon. Kenon granted awards of shares to directors and certain members of its management under the Share Incentive Plan 2014 in 2020, with a value of $0.4 million.

Equity Awards to Certain Executive Officers—Subsidiaries and Associated Companies

Kenon’s subsidiaries and associated companies may, from time to time, adopt equity compensation arrangements for officers and directors of the relevant entity. Kenon expects any such arrangements to be on customary terms and within customary limits (in terms of dilution).

ITEM 7.

Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

A.	Major Shareholders

The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of April 16, 2021, by each person or entity beneficially owning 5% or more of our ordinary shares, based upon the 53,879,117 ordinary shares outstanding as of such date, which represents our entire issued and outstanding share capital as of such date. The information set out below is based on public filings with the SEC as of April 16, 2021.

To our knowledge, as of April 16, 2021, we had 8 shareholders of record in the United States: one holding approximately 99% of our outstanding ordinary shares and the others holding less than 1% of our outstanding ordinary shares. Such numbers are not representative of the portion of our shares held in the United States nor are they representative of the number of beneficial holders residing in the United States, since the holder of record of approximately 99% of our outstanding ordinary shares (which includes the ordinary shares held by the TASE for trading on the TASE) is one U.S. nominee company, CEDE & Co, which holds all of our shares traded on the NYSE and the TASE indirectly.

All of our ordinary shares have the same voting rights.

Beneficial Owner (Name/Address)	Ordinary Shares Owned			Percentage of Ordinary Shares
Ansonia Holdings Singapore B.V.¹		31,156,869			58.0	%
Clal Insurance Enterprises Holdings Ltd.²		5,616,814			10.4	%
Harel Insurance Investments & Financial Services Ltd.³		2,950,827			5.5	%
Menora Mivtachim Holdings Ltd.⁴		1,839,921			3.42	%
Laurence N. Charney		43,952	⁵		*	⁶
Bill Foo		10,884	⁵		*	⁶
Arunava Sen		10,884	⁵		*	⁶
Directors and Executive Officers⁷		—			*	⁶

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_________________________________

1)	Based solely on the Schedule 13-D/A (Amendment No. 4) filed by Ansonia Holdings Singapore B.V. with the SEC on January 25, 2017. A discretionary trust, in which Mr. Idan Ofer is the beneficiary, indirectly holds 100% of Ansonia Holdings Singapore B.V.

Based solely upon the Schedule 13-G/A (Amendment No. 3) filed by Clal Insurance Enterprises Holdings Ltd. (“Clal”) with the SEC on February 16, 2021. According to the Schedule 13-G/A, of the 5,616,814 ordinary shares reported on the Schedule 13-G/A, (i) 5,474,136 ordinary shares are held for members of the public through, among others, provident funds and/or pension funds and/or insurance policies, which are managed by Clal’s subsidiaries., which subsidiaries operate under independent management and make independent voting and investment decisions; and (ii) 142,678 ordinary shares are beneficially held for Clal’s own account.

Based solely upon the Schedule 13-G/A, filed by Harel Insurance Investments & Financial Services Ltd. (“Harel”) with the SEC on January 27, 2021. According to the Schedule 13-G/A all of the ordinary shares reported are held for members of the public through, among others, provident funds and/or mutual funds and/or pension funds and/or insurance policies and/or exchange traded funds, which are managed by subsidiaries of Harel, which subsidiaries operate under independent management and make independent voting and investment decisions.

Based solely upon the Schedule 13-G/A (Amendment No. 3) filed by Menora Mivtachim Holdings Ltd. (“Menora”) with the SEC on February 11, 2021. According to the Schedule 13-G/A (i) the ordinary shares reported are beneficially owned by Menora and by entities that are its direct or indirect, wholly-owned or majority-owned, subsidiaries; and (ii) the economic interest or beneficial ownership in a portion of the ordinary shares reported (including the right to receive or the power to direct the receipt of dividends from, or the proceeds from the sale of, such securities) is held for the benefit of insurance policy holders or the members of provident funds or pension funds, as the case may be. According to the Schedule 13-G/A, of the 1,839,921 ordinary shares reported, (i)1,515,996 ordinary shares are held by Menora Mivtachim Pensions and Gemel Ltd; (ii) 285,928 ordinary shares are held by Menora Mivtachim Insurance Ltd.; (iii) 19,755 ordinary shares are held by Menora Mivtachim Vehistadrut Hamehandesim Nihul Kupot Gemel Ltd, (iv) 13,911 ordinary shares are held by Shomera Insurance Company Ltd. and (v) 4,311 ordinary shares are held by Menora.

5)	Based solely on Exhibit 99.3 to the Form 6-K furnished by Kenon with the SEC on May 14, 2020.

6)	Owns less than 1% of Kenon’s ordinary shares.

7)	Excludes shares held by Laurence N. Charney, Bill Foo and Arunava Sen.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that such person has the right to acquire within 60 days, including through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.

We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of our control.

B.	Related Party Transactions

Kenon

Pursuant to its charter, the audit committee must review and approve all related party transactions. The audit committee has a written policy with respect to the approval of related party transactions. In addition, we have undertaken that, for so long as we are listed on the NYSE, to the extent that we or our subsidiaries will enter into transactions with related parties, such transactions will be considered and approved by us or our wholly-owned subsidiaries in a manner that is consistent with customary practices followed by companies incorporated in Delaware and shall be reviewed in accordance with the requirements of Delaware law.

We are party to several related party transactions with certain of our affiliates. Set forth below is a summary of these transactions. For further information, see Note 29 to our financial statements included in this annual report.

OPC

Sales of Electricity and Gas

OPC-Rotem sells electricity through PPAs to some entities that are considered to be related parties, including the ORL Group. OPC-Rotem recorded revenues from related parties in the amount of $80 million in the year ended December 31, 2020.

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OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera Financing Agreements

OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera have entered into financing agreements for the financing of their power plant projects, see “Item 5.B Liquidity and Capital Resources—OPC’s Liquidity and Capital Resources—OPC’s Material Indebtedness—OPC-Hadera Financing Agreement” and “Item 5.B Liquidity and Capital Resources—OPC’s Liquidity and Capital Resources—OPC’s Material Indebtedness—OPC-Rotem Financing Agreement.” One of the lenders under both of these agreements is a financial institution that is an OPC related party.

Short-Term Deposits

As of December 31, 2020, OPC Energy had short-term deposits of NIS 1.1 billion (approximately $0.3 billion) placed with a financial institution that is an OPC related party.

C.	Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

ITEM 8.

Financial Information

A.	Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

For information on the financial statements filed as a part of this annual report, see “Item 18. Financial Statements.” For information on our legal proceedings, see “Item 4.B Business Overview” and Note 20 to our financial statements included in this annual report. For information on our dividend policy, see “Item 10.B Constitution.”

B.	Significant Changes

For information on any significant changes that may have occurred since the date of our annual financial statements, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Recent Developments.”

ITEM 9.

The Offer and Listing

A.	Offer and Listing Details.

Kenon’s ordinary shares are listed on the TASE (trading symbol: KEN), our primary host market, and the NYSE (trading symbol: KEN), our principal market outside our host market.

B.	Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

Markets

Our ordinary shares are listed on each of the NYSE and the TASE under the symbol “KEN.”

D.	Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

Dilution.

Not applicable.

F.	Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

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ITEM 10.

Additional Information

A.	Share Capital

Not applicable.

B.	Constitution

The following description of our constitution is a summary and is qualified by reference to the constitution, a copy of which has been filed with the SEC. Subject to the provisions of the Singapore Companies Act and any other written law and its constitution, the Company has full capacity to carry on or undertake any business or activity, do any act or enter into any transaction.

New Shares

Under Singapore law, new shares may be issued only with the prior approval of our shareholders in a general meeting. General approval may be sought from our shareholders in a general meeting for the issue of shares. Approval, if granted, will lapse at the earliest of:

•

the conclusion of the next annual general meeting;

•

the expiration of the period within which the next annual general meeting is required by law to be held (i.e., within six months after our financial year end, being December 31); or

•

the subsequent revocation or modification of approval by our shareholders acting at a duly convened general meeting.

Our shareholders have provided such general authority to issue new shares until the conclusion of our 2021 annual general meeting. Subject to this and the provisions of the Singapore Companies Act and our constitution, all new shares are under the control of the directors who may allot and issue new shares to such persons on such terms and conditions and with the rights and restrictions as they may think fit to impose.

Preference Shares

Our constitution provides that we may issue shares of a different class with preferential, deferred or other special rights, privileges or conditions as our board of directors may determine. Under the Singapore Companies Act, our preference shareholders will have the right to attend any general meeting insofar as the circumstances set forth below apply and on a poll at such general meeting, to have at least one vote for every preference share held:

•

upon any resolution concerning the winding-up of our company under section 160 of the Insolvency, Restructuring and Dissolution Act 2018; and

•

upon any resolution which varies the rights attached to such preference shares.

We may, subject to the prior approval in a general meeting of our shareholders, issue preference shares which are, or at our option, subject to redemption provided that such preference shares may not be redeemed out of capital unless:

•

all the directors have made a solvency statement in relation to such redemption; and

•

we have lodged a copy of the statement with the Singapore Registrar of Companies.

Further, the shares must be fully paid-up before they are redeemed.

Transfer of Ordinary Shares

Subject to applicable securities laws in relevant jurisdictions and our constitution, our ordinary shares are freely transferable. Shares may be transferred by a duly signed instrument of transfer in any usual or common form or in a form acceptable to our directors. The directors may decline to register any transfer unless, among other things, evidence of payment of any stamp duty payable with respect to the transfer is provided together with other evidence of ownership and title as the directors may require. We will replace lost or destroyed certificates for shares upon notice to us and upon, among other things, the applicant furnishing evidence and indemnity as the directors may require and the payment of all applicable fees.

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Election and Re-election of Directors

Under our constitution, our shareholders by ordinary resolution, or our board of directors, may appoint any person to be a director as an additional director or to fill a casual vacancy, provided that any person so appointed by our board of directors shall hold office only until the next annual general meeting, and shall then be eligible for re-election.

Our constitution provides that, subject to the Singapore Companies Act, no person other than a director retiring at a general meeting is eligible for appointment as a director at any general meeting, without the recommendation of the Board for election, unless (a) in the case of a member or members who in aggregate hold(s) more than fifty percent of the total number of our issued and paid-up shares (excluding treasury shares), not less than ten days, or (b) in the case of a member or members who in aggregate hold(s) more than five percent of the total number of our issued and paid-up shares (excluding treasury shares), not less than 120 days, before the date of the notice provided to members in connection with the general meeting, a written notice signed by such member or members (other than the person to be proposed for appointment) who (i) are qualified to attend and vote at the meeting for which such notice is given, and (ii) have held shares representing the prescribed threshold in (a) or (b) above, for a continuous period of at least one year prior to the date on which such notice is given, is lodged at our registered office. Such a notice must also include the consent of the person nominated.

Shareholders’ Meetings

We are required to hold an annual general meeting each year. Annual general meetings must be held within six months after our financial year end, being December 31. The directors may convene an extraordinary general meeting whenever they think fit and they must do so upon the written request of shareholders representing not less than one-tenth of the paid-up shares as at the date of deposit carries the right to vote at general meetings (disregarding paid-up shares held as treasury shares). In addition, two or more shareholders holding not less than one-tenth of our total number of issued shares (excluding our treasury shares) may call a meeting of our shareholders. The Singapore Companies Act requires not less than:

•

14 days’ written notice to be given by Kenon of a general meeting to pass an ordinary resolution; and

•

21 days’ written notice to be given by Kenon of a general meeting to pass a special resolution,

to every member and the auditors of Kenon. Our constitution further provides that in computing the notice period, both the day on which the notice is served, or deemed to be served, and the day for which the notice is given shall be excluded.

Unless otherwise required by law or by our constitution, voting at general meetings is by ordinary resolution, requiring the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote on the resolution. An ordinary resolution suffices, for example, for appointments of directors. A special resolution, requiring an affirmative vote of not less than three-fourths of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote on the resolution, is necessary for certain matters under Singapore law, such as an alteration of our constitution.

Voting Rights

Voting at any meeting of shareholders is by a show of hands unless a poll is duly demanded before or on the declaration of the result of the show of hands. If voting is by a show of hands, every shareholder who is entitled to vote and who is present in person or by proxy at the meeting has one vote. On a poll, every shareholder who is present in person or by proxy or by attorney, or in the case of a corporation, by a representative, has one vote for every share held by him or which he represents.

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Dividends

We have no current plans to pay annual or semi-annual cash dividends. However, as part of our strategy, we may, in the event that we divest a portion of, or our entire equity interest in, any of our businesses, distribute such cash proceeds or declare a distribution-in-kind of shares in our investee companies. Any dividends would be limited by the amount of available distributable reserves, which, under Singapore law, will be assessed on the basis of Kenon’s standalone unconsolidated accounts (which will be based upon the SFRS). Under Singapore law, it is also possible to effect a capital reduction exercise to return cash and/or assets to our shareholders. The completion of a capital reduction exercise may require the approval of the Singapore Courts, and we may not be successful in our attempts to obtain such approval.

Additionally, because we are a holding company, our ability to pay cash dividends, or declare a distribution-in-kind of the ordinary shares of any of our businesses, may be limited by restrictions on our ability to obtain sufficient funds through dividends from our businesses, including restrictions under the terms of the agreements governing the indebtedness of our businesses. Subject to the foregoing, the payment of cash dividends in the future, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon such factors as earnings levels, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, our overall financial condition, available distributable reserves and any other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Generally, a final dividend is declared out of profits disclosed by the accounts presented to the annual general meeting, and requires approval of our shareholders. However, our board of directors can declare interim dividends without approval of our shareholders.

Bonus Issues

In a general meeting, our shareholders may, upon the recommendation of the directors, capitalize any reserves or profits and distribute them as fully paid bonus shares to the shareholders in proportion to their shareholdings.

Takeovers

The Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers, the Singapore Companies Act and the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore regulate, among other things, the acquisition of ordinary shares of Singapore-incorporated public companies. Any person acquiring an interest, whether by a series of transactions over a period of time or not, either on his own or together with parties acting in concert with such person, in 30% or more of our voting shares, or, if such person holds, either on his own or together with parties acting in concert with such person, between 30% and 50% (both amounts inclusive) of our voting shares, and if such person (or parties acting in concert with such person) acquires additional voting shares representing more than 1% of our voting shares in any six-month period, must, except with the consent of the Securities Industry Council in Singapore, extend a mandatory takeover offer for the remaining voting shares in accordance with the provisions of the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers.

“Parties acting in concert” comprise individuals or companies who, pursuant to an agreement or understanding (whether formal or informal), cooperate, through the acquisition by any of them of shares in a company, to obtain or consolidate effective control of that company. Certain persons are presumed (unless the presumption is rebutted) to be acting in concert with each other. They include:

•

a company and its related companies, the associated companies of any of the company and its related companies, companies whose associated companies include any of these companies and any person who has provided financial assistance (other than a bank in the ordinary course of business) to any of the foregoing for the purchase of voting rights;

•

a company and its directors (including their close relatives, related trusts and companies controlled by any of the directors, their close relatives and related trusts);

•

a company and its pension funds and employee share schemes;

•

a person and any investment company, unit trust or other fund whose investment such person manages on a discretionary basis but only in respect of the investment account which such person manages;

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•

a financial or other professional adviser, including a stockbroker, and its clients in respect of shares held by the adviser and persons controlling, controlled by or under the same control as the adviser;

•

directors of a company (including their close relatives, related trusts and companies controlled by any of such directors, their close relatives and related trusts) which is subject to an offer or where the directors have reason to believe a bona fide offer for the company may be imminent;

•

partners; and

•

an individual and such person’s close relatives, related trusts, any person who is accustomed to act in accordance with such person’s instructions and companies controlled by the individual, such person’s close relatives, related trusts or any person who is accustomed to act in accordance with such person’s instructions and any person who has provided financial assistance (other than a bank in the ordinary course of business) to any of the foregoing for the purchase of voting rights.

Subject to certain exceptions, a mandatory takeover offer must be in cash or be accompanied by a cash alternative at not less than the highest price paid by the offeror or parties acting in concert with the offeror during the offer period and within the six months preceding the acquisition of shares that triggered the mandatory offer obligation.

Under the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers, where effective control of a company is acquired or consolidated by a person, or persons acting in concert, a general offer to all other shareholders is normally required. An offeror must treat all shareholders of the same class in an offeree company equally. A fundamental requirement is that shareholders in the company subject to the takeover offer must be given sufficient information, advice and time to consider and decide on the offer. These legal requirements may impede or delay a takeover of our company by a third-party.

In October 2014, the Securities Industry Council of Singapore waived application of the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers to Kenon, subject to certain conditions. Pursuant to the waiver, for as long as Kenon is not listed on a securities exchange in Singapore, and except in the case of a tender offer (within the meaning of U.S. securities laws) where the offeror relies on a Tier 1 exemption to avoid full compliance with U.S. tender offer regulations, the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers shall not apply to Kenon.

Insofar as the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers applies to Kenon, the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers generally provides that the board of directors of Kenon should bring the offer to the shareholders of Kenon in accordance with the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers and refrain from an action which will deny the shareholders from the possibility to decide on the offer.

Liquidation or Other Return of Capital

On a winding-up or other return of capital, subject to any special rights attaching to any other class of shares, holders of ordinary shares will be entitled to participate in any surplus assets in proportion to their shareholdings.

Limitations on Rights to Hold or Vote Ordinary Shares

Except as discussed above under “—Takeovers,” there are no limitations imposed by the laws of Singapore or by our constitution on the right of non-resident shareholders to hold or vote ordinary shares.

Limitations of Liability and Indemnification Matters

Our constitution currently provides that, subject to the provisions of the Singapore Companies Act and every other act applicable to Kenon, every director, secretary or other officer of our company or our subsidiaries and affiliates shall be entitled to be indemnified by our company against all costs, charges, losses, expenses and liabilities incurred by him or her in the execution and discharge of his or her duties (and where he serves at our request as a director, officer, employee or agent of any of our subsidiaries or affiliates) or in relation thereto and in particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, no director, secretary or other officer of our company shall be liable for the acts, receipts, neglects or defaults of any other director or officer or for joining in any receipt or other act for conformity or for any loss or expense happening to our company through the insufficiency or deficiency of title to any property acquired by order of the directors for or on behalf of our company or for the insufficiency or deficiency of any security in or upon which any of the moneys of our company shall be invested or for any loss or damage arising from the bankruptcy, insolvency or tortious act of any person with whom any moneys, securities or effects shall be deposited or left or for any other loss, damage or misfortune whatever which shall happen in the execution of the duties of his or her office or in relation thereto unless the same shall happen through his or her own negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust.

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The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our constitution may discourage shareholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duties. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though an action, if successful, might benefit us and our shareholders. A shareholder’s investment may be harmed to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Act, may be permitted to our directors, officers and controlling persons pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, we have been advised that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act, and is, therefore, unenforceable.

Comparison of Shareholder Rights

We are incorporated under the laws of Singapore. The following discussion summarizes material differences between the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and the rights of holders of the common stock of a typical corporation incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware which result from differences in governing documents and the laws of Singapore and Delaware.

This discussion does not purport to be a complete statement of the rights of holders of our ordinary shares under applicable law in Singapore and our constitution or the rights of holders of the common stock of a typical corporation under applicable Delaware law and a typical certificate of incorporation and bylaws.

Delaware		Singapore—Kenon Holdings Ltd.
Board of Directors
A typical certificate of incorporation and bylaws would provide that the number of directors on the board of directors will be fixed from time to time by a vote of the majority of the authorized directors. Under Delaware law, a board of directors can be divided into classes and cumulative voting in the election of directors is only permitted if expressly authorized in a corporation’s certificate of incorporation.		The constitution of companies will typically state the minimum and maximum number of directors as well as provide that the number of directors may be increased or reduced by shareholders via ordinary resolution passed at a general meeting, provided that the number of directors following such increase or reduction is within the maximum and minimum number of directors provided in the constitution and the Singapore Companies Act, respectively. Our constitution provides that, unless otherwise determined by a general meeting, the minimum number of directors is five and the maximum number is 12.
Limitation on Personal Liability of Directors
A typical certificate of incorporation provides for the elimination of personal monetary liability of directors for breach of fiduciary duties as directors to the fullest extent permissible under the laws of Delaware, except for liability (i) for any breach of a director’s loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under Section 174 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (relating to the liability of directors for unlawful payment of a dividend or an unlawful stock purchase or redemption) or (iv) for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. A typical certificate of incorporation would also provide that if the Delaware General Corporation Law is amended so as to allow further elimination of, or limitations on, director liability, then the liability of directors will be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law as so amended.		Pursuant to the Singapore Companies Act, any provision (whether in the constitution, contract or otherwise) purporting to exempt a director (to any extent) from any liability attaching in connection with any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust in relation to Kenon will be void except as permitted under the Singapore Companies Act. Nevertheless, a director can be released by the shareholders of Kenon for breaches of duty to Kenon, except in the case of fraud, illegality, insolvency and oppression or disregard of minority interests. Our constitution currently provides that, subject to the provisions of the Singapore Companies Act and every other act for the time being in force concerning companies and affecting Kenon, every director, auditor, secretary or other officer of Kenon and its subsidiaries and affiliates shall be entitled to be indemnified by Kenon against all liabilities incurred by him in the execution and discharge of his duties and where he serves at the request of Kenon as a director, officer, employee or agent of any subsidiary or affiliate of Kenon or in relation thereto, including any liability incurred by him in defending any proceedings, whether civil or criminal, which relate to anything done or omitted or alleged to have been done or omitted by him as an officer or employee of Kenon, and in which judgment is given in his favor (or the proceedings otherwise disposed of without any finding or admission of any material breach of duty on his part) or in which he is acquitted, or in connection with an application under statute in respect of such act or omission in which relief is granted to him by the court.

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Interested Shareholders
Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in specified corporate transactions (such as mergers, stock and asset sales, and loans) with an “interested stockholder” for three years following the time that the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. Subject to specified exceptions, an “interested stockholder” is a person or group that owns 15% or more of the corporation’s outstanding voting stock (including any rights to acquire stock pursuant to an option, warrant, agreement, arrangement or understanding, or upon the exercise of conversion or exchange rights, and stock with respect to which the person has voting rights only), or is an affiliate or associate of the corporation and was the owner of 15% or more of the voting stock at any time within the previous three years. A Delaware corporation may elect to “opt out” of, and not be governed by, Section 203 through a provision in either its original certificate of incorporation, or an amendment to its original certificate or bylaws that was approved by majority stockholder vote. With a limited exception, this amendment would not become effective until 12 months following its adoption.		There are no comparable provisions in Singapore with respect to public companies which are not listed on the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited.
Removal of Directors
A typical certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide that, subject to the rights of holders of any preferred stock, directors may be removed at any time by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority, or in some instances a supermajority, of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class. A certificate of incorporation could also provide that such a right is only exercisable when a director is being removed for cause (removal of a director only for cause is the default rule in the case of a classified board).		According to the Singapore Companies Act, directors of a public company may be removed before expiration of their term of office with or without cause by ordinary resolution (i.e., a resolution which is passed by a simple majority of those shareholders present and voting in person or by proxy). Notice of the intention to move such a resolution has to be given to Kenon not less than 28 days before the meeting at which it is moved. Kenon shall then give notice of such resolution to its shareholders not less than 14 days before the meeting. Where any director removed in this manner was appointed to represent the interests of any particular class of shareholders or debenture holders, the resolution to remove such director will not take effect until such director’s successor has been appointed. Our constitution provides that Kenon may by ordinary resolution of which special notice has been given, remove any director before the expiration of his period of office, notwithstanding anything in our constitution or in any agreement between Kenon and such director and appoint another person in place of the director so removed.

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Filling Vacancies on the Board of Directors
A typical certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide that, subject to the rights of the holders of any preferred stock, any vacancy, whether arising through death, resignation, retirement, disqualification, removal, an increase in the number of directors or any other reason, may be filled by a majority vote of the remaining directors, even if such directors remaining in office constitute less than a quorum, or by the sole remaining director. Any newly elected director usually holds office for the remainder of the full term expiring at the annual meeting of stockholders at which the term of the class of directors to which the newly elected director has been elected expires.		The constitution of a Singapore company typically provides that the directors have the power to appoint any person to be a director, either to fill a vacancy or as an addition to the existing directors, but so that the total number of directors will not at any time exceed the maximum number fixed in the constitution. Any newly elected director shall hold office until the next following annual general meeting, where such director will then be eligible for re-election. Our constitution provides that the shareholders may by ordinary resolution, or the directors may, appoint any person to be a director as an additional director or to fill a vacancy provided that any person so appointed by the directors will only hold office until the next annual general meeting, and will then be eligible for re-election.
Amendment of Governing Documents
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, amendments to a corporation’s certificate of incorporation require the approval of stockholders holding a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on the amendment. If a class vote on the amendment is required by the Delaware General Corporation Law, a majority of the outstanding stock of the class is required, unless a greater proportion is specified in the certificate of incorporation or by other provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, the board of directors may amend bylaws if so authorized in the charter. The stockholders of a Delaware corporation also have the power to amend bylaws.		Our constitution may be altered by special resolution (i.e., a resolution passed by at least a three-fourths majority of the shares entitled to vote, present in person or by proxy at a meeting for which not less than 21 days’ written notice is given). The board of directors has no right to amend the constitution.
Meetings of Shareholders
Annual and Special Meetings Typical bylaws provide that annual meetings of stockholders are to be held on a date and at a time fixed by the board of directors. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a special meeting of stockholders may be called by the board of directors or by any other person authorized to do so in the certificate of incorporation or the bylaws. Quorum Requirements Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws can specify the number of shares which constitute the quorum required to conduct business at a meeting, provided that in no event shall a quorum consist of less than one-third of the shares entitled to vote at a meeting.		Annual General Meetings All companies are required to hold an annual general meeting once every calendar year. The first annual general meeting was required to be held within 18 months of Kenon’s incorporation and subsequently, annual general meetings must be held within six months after Kenon’s financial year end. Extraordinary General Meetings Any general meeting other than the annual general meeting is called an “extraordinary general meeting.” Two or more members (shareholders) holding not less than 10% of the total number of issued shares (excluding treasury shares) may call an extraordinary general meeting. In addition, the constitution usually also provides that general meetings may be convened in accordance with the Singapore Companies Act by the directors. Notwithstanding anything in the constitution, the directors are required to convene a general meeting if required to do so by requisition (i.e., written notice to directors requiring that a meeting be called) by shareholder(s) holding not less than 10% of the total number of paid-up shares of Kenon carrying voting rights. Our constitution provides that the directors may, whenever they think fit, convene an extraordinary general meeting. Quorum Requirements Our constitution provides that shareholders entitled to vote holding 33 and 1/3 percent of our issued and paid-up shares, present in person or by proxy at a meeting, shall be a quorum. In the event a quorum is not present, the meeting may be adjourned for one week.

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Indemnification of Officers, Directors and Employers
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, subject to specified limitations in the case of derivative suits brought by a corporation’s stockholders in its name, a corporation may indemnify any person who is made a party to any third-party action, suit or proceeding on account of being a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation (or was serving at the request of the corporation in such capacity for another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise) against expenses, including attorney’s fees, judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by him or her in connection with the action, suit or proceeding through, among other things, a majority vote of a quorum consisting of directors who were not parties to the suit or proceeding, if the person: • acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation or, in some circumstances, at least not opposed to its best interests; and • in a criminal proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. Delaware corporate law permits indemnification by a corporation under similar circumstances for expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such persons in connection with the defense or settlement of a derivative action or suit, except that no indemnification may be made in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which the person is adjudged to be liable to the corporation unless the Delaware Court of Chancery or the court in which the action or suit was brought determines upon application that the person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for the expenses which the court deems to be proper. To the extent a director, officer, employee or agent is successful in the defense of such an action, suit or proceeding, the corporation is required by Delaware corporate law to indemnify such person for expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred thereby. Expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by such persons in defending any action, suit or proceeding may be paid in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of that person to repay the amount if it is ultimately determined that that person is not entitled to be so indemnified.		The Singapore Companies Act specifically provides that Kenon is allowed to: • purchase and maintain for any officer insurance against any liability attaching to such officer in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust in relation to Kenon; • indemnify such officer against liability incurred by a director to a person other than Kenon except when the indemnity is against (i) any liability of the director to pay a fine in criminal proceedings or a sum payable to a regulatory authority by way of a penalty in respect of non-compliance with any requirement of a regulatory nature (however arising); or (ii) any liability incurred by the officer (1) in defending criminal proceedings in which he is convicted, (2) in defending civil proceedings brought by Kenon or a related company of Kenon in which judgment is given against him or (3) in connection with an application for relief under specified sections of the Singapore Companies Act in which the court refuses to grant him relief. • indemnify any auditor against any liability incurred or to be incurred by such auditor in defending any proceedings (whether civil or criminal) in which judgment is given in such auditor’s favor or in which such auditor is acquitted; or • indemnify any auditor against any liability incurred by such auditor in connection with any application under specified sections of the Singapore Companies Act in which relief is granted to such auditor by a court. In cases where, inter alia, an officer is sued by Kenon the Singapore Companies Act gives the court the power to relieve directors either wholly or partially from the consequences of their negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust. However, Singapore case law has indicated that such relief will not be granted to a director who has benefited as a result of his or her breach of trust. In order for relief to be obtained, it must be shown that (i) the director acted reasonably; (ii) the director acted honestly; and (iii) it is fair, having regard to all the circumstances of the case including those connected with such director’s appointment, to excuse the director. Our constitution currently provides that, subject to the provisions of the Singapore Companies Act and every other act for the time being in force concerning companies and affecting Kenon, every director, auditor, secretary or other officer of Kenon and its subsidiaries and affiliates shall be entitled to be indemnified by Kenon against all liabilities incurred by him in the execution and discharge of his duties and where he serves at the request of Kenon as a director, officer, employee or agent of any subsidiary or affiliate of Kenon or in relation thereto, including any liability incurred by him in defending any proceedings, whether civil or criminal, which relate to anything done or omitted or alleged to have been done or omitted by him as an officer or employee of Kenon, and in which judgment is given in his favor (or the proceedings otherwise disposed of without any finding or admission of any material breach of duty on his part) or in which he is acquitted, or in connection with an application under statute in respect of such act or omission in which relief is granted to him by the court.
Shareholder Approval of Business Combinations
Generally, under the Delaware General Corporation Law, completion of a merger, consolidation, or the sale, lease or exchange of substantially all of a corporation’s assets or dissolution requires approval by the board of directors and by a majority (unless the certificate of incorporation requires a higher percentage) of outstanding stock of the corporation entitled to vote. The Delaware General Corporation Law also requires a special vote of stockholders in connection with a business combination with an “interested stockholder” as defined in section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. For further information on such provisions, see “—Interested Shareholders” above.		The Singapore Companies Act mandates that specified corporate actions require approval by the shareholders in a general meeting, notably: • notwithstanding anything in Kenon’s constitution, directors are not permitted to carry into effect any proposals for disposing of the whole or substantially the whole of Kenon’s undertaking or property unless those proposals have been approved by shareholders in a general meeting; • subject to the constitution of each amalgamating company, an amalgamation proposal must be approved by the shareholders of each amalgamating company via special resolution at a general meeting; and • notwithstanding anything in Kenon’s constitution, the directors may not, without the prior approval of shareholders, issue shares, including shares being issued in connection with corporate actions.

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Shareholder Action Without a Meeting
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, unless otherwise provided in a corporation’s certificate of incorporation, any action that may be taken at a meeting of stockholders may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote if the holders of outstanding stock, having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize such action, consent in writing. It is not uncommon for a corporation’s certificate of incorporation to prohibit such action.		There are no equivalent provisions under the Singapore Companies Act in respect of passing shareholders’ resolutions by written means that apply to public companies listed on a securities exchange.
Shareholder Suits
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a stockholder may bring a derivative action on behalf of the corporation to enforce the rights of the corporation. An individual also may commence a class action suit on behalf of himself or herself and other similarly situated stockholders where the requirements for maintaining a class action under the Delaware General Corporation Law have been met. A person may institute and maintain such a suit only if such person was a stockholder at the time of the transaction which is the subject of the suit or his or her shares thereafter devolved upon him or her by operation of law. Additionally, under Delaware case law, the plaintiff generally must be a stockholder not only at the time of the transaction which is the subject of the suit, but also through the duration of the derivative suit. Delaware Law also requires that the derivative plaintiff make a demand on the directors of the corporation to assert the corporate claim before the suit may be prosecuted by the derivative plaintiff, unless such demand would be futile.		Derivative actions The Singapore Companies Act has a provision which provides a mechanism enabling any registered shareholder to apply to the court for leave to bring a derivative action on behalf of the company. In addition to registered shareholders, courts are given the discretion to allow such persons as they deem proper to apply as well (e.g., beneficial owners of shares or individual directors). This provision of the Singapore Companies Act is primarily used by minority shareholders to bring an action in the name and on behalf of the company or intervene in an action to which the company is a party for the purpose of prosecuting, defending or discontinuing the action on behalf of the company. Class actions
		The concept of class action suits, which allows individual shareholders to bring an action seeking to represent the class or classes of shareholders, generally does not exist in Singapore. However, it is possible as a matter of procedure for a number of shareholders to lead an action and establish liability on behalf of themselves and other shareholders who join in or who are made parties to the action. Further, there are certain circumstances in which shareholders may file and prove their claims for compensation in the event that Kenon has been convicted of a criminal offense or has a court order for the payment of a civil penalty made against it. Additionally, for as long as Kenon is listed in the U.S. or in Israel, Kenon has undertaken not to claim that it is not subject to any derivative/class action that may be filed against it in the U.S. or Israel, as applicable, solely on the basis that it is a Singapore company.

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Dividends or Other Distributions; Repurchases and Redemptions

The Delaware General Corporation Law permits a corporation to declare and pay dividends out of statutory surplus or, if there is no surplus, out of net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and/or for the preceding fiscal year as long as the amount of capital of the corporation following the declaration and payment of the dividend is not less than the aggregate amount of the capital represented by the issued and outstanding stock of all classes having a preference upon the distribution of assets.

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, any corporation may purchase or redeem its own shares, except that generally it may not purchase or redeem these shares if the capital of the corporation is impaired at the time or would become impaired as a result of the redemption. A corporation may, however, purchase or redeem out of capital shares that are entitled upon any distribution of its assets to a preference over another class or series of its shares if the shares are to be retired and the capital reduced.

The Singapore Companies Act provides that no dividends can be paid to shareholders except out of profits.

The Singapore Companies Act does not provide a definition on when profits are deemed to be available for the purpose of paying dividends and this is accordingly governed by case law. Our constitution provides that no dividend can be paid otherwise than out of profits of Kenon.

Acquisition of a company’s own shares

The Singapore Companies Act generally prohibits a company from acquiring its own shares subject to certain exceptions. Any contract or transaction by which a company acquires or transfers its own shares is void. However, provided that it is expressly permitted to do so by its constitution and subject to the special conditions of each permitted acquisition contained in the Singapore Companies Act, Kenon may:

• redeem redeemable preference shares (the redemption of these shares will not reduce the capital of Kenon). Preference shares may be redeemed out of capital if all the directors make a solvency statement in relation to such redemption in accordance with the Singapore Companies Act;

• whether listed (on an approved exchange in Singapore or any securities exchange outside Singapore) or not, make an off-market purchase of its own shares in accordance with an equal access scheme authorized in advance at a general meeting;

• whether listed on a securities exchange (in Singapore or outside Singapore) or not, make a selective off-market purchase of its own shares in accordance with an agreement authorized in advance at a general meeting by a special resolution where persons whose shares are to be acquired and their associated persons have abstained from voting; and

• whether listed (on an approved exchange in Singapore or any securities exchange outside Singapore) or not, make an acquisition of its own shares under a contingent purchase contract which has been authorized in advance at a general meeting by a special resolution.

Kenon may also purchase its own shares by an order of a Singapore court.

The total number of ordinary shares that may be acquired by Kenon in a relevant period may not exceed 20% of the total number of ordinary shares in that class as of the date of the resolution pursuant to the relevant share repurchase provisions under the Singapore Companies Act. Where, however, Kenon has reduced its share capital by a special resolution or a Singapore court made an order to such effect, the total number of ordinary shares shall be taken to be the total number of ordinary shares in that class as altered by the special resolution or the order of the court. Payment must be made out of Kenon’s distributable profits or capital, provided that Kenon is solvent. Such payment may include any expenses (including brokerage or commission) incurred directly in the purchase or acquisition by Kenon of its ordinary shares.

Financial assistance for the acquisition of shares

Kenon may not give financial assistance to any person whether directly or indirectly for the purpose of:

• the acquisition or proposed acquisition of shares in Kenon or units of such shares; or

• the acquisition or proposed acquisition of shares in its holding company or ultimate holding company, as the case may be, or units of such shares.

Financial assistance may take the form of a loan, the giving of a guarantee, the provision of security, the release of an obligation, the release of a debt or otherwise.

However, Kenon may provide financial assistance for the acquisition of its shares or shares in its holding company if it complies with the requirements (including, where applicable, approval by the board of directors or by the passing of a special resolution by its shareholders) set out in the Singapore Companies Act. Our constitution provides that subject to the provisions of the Singapore Companies Act, we may purchase or otherwise acquire our own shares upon such terms and subject to such conditions as we may deem fit. These shares may be held as treasury shares or cancelled as provided in the Singapore Companies Act or dealt with in such manner as may be permitted under the Singapore Companies Act. On cancellation of the shares, the rights and privileges attached to those shares will expire.

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Transactions with Officers and Directors
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, some contracts or transactions in which one or more of a corporation’s directors has an interest are not void or voidable because of such interest provided that some conditions, such as obtaining the required approval and fulfilling the requirements of good faith and full disclosure, are met. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, either (a) the stockholders or the board of directors must approve in good faith any such contract or transaction after full disclosure of the material facts or (b) the contract or transaction must have been “fair” as to the corporation at the time it was approved. If board approval is sought, the contract or transaction must be approved in good faith by a majority of disinterested directors after full disclosure of material facts, even though less than a majority of a quorum.		Under the Singapore Companies Act, the chief executive officer and directors are not prohibited from dealing with Kenon, but where they have an interest in a transaction with Kenon, that interest must be disclosed to the board of directors. In particular, the chief executive officer and every director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a transaction or proposed transaction with Kenon must, as soon as practicable after the relevant facts have come to such officer or director’s knowledge, declare the nature of such officer or director’s interest at a board of directors’ meeting or send a written notice to Kenon containing details on the nature, character and extent of his interest in the transaction or proposed transaction with Kenon. In addition, a director or chief executive officer who holds any office or possesses any property which, directly or indirectly, duties or interests might be created in conflict with such officer’s duties or interests as director or chief executive officer, is required to declare the fact and the nature, character and extent of the conflict at a meeting of directors or send a written notice to Kenon containing details on the nature, character and extent of the conflict. The Singapore Companies Act extends the scope of this statutory duty of a director or chief executive officer to disclose any interests by pronouncing that an interest of a member of the director’s or, as the case may be, the chief executive officer’s family (including spouse, son, adopted son, step-son, daughter, adopted daughter and step-daughter) will be treated as an interest of the director. There is however no requirement for disclosure where the interest of the director or chief executive officer (as the case may be) consists only of being a member or creditor of a corporation which is interested in the proposed transaction with Kenon if the interest may properly be regarded as immaterial. Where the proposed transaction relates to any loan to Kenon, no disclosure need be made where the director or chief executive officer has only guaranteed or joined in guaranteeing the repayment of such loan, unless the constitution provides otherwise. Further, where the proposed transaction is to be made with or for the benefit of a related corporation (i.e. the holding company, subsidiary or subsidiary of a common holding company) no disclosure need be made of the fact that the director or chief executive officer is also a director or chief executive officer of that corporation, unless the constitution provides otherwise. Subject to specified exceptions, including a loan to a director for expenditure in defending criminal or civil proceedings, etc. or in connection with an investigation, or an action proposed to be taken by a regulatory authority in connection with any alleged negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust by him in relation to Kenon, the Singapore Companies Act prohibits Kenon from: (i) making a loan or quasi-loan to its directors or to directors of a related corporation (each, a “relevant director”); (ii) giving a guarantee or security in connection with a loan or quasi-loan made to a relevant director by any other person; (iii) entering into a credit transaction as creditor for the benefit of a relevant director; (iv) giving a guarantee or security in connection with such credit transaction entered into by any person for the benefit of a relevant director; (v) taking part in an arrangement where another person enters into any of the transactions in (i) to (iv) above or (vi) below and such person obtains a benefit from Kenon or a related corporation; or (vi) arranging for the assignment to Kenon or assumption by Kenon of any rights, obligations or liabilities under a transaction in (i) to (v) above. Kenon is also prohibited from entering into the transactions in (i) to (vi) above with or for the benefit of a relevant director’s spouse or children (whether adopted or naturally or step-children).

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Dissenters’ Rights
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a stockholder of a corporation participating in some types of major corporate transactions may, under varying circumstances, be entitled to appraisal rights pursuant to which the stockholder may receive cash in the amount of the fair market value of his or her shares in lieu of the consideration he or she would otherwise receive in the transaction.		There are no equivalent provisions under the Singapore Companies Act.
Cumulative Voting
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may adopt in its bylaws that its directors shall be elected by cumulative voting. When directors are elected by cumulative voting, a stockholder has the number of votes equal to the number of shares held by such stockholder times the number of directors nominated for election. The stockholder may cast all of such votes for one director or among the directors in any proportion.		There is no equivalent provision under the Singapore Companies Act in respect of companies incorporated in Singapore.

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Anti-Takeover Measures

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, the certificate of incorporation of a corporation may give the board the right to issue new classes of preferred stock with voting, conversion, dividend distribution, and other rights to be determined by the board at the time of issuance, which could prevent a takeover attempt and thereby preclude shareholders from realizing a potential premium over the market value of their shares

In addition, Delaware law does not prohibit a corporation from adopting a stockholder rights plan, or “poison pill,” which could prevent a takeover attempt and also preclude shareholders from realizing a potential premium over the market value of their shares.

The constitution of a Singapore company typically provides that the company may allot and issue new shares of a different class with preferential, deferred, qualified or other special rights as its board of directors may determine with the prior approval of the company’s shareholders in a general meeting. Our constitution provides that our shareholders may grant to our board the general authority to issue such preference shares until the next general meeting. For further information, see “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares—Our directors have general authority to allot and issue new shares on terms and conditions and with any preferences, rights or restrictions as may be determined by our board of directors in its sole discretion, which may dilute our existing shareholders. We may also issue securities that have rights and privileges that are more favorable than the rights and privileges accorded to our existing shareholders” and “—Preference Shares.”

Singapore law does not generally prohibit a corporation from adopting “poison pill” arrangements which could prevent a takeover attempt and also preclude shareholders from realizing a potential premium over the market value of their shares.

However, under the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers, if, in the course of an offer, or even before the date of the offer announcement, the board of the offeree company has reason to believe that a bona fide offer is imminent, the board must not, except pursuant to a contract entered into earlier, take any action, without the approval of shareholders at a general meeting, on the affairs of the offeree company that could effectively result in any bona fide offer being frustrated or the shareholders being denied an opportunity to decide on its merits.

For further information on the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers, see “—Takeovers.”

C.	Material Contracts

For information concerning our material contracts, see “Item 4. Information on the Company” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

D.	Exchange Controls

There are currently no exchange control restrictions in effect in Singapore.

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Taxation

The following summary of the United States federal income tax and Singapore tax consequences of ownership of our ordinary shares is based upon laws, regulations, decrees, rulings, income tax conventions (treaties), administrative practice and judicial decisions in effect at the date of this annual report. Legislative, judicial or administrative changes or interpretations may, however, be forthcoming that could alter or modify the statements and conclusions set forth herein. Any such changes or interpretations may be retroactive and could affect the tax consequences to holders of our ordinary shares. This summary does not purport to be a legal opinion or to address all tax aspects that may be relevant to a holder of our ordinary shares. Each prospective holder is urged to consult its tax adviser as to the particular tax consequences to such holder of the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, including the applicability and effect of any other tax laws or tax treaties, of pending or proposed changes in applicable tax laws as of the date of this annual report, and of any actual changes in applicable tax laws after such date.

U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following summarizes U.S. federal income tax considerations of owning and disposing of our ordinary shares. This summary applies only to U.S. Holders that hold our ordinary shares as capital assets (generally, property held for investment) and that have the U.S. Dollar as their functional currency.

This summary is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder and on judicial and administrative interpretations of the Code and the Treasury regulations, all as in effect on the date hereof, and all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. This summary does not purport to be a complete description of the consequences of the transactions described in this annual report, nor does it address the application of estate, gift or other non-income federal tax laws or any state, local or foreign tax laws. Moreover, this summary does not address all the tax consequences that may be relevant to holders of our ordinary shares in light of their particular circumstances, including the alternative minimum tax, the Medicare tax on certain investment income and special rules that apply to certain holders such as (but not limited to):

•

persons that are not U.S. Holders;

•

persons that are subject to alternative minimum taxes;

•

insurance companies;

•

tax-exempt entities;

•

financial institutions;

•

broker-dealers;

•

persons that hold our ordinary shares through partnerships (or other entities classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes);

•

pass-through entities;

•

persons that actually or constructively own 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of our voting stock or 10% or more of the total value of shares of all classes of our stock;

•

traders in securities that elect to apply a mark-to-market method of accounting, holders that hold our ordinary shares as part of a “hedge,” “straddle,” “conversion,” or other risk reduction transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes; and

•

individuals who receive our ordinary shares upon the exercise of compensatory options or otherwise as compensation.

Moreover, no advance rulings have been or will be sought from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, regarding any matter discussed in this annual report, and counsel to Kenon has not rendered any opinion with respect to any of the U.S. federal income tax consequences relating to the transactions addressed herein. No assurance can be given that the IRS would not assert, or that a court would not sustain, a position contrary to any of the tax aspects set forth below.

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HOLDERS AND PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF THE U.S. FEDERAL TAX RULES TO THEIR PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES AS WELL AS THE STATE, LOCAL, NON-U.S. AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES TO THEM OF THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR ORDINARY SHARES.

For purposes of this summary, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

•

an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

•

a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

•

an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

•

a trust that (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and the control of one or more U.S. persons for all substantial decisions or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.

If a partnership (or other entity taxable as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds our ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in such partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner in a partnership holding our ordinary shares, you should consult your tax advisor.

Taxation of Dividends and Other Distributions on the Ordinary Shares

The gross amount of any distribution made to a U.S. Holder with respect to our ordinary shares, including the amount of any non-U.S. taxes withheld from the distribution, generally will be includible in income on the day on which the distribution is actually or constructively received by a U.S. Holder as dividend income to the extent the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A distribution in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes), including the amount of any non-U.S. taxes withheld from the distribution, will be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of the U.S. Holder’s adjusted basis in our ordinary shares and as a capital gain to the extent it exceeds the U.S. Holder’s basis. We do not expect to maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles; therefore, U.S. Holders should expect that distributions generally will be treated as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Such dividends will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to U.S. corporations.

Distributions treated as dividends that are received by individuals and other non-corporate U.S. Holders from “qualified foreign corporations” generally qualify for a reduced maximum tax rate so long as certain holding period and other requirements are met. Dividends paid on our ordinary shares, should qualify for the reduced rate if we are treated as a “qualified foreign corporation.” For this purpose, a qualified foreign corporation means any foreign corporation provided that: (i) the corporation was not, in the year prior to the year in which the dividend was paid, and is not, in the year in which the dividend is paid, a PFIC (as discussed below), (ii) certain holding period requirements are met and (iii) either (A) the corporation is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States that the IRS has approved for the purposes of the qualified dividend rules or (B) the stock with respect to which such dividend was paid is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. The United States does not currently have a comprehensive income tax treaty with Singapore. However, the ordinary shares should be considered to be readily tradable on established securities markets in the United States if they are listed on the NYSE. Therefore, we expect that our ordinary shares should generally be considered to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, and we expect that dividends with respect to such ordinary shares should qualify for the reduced rate. U.S. Holders are encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to our ordinary shares.

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Dividends on our ordinary shares received by a U.S. Holder will generally be treated as foreign source income for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. The rules with respect to foreign tax credits are complex and U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit in their particular circumstances.

Taxation of Dispositions of the Ordinary Shares

A U.S. Holder will recognize gain or loss on the sale or other taxable disposition of our ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized on such sale or other taxable disposition and such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in our ordinary shares. Such gain or loss generally will be long-term capital gain (taxable at a reduced rate for non-corporate U.S. Holders) or loss if, on the date of sale or disposition, such ordinary shares were held by such U.S. Holder for more than one year. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to significant limitations. Any gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Holder generally will be treated as U.S. source gain or loss, as the case may be, for foreign tax credit purposes.

The amount realized on a sale or other taxable disposition of our ordinary shares in exchange for foreign currency generally will equal the U.S. Dollar value of the foreign currency at the spot exchange rate in effect on the date of sale or other taxable disposition or, if the ordinary shares are traded on an established securities market (such as the NYSE or the TASE), in the case of a cash method or electing accrual method U.S. Holder of our ordinary shares, the settlement date. A U.S. Holder will have a tax basis in the foreign currency received equal to the U.S. Dollar amount realized. Any gain or loss realized by a U.S. Holder on a subsequent conversion or other disposition of the foreign currency will be foreign currency gain or loss, which is treated as U.S. source ordinary income or loss for foreign tax credit purposes.

Passive Foreign Investment Company

In general, a non-U.S. corporation will be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year in which either (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the fair market value (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) of its assets produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, cash is categorized as a passive asset and our unbooked intangibles will be taken into account and generally treated as non-passive assets. We will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and earning our proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of the shares.

We do not believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2020, but we may be a PFIC for our current, and any future, taxable year. Our status as a PFIC in any year depends on our assets and activities in that year. The sale of the Inkia Business, the investment in Qoros by the Majority Shareholder in Qoros in 2018 (which reduced our equity interest in Qoros to 24%), the sale of half of our then remaining interest in Qoros to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros in April 2020 (which reduced our equity interest in Qoros to 12%) and the expected sale of all of our remaining interest in Qoros to the Majority Shareholder in Qoros in April 2021 (which will eliminate our equity interest in Qoros) each may increase the value of our assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income and/or our passive income and result in us becoming a PFIC for our current, and any future, taxable year. Similarly, after ZIM completed its initial public offering in February 2021 (which reduced our equity interest in ZIM to 28%), any further reduction in our equity interest to or below 25% may increase the value of our assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income and/or our passive income and result in us becoming a PFIC for our current, and any future, taxable year. The determination of PFIC status, however, is factual in nature and generally cannot be made until the close of the taxable year, and there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year.

If we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares, the U.S. Holder will generally be subject to imputed interest taxes, characterization of any gain from the sale or exchange of our ordinary shares as ordinary income, and other disadvantageous tax treatment with respect to our ordinary shares unless the U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election (as described below). Further, if we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares and any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is also a PFIC, such U.S. Holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of each such non-U.S. subsidiary classified as a PFIC (each such subsidiary, a lower tier PFIC) for purposes of the application of these rules. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.

153

As an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election. A mark-to-market election may be made with respect to our ordinary shares, provided they are actively traded, defined for this purpose as being traded on a “qualified exchange,” other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. We anticipate that our ordinary shares should qualify as being actively traded, but no assurances may be given in this regard. If a U.S. Holder of our ordinary shares makes this election, the U.S. Holder will generally (i) include as income for each taxable year the excess, if any, of the fair market value of our ordinary shares held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such ordinary shares and (ii) deduct as a loss the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of our ordinary shares over the fair market value of such ordinary shares held at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in our ordinary shares would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. In addition, any gain such U.S. Holder recognizes upon the sale or other taxable disposition of our ordinary shares will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election in respect of a corporation classified as a PFIC and such corporation ceases to be classified as a PFIC, the U.S. Holder will not be required to take into account the gain or loss described above during any period that such corporation is not classified as a PFIC. In the case of a U.S. Holder who has held our ordinary shares during any taxable year in respect of which we were classified as a PFIC and continues to hold such ordinary shares (or any portion thereof) and has not previously made a mark-to-market election, and who is considering making a mark-to-market election, special tax rules may apply relating to purging the PFIC taint of such ordinary shares. Because a mark-to-market election cannot technically be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, a U.S. Holder may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to such U.S. Holder’s indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

We do not intend to provide the information necessary for U.S. Holders of our ordinary shares to make qualified electing fund elections, which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.

If a U.S. Holder owns our ordinary shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, such U.S. Holder may be subject to certain reporting obligations with respect to our ordinary shares, including reporting on IRS Form 8621.

Each U.S. Holder should consult its tax adviser concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of purchasing, holding, and disposing of our ordinary shares, including the possibility of making a mark-to-market election, if we are or become classified as a PFIC.

Material Singapore Tax Considerations

The following discussion is a summary of Singapore income tax, goods and services tax, or GST, stamp duty and estate duty considerations relevant to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares by an investor who is not tax resident or domiciled in Singapore and who does not carry on business or otherwise have a presence in Singapore. The statements made herein regarding taxation are general in nature and based upon certain aspects of the current tax laws of Singapore and administrative guidelines issued by the relevant authorities in force as of the date hereof and are subject to any changes in such laws or administrative guidelines or the interpretation of such laws or guidelines occurring after such date, which changes could be made on a retrospective basis. The statements made herein do not purport to be a comprehensive or exhaustive description of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to a decision to acquire, own or dispose of our ordinary shares and do not purport to deal with the tax consequences applicable to all categories of investors, some of which (such as dealers in securities) may be subject to special rules. Prospective shareholders are advised to consult their tax advisers as to the Singapore or other tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership or disposal of our ordinary shares, taking into account their own particular circumstances. The statements below are based upon the assumption that Kenon is tax resident in Singapore for Singapore income tax purposes. It is emphasized that neither Kenon nor any other persons involved in this annual report accepts responsibility for any tax effects or liabilities resulting from the acquisition, holding or disposal of our ordinary shares.

154

Income Taxation Under Singapore Law

Dividends or Other Distributions with Respect to Ordinary Shares

Under the one-tier corporate tax system which currently applies to all Singapore tax resident companies, tax on corporate profits is final, and dividends paid by a Singapore tax resident company are not subject to withholding tax and will be tax exempt in the hands of a shareholder, whether or not the shareholder is a company or an individual and whether or not the shareholder is a Singapore tax resident.

Capital Gains upon Disposition of Ordinary Shares

Under current Singapore tax laws, there is no tax on capital gains. There are no specific laws or regulations which deal with the characterization of whether a gain is income or capital in nature. Gains arising from the disposal of our ordinary shares may be construed to be of an income nature and subject to Singapore income tax, if they arise from activities which the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore regards as the carrying on of a trade or business in Singapore. However, under Singapore tax laws and subject to certain exceptions, any gains derived by a divesting company from its disposal of ordinary shares in an investee company between June 1, 2012 and December 31, 2027 are generally not taxable if immediately prior to the date of the relevant disposal, the investing company has held at least 20% of the ordinary shares in the investee company for a continuous period of at least 24 months (“safe harbor rule”).

Goods and Services Tax

The issue or transfer of ownership of our ordinary shares should be exempt from Singapore GST. Hence, the holders would not incur any GST on the subscription or subsequent transfer of the shares.

Stamp Duty

Where our ordinary shares evidenced in certificated forms are acquired in Singapore, stamp duty is payable on the instrument of their transfer at the rate of 0.2% of the consideration for or market value of our ordinary shares, whichever is higher.

Where an instrument of transfer is executed outside Singapore or no instrument of transfer is executed, no stamp duty is payable on the acquisition of our ordinary shares. However, stamp duty may be payable if the instrument of transfer is executed outside Singapore and is received in Singapore. The stamp duty is borne by the purchaser unless there is an agreement to the contrary.

On the basis that any transfer instruments in respect of our ordinary shares traded on the NYSE and the TASE are executed outside Singapore through our transfer agent and share registrar in the United States for registration in our branch share register maintained in the United States (without any transfer instruments being received in Singapore), no stamp duty should be payable in Singapore on such transfers.

Tax Treaties Regarding Withholding Taxes

There is no comprehensive avoidance of double taxation agreement between the United States and Singapore which applies to withholding taxes on dividends or capital gains.

F.	Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G.	Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

155

H.	Documents on Display

Our SEC filings are available to you on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. This site contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The information on that website is not part of this report. We also make available on our website free of charge, our annual reports on Form 20-F and the text of our reports on Form 6-K, including any amendments to these reports, as well as certain other SEC filings, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. We maintain a corporate website at http://www.kenon-holdings.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report on Form 20-F. We have included our website address in this annual report solely as an inactive textual reference.

As a foreign private issuer, we will be exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will be exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will not be required under the Exchange Act to file annual, quarterly and current reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as United States companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However, for so long as we are listed on the NYSE, or any other U.S. exchange, and are registered with the SEC, we will file with the SEC, within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, or such applicable time as required by the SEC, an annual report on Form 20-F containing financial statements audited by an independent registered public accounting firm. We also submit to the SEC on Form 6-K the interim financial information that we publish.

I.	Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

ITEM 11.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Our multinational operations expose us to a variety of market risks, which embody the potential for changes in the fair value of the financial instruments or the cash flows deriving from them. Our risk management policies and those of each of our businesses seek to limit the adverse effects of these market risks on the financial performance of each of our businesses and, consequently, on our consolidated financial performance. Each of our businesses bear responsibility for the establishment and oversight of their financial risk management framework and have adopted individualized risk management policies to address those risks specific to their operations.

Our primary market risk exposures are to:

•

currency risk, as a result of changes in the rates of exchange of various foreign currencies (in particular, the Euro and the New Israeli Shekel) in relation to the U.S. Dollar, our functional currency and the currency against which we measure our exposure;

•

index risk, as a result of changes in the Consumer Price Index;

•

interest rate risk, as a result of changes in the market interest rates affecting certain of our businesses’ issuance of debt and related financial instruments; and

•

price risk, as a result of changes in market prices, such as the price of certain commodities (e.g., natural gas and heavy fuel oil).

For further information on our market risks and the sensitivity analyses of these risks, see Note 30—Financial Instruments to our financial statements included in this annual report.

ITEM 12.

Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities

A.	Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B.	Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

156

C.	Other Securities

Not applicable.

D.	American Depositary Shares

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 13.

Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

None.

ITEM 14.

Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

None.

ITEM 15.

Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this annual report, as required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act. Based upon this evaluation, our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in by the SEC’s rules and forms, and that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate “internal control over financial reporting,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. These rules define internal control over financial reporting as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Our management has assessed the design and operating effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. This assessment was performed under the direction and supervision of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, and based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, management concluded that as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.

157

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 has been audited by our independent registered public accounting firm and their report thereon is included elsewhere in this annual report.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

During the year ended December 31, 2020, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations of Disclosure Controls and Procedures in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

It should be noted that any system of controls, however well-designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the system will be met. In addition, the design of any control system is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events. Projections regarding the effectiveness of a system of controls in future periods are subject to the risk that such controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures.

ITEM 16.

[RESERVED]

ITEM 16A.

Audit Committee Financial Expert

Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Laurence N. Charney is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in Item 16A of Form 20-F under the Exchange Act. Our board of directors has also determined that Mr. Laurence N. Charney satisfies the NYSE’s listed company “independence” requirements.

ITEM 16B.

Code of Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to all our employees, officers and directors, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer. Our Code of Conduct is available on our website at www.kenon-holdings.com.

ITEM 16C.

Principal Accountant Fees and Services

KPMG LLP, a member firm of KPMG International, is our independent registered public accounting firm for the audits of the years ending December 31, 2020 and 2019.

Our audit committee charter requires that all audit and non-audit services provided by our independent auditors are pre-approved by our audit committee. In particular, pursuant to our audit committee charter, the chairman of the audit committee shall pre-approve all audit services to be provided to Kenon, whether provided by our independent registered public accounting firm or other firms, and all other services (review, attest and non-audit) to be provided to Kenon by the independent registered public accounting firm. Any decision of the chairman of the audit committee to pre-approve audit or non-audit services shall be presented to the audit committee.

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by KPMG LLP, and other member firms within the KPMG network, for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.

	Year ended December 31,
	2020		2019
	(in thousands of USD)
Audit Fees¹		3,052		3,426
Audit-Related Fees		25		71
Tax Fees²		1,351		841
All Other Fees		77		42
Total		4,505		4,380

Includes fees billed or accrued for professional services rendered by the principal accountant, and member firms in their respective network, for the audit of our annual financial statements, and those of our consolidated subsidiaries, as well as additional services that are normally provided by the accountant in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements, except for those not required by statute or regulation.

2)	Tax fees consist of fees for professional services rendered during the fiscal year by the principal accountant mainly for tax compliance and assistance with tax audits and appeals.

158

ITEM 16D.

Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

None.

ITEM 16E.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

None.

ITEM 16F.

Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

None.

ITEM 16G.

Corporate Governance

There are no significant differences between Kenon’s corporate governance practices and those followed by domestic companies under the listing standards of the NYSE. As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow home country practice in lieu of the requirement to have a nominating and corporate governance committee comprised entirely of independent directors. One of the members of our nominating and corporate governance committee is non-independent under NYSE standards and accordingly we rely on the NYSE exemption for foreign private issuers in this respect.

ITEM 16H.

Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

PART III

ITEM 17.

Financial Statements

Not applicable.

ITEM 18.

Financial Statements

The financial statements and the related notes required by this Item 18 are included in this annual report beginning on page F-1. See Exhibit 15.4 of this annual report on Form 20-F for the consolidated financial statements of ZIM, incorporated by reference in this annual report on Form 20-F.

159

ITEM 19.

Exhibits

Index to Exhibits

Exhibit Number		Description of Document
1.1		Kenon Holdings Ltd.’s Constitution (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to Amendment No. 1 to Kenon’s Registration Statement on Form 20-F, filed on December 19, 2014)
2.1		Form of Specimen Share Certificate for Kenon Holdings Ltd.’s Ordinary Shares (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, filed on March 31, 2015)
2.2		Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of January 7, 2015, between Kenon Holdings Ltd. and Millenium Investments Elad Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.7 to Kenon’s Report on Form 6-K, furnished to the SEC on January 8, 2015)
2.3		Description of Securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.3 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, filed on April 30, 2020)
4.1		Sale, Separation and Distribution Agreement, dated as of January 7, 2015, between Israel Corporation Ltd. and Kenon Holdings Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to Kenon’s Report on Form 6-K, furnished to the SEC on January 8, 2015)
4.2		Gas Sale and Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 25, 2012, among Noble Energy Mediterranean Ltd., Delek Drilling Limited Partnership, Isramco Negev 2 Limited Partnership, Avner Oil Exploration Limited Partnership, Dor Gas Exploration Limited Partnership, and O.P.C. Rotem Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Amendment No. 1 to IC Power Pte. Ltd.’s Form F-1, filed on November 2, 2015) ¹
4.3		Facility Agreement, dated as of January 2, 2011, among O.P.C. Rotem Ltd., as borrower, Bank Leumi Le-Israel B.M., as arranger and agent, Bank Leumi Le-Israel Trust Company Ltd., as security trustee, and the senior lenders named therein (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, filed on March 31, 2015)
4.4		Guarantee Contract, dated as of June 9, 2015, between Kenon Holdings Ltd. and Chery Automobile Co. Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.12 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, filed on April 22, 2016)
4.5		Guarantee Contract, dated as of November 5, 2015, between Kenon Holdings Ltd. and Chery Automobile Co. Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.13 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, filed on April 22, 2016)
4.6		Release Agreement, dated December 21, 2016, between Kenon Holdings Ltd. and Chery Automobile Co. Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.21 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, filed on April 19, 2017)

160

Exhibit Number		Description of Document
4.7		Equity Pledge Contract, dated December 21, 2016, between Quantum (2007) LLC, as Pledgor, and Chery Automobile Co. Ltd., as Pledgee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.22 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, filed on April 19, 2017)
4.8		Further Release and Cash Support Agreement, dated March 9, 2017, between Kenon Holdings Ltd. and Chery Automobile Co. Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.23 to Amendment No. 1 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, filed on April 21, 2017)
4.9		The Second Equity Pledge Contract in relation to 700 Million Loan, dated March 9, 2017, between Quantum (2007) LLC, as Pledgor, and Chery Automobile Co. Ltd., as Pledgee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.24 to Amendment No. 1 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, filed on April 21, 2017)
4.10*		Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of October 9, 2020, by and among GIP II CPV Intermediate Holdings Partnership, L.P., GIP II CPV Intermediate Holdings Partnership 2, L.P., CPV Power Holdings GP, LLC, CPV Group LP and OPC US Inc.²
4.11		Senior Facilities Agreement, dated as of July 4, 2016, among Advanced Integrated Energy Ltd., as borrower, Israel Discount Bank Ltd. and Harel Insurance Company Ltd, as arrangers, Israel Discount Bank Ltd. as senior agent and security agent, and certain other entities, as senior lenders (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed on April 8, 2019)²
4.12		Share Purchase Agreement, dated November 24, 2017, among Inkia Energy, Ltd., IC Power Distribution Holdings, PTE. LTD., Nautilus Inkia Holdings LLC, Nautilus Distribution Holdings LLC and Nautilus Isthmus Holdings LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.14 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, filed on April 9, 2018)
4.13		Amended and Restated Pledge Agreement, dated February 15, 2018, between Kenon Holdings Ltd. and Nautilus Inkia Holdings LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, filed on April 9, 2018)
4.14		Qoros Automobile Company Limited Investment Agreement, dated May 23, 2017, as amended, among Hangzhou Chengmao Investment Co., Ltd., Wuhu Chery Automobile Investment Company Limited, Quantum (2007) LLC and Qoros Automobile Company Limited (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, filed on April 9, 2018)
4.15		Joint Venture Contract, dated as of December 20, 2017, among Wuhu Chery Automobile Investment Co., Ltd., Quantum (2007) LLC and Hangzhou Chengmao Investment Co., Ltd (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.18 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, filed on April 9, 2018)
4.16*		Letter Agreement regarding additional undertakings in connection with the termination of the Deferred Payment Agreement, dated as of October 29, 2020, among Nautilus Inkia Holdings SCS, Nautilus Energy TopCo LLC, and Kenon Holdings Ltd.

161

Exhibit Number		Description of Document
4.17*		First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Pledge Agreement, dated as of October 29, 2020, among Kenon Holdings Ltd. and Nautilus Inkia Holdings SCS
4.18*		Sale and Purchase Agreemend, dated as of April 13, 2021, by and between Quantum (2007) LLC and Hangzhou Chengmao Investment Co., Ltd.²
8.1*		List of subsidiaries of Kenon Holdings Ltd.
12.1*		Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer
12.2*		Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer
13.1*		Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
15.1*		Consent of KPMG LLP, a member firm of KPMG International
15.2*		Consent of Somekh Chaikin, a member firm of KPMG International
15.3*		Consent of Dixon Hughes Goodman LLP
15.4		Audited consolidated financial statements of ZIM Integrated Shipping Services Ltd as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for each of the three years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to pages F-1-F-60 of ZIM Integrated Shipping Services Ltd.’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 (File No: 21759864), filed with the SEC on March 22, 2021)
101.INS*		XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

Filed herewith.

Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment under Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act. Omitted information has been filed separately with the SEC.

Portions of this exhibit have been omitted because they are both (i) not material and (ii) would be competitively harmful if publicly disclosed.

162

Kenon Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries

Consolidated Financial Statements

As at December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for the three years ended December 31, 2020

Kenon Holdings Ltd.

Consolidated Financial Statements

as at December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for the three years ended December 31, 2020

Contents


	Page

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms	F-1 – F-4

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position	F-5 – F-6

Consolidated Statements of Profit & Loss	F-7

Consolidated Statements of Other Comprehensive Income	F-8

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity	F-9 – F-11

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-12 – F-13

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	F-14 – F-108

KPMG LLP	Telephone	+65 6213 3388
16 Raffles Quay #22-00	Fax	+65 6225 0984
Hong Leong Building	Internet	www.kpmg.com.sg
Singapore 048581

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

Kenon Holdings Ltd.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of financial position of Kenon Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of profit and loss, other comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three year period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated April 19, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

F-1

Evaluation of fair value of the Qoros equity interests

As discussed in Notes 2.D.1, 9.B.b.3 and 30.E.(3) to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed the sale of half of its 24% interest in Qoros in April 2020. Following the sale, the Company’s remaining 12% interest in Qoros (the Qoros equity interests), together with the non-current portion of the put option pertaining to the Qoros equity interests was accounted for on a fair value basis through profit or loss and classified in the balance sheet as a long-term investment. As at December 31, 2020, the fair value of the long-term investment amounted to $235 million, a portion of which related to the fair value of the Qoros equity interests. To estimate the fair value of the Qoros equity interests, the Company utilizes a market comparison technique based on market multiples derived from the quoted prices of companies comparable to Qoros, taking into consideration certain adjustments including the effect of the non-marketability of the Qoros equity interests.

We identified the evaluation of the fair value of the Qoros equity interests as a critical audit matter. A high degree of auditor judgement was needed to evaluate the selection of the comparable companies used in the valuation model and market multiples of the selected comparable companies for the determination of the fair value of the Qoros equity interests.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the internal control related to the Company’s process to evaluate the selection of the comparable companies used in the valuation model to determine the fair value of the Qoros equity interests. We involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:

-	assessing the selection of comparable companies based on publicly available market data in the same industry; and

-	developing an estimate of fair value of the Qoros equity interests utilizing independently selected comparable companies and market multiples, and comparing that to the Company’s determined fair value of the Qoros equity interests.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Public Accountants and

Chartered Accountants

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015.

Singapore

April 19, 2021

F-2

KPMG LLP	Telephone	+65 6213 3388
16 Raffles Quay #22-00	Fax	+65 6225 0984
Hong Leong Building	Internet	www.kpmg.com.sg
Singapore 048581

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Kenon Holdings Ltd:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Kenon Holdings Ltd and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013)issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of profit and loss, other comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated April 19, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

F-3

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Public Accountants and

Chartered Accountants

Singapore

April 19, 2021

F-4

Kenon Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as at December 31, 2020 and 2019

			As at December 31,
			2020		2019
	Note		$ Thousands

Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		5		286,184		147,153
Short-term deposits and restricted cash		6		564,247		33,554
Trade receivables		7		47,948		39,321
Short-term derivative instruments				114		245
Other current assets		8		21,295		39,678
Asset held for sale	9.B.b.3			-		69,592
Total current assets				919,788		329,543

Non-current assets
Investments in associated companies		9		297,148		119,718
Long-term investment	9.B.b.3			235,218		-
Long-term deposits and restricted cash				71,954		77,350
Long term prepaid expenses		11		44,649		30,185
Long-term derivative instruments		30.D.1		165		2,048
Other non-current assets		12		-		57,717
Deferred payment receivable		13		-		204,299
Deferred taxes, net		25.C.2		7,374		1,516
Property, plant and equipment, net		14		818,561		667,642
Intangible assets, net		15		1,452		1,233
Right-of-use assets, net		18		86,024		17,123
Total non-current assets				1,562,545		1,178,831

Total assets				2,482,333		1,508,374

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-5

Kenon Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as at December 31, 2020 and 2019, continued

			As at December 31,
			2020			2019
	Note		$ Thousands
Current liabilities
Current maturities of loans from banks and others		16		46,471			45,605
Trade and other payables		17		128,242			52,258
Short-term derivative instruments		30.D.1		39,131			6,273
Current tax liabilities				9			8
Current maturities of lease liabilities				14,084			861
Total current liabilities				227,937			105,005

Non-current liabilities
Long-term loans from banks and others		16		575,688			503,647
Debentures		16		296,146			73,006
Deferred taxes, net		25.C.2		94,336			79,563
Non-current tax liabilities				-			29,510
Other non-current liabilities				816			719
Long-term derivative instruments				6,956			-
Long-term lease liabilities				4,446			5,136
Total non-current liabilities				978,388			691,581

Total liabilities				1,206,325			796,586

Equity		20
Share capital				602,450			602,450
Translation reserve				15,896			17,889
Capital reserve				(11,343	)		13,962
Accumulated profit/(loss)				459,820			(10,949	)
Equity attributable to owners of the Company				1,066,823			623,352
Non-controlling interests				209,185			88,436
Total equity				1,276,008			711,788

Total liabilities and equity				2,482,333			1,508,374

_____________________________	_____________________________	_____________________________
Cyril Pierre-Jean Ducau Chairman of Board of Directors	Robert L. Rosen CEO	Mark Hasson CFO

Approval date of the consolidated financial statements: April 19, 2021

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-6

Kenon Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Profit & Loss for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

			For the year ended December 31,
			2020			2019			2018
	Note		$ Thousands

Revenue		21		386,470			373,473			364,012
Cost of sales and services (excluding depreciation and amortization)		22		(282,086	)		(256,036	)		(259,515	)
Depreciation and amortization				(33,135	)		(31,141	)		(29,809	)
Gross profit				71,249			86,296			74,688
Selling, general and administrative expenses		23		(49,957	)		(36,436	)		(34,644	)
Write back of impairment of investment	9.B.a.6			43,505			-			-
Other income				1,721			6,114			2,147
Operating profit				66,518			55,974			42,191
Financing expenses		24		(51,174	)		(29,946	)		(30,382	)
Financing income		24		14,291			17,679			28,592
Financing expenses, net				(36,883	)		(12,267	)		(1,790	)

Net gains/(losses) related to Qoros	9.B.b			309,918			(7,813	)		526,824
Share in profit/(losses) of associated companies, net of tax		9.A.2		160,894			(41,430	)		(105,257	)
Profit/(loss) before income taxes				500,447			(5,536	)		461,968
Income taxes		25		(4,698	)		(16,675	)		(11,499	)
Profit/(loss) for the year from continuing operations				495,749			(22,211	)		450,469
Gain/(loss) for the year from discontinued operations		27
-Recovery of retained claims, net				8,476			25,666			4,530
-Other				-			(1,013	)		(10,161	)
				8,476			24,653			(5,631	)
Profit for the year				504,225			2,442			444,838

Attributable to:
Kenon’s shareholders				507,106			(13,359	)		434,213
Non-controlling interests				(2,881	)		15,801			10,625
Profit for the year				504,225			2,442			444,838

Basic/diluted profit/(loss) per share attributable to Kenon’s shareholders (in dollars):		26
Basic/diluted profit/(loss) per share				9.41			(0.25	)		8.07
Basic/diluted profit/(loss) per share from continuing operations				9.25			(0.71	)		8.17
Basic/diluted profit/(loss) per share from discontinued operations				0.16			0.46			(0.10	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-7

Kenon Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Other Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020			2019			2018
	$ Thousands

Profit for the year		504,225			2,442			444,838

Items that are or will be subsequently reclassified to profit or loss
Foreign currency translation differences in respect of foreign operations		36,354			22,523			8,672
Reclassification of foreign currency and capital reserve differences on loss of significant influence		(23,425	)		-			(15,073	)
Group’s share in other comprehensive income of associated companies		1,873			(3,201	)		(177	)
Effective portion of change in the fair value of cash-flow hedges		(45,322	)		(8,309	)		491
Change in fair value of derivative financial instruments used for hedging cash flows recorded to the cost of the hedged item		3,067			1,351			-
Change in fair value of derivatives used to hedge cash flows transferred to the statement of profit & loss		6,300			2,743			-
Income taxes in respect of components of other comprehensive income		1,346			252			(104	)
Total other comprehensive income for the year		(19,807	)		15,359			(6,191	)
Total comprehensive income for the year		484,418			17,801			438,647

Attributable to:
Kenon’s shareholders		486,165			(2,353	)		432,576
Non-controlling interests		(1,747	)		20,154			6,071
Total comprehensive income for the year		484,418			17,801			438,647

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-8

Kenon Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

																Non-
																controlling
		Attributable to the owners of the Company														interests			Total
		Share		Translation			Capital			Accumulated
		Capital		reserve			reserve			profit/(loss)			Total
	Note	$ Thousands

Balance at January 1, 2020			602,450		17,889			13,962			(10,949	)		623,352			88,436			711,788
Transactions with owners, recognised directly in equity
Contributions by and distributions to owners
Share-based payment transactions			-		-			874			-			874			236			1,110
Dividends declared and paid	20.D		-		-			-			(120,133	)		(120,133	)		(12,412	)		(132,545	)
Total contributions by and distributions to owners			-		-			874			(120,133	)		(119,259	)		(12,176	)		(131,435	)

Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries
Dilution in investment in subsidiary	10.A.h		-		-			-			80,674			80,674			136,170			216,844
Acquisition of non-controlling interests without a change in control			-		-			(4,109	)		-			(4,109	)		(1,498	)		(5,607	)
Total changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries			-		-			(4,109	)		80,674			76,565			134,672			211,237

Total comprehensive income for the year
Net profit for the year			-		-			-			507,106			507,106			(2,881	)		504,225
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax					(1,993	)		(22,070	)		3,122			(20,941	)		1,134			(19,807	)
Total comprehensive income for the year			-		(1,993	)		(22,070	)		510,228			486,165			(1,747	)		484,418

Balance at December 31, 2020			602,450		15,896			(11,343	)		459,820			1,066,823			209,185			1,276,008

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-9

Kenon Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

															Non-
															controlling
		Attributable to the owners of the Company													interests			Total
		Share		Translation		Capital			Accumulated
		Capital		reserve		reserve			profit/(loss)			Total
	Note	$ Thousands

Balance at January 1, 2019			602,450		802		16,854			28,917			649,023			66,695			715,718
Transactions with owners, recognised directly in equity
Contributions by and distributions to owners
Share-based payment transactions			-		-		1,222			-			1,222			324			1,546
Dividends declared and paid	20.D		-		-		-			(65,169	)		(65,169	)		(33,123	)		(98,292	)
Total contributions by and distributions to owners			-		-		1,222			(65,169	)		(63,947	)		(32,799	)		(96,746	)

Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries
Sale of subsidiary			-		-		-			-			-			299			299
Dilution in investment in subsidiary	10.A.h		-		-		-			41,863			41,863			34,537			76,400
Acquisition of non-controlling interests without a change in control			-		-		(1,234	)		-			(1,234	)		(450	)		(1,684	)
Total changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries			-		-		(1,234	)		41,863			40,629			34,386			75,015

Total comprehensive income for the year
Net profit for the year			-		-		-			(13,359	)		(13,359	)		15,801			2,442
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax			-		17,087		(2,880	)		(3,201	)		11,006			4,353			15,359
Total comprehensive income for the year			-		17,087		(2,880	)		(16,560	)		(2,353	)		20,154			17,801

Balance at December 31, 2019			602,450		17,889		13,962			(10,949	)		623,352			88,436			711,788

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-10

Kenon Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

																				Non-
																				controlling
		Attributable to the owners of the Company																		interests			Total
					Shareholder
		Share			transaction			Translation			Capital			Accumulated
		Capital			reserve			reserve			reserve			profit/(loss)			Total
	Note	$ Thousands

Balance at January 1, 2018			1,267,210			3,540			(1,592	)		19,297			(305,337	)		983,118			68,229			1,051,347
Transactions with owners, recognised directly in equity
Contributions by and distributions to owners
Share-based payment transactions			-			-			-			1,411			-			1,411			403			1,814
Cash distribution to owners of the Company	20.A		(664,760	)		-			-			-			-			(664,760	)		-			(664,760	)
Dividend to holders of non-controlling interests in subsidiaries			-			-			-			-			-			-			(8,219	)		(8,219	)
Dividends declared and paid	20.D		-			-			-			-			(100,118	)		(100,118	)		-			(100,118	)
Transactions with controlling shareholder			-			(3,540	)		-			-			-			(3,540	)		-			(3,540	)
Total contributions by and distributions to owners			(664,760	)		(3,540	)		-			1,411			(100,118	)		(767,007	)		(7,816	)		(774,823	)

Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries
Acquisition of non-controlling interests without a change in control			-			-			-			-			336			336			4			340
Acquisition of subsidiary with non-controlling interests			-			-			-			-			-			-			207			207
Total changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries			-			-			-			-			336			336			211			547

Total comprehensive income for the year
Net profit for the year			-			-			-			-			434,213			434,213			10,625			444,838
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax			-			-			2,394			(3,854	)		(177	)		(1,637	)		(4,554	)		(6,191	)
Total comprehensive income for the year			-			-			2,394			(3,854	)		434,036			432,576			6,071			438,647

Balance at December 31, 2018			602,450			-			802			16,854			28,917			649,023			66,695			715,718

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-11

Kenon Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

		For the year ended December 31,
		2020			2019			2018
	Note	$ Thousands

Cash flows from operating activities
Profit for the year			504,225			2,442			444,838
Adjustments:
Depreciation and amortization			34,171			32,092			30,416
(Write back)/impairment of assets and investments			(43,505	)		-			4,812
Financing expenses, net			36,883			12,267			1,790
Share in (profit)/losses of associated companies, net			(160,894	)		41,430			105,257
(Gains)/losses on disposal of property, plant and equipment, net			(1,551	)		(492	)		206
Net change in fair value of derivative financial instruments			-			352			1,002
Net (gains)/losses related to Qoros	9.B.b		(309,918	)		7,813			(526,824	)
Recovery of retained claims	27		(9,923	)		(30,000	)		-
Write down of other payables			-			-			489
Share-based payments			1,110			1,546			1,814
Income taxes			6,145			22,022			16,244
			56,743			89,472			80,044
Change in trade and other receivables			(9,669	)		4,338			9,192
Change in trade and other payables			45,061			(5,968	)		(35,311	)
Cash generated from operating activities			92,135			87,842			53,925
Income taxes recovered/(paid), net			61			(2,453	)		(1,546	)
Net cash provided by operating activities			92,196			85,389			52,379

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-12

Kenon Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, continued

For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

		For the year ended December 31,
		2020			2019			2018
	Note	$ Thousands
Cash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets			546			-			66
Short-term deposits and restricted cash, net			(501,618	)		19,554			(28,511	)
Investment in long-term deposits, net			6,997			(24,947	)		(13,560	)
Deferred consideration in respect of sale of subsidiary, net of cash disposed off			407			880			-
Cash paid for asset acquisition, less cash acquired			-			-			(2,344	)
Income tax paid			(32,332	)		(5,629	)		(169,845	)
Investment in associates			-			-			(90,154	)
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment			(74,456	)		(34,141	)		(69,314	)
Acquisition of intangible assets			(368	)		(258	)		(132	)
(Payment of)/proceeds from realization of long-term deposits			-			(3,138	)		18,476
Interest received			709			2,469			12,578
Deferred consideration in respect of acquisition of subsidiary			(13,632	)		-			-
Long-term advance deposits and prepaid expenses			(57,591	)		-			-
(Payment of)/proceeds from transactions in derivatives, net			(3,963	)		(929	)		31
Proceeds from deferred payment			217,810			-			-
Proceeds from sale of interest in Qoros	9.B.b.3		219,723			-			259,749
Receipt from recovery of financial guarantee	9.B.b.4.h		6,265			10,963			18,336
Payment of transaction cost for sale of subsidiaries			-			-			(48,759	)
Recovery of retained claims			9,923			30,196			-
Net cash used in investing activities			(221,580	)		(4,980	)		(113,383	)

Cash flows from financing activities
Dividends paid to holders of non-controlling interests			(12,412	)		(33,123	)		(8,219	)
Dividends paid			(120,115	)		(65,169	)		(100,084	)
Capital distribution			-			-			(664,700	)
Investments of holders of non-controlling interests in the capital of a subsidiary			32			-			-
Costs paid in advance in respect of taking out of loans			(8,556	)		(1,833	)		(656	)
Payment of early redemption commission with respect to the debentures (Series A)			(11,202	)		-			-
Proceeds from issuance of share capital by a subsidiary to non-controlling interests, net of issuance expenses			216,844			76,400			-
Proceeds from long-term loans			73,236			-			33,762
Proceeds from issuance of debentures, net of issuance expenses			280,874			-			-
Repayment of long-term loans and debentures, derivative financial instruments and lease liabilities			(130,210	)		(28,235	)		(375,756	)
Short-term credit from banks and others, net			(134	)		139			(77,073	)
Acquisition of non-controlling interests			(7,558	)		(413	)		-
Interest paid			(24,989	)		(21,414	)		(24,875	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities			255,810			(73,648	)		(1,217,601	)

Increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents			126,426			6,761			(1,278,605	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year			147,153			131,123			1,417,388
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on balances of cash and cash equivalents			12,605			9,269			(7,660	)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year			286,184			147,153			131,123

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-13

Kenon Holdings Ltd.

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

Note 1 – Financial Reporting Principles and Accounting Policies

The Reporting Entity

Kenon Holdings Ltd. (the “Company” or “Kenon”) was incorporated on March 7, 2014 in the Republic of Singapore under the Singapore Companies Act. Our principal place of business is located at 1 Temasek Avenue #36-01, Millenia Tower, Singapore 039192.

The Company is a holding company and was incorporated to receive investments spun-off from their former parent company, Israel Corporation Ltd. (“IC”). The Company serves as the holding company of several businesses (together referred to as the “Group”).

Kenon shares are traded on New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) and on Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”) (NYSE and TASE: KEN).

Definitions

In these consolidated financial statements -

1. Subsidiaries – Companies whose financial statements are fully consolidated with those of Kenon, directly or indirectly.

2. Associates – Companies in which Kenon has significant influence and Kenon’s investment is stated, directly or indirectly, on the equity basis.

3. Investee companies – subsidiaries and/or associated companies.

4. Related parties – within the meaning thereof in International Accounting Standard (“IAS”) 24 Related Parties.

Note 2 – Basis of Preparation of the Financial Statements

Declaration of compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

The consolidated financial statements were prepared by management of the Group in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

The consolidated financial statements were approved for issuance by the Company’s Board of Directors on April 19, 2021.

Functional and presentation currency

These consolidated financial statements are presented in US dollars, which is Kenon’s functional currency, and have been rounded to the nearest thousands, except where otherwise indicated. The US dollar is the currency that represents the principal economic environment in which Kenon operates.

Basis of measurement

The consolidated financial statements were prepared on the historical cost basis, with the exception of the following assets and liabilities:

•

Deferred tax assets and liabilities

•

Derivative instruments

•

Assets and liabilities in respect of employee benefits

•

Investments in associated companies

•

Long-term investment

F-14

Note 2 – Basis of Preparation of the Financial Statements (Cont’d)

For additional information regarding measurement of these assets and liabilities – see Note 3 “Significant Accounting Policies”.

Use of estimates and judgment

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and in any future periods affected.

Long-term investment

Following the sale of half of the Group’s remaining interest in Qoros (i.e. 12%) as described in Note 9.B.b.3, as at year end, the Group owns a 12% interest in Qoros. The long-term investment is a combination of the Group’s remaining 12% interest in Qoros and the non-current portion of the put option (as described in Note 9.B.b.2). The long-term investment is determined using a combination of market comparison technique based on market multiples derived from the quoted prices of comparable companies adjusted for various considerations, and the binomial model. Fair value measurement of the long-term investment takes into account the underlying asset’s price volatility. Changes in the economic assumptions and/or valuation technique could give rise to significant changes in the long-term investment.

F-15

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies

The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are set out below. The Group has consistently applied the following accounting policies to all periods presented in these consolidated financial statements, unless otherwise stated.

A.	First-time application of new accounting standards, amendments and interpretations

The Group has adopted a few new standards which are effective from January 1, 2020 but they do not have a material effect on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

B.	Basis for consolidation/combination

(1)

Business combinations

The Group accounts for all business combinations according to the acquisition method when the acquired set of activities and assets meets the definition of a business and control is transferred to the Group. In determining whether a particular set of activities and assets is a business, the Group assesses whether the set of assets and activities acquired includes, at a minimum, an input and substantive process and whether the acquired set has the ability to produce outputs.

The Group has an option to apply a ‘concentration test’ that permits a simplified assessment of whether an acquired set of activities and asssets is not a business. The optional concentration test is met if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets.

The acquisition date is the date on which the Group obtains control over an acquiree. Control exists when the Group is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the acquiree and it has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the acquiree. Substantive rights held by the Group and others are taken into account when assessing control.

The Group recognizes goodwill on acquisition according to the fair value of the consideration transferred less the net amount of the fair value of identifiable assets acquired less the fair value of liabilities assumed.

If the Group pays a bargain price for the acquisition (meaning including negative goodwill), it recognizes the resulting gain in profit or loss on the acquisition date.

The Group recognizes contingent consideration at fair value at the acquisition date. The contingent consideration that meets the definition of a financial instrument that is not classified as equity will be measured at fair value through profit or loss; contingent consideration classified as equity shall not be remeasured and its subsequent settlement shall be accounted for within equity.

Furthermore, goodwill is not adjusted in respect of the utilization of carry-forward tax losses that existed on the date of the business combination.

Costs associated with acquisitions that were incurred by the acquirer in the business combination such as: finder’s fees, advisory, legal, valuation and other professional or consulting fees are expensed in the period the services are received.

(2)

Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are entities controlled by the Company. The financial statements of subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date that control commences until the date when control ceased. The accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed when necessary to align them with the policies adopted by the Company.

F-16

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

(3)

Non-Controlling Interest (“NCI”)

NCI comprises the equity of a subsidiary that cannot be attributed, directly or indirectly, to the parent company, and they include additional components such as: share-based payments that will be settled with equity instruments of the subsidiaries and options for shares of subsidiaries.

NCIs are measured at their proportionate share of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets at the acquisition date.

Changes in the Group’s interest in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions.

Measurement of non-controlling interests on the date of the business combination

Non-controlling interests, which are instruments that convey a present ownership right and that grant to their holder a share in the net assets in a case of liquidation, are measured on the date of the business combination at fair value or based on their relative share in the identified assets and liabilities of the entity acquired, on the basis of every transaction separately.

Transactions with NCI, while retaining control

Transactions with NCI while retaining control are accounted for as equity transactions. Any difference between the consideration paid or received and the change in NCI is included directly in equity.

Allocation of comprehensive income to the shareholders

Profit or loss and any part of other comprehensive income are allocated to the owners of the Group and the NCI. Total comprehensive income is allocated to the owners of the Group and the NCI even if the result is a negative balance of NCI.

Furthermore, when the holding interest in the subsidiary changes, while retaining control, the Group re-attributes the accumulated amounts that were recognized in other comprehensive income to the owners of the Group and the NCI.

Cash flows deriving from transactions with holders of NCI while retaining control are classified under “financing activities” in the statement of cash flows.

Loss of control

When the Group loses control over a subsidiary, it derecognises the assets and liabilities of the subsidiary, and any related NCI and other components of equity. Any resulting gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss. Any interest retained in the former subsidiary is measured at fair value when control is lost.

(4)

Investments in equity-accounted investees

Associates are entities in which the Group has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the financial and operating policies. In assessing significant influence, potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible into shares of the investee are taken into account.

Joint-ventures are arrangements in which the Group has joint control, whereby the Group has the rights to assets of the arrangement, rather than rights to its assets and obligations for its liabilities.

Associates and joint-venture are accounted for using the equity method (equity accounted investees) and are recognized initially at cost. The cost of the investment includes transaction costs. The consolidated financial statements include the Group’s share of the income and expenses in profit or loss and of other comprehensive income of equity accounted investees, after adjustments to align the accounting policies with those of the Group, from the date that significant influence commences until the date that significant influence ceases.

The Group’s share of post-acquisition profit or loss is recognized in the income statement, and its share of post-acquisition movements in other comprehensive income is recognized in other comprehensive income with a corresponding adjustment to the carrying amount of the investment.

When the Group’s share of losses exceeds its interest in an equity accounted investee, the carrying amount of that interest, including any long-term interests that form part thereof, is reduced to zero. When the Group’s share of long-term interests that form a part of the investment in the investee is different from its share in the investee’s equity, the Group continues to recognize its share of the investee’s losses, after the equity investment was reduced to zero, according to its economic interest in the long-term interests, after the equity interests were reduced to zero. When the group’s share of losses in an associate equals or exceeds its interest in the associate, including any long-term interests that, in substance, form part of the entity’s net investment in the associate, the recognition of further losses is discontinued except to the extent that the Group has an obligation to support the investee or has made payments on behalf of the investee.

F-17

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

(5)

Loss of significant influence

The Group discontinues applying the equity method from the date it loses significant influence in an associate and it accounts for the retained investment as a financial asset, as relevant.

On the date of losing significant influence, the Group measures at fair value any retained interest it has in the former associate. The Group recognizes in profit or loss any difference between the sum of the fair value of the retained interest and any proceeds received from the partial disposal of the investment in the associate or joint venture, and the carrying amount of the investment on that date.

Amounts recognized in equity through other comprehensive income with respect to such associates are reclassified to profit or loss or to retained earnings in the same manner that would have been applicable if the associate had itself disposed the related assets or liabilities.

(6)

Change in interest held in equity accounted investees while retaining significant influence

When the Group increases its interest in an equity accounted investee while retaining significant influence, it implements the acquisition method only with respect to the additional interest obtained whereas the previous interest remains the same.

When there is a decrease in the interest in an equity accounted investee while retaining significant influence, the Group derecognizes a proportionate part of its investment and recognizes in profit or loss a gain or loss from the sale under other income or other expenses.

Furthermore, on the same date, a proportionate part of the amounts recognized in equity through other comprehensive income with respect to the same equity accounted investee are reclassified to profit or loss or to retained earnings in the same manner that would have been applicable if the associate had itself realized the same assets or liabilities.

(7)

Intra-group transactions

Intra-group balances and transactions, and any unrealized income and expenses arising from intra-group transactions, are eliminated. Unrealized gains arising from transactions with equity accounted investees are eliminated against the investment to the extent of the Group’s interest in the investee. Unrealized losses are eliminated in the same way as unrealized gains, but only to the extent that there is no evidence of impairment.

(8)

Reorganizations under common control transactions

Common control transactions that involve the setup of a new group company and the combination of entities under common control are recorded using the book values of the parent company.

F-18

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

C.	Foreign currency

(1)

Foreign currency transactions

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into the respective functional currencies of Group entities at exchange rates at the dates of the transactions.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate at that date. Non-monetary items measured at historical cost would be reported using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction.

Foreign currency differences are generally recognized in profit or loss, except for differences relating to qualifying cash flow hedges to the extent the hedge is effective which are recognized in other comprehensive income.

(2)

Foreign operations

The assets and liabilities of foreign operations, including goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on acquisition, are translated into US dollars at exchange rates at the reporting date. The income and expenses of foreign operations are translated into US dollars at average exchange rates over the relevant period.

Foreign operation translation differences are recognized in other comprehensive income.

When the foreign operation is a non-wholly-owned subsidiary of the Group, then the relevant proportionate share of the foreign operation translation difference is allocated to the NCI.

When a foreign operation is disposed of such that control or significant influence is lost, the cumulative amount in the translation reserve related to that foreign operation is reclassified to profit or loss as a part of the gain or loss on disposal.

Furthermore, when the Group’s interest in a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation changes, while retaining control in the subsidiary, a proportionate part of the cumulative amount of the translation difference that was recognized in other comprehensive income is reattributed to NCI.

When the Group disposes of only part of its investment in an associate that includes a foreign operation, while retaining significant influence, the proportionate part of the cumulative amount of the translation difference is reclassified to profit or loss.

Generally, foreign currency differences from a monetary item receivable from or payable to a foreign operation, including foreign operations that are subsidiaries, are recognized in profit or loss in the consolidated financial statements.

Foreign exchange gains and losses arising from a monetary item receivable from or payable to a foreign operation, the settlement of which is neither planned nor likely in the foreseeable future, are considered to form part of a net investment in a foreign operation and are recognized in other comprehensive income, and are presented within equity in the translation reserve.

D.	Cash and Cash Equivalents

In the consolidated statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand, deposits held at call with banks, other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in their fair value.

F-19

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

E.	Financial Instruments

Classification and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities

Initial recognition and measurement

The Group initially recognizes trade receivables on the date that they are originated. All other financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognized on the date on which the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. As a rule, a financial asset, other than a trade receivable without a significant financing component, or a financial liability, is initially measured at fair value with the addition, for a financial asset or a financial liability, that are not presented at fair value through profit or loss, of transaction costs that can be directly attributed to the acquisition or the issuance of the financial asset or the financial liability. Trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component are initially measured at the transaction price. Trade receivables originating in contract assets are initially measured at the carrying amount of the contract assets on the date of reclassification from contract assets to receivables.

Financial assets - classification and subsequent measurement

On initial recognition, financial assets are classified as measured at amortized cost; fair value through other comprehensive income; or fair value through profit or loss. As at reporting date, the Group only holds financial assets measured at amortized cost and fair value through profit or loss.

Financial assets are not reclassified in subsequent periods, unless, and only to the extent that the Group changes its business model for the management of financial assets, in which case the affected financial assets are reclassified at the beginning of the reporting period following the change in the business model.

A financial asset is measured at amortized cost if it meets the two following cumulative conditions and is not designated for measurement at fair value through profit or loss:

The objective of the entity's business model is to hold the financial asset to collect the contractual cash flows; and

The contractual terms of the financial asset create entitlement on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

The Group has balances of trade and other receivables and deposits that are held under a business model the objective of which is collection of the contractual cash flows. The contractual cash flows in respect of such financial assets comprise solely payments of principal and interest that reflects consideration for the time-value of the money and the credit risk. Accordingly, such financial assets are measured at amortized cost.

F-20

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

Subsequent measurement

In subsequent periods, these assets are measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest method and net of impairment losses. Interest income, currency exchange gains or losses and impairment are recognized in profit or loss. Any gains or losses on derecognition are also recognized in profit or loss.

All financial assets not classified as measured at amortised cost or fair value through other comprehensive income as described above are measured at fair value through profit or loss. On initial recognition, the Group may irrevocably designate a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income as at fair value through profit or loss if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise. In subsequent periods, these assets are measured at fair value. Net gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss.

Financial assets: Business model assessment

The Group makes an assessment of the objective of the business model in which a financial asset is held at a portfolio level because this best reflects the way the business is managed and information is provided to management. The information considered includes:

• the stated policies and objectives for the portfolio and the operation of those policies in practice. These include whether management’s strategy focuses on earning contractual interest income, maintaining a particular interest rate profile, matching the duration of the financial assets to the duration of any related liabilities or expected cash outflows or realising

cash flows through the sale of the assets;

• how the performance of the portfolio is evaluated and reported to the Group’s management;

• the risks that affect the performance of the business model (and the financial assets held within that business model) and how those risks are managed;

• how managers of the business are compensated – e.g. whether compensation is based on the fair value of the assets managed or the contractual cash flows collected; and

• the frequency, volume and timing of sales of financial assets in prior periods, the reasons for such sales and expectations about future sales activity.

Non-derivative financial assets: Assessment whether contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest

For the purposes of this assessment, ‘principal’ is defined as the fair value of the financial asset on initial recognition. ‘Interest’ is defined as consideration for the time value of money and for the credit risk associated with the principal amount outstanding during a particular period of time and for other basic lending risks and costs (e.g. liquidity risk and administrative costs), as well as a profit margin.

In assessing whether the contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest, the Group considers the contractual terms of the instrument. This includes assessing whether the financial asset contains a contractual term that could change the timing or amount of contractual cash flows such that it would not meet this condition. In making this assessment, the Group considers:

• contingent events that would change the amount or timing of cash flows;

• terms that may adjust the contractual coupon rate, including variable rate features;

• prepayment and extension features; and

• terms that limit the Group’s claim to cash flows from specified assets (e.g. non-recourse features).

A prepayment feature is consistent with the solely payments of principal and interest criterion if the prepayment amount substantially represents unpaid amounts of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding, which may include reasonable additional compensation for early termination of the contract. Additionally, for a financial asset acquired at a significant discount or premium to its contractual par amount, a feature that permits or requires prepayment at an amount that substantially represents the contractual par amount plus accrued (but unpaid) contractual interest (which may also include reasonable additional compensation for early termination) is treated as consistent with this criterion if the fair value of the prepayment feature is insignificant at initial recognition.

F-21

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

Derecognition of financial assets

The Group derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Group neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and it does not retain control of the financial asset.

If the Group enters into transactions whereby it transfers assets recognised in its statement of financial position, but retains either all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets, the transferred assets are not derecognized.

Financial liabilities – Initial classification, subsequent measurement and gains and losses

Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortized cost or at fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities are classified as measured at fair value through profit or loss if it is held for trading or it is designated as such on initial recognition, and are measured at fair value, and any net gains and losses, including any interest expenses, are recognized in profit or loss. Other financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value less directly attributable transaction costs. They are measured at amortized cost in subsequent periods, using the effective interest method. Interest expenses and currency exchange gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss. Any gains or losses on derecognition are also recognized in profit or loss.

Derecognition of financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are derecognized when the contractual obligation of the Group expires or when it is discharged or canceled. Additionally, a significant amendment of the terms of an existing financial liability, or an exchange of debt instruments having substantially different terms, between an existing borrower and lender, are accounted for as an extinguishment of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new financial liability at fair value.

The difference between the carrying amount of the extinguished financial liability and the consideration paid (including any other non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed), is recognized in profit or loss.

Offset

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the consolidated statement of financial position when, and only when, the Group currently has a legally enforceable right to offset the amounts and intends either to settle them on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

F-22

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

Impairment

Financial assets, contract assets and receivables on a lease

The Group creates a provision for expected credit losses in respect of:

Contract assets (as defined in IFRS 15);

Financial assets measured at amortized cost;

Financial guarantees;

Lease receivables.

Simplified approach

The Group applies the simplified approach to provide for ECLs for all trade receivables (including lease receivables) and contract assets. The simplified approach requires the loss allowance to be measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs.

General approach

The Group applies the general approach to provide for ECLs on all other financial instruments and financial guarantees. Under the general approach, the loss allowance is measured at an amount equal to the 12-month ECLs at initial recognition.

At each reporting date, the Group assess whether the credit risk of a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. When credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition, loss allowance is measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs.

In assessing whether the credit risk of a financial asset has significantly increased since initial recognition and in assessing expected credit losses, the Group takes into consideration information that is reasonable and verifiable, relevant and attainable at no excessive cost or effort. Such information comprises quantitative and qualitative information, as well as an analysis, based on the past experience of the Group and the reported credit assessment, and contains forward-looking information.

If credit risk has not increased significantly since initial recognition or if the credit quality of the financial instruments improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, loss allowance is measured at an amount equal to 12-month ECLs.

The Group assumes that the credit risk of a financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition whenever contractual payments are more than 30 days in arrears.

The Group considers a financial asset to be in default if:

It is not probable that the borrower will fully meet its payment obligations to the Company, and the Company has no right to perform actions such as the realization of collaterals (if any); or

The contractual payments in respect of the financial asset are more than 90 days in arrears.

The Group considers a contract asset to be in default when the customer is unlikely to pay its contractual obligations to the Group in full, without recourse by the Group to actions such as realizing security.

The Group considers a debt instrument as having a low credit risk if its credit risk coincides with the global structured definition of “investment rating”.

The credit losses expected over the life of the instrument are expected credit losses arising from all potential default events throughout the life of the financial instrument.

Expected credit losses in a 12-month period are the portion of the expected credit losses arising from potential default events during the period of 12 months from the reporting date.

The maximum period that is taken into account in assessing the expected credit losses is the maximum contractual period over which the Group is exposed to credit risk.

F-23

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

Measurement of expected credit losses

Expected credit losses represent a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses. Credit losses are measured at the present value of the difference between the cash flows to which the Group is entitled under the contract and the cash flows that the Group expects to receive.

Expected credit losses are discounted at the effective interest rate of the financial asset.

The Group’s credit risk exposure for trade receivables and contract asset are set out in Note 30 Financial Instruments.

Financial assets impaired by credit risk

At each reporting date, the Group assesses whether financial assets that are measured at amortized cost and debt instruments that are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income have become impaired by credit risk. A financial asset is impaired by credit risk upon the occurrence of one or more of the events (i.e. significant financial difficulty of the debtor) that adversely affect the future cash flows estimated for such financial asset.

Presentation of impairment

A provision for expected credit losses in respect of a financial asset that is measured at amortized cost is presented as a reduction of the gross carrying amount of the financial asset.

Impairment losses in respect of trade and other receivables, including contract assets and lease receivables, are presented separately in the statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income. Impairment losses in respect of other financial assets are presented under financing expenses.

Derivative financial instruments, including hedge accounting

The Group holds derivative financial instruments.

Derivatives are recognized initially at fair value. Subsequent to initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value, and changes therein are generally recognized in profit or loss.

The Group designates certain derivative financial instruments as hedging instruments in qualifying hedging relationships. At inception of designated hedging relationships, the Group documents the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. The Group also documents the economic relationship between the hedged item and the hedging instrument, including whether the changes in cash flows of the hedged item and hedging instrument are expected to offset each other.

Hedge accounting

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, hedge relationships designated for hedge accounting under IAS 39 qualify for hedge accounting under IFRS 9, and are therefore deemed as continuing hedge relationships.

Cash flow hedges

When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedging instrument, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized in OCI and accumulated in the hedging reserve in equity. Any ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized immediately in profit or loss.

The amount accumulated in equity is retained in OCI and reclassified to profit or loss in the same period or periods during which the hedged item affects profit or loss.

If the hedging instrument no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or the designation is revoked, then hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively. If the forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, then the amount accumulated in equity is reclassified to profit or loss.

F-24

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

Financial guarantees

The Group irrevocably elects on a contract by contract basis, whether to account for a financial guarantee in accordance with IFRS 9 or IFRS 4.

The Group considers a financial guarantee to be in default when the debtor of the loan is unlikely to pay its credit obligations to the creditor.

When the Group elects to account for financial guarantees in accordance with IFRS 9, they are initially measured at fair value. Subsequently, they are measured at the higher of the loss allowance determined in accordance with IFRS 9 and the amount initially recognized less, when appropriate, the cumulative amount of income recognized in accordance with the principles of IFRS 15.

When the Group elects to account for financial guarantees in accordance with IFRS 4, a provision is measured in accordance with IAS 37 when the financial guarantees become probable of being exercised.

F.	Property, plant and equipment, net

(1)

Recognition and measurement

Items of property, plant and equipment comprise mainly power station structures, power distribution facilities and related offices. These items are measured at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items.

•

The cost of materials and direct labor;

•

Any other costs directly attributable to bringing the assets to a working condition for their intended use;

•

Spare parts, servicing equipment and stand-by equipment;

•

When the Group has an obligation to remove the assets or restore the site, an estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the items and restoring the site on which they are located; and

•

Capitalized borrowing costs.

If significant parts of an item of property, plant and equipment items have different useful lives, then they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment.

Any gain or loss on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognized in profit or loss in the year the asset is derecognized.

(2)

Subsequent Cost

Subsequent expenditure is capitalized only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Group, and its cost can be measured reliably.

(3)

Depreciation

Depreciation is calculated to reduce the cost of items of property, plant and equipment less their estimated residual values using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, and is generally recognized in profit or loss. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and their useful lives unless it is reasonably certain that the Group will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term. Freehold land is not depreciated. Diesel oil and spare parts are expensed off when they are used or consumed.

The following useful lives shown on an average basis are applied across the Group:

	Years
Roads, buildings and leasehold improvements (*)		3 – 30
Facilities, machinery and equipment		5 – 30
Computers		3
Office furniture and equipment		3 – 16
Others		5 – 15

* The shorter of the lease term and useful life

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed by management of the Group at each reporting date and adjusted if appropriate.

F-25

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

G.	Intangible assets, net

(1)

Recognition and measurement


Goodwill	Goodwill arising on the acquisition of subsidiaries is measured at cost less accumulated impairment losses. In respect of equity accounted investees, the carrying amount of goodwill is included in the carrying amount of the investment; and any impairment loss is allocated to the carrying amount of the equity investee as a whole.

Software	Software acquired by the Group having a finite useful life is measured at cost less accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses.


Customer relationships	Intangible assets acquired as part of a business combination and are recognized separately from goodwill if the assets are separable or arise from contractual or other legal rights and their fair value can be measured reliably. Customer relationships are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses.

Other intangible assets	Other intangible assets, including licenses, patents and trademarks, which are acquired by the Group having finite useful lives are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses.

(2)

Amortization

Amortization is calculated to charge to expense the cost of intangible assets less their estimated residual values using the straight-line method over their useful lives, and is generally recognized in profit or loss. Goodwill is not amortized.

The estimated useful lives for current and comparative year are as follows:

•

Software

3-10 years

•

Others

1-33 years

Amortization methods and useful lives are reviewed by management of the Group at each reporting date and adjusted if appropriate.

(3)

Subsequent expenditure

Subsequent expenditure is capitalized only when it increases the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which it relates. All other expenditure, including expenditure on internally generated goodwill is expensed as incurred.

F-26

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

Service Concession arrangements

The Group has examined the characteristics, conditions and terms currently in effect under its electric energy distribution license and the guidelines established by IFRIC 12. On the basis of such analysis, the Group concluded that its license is outside the scope of IFRIC 12, primarily because the grantor does not control any significant residual interest in the infrastructure at the end of the term of the arrangement and the possibility of renewal.

The Group accounts for the assets acquired or constructed in connection with the Concessions in accordance with IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment.

Leases

Accounting policy applied commencing from January 1, 2019

Definition of a lease

Previously, the Group determined at contract inception whether an arrangement was or contained a lease under IAS17 Leases and IFRIC 4 Determining Whether an Arrangement contains a Lease. The Group now assesses whether a contract is or contains a lease based on the new definition of a lease. Under IFRS 16 Leases, a contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys a right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

On transition to IFRS 16, the Group elected to apply the practical expedient to grandfather the assessment of which transactions are leases. Contracts that were not identified as leases under IAS 17 and IFRIC 4 were not reassessed. Therefore, the definition of a lease under IFRS 16 has been applied only to contracts entered into or changed on or after January 1, 2019.

At inception or on reassessment of a contract that contains a lease component, the Group allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease and non-lease component on the basis of their relative stand-alone prices. For lease contracts that include components that are not lease components, such as services or maintenance which relate to the lease component, the Group elected to treat the lease component separately.

As a lessee

As a lessee, the Group previously classified leases as operating or finance leases based on its assessment of whether the lease transferred substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership. Under IFRS 16, the Group recognizes right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for most leases – i.e. these leases are on-balance sheet.

However, the Group has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for some leases of low-value assets. The Group recognizes the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Group recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, and subsequently at cost less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Group’s incremental borrowing rate.

The lease liability is subsequently increased by the interest cost on the lease liability and decreased by lease payments made. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, a change in the estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or as appropriate, changes in the assessment of whether a purchase or extension option is reasonably certain to be exercised or a termination option is reasonably certain not to be exercised.

The Group has applied judgement to determine the lease term for some lease contracts in which it is a lessee that include renewal options. The assessment of whether the Group is reasonably certain to exercise such options impacts the lease term, which affects the amount of lease liabilities and right-of-use assets recognized.

F-27

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

The Group used the following practical expedients when applying IFRS 16 to leases previously classified as operating leases under IAS 17.

Applied the exemption not to recognize right-of-use assets and liabilities for leases with less than 12 months of lease term and leases which end within 12 months from the date of initial application.

Excluded initial direct costs from measuring the right-of-use asset at the date of initial application.

Used hindsight when determining the lease term if the contract contains options to extend or terminate the lease.

Depreciation of right-of-use asset

Subsequent to the commencement date of the lease, a right-of-use asset is measured using the cost method, less accumulated depreciation and accrued losses from decline in value and is adjusted in respect of re‑measurements of the liability in respect of the lease. The depreciation is calculated on the “straight‑line” basis over the useful life or the contractual lease period – whichever is shorter.

–

Land – 25–49 years.

–

Pressure regulation and management system facility – 24 years.

–

Offices – 9 years.

Accounting policy applied in periods prior to January 1, 2019

(1) Leased assets

Assets held by the Group under leases that transfer to the Group substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. The leased assets are measured initially at an amount equal to the lower of their fair value and the present value of the minimum lease payments. Subsequent to initial recognition, the assets are accounted for in accordance with the accounting policy applicable to that asset.

Asset held under other leases are classified as operating leases and are not recognized in the Group’s consolidated statement of financial position.

(2) Lease payments

Payments made under operating leases, other than conditional lease payments, are recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Lease incentives received are recognized as an integral part of the total lease expense, over the term of the lease.

Minimum lease payments made under finance leases are apportioned between the finance expense and the reduction of the outstanding liability. The finance expense is allocated to each period during the lease term so as to produce a constant periodic rate if interest on the remaining balance of the liability.

J.	Borrowing costs

Specific and non-specific borrowing costs are capitalized to qualifying assets throughout the period required for completion and construction until they are ready for their intended use. Non-specific borrowing costs are capitalized in the same manner to the same investment in qualifying assets, or portion thereof, which was not financed with specific credit by means of a rate which is the weighted-average cost of the credit sources which were not specifically capitalized. Foreign currency differences from credit in foreign currency are capitalized if they are considered an adjustment of interest costs. Other borrowing costs are expensed as incurred. Income earned on the temporary investment of specific credit received for investing in a qualifying asset is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalization.

F-28

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

K.	Impairment of non-financial assets

At each reporting date, management of the Group reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets (other than inventories and deferred tax assets) to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated. Goodwill is tested annually for impairment, and whenever impairment indicators exist.

For impairment testing, assets are grouped together into smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or CGU. Goodwill arising from a business combination is allocated to CGUs or group of CGUs that are expected to benefit from these synergies of the combination.

The recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. Value in use is based on the estimated future cash flows, discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset or CGU.

An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount.

Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss. They are allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the CGU, and then to reduce the carrying amounts of the other assets in the CGU on a pro rata basis.

An impairment loss in respect of goodwill is not reversed. For other assets, an assessment is performed at each reporting date for any indications that these losses have decreased or no longer exist. An impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount and is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized.

L.	Employee benefits

(1)

Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefits are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognized for the amount expected to be paid if the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee, and the obligation can be estimated reliably. The employee benefits are classified, for measurement purposes, as short-term benefits or as other long-term benefits depending on when the Group expects the benefits to be wholly settled.

(2)

Bonus plans transactions

The Group’s senior executives receive remuneration in the form of share-appreciations rights, which can only be settled in cash (cash-settled transactions). The cost of cash-settled transactions is measured initially at the grant date and is recognized as an expense with a corresponding increase in liabilities over the period that the employees become unconditionally entitled to payment. With respect to grants made to senior executives of OPC Energy Ltd (“OPC”), this benefit is calculated by determining the present value of the settlement (execution) price set forth in the plan. The liability is re-measured at each reporting date and at the settlement date based on the formulas described above. Any changes in the liability are recognized as operating expenses in profit or loss.

(3)

Termination Benefits

Severance pay is charged to income statement when there is a clear obligation to pay termination of employees before they reach the customary age of retirement according to a formal, detailed plan, without any reasonable chance of cancellation. The benefits given to employees upon voluntary retirement are charged when the Group proposes a plan to the employees encouraging voluntary retirement, it is expected that the proposal will be accepted and the number of employee acceptances can be estimated reliably.

(4)

Defined Benefit Plans

The calculation of defined benefit obligation is performed at the end of each reporting period by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method. Remeasurements of the defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognized immediately in OCI. Interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plan are recognized in profit or loss.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognized immediately in profit or loss. The Group recognizes gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

F-29

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

(5)

Share-based compensation plans

Qualifying employees are awarded grants of the Group’s shares under the Group’s 2014 Share Incentive Plan. The fair value of the grants are recognized as an employee compensation expense, with a corresponding increase in equity over the service period – the period that the employee must remain employed to receive the benefit of the award. At each balance sheet date, the Group revises its estimates of the number of grants that are expected to vest. It recognises the impact of the revision of original estimates in employee expenses and in a corresponding adjustment to equity over the remaining vesting period.

M.	Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount is recognized as finance cost.

N.	Revenue recognition

Revenue from electricity

The Group recognizes revenue when the customer obtains control over the promised goods or services. The revenue is measured according to the amount of the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for the goods or services promised to the customer. Revenue from sale of electricity is recognized in the period in which the sale takes place. The Group’s revenues include mainly revenue from sale of electricity to private customers and to Israel Electric Company (“IEC”).

Identification of the contract

The Group recognizes a contract with a customer only where all of the following conditions are fulfilled:

(A)

The parties to the contract have approved the contract (in writing, orally or according to other customary business practices) and they are committed to satisfying their obligations thereunder;

(B)

The Group is able to identify the rights of each party in relation to the goods or services that are to be transferred;

(C)

The Group is able to identify the payment terms for the goods or services that are to be transferred;

(D)

The contract has commercial substance (i.e., the entity’s risk, timing and amount of future cash flows are expected to change as a result of the contract); and

(E)

It is probable that the consideration to which the Group is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services transferred to the customer will be collected.

For purposes of Paragraph (E) the Group examines, among other things, the percentage of the advance payments received and the spread of the contractual payments, past experience with the customer and the status and existence of sufficient collateral.

F-30

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

Combination of contracts

The Group combines two or more contracts entered into on the same date or on proximate dates with the same customer (or related parties of the customer) and accounts for them as one contract when one or more of the following conditions are met:

(A)

Negotiations were held on the contracts as one package with a single commercial purpose;

(B)

The amount of the consideration in one contract depends on the price or performance of a different contract; or

(C)

The goods or services promised in the contracts (or certain goods or services promised in each one of the contracts) constitute a single performance obligation.

Identification of performance obligations

On the contract’s inception date the Group assesses the goods or services promised in the contract with the customer and identifies as a performance obligation any promise to transfer to the customer one of the following:

(A)

Goods or services (or a bundle of goods or services) that are distinct; or

(B)

A series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer.

The Group identifies goods or services promised to the customer as being distinct when the customer can benefit from the goods or services on their own or in conjunction with other readily available resources and the Group’s promise to transfer the goods or services to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. In order to examine whether a promise to transfer goods or services is separately identifiable, the Group examines whether it is providing a significant service of integrating the goods or services with other goods or services promised in the contract into one integrated outcome that is the purpose of the contract.

In the area of sales of electricity, as part of the contracts with customers for sale of electricity, the Group identified one performance obligation in each contract.

Determination of the transaction price

The transaction price is the amount of the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for the goods or services promised to the customer, other than amounts collected for third parties. The Group takes into account the effects of all the following elements when determining the transaction price: variable consideration, the existence of a significant financing component, non-cash consideration, and consideration payable to the customer.

Variable consideration

The transaction price includes fixed amounts and amounts that may change as a result of discounts, credits, price concessions, incentives, penalties, claims and disputes and contract modifications where the consideration in their respect has not yet been agreed to by the parties.

The Group includes the amount of the variable consideration, or part of it, in the transaction price only when it is highly probable that its inclusion will not result in a significant revenue reversal in the future when the uncertainty has been subsequently resolved. At the end of each reporting period and if necessary, the Group revises the amount of the variable consideration included in the transaction price.

Discharge of performance obligations

Revenue is recognized when the Group discharges a performance obligation by transferring control over promised goods or services to the customer. For sales of electricity, the customer achieves control over the goods upon the generation and, therefore, the Group recognizes revenue at this time, upon transfer of the electricity to the electricity grid.

Contract costs

Incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer, such as sales fees to agents, are recognized as an asset when the Group is likely to recover these costs. Costs to obtain a contract that would have been incurred regardless of the contract are recognized as an expense as incurred, unless the customer can be billed for those costs.

F-31

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

Costs incurred to fulfill a contract with a customer and that are not covered by another standard are recognized as an asset when they: relate directly to a contract the Group can specifically identify; they generate or enhance resources of the Group that will be used in satisfying performance obligations in the future; and they are expected to be recovered. In any other case the costs are recognized as an expense as incurred.

Capitalized costs are amortized in the statement of income on a systematic basis that is consistent with the pattern of transfer of the goods or services to which the asset relates.

In every reporting period, the Group examines whether the carrying amount of the asset recognized as aforesaid exceeds the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for the goods or services to which the asset relates, less the costs directly attributable to the provision of these goods or services that were not recognized as expenses, and if necessary an impairment loss is recognized in the statement of income.

Contract modifications

A contract modification is a change in the scope or price (or both) of a contract that was approved by the parties to the contract. A contract modification can be approved in writing, orally or be implied by customary business practices. A contract modification can take place also when the parties to the contract have a disagreement regarding the scope or price (or both) of the modification or when the parties have approved the modification in scope of the contract but have not yet agreed on the corresponding price modification.

When a contract modification has not yet been approved by the parties, the Group continues to recognize revenues according to the existing contract, while disregarding the contract modification, until the date the contract modification is approved or the contract modification is legally enforceable.

The Group accounts for a contract modification as an adjustment of the existing contract since the remaining goods or services after the contract modification are not distinct and therefore constitute a part of one performance obligation that is partially satisfied on the date of the contract modification. The effect of the modification on the transaction price and on the rate of progress towards full satisfaction of the performance obligation is recognized as an adjustment to revenues (increase or decrease) on the date of the contract modification, meaning on a catch-up basis.

In cases where the contract modification is an increase in the scope of the contract due to addition of goods or services where the contract price increased by a consideration that reflects the independent selling prices of the goods or services added, the Group accounts for the contract modification as a separate contract.

F-32

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

O.	Government grants

Government grants related to distribution projects are not recognized until there is reasonable assurance that the Group will comply with the conditions attaching to them and that the grants will be received. Government grants are recorded at the value of the grant received and any difference between this value and the actual construction cost is recognized in profit or loss of the year in which the asset is released.

Government grants related to distribution assets are deducted from the related assets. They are recognized in statement of income on a systematic basic over the useful life of the related asset reducing the depreciation expense.

P.	Deposits received from consumers

Deposits received from consumers, plus interest accrued and less any outstanding debt for past services, are refundable to the users when they cease using the electric energy service rendered by the Group. The Group has classified these deposits as current liabilities since the Group does not have legal rights to defer these payments in a period that exceed a year. However, the Group does not anticipate making significant payments in the next year.

Q.	Energy purchase

Costs from energy purchases either acquired in the spot market or from contracts with suppliers are recorded on an accrual basis according to the energy actually delivered. Purchases of electric energy, including those which have not yet been billed as of the reporting date, are recorded based on estimates of the energy supplied at the prices prevailing in the spot market or agreed-upon in the respective purchase agreements, as the case may be.

R.	Financing income and expenses

Financing income includes income from interest on amounts invested and gains from exchange rate differences. Interest income is recognized as accrued, using the effective interest method.

Financing expenses include interest on loans received, commitment fees on borrowings, and changes in the fair value of derivatives financial instruments presented at fair value through profit or loss, and exchange rate losses. Borrowing costs, which are not capitalized, are recorded in the income statement using the effective interest method.

In the statements of cash flows, interest received is presented as part of cash flows from investing activities. Dividends received are presented as part of cash flows from operating activities. Interest paid and dividends paid are presented as part of cash flows from financing activities. Accordingly, financing costs that were capitalized to qualifying assets are presented together with interest paid as part of cash flows from financing activities. Gains and losses from exchange rate differences and gains and losses from derivative financial instruments are reported on a net basis as financing income or expenses, based on the fluctuations on the rate of exchange and their position (net gain or loss).

The Group’s finance income and finance costs include:

•

Interest income;

•

Interest expense;

•

The net gain or loss on the disposal of held-for-sale financial assets;

•

The net gain or loss on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss;

•

The foreign currency gain or loss on financial assets and financial liabilities;

•

The fair value loss on contingent consideration classified as financial liability;

•

Impairment losses recognized on financial assets (other than trade receivables);

•

The net gain or loss on hedging instruments that are recognized in profit or loss; and

•

The reclassification of net gains previously recognized in OCI.

Interest income or expense is recognized using the effective interest method.

F-33

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

S.	Income taxes

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. It is recognized in profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to a business combination, or items recognized directly in equity or in OCI.

(i) Current tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. It is measured using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. Current tax also includes any tax liability arising from dividends.

Current tax assets and liabilities are offset only if certain criteria are met.

(ii) Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is not recognized for:

•

Temporary differences on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss;

•

Temporary differences related to investments in subsidiaries and associates where the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is not probable that they will reverse it in the foreseeable future; and

•

Taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill.

Deferred tax assets are recognized for unused tax losses, unused tax credits and deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized; such reductions are reversed when the probability of future taxable profit improves.

Unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed at each reporting date and recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realized simultaneously.

Management of the Group regularly reviews its deferred tax assets for recoverability, taking into consideration all available evidence, both positive and negative, including historical pre-tax and taxable income, projected future pre-tax and taxable income and the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences. In arriving at these judgments, the weight given to the potential effect of all positive and negative evidence is commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified.

Management believes the Group’s tax positions are in compliance with applicable tax laws and regulations. Tax benefits are recognized only for tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. The Group believes that its liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits, including related interest, are adequate in relation to the potential for additional tax assessments. There is a risk, however, that the amounts ultimately paid upon resolution of audits could be materially different from the amounts previously included in our income tax expense and, therefore, could have a material impact on our tax provision, net income and cash flows.

(iii) Uncertain tax positions

A provision for uncertain tax positions, including additional tax and interest expenses, is recognized when it is more probable than not that the Group will have to use its economic resources to pay the obligation.

F-34

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

T.	Earnings per share

The Group presents basic and diluted earnings per share data for its ordinary share capital. The basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing income or loss allocable to the Group’s ordinary equity holders by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. The diluted earnings per share are determined by adjusting the income or loss allocable to ordinary equity holders and the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the effect of all potentially dilutive ordinary shares including options for shares granted to employees.

U.	Share capital – ordinary shares

Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of ordinary shares, net of any tax effects, are recognized as a deduction from equity.

V. Discontinued operations

A discontinued operation is a component of the Group´s business, the operations and cash flows of which can be clearly distinguished from the rest of the Group and which:

•

Represents a separate major line of business or geographic area of operations,

•

Is part of a single coordinated plan to dispose of a separate major line of business or geographic area of operations; or

•

Is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to re-sell.

Classification as a discontinued operation occurs at the earlier of disposal or when the operation meets the criteria to be classified as held-for-sale. When an operation is classified as a discontinued operation, the comparative statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income is re-presented as if the operation had been discontinued from the start of the comparative year.

The changes in each cash flow based on operating, investing and financing activities are reported in Note 27.

F-35

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

W.	Operating segment and geographic information

The Company's CEO and CFO are considered to be the Group's chief operating decision maker ("CODM"). Based on the internal financial information provided to the CODM, the Group has determined that it has three reportable segments in 2020, which are OPC, Quantum and ZIM. As at December 31, 2020, ZIM became a reportable segment due to an improvement in its financial performance, and accordingly, comparative information has been restated.

OPC – OPC Energy Ltd and its subsidiaries operate in the Israeli electricity generation sector, including the initiation, development, construction and operation of power plants and the sale and supply of electricity. They are aggregated to form one reportable segment, taking into consideration the economic characteristics of each individual entities.

Quantum – Quantum (2007) LLC is a wholly owned subsidiary of Kenon which holds Kenon’s interest in Qoros Automotive Co. Ltd. (“Qoros”). Qoros is a China-based automotive company that is jointly-owned by Quantum together with Baoneng Group and Wuhu Chery Automobile Investment Co., Ltd., (“Wuhu Chery”).

ZIM – ZIM Integrated Shipping Services, Ltd., an associated company, is an Israeli global container shipping company.

In addition to the segments detailed above, the Group has other activities, such as investment holding categorized as Others.

The CODM evaluates the operating segments performance based on Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as the net income (loss) excluding depreciation and amortization, financing income, financing expenses, income taxes and other items.

The CODM evaluates segment assets based on total assets and segment liabilities based on total liabilities.

The accounting policies used in the determination of the segment amounts are the same as those used in the preparation of the Group's consolidated financial statements, Inter-segment pricing is determined based on transaction prices occurring in the ordinary course of business.

In determining the information to be presented on a geographical basis, revenue is based on the geographic location of the customer and non-current assets are based on the geographic location of the assets.

X.	Transactions with controlling shareholders

Assets, liabilities and benefits with respect to which a transaction is executed with the controlling shareholders are measured at fair value on the transaction date. The Group records the difference between the fair value and the consideration in equity.

F-36

Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies (Cont’d)

Y.	New standards and interpretations not yet adopted

A number of new standards and amendments to standards and interpretations are effective for annual periods beginning after January 1, 2021 and have not been applied in preparing these consolidated financial statements. The following amended standards and interpretations are not expected to have a significant impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements:

Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current (Amendments to IAS 1),

Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture (Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28).

Note 4 – Determination of Fair Value

Derivatives and Long-term investment

See Note 30 Financial Instruments.

Non-derivative financial liabilities

Non-derivative financial liabilities are measured at their respective fair values, at initial recognition and for disclosure purposes, at each reporting date. Fair value for disclosure purposes, is determined based on the quoted trading price in the market for traded debentures, whereas for non-traded loans, debentures and other financial liabilities is determined by discounting the future cash flows in respect of the principal and interest component using the market interest rate as at the date of the report.

F-37

Note 5 – Cash and Cash Equivalents

	As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands
Cash in banks		255,750		53,810
Time deposits		30,434		93,343
		286,184		147,153

Note 6 – Short-Term Deposits and Restricted Cash

	As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands
Short-term deposits and restricted cash (1)		564,247		33,554

(1)	$64 million relates to restricted cash (2019: $34 million). For further information, refer to Notes 16B to 16E and 29D.

Note 7 – Trade Receivables

	As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands
Trade receivables		47,948		39,321

Note 8 – Other Current Assets

	As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands
Advances to suppliers		876		843
Prepaid expenses		4,061		2,631
Government institutions		3,192		1,879
Indemnification asset (1)		9,047		14,750
Qoros put option (2)		-		15,571
Others		4,119		4,004
		21,295		39,678

(1)

Mainly relates to compensation receivable from OPC Hadera contractor as a result of the delay in the construction of the Hadera Power Plant. Please refer to Note 19.B.b for further details.

(2)

Refer to Note 9.B.b.2.

F-38

Note 9 – Investment in Associated Companies

A.	Condensed information regarding significant associated companies

1.	Condensed financial information with respect to the statement of financial position

	ZIM						Qoros*
	As at December 31,
	2020			2019			2019
	$ Thousands
Principal place of business	International						China
Proportion of ownership interest		32	%		32	%		24	%

Current assets		1,201,628			630,817			570,764
Non-current assets		1,622,613			1,295,277			1,136,740
Current liabilities		(1,151,510	)		(926,339	)		(1,080,340	)
Non-current liabilities		(1,398,276	)		(1,252,022	)		(503,193	)
Non-controlling interests		(7,189	)		(5,402	)		-
Total net assets/(liabilities) attributable to the Group		267,266			(257,669	)		123,971

Share of Group in net assets/(liabilities)		85,525			(82,454	)		14,877
Adjustments:
Write back of assets and investment		43,505			-			-
Currency translation		-			-			20,571
Excess cost		168,118			166,724			-
Book value of investment		297,148			84,270			35,448

Investments in associated companies		297,148			84,270			35,448
Asset held for sale		-			-			69,592

As a result of the completion of the 12% sale of interest in Qoros in April 2020, Kenon has ceased to classify its remaining interest in Qoros as an investment in associate. Refer to Note Note 9.B.b.3 for further details.

F-39

Note 9 – Investment in Associated Companies (Cont’d)

Condensed financial information with respect to results of operations

	ZIM								Qoros*
	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2019			2018				2020***		2019		2018
	$ Thousands

Revenue		3,991,696		3,299,761			3,247,864			23,852		349,832		811,997

(Loss) / income **		517,961		(18,149	)		(125,653	)		(52,089	)	(312,007	)	(330,023	)

Other comprehensive income **		5,854		(9,999	)		(6,057	)		(3	)	(8	)	(23	)

Total comprehensive income		523,815		(28,148	)		(131,710	)		(52,092	)	(312,015	)	(330,046	)

Kenon’s share of comprehensive income		167,621		(9,007	)		(42,147	)		(6,251	)	(37,442	)	(79,211	)

Adjustments		1,394		1,432			13,290			3		386		873

Kenon’s share of comprehensive income presented in the books		169,015		(7,575	)		(28,857	)		(6,248	)	(37,056	)	(78,338	)

The depreciation and amortization, interest income, interest expense and income tax expenses recorded by Qoros during 2020 were approximately $13 million, $1 million, $18 million and $nil thousand (2019: $172 million, $6 million, $49 million and $33 thousand; 2018: $129 million, $5 million, $42 million and $142 thousand) respectively.

**	Excludes portion attributable to non-controlling interest.

***	The 2020 equity accounted results reflect Kenon’s share of losses in Qoros until the completion date of the sale, i.e. April 29, 2020.

F-40

Note 9 – Investment in Associated Companies (Cont’d)

Additional information

ZIM

The container shipping industry is characterized in recent years by volatility in freight rates, charter rates and bunker prices, accompanied by significant uncertainties in the global trade (including further implications from COVID-19). Current market conditions are impacted positively by increased freight rates and a recovery in trade volumes.

In view of the aforementioned business environment and in order to constantly improve ZIM’s results of operations and liquidity position, ZIM continues to optimize its network by entering into new partnerships and cooperation agreements and by upgrading its customer’s offerings, whilst seeking operational excellence and cost efficiencies. In addition, ZIM continues to explore options which may contribute to strengthen its capital and operational structure.

In 2018, ZIM entered into a strategic operational cooperation with the 2M alliance (the “agreement”). According to the agreement, ZIM and the parties of the 2M alliance (A.P. Moller-Maersk and Mediterranean Shipping Company, two leading shipping liner companies) exchange slots on vessels operating between Asia and the US East Coast. In addition, ZIM charters slots on vessels operated by the 2M alliance, and all parties may offer each other additional slots. The agreement enables ZIM to provide its customers improved port coverage and transit time, while maximizing vessel utilization and generating cost efficiencies. In 2019, this cooperation was extended also to certain lines in the Asia-Mediterranean, Asia-Pacific Northwest and Asia-US gulf trades.

Subsequent to year end, in February 2021, ZIM announced a strategic agreement with Seaspan, for the long-term charter of up to ten 15,000 liquefied natural gas (LNG) dual-fuel container vessels, to be delivered commencing 2023, in order to serve ZIM’s Asia-US East Coast trade.

2. Financial position

As of December 31, 2020, ZIM’s total equity amounted to $274 million (2019: $(252) million) and its working capital amounted to $50 million (2019: $(296) million). During the year ended December 31, 2020, ZIM recorded operating profit of $722 million (2019: $153 million; 2018: $(23) million) and net profit of $524 million (2019: $(13) million; 2018: $(120) million).

3. Notes repurchase

In June 2020, ZIM completed an early and full repayment of its Tranche A loans of amount $13 million. Following such repayment, certain financial covenants, such as “Total leverage ratio” and “Fixed charge cover ratio”, as well as restrictions related to assets previously securing such loans, were removed.

In September 2020, ZIM launched a tender offer to repurchase, at its own discretion, some of its notes of Tranches C and D (Series 1 and 2 Notes) up to an amount of $60 million (including related costs). In October 2020, ZIM completed the repurchase of Tranche C notes with an aggregated face value of $58 million for a total consideration (including related costs) of $47 million, resulting in a gain from repurchase of debt of $6 million.

Subsequent to year end, in January 2021, ZIM announced an early repayment of $85 million in respect of its Tranche C notes in March 2021.

As at December 31, 2020, ZIM complies with its financial covenants (see below). ZIM’s liquidity amounts to $572 million (Minimum Liquidity required is $125 million).

Initial public offering

Subsequent to year end, in February 2021, ZIM completed an initial public offering (“IPO”) of its shares. Refer to Note 31.3.A for further details.

F-41

Note 9 – Investment in Associated Companies (Cont’d)

Factoring facility

In 2019, ZIM entered into a revolving arrangement with a financial institution, subject to periodical renewals, for the recurring sale, meeting the criteria of “true sale”, of portion of receivables, designated by ZIM. According to this arrangement, an agreed portion of each designated receivable is sold to the financial institution in consideration of cash in the amount of the portion sold (limited to an aggregated amount of $100 million), net of the related fees. The collection of receivables previously sold, enables the recurring utilization of the above-mentioned limit. The true sale of the receivables under this arrangement meets the conditions for derecognition of financial assets as prescribed in IFRS 9. Further to this arrangement, ZIM is required to comply with a minimum balance of cash (as determined in the agreement) in the amount of $125 million, as described above), as well with other requirements customarily applied in such arrangements.

Impairment assessment

For the purpose of IAS 36, ZIM, which operates an integrated liner network, has one cash-generating unit (“CGU”), which consists of all of ZIM’s operating assets. As at December 31, 2020, ZIM did not identify any impairment indicators in respect of its CGU. The recoverable amount, for the purpose of its annual impairment test for goodwill, was based on fair value less cost of disposal of the CGU, and did not result in an impairment.

Due to an improvement in ZIM’s financial performance in 2020, Kenon, independently and separately from ZIM, appointed a third-party to perform a valuation of its 32% equity investment in ZIM in accordance with IAS 28 and IAS 36. For the year ended December 31, 2020, Kenon concluded that the carrying amount of the investment in ZIM is lower than the recoverable amount, and therefore, an impairment reversal was recognized. In 2016, Kenon recognized an impairment loss of $72 million in relation to its carrying value of ZIM. In 2017, Kenon recorded an impairment write-back of $28 million. Based on the valuation was described above, in 2020, Kenon recorded a write back of impairment of $44 million in the consolidated statements of profit and loss, and after accounting for its share of profits in ZIM for the year, resulted in a carrying value in ZIM as at December 31, 2020 of $297 million.

For the purposes of Kenon’s impairment assessment of the Group’s investment, ZIM is considered one CGU, which consists of all of ZIM’s operating assets. The recoverable amount is based on the higher of the value-in-use and the fair value less cost of disposal (“FVLCOD”). The valuation is predominantly based on publicly available information and earnings of ZIM over the 12-month period to December 31, 2020. The valuation approach was based on the equity method, recognizing the cost of investment share of profits in ZIM, and subsequently to assess a maintainable level of earnings to form a view on the appropriate valuation range as at December 31, 2020.

The following data points and benchmarks were considered by the independent valuer:

An implied EV/EBITDA range of 5.5x to 6.5x based on LTM EBITDA multiples of comparable companies as of latest publicly available financial information;

An estimated sustainable EBITDA computed based on the average EBITDA of the last three years; and

Costs of disposal of 2% of EV.

The independent valuer arrived at a range of equity valued between $430 million and $585 million after adjustments for Net Debt. The fair value measurement was categorized as a Level 3 fair value based on the inputs in the valuation technique used.

F-42

Note 9 – Investment in Associated Companies (Cont’d)

Qoros Automotive Co. Ltd. (“Qoros”)

		For the year ended December 31,
		2020			2019			2018
	Note	$ Thousands
Gain on sale of 26% interest in Qoros	9.B.b.2		-			-			504,049
Gain on sale of 12% interest in Qoros	9.B.b.3		152,610			-			-
Fair value gain on long-term investment	9.B.b.3		154,475			-			-
Fair value loss on put option	9.B.b.3		(3,362	)		(18,957	)		(39,788	)
Recovery of financial guarantee	9.B.b.4.h		6,195			11,144			62,563
			309,918			(7,813	)		526,824

As at December 31, 2020, the Group holds a 12% equity interest in Qoros through a wholly-owned and controlled company, Quantum (2007) LLC (“Quantum”). Chery Automobiles Limited (“Chery”), a Chinese automobile manufacturer, holds a 25% equity interest and the remaining 63% interest is held by an entity related to the Baoneng Group (“New Qoros Investor” or “New Strategic Partner”). See Note 9.B.b.3 for further information.

Qoros introduced a New Strategic Partner.

In January 2018, the New Qoros Investor purchased 51% of Qoros from Kenon and Chery for RMB 3.315 billion (approximately $504 million) (“2018 investment”); this was part of an investment structure (“Investment Agreement”) to invest a total of approximately RMB 6.63 billion (approximately $1,002 million) by the New Qoros Investor. In connection with this investment, Kenon received total cash proceeds of RMB 1.69 billion ($260 million) from the dilution.

In July 2018, the relevant authorities in China approved the completion of a capital increase in Qoros of RMB 6.5 billion (approximately $932 million) including the conversion of existing shareholder loans owing from Qoros in the principal amount of RMB 944 million (approximately $143 million) to each of Kenon and Chery. Qoros’ shareholders (including the New Qoros Investor) invested a total of RMB 6.5 billion (approximately $982 million) in Qoros’ equity in proportion to their post-investment equity ownership to finalise the capital increase. The New Qoros Investor has advanced their proportionate share totaling RMB 3.315 billion (approximately $501 million) directly to Qoros. As a result, the New Qoros Investor invested RMB 6.63 billion (approximately $1,002 million) as part of this transaction. In August 2018, Kenon used RMB 0.62 billion (approximately $90 million) of the proceeds it received from the sale of its Qoros interests to partially fund their portion of the investment in Qoros together with the conversion of RMB 0.94 billion (approximately $137 million) of existing shareholder loans. The transaction did not involve any new money invested from Kenon and Kenon has no remaining obligations to Qoros as part of this transaction.

The investment agreement provided Kenon with a put option over its remaining equity interest in Qoros. During the three-year period beginning from the closing of the 2018 investment, Kenon had the right to cause the New Qoros Investor to purchase up to 50% of its remaining interest in Qoros at the time of the 2018 investment for up to RMB1.56 billion (approximately $220 million), subject to adjustments for inflation. The investment agreement further provided that from the third anniversary of the closing until April 2023, Kenon has the right to cause the New Qoros Investor to purchase up to all of its remaining equity interests in Qoros for up to a total of RMB1.56 billion (approximately $220 million), subject to adjustment for inflation. Another company within the Baoneng Group effectively guarantees this put option by also serving as a grantor of the option. The put option requires six months’ notice for exercise.

The New Qoros Investor also had an option exercisable within two years from the closing date of the transaction to increase its stake to 67% by investing further directly into Qoros. In January 2020, the option expired.

As a result of the transaction, Kenon recognized a gain on third party investment in Qoros of approximately $504 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The gain included recognition of Kenon’s put option in relation to Qoros which was initially valued at approximately $130 million. It was subsequently reduced by approximately $40 million to approximately $90 million as a result of fair value assessment at December 31, 2018. In 2019, it was further reduced by approximately $19 million to approximately $71 million as a result of the fair value assessment as at December 31, 2019. As at December 31, 2019, the put option was presented in the accompanying balance sheet under other current assets and other non-current assets.

F-43

Note 9 – Investment in Associated Companies (Cont’d)

In January 2019, Kenon, on behalf of its wholly owned subsidiary Quantum (2007) LLC, announced that it had entered into an agreement to sell half (12%) of its remaining interest (24%) in Qoros to the New Qoros Investor for RMB1,560 million (approximately $220 million) (“2019 Transaction”), which was based on the same post-investment valuation as the initial investment by the New Qoros Investor. As at December 31, 2019, the interest to be sold was classified as asset held for sale. In April 2020, Kenon completed the sale of this half of its remaining interest in Qoros and received payment of RMB1,560 million (approximately $220 million).

Kenon recognized a gain of approximately $153 million from the sale of its 12% interest in Qoros (previously accounted for as an asset held for sale) and the derecognition of the current portion of the put option pertaining to the 12% interest sold.

As a result of the sale, Kenon lost significant influence over Qoros and ceased equity accounting. Since April 29, 2020, the remaining 12% interest in Qoros was accounted for on a fair value basis through profit or loss and, together with the non-current portion of the put option pertaining to the remaining 12% interest (see Note 9.B.b.2), was reclassified in the statement of financial position as a long-term investment. Upon reclassification, Kenon immediately recognized a fair value gain of approximately $139 million and the long-term investment was initially measured at a combined fair value of approximately $220 million. As at year end, primarily due to the appreciation of RMB against the USD, the fair value of the long-term investment increased by approximately $15 million to $235 million.

In 2020 up until the completion date of the sale, the aggregate current and non-current put option value was reduced by approximately $3 million to $68 million as a result of the fair value assessment as at completion date of the sale.

The sale was not made pursuant to the put option described above in Note 9.B.b.2. As a result of the sale, the New Qoros Investor assumed its pro-rata share of guarantees and equity pledges of Kenon and Chery based on the change to its equity ownership.

F-44

Note 9 – Investment in Associated Companies (Cont’d)

Financial Guarantees Provision and Releases

In July 2012, Chery provided a guarantee to the banks, in the amount of RMB1.5 billion (approximately $242 million), in relation to an agreement with the banks to provide Qoros a loan, in the amount of RMB3 billion (approximately $482 million). In November 2015, Kenon provided back-to-back guarantees to Chery of RMB750 million (approximately $115 million) in respect of this loan thereby committing to pay half of every amount Chery may be required to pay with respect to the guarantee. As a result, if Qoros is unable to comply with the terms of certain of its debt agreements, Kenon may be required to make payments under its guarantees to Chery. The fair value of the guarantee was recorded in the financial statements.

On May 12, 2015, Qoros signed a Consortium Loan Agreement with the Export-Import Bank of China, and China Construction Bank Co., LTD, Suzhou Branch, concerning the Project of Research and Development of Hybrid Model (“Loan Agreement”), for an amount of RMB700 million (approximately $108 million) or in USD not exceeding the equivalent to RMB480 million (approximately $78 million) (the “Facility”).

On June 15, 2015, this Facility was guaranteed by Chery and pledged with Qoros’ 90 vehicle patents with an appraisal value of minimum RMB3.1 billion (approximately $500 million). The Loan Agreement’s term of 102 months bears a 5-years interest rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China in RMB at LIBOR+10%, or in USD at LIBOR+3.50% per annum.

In relation to the above, Kenon provided back-to-back guarantees to Chery of RMB350 million (approximately $54 million) thereby committing to pay half of every amount Chery may be required to pay with respect to the guarantee. As at December 31, 2016, Qoros had drawn down the Facility of RMB700 million (approximately $108 million) with an interest rate of 5.39%. The fair value of the guarantee was recorded in the financial statements.

On July 31, 2014, in order to secure additional funding for Qoros of approximately RMB 1.2 billion (approximately $200 million) IC pledged a portion of its shares (including dividends derived therefrom) in Qoros, in proportion to its share in Qoros’s capital, in favor of the Chinese bank providing Qoros with such financing. Simultaneously, the subsidiary of Chery that holds Chery’s rights in Qoros also pledged a proportionate part of its rights in Qoros. Such financing agreement includes, inter alia, covenants, events of immediate payment and/or early payment for violations and/or events specified in the agreement. The pledge agreement includes, inter alia, provisions concerning the ratio of securities and the pledging of further securities in certain circumstances, including pledges of up to all of Quantum’s shares in Qoros (or cash), provisions regarding events that would entitle the Chinese Bank to enforce the pledge, certain representations and covenants, and provisions regarding the registration and approval of the pledge.

As part of the reduction of guarantee obligations in Note 9.B.b.4, Kenon pledged approximately 9% of the outstanding shares of Qoros to Chery to secure the amount of the back-to-back guarantee reduction. Chery may also borrow from Kenon up to 5% of Qoros' outstanding shares to meet its pledge obligations under the abovementioned RMB 1.2 billion loan facility.

On June 30, 2016, Kenon increased its previously recognized provision of approximately $30 million to approximately $160 million in respect to Kenon’s “back-to-back” guarantee obligations to Chery (RMB1,100 million), in respect of guarantees that Chery has given for Qoros’ bank debt and has pledged a portion of its interests in Qoros to secure Qoros’ bank debt. In addition to the then current liquidity needs of Qoros, its financial position and Kenon’s strategic intent, the provision was made due to uncertainty in the Chinese automobile market. As a result, Kenon recognised a $130 million charge to expense for such financial guarantees in its consolidated statement of profit or loss in 2016.

These back-to-back guarantees consist of (i) a back-to-back guarantee of one-half of the principal amount of Chery’s guarantee of RMB1.5 billion with respect to Qoros’ RMB3 billion facility, and (ii) a back-to-back guarantee of one-half of the principal amount of Chery’s guarantee of Qoros’ RMB700 million facility, and interest and fees, if applicable.

F-45

Note 9 – Investment in Associated Companies (Cont’d)

On December 25, 2016. Kenon agreed to provide a RMB250 million (approximately $36 million) shareholder loan to Qoros, and in relation to this loan, the maximum amount of Kenon’s back-to-back guarantee obligations to Chery was reduced by RMB250 million (approximately $40 million). As part of the loan to Qoros, Kenon’s back-to-back guarantee obligations to Chery with respect to Chery’s guarantee of Qoros’ RMB3 billion loan facility with the Export-Import Bank of China (“EXIM Bank”) were reduced by one third, and the maximum amount of Kenon’s obligations under this back-to-back guarantee (subject to certain obligations to negotiate fees and interest) were reduced from RMB750 million to RMB500 million (approximately $72 million). In addition, Ansonia committed to fund RMB25 million (approximately $4 million) of Kenon’s remaining back-to-back guarantee obligations to Chery in certain circumstances (“Ansonia Commitment”).

Chery agreed to make a corresponding RMB250 million (approximately $40 million) loan to Qoros.

As part of this transaction, Quantum pledged approximately 9% of the outstanding shares of Qoros to Chery to secure the amount of the back-to-back guarantee reduction. Chery may also borrow from Quantum up to 5% of Qoros’ outstanding equity to meet its pledge obligations under the Qoros RMB 1.2 billion loan facility with EXIM Bank.

In order to facilitate Kenon’s above mentioned reduction in Kenon’s back-to-back guarantee obligations to Chery, an affiliate of Kenon’s major shareholder gave certain undertakings to Chery with respect to the released guarantee obligations.

On March 10, 2017, Kenon announced that it had agreed to fund up to RMB777 million (approximately $114 million) to Qoros in relation to the full release of its remaining RMB825 million (approximately $125 million) back-to-back guarantee obligations to Chery in two tranches, which released Kenon from commitments to pay any related interest and fees to Chery under the guarantees.

On March 10, 2017, Kenon transferred RMB388.5 million (approximately $57 million) ("First Tranche Loans") to Qoros in relation to a reduction of RMB425 million (approximately $64 million) of Kenon's back-to-back guarantee obligations to Chery, including related interest and fees; the provision of the Second Tranche Loans was at Kenon's discretion.

As part of the First Tranche Loans, in relation to 50% reduction of the guarantee, Kenon funded 50% of such loans for Kenon and 50% on behalf of Chery. The proceeds of the First Tranche Loans were used to support Qoros' ordinary course working capital requirements, debt service requirements and investments in new initiatives, such as new-energy vehicles. The transactions enabled Kenon to support Qoros and its fundraising efforts, while reducing its back-to-back guarantee obligations to Chery.

On April 25, 2017, Kenon funded RMB100 million (approximately $16 million) as part of the remaining provision of RMB388.5 million to Qoros (the “Second Tranche Loans”) on similar terms in connection with the remaining RMB425 million reduction in its back-to-back guarantees.

To the extent that Chery's obligations under its guarantees are reduced, Kenon is entitled to the proportionate return from Chery of the loans provided on Chery's behalf (i.e., up to RMB388.5 million (approximately $57 million) with respect to the First Tranche Loans and the Second Tranche Loans) and the release of the pledges described above.

Following completion of the transaction with the New Qoros Investor in 2018, the New Qoros Investor was required to assume its pro rata share of guarantees and equity pledges of Kenon and Chery based on the changes to its equity ownership. As a result, Chery returned approximately RMB119 million (approximately $18 million) to Kenon in relation to loans previously provided by Kenon on Chery’s behalf (see above).

Since December 2018, all provisions related to financial guarantees have been released. This was a result of Kenon’s assessment that, following the 2019 Transaction, that the likelihood of future cash payments in relation to the guarantees was not probable.

F-46

Note 9 – Investment in Associated Companies (Cont’d)

Set forth below is an overview of the movements in provision for financial guarantees provided by Kenon as described above:

Date	Description	Amount ($ million)
June 2016	Provision in respect of Kenon’s “back-to-back” guarantee obligations to Chery (See Note 9.B.b.4.e)	160
December 2016	Shareholder loan to Qoros (See Note 9.B.b.4.f)	(36)
March 2017	Transfer of First Tranche Loans (See Note 9.B.b.4.g)	(64)
April 2017	Transfer of Second Tranche Loans (See Note 9.B.b.4.g)	(16)
January 2018	Release of remaining financial guarantees (See Note 9.B.b.4.g)	(44)
December 2018	Year end balance	-

As at December 31, 2020, Quantum has pledged approximately 11% of the equity of Qoros in relation to Qoros’ RMB1.2 billion loan facility. Following completion of the sale, in July 2020 the New Qoros Investor provided a counter guarantee to Kenon in respect of the New Qoros Investor’s share of bank guarantee obligations in relation to Qoros’ RMB1.2 billion loan facility, and Kenon’s back-to-back guarantee obligations to Chery were reduced to approximately $23 million.

h. As described above, in connection with the previous reductions in Kenon’s back-to-back guarantee obligations to Chery, Kenon provided cash collateral to Chery and the relevant agreements provide that Kenon is entitled to a proportionate return of this cash collateral to the extent that Chery's guarantee obligations are reduced. Kenon therefore received aggregate cash payments of $17 million from Chery in December 2019 and April 2020 following repayments on Qoros' bank loans and corresponding reductions of Chery’s obligations under its guarantees, bringing the total cash received from Chery to RMB244 million (approximately $36 million) in connection with these repayments.

i. Qoros’ debt-to-asset ratio is currently higher, and its current ratio is lower, than the allowable ratios set forth in the terms of its syndicated credit facility, and in 2016, the lenders under this credit facility waived compliance with the financial covenants through the first half of 2020. The waiver has not been extended and Qoros’ debt-to-asset ratio continues to exceed, and its current ratio continues to be less than, the permitted ratios. Qoros’ syndicated lenders have not revised such covenants and could accelerate the repayment of borrowings due under Qoros’ RMB3 billion syndicated credit facility. Such a default results in a cross default, and enabling the lenders to require immediate payment under, Qoros’ RMB 1.2 billion and RMB 700 million facilities.

F-47

Note 9 – Investment in Associated Companies (Cont’d)

Restrictions

Qoros

Qoros has restrictions with respect to distribution of dividends and sale of assets deriving from legal and regulatory restrictions, restrictions under the joint venture agreement and the Articles of Association and restrictions stemming from credit received.

ZIM

The holders of ordinary shares of ZIM are entitled to receive dividends when declared and are entitled to one vote per share at meetings of ZIM. All shares rank equally with regard to the ZIM's residual assets, except as disclosed below.

In the framework of the process of privatizing ZIM, all the State of Israel’s holdings in ZIM (about 48.6%) were acquired by IC pursuant to an agreement from February 5, 2004. As part of the process, ZIM allotted to the State of Israel a special State share so that it could protect the vital interests of the State.

On July 14, 2014 the State of Israel and ZIM reached a settlement agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) that was validated as a judgment by the Supreme Court. The Settlement Agreement provides, inter alia, the following arrangement shall apply: the State’s consent is required to any transfer of the shares in ZIM which confers on the holder a holding of 35% and more of the ZIM’s share capital. In addition, any transfer of shares which confers on the holders a holding exceeding 24% but not exceeding 35%, shall require prior notice to the State. To the extent the State determines that the transfer involves a potential damage to the State’s security or any of its vital interests or if the State did not receive the relevant information in order to formulate a decision regarding the transfer, the State shall be entitled to inform, within 30 days, that it objects to the transfer, and it will be required to reason its objection. In such an event, the transferor shall be entitled to approach a competent court on this matter.

Kenon’s ownership of ZIM shares is subject to the terms and conditions of the Special State Share, which restricts Kenon’s ability to transfer its equity interest in ZIM to third parties. The terms of the State of Israel’s consent of Kenon’s and Idan Ofer’s status, individually and collectively, as a “Permitted Holder” of ZIM’s shares, stipulates, among other things, that Kenon’s transfer of the means of control of ZIM is limited if the recipient is required to obtain the State of Israel’s consent, or is required to notify the State of Israel of its holding of ZIM shares pursuant to the terms of the Special State Share, unless such consent was obtained by the recipient or the State of Israel did not object to the notice provided by the recipient. In addition, the terms of the consent provide that, if Idan Ofer’s ownership interest in Kenon is less than 36% or Idan Ofer ceases to be the controlling shareholder, or sole controlling shareholder of Kenon, then Kenon’s rights with respect to its shares in ZIM will be limited to the rights applicable to an ownership of 24% of ZIM, until or unless the State of Israel provides its consent, or does not object to, this decrease in Idan Ofer’s ownership or control. Therefore, if Mr. Ofer sells a portion of his interest in Kenon and owns less than 36% of Kenon, or ceases to be Kenon’s controlling shareholder, then Kenon’s right to vote and receive dividends in respect of its ZIM shares, for example, will be limited to those available to a holder of 24% of ZIM’s shares (even if Kenon holds a greater percentage of ZIM’s shares). “Control”, for the purposes of this consent, is as defined in the State of Israel’s consent, with respect to certain provisions. Additionally, the State of Israel may revoke Kenon’s permit if there is a material change in the facts upon which the State of Israel’s consent was based, or upon a breach of the provisions of the Special State Share by Kenon, Mr. Ofer, or ZIM.

The Special State Share is non-transferable. Except for the rights attached to the said share, it does not confer upon its holder voting rights or any share capital related rights.

In December 2020, ZIM filed a registration statement with the US Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with a proposed initial public offering of its shares. Kenon did not participate in the proposed offering, and agreed to a customary 180-day lock-up period commencing January 27, 2021, during which it will not sell or distribute its ZIM shares. Subsequent to year end, in January 2021, ZIM was successful in the initial public offering of its shares. Refer to Note 31.3.A for further details.

F-48

Note 10 – Subsidiaries

Investments

O.P.C. Energy Ltd.

OPC is engaged in the area of generation and supply of electricity and energy to private customers in Israel and Israel Electric Company (“IEC”) and the System Administrator, including initiation, development, construction and operation of power plants and facilities for the generation of energy. As at December 31, 2020, OPC’s activities are carried out only in Israel. In October 2020, OPC signed an agreement to acquire the CPV Group (as defined in Note 19.B.f), which is engaged in the area of generation of electricity in the United States (including through the use of renewable energy). The transaction was completed in January 2021. Refer to Note 19.B.f for further details. OPC’s electricity generation activities and supply thereof focus on generation of electricity using conventional technology and cogeneration technology, and is in the process of constructing an open-cycle plant using conventional technology (a Peaker plant).

OPC’s activities are subject to regulation, including, among other things, the provisions of the Electricity Sector Law, 1996, and the regulations promulgated thereunder, resolutions of the Electricity Authority (“EA”), the provisions of the Law for Promotion of Competition and Reduction of Concentration, 2013, the provisions of the Economic Competition Law, 1998, and the regulations promulgated thereunder, and regulation in connection with licensing of businesses, planning and construction, and environmental quality. The EA is authorized to issue licenses under the Electricity Sector Law (licenses for facilities having a generation capacity in excess of 100 MW also require approval of the Minister of National Infrastructures, Energy and Water), supervise the license holders, determine tariffs and provide benchmarks for the level, nature and quality of the services that are required from a holder of a “Essential Service Provider” license, holder of supply license, holder of a transmission and distribution license, electricity generator and private electricity generator. Accordingly, the EA supervises both IEC and private electricity generators.

OPC’s activities are subject to seasonal fluctuations as a result of changes in the official Time of Use of Electricity Tariff (“TAOZ”), which is regulated and published by the EA. The year is broken down into 3 seasons: “summer” (July and August), “winter” (December through February), and “transition” (March through June and Sepember through November) and for each season a different tariff is set. OPC’s results are based on the generation component, which is part of the TAOZ, and as a result there is a seasonal effect.

Set forth below are details regarding OPC’s material subsidiaries:

		Ownership interest as at December 31
	Main location of company's activities	2020			2019
O.P.C. Rotem Ltd.	Israel		80	%		80	%
O.P.C. Hadera Ltd.	Israel		100	%		100	%
Tzomet Energy Ltd.	Israel		100	%		95	%
O.P.C. Sorek 2 Ltd.	Israel		100	%		100	%

F-49

Note 10 – Subsidiaries (Cont’d)

Impact of COVID-19

The COVID-19 outbreak has led to quarantines, cancellation of events and travel, businesses and school shutdowns and restrictions, supply chain interruptions and overall economic and financial market instability.

As a result of the restrictions on international travel as described above, an amendment to the construction of the Tzomet power plant agreement was signed in March 2020, and the completion of the Tzomet power plant is now expected to take place in January 2023. For further details on the amendment, refer to Note 19.B.d.

Similarly, the maintenance work on the Rotem power plant was postponed by a few months as a result of the restrictions in place. Refer to Note 19.B.a for further information.

For details regarding the impact of COVID-19 on the flow of gas from the Karish Tanin reservoir, refer to Note 19.B.e.

The continuity of the construction work on the Rotem power plant and the renovation work at the Hadera power plant could be impacted by the international travel and logistical restrictions due to COVID-19. As at year end, the operations of OPC’s active power plants have continued as they are considered “essential enterprises”, hence, COVID-19 had not had a significant impact on OPC’s results and activities.

O.P.C Rotem Ltd. (“OPC Rotem”)

OPC Rotem operates the Rotem Power Plant located in the Rotem Plain. Its operations commenced on July 6, 2013, and OPC Rotem has a license which allows it to produce and sell electricity for a period of 30 years from that date. The Rotem power plant operates using conventional technology in an integrated cycle and has generation capacity of about 466 megawatts (“MW”). The remaining 20% is held by Veridis.

O.P.C. Hadera Ltd. (“OPC Hadera”)

OPC Hadera holds a permanent electricity generation license for the Hadera Power Plant and a supply license, which have a validity of 20 years, and may be extended for an additional 10 years subject to approval. The Hadera Power Plant commenced commercial operations in July 2020, uses cogeneration technology and has an installed capacity of 144 MW. In addition, OPC Hadera owns the Energy Center (boilers and turbines on the premises of Hadera Paper Mills Ltd. (“Hadera Paper”). The Energy Center is operated as a back-up for the supply of steam.

OPC Hadera supplies all the electricity and steam needs of Hadera Paper, which is located adjacent to the Hadera Power Plant, for a period of 25 years, through the Hadera Power Plant and Energy Center, which serves as a back-up for the supply of steam. In addition, the Hadera Power Plant also supplies electricity to private customers and to IEC. During December 2020 and up to January 2021, planned replacement and renovation work was performed in connection with certain components in the gas and steam turbines. Further work is expected to be performed in 2021. During performance of said work, the power plant was and will be operated in a partial manner for a cumulative period of about four months.

F-50

Note 10 – Subsidiaries (Cont’d)

Tzomet Energy Ltd. (“OPC Tzomet”)

OPC Tzomet is in the construction stages of a power plant powered by natural gas using open-cycle conventional technology (a peaker plant) with a capacity of about 396 MW (“Tzomet power plant”). The Tzomet power plant is located near the Plugot Intersection, in the area of Kiryat Gat. As at year end, the investment in the Tzomet power plant amounts to about NIS 694 million (approximately $216 million).

Acquisition of OPC Tzomet

In March 2018, OPC completed the acquisition of 95% of the shares of OPC Tzomet (hereinafter – “95% acquisition”). The total consideration was approximately $23 million, where the final payment of $16 million was made in February 2020, of which $2 million was paid to the previous owners of OPC Tzomet for loan repayment.

In January 2019, OPC signed an agreement with the private shareholders in OPC Tzomet, for which a trustee held the remaining 5% of OPC Tzomet’s share capital (hereinafter – “the Sellers”), whereby the Sellers sold their shares in OPC Tzomet to OPC. The aggregate consideration paid by OPC was approximately $8 million.

OPC Tzomet’s assets are included within OPC’s property, plant and equipment as it is an asset acquisition.

Tariff approval

In April 2019, OPC Tzomet received a conditional license for construction of the Tzomet power plant. The conditional license entered into effect on April 11, 2019 (the date it was signed by the Israeli Minister of Energy), and is conditional on compliance with milestones provided in the license, including reaching commercial operation within 66 months, as well as additional conditions that are customary in licenses of this type.

Peaker power plants receive payment for availability and reimbursement of expenses in respect of electricity generated in accordance with the tariffs provided by the EA. Subject to completion of the construction of the Tzomet Power Plant and receipt of a permanent generation license, all of the plant’s capacity will be allotted to the System Administrator in the framework of a fixed availability arrangement and OPC Tzomet will not be permitted to sign agreements for sale of electricity with private customers.

In December 2019, OPC Tzomet received tariff approval from the EA for the power plant. Under the tariff approval, the commercial operation date is expected to be 36 months from the completion of financial closing as described above. Subject to completion of the power plant and receipt of a permanent generation license, OPC Tzomet will be entitled to tariffs in respect of sale of availability and energy to the System Administrator for a period of twelve months commencing from the date of receipt of the permanent generation license. It is noted that the connection study OPC Tzomet received included approval of a reduced availability tariff in 2023, pursuant to the decision of the EA.

F-51

Note 10 – Subsidiaries (Cont’d)

Petition filed in the Supreme Court sitting as the High Court of Justice

For details regarding a petition filed in the Supreme Court sitting as the High Court of Justice in connection with the Tzomet project, please refer to Note 19.A.d.

Lease of OPC Tzomet land

In January 2020, Israel Lands Authority (“ILA”) approved allotment of an area measuring about 85 dunams for the construction of the Tzomet Power Plant (hereinafter in this Section – the “Land”). ILA signed a development agreement with Kibbutz Netiv Halamed Heh (hereinafter – the “Kibbutz”) in connection with the Land, which is valid up to November 5, 2024 (hereinafter – the “Development Agreement”), which after fulfillment of its conditions a lease agreement will be signed for a period of 24 years and 11 months from approval of the transaction, i.e. up to November 4, 2044. In addition, in January 2020, the option agreement signed by OPC Tzomet and the Kibbutz for lease of the Land expired, and as part of its cancellation the parties signed an agreement of principles for establishment of a joint company (Tzomet Netiv Limited Partnership) that will own the rights in the Land upon receipt of approval of ILA for this purpose (hereinafter – the “Joint Company”). In May 2020, the transfer of rights to the Joint Company was completed. The Joint Company was established as a limited partnership, where the composition is as follows i) General Partner of the Tzomet Netiv Limited Partnership holds 1%, in which the Kibbutz and OPC Tzomet hold 26% and 74% respectively, ii) Limited partners hold 99%, where the Kibbutz (26%) and OPC Tzomet (73%) hold rights as limited partners.

As part of the agreement of principles for establishment of the Joint Company, it was provided that the Kibbutz will sell to the Joint Company its rights in the Land, under which a Development Agreement with ILA was signed and paid for an aggregate amount of NIS 30 million (approximately $9 million) (“the Agreement of Principles for Establishment of the Joint Company”). In the Agreement of Principles for Establishment of the Joint Company it was clarified that the Kibbutz acted as a trustee of the Joint Company when it signed the Development Agreement with ILA, and acted as an agent of the Joint Company when it signed the financial specification where the capitalization fees for the Land was approximately NIS 207 million (approximately $60 million) (as detailed below). In February 2020, an updated lease agreement was also signed whereby the Joint Company, as the owner of the Land, will lease the Land to OPC Tzomet, for the benefit of the project.

In January 2020, a financial specification was received from ILA in respect of the capitalization fees, whereby value of the Land (not including development expenses) of about NIS 207 million (approximately $60 million) (not including VAT) was set (hereinafter – “the Initial Assessment”). The Initial Assessment was subject to control procedures. OPC Tzomet, on behalf of the Joint Company, arranged payment of the Initial Assessment in January 2020 at the rate of 75% of amount of the Initial Assessment and provided through OPC, the balance, at the rate of 25% as a bank guarantee in favor of ILA. Subsequent to year end, in January 2021, a final assessment was received from ILA where the value of the usage fees in the land for a period of 25 years, to construct a power plant with a capacity of 396 megawatts was NIS 200 million (approximately $62 million) (the “Final Assessment”). In February 2021, the Joint Company submitted a legal appeal on the amount of the Final Assessment, and it also intends to submit an appraiser’s appeal in accordance with ILA’s procedures. In March 2021, a reimbursement of NIS 7 million (approximately $2 million), which included linkage differences and interest in respect of the difference between capitalized fees paid and the Final Assessment amount, was received. In addition, the bank guarantee was also reduced by the amount of 25% of said difference.

As at December 31, 2020, the amounts paid in respect of the land was classified in the consolidated statement of financial position under “Right‑of‑use assets, net”. The unpaid balance of the Initial Asssesment of approximately NIS 44 million (approximately $14 million) was classified in the consolidated statement of financial position as at December 31, 2020 as current maturities of lease liabilities.

F-52

Note 10 – Subsidiaries (Cont’d)

OPC Sorek 2 Ltd. (“OPC Sorek 2”)

In May 2020, OPC Sorek 2 signed an agreement with SMS IDE Ltd., which won a tender of the State of Israel for construction, operation, maintenance and transfer of a seawater desalination facility on the “Sorek B” site (the “Sorek B Desalination Facility”), where OPC Sorek 2 will construct, operate and maintain an energy generation facility (“Sorek B Generation Facility) with a generation capacity of up to 99 MW on the premises of the Sorek 2 Desalination Facility, and will supply the energy required for the Sorek B Desalination Facility for a period of 25 years after the operation date of the Sorek B Desalination Facility. At the end of the aforesaid period, ownership of the Sorek B Generation Facility will be transferred to the State of Israel.

Establishment of the Sorek B Generation Facility is contingent on, among other things, completion of the planning and/or licensing processes and receipt of approval with respect to the ability to output electricity from the site, which as at the submission date of the report had not yet been received. In OPC’s estimation, the construction of the Sorek B Generation Facility is expected to end in the second half of 2023, and the total cost of the project is expected to be approximately NIS 200 million (approximately $62 million).

Setting of tariffs by the EA

In January 2018, the EA published a resolution which took effect on January 15, 2018, regarding update of the tariffs for 2018, whereby the rate of the generation component was raised by 6.7% from NIS 264 per MWh to NIS 281.6 per MWh.

In December 2018, the EA published a decision that entered into effect on January 1, 2019, regarding update of the tariffs for 2019, whereby the rate of the generation component was raised by 3.3% from NIS 281.6 per MWh to NIS 290.9 per MWh.

In December 2019, the EA published a decision that entered into effect on January 1, 2020, regarding update of the tariffs for 2020, whereby the rate of the generation component was reduced by 8% from NIS 290.9 per MWh to NIS 267.8 per MWh.

In December 2020, the EA published a decision that entered into effect on January 1, 2021, regarding update of the tariffs for 2021, whereby the rate of the generation component was reduced by 5.7% from NIS 267.8 per MWh to NIS 252.6 per MWh. A decrease in the generation component is expected to have a negative impact on OPC’s profits in 2021 compared to 2020.

Dividend

In 2018, OPC Rotem distributed dividends, and OPC’s share of the dividends was NIS 116 million (approximately $32 million).

In 2019, OPC Rotem distributed divdends, and OPC’s share of the dividends was NIS 190 million (approximately $54 million). In the same year, OPC distributed dividends on aggregate of approximately NIS 236 million (approximately $92 million), and Kenon’s share of the dividends were approximately $48 million.

In February 2020, OPC Rotem distributed dividends and OPC’s share of the dividend was NIS 170 million (approximately $50 million).

F-53

Note 10 – Subsidiaries (Cont’d)

Issuance of new shares by OPC

In June 2019, OPC issued 5,179,147 new ordinary shares at a price of NIS 23.17 per share to three external institutional entities. Total cash consideration of approximately NIS 120 million (approximately $33 million) was received. As a result of the share issuance, Kenon registered a decrease of 3% in equity interests of OPC from 76% to 73%. Accordingly, the Group recognised $14 million in non-controlling interests and $19 million in accumulated profits arising from changes in the Group’s proportionate share of OPC.

In September 2019, OPC issued 5,849,093 new ordinary shares at a price of NIS 26.5 per share to four external institutional entities. Total cash consideration of approximately NIS 155 million (approximately $44 million) was received. As a result of the share issuance, Kenon registered a decrease of 3% in equity interests of OPC from 73% to 70%. Accordingly, in 2019 the Group recognised $20 million in non-controlling interests and $24 million in accumulated profits arising from changes in the Group’s proportionate share of OPC.

In October 2020, OPC published a shelf offer report for issuance of ordinary shares of NIS 0.01 par value each to the public through a uniform offer with a range of quantities by means of a tender on the price per unit and the quantity. Kenon submitted bids for participation in the tender at prices not less than the uniform price determined in the tender, and as part of the issuance it was issued 10,700,200 shares for a consideration of approximately $101 million. A total of 23,022,100 shares were issued to the public. The gross proceeds from the issuance amount to approximately NIS 737 million (approximately $217 million) and the issuance expenses amounted to approximately NIS 5 million (approximately $1 million).

In addition, in October 2020, OPC completed a private offer of 11,713,521 ordinary shares to institutional entities from the Clal group and Phoenix group. The price per ordinary share with respect to each of the offerees was NIS 29.88, which was determined through negotiations between the offerees. The gross proceeds from the issuance amount to approximately NIS 350 million (approximately $103 million) and the issuance expenses amount to approximately NIS 5 million (approximately $1 million).

Following completion of the above share issuances, as at year end Kenon registered a decrease of 8% in equity interest in OPC from 70% to 62%. Accordingly, in 2020 the Group recognised $136 million in non-controlling interests and $182 million in accumulated profits arising from changes in the Group’s proportionate share of OPC. Subsequent to year end, OPC issued additional shares. Refer to Note 31.2.A for further details.

IC Green Energy Ltd (“IC Green”)

In 2020, IC Green acquired the remaining interests of ICG Energy, Inc (“ICGE”) (formerly known as Primus Green Energy Inc.), and as at year end, held 100% interest in ICGE (2019: 90.85%). In August 2020, ICGE sold substantially all of its assets to a third party, Bluescape Clean Fuels LLC for $1.6 million. Subsequent to year end, in January 2021, IC Green transferred its interest in ICGE to OPC at zero consideration.

F-54

Note 10 – Subsidiaries (Cont’d)

The following table summarizes the information relating to the Group’s subsidiary in 2020, 2019 and 2018 that has material NCI:

	As at and for the year ended December 31,
	2020			2019			2018
	OPC Energy Ltd.			OPC Energy Ltd.			OPC Energy Ltd.
	$ Thousands
NCI percentage *		39.09	%		35.31	%		32.23	%
Current assets		693,913			204,128			184,211
Non-current assets		1,040,400			807,133			720,469
Current liabilities		(221,975	)		(100,313	)		(77,792	)
Non-current liabilities		(980,028	)		(663,328	)		(624,570	)
Net assets		532,310			247,620			202,318
Carrying amount of NCI		208,080			87,435			65,215

Revenue		385,625			373,142			363,262
(Loss)/profit after tax		(12,583	)		34,366			26,266
Other comprehensive (loss)/income		(2,979	)		15,569			(14,280	)
(Loss)/profit attributable to NCI		(2,567	)		16,433			11,396
OCI attributable to NCI		(616	)		4,353			(4,554	)
Cash flows from operating activities		104,898			109,254			85,581
Cash flows from investing activities		(643,942	)		(41,123	)		(102,080	)
Cash flows from financing activites excluding dividends paid to NCI		489,919			(40,539	)		(34,474	)
Dividends paid to NCI		(12,412	)		(13,501	)		-
Effect of changes in the exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents		12,566			9,202			(7,570	)
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents		(48,971	)		23,293			(58,543	)

* The NCI percentage represents the effective NCI of the Group.

F-55

Note 11 – Long-Term Prepaid Expenses

	As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands
Deferred expenses, net (1)		26,776		22,600
Contract costs		5,036		4,721
Others		12,837		2,864
		44,649		30,185

(1)

Relates to deferred expenses, net for OPC’s connection fees to the gas transmission network and the electricity grid.

Note 12 – Other Non-Current assets

	As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands
Qoros put option (1)		-		55,575
Others		-		2,142
		-		57,717

(1)

Refer to Note 9.B.b.2.

Note 13 – Deferred Payment Receivable

	As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands
Deferred payment receivable		-		204,299

As part of the sale of IC Power’s Latin America businesses in December 2017, proceeds from ISQ include a four-year deferred payment obligation accruing 8% interest per annum, payable-in-kind. In October 2020, Kenon received payment in full of approximately $218 million (approximately $188 million net of taxes).

F-56

Note 14 – Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

A.	Composition

	As at December 31, 2020
	Balance at beginning of year		Additions*		Disposals			Reclassification			Differences in translation reserves			Balance at end of year
	$ Thousands
Cost
Roads, buildings and leasehold improvements		41,952		193		-			26,000			4,077			72,222
Facilities, machinery and equipment		499,948		4,902		(4,170	)		208,931			54,217			763,828
Computers		654		179		(63	)		-			(7	)		763
Office furniture and equipment		1,047		60		(6	)		-			31			1,132
Assets under construction		239,934		113,434		-			(234,931	)		8,679			127,116
Other		36,255		16,309		(9,565	)		-			841			43,840
		819,790		135,077		(13,804	)		-			67,838			1,008,901

Accumulated depreciation
Roads, buildings and leasehold improvements		9,883		2,114		-			-			802			12,799
Facilities, machinery and equipment		140,626		29,341		(4,170	)		-			9,836			175,633
Computers		410		140		(63	)		-			24			511
Office furniture and equipment		722		29		(6	)		-			12			757
Other		507		95		-			-			38			640
		152,148		31,719		(4,239	)		-			10,712			190,340

Balance as at December 31, 2020		667,642		103,358		(9,565	)		-			57,126			818,561

*	Additions in respect of assets under construction are presented net of agreed compensation from the construction contractor. Refer to Note 19.B.b for further details.

F-57

Note 14 – Property, Plant and Equipment, Net (Cont’d)

	As at December 31, 2019
	Balance at beginning of year		Additions*			Disposals			Reclassification**			Differences in translation reserves		Balance at end of year
	$ Thousands
Cost
Roads, buildings and leasehold improvements		43,261		199			-			(4,679	)		3,171		41,952
Facilities, machinery and equipment		465,627		1,428			(296	)		(7,130	)		40,319		499,948
Computers		491		145			(23	)		-			41		654
Office furniture and equipment		1,026		14			(21	)		-			28		1,047
Assets under construction		207,017		14,874			-			-			18,043		239,934
Other		30,701		13,041			(9,999	)		-			2,512		36,255
		748,123		29,701			(10,339	)		(11,809	)		64,114		819,790

Accumulated depreciation
Roads, buildings and leasehold improvements		8,059		1,544			-			(277	)		557		9,883
Facilities, machinery and equipment		103,570		28,903			(319	)		(264	)		8,736		140,626
Computers		310		108			(23	)		-			15		410
Office furniture and equipment		691		44			(22	)		-			9		722
Other		405		107			(38	)		-			33		507
		113,035		30,706			(402	)		(541	)		9,350		152,148

Balance as at December 31, 2019		635,088		(1,005	)		(9,937	)		(11,268	)		54,764		667,642

*	Additions in respect of assets under construction are presented net of agreed compensation from the construction contractor. Refer to Note 19.B.b for further details.

**	Reclassified to Right-of-use assets after initial application of IFRS 16. Refer to Note 18 Right-of-use assets.

Net carrying values

	As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands
Roads, buildings and leasehold improvements		59,423		32,069
Facilities, machinery and equipment		588,195		359,322
Computers		252		244
Office furniture and equipment		375		325
Assets under construction		127,116		239,934
Other		43,200		35,748
		818,561		667,642

F-58

Note 14 – Property, Plant and Equipment, Net (Cont’d)

When there is any indication of impairment, the Group’s entities perform impairment tests for their long-lived assets using fair values less cost to sell based on independent appraisals or value in use estimations, with assumptions based on past experience and current sector forecasts, described below:

•

Discount rate is a post-tax measure based on the characteristics of each CGU.

•

Cash flow projections include specific estimates for around five years and a terminal growth rate thereafter. The terminal growth rate is determined based on management’s estimate of long-term inflation.

•

Existing power purchase agreements (PPAs) signed and existing number of customers.

•

The production mix of each country was determined using specifically-developed internal forecast models that consider factors such as prices and availability of commodities, forecast demand of electricity, planned construction or the commissioning of new capacity in the country’s various technologies.

•

The distribution business profits were determined using specifically-developed internal forecast models that consider factors such as forecasted demand, fuel prices, energy purchases, collection rates, percentage of losses, quality service improvement, among others.

•

Fuel prices have been calculated based on existing supply contracts and on estimated future prices including a price differential adjustment specific to every product according to local characteristics.

•

Assumptions for energy sale and purchase prices and output of generation facilities are made based on complex specifically-developed internal forecast models for each country.

•

Demand – Demand forecast has taken into consideration the most probably economic performance as well as growth forecasts of different sources.

•

Technical performance – The forecast takes into consideration that the power plants have an appropriate preventive maintenance that permits their proper functioning and the distribution businesss has the required capital expenditure to expand and perform properly in order to reach the targeted quality levels.

The amount of borrowing costs capitalized in 2020 was approximately $9 million (2019: $12 million).

Fixed assets purchased on credit in 2020 was approximately $32 million (2019: $11 million).

The composition of depreciation expenses from continuing operations is as follows:

	As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands
Depreciation included in gross profit		33,135		31,141
Depreciation charged to selling, general and administrative expenses		787		766
		33,922		31,907

Amortization of intangibles charged to selling, general and administrative expenses		249		185
Depreciation and amortization from continuing operations		34,171		32,092

Change in estimates of useful life

In 2019, OPC updated the estimate of the balance of the useful life of the various components in the Rotem Power Plant as at October 1, 2019, from a period of 19 years to 24 years. The impact of the change is as follows:

	2019			2020			2021			2022			2023			2024 and after
	$ Thousands

(Decrease)/increase in depreciation		(956	)		(3,753	)		(3,753	)		(3,753	)		(3,753	)		16,005

F-59

Note 15 – Intangible Assets, Net

Composition:

	Goodwill		Software			Others		Total
	$ Thousands
Cost
Balance as at January 1, 2020		21,586		1,560			294		23,440
Acquisitions – self development		-		368			-		368
Disposals		-		(3	)		-		(3	)
Translation differences		10		114			39		163
		21,596		2,039			333		23,968

Amortization
Balance as at January 1, 2020		21,455		686			66		22,207
Amortization for the year		-		219			30		249
Disposals		-		(3	)		-		(3	)
Translation differences		-		55			8		63
Balance as at December 31, 2020		21,455		957			104		22,516

Carrying value
As at January 1, 2020		131		874			228		1,233
As at December 31, 2020		141		1,082			229		1,452

	Goodwill			Software			Others			Total
	$ Thousands
Cost
Balance as at January 1, 2019		21,880			1,248			454			23,582
Acquisitions – self development		-			273			-			273
Disposals		(319	)		(45	)		(210	)		(574	)
Translation differences		25			84			50			159
		21,586			1,560			294			23,440

Amortization
Balance as at January 1, 2019		21,545			524			207			22,276
Amortization for the year		-			170			15			185
Disposals		(95	)		(45	)		(168	)		(308	)
Translation differences		5			37			12			54
Balance as at December 31, 2019		21,455			686			66			22,207

Carrying value
As at January 1, 2019		335			724			247			1,306
As at December 31, 2019		131			874			228			1,233

F-60

Note 15 – Intangible Assets, Net (Cont’d)

The total carrying amounts of intangible assets with a finite useful life and with an indefinite useful life or not yet available for use

	As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands
Intangible assets with a finite useful life		1,311		1,102
Intangible assets with an indefinite useful life or not yet available for use		141		131
		1,452		1,233

Note 16 – Loans and Debentures

Following are the contractual conditions of the Group’s interest-bearing loans and credit, which are measured based on amortized cost. Additional information regarding the Group’s exposure to interest risks, foreign currency and liquidity risk is provided in Note 30, in connection with financial instruments.

	As at December 31
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands
Current liabilities
Current maturities of long-term liabilities:
Loans from banks and others		39,702		36,630
Non-convertible debentures		6,769		8,841
Others		-		134
		46,471		45,605

Non-current liabilities
Loans from banks and others		575,688		503,647
Non-convertible debentures		296,146		73,006
		871,834		576,653

Total		918,305		622,258

F-61

Note 16 – Loans and Debentures (Cont’d)

A.1 Classification based on currencies and interest rates

	Weighted-average interest rate December 31		As at December 31,
	2020		2020		2019
	%		$ Thousands

Debentures
In shekels		4.45%		302,915		81,847

Loans from banks and others
In shekels		4.70%		615,390		540,411

				918,305		622,258

As at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, all loans and debentures relate to liabilities incurred by OPC and its subsidiaries.

A.2 Reconciliation of movements of liabilities to cash flows arising from financing activities

	Financial liabilities (including interest payable)
	Loans and credit			Debentures			Lease liabilities			Interest SWAP contracts designated for hedging			Total
	$ Thousands

Balance as at January 1, 2020		540,720			81,847			5,385			4,225			632,177
Changes as a result of cash flows from financing activities
Payment in respect of derivative financial instruments		-			-			-			(6,105	)		(6,105	)
Proceeds from issuance of debentures less issuance expenses		-			280,874			-			-			280,874
Receipt of long-term loans from banks		73,236			-			-			-			73,236
Repayment of loans and debentures		(39,067	)		(84,487	)		-			-			(123,554	)
Interest paid		(21,210	)		(3,630	)		(149	)		-			(24,989	)
Payment of principal of lease liabilities		-			-			(551	)		-			(551	)
Costs paid in advance in respect of taking out loans		(8,556	)		-			-			-			(8,556	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities		4,403			192,757			(700	)		(6,105	)		190,355

Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates		42,607			23,795			1,581			749			68,732
Changes in fair value		-			-			-			12,145			12,145
Interest in the period		21,301			5,473			292			-			27,066
Other changes and additions during the year		6,811			829			12,047			-			19,687
Balance as at December 31, 2020		615,842			304,701			18,605			11,014			950,162

F-62

Note 16 – Loans and Debentures (Cont’d)

	Financial liabilities (including interest payable)
	Loans and credit			Debentures			Lease liabilities			Interest SWAP contracts designated for hedging			Total
	$ Thousands

Balance as at January 1, 2019		508,514			78,408			5,282			-			592,204
Changes as a result of cash flows from financing activities
Payment in respect of derivative financial instruments		-			-			-			(3,257	)		(3,257	)
Repayment of loans and debentures		(19,377	)		(3,256	)		-			-			(22,633	)
Interest paid		(17,620	)		(3,717	)		(77	)		-			(21,414	)
Payment of principal of lease liabilities		-			-			(618	)		-			(618	)
Costs paid in advance in respect of taking out loans		(1,833	)		-			-			-			(1,833	)
Total changes from financing cash flows		(38,830	)		(6,973	)		(695	)		(3,257	)		(49,755	)

Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates		43,109			6,608			608			196			50,521
Changes in fair value		-			-			-			7,286			7,286
Interest in the period		27,466			3,804			108			-			31,378
Other changes and additions during the year		461			-			82			-			543
Balance as at December 31, 2019		540,720			81,847			5,385			4,225			632,177

Long term loans from banks and others

OPC Rotem

OPC Rotem’s financing agreement

The power plant project of OPC Rotem was financed by the project financing method (hereinafter – “Rotem’s Financing Agreement”). Rotem’s Financing Agreement was signed with a consortium of lenders led by Bank Leumi Le-Israel Ltd. (hereinafter respectively – “Rotem’s Lenders” and “Bank Leumi”). Pursuant to Rotem’s Financing Agreement, liens were placed on OPC Rotem’s existing and future assets and rights in favor of Harmetik Trust Services (1939) Ltd., (hereinafter – “Harmetik”) formerly, The Trust Company of Bank Leumi Ltd., as well as on most of OPC Rotem’s bank accounts and on OPC’s holdings in OPC Rotem.

The loans (which are linked to the CPI) bear fixed interest rates between 4.9% and 5.4% and are being repaid on a quarterly basis up to 2031, commencing from the fourth quarter of 2013. Rotem’s Financing Agreement also provides certain restrictions with respect to distribution of a dividend.

Pursuant to Rotem’s Financing Agreement, OPC Rotem is required to keep a Debt Service Reserve during the two-year period following completion of the power plant. The amount of Debt Service Reserve will be equivalent to the following two quarterly debt payments. As at December 31, 2020 and 2019, the amount of the Debt Service Reserve is approximately NIS 74 million (approximately $23 million) and approximately NIS76 million (approximately $22 million) respectively.

F-63

Note 16 – Loans and Debentures (Cont’d)

OPC Rotem has credit facilities from Bank Leumi of amount NIS 21 million (approximately $7 million), which were provided for OPC Rotem’s working capital needs and for provision of bank guarantees. As at December 31, 2020, OPC Rotem had utilized NIS 8 million (approximately $2 million) of said facilities for purposes of bank guarantees and collaterals for forward contracts.

Under an amendment to OPC Rotem’s Financing Agreement that was signed in December 2017, OPC Rotem committed to hold a fund of amount NIS 58 million (approximately $16 million), linked to the CPI (hereinafter - the “Owner’s Guarantee Fund”). As at December 31, 2019, OPC Rotem completed accruing the Owner’s Guarantee Fund, and in February 2020, part of the corporate guarantees provided by OPC and Veridis of approximately NIS 46 million (approximately $13 million) and NIS 12 million (approximately $3 million) were cancelled. These were replaced by bank guarantees from OPC and Veridis of the same amounts in September 2020.

In addition to the bank guarantees described above, corporate guarantees were provided by OPC and Veridis of approximately NIS 12 million (approximately $4 million) and NIS 3 million (approximately $1 million) respectively.

As at December 31, 2020, OPC Rotem and OPC were in compliance with all the covenants in accordance with Rotem’s Financing Agreement.

C.	OPC Hadera

Hadera’s financing agreement

In July 2016, Hadera entered into a financing agreement for the senior debt (hereinafter – “the Hadera Financing Agreement”) with a consortium of lenders (hereinafter – “Hadera’s Lenders”), headed by Israel Discount Bank Ltd. (hereinafter – “Bank Discount”) and Harel Insurance Company Ltd. (hereinafter – “Harel”) to finance the construction of the Hadera Power Plant, whereby the lenders undertook to provide Hadera credit frameworks, mostly linked to the CPI, in the amount of NIS 1,006 million (approximately $290 million) in several facilities (some of which are alternates): (1) a long‑term credit facility (including a framework for changes in construction and related costs); (2) a working capital facility; (3) a debt service reserves account and a VAT facility; (4) a guarantees facility; and (5) a hedge facility.

Some of the loans in the Hadera Financing Agreement are linked to the CPI and some are unlinked. The loans are to be repaid in quarterly installments up until 2037, commencing from the first quarter of 2020.

In connection with the Hadera Financing Agreement, liens were placed in favor of Bank Discount, as a trustee for the collaterals on behalf of Hadera’s Lenders, on some of OPC Hadera’s existing and future assets, on the rights of OPC Hadera and on the holdings of OPC in OPC Hadera. Hadera’s Financing Agreement includes certain restrictions in respect of distributions and repayment of shareholders’ loans, which provide that, among other things, distributions and repayments as stated may be made at the earliest after 12 months from the commercial operation date of the Hadera Power Plant and after at least 3 debt repayments. In addition, OPC Hadera undertook, commencing from the commercial operation date, to provide a debt service reserve in an amount equal to the amount of the debt payments for two successive quarters (as at December 31, 2020 – approximately NIS 29 million (approximately $9 million)), and an owner’s guarantee fund of NIS 15 million (approximately $5 million).

In addition, in May 2020, OPC provided a bank guarantee of NIS 50 million (approximately $16 million), which was secured by a deposit in the amount of NIS 25 million (approximately $8 million). Subsequent to year end, in March 2021, the guarantee was cancelled and the deposit was released. In order to secure OPC’s liabilities under the Hadera Financing Agreement, OPC Hadera provided to Hadera’s Lender a pledged deposit (by means of a shareholders’ loan from OPC) of NIS 15 million (approximately $5 million).

Separately, in March 2021, OPC provided a parent company guarantee to Hadera’s Lenders whereby, to the extent that OPC Hadera is not able to repay the loan in the first half of 2021 according to the repayment schedule, OPC will transfer money to OPC Hadera in the cumulative amount of NIS 30 million (approximately $9 million) for purposes of the repayment.

As at December 31, 2020, Hadera withdrew a total of NIS 64 million (approximately $20 million) out of the Hadera Financing Agreement. The loans under Hadera’s financing agreement are either linked to the CPI or unlinked. The loans bear interest rates between 3.1% and 3.9% on the CPI-linked loans, and between 4.7% and 5.4% on the unlinked loans, and are repaid in quarterly installements up to 2037, commencing from the first quarter of 2020.

As at December 31, 2020, OPC Hadera and OPC were in compliance with all of the covenants pursuant to Hadera’s Financing Agreement.

F-64

Note 16 – Loans and Debentures (Cont’d)

D.	OPC Tzomet

Tzomet’s financing agreement

In December 2019, a financing agreement for the senior debt (project financing) was signed between OPC Tzomet and a syndicate of financing entities led by Bank Hapoalim Ltd. (hereinafter – “Bank Hapoalim”, and together with the other financing entities hereinafter – “Tzomet’s Lenders”), for financing construction of the Tzomet power plant (hereinafter – “Tzomet’s Financing Agreement”).

As part of Tzomet’s Financing Agreement, Tzomet’s Lenders undertook to provide OPC Tzomet a long‑term loan framework, a standby framework, a working capital framework, a debt service reserve framework, a VAT framework, a third‑party guarantees framework and a hedging framework, in the aggregate amount of NIS 1.372 billion (approximately $397 million). Part of the amounts under these frameworks will be linked to the CPI and part of the amounts will be linked to the dollar. The loans accrue interest at the rates provided in Tzomet’s Financing Agreement.

As part of Tzomet’s Financing Agreement, terms were provided with reference to conversion of interest on the long‑term loans from variable interest to CPI‑linked interest. Such a conversion will take place in three cases: (a) automatically at the end of 6 years after the signing date of Tzomet’s Financing Agreement; (b) at OPC Tzomet’s request during the first 6 years commencing from the signing date of Tzomet’s Financing Agreement; (c) at Bank Hapoalim’s request, in certain cases, during the first 6 years commencing from the signing date of Tzomet’s Financing Agreement. In addition, OPC Tzomet has the right to make early repayment of the loans within 6 years after the signing date of Tzomet’s Financing Agreement, subject to a one‑time reduced payment (and without payment of an early repayment penalty), and provided that up to the time of the early repayment, the loans were not converted into loans bearing fixed interest linked to the CPI. Tzomet’s Financing Agreement also includes certain restrictions with respect to distributions and repayment of shareholders’ loans.

As at December 31, 2020, OPC Tzomet and OPC were in compliance with all the covenants in accordance with Tzomet’s Financing Agreement. The loans are to be repaid quarterly, which will begin shortly before the end of the first or second quarter after the commencement date of the commercial operation up to the date of the final payment, which will take place on the earlier of the end of 19 years from the commencement date of the commercial operation or 23 years from the signing date of Tzomet’s Financing Agreement (however not later than December 31, 2042).

As of December 31, 2020 withdrawals totalling NIS 187 million (approximately $58 million) were made from the long-term loans framework. The loans bear annual interest at the rate of prime +0.95%.

OPC Tzomet’s equity subscription agreement

In December 2019, an equity subscription agreement (hereinafter – “Tzomet’s Equity Subscription Agreement”) was signed. As part of the said agreement, the Company undertook certain commitments to the Lenders in connection with OPC Tzomet and its activities, including investment of shareholders’ equity in OPC Tzomet of about NIS 293 million (approximately $91 million). As at December 31, 2020, OPC had invested in OPC Tzomet shareholders’ equity NIS 208 million (approximately $65 million). The balance of the shareholders’ equity is to be provided in increments, and OPC provided a bank guarantee, which as at December 31, 2020, stood at approximately NIS 85 million (approximately $26 million) (linked to the CPI) and which was secured by a deposit of NIS 43 million (approximately $13 million). Subsequent to year end, OPC provided to OPC Tzomet the remaining balance of the required shareholders’ equity and accordingly, the bank guarantee was cancelled.

F-65

Note 16 – Loans and Debentures (Cont’d)

OPC

Short-term loans

In December 2019, the Company signed a framework agreement for taking out short‑term credit with a bank, for purposes of payment of the Initial Assessment of OPC Tzomet (as stated in Note 10.A.1.c), up to the end of March 2020 (hereinafter – “the Credit Framework Agreement”). In January 2020, OPC withdrew a loan of NIS 169 million (approximately $53 million) for the purpose of payment of the Initial Assessment as described in Note 10.A.1.d. The Loan was repaid in April 2020.

In March 2020, OPC took a loan from Bank Mizrahi Tafahot Ltd. (“Bank Mizrahi”), a related party of the Group, of amount NIS 50 million (approximately $16 million). The loan bore interest at the annual rate of prime +1.25% and was repaid in May 2020.

Credit framework agreement with Harel Insurance Investments & Financial Services Ltd. (“Harel”)

In October 2020, OPC signed a loan facility agreement with Harel in an amount of NIS 400 million (approximately $124 million) (the “Loan Facility”), which may be drawn down within 24 months from the signing date of the agreement, subject to the completion of the acquisition of CPV (as described in Note 19.B.f), which completed in January 2021 (refer to Note 19.B.f for further details). OPC may draw funds under the Loan Facility on a short-term or long-term basis, for a period of up to 36 months. The long-term loans are to be repaid 36 months from the earlier of the date on which the first long-term withdrawal is made, or 24 months from the signing date of the agreement.

The Loan Facility will accrue interest at a rate of Bank of Israel base interest plus a margin between 2.55% and 2.75%, paid on a quarterly basis. The proceeds of the Loan Facility are intended to be used for (i) payment of part of the consideration for the acquisition of the CPV group, providing amounts required for the CPV group to develop its business; and/or (ii) to fund OPC’s existing operations.

Should a loan be drawn down, OPC will be subject to various financial covenants, of which non-compliance will trigger the interest rate on the loans to increase by 2%. The Loan Facility provides a number of restrictions, commitments and breach events with respect to OPC and the CPV Group. In order to secure OPC’s liabilities to Harel, a lien will be placed in favor of Harel on OPC’s direct and indirect rights (as a limited partner in the Partnership), and on certain bank accounts of OPC and the General Partner (as defined in Note 19.B.f).

On-call framework agreement with Bank Mizrahi

In November 2020, OPC signed an on-call framework agreement with Bank Mizrahi of amount NIS 75 million (approximately $23 million). The framework is valid until November 2021. The loans withdrawn will be for a period of 12 months and is subject to an annual interest rate of prime +0.9%. In addition, OPC will be subject to certain financial covenants. As at year end, the framework had not yet been used.

As at December 31, 2020, OPC was in compliance with all its financial covenants.

F-66

Note 16 – Loans and Debentures (Cont’d)

Hedge agreement

In June 2019, OPC entered into a hedge agreement with Bank Hapoalim Ltd. for hedge of 80% of the exposure to the CPI with respect to the principal of loans from financial institutions, in exchange for payment of additional interest at the annual rate of between 1.7% and 1.76% (hereinafter – “the CPI Transactions”). OPC chose to designate the CPI Transactions as an “accounting hedge”.

In 2020, due to changes in the inflationary expectations and in light of the changes in the projected interest rates, OPC recorded an increase in the liabilities as a result of revaluation of the financial derivative in respect of the CPI Transactions (hereinafter – “the Derivative”), in the amount of about NIS 42 million (approximately $13 million), which was recorded as part of other comprehensive income. As at the date of the report, the fair value of the Derivative amounted to about NIS 48 million (approximately $15 million). OPC deposits collaterals to secure its liabilities to the bank in connection with the Derivative. As at the date of the report, the collateral amounted to about NIS 35 million (approximately $11 million). The value of the Derivative was calculated by means of discounting the linked shekel cash flows expected to be received less the discounted fixed shekel cash flows payable. An adjustment was made to this valuation for the credit risks of the parties.

Series A Debentures

In May 2017, OPC issued debentures (Series A). The par value of the debentures was NIS 320 million (approximately $85 million), bore annual interest at the rate of 4.95% and were repayable, principal and interest, every six months, commencing on June 30, 2018 (on June 30 and December 30 of every calendar year) through December 30, 2030. Under the terms, the interest on the debentures will be reduced by 0.5% in the event of their listing for trade on the main list of the TASE. In August 2017, OPC listed the debentures for trading on the TASE and accordingly, from that date, interest on the debentures (Series A) was reduced by 0.5%, to 4.45% per year.

Subsequent to the additional issuance of Series B debentures in October 2020 as described below, OPC made early redemption of its Series A debentures. As a result of the early redemption, the debt service reserve of approximately NIS 67 million (approximately $19 million) was released. The total amount of full early redemption, in respect of principal, interest and compensation, amounted to approximately NIS 313 million (approximately $92 million). The compensation component of approximately NIS 41 million (approximately $12 million) will be recorded in the consolidated statements of profit & loss in 2020, under Financing expenses.

Series B Debentures

In April 2020, OPC issued debentures (Series B) with a par value of NIS400 million (approximately $113 million), which were listed on the TASE. As a result, approximately $111 million representing the par value, net of issuance cost is recognised as debentures. The debentures are linked to the Israeli consumer price index and bear annual interest at the rate of 2.75%. The principal and interest of the debentures (Series B) are repayable every six months, commencing on March 31, 2021 (on March 31 and September 30 of every calendar year) through September 30, 2028. The debentures were rated A3 by Midroog and A- by S&P Global Ratings Maalot Ltd.

In October 2020, OPC issued additional Series B debentures of par value NIS 556 million (approximately $162 million) (the “Expansion of Series B”). The gross proceeds of the issuance amount to approximately NIS 584 million (approximately $171 million) and the issuance costs were approximately NIS 7 million (approximately $2 million).

A trust certificate was signed between OPC and Reznik Paz Nevo Trusts Ltd. in April 2020, which details customary grounds for calling the debentures for immediate repayment (subject to cure periods), including insolvency events, liquidation proceedings, receivership, a stay of proceedings and creditors’ arrangements, certain structural changes, a significant worsening in OPC’s financial position, etc. The trust certificate also includes a commitment of OPC to comply with certain financial covenants and restrictions as follows: As at December 31, 2020, OPC’s shareholders’ equity was NIS 1,671 million (approximately $520 million) (minimum required is NIS 250 million, and for purposes of a distribution, NIS 350 million); the ratio of OPC’s shareholders’ equity to OPC’s total assets was 60% (minimum required is 17%, and for purposes of distribution, 27%); the ratio of the net consolidated financial debt less the financial debt designated for construction of projects that have not yet commenced producing EBITDA and the EBITDA is 2.7 (maximum allowed is 13, and for purposes of a distribution, 11).

F-67

Note 17 – Trade and Other Payables

	As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands

Trade Payables		92,542		36,007
Accrued expenses and other payables		21,870		6,603
Government institutions		3,144		1,972
Employees and payroll institutions		5,940		4,983
Interest payable		2,314		516
Liability in respect of acquisition of non-controlling interests		-		1,302
Others		2,432		875
		128,242		52,258

Note 18 – Right-Of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities

The Group leases the following items:

Land

The leases are typically entered into with government institutions for the construction and operation of OPC’s power plants. They typically run for a period of more than 20 years, with an option for renewal.

ii)

OPC gas transmission infrastructure

The lease for the gas Pressure Regulation and Measurement Station (“PRMS”) relates to the facility at OPC Hadera’s power plant. For further details, please refer to Note 19.B.b.

iii)

Offices

The leases range from 3 to 10 years, with options to extend.

iv)

Low-value items

The total for low-value items on short-term leases are not material. Accordingly, the Group has not recognized right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for these leases.

Right-of-use assets

	As at December 31, 2020
	Balance at beginning of year		Depreciation charge for the year			Adjustments			Balance at end of year
	$ Thousands

Land		6,853		(2,141	)		72,299			77,011
PRMS facility		6,506		(449	)		457			6,514
Offices		3,305		(500	)		(306	)		2,499
Others		459		-			(459	)		-
		17,123		(3,090	)		71,991			86,024

F-68

Note 18 – Right-Of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities (Cont’d)

	As at December 31, 2019
	Balance at beginning of year		Depreciation charge for the year			Adjustments		Balance at end of year
	$ Thousands

Land*		6,537		(263	)		579		6,853
PRMS facility*		6,866		(451	)		91		6,506
Offices		3,573		(487	)		219		3,305
Others		423		-			36		459
		17,399		(1,201	)		925		17,123

Amounts recognized in the consolidated statements of profit & loss

	As at December 31,		As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands		$ Thousands

Interest expenses in respect of lease liability		149		108

Amounts recognized in the consolidated statements of cash flows

	As at December 31,		As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands		$ Thousands

Total cash outflow for leases		551		618

F-69

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions

A. Contingent Liabilities

OPC

Local Council of Shapir development levies

In December 2019, an arrangement was signed between OPC Tzomet and the Local Council of Shapir, whereby OPC Tzomet received an initial calculation of the development levies in respect of the Tzomet project, in the amount of NIS 28 million (approximately $8 million) (not including VAT) (hereinafter – the “Calculation of the Levies”). In January 2020, the Council sent OPC Tzomet a charge notification in respect of the Calculation of the Levies, in the amount of NIS 37 million (approximately $11 million), of which NIS 13 million (approximately $4 million), which was not in dispute, was paid in December 2019. In March 2020, OPC Tzomet filed an administrative petition against the Council in respect of the amount in dispute, as stated. As part of its response to the petition, it was recognized that an error of about NIS 2 million was made, resulting in an agreement to reduce the bank guarantee deposited by OPC Tzomet in favor of the Council of NIS 21 million (approximately $7 million).

Subsequent to year end, in February 2021, a compromise was reached. The Council agreed to reduce the amount of levies to about NIS 20 million (approximately $6 million). This means that OPC Tzomet will be required to top up an additional NIS 7 million (approximately $2 million), which includes levies in respect of a built-up area of 11,600 square meters which has not yet been built, and OPC Tzomet has the right to construct it with no further levies required. As at year end, a provision based on the compromise formulated was recorded in the consolidated statements of financial position.

Oil Refineries Ltd. (now known as “Bazan”) gas purchase claim

In January 2018, a request was filed with the Tel Aviv-Jaffa District Court to approve a derivative claim by a shareholder of Bazan against former and current directors of Bazan, Israel Chemicals Ltd., OPC Rotem, OPC Hadera and IC (collectively the "Group Companies"), over: (1) a transaction of the Group Companies for the purchase of natural gas from Tamar Partners, (2) transactions of the Group Companies for the purchase of natural gas from Energean Israel Ltd. (“Energean”) and (3) transaction for sale of surplus gas to Bazan.

In August 2018, the Group Companies submitted their response to the claim filed. OPC rejected the contentions appearing in the claim and requested summary dismissal of the claim. Hearings on the proofs have been scheduled for the second half of 2021.

In OPC’s estimation, based on advice from its legal advisors, it is more likely than not that the claim will not be accepted by the Court and, accordingly, no provision has been included in the financial statements in respect of the claim as at December 31, 2020.

F-70

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions (Cont’d)

Bazan electricity purchase claim

In November 2017, a request was filed with the Tel Aviv-Jaffa District Court to approve a derivative claim on behalf of Bazan. The request is based on the petitioner's contention that the undertaking in the electricity purchase transaction between Bazan and OPC Rotem is an extraordinary interested party transaction that did not receive the approval of the general assembly of Bazan shareholders on the relevant dates. The respondents to the request include Bazan, OPC Rotem, the Israel Corporation Ltd. and the members of Bazan's Board of Directors at the time of entering into the electricity purchase transaction. The requested remedies include remedies such as an injunction and financial remedies.

In July 2018, OPC Rotem submitted its response to the request. Bazan’s request for summary judgement was denied and the hearings on the proofs were scheduled for the second half of 2021.

In OPC Rotem’s estimation, it is more likely than not that the request will not be accepted by the court, and accordingly, no provision has been included in the financial statements in respect of the claim as at December 31, 2020.

Dalia petition

In December 2019, OPC received a copy of a petition filed in the Supreme Court sitting as the High Court of Justice wherein it was requested to issue a conditional order and an interim order (the “Petition”), which was filed by Or Energy Power (Dalia) Ltd. and Dalia Energy Power Ltd. (collectively the “Petitioners”) against the EA, the Plenary Electricity Authority (“Plenary”), the State of Israel – the Ministry of Energy and OPC Tzomet (collectively the “Respondents”).

The Petition included, mainly, contentions in connection with decisions and actions of the EA relating to Regulation 914, and with reference to the conditional license of OPC Tzomet which, the Petitioners contended, permit OPC Tzomet to improperly (unlawfully) be covered by this Regulation and as a result, so the Petitioners contended, to block their entry into this Regulation. The Petitioners contended that the conduct of the EA and the Plenary justify intervention by the Court and issuance of a conditional order, as well as an interim order in light of the expiration of Regulation 914 on January 1, 2020, which would permit the Petitioners, so they argue, after acceptance of the Petition, to fully enter into Regulation 914.

The main relief requested by the Petitioners was a request for a conditional order instructing the EA and the Plenary to provide reasons why: (a) the Variable Availability Amendment decision (hereinafter – “the Decision”) of the EA should not be cancelled; (b) it should not be determined that the conditional license of OPC Tzomet is void; (c) it should not be determined that OPC Tzomet’s connection study from September 2019 is void; (d) it should not be determined that OPC Tzomet is not entitled to be covered by Regulation 914 due to that stated in subsections (b) and (c) above; and to grant any other relief the Court sees fit and to charge for expenses any party that objects to the Petition. In addition, the Petitioners request that since Regulation 914 is expected to expire on January 1, 2020, the Court should rule that until a decision is rendered with respect to the Petition: (a) the validity of Regulation 914 should not expire with respect to the Petitioners; and (b) entry into effect of the decision should be stayed and no action should be executed that is based thereon or, alternatively, the Petition should be set for an urgent hearing.

In February 2020, the Supreme Court cancelled the Petition with no order for expenses.

F-71

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions (Cont’d)

IEC power purchase agreement

In 2014 (commencing in August), letters were exchanged between OPC Rotem and IEC regarding the tariff to be paid by OPC Rotem to IEC in respect of electricity that it had purchased from the electric grid, in connection with sale of electricity to private customers, where the electricity generation in the power plant was insufficient to meet the electricity needs of such customers.

It is OPC Rotem’s position that the applicable tariff is the “ex-post” tariff, whereas according to IEC in the aforesaid exchange of letters, the applicable tariff is the TAOZ tariff, and based on part of the correspondences even a tariff that is 25% higher than the TAOZ tariff (and some of the correspondences also raise allegations of breach of the PPA with IEC). In order to avoid a specific dispute, Rotem paid IEC the TAOZ tariff for the aforesaid purchase of electricity and commencing from that date, it pays IEC the TAOZ tariff on the purchase of electricity from IEC for sale to private customers. In OPC Rotem’s estimation, it is more likely than not that OPC Rotem will not pay any additional amounts in respect of the period ended December 31, 2020. Therefore, no provision was included in the financial statements.

Tamar dispute

In July 2013, the EA published four generation component tariff indices, ranging from NIS 333.2 per MWh to NIS 386 per MWh, instead of the single tariff that had previously been used. In connection with the indexation of their natural gas price formula for OPC Rotem’s gas supply agreement with Noble Energy Mediterranean Ltd., Delek Drilling Limited Partnership, Isramco Negev 2 Limited Partnership, Dor Gas Exploration Limited Partnership, Everest Infrastructures Limited Partnership and Tamar Petroleum Limited Partnership (collectively “Tamar Partners”), OPC and the Tamar Partners disagreed as to which of the EA’s July 2013 tariffs applied to the Tamar Partners’ supply agreement. In June 2017, Tamar Partners filed a request for arbitration against OPC Rotem in accordance with the gas supply agreement. In July 2019, the arbitration ruling was received, which dismissed all of the Tamar Partners’ claims against OPC Rotem, and that Tamar Partners was to pay OPC-Rotem approximately NIS 14 million (approximately $3 million) in reimbursement for expenses. As a result, a gain of $3 million on the expenses incurred and the interest accrued on the $22 million deposited of approximately NIS 4 million (approximately $1 million) were received and recorded as Other Income and Financing Income respectively.

F-72

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions (Cont’d)

B.	Commitments

OPC Rotem

PPA between OPC Rotem and IEC

On November 2, 2009, OPC Rotem signed a PPA with IEC, whereby OPC Rotem undertook to construct the plant, and IEC undertook to purchase capacity and energy from OPC Rotem over a period of twenty (20) years from the commencement date of commercial operation of the plant. The PPA includes sections governing the obligations of each parties in the construction and operation period, as well as a compensation mechanism in the case of non-compliance by one of the parties with its obligations under the PPA. For more details on compensation to IEC, please refer to Note 19.A.e.

Maintenance agreement between OPC Rotem and Mitsubishi

On June 27, 2010, OPC Rotem entered into an agreement with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. (which was assigned to Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems Ltd. on June 24, 2014 and again to Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems Europe Ltd. on March 31, 2016) (hereinafter – “Mitsubishi”), for the long-term maintenance of the Rotem power plant, commencing from the date of its commercial operation, for an operation period of 100,000 work hours or up to the date on which 8 scheduled treatments of the gas turbine have been completed (which the Company estimates at 12 years), at a cost of about €55 million (approximately $16 million), payable over the period based on the formula provided in the agreement (hereinafter – the “Agreement”). According to the Agreement, Mitsubishi will perform maintenance work on the main components of Rotem Power Plant, comprising the gas turbine, the steam turbine and the generator (hereinafter – “the Main Components”). In addition, Mitsubishi will supply new or renovated spare parts, as necessary. The Agreement covers scheduled maintenance and that, as a rule, OPC Rotem will be charged separate additional amounts for any unscheduled or additional work, to the extent required. The Agreement provides for unscheduled maintenance, subject to certain restrictions and to the terms of the Agreement.

As part of the Agreement, OPC Rotem undertook to perform maintenance work that does not relate to the Main Components, as well as regular maintenance of the site. In addition, OPC Rotem is required to provide to Mitsubishi, during the servicing, services and materials not covered under the Agreement, and will make personnel available as set forth in the agreement. The Agreement stipulates the testing, renovation and maintenance cycles of the Main Components as well as the duration of each test. The Agreement includes undertakings by Mitsubishi in connection with the performance of the Rotem Power Plant. Mitsubishi has undertaken to compensate OPC Rotem in the event of non-compliance with the aforesaid undertakings and OPC Rotem, on its part, has undertaken to pay bonuses to Mitsubishi for improvement in the performance of the Rotem Power Plant as a result of the maintenance work; all this – up to an annual ceiling amount, as stipulated in the Maintenance Agreement.

In 2018, an additional maintenance treatment was performed – the first maintenance treatment of the “major overhaul” type, which is performed about once every 6 years (hereinafter – “the Maintenance Work”). This Maintenance Work included extensive maintenance work in the Power Plant’s systems, particularly in the gas, steam and generator turbines. During performance of the Maintenance Work, Power Plant’s activities were suspended along with the related energy generation. The Maintenance Work was carried on as planned from September 25, 2018 and up to November 10, 2018. Supply of the electricity to the Power Plant’s private customers continued as usual – this being based on criteria published by the EA and OPC Rotem’s PPA agreement with IEC. No planned maintenance was performed in 2019.

As a result of the limitations on entry in Israel due to COVID-19, the maintenance work that was planned to be performed for the Rotem power plant in April 2020 was postponed to October 2020. In April 2020, OPC Rotem shut down the power plant for a number of days in order to perform internally-initiated tests and treatments due to the postponement. The shutdown for several days and the postponement of the maintenance date did not have a significant impact on the generation activities of the Rotem power plant and its results. In October 2020, the maintenance work was performed as planned, during which time the activities of the Rotem power plant were halted. As at publication date, the next maintenance is planned to be in October 2021, during which the activities of the Rotem Power Plant and the related energy generation activities will be discontinued for a period of 18 days.

F-73

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions (Cont’d)

PPAs between OPC Rotem and private customers

OPC Rotem has entered into agreements for the sale of electricity (hereafter – “the PPA Agreements”) to its customers, with the average balance of the period being 6.5 years. The new long‑term agreements are for periods of 15 to 20 years from commencement of the supply. If a customer signed an agreement for construction of generation facilities with OPC Rotem, their PPA Agreements were extended for 15 to 20 years from the commercial operation date of the generation facility. Additionally, from time to time, OPC Rotem enters into short‑term agreements for the sale of electricity. The consideration that is stipulated in the agreements is based on the TAOZ tariff with a certain discount given with respect to the generation component. The TAOZ tariff, including the generation component tariff, is determined and updated from time to time by the Electricity Authority. Under the terms of the agreements, OPC Rotem is committed to a minimum availability of the power supply plant (non-compliance with the said minimum availability is subject to financial penalties).

It is noted that OPC Rotem has no obligation to provide a discount with respect to the generation component in certain cases, such as the non‑supply of natural gas. The terms of the agreements also entitle OPC Rotem to cancel the agreement, including in the event that the generation component drops below the minimum tariff that is set forth in the PPA with IEC. Rotem has an option to sell the relevant output that had been allocated to private customers back to IEC, subject to advance notice of 12 months, and to be eligible for fixed availability payments. As a rule, the PPA agreements with customers are not secured by collaterals.

Gas transmission agreement between OPC Rotem and Israel Natural Gas Lines Ltd.

In July 2010, Rotem signed a gas transmission agreement with Israel Natural Gas Lines Ltd. (“INGL”). The agreement expires in 2029, with a renewal option for 5 additional years. The agreement includes a payment for a gas PRMS, which was constructed for OPC Rotem, at a cost of about NIS 47 million (approximately $13.6 million) and a monthly payment for use of the gas transmission infrastructure. As part of the agreement, Rotem provided a deposit to INGL, in the amount of NIS 2 million (approximately $0.6 million), to secure the monthly payment.

Gas Sale and Purchase Agreement between OPC Rotem and Tamar

On November 25, 2012, OPC Rotem signed an agreement with Tamar Partners regarding supply of natural gas to the power plant (hereinafter – “the Agreement between Tamar and OPC Rotem”). The Agreement between Tamar and OPC Rotem will remain in effect until September 2029. In addition, if 93% of the total contractual quantity is not consumed, both parties have the right to extend the agreement up to the earlier of consumption of the full contractual quantity or two additional years. The total contractual quantity under the agreement amounts to 10.6 BCM (billion cubic meters).

Certain annual quantities in the Agreement between Tamar and OPC Rotem are subject to a “Take‑or‑Pay” obligation (hereinafter – the “TOP”), based on a mechanism set forth in the Agreement. Under the Agreement between Tamar and OPC Rotem, under certain circumstances, where there is a payment for a quantity of natural gas that is not actually consumed or a quantity of gas is purchased above the TOP amount, OPC Rotem may, subject to the restrictions and conditions set forth in the Agreement, accumulate this amount, for a limited time, and use it within the framework of the Agreement. The Agreement includes a mechanism that allows, under certain conditions, assignment of these rights to related parties for quantities that were not used proximate to their expiration date. In addition, OPC Rotem is permitted to sell surplus gas in a secondary sale (with respect to distribution companies, at a rate of up to 15%). In addition, OPC Rotem was granted an option to reduce the contractual daily quantity to a quantity equal to 83% of the average gas consumption in the three years preceding the notice of exercise of this option. The annual contractual quantity will be reduced starting 12 months after the date of such notice, subject to the adjustments set forth in the Tamar Agreement with OPC Rotem (including the TOP). If the annual contractual quantity is decreased, all other contractual quantities set forth in the agreement are to be decreased accordingly. Nevertheless, the TOP is expected to decrease such that the minimum consumption quantity will constitute 50% of the average gas consumption in the three years prior to the notice of exercise of the option. The option is exercisable starting from January 1, 2020, but not later than December 31, 2022. The Supervisor of Restrictive Business Practices (Antitrust) (hereinafter – “the Supervisor”) is authorized to update the notice period in accordance with the circumstances. On December 28, 2015, the Agreement received the Supervisor’s approval.

F-74

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions (Cont’d)

The Agreement between Tamar and OPC Rotem allows reducing the supply of gas to OPC Rotem during the “Interim Period” (as detailed below) in the event of gas shortage and gives preference in such a case to certain customers of Tamar Partners over OPC Rotem. Nevertheless, in April 2017, the Natural Gas Sector Regulations (Maintaining a Natural Gas Sector during an Emergency), 2017, were published, which provide for handling of the gas supply in the event of failure by a gas supplier to supply all of the natural gas out of the relevant field. In general, pursuant to the Regulations, in the event of shortage of natural gas, the available gas will be allocated proportionately among consumers that generate electricity and consumers that do not generate electricity, based on their average consumption, and after deducting gas quantities that are reserved for distribution consumers. It is noted that in extraordinary circumstances of a shortage that has a significant adverse impact on the regular operation of the electricity sector, the Regulations authorize the Minister of Energy to make an exception to the allocation provided in the Regulations, after consulting with the Director of the Natural Gas Authority and the Director of the EA.

Without detracting from that stated above, pursuant to the Agreement between Tamar and OPC Rotem, OPC Rotem is defined as a “Tier B” customer and during the “Interim Period”, under certain circumstances, Tamar Partners will not be obligated to supply Rotem’s daily capacity. On the other hand, during the “Interim Period” OPC Rotem is not subject to any TOP obligation. The “Interim Period” commenced based on the notification of Tamar Partners in April 2015 and ended on March 1, 2020.

Pursuant to the agreement, the price is based on a base price in NIS that was determined on the signing date of the agreement, linked to changes in the generation component tariff, which is part of the TAOZ, and in part (30%) to the representative rate of exchange of the U.S. dollar. As a result, increases and decreases in the generation component, as determined by the Electricity Authority, affect OPC Rotem’s cost of sales and its profit margins. In addition, the natural gas price formula set forth in the Agreement between Tamar and Rotem is subject to a minimum price denominated in US dollars.

In November 2019, an amendment to the Tamar agreement was signed – the significant arrangements included therein are as follows: (a) the option granted to OPC Rotem to reduce the minimal annual contractual quantity to a quantity equal to 50% of the average annual self‑consumption of the gas in the three years that preceded the notification of exercise of the said option, was changed such that after exercise of the option it is expected that the minimal annual contractual quantity in OPC Rotem will be reduced to quantity equal to 40% of the average annual self‑consumption of the gas in the three years that preceded the notification of exercise of the option, subject to adjustments provided in the agreement and assuming the expected consumption of the gas; (b) OPC Rotem committed to continue to consume all the gas required for its power plant from Tamar (including quantities beyond the minimal quantities) up to the completion date of the test‑run of the Karish and Tanin reservoirs (hereinafter – “the Karish Reservoir”), except for a limited consumption of gas during the test‑run period of the Karish Reservoir. In January 2020, the decision of the Business Competition Supervisor was received whereby OPC is exempt from receiving approval of the Business Competition Court for a restrictive agreement (cartel) with reference to amendment of the agreement, where the exemption is granted subject to those conditions for the exemption that constituted the basis for the original agreement also applying in the framework of the present approval. In March 2020, all the preconditions to the amendment of the agreement were met.

Amendment of standards in connection with Deviations from Consumption Plans

In February 2020, the EA published its Decision from Meeting 573, held on January 27, 2020, regarding Amendment of Standards in connection with Deviations from the Consumption Plans (hereinafter – the “Decision”). Pursuant to the Decision, a supplier is not permitted to sell to its consumers more than the amount of the capacity that is the subject of all the undertakings it has entered into with holders of private generation licenses. In addition, the EA indicated that it is expected that the supplier will enter into private transactions with consumers in a scope that permits it to supply all their consumption from energy that is generated by private generators over the entire year. Actual consumption of energy at a rate in excess of 3% from the installed capacity allocated to the supplier will trigger payment of an annual tariff that reflects the annual cost of the capacity the supplier used as a result of the deviation, as detailed in the Decision (“Annual Payment in respect of Deviation from the Capacity”). In addition, the Decision provides a settlement mechanism in respect of a deviation from the daily consumption plan (surpluses and deficiencies), which will apply concurrent with the annual payment in respect of a deviation from the capacity. Application of the Decision will commence from September 1, 2020. According to the Decision, the said amendment will apply to OPC Rotem after determination of supplemental arrangements for OPC Rotem, which as at the date of the report had not yet been determined. OPC is studying the Decision and will formulate a position regarding the required supplementary arrangements. Therefore, as at the date of the Report, there is no certainty regarding the extent of the impact of the unfavorable impact of the Decision, if any, on OPC’s activities.

F-75

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions (Cont’d)

OPC Hadera

Agreement for purchase of electricity between OPC Hadera and IEC

In September 2016, OPC Hadera signed an agreement with IEC to purchase energy and provide infrastructure services. As part of establishment of the System Administrator under the reform of IEC, in September 2020 OPC Hadera received notification of assignment of the agreement to the System Administrator. As part of the agreement, OPC Hadera undertook to sell energy and related services to IEC, and IEC undertook to sell OPC Hadera infrastructure services and electricity system management services, including backup services. The agreement will remain in effect until the end of the period in which OPC Hadera is permitted to sell electricity to private consumers, and until the end of the period in which OPC Hadera is permitted to sell energy to the system manager, in accordance with the provisions of the generation license, i.e. up to the end of 20 years from the date of commercial operation. It was also determined that the System Administrator will be entitled to disconnect the Hadera power plant from the electricity grid if it fails to comply with the safety instructions prescribed by law, or a safety instruction of the System Administator, which would be delivered to OPC Hadera in advance and in writing. OPC Hadera has also undertaken to meet the availability and reliability requirements set forth in its license and the covenants, and to pay for non-compliance therewith.

Agreements for sale of electricity between OPC Hadera and private customers

OPC Hadera has signed long‑term agreements for sale of electricity to its customers, with the average balance of the period being 11.4 years. Most of the agreements are for a period of 10 to 15 years, while in most of the agreements the end user has an early termination right, with a right of refusal by OPC Hadera. If a customer signed an agreement for construction of generation facilities with OPC, their PPA Agreements were extended for 15 years from the commercial operation date of the generation facility. The consideration was determined on the basis of the TAOZ rate, less a discount with respect to the generation component. If the consideration is less than the minimum tariff set for the generation component, OPC will have the right to terminate the agreements.

In addition, the agreements include compensation in the event of a delay in the commercial operation of the power plant and compensation for unavailability of the power plant below an agreed minimum level. As a result of the delay in commercial operation date as described in Note 10.A.1.c, OPC Hadera is paying compensation to customers.

As at December 31, 2020, the total compensation to customers (including compensation to Hadera Paper, as detailed below) amounted to about NIS 13 million (approximately $4 million), of which NIS 10 million (approximately $3 million) was paid in 2019. Pursuant to the provisions of IFRS 15 relating to “variable consideration”, on the date of payment of compensation to customers, the Company recognized Long‑term prepaid expenses that are amortized over the period of the contract, commencing from the commercial operation date of the Hadera Power Plant, against a reduction of Revenue.

Power and steam supply Agreement between OPC Hadera and Hadera Paper

OPC Hadera has signed two agreements with Hadera Paper: (a) a long‑term supply agreement whereby OPC Hadera exclusively supplies electricity and steam to Hadera Paper for a period of 25 years from the commercial operation date of the Hadera Power Plant; and (b) a short‑term supply agreement whereby from the commencement date of sale of the electricity and steam and up to the commercial operation date of the Hadera Power Plant, together with entry into effect of the long‑term supply agreement, OPC Hadera will supply all the electricity generated at the Energy Center, which is located in the yard of Hadera Paper, and all the steam produced at the Energy Center, to Hadera Paper. With the commercial operation date of the Hadera Power Plant on July 1, 2020, the short-term agreement ended and the long-term agreement entered into effect.

The tariff paid by Hadera Paper for the electricity it purchases is based on TAOZ with a discount with respect to the generation component. Pursuant to the network tariff that entered into effect in 2019, which includes allocation between a variable component and a fixed component, and also imposes a fixed payment for the network on yard facilities, OPC Hadera will be required to pay for the fixed component of the electricity transmission. As at year end, OPC Hadera bears the transmission payments and the supply coefficient.

The above agreements include a commitment by Hadera Paper to a “Take‑or‑Pay” mechanism (“TOP”) for a certain annual quantity of steam, on the basis of a mechanism set forth in the agreements. The agreements also include obligations by OPC Hadera to a certain availability level with respect to the supply of electricity and steam, and to payment of compensation in the event of non‑compliance with the commercial operation date of the power plant as specified in the agreements. As at year end, OPC Hadera not yet been charged directly for TOP. For details regarding the amount of compensation paid, see above.

F-76

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions (Cont’d)

Gas Sale and Purchase Agreement (“GSPA”) between Tamar and OPC Hadera

On June 30, 2015, the gas sale and purchase agreement signed by Hadera Paper with Tamar Partners on January 25, 2012 (hereinafter – the “Agreement between Tamar and OPC Hadera”) was assigned to OPC Hadera. In addition, on September 6, 2016, OPC Hadera and Tamar Partners entered into an agreement for the sale and purchase of additional gas (hereinafter – “the Additional Gas Agreement”) for the supply of additional quantities of natural gas (in addition to the original gas agreement) commencing from the operation date of the power plant. The validity of the agreement is up to the earlier of 15 years from January 2019 or completion of consumption of the contractual quantities. The price of gas is denominated in dollars and is linked to the weighted‑average generation component published by the EA. In addition, the formula for the price of the natural gas in the Agreement between Tamar and OPC Hadera is subject to a minimum price. There is a commitment of Tamar to supply the full amount of the quantities included in the agreement while, on the other hand, there is a “Take-or-Pay” commitment of OPC Hadera with respect to a certain annual quantity of natural gas as described above.

OPC Hadera was granted an option to reduce the daily contractual quantity to a certain rate such that the minimum consumption from Tamar will constitute 50% of the average self-consumption of the gas from Tamar in the three years that preceded the notice of exercise of this option. If the daily contractual quantity is reduced, the annual quantity and the total quantity will be reduced accordingly. The option may be exercised in the period starting in the fifth year after commencement of the supply from the Tamar reservoir or in January 2018 (whichever is later) and up to the end of the seventh year after commencement of the supply or the end of 2020 (whichever is later). The terms also provide that the quantity of gas acquired will increase upon construction of the Hadera Power Plant.

Hadera provided bank guarantees of approximately $7 million in favor of Tamar Partners in connection with its undertakings in the two agreements described above. Subsequent to year end, the guarantees were cancelled.

In November 2019, an amendment to the agreement with Tamar was signed – the significant arrangements included therein are as follows: (a) the option granted to OPC Hadera to reduce the minimal annual contractual quantity to a quantity equal to 50% of the average annual self‑consumption of the gas in the three years that preceded the notification of exercise of the said option, was changed such that after exercise of the option it is expected that the minimal annual contractual quantity in OPC Hadera will be reduced to quantity equal to 30% of the average annual self‑consumption of the gas in the three years that preceded the notification of exercise of the option, subject to adjustments provided in the agreement and assuming the expected consumption of the gas; (b) OPC Hadera committed to continue to consume all the gas required for its power plant from Tamar (including quantities beyond the minimal quantities) up to the completion date of the test‑run of the Karish Reservoir, except for a limited consumption of gas during the test‑run period of the Karish Reservoir; (c) extension of the timeframe for provision of notice of exercise of the reduction option by Hadera from the end of 2020 to the end of 2022 and shortening of the notification period for reduction of the quantities in the Hadera agreement. In January 2020, the decision of the Business Competition Supervisor was received whereby OPC Hadera is exempt from receiving approval of the Business Competition Court for a restrictive agreement (cartel) with reference to amendment of the agreement, where the exemption is granted subject to those conditions for the exemption that constituted the basis for the original agreement also applying in the framework of the present approval. In March 2020, all the preconditions to the amendment of the agreement were met.

F-77

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions (Cont’d)

Gas transmission agreement between OPC Hadera and Israel Natural Gas Lines Ltd.

In July 2007, Hadera Paper signed a gas transmission agreement with INGL, which was assigned to Hadera on July 30, 2015, that regulates the transmission of natural gas to the Energy Center. As part of the agreement, INGL is to construct a PRMS facility for the constructed power plant (hereinafter – “the New PRMS Facility”) at a cost of NIS 27 million (approximately $7 million). The agreement includes a monthly payment for use of infrastructure and for gas transmission to the power plant under construction. The agreement period will run up to the earlier of the following: (a) 16 years from the date of operation of the PRMS Facility; (b) expiration of the INGL license (as at the date of the report – August 1, 2034); or (c) termination of the agreement in accordance with its terms. In addition, Hadera has an option to extend the period of the agreement by five additional years. INGL constructed and connected the PRMS Facility in May 2018.

Construction agreement between OPC Hadera and IDOM Servicios Integrados

In January 2016, an agreement was signed between OPC Hadera and SerIDOM Servicios Integrados IDOM, S.A.U (“IDOM”), for the design, engineering, procurement and construction of a cogeneration power plant, in consideration of about NIS 639 million (approximately $185 million) (as amended several times as part of change orders, including an amendment made in 2019 and described below), which is payable on the basis of the progress of the construction and compliance with milestones (hereinafter – “the Hadera Construction Agreement”). IDOM has provided bank guarantees and a corporate guarantee of its parent company to secure the said obligations, and OPC has provided a corporate guarantee to IDOM, in the amount of $10.5 million, to secure part of OPC Hadera’s liabilities. In addition, as part of an addendum to OPC Hadera’s construction agreement which was signed in October 2018, the parties agreed to waiver of past claims up to the signing date of the addendum.

In accordance with the construction agreement, OPC Hadera is entitled to certain compensation from IDOM in respect of the delay in completion of the construction of the Hadera Power Plant, and to compensation in a case of non-compliance with conditions in connection with the plant’s performance. In OPC Hadera’s estimation, as at year end the amount of compensation due to it for delay in deliver of the power plant is about NIS 76 million (approximately $23 million).

In July 2020, upon completion of the Hadera Power Plant, a request was received from IDOM for payment of the two final milestones of amount NIS 48 million (approximately $15 million). The two final milestone payments were paid by means of an offset against the balance of compensation. In OPC Hadera’s estimation, while IDOM has contentions regarding the final settlement, OPC Hadera has an unconditional contractual right to receive the compensation for the delay in the delivery of the power plant as stated and it is more likely than not that its position will be accepted, hence, no provision has been included in the financial statements. As at December 31, 2020, Hadera recognized an asset receivable in respect of compensation from the construction contractor of the Hadera Power Plant of NIS 29 million (approximately $9 million) due to said delay. This is recognized as a reduction against Property, plant and equipment, net.

As at publication date of the report, OPC Hadera estimates that part of the cost stemming from said delay, including lost profits, are expected to be covered by OPC Hadera’s insurance policy. As at year end, OPC Hadera estimates that part of the cost stemming from said delay, including lost profits, are expected to be covered by OPC Hadera’s insurance policy. As at year end, reimbursements under the insurance policy and compensation from IDOM had not yet been received.

In addition, IDOM has further contentions regarding the final settlement pursuant to the construction agreement, including a demand from IDOM for payment of about $8 million. Based on advice from its legal advisers, in OPC Hadera’s view, IDOM is not entitled to additional payments and it is more likely than not that OPC Hadera will not be charged for additional payments. Therefore, no provision is included in the financial statements.

F-78

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions (Cont’d)

Maintenance agreement between OPC Hadera and General Electric International and GE Global Parts

On June 27, 2016, OPC Hadera entered into a long-term service agreement (hereinafter - “the Service Agreement”) with General Electric International Ltd. (hereinafter - “GEI”) and GE Global Parts & Products GmbH (hereinafter - “GEGPP”), pursuant to which these two companies will provide maintenance treatments for the two gas turbines of GEI, generators and auxiliary facilities of the OPC Hadera Power Plant for a period commencing on the date of commercial operation until the earlier of: (a) the date on which all of the covered units (as defined in the Service Agreement) have reach the end-date of their performance and (b) 25 years from the date of signing the Service Agreement. The cost of the service agreement amounts to approximately $42 million when the consideration will be payable over the term of the Agreement, based on the formula prescribed therein.

The Service Agreement contains a guarantee of reliability and other obligations concerning the performance of the power plant and indemnification to OPC Hadera in the event of failure to meet the performance obligations. At the same time, Hadera has undertaken to pay bonuses in the event of improvement in the performance of the power plant as a result of the maintenance work, up to a cumulative ceiling for every inspection period.

GEII and GEGPP provided OPC Hadera with a corporate guarantee of their parent company to secure these liabilities, and OPC provided GEII and GEGPP a corporate guarantee, in the amount of $21 million, to secure part of OPC Hadera’s liabilities.

OPC

In 2020, OPC signed agreements with consumers, which included construction of facilities generation of energy on the consumer’s premises by means of natural gas and that are connected to the distribution network, (hereinafter – “the Generation Facilities”) in a total scope of about 76 megawatts, and arrangements for supply and sale of energy to consumers. OPC will sell electricity to the consumers from the Generation Facilities for a period of 15-20 years starting from the commercial operation dates of the Generation Facilities. The planned commercial operation dates are in accordance with terms stipulated in the agreements, and in any event no later than 48 months from the signing date of the agreement. In general, the agreements are based on a discount on the generation component and asaving on the network tariff.

During 2020 and up to the publication date of the financial statements, OPC signed agreements covering construction and supply of motors for the Generation Facilities, with an aggregate capacity of about 41 megawatts. As part of the performance of the above-mentioned projects, OPC signed a framework agreement that permits it to order motors for the generation facilities. It is noted that as part of the undertakings with the consumers, as stated above, the consumers are bound at the same time by electricity purchase agreements with OPC Rotem or OPC Hadera. As at the publication date of the report, the said projects have reached advanced stages and their construction and operation are subject to compliance with various conditions, which as at the submission date of the report had not yet been fulfilled. The aggregate scope of OPC’s investment depends on the extent of the undertakings with the consumers and in OPC’s estimation the said investment could reach an average of about NIS 4 million for every installed megawatt. As at December 31, 2020, OPC’s investment in the Generation Facilities is approximately NIS 12 million (approximately $4 million).

F-79

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions (Cont’d)

OPC Tzomet

Construction agreement with OPC Tzomet and PW Power Systems LLC

In September 2018, OPC Tzomet signed a planning, procurement and construction agreement (hereinafter – “the Agreement”) with PW Power Systems LLC (hereinafter – “Tzomet Construction Contractor” or “PWPS”), for construction of the Tzomet project. The Agreement is a “lump‑sum turnkey” agreement wherein the Tzomet Construction Contractor committed to construct the Tzomet project in accordance with the technical and engineering specifications determined and includes various undertakings of the contractor. In addition, the Tzomet Construction Contractor committed to provide certain maintenance services in connection with the power station’s main equipment for a period of 20 years commencing from the start date of the commercial operation.

Pursuant to the Agreement, the Tzomet Construction Contractor undertook to complete the construction work of the Tzomet project, including the acceptance tests, within a period of about two and a half years from the date of receipt of the work commencement order from OPC Tzomet (hereinafter – the “Work Commencement Order”). The agreement includes a period of preliminary development work, which commenced in September 2018 (hereinafter – the “Preliminary Development Work”). The Preliminary Development Work includes, among other things, preliminary planning and receipt of a building permit (which was received in January 2020).

In OPC Tzomet’s estimation, based on the work specifications, the aggregate consideration that will be paid in the framework of the Agreement is about $300 million, and it will be paid based on the milestones provided therein. This includes the consideration in respect of the maintenance agreement, as described below.

Furthermore, the Agreement includes provisions that are customary in agreements of this type, including commitments for agreed compensation, limited in amount, in a case of non‑compliance with the terms of the Agreement, including with respect to certain guaranteed executions and for non‑compliance with the timetables set, and the like. The Agreement also provides that the Tzomet Construction Contractor is to provide guarantees, including a parent company guarantee, as is customary in agreements of this type.

Against the background of the spread of COVID-19 and the restrictions imposed as a result thereof, in March 2020, an amendment to the Agreement was signed whereby, it was agreed to issue a work commencement order to the Tzomet Construction Contractor and to extend the period for completion of the construction work under the Agreement by about three months. The construction work started in 2020, and the Tzomet Power Plant is expected to be completed in January 2023.

In addition, in 2020, OPC Tzomet partly hedged its exposure to changes in the cash flows paid in US dollars in connection with the Agreement by means of forward contracts on exchange rates. These are being accounted for as accounting hedges.

Maintenance agreement between OPC Tzomet and PW Power Systems Inc.

In December 2019, OPC Tzomet signed a long‑term service agreement (hereinafter – the “Tzomet Maintenance Agreement”) with PW Power Systems LLC (“PWPS”), for provision of maintenance servicing for the Tzomet Power Plant, for a period of 20 years commencing from the delivery date of the plant. OPC Tzomet is permitted to conclude the Tzomet Maintenance Agreement for reasons of convenience after a period of 5 years from the delivery date. The Tzomet Maintenance Agreement provides a general framework for provision of maintenance services by PWPS to the generation units and additional equipment on the site during the period of the agreement (hereinafter in this Section – the “Equipment”). OPC Tzomet is responsible for the current operation and maintenance of the Equipment.

Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, PWPS will provide OPC Tzomet current services, including, among others, an annual examination of the Equipment, engineering support on the site, and a representative of PWPS will be present on the site during the first 18 months of the operation. In addition, the agreement includes provision of access to OPC Tzomet to the inventory the equipment held for rent of PWPS, and in a case of interruptions in the generation, PWPS will provide OPC Tzomet a replacement engine, pursuant to the conditions and in consideration of the amounts stated in the agreement. The agreement includes a mechanism in connection with the performance of the replacement generator. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement and with the Tzomet Power Plant being a Peaker plant, the rest of the maintenance services, aside from those provided in the agreement, will be acquired based on work orders, that is, the services will be provided by PWPS in accordance with agreement between the parties, at prices that will be agreed upon, or with respect to certain services, based on the prices stipulated in the agreement.

F-80

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions (Cont’d)

Agreement for purchase of available capacity and electricity between OPC Tzomet and IEC

In January 2020, OPC Tzomet signed an agreement for acquisition of available capacity and energy and provision of infrastructure services with IEC, where OPC Tzomet undertook to sell energy and available capacity from its facility to IEC, and IEC committed to provide OPC Tzomet infrastructure services and management services for the electricity system, including back-up services. As part of establishment of the System Administrator under the reform of IEC, in October 2020 OPC Tzomet received notification of assignment of the agreement to the System Administrator. The agreement will remain in effect up to the end of the period in which OPC Tzomet is permitted to sell available capacity and energy in accordance with the provisions of its generation license, i.e. up to the end of 20 years from the commercial operation date of Tzomet power plant as part of the Tzomet project. The agreement provides, among other things, that the System Administrator will be permitted to disconnect supply of the electricity to the electricity grid if OPC Tzomet does not comply with the safety provisions as provided by law or a safety provision of the System Administrator delivered in advance and in writing. OPC Tzomet also committed to comply with the availability and credibility requirements stipulated in its license and in Regulation 914, and to pay for non-compliance therewith.

Gas transmission agreement between OPC Tzomet and Israel Natural Gas Lines Ltd.

In December 2019, an agreement was signed between OPC Tzomet and INGL for purposes of transmission of natural gas to the power plant that is being constructed by OPC Tzomet. The agreement includes provisions that are customary in agreements with INGL and is essentially similar to the agreements of OPC Rotem and OPC Hadera with INGL, as stated above. In OPC’s estimation, the cost of the gas transmission agreement to OPC Tzomet will amount to about NIS 25 million (approximately $8 million) per year.

As part of the agreement, partial connection fees were defined in respect of the connection planning and procurement in a total budgeted amount of NIS 13 million (approximately $4 million). On the signing date of the agreement, OPC provided a corporate guarantee, in the amount of about NIS 11 million (approximately $3 million), in connection with the liabilities of OPC Tzomet in accordance with the agreement. Commencement of performance of the construction work by INGL, prior to receipt of notification from OPC Tzomet with respect to completion of a first withdrawal of money for purposes of execution of the construction work (hereinafter – “the First Withdrawal”), will be conditional on advance notice by INGL to OPC Tzomet and an increase of OPC Tzomet’s guarantees pursuant to that required for coverage of the construction costs. In February 2020, OPC Tzomet notified INGL regarding commencement of performance of the construction work. The commencement date of the transmission if expected to be 25 to 29 months from the signing date. The total budget for the connection fees is expected to be NIS 32 million (approximately $10 million).

F-81

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions (Cont’d)

OPC Rotem and OPC Hadera

Gas agreement with Energean

In December 2017, OPC Rotem and OPC Hadera signed an agreement with Energean Israel Ltd. ("Energean"), which has holdings in the Karish gas reservoir (hereinafter - "the gas reservoir"), subject to the fulfillment of preconditions). The agreements with OPC Rotem and OPC Hadera are separate and independent. According to the terms set forth in the agreements, the total quantity of natural gas that OPC Rotem and OPC Hadera are expected to purchase is about 9 BCM (for OPC Rotem and OPC Hadera together) for the entire supply period (hereinafter - the "Total Contractual Quantity"). The agreement includes, among other things, TOP mechanism under which OPC Rotem and OPC Hadera will undertake to pay for a minimum quantity of natural gas, even if they have not used it.

The agreements include additional provisions and arrangements for the purchase of natural gas, and with regard to maintenance, gas quality, limitation of liability, buyer and seller collateral, assignments and liens, dispute resolution and operational mechanisms.

The agreements are valid for 15 years from the date the agreement comes into effect or until completion of the supply of the total contractual quantity from Energean to each of the subsidiaries (OPC Rotem and OPC Hadera). According to each of the agreements, if after the elapse of 14 years from the date the agreement comes into effect, the contracting company did not take an amount equal to 90% of the total contractual quantity, subject to advance notice, each party may extend the agreement for an additional period which will begin at the end of 15 years from the date the agreement comes into effect until the earlier of: (1) completion of consumption of the total contractual quantity; or (2) during an additional 3 years from the end of the first agreement period. The agreement includes circumstances under which each party will be entitled to bring the relevant agreement to an end before the end of the contractual period, in case of prolonged non-supply, damage to collateral and more.

The price of natural gas is based on an agreed formula, linked to the electricity generation component and includes a minimum price. The financial scope of the agreements may reach $0.8 billion for OPC Rotem and $0.5 billion for OPC Hadera (assuming maximum consumption according to the agreements and according to the gas price formula as at the report date), and depends mainly on the electricity generation component and the gas consumption. In November 2018, all pre-conditions for the agreement were fulfilled.

In November 2019, an amendment was signed to OPC Rotem’s natural gas movement with Energean whereby the rate of consumption of the gas was accelerated such that the daily and annual contractual gas consumption quantity of OPC Rotem from Energean was increased by 50%, with no change in the total contractual quantity being acquired from Energean. Accordingly, the period of the agreement was updated to the earlier of 10 years or up to completion of supply of the total contractual quantity (in place of the earlier of 15 years or up to completion of supply of the total contractual quantity). In January 2020, OPC Rotem received the decision of the Business Competition Supervisor whereby OPC Hadera is exempt from receiving approval of the Business Competition Court for a restrictive agreement (cartel) with reference to amendment of the agreement. In March 2020, all of the preconditions were fulfilled.

The amendment to the OPC Rotem agreement with Energean and the amendment to the agreements of OPC Rotem and OPC Hadera with Tamar, as stated above, are intended to permit reduction of the quantities of gas being acquired under the agreements with Tamar and increase of the quantities being acquired under the terms of the agreements with Energean, with the goal of reducing the OPC’s weighted‑average gas price. The quantum of the cumulative annual monetary TOP liability of OPC Rotem and OPC Hadera (based on all of their gas contracts) is not expected to increase. Nonetheless, as a practical outcome of acceleration of the consumption under the Energean agreement, with respect to OPC Rotem, the cumulative annual monetary TOP liability of OPC Rotem will increase based on all of its gas contracts. It is noted that the said TOP liability is lower than OPC Rotem’s expected consumption.

F-82

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions (Cont’d)

OPC Hadera signed an agreement with an unrelated third party for the sale of surplus gas quantities which will be supplied to it pursuant to the agreement with Energean. As the agreements cannot be settled on a net basis and the undertakings were made for the purpose of OPC Hadera’s own independent contractual use, the agreements for the purchase and sale of gas are not within the scope of IFRS 9. Accordingly, the agreements were accounted for as executory contracts. In December 2020, OPC Hadera transferred the quantities designated for sale to third party under the Energean agreement and the agreement for sale of the gas to a third party to a fellow subsidiary. Transfer of the quantities is subject to preconditions, which as at the publication date of the report had not yet been fulfilled.

In 2020 Energean notified OPC that “force majeure” events happened during the year, in accordance with the clauses pursuant to the agreements, and that the flow of the first gas from the Karish reservoir is expected to take place during the second half of 2021. OPC rejected the contentions that a “force majeure” event is involved.

Subsequent to year end, as indicated by publications of Energean from January 2021, supply of the gas from the Karish reservoir is expected to take place in the fourth quarter of 2021. Notwithstanding that, it is noted that this forecast requires an increase in personnel, and if the personnel remains in its present format, the flow of the gas could be delayed by two or three months. In February 2021, the rating agency, Moody’s, published a report stating that the full operation of the Karish reservoir is expected to be delayed to the second quarter of 2022.

Due to the delay in supply of the gas from the Karish reservoir, OPC Rotem and OPC Hadera will be required to acquire the quantity of gas it had planned to acquire from Energean for purposes of operation of the power plants at present gas prices, which is higher than the price stipulated in the Energean agreement. The delays in the commercial operation date of Energean, and in turn, a delay in supply of the gas from the Karish reservoir, will have an unfavorable impact on OPC’s profits. In the agreements with Energean, compensation for delays had been provided, the amount of which depends on the reasons for the delay, where the limit with respect to the compensation in a case where the damages caused is “force majeure” is lower. It is noted that the damages that will be caused to OPC stemming from a delay could exceed the amount of the said compensation.

CPV Group

In October 2020, an agreement was signed (hereinafter – the “Acquisition Agreement”) whereby OPC will acquire (indirectly from entities in the Global Infrastructure Management LLC Group (hereinafter – the “Sellers”)), 70% of the rights and holdings in the following entities: CPV Power Holdings LP; Competitive Power Ventures Inc.; and CPV Renewable Energy Company Inc. (the three companies collectively referred to hereinafter as – the “CPV Group”).

The CPV Group is engaged in the development, construction and management of power plants using renewable energy and conventional energy (power plants running on natural gas of the advanced‑generation combined‑cycle type) in the United States. The CPV Group holds rights in active power plants that it initiated and developed – both in the area of conventional energy and in the area of renewable energy. In addition, through an asset management group the CPV Group is engaged in provision of management services to power plants in the United States using a range of technologies and fuel types, by means of signing asset‑management agreements, usually for short/medium periods.

The acquisition was made through a limited partnership, CPV Group LP (hereinafter – the “Buyer”), held by OPC Power Ventures LP where OPC holds approximately 70% interest (hereinafter – the “Partnership”).

Completion of the transaction was subject to preconditions and receipt of various regulatory approvals. The preconditions included, among others, confirmation of each of the parties of fulfillment of its representations under the Agreement. The regulatory approvals included the following main approvals: approval of the Committee for Examination of Foreign Investments in the United States (CIFUS); passage of the required period for handling the request under the Hart Scott Rodino Act; approval of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and approval of the New York Public Service Commission.

Subsequent to year end, in January 2021, all the regulatory approvals required for completion of the transaction were received and the preconditions were fulfilled. The completion date of the transaction was January 25, 2021 (the “Transaction Completion Date”).

F-83

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions (Cont’d)

On the Transaction Completion Date, in accordance with the mechanism for determination of the consideration as defined in the acquisition agreement, the Buyer paid the Sellers approximately $648 million, which included a purchase price of $630 million subject to certain adjustments to working capital, cash, and the debt balance), and about NIS 5 million (approximately $2 million) for a deposit which remains in the CPV Group. In respect of an interest of 17.5% in the rights to the Three Rivers construction project (the “Construction Project”), a sellers’ loan in the amount of $95 million (the “Sellers’ Loan”) was provided to CPVPH. The rate of the holdings in the Project Under Construction may drop to 10%. The parties agreed that to the extent a sale is executed of up to 7.5% of the rights in the Construction Project within 60 days from the completion date of the transaction, a partial early repayment will be made in the amount of $40 million out of the Seller’s Loan that will be made upon completion of sale of the rights, as stated, and arrangements were provided including regarding reduction of the interest on the Seller’s Loan in the case of a sale. The Seller’s Loan is for a period of up to two years from the Transaction Completion Date, bears interest at an annual rate of 4.5%, and is secured by a lien on shares of the holding company that owns the rights in the project under construction and rights pursuant to the management agreement of the project under construction. The Seller’s Loan includes loan covenants and breach events, and does not include construction and early repayment costs. The transaction costs for acquisition of the CPV Group are expected to be about NIS 45 million (approximately $13 million) (about NIS 42 million (approximately $12 million) was included under selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of profit and loss).

OPC partially hedged its exposure to changes in the cash flows from payments in dollars in connection with the acquisition agreement by means of forward transactions. OPC chose to designate the forward transactions as an accounting hedge. The Buyer also provided guarantees in place of the guarantees provided by the Sellers prior to the completion date of the transaction in favor of third parties in connection with projects of the CPV Group that are in the development stage.

Subsequent to year end, on February 3, 2021, the transaction for sale of 7.5% of the rights in a project under construction was completed, and accordingly the Seller’s Loan was reduced by the amount of about $41 million. The Seller’s Loan will continue to exist with respect to the amount of about $54 million in connection with the consideration relating to 10% of the rights in a project under construction that is held by the CPV Group, pursuant to the conditions set forth above.

The CPV Group holds rights in active power plants it initiated and constructed over the past years – both in the conventional area as well as in the area of renewable energy: in power plants powered by natural gas (of the open‑cycle type from an advanced generation), CPV’s share is about 1,290 megawatts out of 4,045 megawatts (5 power plants), and in wind energy CPV’s share is about 106 megawatts out of 152 megawatts (1 power plant). In addition, the CPV Group holds rights in a power plant running on natural gas having an aggregate capacity of about 1,258 megawatts in the construction stages (CPV’s share as at the submission date of the report is about 125 megawatts).

In addition to the power plants using conventional technology and renewable energy, as stated above, as at the publishing date of the report the CPV Group has a list (backlog) of 9 renewable energy projects in advanced stages of development, and additional projects using various technologies in different stages of development, having an aggregate scope of about 6,175 megawatts. In addition, the CPV Group is also engaged in provision of asset‑management and energy services to power plants using various different technologies, both for projects it initiated as well as for third parties, and in total the CPV Group provides management services to power plants with an aggregate capacity of about 7,911 megawatts.

F-84

Note 19 – Contingent Liabilities, Commitments and Concessions (Cont’d)

The Acquisition Agreement included representations and warranties and covenants by the parties, including covenants regulating the conduct of the CPV business between signing and closing. The Seller's representations expired at closing, other than certain fundamental representations which will survive for two years. The Buyer obtained a representation and warranty insurance policy in connection with the Acquisition Agreement with international insurers with a liability cap of up to $53 million for a period ranging from three to six years, depending on the particular representation and warranty.

On the completion date of the transaction, the Buyer provided guarantees and credit certificates in place of guarantees provided by the Sellers for the benefit of third parties in connection with CPV’s projects that are in various stages of development.

The agreement provided for a termination payment of $50 million (plus certain expenses of the Seller) by the Buyer if the agreement is terminated as a result of certain breaches of representations or covenants. This payment obligation was guaranteed by OPC, and with the completion of the transaction subsequent to year end, accordingly the guaranteed was cancelled.

Kenon is currently assessing the impact of the acquisition on the consolidated financial statements.

OPC Power Ventures LP (“OPC Power”)

In October 2020, OPC signed a partnership agreement (the “Partnership Agreement” and the “Partnership”, where applicable) with three financial entities to form OPC Power, whereby the limited partners in the Partnership are OPC (indirectly) which holds about 70% interest, institutional investors from the Clal Insurance Group which hold 12.75% interest, institutional investors from the Migdal Insurance Group which hold 12.75% interest, and a corporation from Poalim Capital Markets which hold 4.5% interest.

The total investment commitments and commitments for provision of shareholders’ loans of all the limited partners amount to $815 million, based on their respective ownership interests, representing obligations for acquisition consideration as well as funding of additional investments in the Buyer and in the CPV Group for implementation of certain new projects being developed by the CPV Group.

The General Partner of the Partnership, a wholly-owned company of OPC, will manage the Partnership’s business as its General Partner, with certain material actions (or which may involve a conflict of interest between the General Partner and the limited partners), requiring approval of a majority of special majority (according to the specific action) of the institutional investors which are limited partners. The General Partner is entitled to management fees and success fees subject to meeting certain achievements.

OPC has also entered into an agreement with entities from the Migdal Insurance Group with respect to their holdings in the Partnership, whereby OPC granted said entities a put option, and they granted OPC a call option (to the extent that the put option is not exercised), which is exercisable after 10 years in certain circumstances.

Inkia Energy Limited (liquidated in July 2019)

As part of the sale described in Note 27, Inkia agreed to indemnify the buyer and its successors, permitted assigns, and affiliates against certain losses arising from a breach of Inkia’s representations and warranties and certain tax matters, subject to certain time and monetary limits depending on the particular indemnity obligation. These indemnification obligations were supported by (a) a three-year pledge of shares of OPC which represented 25% of OPC’s outstanding shares, (b) a deferral of $175 million of the sale price in the form of a four-year $175 million Deferred Payment Agreement, accruing interest at 8% per year and payable in-kind, and (c) a three-year corporate guarantee from Kenon for all of the Inkia’s indemnification obligations, all of the foregoing periods running from the closing date of December 31, 2017. In December 2018, the indemnification commitment was assigned by Inkia to a fellow wholly owned subsidiary of Kenon.

As part of the early repayment described in Note 13, Kenon agreed to increase the number of OPC shares pledged to the buyer of the Inkia business to 55,000,000 shares (representing approximately 31% of OPC’s shares as at December 31, 2020) and to extend the pledge of OPC shares and the corporate guarantee from Kenon for all of Inkia’s indemnification obligations until December 31, 2021. In addition, Kenon agreed that, until December 31, 2021, it shall maintain at least $50 million in cash and cash equivalents, and to restrictions on indebtedness, subject to certain exceptions.

F-85

Note 20 – Share Capital and Reserves

Share Capital

	Company
	No. of shares
	(’000)
	2020		2019
Authorised and in issue at January, 1		53,858		53,827
Issued for share plan		13		31
Authorised and in issue at December. 31		53,871		53,858

All shares rank equally with regards to Company’s residual assets. The holders of ordinary shares are entitled to receive dividends as declared from time to time, and are entitled to one vote per share at meetings of the Company. All issued shares are fully paid with no par value.

The capital structure of the Company comprises of issued capital and accumulated profits. The management manages its capital structure to ensure that the Company will be able to continue to operate as a going concern. The Company is not subjected to externally imposed capital requirement.

In 2020, 12,661 (2019: 31,749) ordinary shares were granted under the Share Incentive Plan to key management at an average price of $21.09 (2019: $16.38) per share.

Translation reserve

The translation reserve includes all the foreign currency differences stemming from translation of financial statements of foreign activities as well as from translation of items defined as investments in foreign activities commencing from January 1, 2007 (the date IC first adopted IFRS).

Capital reserves

The capital reserve reflects the portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is determined to be an effective hedge (ie the portion that is offset by the change in the cash flow hedge reserve).

Dividends

On November 27, 2018, Kenon announced that its board of directors approved a cash dividend of $1.86 per share (an aggregate amount of approximately $100 million), to Kenon’s shareholders of record as of the close of trading on December 7, 2018, for payment on December 17, 2018.

On November 4, 2019, Kenon announced that its board of directors approved a cash dividend of $1.21 per share (an aggregate amount of approximately $65 million), to Kenon’s shareholders of record as of the close of trading on November 18, 2019, for payment on November 26, 2019.

On October 21, 2020, Kenon announced that its shareholders approved a cash dividend of $2.23 per share (an aggregate amount of approximately $120 million), to Kenon’s shareholders of record as of the close of trading on November 3, 2020, for payment on November 10, 2020.

F-86

Note 20 – Share Capital and Reserves (Cont’d)

Kenon's share plan

Kenon has established a share incentive plan for its directors and management. The plan provides grants of Kenon shares, as well as stock options in respect of Kenon’s shares, to directors and officers of the Company pursuant to awards, which may be granted by Kenon from time to time, representing up to 3% of the total issued shares (excluding treasury shares) of Kenon. During 2020, 2019 and 2018, Kenon granted awards of shares to certain members of its management. Such shares are vested upon the satisfaction of certain conditions, including the recipient’s continued employment in a specified capacity and Kenon’s listing on each of the NYSE and the TASE. The fair value of the shares granted in 2020 is $267 thousand (2019: $520 thousand, 2018: $404 thousand) and was determined based on the fair value of Kenon’s shares on the grant date. Kenon recognized $350 thousand as general and administrative expenses in 2020 (2019: $511 thousand, 2018: $732 thousand).

Note 21 – Revenue

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2020		2019		2018
	$ Thousands
Revenue from sale of electricity		369,421		356,648		347,167
Revenue from sale of steam		16,204		16,494		16,095
Others		845		331		750
		386,470		373,473		364,012

Note 22 – Cost of Sales and Services (excluding Depreciation and Amortization)

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2020		2019		2018
	$ Thousands
Fuels		135,706		138,502		118,698
Electricity and infrastructure services		125,782		101,085		125,623
Salaries and related expenses		7,244		6,661		6,097
Generation and operating expenses and outsourcing		8,625		6,326		6,509
Insurance		3,503		2,360		1,548
Others		1,226		1,102		1,040
		282,086		256,036		259,515

F-87

Note 23 – Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2020		2019		2018
	$ Thousands
Payroll and related expenses		11,360		10,853		11,399
Depreciation and amortization		1,023		951		607
Professional fees		8,386		12,806		12,115
Business development expenses		1,998		1,947		999
Expenses in respect of acquisition of CPV Group		12,227		-		-
Other expenses		14,963		9,879		9,524
		49,957		36,436		34,644

Note 24 – Financing Income (Expenses), Net

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2020			2019			2018
	$ Thousands

Interest income from bank deposits		780			2,545			4,360
Interest income from deferred payment (Note 13)		13,511			15,134			14,166
Interest income from associated company		-			-			8,494
Net change in exchange rates		-			-			1,129
Other income		-			-			443
Financing income		14,291			17,679			28,592

Interest expenses to banks and others		(24,402	)		(22,420	)		(30,382	)
Amount reclassified to consolidated statements of profit & loss from capital reserve in respect of cash flow hedges		(6,300	)		(2,743	)		-
Net change in exchange rates		(5,645	)		(2,328	)		-
Net change in fair value of derivative financial instruments		(1,569	)		(1,657	)		-
Early repayment fee		(11,852	)		-			-
Other expenses		(1,406	)		(798	)		-
Financing expenses		(51,174	)		(29,946	)		(30,382	)
Net financing expenses recognized in the statement of profit and loss		(36,883	)		(12,267	)		(1,790	)

F-88

Note 25 – Income Taxes

A. Components of the Income Taxes

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2020		2019			2018
	$ Thousands
Current taxes on income
In respect of current year		734		2,569			1,878
In respect of prior years		1		(18	)		(48	)
Deferred tax income
Creation and reversal of temporary differences		3,963		14,124			9,669
Total taxes on income		4,698		16,675			11,499

No previously unrecognized tax benefits were used in 2018, 2019 or 2020 to reduce our current tax expense.

B.	Reconciliation between the theoretical tax expense (benefit) on the pre-tax income (loss) and the actual income tax expenses

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2020			2019			2018
	$ Thousands
Profit/(loss) from continuing operations before income taxes		500,447			(5,536	)		461,968
Statutory tax rate		17.00	%		17.00	%		17.00	%
Tax computed at the statutory tax rate		85,076			(941	)		78,535

Increase (decrease) in tax in respect of:
Elimination of tax calculated in respect of the Group’s share in losses of associated companies		(27,353	)		7,043			18,215
Income subject to tax at a different tax rate		441			5,960			2,632
Non-deductible expenses		1,028			5,408			6,752
Exempt income		(61,415	)		(4,714	)		(97,664	)
Taxes in respect of prior years		1			(18	)		(48	)
Changes in temporary differences in respect of which deferred taxes are not recognized		-			-			(4	)
Tax losses and other tax benefits for the period regarding which deferred taxes were not recorded		7,647			3,946			2,883
Other differences		(727	)		(9	)		198
Taxes on income included in the statement of profit and loss		4,698			16,675			11,499

F-89

Note 25 – Income Taxes (Cont’d)

C.	Deferred tax assets and liabilities

1.	Deferred tax assets and liabilities recognized

The deferred taxes are calculated based on the tax rate expected to apply at the time of the reversal as detailed below. Deferred taxes in respect of subsidiaries were calculated based on the tax rates relevant for each country.

The deferred tax assets and liabilities are derived from the following items:

	Property plant and equipment			Carryforward of losses and deductions for tax purposes			Other*			Total
	$ thousands
Balance of deferred tax asset (liability) as at January 1, 2019		(79,059	)		18,690			1,934			(58,435	)
Changes recorded on the statement of profit and loss		2,843			(17,213	)		246			(14,124	)
Changes recorded in other comprehensive income		-			-			252			252
Change as a result of sale of subsidiary		-			-			10			10
Translation differences		(6,589	)		1,041			(202	)		(5,750	)
Balance of deferred tax asset (liability) as at December 31, 2019		(82,805	)		2,518			2,240			(78,047	)
Changes recorded on the statement of profit and loss		(6,230	)		(951	)		3,218			(3,963	)
Changes recorded in other comprehensive income		-			-			1,346			1,346
Translation differences		(6,639	)		124			217			(6,298	)
Balance of deferred tax asset (liability) as at December 31, 2020		(95,674	)		1,691			7,021			(86,962	)

*	This amount includes deferred tax arising from derivative instruments, intangibles, undistributed profits, non-monetary items and trade receivables distribution.

The deferred taxes are presented in the statements of financial position as follows:

	As at December 31,
	2020			2019
	$ Thousands
As part of non-current assets		7,374			1,516
As part of non-current liabilities		(94,336	)		(79,563	)
		(86,962	)		(78,047	)

Income tax rate in Israel is 23% for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.

F-90

Note 25 – Income Taxes (Cont’d)

On January 4, 2016, Amendment 216 to the Income Tax Ordinance (New Version) – 1961 (hereinafter – “the Ordinance”) was passed in the Knesset. As part of the amendment, OPC’s and Hadera’s income tax rate was reduced by 1.5% to a rate of 25% as from 2016. Furthermore, on December 22, 2016 the Knesset plenum passed the Economic Efficiency Law (Legislative Amendments for Achieving Budget Objectives in the Years 2017 and 2018) – 2016, by which, inter alia, the corporate tax rate would be reduced from 25% to 23% in two steps. The first step will be to a rate of 24% as from January 2017 and the second step will be to a rate of 23% as from January 2018.

As a result of reducing the tax rate to 23%, the deferred tax balance as at December 31, 2020 and 2019 were calculated according to the new tax rates specified in the Economic Efficiency Law (Legislative Amendments for Achieving Budget Objectives in the years 2017 and 2018), at the tax rate expected to apply on the reversal date.

Tax and deferred tax liabilities not recorded

As at December 31, 2020 and 2019, deferred tax liabilities in the amount of approximately $14 million (2019: $37 million) in respect of temporary differences in the amount of approximately $61 million (2019: $162 million) relating to investment in subsidiaries were not recognized since there is no firm decision whether to sell these subsidiaries, and there is no plan to sell them in the foreseeable future.

Pursuant to Israeli tax law, there is no time limit on the utilization of tax losses and the utilization of the deductible temporary differences. Deferred tax assets were not recognized for these items, since it is not expected that there will be taxable income in the future, against which the tax benefits can be utilized.

	As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands
Losses for tax purposes		54,985		35,041
Deductible temporary differences		1,971		3,584
		56,956		38,625

Tax in Singapore

In Singapore, under its one-tier corporate taxation system, profits are taxed at the corporate level at 17% and this is a final tax. Dividends paid by a Singapore resident company under the one-tier corporate tax system should not be taxable.

A Company is liable to pay tax in Singapore on income that is:

•

Accrued in or derived from Singapore; or

•

Received in Singapore from outside of Singapore.

Certain categories of foreign sourced income including,

•

dividend income;

•

trade or business profits of a foreign branch; or

•

service fee income derived from a business, trade or profession carried on through a fixed place of operation in a foreign jurisdiction may be exempted from tax in Singapore.

Tax exemption should be granted when all of the three conditions below are met:

The highest corporate tax rate (headline tax rate) of the foreign jurisdiction from which the income is received is at least 15% at the time the foreign income is received in Singapore;

The foreign income had been subjected to tax in the foreign jurisdiction from which they were received (known as the "subject to tax" condition). The rate at which the foreign income was taxed can be different from the headline tax rate; and

The Tax Comptroller is satisfied that the tax exemption would be beneficial to the person resident in Singapore.

The Comptroller will regard the "subject to tax" condition as having been met if the income is exempt from tax in the foreign jurisdiction due to tax incentive granted for substantive business activities carried out in that jurisdiction.

F-91

Note 25 – Income Taxes (Cont’d)

Safe harbor rules

Singapore does not impose taxes on disposal gains, which are considered to be capital in nature, but imposes tax on income and gains of a trading nature. As such, whenever a gain is realized on the disposal of an asset, the practice of the IRAS is to rely upon a set of commonly-applied rules in determining the question of capital (not taxable) or revenue (taxable). Under Singapore tax laws, any gains derived by a divesting company from its disposal of ordinary shares in an investee company between June 1, 2012 and December 31, 2027 are generally not taxable if, immediately prior to the date of such disposal, the divesting company has held at least 20% of the ordinary shares in the investee company for a continuous period of at least 24 months.

Note 26 – Earnings per Share

Data used in calculation of the basic / diluted earnings per share

Profit/(Loss) allocated to the holders of the ordinary shareholders

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2019			2018
	$ Thousands
Profit/(loss) for the year attributable to Kenon’s shareholders		507,106		(13,359	)		434,213
Profit/(loss) for the year from discontinued operations (after tax) attributable to Kenon’s shareholders		8,476		24,653			(5,631	)
Profit/(loss) for the year from continuing operations attributable to Kenon’s shareholders
		498,630		(38,012	)		439,844

Number of ordinary shares

	For the year ended December 31
	2020		2019		2018
	Thousands
Weighted Average number of shares used in calculation of basic/diluted earnings per share		53,870		53,856		53,826

F-92

Note 27 – Discontinued Operations

(a)

I.C. Power (Latin America businesses)

In December 2017, Kenon, through its wholly-owned subsidiary Inkia Energy Limited (“Inkia”), sold its Latin American and Caribbean power business to an infrastructure private equity firm, I Squared Capital (“ISQ”). As a result, the Latin American and Caribbean businesses were classified as discontinued operations.

At the date of closing of the sale, as part of the purchase agreement ISQ entered into a four-year $175 million deferred payment obligation accruing 8% interest, payable in kind. This was repaid in full in October 2020 (refer to Note 13 for further details).

Kenon’s subsidiaries are entitled to receive payments in connection with certain claims held by companies within Inkia’s businesses. In 2018, a loss of $5.6 million was recognized, net of taxes payable in relation to adjustments to the sale price as mentioned above, in discontinued operations.

In 2019, one of Kenon’s subsidiaries received a favorable award in a commercial arbitration proceeding relating to retained claims from the sale of the Inkia business. An amount of $25 million, net of taxes, was recognized in discontinued operations.

In 2020, following the completion of a tax review related to the sale, Kenon recognized income of $8 million, net of taxes.

Set forth below are the results attributable to the discontinued operations

	Year ended December 31, 2020			Year ended December 31, 2019			Year ended December 31, 2018
	$ Thousands
Recovery of retained claims		9,923			30,000			5,340
Income taxes		(1,447	)		(5,347	)		(10,971	)
Profit/(loss) after income taxes		8,476			24,653			(5,631	)

Net cash flows provided by/(used in) investing activities		8,476			24,567			(155,361	)

F-93

Note 28 – Segment, Customer and Geographic Information

Financial information of the reportable segments is set forth in the following tables:

	OPC			Quantum			ZIM			Others			Total
	$ Thousands
2020
Revenue		385,625			-			-			845			386,470

(Loss)/profit before taxes		(8,620	)		303,669			210,647			(5,249	)		500,447
Income Taxes		(3,963	)		-			-			(735	)		(4,698	)
(Loss)/profit from continuing operations		(12,583	)		303,669			210,647			(5,984	)		495,749

Depreciation and amortization		33,981			-			-			190			34,171
Financing income		(354	)		-			-			(13,937	)		(14,291	)
Financing expenses		50,349			1			-			824			51,174
Other items:											-
Net gains related to Qoros		-			(309,918	)		-			-			(309,918	)
Write back of impairment of investment		-			-			(43,505	)		-			(43,505	)
Share in losses/(profit) of associated companies		-			6,248			(167,142	)		-			(160,894	)
		83,976			(303,669	)		(210,647	)		(12,923	)		(443,263	)

Adjusted EBITDA		75,356			-			-			(18,172	)		57,184

Segment assets		1,723,967			235,220			-			225,998			2,185,185
Investments in associated companies		-			-			297,148			-			297,148
														2,482,333
Segment liabilities		1,200,363			-			-			5,962			1,206,325

	OPC			Quantum			ZIM			Others			Total
	$ Thousands
2019
Revenue		373,142			-			-			331			373,473

Profit/(loss) before taxes		48,513			(44,626	)		(4,375	)		(5,048	)		(5,536	)
Income Taxes		(14,147	)		-			-			(2,528	)		(16,675	)
Profit/(loss) from continuing operations		34,366			(44,626	)		(4,375	)		(7,576	)		(22,211	)

Depreciation and amortization		31,141			-			-			951			32,092
Financing income		(1,930	)		(242	)		-			(15,507	)		(17,679	)
Financing expenses		28,065			-			-			1,881			29,946
Other items:
Net losses related to Qoros		-			7,813			-			-			7,813
Share in losses of associated companies		-			37,055			4,375			-			41,430
Provision of financial guarantee														-
		57,276			44,626			4,375			(12,675	)		93,602

Adjusted EBITDA		105,789			-			-			(17,723	)		88,066

Segment assets		1,000,329			71,580			-			247,155			1,319,064
Investments in associated companies		-			105,040			84,270			-			189,310
														1,508,374
Segment liabilities		761,866			-			-			34,720			796,586

F-94

Note 28 – Segment, Customer and Geographic Information (Cont’d)

	OPC			Quantum			ZIM			Others			Adjustments			Total
	$ Thousands
2018
Revenue		363,262			-			-			750			-			364,012

Profit/(loss) before taxes		36,499			456,854			(26,919	)		(4,466	)					461,968
Income Taxes		(10,233	)		-			-			(1,266	)		-			(11,499	)
Profit/(loss) from continuing operations		26,266			456,854			(26,919	)		(5,732	)		-			450,469

Depreciation and amortization		29,809			-			-			607						30,416
Financing income		(2,031	)		(10,371	)		-			(48,430	)		32,240			(28,592	)
Financing expenses		27,219			2,003			-			33,400			(32,240	)		30,382
Other items:
Net gains related to Qoros		-			(526,824	)		-			-			-			(526,824	)
Share in losses of associated companies		-			78,338			26,919			-			-			105,257
		54,997			(456,854	)		26,919			(14,423	)		-			(389,361	)

Adjusted EBITDA		91,496			-			-			(18,889	)		-			72,607

Segment assets		893,162			91,626			-			239,550			-			1,224,338
Investments in associated companies		-			139,184			91,596			-			-			230,780
																	1,455,118
Segment liabilities		700,452			-			-			38,948			-			739,400

Customer and Geographic Information

Major customers

Following is information on the total sales of the Group to material customers and the percentage of the Group’s total revenues (in $ Thousands):

	2020						2019					2018
Customer	Total revenues			Percentage of revenues of the Group			Total revenues		Percentage of revenues of the Group			Total revenues		Percentage of revenues of the Group

Customer 1		86,896			22.48	%		80,861		21.65	%		61,482		16.89	%
Customer 2		74,694			19.33	%		76,653		20.52	%		74,019		20.33	%
Customer 3		-	*		-	*		56,393		15.10	%		54,639		15.01	%
Customer 4		-	*		-	*		48,724		13.05	%		42,487		11.67	%
Customer 5		-	*		-	*		39,904		10.68	%		39,276		10.79	%

* Represents an amount less than 10% of the revenues.

F-95

Note 28 – Segment, Customer and Geographic Information (Cont’d)

Information based on geographic areas

The Group’s geographic revenues are as follows:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2019		2018
	$ Thousands
Israel		385,625		373,142		363,262
Others		845		331		750
Total revenue		386,470		373,473		364,012

The Group’s non-current assets* on the basis of geographic location:

	As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands
Israel		820,012		668,808
Others		1		67
Total non-current assets		820,013		668,875

* Composed of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets.

Note 29 – Related-party Information

Identity of related parties:

The Group’s related parties are as defined in IAS 24 Related Party Disclosures and include Kenon’s beneficial owners and Kenon’s subsidiaries, affiliates and associates companies. Kenon’s immediate holding company is Ansonia Holdings Singapore B.V.

In the ordinary course of business, some of the Group’s subsidiaries and affiliates engage in business activities with each other.

Ordinary course of business transactions are aggregated in this note. Other than disclosed elsewhere in the consolidated financial statements during the period, the Group engaged the following material related party transactions.

Key management personnel of the Company are those persons having the authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of the Company. The directors, CEO and CFO are considered key management personnel of the Company.

Transactions with directors and officers (Kenon's directors and officers):

B. Key management personnel compensation

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands

Short-term benefits		1,837		1,839
Share-based payments		351		511
		2,188		2,350

F-96

Note 29 – Related-party Information (Cont’d)

Transactions with related parties (excluding associates):

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020			2019			2018
	$ Thousands
Sale of electricity		80,416			78,362			80,269
Sale of gas		-			-			6,868
Cost of sales		16			14			14
Other expenses/(income), net		(90	)		(63	)		393
Financing expenses, net		2,156			1,256			2,091
Interest expenses capitalized to property plant and equipment		119			312			-
Repayment of loan to Ansonia		-			-			(77,085	)
Repayment of loan to IC		-			-			(239,971	)

Transactions with associates:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2019		2018
	$ Thousands
Finance income, net		-		-		8,494
Other income, net		-		66		140

Balances with related parties:

	As at December 31,						As at December 31,
	2020						2019
	Other related parties *			Total			Other related parties *			Total
	$ Thousands						$ Thousands
Cash and cash equivalent		467			467			-			-
Short-term deposits and restricted cash		352,150			352,150			-			-
Trade receivables		9,108			9,108			7,603			7,603

Loans and Other Liabilities
In US dollar or linked thereto		(157,449	)		(157,449	)		(156,431	)		(156,431	)

IC, Israel Chemicals Ltd (“ICL”), Oil Refineries Ltd (“Bazan”).

These balances relate to amounts with entities that are related to Kenon's beneficial owners.

Gas Sale Agreement with Bazan, see Note 19.B.a.

For further investment by Kenon into OPC, see Note 10.A.1.h.

F-97

Note 30 – Financial Instruments

General

The Group has international activity in which it is exposed to credit, liquidity and market risks (including currency, interest, inflation and other price risks). In order to reduce the exposure to these risks, the Group holds derivative financial instruments, (including forward transactions, interest rate swap (“SWAP”) transactions, and options) for the purpose of economic (not accounting) hedging of foreign currency risks, inflation risks, commodity price risks, interest risks and risks relating to the price of inputs.

This note presents information about the Group’s exposure to each of the above risks, and the Group’s objectives, policies and processes for measuring and managing the risk.

The risk management of the Group companies is executed by them as part of the ongoing current management of the companies. The Group companies monitor the above risks on a regular basis. The hedge policies with respect to all the different types of exposures are discussed by the boards of directors of the companies.

The comprehensive responsibility for establishing the base for the risk management of the Group and for supervising its implementation lies with the Board of Directors and the senior management of the Group.

Credit risk

Counterparty credit risk is the risk that the financial benefits of contracts with a specific counterparty will be lost if a counterparty defaults on their obligations under the contract. This includes any cash amounts owed to the Group by those counterparties, less any amounts owed to the counterparty by the Group where a legal right of set-offs exists and also includes the fair values of contracts with individual counterparties which are included in the financial statements. The maximum exposure to credit risk at each reporting date is the carrying value of each class of financial assets mentioned in this note.

(1)

Exposure to credit risk

The carrying amount of financial assets represents the maximum credit exposure. The maximum exposure to credit risk as at year end was:

	As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands
	Carrying amount
Cash and cash equivalents		286,184		147,153
Short-term and long-term deposits and restricted cash		636,201		110,904
Trade receivables and other assets		61,974		332,931
Short-term and long-term derivative instruments		279		2,293
		984,638		593,281

Based on the credit risk profiles of the Group’s counterparties relating to the Group’s cash and cash equivalents, short-term and long-term deposits and restricted cash, trade receivables and other assets, short-term and long-term derivative instruments, the Group has assessed these expected credit loss on the financial assets to be immaterial. The maximum exposure to credit risk for trade receivables as at year end, by geographic region was as follows:

	As at December 31,
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands
Israel		47,741		39,271
Other regions		207		50
		47,948		39,321

F-98

Note 30 – Financial Instruments (Cont’d)

(2)

Aging of debts

Set forth below is an aging of the trade receivables:

	As at December 31
	2020		2019
	$ Thousands		$ Thousands
Not past due		47,948		39,321

No ECL has been recorded on any trade receivable amounts based on historical credit loss data and the Group’s view of economic conditions over the expected lives of the receivables.

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Group will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. The Group’s approach to managing liquidity is to ensure, as far as possible, that it will always have sufficient liquidity to meet its liabilities when due, under both normal and adverse credit and market conditions, without incurring unacceptable losses or risking damage to the Group’s reputation.

The Group manages its liquidity risk by means of holding cash balances, short-term deposits, other liquid financial assets and credit lines.

Set forth below are the anticipated repayment dates of the financial liabilities, including an estimate of the interest payments. This disclosure does not include amounts regarding which there are offset agreements:

	As at December 31, 2020
	Book value		Projected cash flows		Up to 1 year		1-2 years		2-5 years		More than 5 years
	$ Thousands
Non-derivative financial liabilities
Trade payables		92,542		92,542		92,542		-		-		-
Other current liabilities		24,302		24,302		24,302		-		-		-
Lease liabilities including interest payable *		18,605		22,075		14,378		667		1,840		5,190
Debentures (including interest payable) *		304,701		349,869		13,999		13,914		90,142		231,814
Loans from banks and others including interest *		615,843		799,275		65,337		63,087		260,065		410,786

Financial liabilities – hedging instruments
Interest SWAP contracts		11,014		41,092		6,083		5,596		13,923		15,490
Forward exchange rate contracts		34,273		33,409		31,637		1,772		-		-
Other forward exchange rate contracts		766		748		748		-		-		-

		1,102,046		1,363,312		249,026		85,036		365,970		663,280

Includes current portion of long-term liabilities.

F-99

Note 30 – Financial Instruments (Cont’d)

	As at December 31, 2019
	Book value		Projected cash flows		Up to 1 year		1-2 years		2-5 years		More than 5 years
	$ Thousands
Non-derivative financial liabilities
Trade payables		36,007		36,007		36,007		-		-		-
Other current liabilities		9,099		9,099		9,099		-		-		-
Lease liabilities including interest payable*		6,070		9,547		1,147		1,258		1,807		5,335
Debentures (including interest payable) *		81,847		105,203		12,576		13,246		26,680		52,701
Loans from banks and others including interest *		540,721		722,727		61,826		60,516		181,718		418,667

Financial liabilities – hedging instruments
Interest SWAP contracts		4,225		42,208		5,913		5,512		13,838		16,944

		677,969		924,791		126,568		80,532		224,043		493,647

Includes current portion of long-term liabilities.

D. Market risks

Market risk is the risk that changes in market prices, such as foreign exchange rates, the CPI, interest rates and prices of capital products and instruments will affect the fair value of the future cash flows of a financial instrument.

The Group buys and sells derivatives in the ordinary course of business, and also incurs financial liabilities, in order to manage market risks. All such transactions are carried out within the guidelines set by the Boards of Directors of the companies. For the most part, the Group companies enter into hedging transactions for purposes of avoiding economic exposures that arise from their operating activities. Most of the transactions entered into do not meet the conditions for recognition as an accounting hedge and, therefore, differences in their fair values are recorded on the statement of profit and loss.

(1) CPI and foreign currency risk

Currency risk

The Group’s functional currency is the U.S. dollar. The exposures of the Group companies are measured with reference to the changes in the exchange rate of the dollar vis-à-vis the other currencies in which it transacts business.

The Group is exposed to currency risk on sales, purchases, assets and liabilities that are denominated in a currency other than the respective functional currencies of the Group entities. The primary exposure is to the Shekel (NIS).

The Group uses options and forward exchange contracts on exchange rates for purposes of hedging short-term currency risks, usually up to one year, in order to reduce the risk with respect to the final cash flows in dollars deriving from the existing assets and liabilities and sales and purchases of goods and services within the framework of firm or anticipated commitments, including in relation to future operating expenses.

The Group is exposed to currency risk in relation to loans it has taken out and debentures it has issued in currencies other than the dollar. The principal amounts of these bank loans and debentures have been hedged by swap transactions the repayment date of which corresponds with the payment date of the loans and debentures.

F-100

Note 30 – Financial Instruments (Cont’d)

The Group’s exposure to foreign currency risk in respect of non‑hedging derivative financial instruments is as follows:

	As at December 31, 2020
	Currency/ linkage receivable	Currency/ linkage payable	Amount receivable		Amount payable		Expiration dates		Fair value
			$ Thousands

Forward contracts on exchange rates	Dollar	NIS		12,064		39,535		2021		(766	)
Call options on foreign currency	Dollar	NIS		50,284		189,620		2021–2022		278
Put options on foreign currency	Dollar	NIS		35,347		9,374		2021		(33	)

The Group’s exposure to foreign currency risk in respect of non‑hedging derivative financial instruments is as follows:

As at December 31, 2020

Currency/
linkage
receivable

Currency/
linkage
payable

Amount
receivable

Amount
payable

Expiration
dates

Fair value

$ Thousands

Forward contracts on exchange rates

Dollar

NIS

175,704

598,295

2021–2022

(34,273

)

As at December 31, 2019

Currency/
linkage
receivable

Currency/
linkage
payable

Amount
receivable

Amount
payable

Expiration
dates

Fair value

$ Thousands

Forward contracts on exchange rates

Euro

NIS

1,753

6,747

2020

Inflation risk

The Group has CPI-linked loans. The Group is exposed to payments of higher interest and principal as the result of an increase in the CPI. It is noted that part of the Group’s anticipated revenues will be linked to the CPI. The Group does not hedge this exposure beyond the expected hedge included in its revenues.

Breakdown of CPI-linked derivative instruments

The Group’s exposure to index risk with respect to derivative instruments used for hedging purposes is shown below:

	As at December 31, 2020
	Index receivable	Interest payable			Expiration date		Amount of linked principal		Fair value
							$ Thousands
CPI-linked derivative instruments
Interest exchange contract	CPI		1.70	%		2031		240,462		(7,371	)
Interest exchange contract	CPI		1.76	%		2036		109,087		(3,643	)

For additional details, please refer to Note 16.E.

F-101

Note 30 – Financial Instruments (Cont’d)

Exposure to CPI and foreign currency risks

The Group’s exposure to CPI and foreign currency risk, based on nominal amounts, is as follows:

	As at December 31, 2020
	Foreign currency
	Shekel
	Unlinked		CPI linked			Other

Non-derivative instruments
Cash and cash equivalents		55,512		-			251
Short-term deposits and restricted cash		537,563		-			-
Trade receivables		47,791		-			156
Other current assets		2,909		-			8
Investments in other companies		-		-			235,218
Long-term deposits and restricted cash		60,954		-			-
Total financial assets		704,729		-			235,633

Trade payables		41,051		-			13,723
Other current liabilities		21,056		4,952			244
Loans from banks and others and debentures		131,082		789,462			-
Total financial liabilities		193,189		794,414			13,967

Total non-derivative financial instruments, net		511,540		(794,414	)		221,666
Derivative instruments		-		(11,014	)		-
Net exposure		511,540		(805,428	)		221,666

	As at December 31, 2019
	Foreign currency
	Shekel
	Unlinked		CPI linked			Other

Non-derivative instruments
Cash and cash equivalents		100,529		-			1,633
Short-term deposits and restricted cash		33,497		-			55
Trade receivables		39,003		-			50
Other current assets		965		-			15,992
Long-term deposits and restricted cash		73,192		-			-
Other non-current assets		-		-			55,575
Total financial assets		247,186		-			73,305

Trade payables		8,888		-			10,237
Other current liabilities		2,989		6,229			395
Loans from banks and others and debentures		147,792		474,775			518
Total financial liabilities		159,669		481,004			11,150

Total non-derivative financial instruments, net		87,517		(481,004	)		62,155
Derivative instruments		-		(4,225	)		-
Net exposure		87,517		(485,229	)		62,155

F-102

Note 30 – Financial Instruments (Cont’d)

c. Sensitivity analysis

A strengthening of the dollar exchange rate by 5%–10% against the following currencies and change of the CPI in rate of 1%–2% would have increased (decreased) the net income or net loss and the equity by the amounts shown below. This analysis assumes that all other variables, in particular interest rates, remain constant.

	As at December 31, 2020
	10% increase		5% increase		5% decrease			10% decrease
	$ Thousands
Non-derivative instruments
Shekel/dollar		452		226		(226	)		(452	)

	As at December 31, 2020
	2% increase			1% increase			1% decrease		2% decrease
	$ Thousands
Non-derivative instruments
CPI		(13,455	)		(6,727	)		3,346		6,095

	As at December 31, 2019
	10% increase			5% increase			5% decrease		10% decrease
	$ Thousands
Non-derivative instruments
Shekel/dollar		(1,601	)		(863	)		863		1,601

	As at December 31, 2019
	2% increase			1% increase			1% decrease		2% decrease
	$ Thousands
Non-derivative instruments
CPI		(130	)		(63	)		56		112

(2)

Interest rate risk

The Group is exposed to changes in the interest rates with respect to loans bearing interest at variable rates, as well as in relation to swap transactions of liabilities in foreign currency for dollar liabilities bearing a variable interest rate.

The Group has not set a policy limiting the exposure and it hedges this exposure based on forecasts of future interest rates.

The Group enters into transactions mainly to reduce the exposure to cash flow risk in respect of interest rates. The transactions include interest rate swaps and “collars”. In addition, options are acquired and written for hedging the interest rate at different rates.

Type of interest

Set forth below is detail of the type of interest borne by the Group’s interest-bearing financial instruments:

	As at December 31,
	2020			2019
	Carrying amount
	$ Thousands
Fixed rate instruments
Financial assets		580,607			72,958
Financial liabilities		(860,787	)		(621,754	)
		(280,180	)		(548,796	)

Variable rate instruments
Financial assets		86,028			131,073
Financial liabilities		(57,078	)		-
		28,950			131,073

Type of interest (Cont’d)

The Group’s assets and liabilities bearing fixed interest are not measured at fair value through the statement of profit and loss and the Group does not designate derivatives interest rate swaps as hedging instruments under a fair value hedge accounting model. Therefore, a change in the interest rates as at the date of the report would not be expected to affect the income or loss with respect to changes in the value of fixed – interest assets and liabilities.

F-103

Note 30 – Financial Instruments (Cont’d)

A change of 100 basis points in interest rate at reporting date would have increased/(decreased) profit and loss before tax by the amounts below. This analysis assumes that all variables, in particular foreign currency rates, remain constant.

	As at December 31, 2020
	100bp increase		100 bp decrease
	$ Thousands
Variable rate instruments		290		(290	)

	As at December 31, 2019
	100bp increase		100 bp decrease
	$ Thousands
Variable rate instruments		1,311		(1,311	)

Fair value

(1)

Fair value compared with carrying value

The Group’s financial instruments include mainly non-derivative assets, such as: cash and cash equivalents, investments, deposits and short-term loans, receivables and debit balances, investments and long-term receivables; non-derivative liabilities: such as: short-term credit, payables and credit balances, long-term loans, finance leases and other liabilities; as well as derivative financial instruments. In addition, fair value disclosure of lease liabilities is not required.

Due to their nature, the fair value of the financial instruments included in the Group’s working capital is generally identical or approximates the book value.

The following table shows in detail the carrying amount and the fair value of financial instrument groups presented in the financial statements not in accordance with their fair value.

	As at December 31, 2020
	Carrying amount		Fair value
Liabilities	$ Thousands
Non-convertible debentures		304,701		328,426
Long-term loans from banks and others (excluding interest)		615,403		733,961

	As at December 31, 2019
	Carrying amount		Fair value
Liabilities	$ Thousands
Non-convertible debentures		81,847		93,930
Long-term loans from banks and others (excluding interest)		540,350		649,100

The fair value of long-term loans from banks and others (excluding interest) is classified as level 2, and measured using the technique of discounting the future cash flows with respect to the principal component and the discounted interest using the market interest rate on the measurement date.

F-104

Note 30 – Financial Instruments (Cont’d)

(2)

Hierarchy of fair value

The following table presents an analysis of the financial instruments measured at fair value, using an evaluation method. The various levels were defined as follows:

– Level 1: Quoted prices (not adjusted) in an active market for identical instruments.

– Level 2: Observed data, direct or indirect, not included in Level 1 above.

– Level 3: Data not based on observed market data.

Derivative instruments are measured at fair value using a Level 2 valuation method – observable data, directly or indirectly, which are not included in quoted prices in an active market for identical instruments. See Note 30.D.1 for further details.

Level 3 financial instrument measured at fair value

	As at December 31, 2020		As at December 31, 2019
	Level 3		Level 3
	$ Thousands		$ Thousands
Assets
Long-term investment		235,218		-
Qoros put option		-		71,146

(3) Data and measurement of the fair value of financial instruments at Level 2 and 3

Level 2

The fair value of forward contracts on foreign currency is determined using trading programs that are based on market prices. The market price is determined based on a weighting of the exchange rate and the appropriate interest coefficient for the period of the transaction along with an index of the relevant currencies.

The fair value of contracts for exchange (SWAP) of interest rates and fuel prices is determined using trading programs which incorporate market prices, the remaining term of the contract and the credit risks of the parties to the contract.

The fair value of currency and interest exchange (SWAP) transactions is valued using discounted future cash flows at the market interest rate for the remaining term.

The fair value of transactions used to hedge inflation is valued using discounted future cash flows which incorporate the forward CPI curve, and market interest rates for the remaining term.

If the inputs used to measure the fair value of an asset or liability might be categorized in different levels of the fair value hierarchy, then the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety in the same level of the fair value hierarchy as the lowest level input that is significant to the entire measurement.

The fair value of marketable securities held for trade is determined using the ‘Discounts for Lack of Marketability’ (“DLOM”) valuation method, which is a method used to calculate the value of restricted securities. The method purports that the only difference between a company’s common stock and its restricted securities is the lack of marketability of the restricted securities which is derived from the price difference between both prices.

Level 3

The fair value of the long-term investment described in Note 9.B.b.3, as of the valuation date, was based on the market comparison technique using the following variables:

•

The underlying revenues estimate is based on Qoros’ 2021 budget.

•

The EV/Revenues multiple of 1.7x was calculated using the enterprise value as of the valuation date, divided by the trailing 12-month net sales of relevant comparable companies in China based on latest public financial information available.

•

The enterprise value was based on financial information extracted from unaudited Qoros management accounts as of the valuation date.

•

The equity investment is calculated based on Kenon’s 12% interest in Qoros.

•

The discount for lack of marketability is 15.1%, and is calculated using an average volatility of 45.6% based on a time period of 2.26 years (remaining contractual term of the put option as described below).

F-105

Note 30 – Financial Instruments (Cont’d)

The fair value of put option described in Note 9.B.b.2, as of the valuation date, was based on the Binomial model using the following variables:

•

The underlying asset value is Qoros’ equity value as of the valuation date.

•

The exercise price of the option is the price that must be paid for the stock on the date the put option is exercised, and is defined by the terms of the award.

•

The expected exercise date is the period between the grant date and the expiration date.

•

The Risk-free interest rate was based on yields on traded China government bonds, with time to maturity equals to the put option contractual period.

•

Expected volatility of 45.6% was based on the historical volatility of comparable companies for a period of 2.26 years (remaining contractual term of the put option, as of the valuation date).

•

Expected dividend yield is 0% as no dividend distribution is expected in the foreseeable future.

•

The credit risk adjustment was calculated using a recovery rate of 40% (common assumption of market participants) and credit spreads based on traded corporate bonds which have credit ratings of AA for a similar time to maturity as the put option.

The following table shows the valuation techniques used in measuring Level 3 fair values as at December 31, 2020 and 2019, as well as the significant unobservable inputs used.

Type	Valuation technique	Significant unobservable data	Inter-relationship between significant unobservable inputs and fair value measurement
Long-term investment	The Group assessed the fair value of: (1) the equity interest using a market comparison technique based on market multiples derived from the quoted prices of companies comparable to the investee, taking into consideration certain adjustments including the effect of the non-marketability of the equity investments; and (2) the put option using standard valuation techniques such as: Binomial model using risk free rates from market information suppliers.	- Adjusted market multiples. - The Group researched on data from comparable companies on inputs such as expected volatility and credit risk.	The estimated fair value would increase (decrease) if: - the period end price is higher (lower) - the volatility is higher (lower) - the credit risk is lower (higher)
Put Option	The Group applies standard valuation techniques such as: Binomial model using risk free rates from market information suppliers.	The group researched on data from comparable companies on inputs such as expected volatility and credit risk.	The estimated fair value would increase (decrease) if: - the volatility is higher (lower) - the credit risk is lower (higher)

F-106

Note 31 – Subsequent Events

Kenon

Dividend

On April 13, 2021, Kenon’s board of directors approved a cash dividend of $1.86 per share (an aggregate amount of approximately $100 million), payable to Kenon’s shareholders of record as of the close of trading on April 29, 2021, for payment on or about May 6, 2021.

OPC

Share issuance

In January 2021, OPC issued to Altshuler Shaham Ltd. and entities managed by Altschuler Shalam (collectively, the “Offerees”), 10,300,000 ordinary shares of NIS 0.01 par value each. The price of the shares issued to the Offerees is NIS 34 per ordinary share, and the gross proceeds from the issuance amounted to about NIS 350 million (approximately $109 million). The issuance expenses amounted to about NIS 4 million (approximately $1 million). Following the issuance, Kenon will hold approximately 58.6% of OPC (58.2% on a fully diluted basis).

B.	In January 2021, OPC completed the acquisition of CPV for a consideration of approximately $648 million. Refer to Note 19.B.f for further details.

In April 2021, OPC announced that it signed an agreement to purchase an interest in Gnrgy Ltd. (“Gnrgy”), whose business focuses on e-mobility charging stations. Pursuant to the purchase agreement, OPC has agreed to acquire a 51% interest in Gnrgy for NIS 67 million (approximately $20 million). The acquisition is expected to be completed in 2 stages over 11 months with the majority of the purchase price earmarked for funding of Gnrgy’s business plan including repayment of existing related party debts.

Gnrgy's founder will retain the remaining interests in Gnrgy and enter into a shareholders’ agreement with OPC, which will among other things give OPC an option to acquire a 100% interest in Gnrgy. Completion of the acquisition is subject to certain conditions, including approval (or an exemption) from the Israel Competition Authority.

ZIM

Initial Public Offering

In February 2021, ZIM completed its initial public offering (“IPO”) of 15,000,000 ordinary shares (including shares issued upon the exercise of the underwriters’ option), for gross consideration of $225 million (before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions or other offering expenses). ZIM’s ordinary shares began trading on the NYSE on January 28, 2021.

Prior to the IPO, ZIM obtained waivers from its notes holders, subject to the completion of ZIM’s IPO, by which certain requirements and limitations in respect of repurchase of debt, incurrences of debt, vessel financing, reporting requirements and dividend distributions, were relieved or removed.

As a result of the IPO, Kenon’s interest in ZIM was diluted from 32% to 28%. Following the IPO, Kenon will recognize either a gain or loss on dilution in its financial statements in the first quarter of 2021. Kenon is currently assessing the impact of the dilution on the consolidated financial statements.

F-107

Note 31 – Subsequent Events (Cont’d)

Qoros

Sale of remaining 12% interest

In April 2021, Quantum entered into an agreement with the New Qoros Investor to sell all of its remaining 12% interest in Qoros. The key terms of the agreement are set forth below.

The total purchase price is RMB1.56 billion (approximately $238 million), which is the same valuation as the previous sales by Quantum to the New Qoros Investor. The deal is subject to certain conditions, including a release of the share pledge (refer to Note 9.B.b.4) over the shares to be sold (substantially all of which have been pledged to Qoros’ lending banks), approval of the transaction by the National Development and Reform Commission and registration with the State Administration of Market Regulation.

The Baoneng Group has guaranteed the obligations of the New Qoros Investor under this agreement.

The purchase price is to be paid over time pursuant to the following schedule:

Installment	Amount (RMB)	Percentage of the Aggregate Purchase Price	Payment Date
Deposit	78,000,000	5%	July 31, 2021, or earlier if certain conditions are met¹
First Payment	312,000,000	20%	September 30, 2021¹
Second Payment	390,000,000	25%	March 31, 2022¹
Third Payment	390,000,000	25%	September 30, 2022
Fourth Payment	390,000,000	25%	March 31, 2023

¹Payments to a designated account.

The first and second payments, including the deposit, will be paid into a designated account set up in the name of the New Qoros Investor over which Quantum has joint control. According to the agreement, the transfer of these payments to Quantum will occur by the end of Q2 2022, provided that the relevant conditions are met in connection with the registration of the shares to the purchaser subject to receipt by Quantum of collateral acceptable to it. The agreement provides that the third and fourth payments will be paid directly to Quantum.

Kenon has not completed its assessment on the gain or loss arising from the sale, which will impact future financial periods.

F-108

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

	Kenon Holdings Ltd. By: /s/ Robert L. Rosen Name: Robert L. Rosen Title: Chief Executive Officer

Date: April 19, 2021

163

ITEM 19.

Exhibits

Index to Exhibits

Exhibit Number		Description of Document
1.1		Kenon Holdings Ltd.’s Constitution (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to Amendment No. 1 to Kenon’s Registration Statement on Form 20-F, filed on December 19, 2014)
2.1		Form of Specimen Share Certificate for Kenon Holdings Ltd.’s Ordinary Shares (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, filed on March 31, 2015)
2.2		Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of January 7, 2015, between Kenon Holdings Ltd. and Millenium Investments Elad Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.7 to Kenon’s Report on Form 6-K, furnished to the SEC on January 8, 2015)
2.3		Description of Securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.3 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, filed on April 30, 2020)
4.1		Sale, Separation and Distribution Agreement, dated as of January 7, 2015, between Israel Corporation Ltd. and Kenon Holdings Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to Kenon’s Report on Form 6-K, furnished to the SEC on January 8, 2015)
4.2		Gas Sale and Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 25, 2012, among Noble Energy Mediterranean Ltd., Delek Drilling Limited Partnership, Isramco Negev 2 Limited Partnership, Avner Oil Exploration Limited Partnership, Dor Gas Exploration Limited Partnership, and O.P.C. Rotem Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Amendment No. 1 to IC Power Pte. Ltd.’s Form F-1, filed on November 2, 2015) ¹
4.3		Facility Agreement, dated as of January 2, 2011, among O.P.C. Rotem Ltd., as borrower, Bank Leumi Le-Israel B.M., as arranger and agent, Bank Leumi Le-Israel Trust Company Ltd., as security trustee, and the senior lenders named therein (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, filed on March 31, 2015)
4.4		Guarantee Contract, dated as of June 9, 2015, between Kenon Holdings Ltd. and Chery Automobile Co. Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.12 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, filed on April 22, 2016)
4.5		Guarantee Contract, dated as of November 5, 2015, between Kenon Holdings Ltd. and Chery Automobile Co. Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.13 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, filed on April 22, 2016)
4.6		Release Agreement, dated December 21, 2016, between Kenon Holdings Ltd. and Chery Automobile Co. Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.21 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, filed on April 19, 2017)

164

Exhibit Number		Description of Document
4.7		Equity Pledge Contract, dated December 21, 2016, between Quantum (2007) LLC, as Pledgor, and Chery Automobile Co. Ltd., as Pledgee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.22 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, filed on April 19, 2017)
4.8		Further Release and Cash Support Agreement, dated March 9, 2017, between Kenon Holdings Ltd. and Chery Automobile Co. Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.23 to Amendment No. 1 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, filed on April 21, 2017)
4.9		The Second Equity Pledge Contract in relation to 700 Million Loan, dated March 9, 2017, between Quantum (2007) LLC, as Pledgor, and Chery Automobile Co. Ltd., as Pledgee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.24 to Amendment No. 1 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, filed on April 21, 2017)
4.10*		Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of October 9, 2020, by and among GIP II CPV Intermediate Holdings Partnership, L.P., GIP II CPV Intermediate Holdings Partnership 2, L.P., CPV Power Holdings GP, LLC, CPV Group LP and OPC US Inc.²
4.11		Senior Facilities Agreement, dated as of July 4, 2016, among Advanced Integrated Energy Ltd., as borrower, Israel Discount Bank Ltd. and Harel Insurance Company Ltd, as arrangers, Israel Discount Bank Ltd. as senior agent and security agent, and certain other entities, as senior lenders (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed on April 8, 2019)²
4.12		Share Purchase Agreement, dated November 24, 2017, among Inkia Energy, Ltd., IC Power Distribution Holdings, PTE. LTD., Nautilus Inkia Holdings LLC, Nautilus Distribution Holdings LLC and Nautilus Isthmus Holdings LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.14 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, filed on April 9, 2018)
4.13		Amended and Restated Pledge Agreement, dated February 15, 2018, between Kenon Holdings Ltd. and Nautilus Inkia Holdings LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, filed on April 9, 2018)
4.14		Qoros Automobile Company Limited Investment Agreement, dated May 23, 2017, as amended, among Hangzhou Chengmao Investment Co., Ltd., Wuhu Chery Automobile Investment Company Limited, Quantum (2007) LLC and Qoros Automobile Company Limited (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, filed on April 9, 2018)
4.15		Joint Venture Contract, dated as of December 20, 2017, among Wuhu Chery Automobile Investment Co., Ltd., Quantum (2007) LLC and Hangzhou Chengmao Investment Co., Ltd (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.18 to Kenon’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, filed on April 9, 2018)
4.16*		Letter Agreement regarding additional undertakings in connection with the termination of the Deferred Payment Agreement, dated as of October 29, 2020, among Nautilus Inkia Holdings SCS, Nautilus Energy TopCo LLC, and Kenon Holdings Ltd.

165

Exhibit Number		Description of Document
4.17*		First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Pledge Agreement, dated as of October 29, 2020, among Kenon Holdings Ltd. and Nautilus Inkia Holdings SCS
4.18*		Sale and Purchase Agreemend, dated as of April 13, 2021, by and between Quantum (2007) LLC and Hangzhou Chengmao Investment Co., Ltd.²
8.1*		List of subsidiaries of Kenon Holdings Ltd.
12.1*		Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer
12.2*		Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer
13.1*		Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
15.1*		Consent of KPMG LLP, a member firm of KPMG International
15.2*		Consent of Somekh Chaikin, a member firm of KPMG International
15.3*		Consent of Dixon Hughes Goodman LLP

15.4		Audited consolidated financial statements of ZIM Integrated Shipping Services Ltd as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for each of the three years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to pages F-1-F-60 of ZIM Integrated Shipping Services Ltd.’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 (File No: 21759864), filed with the SEC on March 22, 2021)

101.INS*		XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

Filed herewith.

Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment under Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act. Omitted information has been filed separately with the SEC.

Portions of this exhibit have been omitted because they are both (i) not material and (ii) would be competitively harmful if publicly disclosed.

166

Kenon Holdings - 20-F annual report 2020

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