Companies: 10,793     total market cap: $134.566 T
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Ladder Capital
LADR
#5578
Rank
$1.25 B
Marketcap
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ United States
Country
$9.83
Share price
0.51%
Change (1 day)
-1.11%
Change (1 year)
๐Ÿ  Real estate๐Ÿ’ฐ Investment ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ REITs
Categories
  1. Ladder Capital
  2. Quarterly Reports (10-Q)
  3. Financial Year FY2020 Q1

Ladder Capital - 10-Q quarterly report FY2020 Q1


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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549 
 
Form 10-Q
 
 
(Mark One)
 
☒     QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020
 
Or
 
☐         TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the transition period from      to      
 
Commission file number:
001-36299
 
 
Ladder Capital Corp
ladrlogo3312017a27.jpg
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 
 
Delaware
 
80-0925494
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
(IRS Employer
Identification No.)
 
 
 
 
 
345 Park Avenue,
New York,
NY
 
10154
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
(Zip Code)
 
(212) 715-3170
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
 
 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class
Trading Symbol(s)
Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Class A common stock, $0.001 par value
LADR
New York Stock Exchange


Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes  ☒  No  ☐
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes  ☒  No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:
 
Large accelerated filer
☒
Accelerated filer
☐
 
 
 
 
Non-accelerated filer
☐
Smaller reporting company
☐
 
 
 
 
 
 
Emerging growth company
☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act): 
Yes ☐  No ☒
 
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
 
Class
 
Outstanding at April 22, 2020
Class A common stock, $0.001 par value
 
108,337,782
Class B common stock, $0.001 par value
 
12,158,933

 



LADDER CAPITAL CORP
 
FORM 10-Q
March 31, 2020

Index
 
 
 
Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
5
Item 1.
 
Financial Statements (Unaudited)
5
 
 
 
Consolidated Balance Sheets
6
 
 
 
Consolidated Statements of Income
7
 
 
 
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
9
 
 
 
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
10
 
 
 
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
12
 
 
 
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
15
Item 2.
 
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
65
Item 3.
 
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
90
Item 4.
 
Controls and Procedures
93
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
93
Item 1.
 
Legal Proceedings
93
Item 1A.
 
Risk Factors
93
Item 2.
 
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
95
Item 3.
 
Defaults Upon Senior Securities
95
Item 4.
 
Mine Safety Disclosures
95
Item 5.
 
Other Information
95
Item 6.
 
Exhibits
96
SIGNATURES
97



 




1

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Quarterly Report”) includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this Quarterly Report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, strategy and plans, and our expectations for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project,” “plan,” “intend,” “believe,” “may,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “can have,” “likely,” “continue,” “design,” and other words and terms of similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.
 
We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives and financial needs. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results could differ from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. Our future financial position and results of operations, as well as any forward-looking statements are subject to change and inherent risks and uncertainties. You should consider our forward-looking statements in light of a number of factors that may cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking statements including, but not limited to:
 
•
risks discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” herein and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (“Annual Report”), as well as our consolidated financial statements, related notes, and the other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report and our other filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”);
•
the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and of responsive measures implemented by various governmental authorities, businesses and other third parties;
•
changes in general economic conditions, in our industry and in the commercial finance and the real estate markets;
•
changes to our business and investment strategy;
•
our ability to obtain and maintain financing arrangements;
•
the financing and advance rates for our assets;
•
our actual and expected leverage and liquidity;
•
the adequacy of collateral securing our loan portfolio and a decline in the fair value of our assets;
•
interest rate mismatches between our assets and our borrowings used to fund such investments;
•
changes in interest rates and the market value of our assets;
•
changes in prepayment rates on our mortgages and the loans underlying our mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities;
•
the effects of hedging instruments and the degree to which our hedging strategies may or may not protect us from interest rate and credit risk volatility;
•
the increased rate of default or decreased recovery rates on our assets;
•
the adequacy of our policies, procedures and systems for managing risk effectively;
•
a potential downgrade in the credit ratings assigned to Ladder or our investments;
•
our compliance with, and the impact of and changes in, governmental regulations, tax laws and rates, accounting guidance and similar matters;
•
our ability to maintain our qualification as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes and our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to operate in compliance with REIT requirements;
•
our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to maintain our and their exemptions from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”);
•
potential liability relating to environmental matters that impact the value of properties we may acquire or the properties underlying our investments;
•
the inability of insurance covering real estate underlying our loans and investments to cover all losses;
•
the availability of investment opportunities in mortgage-related and real estate-related instruments and other securities;
•
fraud by potential borrowers;
•
the availability of qualified personnel;
•
the impact of any tax legislation or IRS guidance;
•
the degree and nature of our competition; and

2

•
the market trends in our industry, interest rates, real estate values, the debt securities markets or the general economy.
 
You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. In addition, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report are made as of the date hereof, and the Company assumes no obligation to update or supplement any forward-looking statements.

3

REFERENCES TO LADDER CAPITAL CORP
 
Ladder Capital Corp is a holding company, and its primary assets are a controlling equity interest in Ladder Capital Finance Holdings LLLP (“LCFH” or the “Operating Partnership”) and in each series thereof, directly or indirectly. Unless the context suggests otherwise, references in this report to “Ladder,” “Ladder Capital,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer (1) prior to the February 2014 initial public offering (“IPO”) of the Class A common stock of Ladder Capital Corp and related transactions, to LCFH (“Predecessor”) and its consolidated subsidiaries and (2) after our IPO and related transactions, to Ladder Capital Corp and its consolidated subsidiaries.


4

Part I - Financial Information
 
Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)
 
The consolidated financial statements of Ladder Capital Corp and the notes related to the foregoing consolidated financial statements are included in this Item.
 
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
 
Consolidated Balance Sheets
6
Consolidated Statements of Income
7
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
9
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
10
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
12
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
15
 
Note 1. Organization and Operations
15
 
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies
16
 
Note 3. Mortgage Loan Receivables
20
 
Note 4. Real Estate Securities
26
 
Note 5. Real Estate and Related Lease Intangibles, Net
29
 
Note 6. Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
33
 
Note 7. Debt Obligations, Net
36
 
Note 8. Derivative Instruments
42
 
Note 9. Offsetting Assets and Liabilities
44
 
Note 10. Equity Structure and Accounts
46
 
Note 11. Noncontrolling Interests
48
 
Note 12. Earnings Per Share
49
 
Note 13. Stock Based and Other Compensation Plans
50
 
Note 14. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
53
 
Note 15. Income Taxes
59
 
Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies
60
 
Note 17. Segment Reporting
62
 
Note 18. Subsequent Events
64





5

Ladder Capital Corp
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
March 31, 2020(1)
 
December 31, 2019(1)
 
(Unaudited)
 
 
Assets
 

 
 

Cash and cash equivalents
$
358,352

 
$
58,171

Restricted cash
263,869

 
297,575

Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost
3,383,322

 
3,236,536

Mortgage loan receivables held for sale
146,713

 
122,325

Real estate securities
1,930,605

 
1,721,305

Real estate and related lease intangibles, net
1,047,418

 
1,048,081

Investments in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures
48,659

 
48,433

FHLB stock
61,619

 
61,619

Derivative instruments
950

 
693

Accrued interest receivable
23,231

 
21,066

Other assets
67,134

 
53,348

Total assets
$
7,331,872

 
$
6,669,152

Liabilities and Equity
 

 
 

Liabilities
 

 
 

Debt obligations, net
$
5,681,020

 
$
4,859,873

Dividends payable
38,256

 
38,696

Accrued expenses
38,476

 
72,397

Other liabilities
73,293

 
59,209

Total liabilities
5,831,045

 
5,030,175

Commitments and contingencies (Note 18)
—

 
—

Equity
 

 
 

Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share, 600,000,000 shares authorized; 110,693,832 and 110,693,832 shares issued and 108,337,782 and 107,509,563 shares outstanding
109

 
108

Class B common stock, par value $0.001 per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized; 12,158,933 and 12,158,933 shares issued and outstanding
12

 
12

Additional paid-in capital
1,546,143

 
1,532,384

Treasury stock, 2,356,050 and 3,184,269 shares, at cost
(52,983
)
 
(42,699
)
Retained earnings (dividends in excess of earnings)
(94,171
)
 
(35,746
)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
(65,920
)
 
4,218

Total shareholders’ equity
1,333,190

 
1,458,277

Noncontrolling interest in operating partnership
160,466

 
172,054

Noncontrolling interest in consolidated joint ventures
7,171

 
8,646

Total equity
1,500,827

 
1,638,977

 
 
 
 
Total liabilities and equity
$
7,331,872

 
$
6,669,152

 
(1)
Includes amounts relating to consolidated variable interest entities. See Note 1.
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

6

Ladder Capital Corp
Consolidated Statements of Income
(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share and Dividend Data)
(Unaudited)

 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
Net interest income
 

 
 

Interest income
$
72,589

 
$
86,466

Interest expense
51,401

 
51,248

Net interest income
21,188

 
35,218

Provision for loan losses
26,581

 
300

Net interest income after provision for loan losses
(5,393
)
 
34,918

 
 
 
 
Other income (loss)
 

 
 

Operating lease income
26,328

 
28,921

Sale of loans, net
1,005

 
7,079

Realized gain (loss) on securities
3,011

 
2,865

Unrealized gain (loss) on equity securities
(533
)
 
2,078

Unrealized gain (loss) on Agency interest-only securities
76

 
11

Realized gain (loss) on sale of real estate, net
10,529

 
4

Impairment of real estate
—

 
(1,350
)
Fee and other income
1,519

 
4,685

Net result from derivative transactions
(15,435
)
 
(11,034
)
Earnings (loss) from investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
441

 
959

Gain (loss) on extinguishment/defeasance of debt
2,061

 
(1,070
)
Total other income (loss)
29,002

 
33,148

Costs and expenses
 

 
 

Salaries and employee benefits
17,021

 
23,574

Operating expenses
5,794

 
5,403

Real estate operating expenses
7,948

 
5,474

Fee expense
1,439

 
1,712

Depreciation and amortization
10,009

 
10,227

Total costs and expenses
42,211

 
46,390

Income (loss) before taxes
(18,602
)
 
21,676

Income tax expense (benefit)
(4,541
)
 
(2,854
)
Net income (loss)
(14,061
)
 
24,530

Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in consolidated joint ventures
(1,519
)
 
447

Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in operating partnership
(148
)
 
(2,802
)
Net income (loss) attributable to Class A common shareholders
$
(15,728
)
 
$
22,175

 
 
 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
 
 
 

7

 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
Earnings per share:
 

 
 

Basic
$
(0.15
)
 
$
0.21

Diluted
$
(0.15
)
 
$
0.21

 
 
 
 
Weighted average shares outstanding:
 

 
 

Basic
106,329,796

 
104,259,549

Diluted
106,329,796

 
105,006,315

 
 
 
 
Dividends per share of Class A common stock
$
0.340

 
$
0.340


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

8

Ladder Capital Corp
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(Dollars in Thousands)
(Unaudited)

 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss)
$
(14,061
)
 
$
24,530

 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss)
 

 
 

Unrealized gain (loss) on securities, net of tax:
 

 
 

Unrealized gain (loss) on real estate securities, available for sale
(76,252
)
 
15,971

Reclassification adjustment for (gain) loss included in net income (loss)
(1,755
)
 
(2,778
)
 
 
 
 
Total other comprehensive income (loss)
(78,007
)
 
13,193

 
 
 
 
Comprehensive income (loss)
(92,068
)
 
37,723

Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in consolidated joint ventures
(1,519
)
 
447

Comprehensive income (loss) of combined Class A common shareholders and Operating Partnership unitholders
(93,587
)
 
38,170

Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in operating partnership
7,717

 
(4,265
)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Class A common shareholders
$
(85,870
)
 
$
33,905





The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

9

Ladder Capital Corp
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
(Dollars and Shares in Thousands)


 
Shareholders’ Equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Class A Common Stock 
  
Class B Common Stock 
  
Additional Paid- 
in-Capital 
  
Treasury Stock 
 
Retained Earnings (Dividends in Excess of Earnings) 
  
Accumulated 
Other 
Comprehensive 
Income (Loss) 
  
Noncontrolling Interests 
  
Total Equity 
Shares 
  
Par 
  
Shares 
  
Par 
  
  
 
  
  
Operating 
Partnership 
  
Consolidated 
Joint Ventures 
  
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Balance, December 31, 2019
107,509

 
$
108

 
12,160

 
$
12

 
$
1,532,384

 
$
(42,699
)
 
$
(35,746
)
 
$
4,218

 
$
172,054

 
$
8,646

 
$
1,638,977

Contributions
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
302

 
302

Distributions
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(4,133
)
 
(3,296
)
 
(7,429
)
Amortization of equity based compensation
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
14,026

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
14,026

Purchase of treasury stock
(146
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,206
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,206
)
Re-issuance of treasury stock
1,466

 
1

 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Shares acquired to satisfy minimum required federal and state tax withholding on vesting restricted stock and units
(486
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(9,078
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(9,078
)
Forfeitures
(6
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Dividends declared
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(36,900
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(36,900
)
CECL Adoption
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(5,797
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(5,797
)
Net income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(15,728
)
 
—

 
148

 
1,519

 
(14,061
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(70,142
)
 
(7,865
)
 
—

 
(78,007
)
Rebalancing of ownership percentage between Company and Operating Partnership
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(266
)
 
—

 
—

 
4

 
262

 
—

 
—

Balance, March 31, 2020
108,337

 
$
109

 
12,160

 
$
12

 
$
1,546,143

 
$
(52,983
)
 
$
(94,171
)
 
$
(65,920
)
 
$
160,466

 
$
7,171

 
$
1,500,827


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

10

Ladder Capital Corp
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
(Dollars and Shares in Thousands)



 
Shareholders’ Equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Class A Common Stock 
  
Class B Common Stock 
  
Additional Paid- 
in-Capital 
  
Treasury Stock 
 
Retained Earnings (Dividends in Excess of Earnings) 
  
Accumulated 
Other 
Comprehensive 
Income (Loss) 
  
Noncontrolling Interests 
  
Total Equity 
Shares 
  
Par 
  
Shares 
  
Par 
  
  
 
  
  
Operating 
Partnership 
  
Consolidated 
Joint Ventures 
  
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Balance, December 31, 2018
103,941

 
$
105

 
13,118

 
$
13

 
$
1,471,157

 
$
(32,815
)
 
$
11,342

 
$
(4,649
)
 
$
188,427

 
$
10,055

 
$
1,643,635

Contributions
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
77

 
77

Distributions
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(4,253
)
 
(56
)
 
(4,309
)
Amortization of equity based compensation
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
11,292

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
11,292

Grants of restricted stock
1,478

 
1

 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Re-issuance of treasury stock
63

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Shares acquired to satisfy minimum required federal and state tax withholding on vesting restricted stock and units
(455
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(7,984
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(7,984
)
Dividends declared
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(36,243
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(36,243
)
Stock dividends
1,434

 
1

 
181

 
—

 
23,822

 
—

 
(23,823
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Exchange of noncontrolling interest for common stock
101

 
—

 
(101
)
 
—

 
1,493

 
—

 
—

 
(5
)
 
(1,436
)
 
—

 
52

Net income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
22,175

 
—

 
2,802

 
(447
)
 
24,530

Other comprehensive income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
11,731

 
1,462

 
—

 
13,193

Rebalancing of ownership percentage between Company and Operating Partnership
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
689

 
—

 
—

 
3

 
(692
)
 
—

 
—

Balance, March 31, 2019
106,562

 
$
107

 
13,198

 
$
13

 
$
1,508,452

 
$
(40,799
)
 
$
(26,549
)
 
$
7,080

 
$
186,310

 
$
9,629

 
$
1,644,243


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.




11

Ladder Capital Corp
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
Cash flows from operating activities:
 

 
 

Net income (loss)
$
(14,061
)
 
$
24,530

Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
 
 
 

(Gain) loss on extinguishment/defeasance of debt
(2,061
)
 
1,070

Depreciation and amortization
10,009

 
10,227

Unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments
(383
)
 
(2,491
)
Unrealized (gain) loss on equity securities
533

 
(2,078
)
Unrealized (gain) loss on Agency interest-only securities
(76
)
 
(11
)
Unrealized (gain) loss on investment in mutual fund
991

 
(151
)
Provision for loan losses
26,581

 
300

Impairment of real estate
—

 
1,350

Amortization of equity based compensation
14,026

 
11,292

Amortization of deferred financing costs included in interest expense
2,568

 
2,738

Amortization of premium on mortgage loan financing
(309
)
 
(386
)
Amortization of above- and below-market lease intangibles
(660
)
 
(144
)
Amortization of premium/(accretion) of discount and other fees on loans
(3,924
)
 
(5,389
)
Amortization of premium/(accretion) of discount and other fees on securities
431

 
(113
)
Realized (gain) loss on sale of mortgage loan receivables held for sale
(1,005
)
 
(7,079
)
Realized (gain) loss on disposition of loan
51

 
—

Realized (gain) loss on securities
(3,011
)
 
(2,865
)
Realized (gain) loss on sale of real estate, net
(10,529
)
 
(4
)
Realized gain on sale of derivative instruments
(125
)
 
(8
)
Origination of mortgage loan receivables held for sale
(212,805
)
 
(175,256
)
Repayment of mortgage loan receivables held for sale
64

 
193

Proceeds from sales of mortgage loan receivables held for sale
189,359

 
159,424

(Income) loss from investments in unconsolidated joint ventures in excess of distributions received
(441
)
 
(959
)
Distributions from operations of investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
—

 
3,067

Deferred tax asset (liability)
12,037

 
3,139

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
 

 
 

Accrued interest receivable
(2,165
)
 
347

Other assets
(13,731
)
 
92

Accrued expenses and other liabilities
(32,456
)
 
(42,869
)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
(41,092
)
 
(22,034
)
 
 
 
 


12

 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
Cash flows from investing activities:
 

 
 

Origination of mortgage loan receivables held for investment
(313,936
)
 
(224,418
)
Repayment of mortgage loan receivables held for investment
118,573

 
294,074

Purchases of real estate securities
(438,423
)
 
(384,478
)
Repayment of real estate securities
43,627

 
24,188

Basis recovery of Agency interest-only securities
1,880

 
3,333

Proceeds from sales of real estate securities
106,367

 
209,166

Purchases of real estate
(6,239
)
 
(2,406
)
Capital improvements of real estate
(940
)
 
(907
)
Proceeds from sale of real estate
11,160

 
1,688

Capital contributions and advances to investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
—

 
(56,424
)
Capital distribution from investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
215

 
—

Capitalization of interest on investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
—

 
(142
)
Purchase of FHLB stock
—

 
(3,704
)
Purchase of derivative instruments
(46
)
 
(159
)
Sale of derivative instruments
297

 
50

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
(477,465
)
 
(140,139
)
Cash flows from financing activities:
 

 
 

Deferred financing costs paid
(12,186
)
 
(3,899
)
Proceeds from borrowings under debt obligations
5,924,969

 
4,042,942

Repayment of borrowings under debt obligations
(5,073,000
)
 
(3,765,720
)
Cash dividends paid to Class A common shareholders
(37,340
)
 
(72,150
)
Capital distributed to noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
(4,134
)
 
(4,253
)
Capital contributed by noncontrolling interests in consolidated joint ventures
303

 
77

Capital distributed to noncontrolling interests in consolidated joint ventures
(3,296
)
 
(56
)
Reissuance of treasury stock
1

 
—

Payment of liability assumed in exchange for shares for the minimum withholding taxes on vesting restricted stock
(9,078
)
 
(7,985
)
Purchase of treasury stock
(1,206
)
 
—

Issuance of common stock
(1
)
 
—

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
785,032

 
188,956

Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
266,475

 
26,783

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period
355,746

 
98,450

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period
$
622,221

 
$
125,233

 
 
 
 


13

 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Supplemental information:
 

 
 

Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized
$
49,417

 
$
63,985

Cash paid (received) for income taxes
(194
)
 
1,102

 
 
 
 
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
 

 
 

Securities and derivatives purchased, not settled
17

 
49,766

Securities and derivatives sold, not settled
1,383

 
5,514

Repayment in transit of mortgage loans receivable held for investment (other assets)
551

 
20,653

Settlement of mortgage loan receivable held for investment by real estate, net
(21,586
)
 
(17,851
)
Transfer from mortgage loans receivable held for sale to mortgage loans receivable held for investment, net, at amortized cost
—

 
15,504

Real estate acquired in settlement of mortgage loan receivable held for investment, net
21,535

 
17,851

Net settlement of sale of real estate, subject to debt - real estate
(19,098
)
 
—

Net settlement of sale of real estate, subject to debt - debt obligations
19,098

 
—

Exchange of noncontrolling interest for common stock
—

 
1,437

Increase in amount payable pursuant to tax receivable agreement
—

 
(11
)
Dividends declared, not paid
38,256

 
1,409

Stock dividends
—

 
23,824



The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statement of cash flows ($ in thousands):
 
March 31, 2020
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
358,352

 
$
45,158

 
$
58,171

Restricted cash
263,869

 
80,075

 
297,575

Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statement of cash flows
$
622,221

 
$
125,233

 
$
355,746



The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

14

Ladder Capital Corp
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
 
1. ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS
 
Ladder Capital Corp is an internally-managed real estate investment trust (“REIT”) that is a leader in commercial real estate finance. Ladder originates and invests in a diverse portfolio of commercial real estate and real estate-related assets, focusing on senior secured assets. Ladder’s investment activities include: (i) direct origination of commercial real estate first mortgage loans; (ii) investments in investment grade securities secured by first mortgage loans on commercial real estate; and (iii) investments in net leased and other commercial real estate equity. Ladder Capital Corp, as the general partner of Ladder Capital Finance Holdings LLLP (“LCFH,” “Predecessor” or the “Operating Partnership”), operates the Ladder Capital business through LCFH and its subsidiaries. As of March 31, 2020, Ladder Capital Corp has a 89.9% economic interest in LCFH and controls the management of LCFH as a result of its ability to appoint its board members. Accordingly, Ladder Capital Corp consolidates the financial results of LCFH and its subsidiaries and records a noncontrolling interest for the economic interest in LCFH held by certain existing owners of LCFH, who were limited partners of LCFH prior to Ladder Capital Corp’s initial public offering (“IPO”) and continue to hold an economic interest in LCFH and voting shares of Ladder Capital Corp Class B common stock (the “Continuing LCFH Limited Partners”). LCFH is a Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) and, as such, substantially all of the consolidated balance sheet is a consolidated VIE. In addition, Ladder Capital Corp, through certain subsidiaries which are treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries (each a “TRS”), is indirectly subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. Other than the noncontrolling interest in the Operating Partnership and such indirect U.S. federal, state and local income taxes, there are no material differences between Ladder Capital Corp’s consolidated financial statements and LCFH’s consolidated financial statements.

Ladder Capital Corp was formed as a Delaware corporation on May 21, 2013. The Company conducted its IPO which closed on February 11, 2014. The Company used the net proceeds from the IPO to purchase newly issued limited partnership units (“LP Units”) from LCFH. In connection with the IPO, Ladder Capital Corp also became a holding corporation and the general partner of, and obtained a controlling interest in, LCFH. Ladder Capital Corp’s only business is to act as the general partner of LCFH, and, as such, Ladder Capital Corp indirectly operates and controls all of the business and affairs of LCFH and its subsidiaries. The IPO transactions described herein are referred to as the “IPO Transactions.”

Pursuant to LCFH’s Third Amended and Restated LLLP Agreement, dated as of December 31, 2014 and as amended, and subject to the applicable minimum retained ownership requirements and certain other restrictions, including notice requirements, Continuing LCFH Limited Partners (or certain transferees thereof) may, subject to certain conditions, receive one share of the Company’s Class A common stock in exchange for (i) one share of the Company’s Class B common stock, (ii) one Series REIT LP Unit and (iii) either one Series TRS LP Unit or one TRS Share, subject to equitable adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassifications. However, such exchange for shares of Ladder Capital Corp Class A common stock will not affect the exchanging owners’ voting power since the votes represented by the canceled shares of Ladder Capital Corp Class B common stock will be replaced with the votes represented by the shares of Class A common stock for which such Series Units, including TRS Shares as applicable, will be exchanged.
 
As a result of the Company’s ownership interest in LCFH and LCFH’s election under Section 754 of the Code, the Company expects to benefit from depreciation and other tax deductions reflecting LCFH’s tax basis for its assets. Those deductions will be allocated to the Company and will be taken into account in reporting the Company’s taxable income.

COVID-19 Impact on the Organization

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) a global pandemic and recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. As of the date of this filing, our employees continue to work remotely in compliance with state guidelines. We continue to actively manage the liquidity and operations of the Company in light of the market disruption and impact on liquidity caused by the COVID-19 pandemic across most industries in the United States. Due to uncertainty related to the severity and duration of the pandemic, its impact on our revenues, profitability and financial position is difficult to assess at this time. Refer to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further disclosure on the current and potential impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic on our business.


15

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. The Company conducted a more extensive going concern analysis as a result of market volatility at March 31, 2020.
 
As the COVID-19 crisis evolved, management set out a plan to increase liquidity resources and pay down debt. The Company maintained a cash position of $622.2 million as of March 31, 2020 to mitigate uncertainty in liquidity needs in light of current market conditions. Partly as a result of maintaining higher levels of cash, the Company was not in compliance with its 3.5x covenant ratio with certain of its lenders as of March 31, 2020 (refer to Note 7, Debt Obligations, Net). However, the Company cured such non-compliance through pay downs of debt with various counterparties in excess of $830.0 million during the contractually provided covenant compliance grace period subsequent to quarter end. Additional cash sources subsequent to quarter end included pay downs of loans, the sales of certain loans and securities, a $310.2 million new non-recourse private collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) financing and a $206.4 million new secured non-mark to market financing facility with KREI (refer to Note 18, Subsequent Events for further disclosure). Management has evaluated current market conditions and expects that the Company’s current cash resources, operating cash flows and ability to obtain financing will be sufficient to sustain operations for a period greater than one year from the issuance date of this report.

Basis of Accounting and Principles of Consolidation
 
The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). In the opinion of management, the unaudited financial information for the interim periods presented in this report reflects all normal and recurring adjustments necessary for a fair statement of results of operations, financial position and cash flows. The interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019, which are included in the Annual Report, as certain disclosures that would substantially duplicate those contained in the audited consolidated financial statements have not been included in this interim report. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of operating results for an entire fiscal year. The interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared, without audit, and do not necessarily include all information and footnotes necessary for a fair statement of our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows in accordance with GAAP.

The consolidated financial statements include the Company’s accounts and those of its subsidiaries which are majority-owned and/or controlled by the Company and variable interest entities for which the Company has determined itself to be the primary beneficiary, if any. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810 — Consolidation (“ASC 810”), provides guidance on the identification of entities for which control is achieved through means other than voting rights (“variable interest entities” or “VIEs”) and the determination of which business enterprise, if any, should consolidate the VIEs. Generally, the consideration of whether an entity is a VIE applies when either: (1) the equity investors (if any) lack one or more of the essential characteristics of a controlling financial interest; (2) the equity investment at risk is insufficient to finance that entity’s activities without additional subordinated financial support; or (3) the equity investors have voting rights that are not proportionate to their economic interests and the activities of the entity involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor with a disproportionately small voting interest. The Company consolidates VIEs in which it is considered to be the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity that has both of the following characteristics: (1) the power to direct the activities that, when taken together, most significantly impact the VIE’s performance; and (2) the obligation to absorb losses and right to receive the returns from the VIE that would be significant to the VIE.


16

Provision for Loan Losses

The provision for loan losses reflects the Company’s estimate of loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The provision for loan losses includes a portfolio-based, current expected credit loss (“CECL”) component and an asset-specific component. In compliance with the new CECL reporting requirements, the Company has supplemented the existing credit monitoring and management processes with additional processes to support the calculation of the CECL reserves. As part of that effort, the Company has engaged a third-party service provider to provide market data and a credit loss model. The credit loss model is a forward-looking, econometric, commercial real estate (“CRE”) loss forecasting tool. It is comprised of a probability of default (“PD”) model and a loss given default (“LGD”) model that, layered together with user’s loan-level data, selected forward-looking macroeconomic variables, and pool-level mean loss rates, produces life of loan expected losses (“EL”) at the loan and portfolio level.

The asset-specific reserve component relates to reserves for losses on individually impaired loans. The Company evaluates each loan for impairment at least quarterly. Impairment occurs when it is deemed probable that the Company will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan. If the loan is considered to be impaired, an allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying value of the loan to the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective rate or the fair value of the collateral, less the estimated costs to sell, if recovery of the Company’s investment is expected solely from the collateral. The Company generally will use the direct capitalization rate valuation methodology or the sales comparison approach to estimate the fair value of the collateral for such loans and in certain cases will obtain external appraisals. Determining fair value of the collateral may take into account a number of assumptions including, but not limited to, cash flow projections, market capitalization rates, discount rates and data regarding recent comparable sales of similar properties. Such assumptions are generally based on current market conditions and are subject to economic and market uncertainties.

The Company’s loans are typically collateralized by real estate directly or indirectly. As a result, the Company regularly evaluates the extent and impact of any credit deterioration associated with the performance and/or value of the underlying collateral property as well as the financial and operating capability of the borrower/sponsor on a loan-by-loan basis. Specifically, a property’s operating results and any cash reserves are analyzed and used to assess (i) whether cash flow from operations is sufficient to cover the debt service requirements currently and into the future, (ii) the ability of the borrower to refinance the loan at maturity, and/or (iii) the property’s liquidation value. The Company also evaluates the financial wherewithal of any loan guarantors as well as the borrower’s competency in managing and operating the properties. In addition, the Company considers the overall economic environment, real estate sector, and geographic submarket in which the collateral property is located. Such impairment analyses are completed and reviewed by asset management and underwriting personnel, who utilize various data sources, including (i) periodic financial data such as property occupancy, tenant profile, rental rates, operating expenses, the borrowers’ business plan, and capitalization and discount rates, (ii) site inspections, and (iii) current credit spreads and other market data and ultimately presented to management for approval.

A loan is also considered impaired if its terms are modified in a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”). A TDR occurs when a concession is granted and the debtor is experiencing financial difficulties. Impairments on TDR loans are generally measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate of the original loans. Generally, when granting concessions, the Company will seek to protect its position by requiring incremental pay downs, additional collateral or guarantees and, in some cases, lookback features or equity interests to offset concessions granted should conditions impacting the loan improve. The Company’s determination of credit losses is impacted by TDRs whereby loans that have gone through TDRs are considered impaired, assessed for specific reserves, and are not included in the Company’s assessment of the CECL reserve. Loans previously restructured under TDRs that subsequently default are reassessed to incorporate the Company’s current assumptions on expected cash flows and additional provision expense is recorded to the extent necessary.

The Company designates non-accrual loans at such time as (i) loan payments become 90-days past due or (ii) in the opinion of the Company, it is probable the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan. Income recognition will be suspended when a loan is designated non-accrual and resumed only when the suspended loan becomes contractually current and performance is demonstrated to have resumed. Any interest received for loans on non-accrual status will be applied as a reduction to the unpaid principal balance. A loan will be written off when it is no longer realizable and legally discharged.


17

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326) (“ASU 2016-13”) and in April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04 Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments (“ASU 2019-04”), collectively, the “CECL Standard.” These updates change how entities measure potential credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value. The CECL Standard replaced the “incurred loss” approach under previous guidance with an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost. The net carrying value of an asset under the CECL Standard is intended to represent the amount expected to be collected on such asset and requires entities to deduct allowances for potential losses on held-to-maturity debt securities. The Company will continue to record asset-specific reserves consistent with our existing accounting policy. In addition, the Company will now record a general reserve in accordance with the CECL Standard on the remainder of the loan portfolio (“CECL Reserve”). At adoption, on January 1, 2020, the Company recorded a CECL Reserve of $11.6 million, which equated to 0.36% of $3.2 billion carrying value of its held for investment loan portfolio. This reserve excluded three loans that previously had an aggregate of $14.7 million of asset-specific reserves and a carrying value of $39.8 million as of January 1, 2020. Upon adoption, the aggregated CECL Reserve reduced total shareholder’s equity by $5.8 million (or approximately $0.05 of book value per share of common stock). As of March 31, 2020, the Company recorded additional CECL reserves of $18.6 million for a total CECL reserve of $30.2 million. This excludes five loans that previously had an aggregate of $20.7 million of asset-specific reserves and a total principal balance of $81.3 million as of March 31, 2020. This increase is primarily due to the update of the macro economic assumptions used in the Company’s CECL evaluation in the current quarter to reflect a recessionary macro economic scenario instead of the more stable “Baseline” scenario from the Federal Reserve that was utilized in the January 1, 2020 CECL reserve analysis.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement, (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, (“ASU 2018-13”). ASU 2018-13 eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements as part of its disclosure framework project. The standard is effective for all entities for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of ASU 2018-13 had no material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-17, Consolidation (Topic 810): Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities, (“ASU 2018-17”). ASU 2018-17 requires reporting entities to consider indirect interests held through related parties under common control on a proportional basis rather than as the equivalent of a direct interest in its entirety for determining whether a decision-making fee is a variable interest. The standard is effective for all entities for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. Entities are required to apply the amendments in ASU 2018-17 retrospectively with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings at the beginning of the earliest period presented. The adoption of ASU 2018-17 had no material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments, (“ASU 2019-04”). ASU 2019-04 clarifies and improves areas of guidance related to the recently issued standards on credit losses (ASU 2016-13), hedging (ASU 2017-12), and recognition and measurement of financial instruments (ASU 2016-01). The amendments generally have the same effective dates as their related standards. If already adopted, the amendments of ASU 2016-01 and ASU 2016-13 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and the amendments of ASU 2017-12 are effective as of the beginning of the Company’s next annual reporting period; early adoption is permitted. The Company previously adopted ASU 2016-01. The adoption of ASU 2019-04 had no material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-03, Codification Improvements to Financial Instruments, (“ASU 2020-03”). ASU 2020-03 improves various financial instruments topics, including the CECL Standard. ASU 2020-03 includes seven different issues that describe the areas of improvement and the related amendments to GAAP, intended to make the standards easier to understand and apply by eliminating inconsistencies and providing clarifications. The amendments related to Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 4 and Issue 5 were effective upon issuance of ASU 2020-03. The amendments related to Issue 3, Issue 6 and Issue 7 were effective for the Company beginning on January 1, 2020. The adoption of ASU 2020-03 had no material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.


18

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, (“ASU 2020-04”). ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. ASU 2020-04 is effective upon issuance of ASU 2020-04 for contract modifications and hedging relationships on a prospective basis. While the Company is currently assessing the impact of ASU 2020-04, the Company does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 815), (“ASU 2019-12”). ASU 2019-12 simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. ASU 2019-12 also improves the consistent application of, and simplifies, GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. The standard is effective for all entities for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2019-12 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Any new accounting standards not disclosed above that have been issued or proposed by FASB and that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

19

3. MORTGAGE LOAN RECEIVABLES
 
March 31, 2020 ($ in thousands)
 
 
Outstanding
Face Amount
 
Carrying
Value
 
Weighted
Average
Yield (1)
 
Remaining
Maturity
(years)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loans held by consolidated subsidiaries:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
First mortgage loans
$
3,330,918

 
$
3,310,167

 
6.72
%
 
1.22
Mezzanine loans
122,975

 
122,612

 
10.84
%
 
3.16
Total mortgage loans held by consolidated subsidiaries
3,453,893

 
3,432,779

 
6.86
%
 
1.29
Current expected credit losses
N/A

 
(49,457
)
 
 
 
 
Total mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost
3,453,893

 
3,383,322

 
 
 
 
Mortgage loan receivables held for sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
First mortgage loans
154,833

 
146,713

 
3.94
%
 
9.96
Total
$
3,608,726

 
$
3,530,035

 
6.84
%
 
1.66
 
(1)
March 31, 2020 LIBOR rates are used to calculate weighted average yield for floating rate loans.

As of March 31, 2020, $2.8 billion, or 80.0%, of the outstanding face amount of our mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost, were at variable interest rates, linked to LIBOR. Of this $2.8 billion, 100% of these variable interest rate mortgage loan receivables were subject to interest rate floors. As of March 31, 2020, $154.8 million, or 100%, of the outstanding face amount of our mortgage loan receivables held for sale were at fixed interest rates.
 
December 31, 2019 ($ in thousands)
 
 
Outstanding
Face Amount
 
Carrying
Value
 
Weighted
Average
Yield (1)
 
Remaining
Maturity
(years)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loans held by consolidated subsidiaries:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
First mortgage loans
$
3,147,275

 
$
3,127,173

 
6.77
%
 
1.35
Mezzanine loans
130,322

 
129,863

 
10.97
%
 
3.26
Total mortgage loans held by consolidated subsidiaries
3,277,597

 
3,257,036

 
6.94
%
 
1.43
Allowance for loan losses
N/A

 
(20,500
)
 
 
 
 
Total mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost
3,277,597

 
3,236,536

 
 
 
 
Mortgage loan receivables held for sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
First mortgage loans
122,748

 
122,325

 
4.20
%
 
9.99
Total
$
3,400,345

 
$
3,358,861

 
6.88
%
 
1.75
 
(1)
December 31, 2019 LIBOR rates are used to calculate weighted average yield for floating rate loans.

 

20

As of December 31, 2019, $2.5 billion, or 77.2%, of the outstanding principal of our mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost, were at variable interest rates, linked to LIBOR. Of this $2.5 billion, 100% of these variable rate mortgage loan receivables were subject to interest rate floors. As of December 31, 2019, $122.7 million, or 100%, of the carrying value of our mortgage loan receivables held for sale were at fixed interest rates.

For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the activity in our loan portfolio was as follows ($ in thousands):
 
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost:
 
 
 
Mortgage loans held by consolidated subsidiaries
 
Provision expense for current expected credit loss
 
Mortgage loan 
receivables held
for sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, December 31, 2019
$
3,257,036

 
$
(20,500
)
 
$
122,325

Origination of mortgage loan receivables
313,936

 
—

 
212,805

Repayment of mortgage loan receivables
(118,531
)
 
—

 
(64
)
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loan receivables
—

 
—

 
(189,358
)
Non-cash disposition of loans via foreclosure(1)
(23,586
)
 
—

 
—

Sale of loans, net
—

 
—

 
1,005

Accretion/amortization of discount, premium and other fees
3,924

 
—

 
—

Release of asset-specific loan loss provision via foreclosure(1)
—

 
2,000

 
—

Provision expense for current expected credit loss (implementation impact)(2)
—

 
(4,964
)
 


Provision expense for current expected credit loss (impact to earnings)(2)
—

 
(17,993
)
 
—

Additional asset-specific reserve
—

 
(8,000
)
 
—

Balance, March 31, 2020
$
3,432,779

 
$
(49,457
)
 
$
146,713

 
(1)
Refer to Note 5 Real Estate and Related Lease Intangibles, Net for further detail on foreclosure of real estate.
(2)
During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the initial impact of the implementation of the CECL accounting standard as of January 1, 2020 is recorded against retained earnings. Subsequent remeasurement thereafter, including the period to date change for the three months ended March 31, 2020, is accounted for as provision expense for current expected credit loss in the consolidated statements of income.

 
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost:
 
 
 
Mortgage loans held by consolidated subsidiaries
 
Mortgage loans transferred but not considered sold
 
Provision for loan losses
 
Mortgage loan
receivables held
for sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, December 31, 2018
$
3,318,390

 
$
—

 
$
(17,900
)
 
$
182,439

Origination of mortgage loan receivables
224,418

 
—

 
—

 
175,256

Repayment of mortgage loan receivables
(245,444
)
 
—

 
—

 
(321
)
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loan receivables
—

 
—

 
—

 
(159,424
)
Sale of loans, net
—

 
—

 
—

 
7,079

Transfer between held for investment and held for sale(1)
—

 
15,504

 
—

 
(15,504
)
Accretion/amortization of discount, premium and other fees
5,389

 
—

 
—

 
—

Provision for loan losses
—

 
—

 
(300
)
 
—

Balance, March 31, 2019
$
3,302,753

 
$
15,504

 
$
(18,200
)
 
$
189,525

 

21

(1)
We sell certain loans into securitizations; however, for a transfer of financial assets to be considered a sale, the transfer must meet the sale criteria of ASC 860 under which the Company must surrender control over the transferred assets which must qualify as recognized financial assets at the time of transfer. The assets must be isolated from the Company, even in bankruptcy or other receivership, the purchaser must have the right to pledge or sell the assets transferred and the Company may not have an option or obligation to reacquire the assets. If the sale criteria are not met, the transfer is considered to be a secured borrowing, the assets remain on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and the sale proceeds are recognized as a liability. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company reclassified from mortgage loan receivables held for sale to mortgage loans transferred but not considered sold, at amortized cost, one loan with an outstanding face amount of $15.4 million, a book value of $15.5 million (fair value at the date of reclassification) and a remaining maturity of 9.8 years. This loan was sold to the WFCM 2019-C49 securitization trust and is considered a financing for accounting purposes. This transfer has been reflected as a non-cash item on the consolidated statement of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the transfers of financial assets via sales of loans were treated as sales under ASC Topic 860 — Transfers and Servicing. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the transfers of financial assets via sales of loans were treated as sales under ASC Topic 860 — Transfers and Servicing, except for the one loan discussed above.

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there was $0.4 million of unamortized discounts included in our mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost, on our consolidated balance sheets. 
    
Allowance for Loan Losses and Non-Accrual Status ($ in thousands)

 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allowance for loan losses at beginning of period
$
20,500

 
$
17,900

 
Provision expense for current expected credit loss (implementation impact)
4,964

 
—

 
Provision expense for current expected credit loss (impact to earnings)
17,993

 
300

 
Additional asset-specific reserve
8,000

 
—

 
Foreclosure of loans subject to asset-specific reserve
(2,000
)
 
—

 
Allowance for loan losses at end of period
$
49,457

 
$
18,200

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
Principal balance of loans on non-accrual status(1)
$
142,387

(1)
$
98,725

(2)

 
(1)
Represents two of the Company’s loans, which were originated simultaneously as part of a single transaction and had a combined carrying value of $26.9 million, two loans with a combined carrying value of $46.4 million, one loan with a carrying value of $61.5 million, and two loans, which were originated simultaneously as part of a single transaction and have a combined carrying value of $7.7 million as further discussed below.
(2)
Represents two of the Company’s loans, which were originated simultaneously as part of a single transaction and had a combined carrying value of $26.9 million, one loan with a carrying value of $10.4 million and one loan with a carrying value of $61.5 million, as further discussed below.


22

Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”)

In compliance with the new CECL reporting requirements, the Company has supplemented the existing credit monitoring and management processes with additional processes to support the calculation of the CECL reserves. Based on the Company’s process, at adoption, on January 1, 2020, the Company recorded a CECL Reserve of $11.6 million, which equated to 0.36% of $3.2 billion carrying value of its held for investment loan portfolio. This reserve excluded three loans that previously had an aggregate of $14.7 million of asset-specific reserves and a carrying value of $39.8 million as of January 1, 2020. Upon adoption, the aggregated CECL Reserve reduced total shareholder’s equity by $5.8 million (or approximately $0.05 of book value per share of common stock). As of March 31, 2020, the Company recorded additional CECL reserves of $18.6 million for a total CECL reserve of $30.2 million. This excludes five loans that previously had an aggregate of $20.7 million of asset-specific reserves and a total principal balance of $81.3 million as of March 31, 2020. The change of $18.6 million in the quarter is reflected as an increase of reserve to provision expense of $18.0 million, and an increase in reserve on unfunded commitments of $0.6 million. These increases are primarily due to the update of the macro economic assumptions used in the Company’s CECL evaluation in the current quarter to reflect a recessionary macro economic scenario instead of the more stable “Baseline” scenario from the Federal Reserve that was utilized in the January 1, 2020 CECL reserve analysis.

The Company has concluded that none of its loans, other than the four loans discussed below, are individually impaired as of March 31, 2020.

Loan Portfolio by Property Type, Geographic Region and Vintage ($ in thousands)

 
 
Principal Amount
Property Type
 
 
 
 
Multifamily
 
$
1,046,253

Office
 
854,808

Hospitality
 
386,487

Mixed Use
 
423,002

Retail
 
247,958

Other
 
105,879

Industrial
 
174,098

Manufactured Housing
 
82,666

Self-Storage
 
51,425

Subtotal loans
 
3,372,576

Individually impaired loans(1)
 
81,316

Total loans
 
$
3,453,892


 
 
Principal Amount
Geographic Region
 
 
 
 
Northeast
 
$
966,468

Southwest
 
660,635

Midwest
 
640,633

South
 
547,812

West
 
557,028

Subtotal loans
 
3,372,576

Individually impaired loans(1)
 
81,316

Total loans
 
$
3,453,892



23

 
 
Principal Amount
Vintage
 
 
 
 
2019
 
$
291,604

2018
 
1,319,593

2017
 
1,020,543

2016
 
322,563

Prior to 2016
 
418,273

Subtotal loans
 
3,372,576

Individually impaired loans(1)
 
81,316

Total loans
 
$
3,453,892

 
(1)
Included in individually impaired loans are one loan, originated in 2016, with a carrying value of $5.9 million, collateralized by a mixed use property located in the Northeast region, two loans, which were restructured in 2018, with a combined carrying value of $46.4 million, collateralized by a mixed use property located in the Northeast region, and one loan, originated in 2018, with a carrying value of $4.1 million, collateralized by a hotel located in the Midwest region.

Individually Impaired Loans

As of March 31, 2020, two of the Company’s loans, collateralized by a mixed use property, which were originated simultaneously as part of a single transaction and had a carrying value of $26.9 million, were in default. These loans are directly and indirectly secured by the same property. The Company placed these loans on non-accrual status in July 2017. In assessing these collateral-dependent loans for impairment, the most significant consideration is the fair value of the underlying real estate collateral, which includes an in-place long-dated retail lease. The value of such property is most significantly affected by the contractual lease terms and the appropriate market capitalization rates, which are driven by the property’s market strength, the general interest rate environment and the retail tenant’s creditworthiness. In view of these considerations, the Company uses a direct capitalization rate valuation methodology to calculate the fair value of the underlying real estate collateral. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, management believed these loans to be impaired, reflecting a decline in collateral value attributable to: (i) on-going bankruptcy proceedings; (ii) rising interest rates; and (iii) the retail tenant’s creditworthiness. As a result, on March 31, 2018, the Company recorded an asset-specific provision for loss on one of these loans, with a carrying value of $5.9 million, of $2.7 million to reduce the carrying value of these loans to the fair value of the property less the cost to foreclose and sell the property utilizing direct capitalization rates of 4.70% to 5.00%. As of March 31, 2020, the Company believed no additional loss provision was necessary based on the application of direct capitalization rates of 4.60% to 4.90%.


24

During the year ended December 31, 2018, management identified a loan, secured by a mixed-use office and hospitality property, with a carrying value of $45.0 million as impaired, reflecting a decline in collateral value attributable to: (i) recent and near term tenant vacancies at the property; (ii) new information available during the three months ended September 30, 2018 regarding the addition of supply that will increase the local submarket vacancy rate; and (iii) declining market conditions. A reserve of $10.0 million was recorded for this impaired loan in the three months ended September 30, 2018 to reduce the carrying value of the loan to the estimated fair value of the collateral, less the estimated costs to sell. The Company has placed this loan on non-accrual status as of September 30, 2018. During the quarter ended December 31, 2018, this loan experienced a maturity default and its terms were modified in a Troubled Debt Restructuring (“TDR”) on October 17, 2018. The terms of the TDR provided for, among other things, the restructuring of the Company’s existing $45.0 million first mortgage loan into a $35.0 million A-Note and a $10.0 million B-Note and a 19.0% equity interest which is not subject to dilution and that can be increased to 25% under certain conditions. Under certain conditions, the B-Note may be forgiven or reduced. The reserve of $10.0 million was applied to the B-Note and the B-Note was placed on non-accrual status on October 17, 2018. During the quarter ended March 31, 2020, management identified that the A-Note was impaired, reflecting a decline in collateral value due to: (i) new information available during the three months ended March 31, 2020 regarding two recent non-distressed sales of office buildings in the Wilmington, DE central business district; (ii) a change in market conditions driven by COVID-19 as capital flow to the tertiary markets shifted given increased opportunities in primary markets; and (iii) the closure of the corporate housing component of the property. As a result, on March 31, 2020, the Company recorded an asset-specific provision for loss on the A-Note of $7.5 million to reduce the carrying value of this loan to the fair value of the property less the cost to foreclose and sell the property utilizing direct capitalization rates of 7.50% to 8.75%. The Company placed the A-Note on non-accrual status as of March 31, 2020. As of March 31, 2020, the combined carrying value of the A-Note and the B-Note was $46.4 million.

As of March 31, 2020, two of the Company’s loans, collateralized by hotel properties, which were originated simultaneously as part of a single transaction and had a carrying value of $7.7 million, were in default. The Company placed these loans on non-accrual status in March 2020. The Company filed for foreclosure in December 2019 and did not believe there was an impairment at that time. In assessing these collateral-dependent loans for impairment, the most significant consideration is the fair value of the underlying real estate collateral. Based on current indications of value from market participants with knowledge of the asset and the temporary closure of the nearby university and local businesses due to COVID-19, the Company believes the fair value of one of the two hotel properties is below the carrying value of $4.1 million. As a result, on March 31, 2020, the Company recorded an asset-specific provision for loss of $0.5 million to reduce the carrying value of this loan to the fair value of the property less the cost to foreclose and sell the property.

As of March 31, 2020, there were no unfunded commitments associated with modified loans considered TDRs.

These non-recurring fair values are considered Level 3 measurements in the fair value hierarchy.

Loans on Non-Accrual Status

During the three months ended December 31, 2019, one of the Company’s loans, which had a carrying value of $61.5 million, was placed on non-accrual status. The Company performed a review of the loan collateral. The review consisted of conversations with market participants familiar with the property location as well as reviewing market data and comparables. Based on this review, no asset-specific impairment was required for this loan.

There are no other loans on non-accrual status other than discussed in Individually Impaired Loans above as of March 31, 2020.



25

4. REAL ESTATE SECURITIES
 
Due to the recent market volatility, there has been a significant decrease in liquidity across all types of securities. There was a significant reduction in trading activity with the turbulent and uncertain market conditions that existed at the end of March as restrictive responsive measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the overall economy. The credit profile of our portfolio is predominantly AAA-rated and almost entirely investment grade. We expect the subordination structure of the investments, as well as the hyperamortization provision included in our senior CRE-CLO security positions, to help mitigate potential losses in the current market conditions. Spreads in the commercial mortgage backed securities (“CMBS”) market have generally tightened from the widest levels seen in March 2020 and that has continued to be the trend with the introduction of Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (“TALF”) for financing certain CMBS securities. The reduction in liquidity and overall trading activity during this period resulted in a decline of approximately $78.2 million in market value of the Company’s real estate securities through March 31, 2020. This decline was reflected in our consolidated financial statements as other comprehensive income.

CMBS, CMBS interest-only securities, Agency securities, Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) construction securities, GNMA permanent securities and corporate bonds are classified as available-for-sale and reported at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in the current period in other comprehensive income. GNMA and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp (“FHLMC”) securities (collectively, “Agency interest-only securities”) are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings. Equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings. The following is a summary of the Company’s securities at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 ($ in thousands):

March 31, 2020
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Unrealized
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted Average
Asset Type
 
Outstanding
Face Amount
 
Amortized Cost Basis/Purchase Price

 
Gains
 
Losses
 
Carrying
Value
 
# of
Securities
 
Rating (1)
 
Coupon %
 
Yield %
 
Remaining
Duration
(years)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CMBS(2)
 
$
1,943,507

 
$
1,943,359

 
$
1,476

 
$
(76,686
)
 
$
1,868,149

(3)
127

 
AAA
 
2.20
%
 
2.21
%
 
2.31
CMBS interest-only(2)(4)
 
1,550,358

 
26,800

 
1,044

 
(9
)
 
27,835

(5)
15

 
AAA
 
0.60
%
 
2.99
%
 
2.46
GNMA interest-only(4)(6)
 
105,009

 
1,661

 
139

 
(193
)
 
1,607

 
11

 
AA+
 
0.46
%
 
4.86
%
 
3.05
Agency securities(2)
 
621

 
631

 
2

 
(5
)
 
628

 
2

 
AA+
 
2.63
%
 
1.70
%
 
1.70
GNMA permanent securities(2)
 
31,159

 
31,345

 
866

 
—

 
32,211

 
6

 
AA+
 
3.90
%
 
3.50
%
 
2.61
Total debt securities
 
$
3,630,654

 
$
2,003,796

 
$
3,527

 
$
(76,893
)
 
$
1,930,430

 
161

 
 
 
1.48
%
 
2.25
%
 
2.32
Equity securities(7)
 
N/A

 
598

 
—

 
(401
)
 
197

 
3

 
N/A
 
N/A

 
N/A

 
N/A
Provision for current expected credit losses
 
N/A

 
—

 
—

 
(22
)
 
(22
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total real estate securities
 
$
3,630,654

 
$
2,004,394

 
$
3,527

 
$
(77,316
)
 
$
1,930,605

 
164

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
Represents the weighted average of the ratings of all securities in each asset type, expressed as an S&P equivalent rating. For each security rated by multiple rating agencies, the highest rating is used. Ratings provided were determined by third-party rating agencies as of a particular date, may not be current and are subject to change (including the assignment of a “negative outlook” or “credit watch”) at any time.
(2)
CMBS, CMBS interest-only securities, Agency securities, GNMA permanent securities and corporate bonds are classified as available-for-sale and reported at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in the current period in other comprehensive income.
(3)
Includes $11.6 million of restricted securities which are designated as risk retention securities under the Dodd-Frank Act and are therefore subject to transfer restrictions over the term of the securitization trust and are classified as held-to-maturity and reported at amortized cost.
(4)
The amounts presented represent the principal amount of the mortgage loans outstanding in the pool in which the interest-only securities participate.
(5)
Includes $0.8 million of restricted securities which are designated as risk retention securities under the Dodd-Frank Act and are therefore subject to transfer restrictions over the term of the securitization trust and are classified as held-to-maturity and reported at amortized cost.

26

(6)
Agency interest-only securities are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings. The Company’s Agency interest-only securities are considered to be hybrid financial instruments that contain embedded derivatives. As a result, the Company has elected to account for them as hybrid instruments in their entirety at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in unrealized gain (loss) on Agency interest-only securities in the consolidated statements of income in accordance with ASC 815.
(7)
The Company has elected to account for equity securities at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings.
  
December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Unrealized
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted Average
Asset Type
 
Outstanding
Face Amount
 
Amortized
Cost Basis
 
Gains
 
Losses
 
Carrying
Value
 
# of
Securities
 
Rating (1)
 
Coupon %
 
Yield %
 
Remaining
Duration
(years)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CMBS(2)
 
$
1,640,597

 
$
1,640,905

 
$
4,337

 
$
(920
)
 
$
1,644,322

(3)
125

 
AAA
 
3.06
%
 
3.08
%
 
2.41
CMBS interest-only(2)(4)
 
1,559,160

 
28,553

 
630

 
(37
)
 
29,146

(5)
15

 
AAA
 
0.60
%
 
3.04
%
 
2.53
GNMA interest-only(4)(6)
 
109,783

 
1,982

 
123

 
(254
)
 
1,851

 
11

 
AA+
 
0.49
%
 
4.59
%
 
2.77
Agency securities(2)
 
629

 
640

 
1

 
(4
)
 
637

 
2

 
AA+
 
2.65
%
 
1.73
%
 
1.83
GNMA permanent securities(2)
 
31,461

 
31,681

 
688

 
—

 
32,369

 
6

 
AA+
 
3.91
%
 
3.17
%
 
1.93
Total debt securities
 
$
3,341,630

 
$
1,703,761

 
$
5,779

 
$
(1,215
)
 
$
1,708,325

 
159

 
 
 
1.84
%
 
3.06
%
 
2.39
Equity securities(7)
 
N/A

 
12,848

 
292

 
(160
)
 
12,980

 
2

 
N/A
 
N/A

 
N/A

 
N/A
Total real estate securities
 
$
3,341,630

 
$
1,716,609

 
$
6,071

 
$
(1,375
)
 
$
1,721,305

 
161

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
Represents the weighted average of the ratings of all securities in each asset type, expressed as an S&P equivalent rating.  For each security rated by multiple rating agencies, the highest rating is used.  Ratings provided were determined by third-party rating agencies as of a particular date, may not be current and are subject to change (including the assignment of a “negative outlook” or “credit watch”) at any time.
(2)
CMBS, CMBS interest-only securities, Agency securities, GNMA permanent securities and corporate bonds are classified as available-for-sale and reported at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in the current period in other comprehensive income.
(3)
Includes $11.6 million of restricted securities which are designated as risk retention securities under the Dodd-Frank Act and are therefore subject to transfer restrictions over the term of the securitization trust and are classified as held-to-maturity and reported at amortized cost.
(4)
The amounts presented represent the principal amount of the mortgage loans outstanding in the pool in which the interest-only securities participate.
(5)
Includes $0.8 million of restricted securities which are designated as risk retention securities under the Dodd-Frank Act and are therefore subject to transfer restrictions over the term of the securitization trust and are classified as held-to-maturity and reported at amortized cost.
(6)
Agency interest-only securities are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings. The Company’s Agency interest-only securities are considered to be hybrid financial instruments that contain embedded derivatives. As a result, the Company accounts for them as hybrid instruments in their entirety at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in unrealized gain (loss) on Agency interest-only securities in the consolidated statements of income in accordance with ASC 815.
(7)
The Company has elected to account for equity securities at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings.
 

27

The following is a breakdown of the carrying value of the Company’s debt securities by remaining maturity based upon expected cash flows at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 ($ in thousands):
 
March 31, 2020
 
Asset Type
 
Within 1 year
 
1-5 years
 
5-10 years
 
After 10 years
 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CMBS
 
$
262,830

 
$
1,552,917

 
$
52,402

 
$
—

 
$
1,868,149

CMBS interest-only
 
1,151

 
26,684

 
—

 
—

 
27,835

GNMA interest-only
 
135

 
1,189

 
283

 
—

 
1,607

Agency securities
 
—

 
628

 
—

 
—

 
628

GNMA permanent securities
 
324

 
31,887

 
—

 
—

 
32,211

Total debt securities
 
$
264,440

 
$
1,613,305

 
$
52,685

 
$
—

 
$
1,930,430

 
December 31, 2019
 
Asset Type
 
Within 1 year
 
1-5 years
 
5-10 years
 
After 10 years
 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CMBS
 
$
177,193

 
$
1,389,392

 
$
77,737

 
$
—

 
$
1,644,322

CMBS interest-only
 
1,439

 
27,707

 
—

 
—

 
29,146

GNMA interest-only
 
91

 
1,504

 
256

 
—

 
1,851

Agency securities
 
—

 
637

 
—

 
—

 
637

GNMA permanent securities
 
416

 
31,953

 
—

 
—

 
32,369

Total debt securities
 
$
179,139

 
$
1,451,193

 
$
77,993

 
$
—

 
$
1,708,325


During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company realized a gain (loss) on the sale of equity securities of $1.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively, which is included in realized gain (loss) on securities on the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company realized losses on securities recorded as other than temporary impairments of $0.2 million which are included in realized gain (loss) on securities on the Company’s consolidated statements of income. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 the Company realized no losses on securities recorded as other than temporary impairments.


28

5. REAL ESTATE AND RELATED LEASE INTANGIBLES, NET

The recent market volatility due to the COVID-19 pandemic has brought illiquidity in most asset classes, including real estate. The Company expects the net leased commercial real estate properties, which comprise the majority of our portfolio, to be minimally impacted as the majority of the net leased properties in our real estate portfolio are necessity-based retail and have remained open and stable during the COVID-19 pandemic. We continue to actively monitor the diversified commercial real estate properties for both the immediate and long term impact of the pandemic on the buildings, the tenants, the business plans and the ability to execute those business plans.

The following tables present additional detail related to our real estate portfolio, net, including foreclosed properties ($ in thousands):

 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
Land
$
227,070

 
$
209,955

Building
867,985

 
883,005

In-place leases and other intangibles
159,055

 
161,203

Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization
(206,692
)
 
(206,082
)
Real estate and related lease intangibles, net
$
1,047,418

 
$
1,048,081

 
 
 
 
Below market lease intangibles, net (other liabilities)
$
(38,744
)
 
$
(39,067
)


At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company held foreclosed properties included in real estate and related lease intangibles, net with a carrying value of $110.0 million and $89.5 million, respectively.

The following table presents depreciation and amortization expense on real estate recorded by the Company ($ in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
Depreciation expense(1)
$
8,273

 
$
7,685

Amortization expense
1,711

 
2,517

Total real estate depreciation and amortization expense
$
9,984

 
$
10,202

 
(1)
Depreciation expense on the consolidated statements of income also includes $25 thousand of depreciation on corporate fixed assets for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

The Company’s intangible assets are comprised of in-place leases, above market leases and other intangibles. The following tables present additional detail related to our intangible assets ($ in thousands):

 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
Gross intangible assets(1)
$
159,054

 
$
161,203

Accumulated amortization
61,327

 
62,773

Net intangible assets
$
97,727

 
$
98,430

 
(1)
Includes $4.4 million and $4.5 million of unamortized above market lease intangibles which are included in real estate and related lease intangibles, net on the consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.


29

 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
Reduction in operating lease income for amortization of above market lease intangibles acquired
$
(92
)
 
$
(425
)
Increase in operating lease income for amortization of below market lease intangibles acquired
752

 
569



The following table presents expected adjustment to operating lease income and expected amortization expense during the next five years and thereafter related to the above and below market leases and acquired in-place lease and other intangibles for property owned as of March 31, 2020 ($ in thousands):
Period Ending December 31,
 
Adjustment to Operating Lease Income
 
Amortization Expense
 
 
 
 
 
2020 (last 9 months)
 
$
943

 
$
4,442

2021
 
1,070

 
5,504

2022
 
1,070

 
5,504

2023
 
1,070

 
5,504

2024
 
1,070

 
5,504

Thereafter
 
29,077

 
66,785

Total
 
$
34,300

 
$
93,243



Lease Prepayment by Lessor, Retirement of Related Mortgage Loan Financing and Impairment of Real Estate

On January 10, 2019, the Company received $10.0 million prepayment of a lease on a single-tenant two-story office building in Wayne, NJ. As of March 31, 2019, this property had a book value of $5.6 million, which is net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $2.7 million. The Company recognized the $10.0 million of operating lease income on a straight-line basis over the revised lease term. On February 6, 2019, the Company paid off $6.6 million of mortgage loan financing related to the property, recognizing a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1.1 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company recorded a $1.4 million impairment of real estate to reduce the carrying value of the real estate to the estimated fair value of the real estate. On May 1, 2019, the Company completed the sale of the property recognizing $3.9 million of operating lease income, $3.5 million realized loss on sale of real estate, net and $0.4 million of depreciation and amortization expense, resulting in a net loss of $20 thousand. See Note 14, Fair Value of Financial Instruments for further detail.

There were $0.9 million and $0.9 million of rent receivables included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

There was unencumbered real estate of $79.6 million and $59.2 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded $2.0 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of real estate operating income, which is included in operating lease income in the consolidated statements of income.
 

30

The following is a schedule of non-cancellable, contractual, future minimum rent under leases (excluding property operating expenses paid directly by tenant under net leases) at March 31, 2020 ($ in thousands):
 
Period Ending December 31,
 
Amount
 
 
 
2020 (last 9 months)
 
$
63,389

2021
 
72,729

2022
 
68,139

2023
 
66,703

2024
 
65,173

Thereafter
 
504,234

Total
 
$
840,367



Acquisitions

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company acquired the following properties ($ in thousands):

Acquisition Date
 
Type
 
Primary Location(s)
 
Purchase Price/Fair Value on the Date of Foreclosure
Ownership Interest (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Purchases of real estate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Aggregate purchases of net leased real estate
 
$
6,239

100.0%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate acquired via foreclosure
 
 
 
March 2020
 
Diversified
 
Los Angeles, CA
 
21,535

100.0%
Total real estate acquired via foreclosure
 
21,535

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total real estate acquisitions
 
 
 
$
27,774

 
 
(1)
Properties were consolidated as of acquisition date.

The Company allocates purchase consideration based on relative fair values, and real estate acquisition costs are capitalized as a component of the cost of the assets acquired for asset acquisitions. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, all acquisitions were determined to be asset acquisitions.

The purchase prices were allocated to the asset acquisitions during the three months ended March 31, 2020, as follows ($ in thousands):

 
 
Purchase Price Allocation
 
 
 
Land
 
$
22,450

Building
 
4,418

Intangibles
 
1,201

Below Market Lease Intangibles
 
(295
)
Total purchase price
 
$
27,774



31

The weighted average amortization period for intangible assets acquired during the three months ended March 31, 2020 was 39.8 years. The Company recorded $44 thousand in revenues from its 2020 acquisitions for the three months ended March 31, 2020, which is included in its consolidated statements of income. The Company recorded $(0.1) million in earnings (losses) from its 2020 acquisitions for the three months ended March 31, 2020, which is included in its consolidated statements of income.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company acquired the following properties ($ in thousands):

Acquisition Date
 
Type
 
Primary Location(s)
 
Purchase Price/Fair Value on the Date of Foreclosure
Ownership Interest (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Purchases of real estate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Aggregate purchases of net leased real estate
 
$
2,406

100.0%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate acquired via foreclosure
 
 
 
February 2019
 
Diversified
 
Omaha, NE
 
18,200

100.0%
Total real estate acquired via foreclosure
 
18,200

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total real estate acquisitions
 
 
 
$
20,606

 
 
(1)
Properties were consolidated as of acquisition date.

The purchase prices were allocated to the asset acquisitions during the three months ended March 31, 2019, as follows ($ in thousands):
 
 
Purchase Price Allocation
 
 
 
Land
 
$
3,483

Building
 
16,804

Intangibles
 
442

Below Market Lease Intangibles
 
(123
)
Total purchase price
 
$
20,606



The weighted average amortization period for intangible assets acquired during the three months ended March 31, 2019 was 36.7 years. The Company recorded $16.4 thousand in revenues from its 2019 acquisitions for the three months ended March 31, 2019, which is included in its consolidated statements of income. The Company recorded $(0.2) million in earnings (losses) from its 2019 acquisitions for the three months ended March 31, 2019, which is included in its consolidated statements of income.

Acquisitions via Foreclosure

In March 2020, the Company acquired a development property in Los Angeles, CA, via foreclosure. This property previously served as collateral for a mortgage loan receivable held for investment with a basis of $21.6 million, net of an asset-specific loan loss provision of $2.0 million. The Company obtained a third-party appraisal of the property. Substantially all of the fair value was attributed to land. The $21.5 million fair value was determined using the sales comparison approach to value. Using this approach, the appraiser developed an opinion of the fee simple value of the underlying land by comparing the property to similar, recently sold properties in the surrounding or competing area. The Company recorded a $0.1 million loss resulting from the foreclosure of the loan.


32

In February 2019, the Company acquired a hotel in Omaha, NE, via foreclosure. This property previously served as collateral for a mortgage loan receivable held for investment with a net basis of $17.9 million. The Company obtained a third-party appraisal of the property. The $18.2 million fair value was determined using the income approach to value. The appraiser utilized a terminal capitalization rate of 8.75% and a discount rate of 10.25%. There was no gain or loss resulting from the foreclosure of the loan.

These non-recurring fair values are considered Level 3 measurements in the fair value hierarchy.

Sales

The Company sold the following properties during the three months ended March 31, 2020 ($ in thousands):

Sales Date
 
Type
 
Primary Location(s)
 
Net Sales Proceeds
 
Net Book Value
 
Realized Gain/(Loss)
 
Properties
 
Units Sold
 
Units Remaining
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Various
 
Condominium
 
Miami, FL
 
$
665

 
$
658

 
$
7

 
—

 
2

 
4

March 2020
 
Diversified
 
Richmond, VA
 
22,526

 
14,829

 
7,697

 
7

 
—

 
—

March 2020
 
Diversified
 
Richmond, VA
 
6,933

 
4,109

 
2,824

 
1

 
—

 
—

Totals
 
 
 
 
 
$
30,124

 
$
19,596

 
$
10,528

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized gain on the sale of real estate, net on the consolidated statements of income also includes $10.5 million of realized loss on the disposal of fixed assets for the three months ended March 31, 2020

The Company sold the following properties during the three months ended March 31, 2019 ($ in thousands):

Sales Date
 
Type
 
Primary Location(s)
 
Net Sales Proceeds
 
Net Book Value
 
Realized Gain/(Loss)
 
Properties
 
Units Sold
 
Units Remaining
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
N/A
 
Condominium
 
Las Vegas, NV
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
—

 
—

 
1

Various
 
Condominium
 
Miami, FL
 
1,688

 
1,503

 
185

 
—

 
6

 
16

Totals
 
 
 
 
 
$
1,688

 
$
1,503

 
$
185

 
 
 
 
 
 


6. INVESTMENT IN AND ADVANCES TO UNCONSOLIDATED JOINT VENTURES
 
The following is a summary of the Company’s investments in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, which we account for using the equity method, as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 ($ in thousands):
 
Entity
 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
Grace Lake JV, LLC
 
$
3,233

 
$
3,047

24 Second Avenue Holdings LLC
 
45,426

 
45,386

Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
 
$
48,659

 
$
48,433


 

33

The following is a summary of the Company’s allocated earnings (losses) based on its ownership interests from investment in unconsolidated joint ventures for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 ($ in thousands):
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
Entity
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
Grace Lake JV, LLC
 
$
186

 
$
415

24 Second Avenue Holdings LLC
 
255

 
544

Earnings (loss) from investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
 
$
441

 
$
959



Grace Lake JV, LLC
 
In connection with the origination of a loan in April 2012, the Company received a 25% equity interest with the right to convert upon a capital event. On March 22, 2013, the loan was refinanced, and the Company converted its interest into a 19% limited liability company membership interest in Grace Lake JV, LLC (“Grace Lake LLC”), which holds an investment in an office building complex. After taking into account the preferred return of 8.25% and the return of all equity remaining in the property to the Company’s operating partner, the Company is entitled to 25% of the distribution of all excess cash flows and all disposition proceeds upon any sale. The Company is not legally required to provide any future funding to Grace Lake LLC. The Company accounts for its interest in Grace Lake LLC using the equity method of accounting, as it has a 19% investment, compared to the 81% investment of its operating partner and does not control the entity.

The Company’s investment in Grace Lake LLC is an unconsolidated joint venture, which is a VIE for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. This joint venture was deemed to be a VIE primarily based on the fact there are disproportionate voting and economic rights within the joint venture. The Company determined that it was not the primary beneficiary of this VIE based on the fact that the Company has a passive investment and no control of this entity and therefore does not have controlling financial interests in this VIE. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss is limited to its investment in the VIE. The Company has not provided financial support to this VIE that it was not previously contractually required to provide.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company received no distributions from its investment in Grace Lake LLC. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company had received $3.1 million of distributions from its investment in Grace Lake LLC.

The Company holds its investment in Grace Lake LLC in a TRS.

24 Second Avenue Holdings LLC

On August 7, 2015, the Company entered into a joint venture, 24 Second Avenue Holdings LLC (“24 Second Avenue”), with an operating partner (the “Operating Partner”) to invest in a ground-up residential/retail condominium development and construction project located at 24 Second Avenue, New York, NY. The Company accounted for its interest in 24 Second Avenue using the equity method of accounting as its joint venture partner was the managing member of 24 Second Avenue and had substantive management rights.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company converted its existing $35.0 million common equity interest into a $35.0 million priority preferred equity position. The Company also provided $50.4 million in first mortgage financing in order to refinance the existing $48.1 million first mortgage construction loan which was made by another lending institution. In addition to the new $50.4 million first mortgage loan, the Company also funded a $6.5 million mezzanine loan for use in completing the project. The Operating Partner must fully fund any and all additional capital for necessary expenses.

Due to the Company’s non-controlling equity interest in 24 Second Avenue, the Company accounts for the new loans as additional investments in the joint venture.

34


During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in income (expenses), each of which is recorded in earnings (loss) from investment in unconsolidated joint ventures in the consolidated statements of income. During 2019, the Company capitalized interest related to the cost of its investment in 24 Second Avenue, as 24 Second Avenue had activities in progress necessary to construct and ultimately sell condominium units. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company capitalized $0.1 million of interest expense, using a weighted average interest rate. The capitalized interest expense was recorded in investment in unconsolidated joint ventures in the consolidated balance sheets. As a result of the transactions described above, subsequent to the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company no longer capitalizes interest related to this investment, and income generated from the new loans is accounted for as earnings from investment in unconsolidated joint ventures.

As of March 31, 2020, 24 Second Avenue had $19.0 million of loans payable to a third-party lender. 24 Second Avenue consists of 30 residential condominium units and one commercial condominium unit. 24 Second Avenue started closing on the existing sales contracts during the quarter ended March 31, 2019, upon receipt of New York City Building Department approvals and a temporary certificate of occupancy for a portion of the project. As of March 31, 2020, 24 Second Avenue sold 19 residential condominium units for $49.6 million in total gross sale proceeds. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had no additional remaining capital commitment to 24 Second Avenue.

The Company’s investment in 24 Second Avenue is an unconsolidated joint venture, which is a VIE for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. This joint venture was deemed to be a VIE primarily based on (i) the fact that the total equity investment at risk (inclusive of the additional financing the Company provided through the first mortgage and mezzanine loans) is sufficient to permit the entities to finance activities without additional subordinated financial support provided by any parties, including equity holders; and (ii) the voting and economic rights are not disproportionate within the joint venture. The Company determined that it was not the primary beneficiary of this VIE because it does not have a controlling financial interest.

The Company holds its investment in 24 Second Avenue in a TRS.

Combined Summary Financial Information for Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

The following is a summary of the combined financial position of the unconsolidated joint ventures in which the Company had investment interests as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 ($ in thousands):
 
 
 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
Total assets
 
$
171,827

 
$
118,727

Total liabilities
 
85,598

 
78,762

Partners’/members’ capital
 
$
86,229

 
$
39,965


The following is a summary of the combined results from operations of the unconsolidated joint ventures for the period in which the Company had investment interests during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 ($ in thousands):
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
Total revenues
 
$
4,476

 
$
4,699

Total expenses
 
3,974

 
3,863

Net income (loss)
 
$
502

 
$
836



35

7. DEBT OBLIGATIONS, NET

The details of the Company’s debt obligations at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are as follows ($ in thousands):
 
March 31, 2020
Debt Obligations
 
Committed Financing
 
Debt Obligations Outstanding
 
Committed but Unfunded
 
Interest Rate at March 31, 2020(1)
 
Current Term Maturity
 
Remaining Extension Options
 
Eligible Collateral
 
Carrying Amount of Collateral
 
Fair Value of Collateral
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Committed Loan Repurchase Facility(2)
 
$
500,000

 
$
191,031

 
$
308,969

 
 2.20% - 2.70%
 
12/19/2022
 
(3)
 
(4)
 
$
295,557

 
$
295,839

 
Committed Loan Repurchase Facility
 
250,000

 
—

 
250,000

 
 0.00% - 0.00%
 
2/26/2021
 
(5)
 
(6)
 
—

 
—


Committed Loan Repurchase Facility
 
300,000

 
149,044

 
150,956

 
 2.46% - 3.83%
 
12/19/2020
 
(7)
 
(8)
 
231,701

 
231,701


Committed Loan Repurchase Facility
 
300,000

 
139,394

 
160,606

 
 2.51% - 2.81%
 
11/6/2022
 
(9)
 
(4)
 
204,671

 
204,859


Committed Loan Repurchase Facility
 
100,000

 
34,599

 
65,401

 
2.83% - 2.93%
 
12/31/2022
 
(10)
 
(4)
 
56,952

 
57,088

 
Committed Loan Repurchase Facility
 
100,000

 
22,950

 
77,050

 
 2.92% - 4.48%
 
12/24/2020
 
(11)
 
(12)
 
30,600

 
30,600

 
Total Committed Loan Repurchase Facilities
 
1,550,000

 
537,018

 
1,012,982

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
819,481

 
820,087

 
Committed Securities Repurchase Facility(2)
 
708,969

 
477,734

 
231,235

 
 1.50% - 3.21%
 
12/23/2021
 
 N/A
 
(13)
 
622,653

 
622,653

 
Uncommitted Securities Repurchase Facility
 
 N/A (13)

 
712,048

 
 N/A (14)

 
 1.32% - 3.75%
 
4/2020 - 6/2020
 
 N/A
 
(13)
 
799,466

 
799,466

(15)
Total Repurchase Facilities
 
1,950,000

 
1,726,800

 
1,244,217

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2,241,600

 
2,242,206

 
Revolving Credit Facility
 
266,430

 
266,430

 
—

 
 3.80% - 5.25%
 
2/11/2021
 
(16)
 
 N/A (17)
 
N/A (17)

 
N/A (17)

 
Mortgage Loan Financing
 
806,153

 
806,153


—

 
 3.75% - 6.75%
 
2020 - 2030(18)
 
 N/A
 
(19)
 
967,842

 
1,171,170

(20)
Borrowings from the FHLB
 
1,945,795

 
1,007,581

 
938,214

 
NA
 
2020 - 2024
 
 N/A
 
(21)
 
1,454,039

 
1,458,494

(22)
Senior Unsecured Notes
 
1,891,897

 
1,874,056

(23)
—

 
 0.54% - 2.95%
 
2021 - 2025
 
 N/A
 
 N/A (24)
 
N/A (24)

 
N/A (24)

 
Total Debt Obligations, Net
 
$
6,860,275

 
$
5,681,020

 
$
2,182,431

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
4,663,481

 
$
4,871,870

 
 
(1)
March 2020 LIBOR rates are used to calculate interest rates for floating rate debt.
(2)
The combined committed amounts for the loan repurchase facility and the securities repurchase facility total $900.0 million, with maximum capacity on the loan repurchase facility of $500.0 million, and maximum capacity on the securities repurchase facility of $900.0 million less outstanding commitments on the loan repurchase facility.
(3)
Two additional 12-month periods at Company’s option. No new advances are permitted after the initial maturity date.
(4)
First mortgage commercial real estate loans and senior and pari passu interests therein. It does not include the real estate collateralizing such loans.
(5)
Three additional 12-month periods at Company’s option.
(6)
First mortgage commercial real estate loans. It does not include the real estate collateralizing such loans.
(7)
Three additional 364-day periods.
(8)
First mortgage and mezzanine commercial real estate loans and senior and pari passu interests therein. It does not include the real estate collateralizing such loans.
(9)
One additional 12-month extension period and two additional 6-month extension periods at Company’s option.
(10)
Two additional 12-month extension periods at Company’s option. No new advances are permitted after the initial maturity date.
(11)
The Company may extend periodically with lender’s consent. At no time can the maturity of the facility exceed 364 days from the date of determination.
(12)
First mortgage, junior and mezzanine commercial real estate loans, and certain senior and/or pari passu interests therein.
(13)
Commercial real estate securities. It does not include the real estate collateralizing such securities.
(14)
Represents uncommitted securities repurchase facilities for which there is no committed amount subject to future advances.

36

(15)
Includes $2.2 million of restricted securities under the risk retention rules of Dodd-Frank Act. These securities are accounted for as held-to-maturity and recorded at amortized cost basis.
(16)
Four additional 12-month periods at Company’s option.
(17)
The obligations under the Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed by the Company and certain of its subsidiaries and secured by equity pledges in certain Company subsidiaries.
(18)
Anticipated repayment dates.
(19)
Certain of our real estate investments serve as collateral for our mortgage loan financing.
(20)
Using undepreciated carrying value of commercial real estate to approximate fair value.
(21)
First mortgage commercial real estate loans and investment grade commercial real estate securities. It does not include the real estate collateralizing such loans and securities.
(22)
Includes $9.9 million of restricted securities under the risk retention rules of Dodd-Frank Act. These securities are accounted for as held-to-maturity and recorded at amortized cost basis.
(23)
Presented net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $17.8 million at March 31, 2020.
(24)
The obligations under the senior unsecured notes are guaranteed by the Company and certain of its subsidiaries.

December 31, 2019
Debt Obligations
 
Committed Financing
 
Debt Obligations Outstanding
 
Committed but Unfunded
 
Interest Rate at December 31, 2019(1)
 
Current Term Maturity
 
Remaining Extension Options
 
Eligible Collateral
 
Carrying Amount of Collateral
 
Fair Value of Collateral
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Committed Loan Repurchase Facility
 
$
600,000

 
$
183,828

 
$
416,172

 
3.24% - 3.74%
 
12/19/2022
 
(2)
 
(3)
 
$
287,974

 
$
288,210

 
Committed Loan Repurchase Facility
 
350,000

 
70,697

 
279,303

 
3.71% - 3.81%
 
5/24/2020
 
(4)
 
(5)
 
101,590

 
103,868

 
Committed Loan Repurchase Facility
 
300,000

 
248,182

 
51,818

 
3.49% - 3.74%
 
12/19/2020
 
(6)
 
(7)
 
382,778

 
382,778


Committed Loan Repurchase Facility
 
300,000

 
98,678

 
201,322

 
3.50% - 3.75%
 
11/6/2022
 
(8)
 
(3)
 
175,000

 
175,270

 
Committed Loan Repurchase Facility
 
100,000

 
9,952

 
90,048

 
3.96% - 3.99%
 
1/3/2023
 
(9)
 
(3)
 
75,628

 
75,813


Committed Loan Repurchase Facility
 
100,000

 
90,927

 
9,073

 
3.74% - 3.80%
 
12/24/2020
 
(10)
 
(11)
 
126,311

 
126,311

 
Total Committed Loan Repurchase Facilities
 
1,750,000

 
702,264

 
1,047,736

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,149,281

 
1,152,250

 
Committed Securities Repurchase Facility
 
400,000

 
42,751

 
357,249

 
2.50% - 2.56%
 
12/23/2021
 
N/A
 
(12)
 
52,691

 
52,691

 
Uncommitted Securities Repurchase Facility
 
N/A (12)

 
1,070,919

 
 N/A (13)

 
2.17% - 3.54%
 
1/2020 - 3/2020
 
N/A
 
(12)
 
1,188,440

 
1,188,440

(14)
Total Repurchase Facilities
 
2,150,000

 
1,815,934

 
1,404,985

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2,390,412

 
2,393,381

 
Revolving Credit Facility
 
266,430

 
—

 
266,430

 
NA
 
2/11/2020
 
(15)
 
N/A (16)
 
N/A (16)

 
N/A (16)

 
Mortgage Loan Financing
 
812,606

 
812,606

 
—

 
3.75% - 6.75%
 
2020 - 2029(17)
 
N/A
 
(18)
 
988,857

 
1,192,106

(19)
Borrowings from the FHLB
 
1,945,795

 
1,073,500

 
872,295

 
1.47% - 2.95%
 
2020 - 2024
 
N/A
 
(20)
 
1,107,188

 
1,113,811

(21)
Senior Unsecured Notes
 
1,166,201

 
1,157,833

(22)
—

 
5.250% - 5.875%
 
2021 - 2025
 
N/A
 
N/A (23)
 
N/A (23)

 
N/A (23)

 
Total Debt Obligations
 
$
6,341,032

 
$
4,859,873

 
$
2,543,710

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
4,486,457

 
$
4,699,298

 
 
(1)
December 31, 2019 LIBOR rates are used to calculate interest rates for floating rate debt.
(2)
Two additional 12-month periods at Company’s option. No new advances are permitted after the initial maturity date.
(3)
First mortgage commercial real estate loans and senior and pari passu interests therein. It does not include the real estate collateralizing such loans.
(4)
One additional 12-month period at Company’s option.
(5)
First mortgage commercial real estate loans. It does not include the real estate collateralizing such loans.
(6)
Three additional 364-day periods.
(7)
First mortgage and mezzanine commercial real estate loans and senior pari passu interests therein. It does not include the real estate collateralizing such loans.

37

(8)
One additional 12-month extension period and two additional 6-month extension periods at Company’s option.
(9)
Two additional 12-month extension periods at Company’s option. No new advances are permitted after the initial maturity date.
(10)
The Company may extend periodically with lender’s consent. At no time can the maturity of the facility exceed 364 days from the date of determination.
(11)
First mortgage, junior and mezzanine commercial real estate loans, and certain senior and/or pari passu interests therein.
(12)
Commercial real estate securities. It does not include the real estate collateralizing such securities.
(13)
Represents uncommitted securities repurchase facilities for which there is no committed amount subject to future advances.
(14)
Includes $2.2 million of restricted securities under the risk retention rules of Dodd-Frank Act. These securities are accounted for as held-to-maturity and recorded at amortized cost basis.
(15)
Four additional 12-month periods at Company’s option.
(16)
The obligations under the Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed by the Company and certain of its subsidiaries and secured by equity pledges in certain Company subsidiaries.
(17)
Anticipated repayment dates.
(18)
Certain of our real estate investments serve as collateral for our mortgage loan financing.
(19)
Using undepreciated carrying value of commercial real estate to approximate fair value.
(20)
First mortgage commercial real estate loans and pari passu interests therein. It does not include the real estate collateralizing such loans.
(21)
First mortgage commercial real estate loans and investment grade commercial real estate securities. It does not include the real estate collateralizing such loans and securities.
(22)
Includes $9.9 million of restricted securities under the risk retention rules of Dodd-Frank Act. These securities are accounted for as held-to-maturity and recorded at amortized cost basis.
(23)
Presented net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $8.4 million at December 31, 2019.
(24)
The obligations under the senior unsecured notes are guaranteed by the Company and certain of its subsidiaries.

Combined Maturity of Debt Obligations

The following schedule reflects the Company’s contractual payments under all borrowings by maturity ($ in thousands):
 
Period ending December 31,
 
Borrowings by
Maturity(1)
 
 
 

2020 (last 9 months)
 
$
1,900,025

2021
 
1,087,628

2022
 
665,357

2023
 
156,872

2024
 
408,282

Thereafter
 
1,476,059

Subtotal
 
5,694,223

Debt issuance costs included in senior unsecured notes
 
(17,841
)
Debt issuance costs included in mortgage loan financing
 
(642
)
Premiums included in mortgage loan financing(2)
 
5,280

Total
 
$
5,681,020

 
(1)
Contractual payments under current maturities, some of which are subject to extensions. The maturities listed above for 2020 (last 9 months) relate to debt obligations that are subject to existing Company controlled extension options for one or more additional one year periods or could be refinanced by other existing facilities as of March 31, 2020.
(2)
Deferred gains on intercompany loans, secured by our own real estate, sold into securitizations. These premiums are amortized as a reduction to interest expense.

The Company’s debt facilities are subject to covenants which require the Company to maintain a minimum level of total equity. Largely as a result of this restriction, approximately $829.3 million of the total equity is restricted from payment as a dividend by the Company at March 31, 2020.


38

Senior Unsecured Notes
2027 Notes

On January 30, 2020, LCFH and Ladder Capital Finance Corporation (“LCFC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of LCFH, issued $750.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.25% senior notes due February 1, 2027 (the “2027 Notes”). The 2027 Notes require interest payments semi-annually in cash in arrears on August 1 and February 1 of each year, beginning on August 1, 2020. The 2027 Notes will mature on February 1, 2027. The 2027 Notes are unsecured and are subject to an unencumbered assets to unsecured debt covenant. The Company may redeem the 2027 Notes, in whole, at any time, or from time to time, prior to their stated maturity. At any time on or after February 1, 2023, the Company may redeem the 2027 Notes in whole or in part, upon not less than 15 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at a redemption price defined in the indenture governing the 2027 Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date. Net proceeds of the offering were used to repay secured indebtedness. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company retired $19.2 million of principal of the 2027 Notes for a repurchase price of $17.2 million, recognizing a $1.7 million net gain on extinguishment of debt after recognizing $(0.3) million of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the retired debt. As of March 31, 2020, the remaining $730.8 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2027 Notes is due February 1, 2027.

2025 Notes

On September 25, 2017, LCFH and LCFC issued $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.250% senior notes due October 1, 2025 (the “2025 Notes”). During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company retired $4.1 million of principal of the 2025 Notes for a repurchase price of $4.0 million, recognizing a $5.8 thousand net gain on extinguishment of debt after recognizing $(39.9) thousand of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the retired debt. As of March 31, 2020, the remaining $395.9 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2025 Notes is due October 1, 2025.

2021 Notes

On August 1, 2014, LCFH and LCFC issued $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.875% senior notes due August 1, 2021 (the “2021 Notes”). During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company retired $1.0 million of principal of the 2021 Notes for a repurchase price of $1.0 million, recognizing a $1.8 thousand net gain on extinguishment of debt after recognizing $(3.2) thousand of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the retired debt. As of March 31, 2020, the remaining $265.2 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2021 Notes is due August 1, 2021.

Committed Loan and Securities Repurchase Facilities

On February 14, 2020, the Company amended one of its committed loan repurchase facilities with a major U.S. bank to reduce the maximum capacity of the facility from $600.0 million to $500.0 million.

On February 26, 2020, the Company amended one of its committed loan repurchase facilities with a major U.S. bank, extending the term of the facility. The current maturity date is now February 26, 2021, and the Company has three one-year extension options for a final maturity date of February 26, 2024. The Company also reduced the maximum size of the facility from $350.0 million to $250.0 million.

On March 23, 2020, the Company amended one of its committed loan and securities repurchase facilities with a major U.S. bank to allow for an increase in the capacity on the securities repurchase facility, to the extent the Company has excess capacity on the loan repurchase facility. Prior to the amendment, the committed amounts on the facility were $500.0 million and $400.0 million on the loan and securities repurchase facilities, respectively. After the amendment, the committed amounts continue to total $900.0 million, with maximum capacity on the loan repurchase facility of $500.0 million, and maximum capacity on the securities repurchase facility of $900.0 million less outstanding commitments on the loan repurchase facility.


39

Financing Strategy in Current Market Conditions

In March 2020, as the COVID-19 health crisis rapidly transformed into a financial crisis, management took swift action to increase liquidity resources and actively manage its financing arrangements with its bank partners. In an abundance of caution, the Company first drew down on its $266.4 million unsecured revolving credit facility, which continues to be fully-drawn, and the proceeds continue to be held as unrestricted cash on the Company’s balance sheet as of May 1, 2020.   

–Securities Repurchase Facilities: The Company invests in AAA-rated CRE CLO securities, typically front pay securities, with relatively short duration and significant subordination. These securities have historically been financed with short-term, typically 30-day maturity repurchase agreements with various bank counterparties. Beginning in late March 2020 and extending through April 2020, the Company has been able to continue to access securities repurchase funding. While the Company was successful in refinancing its securities and extending the terms of the majority of its securities repurchase financing to periods ranging from three to six months from certain key counterparties, the funding received generally reflected higher costs of financing and lower advance rates than prevailed during times of market stability.

In March, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, trading volumes for CRE CLO securities fell significantly and prices for CRE CLO securities declined. As a result, the Company experienced margin calls on its securities repurchase financing, all of which were successfully satisfied in cash in a timely manner. As the securities markets stabilized somewhat in April, the Company received rebates of much of the previously posted cash margin and applied other margin funds to reduce securities repurchase debt outstanding as repurchase financing transactions were extended in term. Management plans to continue to work with its bank counterparties to roll and extend such maturities. Given the credit quality and short duration of the securities portfolio, extension of term would allow for such securities to pay off at par or allow for sales in an orderly manner.

–Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) Financing:   As discussed in the Company’s Annual Report, in 2016, the FHFA adopted a final rule that limited our captive insurance subsidiary’s membership in the FHLB, requiring us to significantly reduce the amounts of FHLB borrowings outstanding by February of 2021. As the COVID-19 crisis unfolded, management maintained an active dialogue with the FHLB and subsequent to March 31, 2020, the Company completed a non-mark to market private CLO financing transaction (refer to below and Note 18, Subsequent Events) and sold securities and loans previously serving as collateral at the FHLB. A portion of the proceeds of the CLO financing transaction and asset sales were used to pay down FHLB advances, reducing the amount of the Company’s financing that is mark to market. As of May 1, 2020, FHLB advances outstanding were $487.0 million, reflecting a reduction of approximately $520.6 million since March 31, 2020. The Company maintains ongoing discussions with the FHLB about further reducing its outstanding advances to ensure a smooth and timely transition from FHLB membership. Funding for future advance paydowns would be obtained from the natural amortization of securities over time, loan pay offs and/or sales of loan and securities collateral.

–Loan Repurchase Financing:  The Company has maintained a consistent dialogue with its loan financing counterparties as the COVID-19 crisis has unfolded. The Company has drawn additional funds from certain loan repurchase facilities since the start of the crisis in mid-March 2020. In addition to using proceeds from the Company’s 2027 Notes offering in January to reduce secured debt, subsequent to March 31, 2020, the Company has paid off over $123.0 million on such loan repurchase financing through loan collateral pay offs and loans securitized through a CLO financing transaction (refer to below). As of May 1, 2020, the Company had $414.0 million of loan repurchase debt outstanding with five separate bank counterparties. The Company continues to maintain an active dialogue with its bank counterparties as it expects loan collateral on each of their lines to experience some measure of forbearance.

–New Secured Financing Facility:  On April 30, 2020, the Company entered into a strategic financing arrangement (the “Agreement”) with Koch Real Estate Investments, LLC (“Koch”), an affiliate of Koch Industries, under which Koch will provide the Company with approximately $206.4 million in senior secured financing (the “Koch Facility”) to fund transitional and land loans. Koch Facility will be secured on a first lien basis on a portfolio of certain of the Company’s loans and will mature after 36 months, and borrowings thereunder will bear interest at LIBOR (or a minimum of 0.75% if greater) plus 10.0%, with a minimum interest premium of approximately $39.2 million minus the aggregate sum of all interest payments made under the Koch Facility prior to the date of payment of the minimum interest premium, which is payable upon the earlier of maturity or repayment in full of the loan. The Koch Facility is non-recourse, subject to limited exceptions, and does not contain mark to market provisions. Additionally, the Koch Facility provides the Company optionality to modify or restructure loans or forbear in exercising remedies, which maximizes the Company’s financial flexibility.

40


As part of the strategic financing, which is non-recourse, subject to limited exceptions, Koch also has the ability to make an equity investment in the Company of up to 4.0 million Class A common shares at $8.00, which amount and price may be proportionally adjusted in the event of equity distributions, stock splits, reclassifications and other similar events (the “Purchase Right”). The Purchase Right will expire on December 31, 2020. The Company expects that any such investment would additionally benefit its liquidity position.

Pursuant to the Purchase Right, Koch has agreed to a customary standstill until December 31, 2020 or the date on which Koch has exercised the Purchase Right in full, if earlier. In addition, Koch has agreed not to sell, transfer, assign, pledge, hypothecate, mortgage, dispose of or in any way encumber the shares acquired as a result of exercising the Purchase Right for a period of time following the exercise date. In connection with the issuance of the Purchase Right, the Company and Koch entered into a registration rights agreement, pursuant to which the Company has agreed to provide customary demand and piggyback registration rights to Koch. (Refer to Note 18, Subsequent Events.)

–Completion of Private CLO: On April 27, 2020, the Company completed a private CLO financing transaction with Goldman Sachs Bank USA which generated $310.2 million of gross proceeds, financing $481.3 million of loans at a 64.5% advance rate on a matched term, non-mark to market and non-recourse basis. The Company will retain a 35% subordinate and controlling interest in the collateral, which affords for broad discretion in managing these loans in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and preserving or increasing their value. Proceeds from the transaction were used to pay off other secured debt including loan repurchase and FHLB financing that was subject to mark to market provisions. (Refer to Note 18, Subsequent Events.)

As a result of our financing and liquidity strategy and execution to date, as of May 1, 2020, Ladder had approximately $830.0 million of unrestricted cash on hand and, subsequent to quarter end, has paid down $783.0 million of secured debt that was subject to mark to market provisions subsequent to quarter end. Furthermore, the Company maintains $2.7 billion of unencumbered assets primarily comprised of first mortgage loans representing another significant source of potential liquidity.

Financial Covenants

As the COVID-19 crisis evolved, management began executing on a plan to mitigate uncertainty in financial markets by increasing liquidity and obtaining additional non-recourse and non-mark to market financing. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash totaled $622.2 million as of March 31, 2020, including $358.4 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents to mitigate uncertainty in liquidity needs in light of current market conditions and $263.9 million of cash margin posted as collateral against securities repurchase financing obligations and for other borrowings as of March 31, 2020. Partly as a result of maintaining such cash levels, the Company was not in compliance with its 3.5x maximum leverage covenant with certain of its lenders as of March 31, 2020 but had the benefit of a contractually provided 30-day cure period during which the Company cured such non-compliance by paying down debt (as defined in the relevant borrowing agreements) with various counterparties that totaled in excess of $830.0 million as of April 28, 2020.   

We were in compliance with all remaining covenants described in the Company’s Annual Report, as of March 31, 2020.



41

8. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
 
The Company uses derivative instruments primarily to economically manage the fair value variability of fixed rate assets caused by interest rate fluctuations and overall portfolio market risk. The following is a breakdown of the derivatives outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 ($ in thousands):
 
March 31, 2020
 
 
 
 
 
Fair Value
 
Remaining
Maturity
(years)
Contract Type
 
Notional
 
Asset(1)
 
Liability(1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Caps
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
1 Month LIBOR
 
$
69,571

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
0.11
Futures
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
5-year Swap
 
24,400

 
191

 
—

 
0.25
10-year Swap
 
76,700

 
600

 
—

 
0.25
5-year U.S. Treasury Note
 
20,300

 
159

 
—

 
0.25
Total futures
 
121,400

 
950

 
—

 
 
Total derivatives
 
$
190,971

 
$
950

 
$
—

 
 
 
(1)  Shown as derivative instruments, at fair value, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
Fair Value
 
Remaining
Maturity
(years)
Contract Type
 
Notional
 
Asset(1)
 
Liability(1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Caps
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
1MO LIBOR
 
$
69,571

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
0.36
Futures
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
5-year Swap
 
46,000

 
158

 
—

 
0.25
10-year Swap
 
149,800

 
516

 
—

 
0.25
5-year U.S. Treasury Note
 
1,100

 
4

 
—

 
0.25
Total futures
 
196,900

 
678

 
—

 
 
Credit Derivatives
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
S&P 500 Put Options
 
143,300

 
15

 
—

 
0.05
Total credit derivatives
 
143,300

 
15

 
—

 
 
Total derivatives
 
$
409,771

 
$
693

 
$
—

 
 
 
(1)  Shown as derivative instruments, at fair value, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
 

42

The following table indicates the net realized gains (losses) and unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on derivatives, by primary underlying risk exposure, as included in net result from derivatives transactions in the consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 ($ in thousands):
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
 
Unrealized
Gain/(Loss)
 
Realized
Gain/(Loss)
 
Net Result
from
Derivative
Transactions
 
 

 
 

 
 

Contract Type
 
 
 
 
 
Futures
$
272

 
$
(15,946
)
 
$
(15,674
)
Credit Derivatives
111

 
128

 
239

Total
$
383

 
$
(15,818
)
 
$
(15,435
)
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
 
Unrealized
Gain/(Loss)
 
Realized
Gain/(Loss)
 
Net Result
from
Derivative
Transactions
 
 

 
 

 
 

Contract Type
 
 
 
 
 
Futures
$
2,557

 
$
(13,533
)
 
$
(10,976
)
Credit Derivatives
(66
)
 
8

 
(58
)
Total
$
2,491

 
$
(13,525
)
 
$
(11,034
)


The Company’s counterparties held $2.5 million and $3.5 million of cash margin as collateral for derivatives as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, which is included in restricted cash in the consolidated balance sheets.
 
Futures

Collateral posted with our futures counterparties is segregated in the Company’s books and records. Interest rate futures are centrally cleared by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”) through a futures commission merchant. Interest rate futures that are governed by an ISDA agreement provide for bilateral collateral pledging based on the counterparties’ market value. The counterparties have the right to re-pledge the collateral posted but have the obligation to return the pledged collateral, or substantially the same collateral, if agreed to by us, as the market value of the interest rate futures change.

The Company is required to post initial margin and daily variation margin for our interest rate futures that are centrally cleared by CME. CME determines the fair value of our centrally cleared futures, including daily variation margin. Effective January 3, 2017, CME amended their rulebooks to legally characterize daily variation margin payments for centrally cleared interest rate futures as settlement rather than collateral. As a result of this rule change, variation margin pledged on the Company’s centrally cleared interest rate futures is settled against the realized results of these futures.


43

9. OFFSETTING ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
 
The following tables present both gross information and net information about derivatives and other instruments eligible for offset in the statement of financial position as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The Company’s accounting policy is to record derivative asset and liability positions on a gross basis; therefore, the following tables present the gross derivative asset and liability positions recorded on the balance sheets, while also disclosing the eligible amounts of financial instruments and cash collateral to the extent those amounts could offset the gross amount of derivative asset and liability positions. The actual amounts of collateral posted by or received from counterparties may be in excess of the amounts disclosed in the following tables as the following only disclose amounts eligible to be offset to the extent of the recorded gross derivative positions.

As of March 31, 2020
Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets
($ in thousands)
 
Description
 
Gross amounts of
recognized assets
 
Gross amounts
offset in the
balance sheet
 
Net amounts of
assets presented
in the balance
sheet
 
Gross amounts not offset in the
balance sheet
 
Net amount
 
 
 
 
Financial
instruments
 
Cash collateral
received/(posted)(1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives
 
$
950

 
$
—

 
$
950

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
950

Total
 
$
950

 
$
—

 
$
950

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
950

 
(1) Included in restricted cash on consolidated balance sheets.

As of March 31, 2020
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities
($ in thousands)
 
Description
 
Gross amounts of
recognized
liabilities
 
Gross amounts
offset in the
balance sheet
 
Net amounts of
liabilities
presented in the
balance sheet
 
Gross amounts not offset in the
balance sheet
 
Net amount
 
 
 
 
Financial
instruments
collateral
 
Cash collateral
posted/(received)(1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
 
$
1,726,800

 
$
—

 
$
1,726,800

 
$
1,726,800

 
$
—

 
$
—

Total
 
$
1,726,800

 
$
—

 
$
1,726,800

 
$
1,726,800

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
 

(1) Included in restricted cash on consolidated balance sheets.

As of December 31, 2019
Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets
($ in thousands)
 
Description
 
Gross amounts of
recognized assets
 
Gross amounts
offset in the
balance sheet
 
Net amounts of
assets presented
in the balance
sheet
 
Gross amounts not offset in the
balance sheet
 
Net amount
 
 
 
 
Financial
instruments
 
Cash collateral
received/(posted)(1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives
 
$
693

 
$
—

 
$
693

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
693

Total
 
$
693

 
$
—

 
$
693

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
693

 
(1) Included in restricted cash on consolidated balance sheets.

44


As of December 31, 2019
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities
($ in thousands)
 
Description
 
Gross amounts of
recognized
liabilities
 
Gross amounts
offset in the
balance sheet
 
Net amounts of
liabilities
presented in the
balance sheet
 
Gross amounts not offset in the
balance sheet
 
Net amount
 
 
 
 
Financial
instruments
collateral
 
Cash collateral
posted/(received)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
 
$
1,815,934

 
$
—

 
$
1,815,934

 
$
1,815,934

 
$
—

 
$
—

Total
 
$
1,815,934

 
$
—

 
$
1,815,934

 
$
1,815,934

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
(1) Included in restricted cash on consolidated balance sheets.
 
Master netting agreements that the Company has entered into with its derivative and repurchase agreement counterparties allow for netting of the same transaction, in the same currency, on the same date. Assets, liabilities, and collateral subject to master netting agreements as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are disclosed in the tables above. The Company does not present its derivative and repurchase agreements net on the consolidated financial statements as it has elected gross presentation.
 

45

10. EQUITY STRUCTURE AND ACCOUNTS
 
Exchange for Class A Common Stock
 
Pursuant to the Third Amended and Restated LLLP Agreement of LCFH, the Continuing LCFH Limited Partners may from time to time, subject to certain conditions, receive one share of the Company’s Class A common stock in exchange for (i) one share of the Company’s Class B common stock, (ii) one Series REIT LP Unit and (iii) either one Series TRS LP Unit or one TRS Share, subject to equitable adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassifications.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, no Series REIT LP Units and no Series TRS LP Units were collectively exchanged for shares of Class A common stock and no shares of Class B common stock were canceled. We received no other consideration in connection with these exchanges.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, 101,000 Series REIT LP Units and 101,000 Series TRS LP Units were collectively exchanged for 101,000 shares of Class A common stock; and 101,000 shares of Class B common stock were canceled. We received no other consideration in connection with these exchanges.

Stock Repurchases

On October 30, 2014, the board of directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to $50.0 million of the Company’s Class A common stock from time to time without further approval. Stock repurchases by the Company are generally made for cash in open market transactions at prevailing market prices but may also be made in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The timing and amount of purchases are determined based upon prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors. As of March 31, 2020, the Company has a remaining amount available for repurchase of $39.9 million, which represents 7.8% in the aggregate of its outstanding Class A common stock, based on the closing price of $4.74 per share on such date.

The following table is a summary of the Company’s repurchase activity of its Class A common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 ($ in thousands):

 
 
Shares
 
Amount(1)
 
 
 
 
 
Authorizations remaining as of December 31, 2019
 
 
 
$
41,132

Additional authorizations
 
 
 
—

Repurchases paid
 
146,153

 
(1,201
)
Repurchases unsettled
 
 
 
—

Authorizations remaining as of March 31, 2020
 
 
 
$
39,931

 
(1)
Amount excludes commissions paid associated with share repurchases.
 
 
Shares
 
Amount(1)
 
 
 
 
 
Authorizations remaining as of December 31, 2018
 
 
 
$
41,769

Additional authorizations
 
 
 
—

Repurchases paid
 
—

 
—

Repurchases unsettled
 
 
 
—

Authorizations remaining as of March 31, 2019
 
 
 
$
41,769

 
(1)
Amount excludes commissions paid associated with share repurchases.


46

Dividends

The following table presents dividends declared (on a per share basis) of Class A common stock for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:

Declaration Date
 
Dividend per Share
 
 
 
February 27, 2020
 
$
0.340

 
 
$
0.340

 
 
 
February 27, 2019
 
$
0.340

Total
 
$
0.340



Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The following table presents changes in accumulated other comprehensive income related to the cumulative difference between the fair market value and the amortized cost basis of securities classified as available for sale for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 ($ in thousands):
 
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) of Noncontrolling Interests
 
Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
$
4,218

 
$
477

 
$
4,695

Other comprehensive income (loss)
 
(70,142
)
 
(7,865
)
 
(78,007
)
Exchange of noncontrolling interest for common stock
 
—

 
—

 
—

Rebalancing of ownership percentage between Company and Operating Partnership
 
4

 
(4
)
 
—

March 31, 2020
 
$
(65,920
)
 
$
(7,392
)
 
$
(73,312
)

 
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) of Noncontrolling Interests
 
Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
$
(4,649
)
 
$
(588
)
 
$
(5,237
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
 
11,731

 
1,462

 
13,193

Exchange of noncontrolling interest for common stock
 
(5
)
 
5

 
—

Rebalancing of ownership percentage between Company and Operating Partnership
 
3

 
(3
)
 
—

March 31, 2019
 
$
7,080

 
$
876

 
$
7,956




47

11. NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS

There are two main types of noncontrolling interest reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements (i) noncontrolling interest in the operating partnership and (ii) noncontrolling interest in consolidated joint ventures.

Noncontrolling Interest in the Operating Partnership

As more fully described in Note 1, certain of the predecessor equity owners continue to own interests in the Operating Partnership as modified by the IPO Transactions. These interests were subsequently further modified by the REIT Structuring Transactions (also described in Note 1). These interests, along with the Class B shares held by these investors, are exchangeable for Class A shares of the Company. The roll-forward of the Operating Partnership’s LP Units follow the Class B common stock of the Company as disclosed in the consolidated statements of changes in equity.

Pursuant to ASC 810, Consolidation, on the accounting and reporting for noncontrolling interests and changes in ownership interests of a subsidiary, changes in a parent’s ownership interest (and transactions with noncontrolling interest unitholders in the subsidiary), while the parent retains its controlling interest in its subsidiary, should be accounted for as equity transactions. The carrying amount of the noncontrolling interest shall be adjusted to reflect the change in its ownership interest in the subsidiary, with the offset to equity attributable to the parent. Accordingly, as a result of Continuing LCFH Limited Partners exchanges which caused changes in ownership percentages between the Company’s Class A shareholders and the noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company has increased noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and accumulated other comprehensive income and decreased additional paid-in capital in the Company’s shareholders’ equity by $0.3 million as of March 31, 2020.

Distributions to Noncontrolling Interest in the Operating Partnership

Notwithstanding the foregoing, subject to any restrictions in applicable debt financing agreements and available liquidity as determined by the board of directors of each of Series REIT of LCFH and Series TRS of LCFH, each Series must use commercially reasonable efforts to make quarterly distributions to each of its partners (including the Company) at least equal to such partner’s “Quarterly Estimated Tax Amount,” which shall be computed (as more fully described in LCFH’s Third Amended and Restated LLLP Agreement) for each partner as the product of (x) the U.S. federal taxable income (or alternative minimum taxable income, if higher) allocated by such Series to such partner in respect of the Series REIT LP Units and Series TRS LP Units held by such partner and (y) the highest marginal blended U.S. federal, state and local income tax rate (or alternative minimum taxable rate, as applicable) applicable to an individual residing in New York, NY, taking into account, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the deductibility of state and local taxes; provided that Series TRS of LCFH may take into account, in determining the amount of tax distributions to holders of Series TRS LP Units, the amount of any distributions each such holder received from Series REIT of LCFH in excess of tax distributions. In addition, to the extent the Company requires an additional distribution from the Series of LCFH in excess of its quarterly tax distribution in order to pay its quarterly cash dividend, the Series of LCFH will be required to make a corresponding distribution of cash to each of their partners (other than the Company) on a pro-rata basis.
 
Allocation of Income and Loss
 
Income and losses and comprehensive income are allocated among the partners in a manner to reflect as closely as possible the amount each partner would be distributed under the Third Amended and Restated LLLP Agreement of LCFH upon liquidation of the Operating Partnership’s assets.

Noncontrolling Interest in Consolidated Joint Ventures

As of March 31, 2020, the Company consolidates five ventures in which there are other noncontrolling investors, which own between 10% - 29.4% of such ventures. These ventures hold investments in a 40-building student housing portfolio in Isla Vista, CA with a book value of $82.4 million, 11 office buildings in Richmond, VA with a book value of $72.6 million, a single-tenant office building in Ewing, NJ with a book value of $26.6 million, an industrial building in Lithia Springs, GA with an aggregate book value of $23.5 million and an apartment complex in Miami, FL with a book value of $37.2 million. The Company makes distributions and allocates income from these ventures to the noncontrolling interests in accordance with the terms of the respective governing agreements.



48

12. EARNINGS PER SHARE
 
The Company’s net income (loss) and weighted average shares outstanding for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 consist of the following:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands except share amounts)
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
Basic Net income (loss) available for Class A common shareholders
 
$
(15,728
)
 
$
22,175

Diluted Net income (loss) available for Class A common shareholders
 
$
(15,728
)
 
$
22,175

Weighted average shares outstanding
 
 

 
 

Basic
 
106,329,796

 
104,259,549

Diluted
 
106,329,796

 
105,006,315


 
The calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share amounts for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 consist of the following:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands except share amounts)
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
Basic Net Income (Loss) Per Share of Class A Common Stock
 
 
 
 
Numerator:
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to Class A common shareholders
 
$
(15,728
)
 
$
22,175

Denominator:
 
 

 
 

Weighted average number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding
 
106,329,796

 
104,259,549

Basic net income (loss) per share of Class A common stock
 
$
(0.15
)
 
$
0.21

 
 
 
 
 
Diluted Net Income (Loss) Per Share of Class A Common Stock
 
 
 
 
Numerator:
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to Class A common shareholders
 
$
(15,728
)
 
$
22,175

Add (deduct) - dilutive effect of:
 
 

 
 

Amounts attributable to operating partnership’s share of Ladder Capital Corp net income (loss)(2)
 
—

 
—

Additional corporate tax (expense) benefit(2)
 
—

 
—

Diluted net income (loss) attributable to Class A common shareholders
 
(15,728
)
 
22,175

Denominator:
 
 
 
 
Basic weighted average number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding
 
106,329,796

 
104,259,549

Add - dilutive effect of:
 
 

 
 

Shares issuable relating to converted Class B common shareholders(3)
 
—

 
—

Incremental shares of unvested Class A restricted stock(3)
 
—

 
746,766

Incremental shares of unvested stock options
 
—

 
—

Diluted weighted average number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding
 
106,329,796

 
105,006,315

Diluted net income (loss) per share of Class A common stock
 
$
(0.15
)
 
$
0.21


 
(1)
For three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, shares issuable relating to converted Class B common shareholders are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS as the inclusion of such potential common shares in the calculation would be anti-dilutive.
(2)
The Company is using the as-if converted method for the Class B common shareholders while adjusting for additional corporate income tax expense (benefit) for the described net income (loss) add-back.
(3)
The Company is using the treasury stock method.
 
The shares of Class B common stock do not share in the earnings of Ladder Capital Corp and are, therefore, not participating securities. Accordingly, basic and diluted net income (loss) per share of Class B common stock has not been presented, although the assumed conversion of Class B common stock has been included in the presented diluted net income (loss) per share of Class A common stock. 

49

13. STOCK BASED AND OTHER COMPENSATION PLANS
 
The following table summarizes the impact on the consolidated statement of operations of the various stock based compensation plans described in Note 14, Stock Based and Other Compensation Plans included within the Company’s Annual Report ($ in thousands):

 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
Stock Based Compensation Expense
$
14,026

 
$
11,292

Phantom Equity Investment Plan
2,138

 
802

Stock Options Exercised
(270
)
 
—

Bonus Expense
30

 
6,785

Total
$
15,924

 
$
18,879


Summary of Stock and Shares/Options Nonvested/Outstanding

A summary of the grants is presented below:
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
Number
of Shares/Options
 
Weighted
Average
Fair Value
Per Share
 
Number
of Shares
 
Weighted
Average
Fair Value
Per Share
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Grants - Class A Common Stock
1,466,337

 
$
18.72

 
1,541,001

 
$
17.56

Grants - Class A Common Stock dividends
—

 
—

 
11,113

 
16.61

Stock Options
—

 
—

 
12,073

 
—



The table below presents the number of unvested shares and outstanding stock options at March 31, 2020 and changes during 2020 of the Class A Common stock and Stock Options of Ladder Capital Corp granted under the 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan:
 
Restricted Stock
 
Stock Options
 
 
 
 
Nonvested/Outstanding at December 31, 2019
1,436,683

 
994,208

Granted
1,466,337

 
—

Exercised
 
 
(83,845
)
Vested
(1,161,118
)
 
 
Forfeited
(5,803
)
 
—

Expired
 
 
—

Nonvested/Outstanding at March 31, 2020
1,736,099

 
910,363

 
 
 
 
Exercisable at March 31, 2020
 
 
910,363


 
At March 31, 2020 there was $24.7 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to certain share-based compensation awards that is expected to be recognized over a period of up to 29.5 months, with a weighted-average remaining vesting period of 35 months.


50


2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan
 
In connection with the IPO Transactions, the 2014 Ladder Capital Corp Omnibus Incentive Equity Plan (the “2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan”) was adopted by the board of directors on February 11, 2014, and provides certain members of management, employees and directors of the Company or its affiliates with additional incentives including grants of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, other stock-based awards and other cash-based awards.

Annual Incentive Awards Granted in 2020 with Respect to 2019 Performance

For 2019 performance, certain employees received stock-based incentive equity. Fair value for all restricted and unrestricted stock grants was calculated using the closing stock price on the grant date. Compensation expense for unrestricted stock grants will be expensed immediately. The Company has elected to recognize the compensation expense related to the time-based vesting of the annual restricted stock awards for the entire award on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. Restricted stock subject to performance criteria is eligible to vest in three equal installments upon the compensation committee’s confirmation that the Company achieves a return on equity, based on core earnings divided by the Company’s average book value of equity, equal to or greater than 8% for such year (the “Performance Target”) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. If the Company misses the Performance Target during either the first or second calendar year but meets the Performance Target for a subsequent year during the three year performance period and the Company’s return on equity for such subsequent year and any years for which it missed its Performance Target equals or exceeds the compounded return on equity of 8%, based on core earnings divided by the Company’s average book value of equity, the performance-vesting restricted stock which failed to vest because the Company previously missed its Performance Target will vest subject to continued employment on the applicable vesting date (the “Catch-Up Provision”). Accruals of compensation cost for an award with a performance condition shall be based on the probable outcome of that performance condition. Therefore, compensation cost shall be accrued if it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved and shall not be accrued if it is not probable that the performance condition will be achieved.

On February 18, 2020, in connection with 2019 compensation, annual stock and restricted stock awards were granted to management grantees, other than Ms. Porcella, with an aggregate fair value of $12.5 million which represents 667,201 shares of restricted Class A common stock. The grant to Ms. Porcella is subject to the same time-based and performance-based vesting described below for non-management grantees and her shares are included in that total. The grant to Mr. Harris, and 50% of the grants to Mr. Fox, Ms. McCormack and Mr. Perelman, were unrestricted. The other 50% of incentive equity granted to Mr. Fox, Ms. McCormack and Mr. Perelman is restricted stock subject to performance criteria as described above.
 
On February 18, 2020, in connection with 2019 compensation, stock awards were granted to Ms. Porcella and non-management employees (“Non-Management Grantees”) with an aggregate value of $14.5 million which represents 775,100 shares of mostly restricted Class A common stock. Fifty percent of most stock awards is subject to time-based vesting criteria, and the remaining 50% of these stock awards is subject to attainment of the Performance Target for the applicable years. The time-vesting restricted stock will vest in three installments on February 18 of each of 2021, 2022 and 2023 subject to continued employment on the applicable vesting dates. The performance-vesting restricted stock will vest in three equal installments upon the compensation committee’s confirmation that the Company achieves the Performance Target for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The Catch-Up Provision applies to the performance vesting portion of this award. The compensation expense related to the performance-based restricted stock granted on February 18, 2020 shall be recognized 1/3 for the period February 18, 2020 through February 18, 2021, 1/3 for the period February 19, 2021 through February 18, 2022 and 1/3 for the period February 19, 2022 through February 18, 2023.

In the event Ms. Porcella or a Non-Management Grantee is terminated by the Company without cause within six months of certain changes in control, all unvested time shares shall vest on the termination date and all unvested performance shares shall remain outstanding and be eligible to vest (and be forfeited) in accordance with the performance conditions.

Upon a change in control (as defined in the respective award agreements), restricted stock awards to Mr. Fox, Ms. McCormack and Mr. Perelman will become fully vested if (1) such management grantee continues to be employed through the closing of the change in control or (2) after the signing of definitive documentation related to the change in control, but prior to its closing, such management grantee’s employment is terminated without cause or due to death or disability or the management grantee resigns for Good Reason. The compensation committee retains the right, in its sole discretion, to provide for the accelerated vesting (in whole or in part) of the restricted stock and option awards granted.

51


2020 Restricted Stock Awards

On February 18, 2020, certain members of the board of directors each received Annual Restricted Stock Awards with a grant date fair value of $0.4 million, representing 24,036 shares of restricted Class A common stock, which will vest in full on the first anniversary of the date of grant, subject to continued service on the board of directors. Compensation expense related to the time-based vesting criteria of the award shall be recognized on a straight-line basis over the one year vesting period. On March 26, 2020, 4,006 shares of restricted Class A common stock were forfeited when a member resigned from the board of directors.

Bonus Payments
 
On February 6, 2020, the board of directors of Ladder Capital Corp approved the 2019 bonus payments to employees, including officers, totaling $55.2 million, which included $27.0 million of equity based compensation. The bonuses were accrued for as of December 31, 2019 and paid to employees in full on February 14, 2020. On February 7, 2019, the board of directors of Ladder Capital Corp approved the 2018 bonus payments to employees, including officers, totaling $61.4 million, which included $26.6 million of equity based compensation. The bonuses were accrued for as of December 31, 2018 and paid to employees in full on February 15, 2019. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company recorded no compensation expense related to bonuses due to the significant market disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the substantial economic uncertainty present in the commercial real estate market and overall economy. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company recorded compensation expense of $6.8 million related to bonuses.


52

14. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
 
Fair value is based upon internal models, using market quotations, broker quotations, counterparty quotations or pricing services quotations, which provide valuation estimates based upon reasonable market order indications and are subject to significant variability based on market conditions, such as interest rates, credit spreads and market liquidity. The fair value of the mortgage loan receivables held for sale is based upon a securitization model utilizing market data from recent securitization spreads and pricing.
 
Fair Value Summary Table
 
The carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, which are both reported at fair value on a recurring basis (as indicated) or amortized cost/par, at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are as follows ($ in thousands):
 
March 31, 2020
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted Average
 
Outstanding
Face Amount
 
Amortized Cost Basis/Purchase Price
 
Fair Value
 
Fair Value Method
 
Yield
%
 
Remaining
Maturity/Duration (years)
Assets:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
CMBS(1)
$
1,943,507

 
$
1,943,359

 
$
1,868,149

 
Internal model, third-party inputs
 
2.21
%
 
2.31
CMBS interest-only(1)
1,550,358

(2)
26,800

 
27,835

 
Internal model, third-party inputs
 
2.99
%
 
2.46
GNMA interest-only(3)
105,009

(2)
1,661

 
1,607

 
Internal model, third-party inputs
 
4.86
%
 
3.05
Agency securities(1)
621

 
631

 
628

 
Internal model, third-party inputs
 
1.70
%
 
1.70
GNMA permanent securities(1)
31,159

 
31,345

 
32,211

 
Internal model, third-party inputs
 
3.50
%
 
2.61
Equity securities(3)
 N/A

 
598

 
197

 
Observable market prices
 
N/A

 
 N/A
Provision for current expected credit reserves
 N/A

 
(22
)
 
(22
)
 
(5)
 
N/A

 
N/A
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost
3,453,893

 
3,432,779

 
3,447,851

 
Discounted Cash Flow(4)
 
6.86
%
 
1.29
Provision for current expected credit reserves
 N/A

 
(49,457
)
 
(49,457
)
 
(5)
 
N/A

 
N/A
Mortgage loan receivables held for sale
154,833

 
146,713

 
146,961

 
Internal model, third-party inputs(6)
 
3.94
%
 
9.96
FHLB stock(7)
61,619

 
61,619

 
61,619

 
(7)
 
4.25
%
 
 N/A
Nonhedge derivatives(1)(8)
121,400

 
 N/A

 
950

 
Counterparty quotations
 
N/A

 
0.25
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
Repurchase agreements - short-term
1,626,706

 
1,626,706

 
1,626,706

 
Discounted Cash Flow(9)
 
2.87
%
 
0.20
Repurchase agreements - long-term
100,094

 
100,094

 
100,094

 
Discounted Cash Flow(10)
 
2.48
%
 
1.36
Revolving credit facility
266,430

 
266,430

 
266,430

 
Discounted Cash Flow(11)
 
3.83
%
 
0.87
Mortgage loan financing
801,515

 
806,153

 
830,648

 
Discounted Cash Flow(10)
 
4.90
%
 
1.53
Borrowings from the FHLB
1,007,581

 
1,007,581

 
1,012,997

 
Discounted Cash Flow
 
2.08
%
 
1.92
Senior unsecured notes
1,891,897

 
1,874,056

 
1,005,958

 
Broker quotations, pricing services
 
4.95
%
 
4.50
Nonhedge derivatives(1)(8)
69,571

 
 N/A

 
—

 
Counterparty quotations
 
N/A

 
0.11
 
(1)
Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) in equity.
(2)
Represents notional outstanding balance of underlying collateral.
(3)
Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded in current period earnings.
(4)
Fair value for floating rate mortgage loan receivables, held for investment is estimated to approximate the outstanding face amount given the short interest rate reset risk (30 days) and no significant change in credit risk. Fair value for fixed rate mortgage loan receivables, held for investment is measured using a discounted cash flow model.
(5)
Fair value is estimated to equal par value.
(6)
Fair value for mortgage loan receivables, held for sale is measured using a hypothetical securitization model utilizing market data from recent securitization spreads and pricing.
(7)
Fair value of the FHLB stock approximates outstanding face amount as the Company’s captive insurance subsidiary is restricted from trading the stock and can only put the stock back to the FHLB, at the FHLB’s discretion, at par.
(8)
The outstanding face amount of the nonhedge derivatives represents the notional amount of the underlying contracts.

53

(9)
Fair value for repurchase agreement liabilities is estimated to approximate carrying amount primarily due to the short interest rate reset risk (30 days) of the financings and the high credit quality of the assets collateralizing these positions. If the collateral is determined to be impaired, the related financing would be revalued accordingly. There are no impairments on any positions.
(10)
For repurchase agreements - long term and mortgage loan financing, the carrying value approximates the fair value discounting the expected cash flows at current market rates. If the collateral is determined to be impaired, the related financing would be revalued accordingly. There are no impairments on any positions.

December 31, 2019  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted Average
 
Outstanding
Face Amount
 
Amortized
Cost Basis
 
Fair Value
 
Fair Value Method
 
Yield
%
 
Remaining
Maturity/Duration (years)
Assets:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
CMBS(1)
$
1,640,597

 
$
1,640,905

 
$
1,644,322

 
Internal model, third-party inputs
 
3.08
%
 
2.41
CMBS interest-only(1)
1,559,160

(2)
28,553

 
29,146

 
Internal model, third-party inputs
 
3.04
%
 
2.53
GNMA interest-only(3)
109,783

(2)
1,982

 
1,851

 
Internal model, third-party inputs
 
4.59
%
 
2.77
Agency securities(1)
629

 
640

 
637

 
Internal model, third-party inputs
 
1.73
%
 
1.83
GNMA permanent securities(1)
31,461

 
31,681

 
32,369

 
Internal model, third-party inputs
 
3.17
%
 
1.93
Equity securities(3)
N/A

 
12,848

 
12,980

 
Observable market prices
 
N/A

 
N/A
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost
3,277,596

 
3,257,036

 
3,273,219

 
Discounted Cash Flow(4)
 
6.94
%
 
1.43
Provision for loan losses
N/A

 
(20,500
)
 
(20,500
)
 
(5)
 
N/A

 
N/A
Mortgage loan receivables held for sale
122,748

 
122,325

 
124,989

 
Internal model, third-party inputs(6)
 
4.20
%
 
9.99
FHLB stock(7)
61,619

 
61,619

 
61,619

 
(7)
 
4.75
%
 
N/A
Nonhedge derivatives(1)(8)
340,200

 
N/A

 
693

 
Counterparty quotations
 
N/A

 
0.25
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
Repurchase agreements - short-term
1,781,253

 
1,781,253

 
1,781,253

 
Discounted Cash Flow(9)
 
2.50
%
 
0.19
Repurchase agreements - long-term
34,681

 
34,681

 
34,681

 
Discounted Cash Flow(10)
 
2.81
%
 
1.41
Mortgage loan financing
807,854

 
812,606

 
838,766

 
Discounted Cash Flow(10)
 
4.91
%
 
1.51
Borrowings from the FHLB
1,073,500

 
1,073,500

 
1,080,354

 
Discounted Cash Flow
 
2.33
%
 
2.08
Senior unsecured notes
1,166,201

 
1,157,833

 
1,208,860

 
Broker quotations, pricing services
 
5.39
%
 
3.28
Nonhedge derivatives(1)(8)
69,571

 
N/A

 
—

 
Counterparty quotations
 
N/A

 
0.36
 

(1)
Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) in equity.
(2)
Represents notional outstanding balance of underlying collateral.
(3)
Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded in current period earnings.
(4)
Fair value for floating rate mortgage loan receivables, held for investment is estimated to approximate the outstanding face amount given the short interest rate reset risk (30 days) and no significant change in credit risk. Fair value for fixed rate mortgage loan receivables, held for investment is measured using a discounted cash flow.
(5)
Fair value is estimated to equal par value.
(6)
Fair value for mortgage loan receivables, held for sale is measured using a hypothetical securitization model utilizing market data from recent securitization spreads and pricing.
(7)
Fair value of the FHLB stock approximates outstanding face amount as the Company’s captive insurance subsidiary is restricted from trading the stock and can only put the stock back to the FHLB, at the FHLB’s discretion, at par.
(8)
The outstanding face amount of the nonhedge derivatives represents the notional amount of the underlying contracts.
(9)
Fair value for repurchase agreement liabilities is estimated to approximate carrying amount primarily due to the short interest rate reset risk (30 days) of the financings and the high credit quality of the assets collateralizing these positions. If the collateral is determined to be impaired, the related financing would be revalued accordingly. There are no impairments on any positions.
(10)
For repurchase agreements - long term and mortgage loan financing, the carrying value approximates the fair value discounting the expected cash flows at current market rates. If the collateral is determined to be impaired, the related financing would be revalued accordingly. There are no impairments on any positions.


54

The following table summarizes the Company’s financial assets and liabilities, which are both reported at fair value on a recurring basis (as indicated) or amortized cost/par, at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 ($ in thousands):
 
March 31, 2020
 
Financial Instruments Reported at Fair Value on Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition
 
Outstanding Face
Amount
 
Fair Value
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

CMBS(1)
 
$
1,931,411

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,856,559

 
$
1,856,559

CMBS interest-only(1)
 
1,539,283

(2)
—

 
—

 
27,065

 
27,065

GNMA interest-only(3)
 
105,009

(2)
—

 
—

 
1,607

 
1,607

Agency securities(1)
 
621

 
—

 
—

 
628

 
628

GNMA permanent securities(1)
 
31,159

 
—

 
—

 
32,211

 
32,211

Equity securities
 
 N/A

 
197

 
—

 
—

 
197

Nonhedge derivatives(4)
 
121,400

 
—

 
950

 
—

 
950

 
 
 
 
$
197

 
$
950

 
$
1,918,070

 
$
1,919,217

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Nonhedge derivatives(4)
 
69,571

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial Instruments Not Reported at Fair Value on Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition
 
Outstanding Face
Amount
 
Fair Value
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loan receivable held for investment, net, at amortized cost:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loans held by consolidated subsidiaries
 
$
3,453,893

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
3,447,851

 
$
3,447,851

Provision for current expected credit losses
 
 N/A

 
—

 
—

 
(49,457
)
 
(49,457
)
Mortgage loan receivable held for sale
 
154,833

 
—

 
—

 
146,961

 
146,961

CMBS(5)
 
12,096

 
—

 
—

 
11,590

 
11,590

CMBS interest-only(5)
 
11,075

(2)
—

 
—

 
770

 
770

Provision for current expected credit losses
 
 N/A

 
—

 
—

 
(22
)
 
(22
)
FHLB stock
 
61,619

 
—

 
—

 
61,619

 
61,619

 
 
 
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
3,619,312

 
$
3,619,312

Liabilities:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 


Repurchase agreements - short-term
 
1,626,706

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,626,706

 
$
1,626,706

Repurchase agreements - long-term
 
100,094

 
—

 
—

 
100,094

 
100,094

Revolving credit facility
 
266,430

 
—

 
—

 
266,430

 
266,430

Mortgage loan financing
 
801,515

 
—

 
—

 
830,648

 
830,648

Borrowings from the FHLB
 
1,007,581

 
—

 
—

 
1,012,997

 
1,012,997

Senior unsecured notes
 
1,891,897

 
—

 
—

 
1,005,958

 
1,005,958

 
 
 
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
4,842,833

 
$
4,842,833

 
(1)
Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) in equity. 
(2)
Represents notional outstanding balance of underlying collateral. 
(3)
Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded in current period earnings. 
(4)
Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded in current period earnings.  The outstanding face amount of the nonhedge derivatives represents the notional amount of the underlying contracts.
(5)
Restricted securities which are designated as risk retention securities under the Dodd-Frank Act and are therefore subject to transfer restrictions over the term of the securitization trust, which are classified as held-to-maturity and reported at amortized cost.


55

December 31, 2019
 
Financial Instruments Reported at Fair Value on Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition
 
Outstanding Face
Amount
 
Fair Value
 
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

CMBS(1)
 
$
1,628,476

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,632,714

 
$
1,632,714

CMBS interest-only(1)
 
1,548,061

(2)
—

 
—

 
28,342

 
28,342

GNMA interest-only(3)
 
109,783

(2)
—

 
—

 
1,851

 
1,851

Agency securities(1)
 
629

 
—

 
—

 
637

 
637

GNMA permanent securities(1)
 
31,461

 
—

 
—

 
32,369

 
32,369

Equity securities
 
N/A

 
12,980

 
—

 
—

 
12,980

Nonhedge derivatives(4)
 
340,200

 
—

 
693

 
—

 
693

 
 
 
 
$
12,980

 
$
693

 
$
1,695,913

 
$
1,709,586

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Nonhedge derivatives(4)
 
$
69,571

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial Instruments Not Reported at Fair Value on Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition
 
Outstanding Face
Amount
 
Fair Value
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loan receivable held for investment, net, at amortized cost:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loans held by consolidated subsidiaries
 
$
3,277,597

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
3,273,219

 
$
3,273,219

Provision for loan losses
 
N/A

 
—

 
—

 
(20,500
)
 
(20,500
)
Mortgage loan receivables held for sale
 
122,748

 
—

 
—

 
124,989

 
124,989

CMBS(5)
 
12,121

 
—

 
—

 
11,608

 
11,608

CMBS interest-only(5)
 
11,099

(2)
—

 
—

 
804

 
804

FHLB stock
 
61,619

 
—

 
—

 
61,619

 
61,619

 
 
 
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
3,451,739

 
$
3,451,739

Liabilities:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 


Repurchase agreements - short-term
 
1,781,253

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,781,253

 
$
1,781,253

Repurchase agreements - long-term
 
34,681

 
—

 
—

 
34,681

 
34,681

Mortgage loan financing
 
807,854

 
—

 
—

 
838,766

 
838,766

Borrowings from the FHLB
 
1,073,500

 
—

 
—

 
1,080,354

 
1,080,354

Senior unsecured notes
 
1,166,201

 
—

 
—

 
1,208,860

 
1,208,860

 
 
 
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
4,943,914

 
$
4,943,914

 
 

(1)
Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) in equity. 
(2)
Represents notional outstanding balance of underlying collateral. 
(3)
Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded in current period earnings. 
(4)
Measured at fair value on a recurring basis with the net unrealized gains or losses recorded in current period earnings.  The outstanding face amount of the nonhedge derivatives represents the notional amount of the underlying contracts.
(5)
Restricted securities which are designated as risk retention securities under the Dodd-Frank Act and are therefore subject to transfer restrictions over the term of the securitization trust, which are classified as held-to-maturity and reported at amortized cost.



56

The following table summarizes changes in Level 3 financial instruments reported at fair value on the consolidated statements of financial condition for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 ($ in thousands):

 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
Level 3
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at January 1,
 
$
1,695,913

 
$
1,385,957

Transfer from level 2
 
—

 
—

Purchases
 
437,519

 
431,107

Sales
 
(93,301
)
 
(210,279
)
Paydowns/maturities
 
(43,603
)
 
(24,166
)
Amortization of premium/discount
 
(2,284
)
 
(3,191
)
Unrealized gain/(loss)
 
(77,931
)
 
13,203

Realized gain/(loss) on sale(1)
 
1,755

 
2,778

Balance at March 31,
 
$
1,918,068

 
$
1,595,409


 
(1)
Includes realized losses on securities recorded as other than temporary impairments.

The following is quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs in our Level 3 measurements for those assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis ($ in thousands):

March 31, 2020
Financial Instrument
 
Carrying Value
 
Valuation Technique
 
Unobservable Input
 
Minimum
 
Weighted Average
 
Maximum
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CMBS(1)
 
$
1,856,560

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Yield (4)
 
1.68
 %
 
11.1
%
 
442.78
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
Duration (years)(5)
 
0.01

 
2.60

 
6.25

CMBS interest-only(1)
 
27,065

(2)
Discounted cash flow
 
Yield (4)
 
2.06
 %
 
4.04
%
 
6.8
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
Duration (years)(5)
 
0.14

 
2.30

 
3.34

 
 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment speed (CPY)(5)
 
100.00

 
97.23

 
100.00

GNMA interest-only(3)
 
1,607

(2)
Discounted cash flow
 
Yield (4)
 
(2.32
)%
 
10.81
%
 
123.94
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
Duration (years)(5)
 
0.52

 
2.57

 
13.70

 
 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment speed (CPJ)(5)
 
5.00

 
12.36

 
35.00

Agency securities(1)
 
628

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Yield (4)
 
1.42
 %
 
15.77
%
 
72
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
Duration (years)(5)
 
0.00

 
2.16

 
2.71

GNMA permanent securities(1)
 
32,211

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Yield (4)
 
157.21
 %
 
277.67
%
 
410.00
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
Duration (years)(5)
 
1.15

 
9.96

 
14.89

Total
 
$
1,918,071

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
CMBS, CMBS interest-only securities, Agency securities, GNMA construction securities, GNMA permanent securities and corporate bonds are classified as available-for-sale and reported at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in the current period in other comprehensive income.
(2)
The amounts presented represent the principal amount of the mortgage loans outstanding in the pool in which the interest-only securities participate.
(3)
Agency interest-only securities are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings.


57

Sensitivity of the Fair Value to Changes in the Unobservable Inputs
        
(4)
Significant increase (decrease) in the unobservable input in isolation would result in significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.
(5)
Significant increase (decrease) in the unobservable input in isolation would result in either a significantly lower or higher (lower or higher) fair value measurement depending on the structural features of the security in question.

December 31, 2019
Financial Instrument
 
Carrying Value
 
Valuation Technique
 
Unobservable Input
 
Minimum
 
Weighted Average
 
Maximum
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CMBS(1)
 
$
1,632,714

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Yield (3)
 
—
 %
 
3.11
%
 
19.92
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
Duration (years)(4)
 
0.00

 
1.63

 
6.87

CMBS interest-only(1)
 
28,342

(2)
Discounted cash flow
 
Yield (3)
 
1.57
 %
 
3.93
%
 
7.62
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
Duration (years)(4)
 
0.26

 
2.47

 
3.51

 
 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment speed (CPY)(4)
 
100.00

 
97.24

 
100.00

GNMA interest-only(3)
 
1,851

(2)
Discounted cash flow
 
Yield (4)
 
(4.82
)%
 
15.13
%
 
44.5
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
Duration (years)(5)
 
0.85

 
2.90

 
13.69

 
 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment speed (CPJ)(5)
 
5.00

 
12.36

 
35.00

Agency securities(1)
 
637

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Yield (4)
 
—
 %
 
1.7
%
 
2.16
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
Duration (years)(5)
 
0.00

 
2.30

 
2.92

GNMA permanent securities(1)
 
32,369

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Yield (4)
 
56.56
 %
 
166.79
%
 
410
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
Duration (years)(5)
 
2.60

 
3.61

 
6.49

Total
 
$
1,695,913

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
CMBS, CMBS interest-only securities, Agency securities, GNMA construction securities, GNMA permanent securities and corporate bonds are classified as available-for-sale and reported at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in the current period in other comprehensive income.
(2)
The amounts presented represent the principal amount of the mortgage loans outstanding in the pool in which the interest-only securities participate.
(3)
Agency interest-only securities are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings.

Sensitivity of the Fair Value to Changes in the Unobservable Inputs
        
(4)
Significant increase (decrease) in the unobservable input in isolation would result in significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.
(5)
Significant increase (decrease) in the unobservable input in isolation would result in either a significantly lower or higher (lower or higher) fair value measurement depending on the structural features of the security in question.

Nonrecurring Fair Values

The Company measures fair value of certain assets on a nonrecurring basis when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Adjustments to fair value generally result from the application of lower of amortized cost or fair value accounting for assets held for sale or write-down of assets value due to impairment. Refer to Note 3, Mortgage Loan Receivables for disclosure of level 3 inputs.


58

15. INCOME TAXES
 
The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2015 (the REIT Election”). As such, the Company’s income is generally not subject to U.S. Federal, state and local corporate income taxes other than as described below.
 
Certain of the Company’s subsidiaries have elected to be treated as TRSs. TRSs permit the Company to participate in certain activities from which REITs are generally precluded, as long as these activities meet specific criteria, are conducted within the parameters of certain limitations established by the Code, and are conducted in entities which elect to be treated as taxable subsidiaries under the Code. To the extent these criteria are met, the Company will continue to maintain its qualification as a REIT. The Company’s TRSs are not consolidated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, but are instead taxed as corporations. For financial reporting purposes, a provision for current and deferred taxes is established for the portion of earnings recognized by the Company with respect to its interest in TRSs. Current income tax expense (benefit) was $(16.6) million and $(6.0) million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company’s net deferred tax assets (liabilities) were $(14.2) million and $(2.1) million, respectively, and are included in other assets (other liabilities) in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Deferred income tax expense (benefit) included within the provision for income taxes was $12.0 million and $3.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company’s net deferred tax liability is comprised of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities. The Company believes it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets (aside from the exception noted below) will be realized in the future. Realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon our generation of sufficient taxable income in future years in appropriate tax jurisdictions to obtain benefit from the reversal of temporary differences. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable is subject to adjustment in future periods if estimates of future taxable income change.
 
As of March 31, 2020, the Company has a deferred tax asset of $9.8 million relating to capital losses which it may only use to offset capital gains. These tax attributes will begin to expire if unused in 2021. As the realization of these assets are not more likely than not before their expiration, the Company provided a full valuation allowance against this deferred tax asset. Additionally, as of March 31, 2020, the Company had a deferred tax asset of $0.9 million related to Code Section 163(j) interest expense limitation. As the Company is uncertain if this asset will be realized in the future, the Company provided a full valuation allowance against this deferred tax asset.

The Company has historically calculated its tax provision during quarterly reporting periods by applying an annual effective tax rate for the full year to the income for the reporting period; however, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company used a discrete effective tax rate method to calculate taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Given the uncertainty in the markets driven by COVID-19, the Company is not able to reliably forecast the split of its income between its REIT and TRS entities. The Company determined that since changes in estimated income between its REIT and TRS entities would result in significant changes in the estimated annual effective tax rate, the historical method would not provide a reliable estimate for the three month period ended March 31, 2020.

The Company’s tax returns are subject to audit by taxing authorities. Generally, as of March 31, 2020, the tax years 2016-2019 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions in which the Company is subject to taxes. The IRS recently completed its audit of the 2014 tax year and did not recommend any changes to the Company’s tax return. The Company is currently under New York City audit for tax years 2012-2014. Several of the Company’s subsidiary entities are under New York State audit for tax years 2015-2018. The Company does not expect these audits to result in any material changes to the Company’s financial position. The Company does not expect tax expense to have an impact on either short, or long-term liquidity or capital needs.

The Company acquired certain corporate entities at the time of its IPO. The related acquisition agreements provided an indemnification to the Company by each transferor of any amounts due for any potential tax liabilities owed by these entities for tax years prior to their acquisition. In connection with a New York State audit settlement, the Company collected $2.5 million of indemnities under the acquisition agreements during 2019.


59

Under U.S. GAAP, a tax benefit related to an income tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination by the tax authorities based on the technical merits of the position. As of December 31, 2019, the Company’s unrecognized tax benefit is a liability for $0.2 million, and is included in the accrued expenses in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The statute of limitations for the unrecognized tax benefit as of December 31, 2019 has expired as of March 31, 2020. This expiration allowed the Company to release the remainder of the unrecognized tax benefit liability. In addition, the Company does not believe that it has any tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that it will be required to record a significant liability for unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.

Tax Receivable Agreement
 
Upon consummation of the IPO, the Company entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement with the Continuing LCFH Limited Partners. Under the Tax Receivable Agreement the Company generally is required to pay to those Continuing LCFH Limited Partners that exchange their interests in LCFH and Class B shares of the Company for Class A shares of the Company, 85% of the applicable cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that the Company realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) as a result of (i) the increase in tax basis in its proportionate share of LCFH’s assets that is attributable to the Company as a result of the exchanges and (ii) payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, including any tax benefits related to imputed interest deemed to be paid by the Company as a result of such agreement. The Company may make future payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement if the tax benefits are realized.  The Company would then benefit from the remaining 15% of cash savings in income tax that we realize. For purposes of the Tax Receivable Agreement, cash savings in income tax will be computed by comparing our actual income tax liability to the amount of such taxes that we would have been required to pay had there been no increase to the tax basis of the assets of LCFH as a result of the exchanges and had we not entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement, the Company recorded a liability of $1.6 million, included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets for Continuing LCFH Limited Partners.
 
16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
 
Leases

The Company adopted ASC Topic 842 on January 1, 2019. The primary impact of applying ASC Topic 842 was the initial recognition of a $3.5 million lease liability and a $3.3 million right of use asset (including previously accrued straight line rent) on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, for leases classified as operating leases under ASC Topic 840, primarily for the Company’s corporate headquarters and other identified leases. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had a $2.0 million lease liability and a $1.9 million right-of-use asset on its consolidated balance sheets. Tenant reimbursements, which consist of real estate taxes and other municipal charges paid by us which were reimbursable by our tenants pursuant to the terms of triple-net lease agreements, were $1.2 million and $1.6 million, for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and are included in operating lease income on the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

We have made investments in various unconsolidated joint ventures. See Note 6, Investment in and Advances to Unconsolidated Joint Ventures for further details of our unconsolidated investments. Our maximum exposure to loss from these investments is limited to the carrying value of our investments.


60

Unfunded Loan Commitments
 
As of March 31, 2020, the Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements consisted of $303.4 million of unfunded commitments on mortgage loan receivables held for investment to provide additional first mortgage loan financing over the next three years at rates to be determined at the time of funding, 48% of which additional funds relate to the occurrence of certain “good news” events, such as the owner concluding a lease agreement with a major tenant in the building or reaching some pre-determined net operating income. As of December 31, 2019, the Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements consisted of $286.5 million of unfunded commitments on mortgage loan receivables held for investment to provide additional first mortgage loan financing. Commitments are subject to our loan borrowers’ satisfaction of certain financial and nonfinancial covenants and may or may not be funded depending on a variety of circumstances including timing, credit metric hurdles, and other nonfinancial events occurring. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the progress of capital expenditures, construction, and leasing is anticipated to be slower than otherwise expected, and the pace of future funding relating to these capital needs may be commensurately slower. These commitments are not reflected on the consolidated balance sheets. 




61

17. SEGMENT REPORTING
 
The Company has determined that it has three reportable segments based on how the chief operating decision maker reviews and manages the business. These reportable segments include loans, securities, and real estate. The loans segment includes mortgage loan receivables held for investment (balance sheet loans) and mortgage loan receivables held for sale (conduit loans). The securities segment is composed of all of the Company’s activities related to commercial real estate securities, which include investments in CMBS, U.S. Agency Securities, corporate bonds and equity securities. The real estate segment includes net leased properties, office buildings, a student housing portfolio, industrial buildings, a shopping center and condominium units. Corporate/other includes the Company’s investments in joint ventures, other asset management activities and operating expenses.

The Company evaluates performance based on the following financial measures for each segment ($ in thousands):
 
Loans
 
Securities
 
Real
Estate(1)
 
Corporate/Other(2)
 
Company
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three months ended March 31, 2020
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Interest income
$
58,905

 
$
12,863

 
$
8

 
$
813

 
$
72,589

Interest expense
(4,870
)
 
(6,759
)
 
(10,234
)
 
(29,538
)
 
(51,401
)
Net interest income (expense)
54,035

 
6,104

 
(10,226
)
 
(28,725
)
 
21,188

Provision for loan losses
(26,581
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(26,581
)
Net interest income (expense) after provision for loan losses
27,454

 
6,104

 
(10,226
)
 
(28,725
)
 
(5,393
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating lease income
—

 
—

 
26,328

 
—

 
26,328

Sale of loans, net
1,005

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,005

Realized gain (loss) on securities
—

 
3,011

 
—

 
—

 
3,011

Unrealized gain (loss) on equity securities
—

 
(533
)
 
—

 
—

 
(533
)
Unrealized gain (loss) on Agency interest-only securities
—

 
76

 
—

 
—

 
76

Realized gain on sale of real estate, net
—

 
—

 
10,529

 
—

 
10,529

Impairment of real estate
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Fee and other income
1,424

 
401

 
25

 
(331
)
 
1,519

Net result from derivative transactions
(11,351
)
 
(4,084
)
 
—

 
—

 
(15,435
)
Earnings (loss) from investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
—

 
—

 
441

 
—

 
441

Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,061

 
2,061

Total other income (loss)
(8,922
)
 
(1,129
)
 
37,323

 
1,730

 
29,002

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Salaries and employee benefits
—

 
—

 
—

 
(17,021
)
 
(17,021
)
Operating expenses
—

 
—

 
—

 
(5,794
)
(3)
(5,794
)
Real estate operating expenses
—

 
—

 
(7,948
)
 
—

 
(7,948
)
Fee expense
(1,190
)
 
(72
)
 
(177
)
 
—

 
(1,439
)
Depreciation and amortization
—

 
—

 
(9,984
)
 
(25
)
 
(10,009
)
Total costs and expenses
(1,190
)
 
(72
)
 
(18,109
)
 
(22,840
)
 
(42,211
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Income tax (expense) benefit
—

 
—

 
—

 
4,541

 
4,541

Segment profit (loss)
$
17,342

 
$
4,903

 
$
8,988

 
$
(45,294
)
 
$
(14,061
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total assets as of March 31, 2020
$
3,530,035

 
$
1,930,605

 
$
1,096,077

 
$
775,155

 
$
7,331,872


62

 
Loans
 
Securities
 
Real
Estate(1)
 
Corporate/Other(2)
 
Company
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three months ended March 31, 2019
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Interest income
$
73,152

 
$
13,119

 
$
8

 
$
187

 
$
86,466

Interest expense
(14,756
)
 
(2,488
)
 
(8,882
)
 
(25,122
)
 
(51,248
)
Net interest income (expense)
58,396

 
10,631

 
(8,874
)
 
(24,935
)
 
35,218

Provision for loan losses
(300
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(300
)
Net interest income (expense) after provision for loan losses
58,096

 
10,631

 
(8,874
)
 
(24,935
)
 
34,918

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating lease income
—

 
—

 
28,921

 
—

 
28,921

Sale of loans, net
7,079

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
7,079

Realized gain (loss) on securities
—

 
2,865

 
—

 
—

 
2,865

Unrealized gain (loss) on equity securities
—

 
2,078

 
—

 
—

 
2,078

Unrealized gain (loss) on Agency interest-only securities
—

 
11

 
—

 
—

 
11

Realized gain on sale of real estate, net
—

 
—

 
4

 
—

 
4

Impairment of real estate
—

 
—

 
(1,350
)
 
—

 
(1,350
)
Fee and other income
3,310

 
403

 
7

 
965

 
4,685

Net result from derivative transactions
(5,198
)
 
(5,836
)
 
—

 
—

 
(11,034
)
Earnings (loss) from investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
—

 
—

 
959

 
—

 
959

Gain (loss) on extinguishment/defeasance of debt
—

 
—

 
(1,070
)
 
—

 
(1,070
)
Total other income (loss)
5,191

 
(479
)
 
27,471

 
965

 
33,148

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Salaries and employee benefits
—

 
—

 
—

 
(23,574
)
 
(23,574
)
Operating expenses
—

 
—

 
—

 
(5,403
)
(3)
(5,403
)
Real estate operating expenses
—

 
—

 
(5,474
)
 
—

 
(5,474
)
Fee expense
(1,194
)
 
(100
)
 
(418
)
 
—

 
(1,712
)
Depreciation and amortization
—

 
—

 
(10,202
)
 
(25
)
 
(10,227
)
Total costs and expenses
(1,194
)
 
(100
)
 
(16,094
)
 
(29,002
)
 
(46,390
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Income tax (expense) benefit
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,854

 
2,854

Segment profit (loss)
$
62,093

 
$
10,052

 
$
2,503

 
$
(50,118
)
 
$
24,530

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total assets as of December 31, 2019
$
3,358,861

 
$
1,721,305

 
$
1,096,514

 
$
492,472

 
$
6,669,152

 
(1)
Includes the Company’s investment in unconsolidated joint ventures that held real estate of $48.7 million and $48.4 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
(2)
Corporate/Other represents all corporate level and unallocated items including any intercompany eliminations necessary to reconcile to consolidated Company totals. This segment also includes the Company’s investment in unconsolidated joint ventures and strategic investments that are not related to the other reportable segments above, including the Company’s investment in FHLB stock of $61.6 million and $61.6 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, the Company’s deferred tax asset (liability) of $(14.2) million and $(2.1) million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and the Company’s senior unsecured notes of $1.9 billion and $1.2 billion as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
(3)
Includes $3.1 million and $2.5 million of professional fees for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

63

18. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
 
The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the issuance date of the financial statements and determined that the following disclosure is necessary:

New Secured Financing Facility  

On April 30, 2020, the Company entered into a strategic financing arrangement (the “Agreement”) with Koch Real Estate Investments, LLC (“Koch”), an affiliate of Koch Industries, under which Koch will provide the Company with approximately $206.4 million in senior secured financing (the “Koch Facility”) to fund transitional and land loans. The Koch Facility will be secured on a first lien basis on a portfolio of certain of the Company’s loans and will mature after 36 months, and borrowings thereunder will bear interest at LIBOR (or a minimum of 0.75% if greater) plus 10.0%, with a minimum interest premium of approximately $39.2 million minus the aggregate sum of all interest payments made under the Koch Facility prior to the date of payment of the minimum interest premium, which is payable upon the earlier of maturity or repayment in full of the loan. The Koch Facility is non-recourse, subject to limited exceptions, and does not contain mark to market provisions. Additionally, the Koch Facility provides the Company optionality to modify or restructure loans or forbear in exercising remedies, which maximizes the Company’s financial flexibility.

As part of the strategic financing, Koch also has the ability to make an equity investment in the Company of up to 4.0 million Class A common shares at $8.00, which amount and price may be proportionally adjusted in the event of equity distributions, stock splits, reclassifications and other similar events (the “Purchase Right”). The Purchase Right will expire on December 31, 2020. The Company expects that any such investment would additionally benefit its liquidity position.

Pursuant to the Purchase Right, Koch has agreed to a customary standstill until December 31, 2020 or the date on which Koch has exercised the Purchase Right in full, if earlier. In addition, Koch has agreed not to sell, transfer, assign, pledge, hypothecate, mortgage, dispose of or in any way encumber the shares acquired as a result of exercising the Purchase Right for a period of time following the exercise date. In connection with the issuance of the Purchase Right, the Company and Koch entered into a registration rights agreement, pursuant to which the Company has agreed to provide customary demand and piggyback registration rights to Koch.

Completion of Private CLO Financing

On April 27, 2020, the Company completed a private CLO transaction with Goldman Sachs Bank USA which generated $310.2 million of gross proceeds to Ladder, financing $481.3 million of loans at a 64.5% advance rate on a matched term, non-mark to market and non-recourse basis. The Company will retain a 35% subordinate and controlling interest in the collateral, which affords for broad discretion in managing these loans in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and preserving or increasing their value. Proceeds from the transaction were used to pay off other secured debt including bank and FHLB financing that was subject to mark to market provisions.








64

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 
The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes of Ladder Capital Corp included within this report and the Annual Report. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” within this Quarterly Report and “Risk Factors” within the Annual Report for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including but not limited to, those in “Risk Factors” set forth within the Annual Report.

References to “Ladder,” the “Company,” and “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Ladder Capital Corp, a Delaware corporation incorporated in 2013, and its consolidated subsidiaries. 

Ladder Capital Corp is the sole general partner of Ladder Capital Finance Holdings LLLP (“LCFH”) and, as a result of the serialization of LCFH on December 31, 2014, became the sole general partner of Series REIT of LCFH. LC TRS I LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Series REIT of LCFH, is the general partner of Series TRS of LCFH. Ladder Capital Corp has a controlling interest in Series REIT of LCFH, and through such controlling interest, also has a controlling interest in Series TRS of LCFH. Ladder Capital Corp’s only business is to act as the sole general partner of LCFH and Series REIT of LCFH, and, as a result of the foregoing, Ladder Capital Corp directly and indirectly operates and controls all of the business and affairs of LCFH, and each Series thereof, and consolidates the financial results of LCFH, and each Series thereof, into Ladder Capital Corp’s consolidated financial statements.

Overview

We are an internally-managed real estate investment trust (“REIT”) that is a leader in commercial real estate finance. We originate and invest in a diverse portfolio of commercial real estate and real estate-related assets, focusing on senior secured assets. Our investment activities include: (i) direct origination of commercial real estate first mortgage loans; (ii) investments in investment grade securities secured by first mortgage loans on commercial real estate; and (iii) investments in net leased and other commercial real estate equity. We believe that our in-house origination platform, ability to flexibly allocate capital among complementary product lines, credit-centric underwriting approach, access to diversified financing sources, and experienced management team position us well to deliver attractive returns on equity to our shareholders through economic and credit cycles.

Our businesses, including balance sheet lending, conduit lending, securities investments, and real estate investments, provide for a stable base of net interest and rental income. We have originated $25.7 billion of commercial real estate loans from our inception through March 31, 2020. During this timeframe, we also acquired $12.7 billion of predominantly investment grade-rated securities secured by first mortgage loans on commercial real estate and $1.8 billion of selected net leased and other real estate assets.

As part of our commercial mortgage lending operations, we originate conduit loans, which are first mortgage loans on stabilized, income producing commercial real estate properties that we intend to make available for sale in commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) securitizations. From our inception in October 2008 through March 31, 2020, we originated $16.6 billion of conduit loans, $16.5 billion of which were sold into 67 CMBS securitizations, making us, by volume, the second largest non-bank contributor of loans to CMBS securitizations in the United States in such period. Our sales of loans into securitizations are generally accounted for as true sales, not financings, and we generally retain no ongoing interest in loans which we securitize unless we are required to do so as issuer pursuant to the risk retention requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. The securitization of conduit loans enables us to reinvest our equity capital into new loan originations or allocate it to other investments.

As of March 31, 2020, we had $7.3 billion in total assets and $1.5 billion of total equity. Our assets included $3.5 billion of loans, $1.9 billion of securities, and $1.0 billion of real estate.

We maintain a diversified and flexible financing strategy supporting our investment strategy and overall business operations, including unsecured debt and significant committed term financing from leading financial institutions. Refer to “Our Financing Strategies” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further information.


65

Ladder was founded in October 2008 and we completed our IPO in February 2014. We are led by a disciplined and highly aligned management team. As of March 31, 2020, our management team and directors held interests in our Company comprising 10.7% of our total equity. On average, our management team members have 27 years of experience in the industry. Our management team includes Brian Harris, Chief Executive Officer; Pamela McCormack, President; Marc Fox, Chief Financial Officer; Robert Perelman, Head of Asset Management; and Kelly Porcella, Chief Administrative Officer & General Counsel. Kevin Moclair, Chief Accounting Officer, is an additional officer of Ladder. As of March 31, 2020, we employed 75 full-time industry professionals.

COVID-19 Impact on the Organization

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) a global pandemic and recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. As of the date of this filing, our employees continue to work remotely in compliance with state guidelines. We continue to actively manage the liquidity and operations of the Company in light of the market disruption and impact on liquidity caused by the COVID-19 pandemic across most industries in the United States. In view of the uncertainty related to the severity and duration of the pandemic, its impact on our revenues, profitability and financial position is difficult to assess at this time. The Company has disclosed the current and potential impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic on our business throughout this Quarterly Report.

Recent Developments

Refer to Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for disclosure regarding significant transactions that occurred subsequent to March 31, 2020.




66

Our Businesses

We invest primarily in loans, securities and other interests in U.S. commercial real estate, with a focus on senior secured assets. Our complementary business segments are designed to provide us with the flexibility to opportunistically allocate capital in order to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns under varying market conditions. The following table summarizes the value of our investment portfolio as reported in our consolidated financial statements as of the dates indicated below ($ in thousands):
 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
Loans
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
Balance sheet loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance sheet first mortgage loans
$
3,310,167

 
45.1
 %
 
$
3,127,173

 
46.9
 %
Other commercial real estate-related loans
122,612

 
1.7
 %
 
129,863

 
1.9
 %
Provision for current expected credit losses
(49,457
)
 
(0.7
)%
 
(20,500
)
 
(0.3
)%
Total balance sheet loans
3,383,322

 
46.1
 %
 
3,236,536

 
48.5
 %
Conduit first mortgage loans
146,713

 
2.0
 %
 
122,325

 
1.8
 %
Total loans
3,530,035

 
48.1
 %
 
3,358,861

 
50.3
 %
Securities
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

CMBS investments
1,895,984

 
25.9
 %
 
1,673,468

 
25.3
 %
U.S. Agency Securities investments
34,446

 
0.5
 %
 
34,857

 
0.5
 %
Equity securities
197

 
—
 %
 
12,980

 
0.2
 %
Provision for current expected credit losses
(22
)
 
—
 %
 
—

 
—
 %
Total securities
1,930,605

 
26.4
 %
 
1,721,305

 
26.0
 %
Real Estate
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

Real estate and related lease intangibles, net
1,047,418

 
14.3
 %
 
1,048,081

 
15.7
 %
Total real estate
1,047,418

 
14.3
 %
 
1,048,081

 
15.7
 %
Other Investments
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

Investments in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures
48,659

 
0.7
 %
 
48,433

 
0.7
 %
FHLB stock
61,619

 
0.8
 %
 
61,619

 
0.9
 %
Total other investments
110,278

 
1.5
 %
 
110,052

 
1.6
 %
Total investments
6,618,336

 
90.3
 %
 
6,238,299

 
93.6
 %
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
622,221

 
8.5
 %
 
355,746

 
5.3
 %
Other assets
91,315

 
1.2
 %
 
75,107

 
1.1
 %
Total assets
$
7,331,872

 
100.0
 %
 
$
6,669,152

 
100.0
 %
 

While the unique nature of COVID-19 limits our normal visibility into expected underlying property operating results, we are in regular communication with our borrowers and are closely monitoring property performance. We expect our investments in loans and real estate in the hotels and retail sectors to be the most directly impacted by COVID-19. Loans on hotel and retail properties comprised approximately 11% and 7%, respectively, of our loan portfolio at March 31, 2020. Hotel and retail properties comprised approximately 6% and 47%, respectively, of our real estate portfolio at March 31, 2020. The majority of the net leased properties in our real estate portfolio, which comprise the majority of the 47%, are necessity-based retail and have remained open and stable during the COVID-19 pandemic.

67


Loans
 
Balance Sheet First Mortgage Loans.  We originate and invest in balance sheet first mortgage loans secured by commercial real estate properties that are typically undergoing transition, including lease-up, sell-out, and renovation or repositioning. These mortgage loans are structured to fit the needs and business plans of the property owners, and generally have LIBOR based floating rates and terms (including extension options) ranging from one to five years. Our loans are directly originated by an internal team that has longstanding and strong relationships with borrowers and mortgage brokers throughout the United States. We follow a rigorous investment process, which begins with an initial due diligence review; continues through a comprehensive legal and underwriting process incorporating multiple internal and external checks and balances; and culminates in approval or disapproval of each prospective investment by our Investment Committee. Balance sheet first mortgage loans in excess of $50.0 million also require the approval of our board of directors’ Risk and Underwriting Committee.

We generally seek to hold our balance sheet first mortgage loans for investment although we also maintain the flexibility to contribute such loans into a collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) or similar structure, sell participation interests or “b-notes” in our mortgage loans or sell such mortgage loans as whole loans. Our balance sheet first mortgage loans have been typically repaid at or prior to maturity (including by being refinanced by us into a new conduit first mortgage loan upon property stabilization). As of March 31, 2020, we held a portfolio of 151 balance sheet first mortgage loans with an aggregate book value of $3.3 billion. Based on the loan balances and the “as-is” third-party Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (“FIRREA”) appraised values at origination, the weighted average loan-to-value ratio of this portfolio was 69.9% at March 31, 2020.

We continue to actively manage and monitor the credit and liquidity risk associated with the balance sheet first mortgage loan portfolio. Due to the nationwide restrictions placed on most businesses in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, significant cashflow disruptions are expected across the economy which will likely impact our borrowers and their ability to stay current with their debt obligations in the near term. We expect to use a variety of legal and structural options to manage that risk effectively, including through possible forbearance and default provisions, as is generally being considered throughout the credit lending industries.
 
Other Commercial Real Estate-Related Loans.  We selectively invest in note purchase financings, subordinated debt, mezzanine debt and other structured finance products related to commercial real estate that are generally held for investment. As of March 31, 2020, we held a portfolio of 24 other commercial real estate-related loans with an aggregate book value of $122.6 million. Based on the loan balance and the “as-is” third-party FIRREA appraised values at origination, the weighted average loan-to-value ratio of the portfolio was 67.4% at March 31, 2020.

Conduit First Mortgage Loans.  We also originate conduit loans, which are first mortgage loans that are secured by cash-flowing commercial real estate and are available for sale to securitizations. These first mortgage loans are typically structured with fixed interest rates and generally have five- to ten-year terms. Conduit first mortgage loans are originated, underwritten, approved and funded using the same comprehensive legal and underwriting approach, process and personnel used to originate our balance sheet first mortgage loans. Conduit first mortgage loans in excess of $50.0 million also require approval of our board of directors’ Risk and Underwriting Committee.

Although our primary intent is to sell our conduit first mortgage loans to CMBS trusts, we generally seek to maintain the flexibility to keep them on our balance sheet, sell participation interests or “b-notes” in such loans or sell the loans as whole loans. As of March 31, 2020, we held eight first mortgage loans that were available for contribution into a securitization with an aggregate book value of $146.7 million. Based on the loan balances and the “as-is” third-party FIRREA appraised values at origination, the weighted average loan- to-value ratio of this portfolio was 66.7% at March 31, 2020. The Company holds these conduit loans in its taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”).

68

 
The following charts set forth our total outstanding balance sheet first mortgage loans, other commercial real estate-related loans, mortgage loans transferred but not considered sold and conduit first mortgage loans as of March 31, 2020 and a breakdown of our loan portfolio by loan size and geographic location and asset type of the underlying real estate.


loanpiecharts20200331b.jpg 

69

Securities
 
CMBS Investments.  We invest in CMBS secured by first mortgage loans on commercial real estate and own predominantly AAA-rated securities. These investments provide a stable and attractive base of net interest income and help us manage our liquidity. We have significant in-house expertise in the evaluation and trading of CMBS, due in part to our experience in originating and underwriting mortgage loans that comprise assets within CMBS trusts, as well as our experience in structuring CMBS transactions. AAA-rated CMBS or U.S. Agency securities investments in excess of $76.0 million and all other investment grade CMBS or U.S. Agency securities investments in excess of $51.0 million, each in any single class of any single issuance, require the approval of our board of directors’ Risk and Underwriting Committee. The Risk and Underwriting Committee also must approve any investments in non-rated or sub-investment grade CMBS or U.S. Agency Securities in any single class of any single issuance in excess of the lesser of (x) $21,000,000 and (y) 10% of the total net asset value of the respective Ladder investment company. As of March 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of our portfolio of CMBS investments totaled $1.9 billion in 142 CUSIPs ($13.4 million average investment per CUSIP). As of March 31, 2020, included in the $1.9 billion of CMBS securities are $12.4 million of CMBS securities designated as risk retention securities under the Dodd-Frank Act which are subject to transfer restrictions over the term of the securitization trust. As of that date, 100% of our CMBS investments were rated investment grade by Standard & Poor’s Ratings Group, Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. or Fitch Ratings Inc., consisting of 91.5% AAA/Aaa-rated securities and 8.5% of other investment grade-rated securities, including 7% rated AA/Aa, 1.2% rated A/A and 0.3% rated BBB/Baa. In the future, we may invest in CMBS securities or other securities that are unrated. As of March 31, 2020, our CMBS investments had a weighted average duration of 2.3 years. The commercial real estate collateral underlying our CMBS investment portfolio is located throughout the United States. As of March 31, 2020, by property count and market value, respectively, 52.4% and 72.2% of the collateral underlying our CMBS investment portfolio was distributed throughout the top 25 metropolitan statistical areas (“MSAs”) in the United States, with 8.0% and 35.2%, by property count and market value, respectively, of the collateral located in the New York-Newark-Edison MSA, and the concentrations in each of the remaining top 24 MSAs ranging from 0.3% to 4.8% by property count and 0.2% to 8.8% by market value.

U.S. Agency Securities Investments.  Our U.S. Agency Securities portfolio consists of securities for which the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency, such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”), or by a government-sponsored enterprise (“GSE”), such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”). In addition, these securities are secured by first mortgage loans on commercial real estate. Investments in U.S. Agency Securities are subject to the same Risk and Underwriting Committee approval requirements as CMBS investments, as described above. As of March 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of our portfolio of U.S. Agency Securities was $34.4 million in 19 CUSIPs ($1.8 million average investment per CUSIP), with a weighted average duration of 2.6 years. The commercial real estate collateral underlying our U.S. Agency Securities portfolio is located throughout the United States. As of March 31, 2020, by market value, 76.6% and 20.3% of the collateral underlying our U.S. Agency Securities, excluding the collateral underlying our Agency interest-only securities, was located in New York and California, respectively, with no other state having a concentration greater than 10.0%. By property count, California represented 84.6% and New York represented 3.8% of such collateral. While the specific geographic concentration of our Agency interest-only securities portfolio as of March 31, 2020 is not obtainable, risk relating to any such possible concentration is mitigated by the interest payments of these securities being guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a GSE.

Corporate Bonds.  In addition to CMBS and U.S. Agency Securities, we invest in other debt securities, including but not limited to debt securities issued by REITs and real estate companies. Approval of our board of directors’ Risk and Underwriting Committee is required for the aggregate investments in such debt securities made and owned by all Ladder investment companies to exceed $80.0 million. As of March 31, 2020, we had no investments in debt securities.

Equity Securities.  We invest in real estate related equity investments. Approval of our board of directors’ Risk and Underwriting Committee is required for the aggregate real estate related equity investments made and owned by all Ladder investment companies to exceed $20.0 million. As of March 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of our portfolio of equity securities was $0.2 million in three CUSIPs ($0.1 million average investment per CUSIP).


70

Due to the recent market volatility, there has been a significant decrease in liquidity across all types of securities. There was a significant reduction in trading activity with the turbulent and uncertain market conditions that existed at the end of March as restrictive responsive measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the overall economy. The credit profile of our portfolio is predominantly AAA-rated and almost entirely investment grade as noted earlier. We expect the subordination structure of the investments, as well as the hyperamortization provision included in our senior CRE-CLO security positions, to help mitigate potential losses in the current market conditions. The reduction in liquidity and overall trading activity during this period resulted in a decline of approximately $78.2 million in market value of the Company’s real estate securities through March 31, 2020.

Real Estate

Net Leased Commercial Real Estate Properties. As of March 31, 2020, we owned 164 single tenant net leased properties with an aggregate book value of $671.1 million. These properties are fully leased on a net basis where the tenant is generally responsible for payment of real estate taxes, property, building and general liability insurance and property and building maintenance expenses. As of March 31, 2020, our net leased properties comprised a total of 5.4 million square feet, 100% leased with an average age since construction of 15.5 years and a weighted average remaining lease term of 12.1 years. Commercial real estate investments in excess of $20.0 million require the approval of our board of directors’ Risk and Underwriting Committee.
 
Diversified Commercial Real Estate Properties. In addition, as of March 31, 2020, we owned 63 diversified commercial real estate properties with an aggregate book value of $375.2 million. Through separate joint ventures, we own a 40 property student housing portfolio in Isla Vista, CA with a book value of $82.4 million and an occupancy rate of 100.0%, a portfolio of 11 office buildings in Richmond, VA with a book value of $72.6 million with a 92.3% occupancy rate, an apartment complex in Miami, FL with a book value of $37.2 million and an occupancy rate of 93.4%, an unleased industrial building in Lithia Springs, GA with an aggregate book value of $23.5 million, a portfolio of two student housing properties in Fort Worth and Arlington, TX with an aggregate book value of $23.6 million and a 38.1% occupancy rate, one hotel in San Diego, CA with a book value of $41.5 million and a 100.0% occupancy rate, and a 13-story office building in Oakland County, MI with a book value of $9.7 million and an 83.7% occupancy rate. We also own a single-tenant office building in Ewing, NJ with a book value of $26.6 million, a development property in Los Angeles, CA with a book value of $21.5 million, a hotel in Omaha, NE with a book value of $17.3 million, a single-tenant office building in Crum Lynne, PA with a book value of $9.8 million, a shopping center in Carmel, NY with a book value of $6.0 million and a 44.4% occupancy rate, and an office building in Peoria, IL with a book value of $3.4 million and a 45.6% occupancy rate.

Residential Real Estate. We sold two condominium units at Terrazas River Park Village in Miami, FL, during the three months ended March 31, 2020, generating aggregate gains on sale of $7 thousand. As of March 31, 2020, we own four residential condominium units at Terrazas River Park Village in Miami, FL with a book value of $1.2 million, and we intend to sell these remaining units in less than 18 months. The Company holds these residential condominium units in a TRS.

The recent market volatility due to the COVID-19 pandemic has brought illiquidity in most asset classes, including real estate. The Company expects the net leased commercial real estate properties, which comprise the majority of our portfolio, to be minimally impacted as the majority of the net leased properties in our real estate portfolio are necessity-based retail and have remained open and stable during the COVID-19 pandemic. We continue to actively monitor our diversified commercial real estate properties as well to determine the immediate and long term impacts on the buildings, tenants, business plans and the ability to execute those business plans.

Other Investments

Unconsolidated Joint Venture.  In connection with the origination of a loan in April 2012, we received a 25% equity interest with the right to convert upon a capital event. On March 22, 2013, we refinanced the loan, and we converted our equity interest into a 19% limited liability company membership interest in Grace Lake JV, LLC (“Grace Lake LLC”). As of March 31, 2020, Grace Lake LLC owned an office building campus with a carrying value of $52.2 million, which is net of accumulated depreciation of $32.9 million, that is financed by $63.6 million of long-term debt. Debt of Grace Lake LLC is non-recourse to the limited liability company members, except for customary non-recourse carve-outs for certain actions and environmental liability. As of March 31, 2020, the book value of our investment in Grace Lake LLC was $3.2 million.
 
Unconsolidated Joint Venture.  On August 7, 2015, the Company entered into a joint venture, 24 Second Avenue Holdings LLC (“24 Second Avenue”), with an Operating Partner (the “Operating Partner”) to invest in a ground-up residential/retail condominium development and construction project located at 24 Second Avenue, New York, NY.


71

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company converted its existing $35.0 million common equity interest into a $35.0 million priority preferred equity position. The Company also provided $50.4 million in first mortgage financing in order to refinance the existing $48.1 million first mortgage construction loan which was made by another lending institution. In addition to the new $50.4 million first mortgage loan, the Company also funded a $6.5 million mezzanine loan for use in completing the project. The Operating Partner must fully fund any and all additional capital for necessary expenses.

Due to the Company’s non-controlling equity interest in 24 Second Avenue, the Company accounts for the new loans as additional investments in the joint venture.

24 Second Avenue consists of 30 residential condominium units and one commercial condominium unit. 24 Second Avenue started closing on the existing sales contracts during the quarter ended March 31, 2019, upon receipt of New York City Building Department approvals and a temporary certificate of occupancy for a portion of the project. As of March 31, 2020, 24 Second Avenue had sold 19 residential condominium units for $49.6 million in sales proceeds. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had no remaining additional capital commitment to 24 Second Avenue. As of March 31, 2020, the book value of the Company’s investment in 24 Second Avenue was $45.4 million.

FHLB Stock. Tuebor Captive Insurance Company LLC (“Tuebor”) is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”). Each member of the FHLB must purchase and hold FHLB stock as a condition of initial and continuing membership, in proportion to their borrowings from the FHLB and levels of certain assets. Members may need to purchase additional stock to comply with these capital requirements from time to time. FHLB stock is redeemable by Tuebor upon five years’ prior written notice, subject to certain restrictions and limitations. Under certain conditions, the FHLB may also, at its sole discretion, repurchase FHLB stock from its members. As of March 31, 2020, the book value of our investment in FHLB Stock was $61.6 million.

Our Financing Strategies
 
Our financing strategies are critical to the success and growth of our business. We manage our financing to complement our asset composition and to diversify our exposure across multiple capital markets and counterparties. In addition to cash flow from operations, we fund our operations and investment strategy through a diverse array of funding sources, including:

•
Unsecured corporate bonds
•
Secured loan and securities repurchase facilities
•
Loan sales and securitizations
•
CLO transactions
•
Non-recourse mortgage debt
•
FHLB financing
•
Revolving credit facility
•
Unencumbered assets available for financing
•
Equity
 
From time to time, we may add financing counterparties that we believe will complement our business, although the agreements governing our indebtedness may limit our ability and the ability of our present and future subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness. Our amended and restated charter and by-laws do not impose any threshold limits on our ability to use leverage. Refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” and Note 7 Debt Obligations, Net in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report for more information about our financing arrangements.

Unsecured Corporate Bonds

As of March 31, 2020, we had $1.9 billion of unsecured corporate bonds outstanding. This unsecured financing was comprised of $265.2 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.875% senior notes due 2021 (the “2021 Notes”), $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.25% senior notes due 2022 (the “2022 Notes”), $395.9 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.25% senior notes due 2025 (the “2025 Notes”) and $730.8 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.25% senior notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes,” collectively with the 2021 Notes, the 2022 Notes and the 2025 Notes, the “Notes”).

Due in large part to devoting such a large portion of the Company’s capital structure to equity and unsecured corporate bond debt, Ladder maintains a $2.6 billion pool of unencumbered assets, comprised primarily of first mortgage loans as of March 31, 2020.


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Committed Loan Financing Facilities
 
We are parties to multiple committed loan repurchase agreement facilities, totaling $1.6 billion of credit capacity. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had $537.0 million of borrowings outstanding, with an additional $1.0 billion of committed financing available. Assets pledged as collateral under these facilities are generally limited to first mortgage whole mortgage loans, mezzanine loans and certain interests in such first mortgage and mezzanine loans. Our repurchase facilities include covenants covering net worth requirements, minimum liquidity levels, and maximum debt/equity ratios.
 
We have the option to extend some of our existing facilities subject to a number of customary conditions. The lenders have sole discretion with respect to the inclusion of collateral in these facilities, to determine the market value of the collateral on a daily basis, and, if the estimated market value of the included collateral declines, the lenders have the right to require additional collateral or a full and/or partial repayment of the facilities (margin call), sufficient to rebalance the facilities. Typically, the lender establishes a maximum percentage of the collateral asset’s market value that can be borrowed. We often borrow at a lower percentage of the collateral asset’s value than the maximum leaving us with excess borrowing capacity that can be drawn upon at a later date and/or applied against future margin calls so that they can be satisfied on a cashless basis.
 
Securities Repurchase Facilities
 
We are a party to a committed term master repurchase agreement with a major U.S. banking institution for CMBS, totaling $400.0 million of credit capacity, or more depending on our utilization of a loan repurchase facility with the same lender. As we do in the case of borrowings under committed loan facilities, we often borrow at a lower percentage of the collateral asset’s value than the maximum leaving us with excess borrowing capacity that can be drawn upon a later date and/or applied against future margin calls so that they can be satisfied on a cashless basis. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had $477.7 million borrowings outstanding, with an additional $231.2 million of committed financing available.
 
Additionally, we are party to multiple uncommitted master repurchase agreements with several counterparties to finance our investments in CMBS and U.S. Agency Securities. The securities that served as collateral for these borrowings are typically AAA-rated CMBS with relatively short duration and significant subordination. The lenders have sole discretion to determine the market value of the collateral on a daily basis, and, if the estimated market value of the collateral declines, the lenders have the right to require additional cash collateral, and if the estimated market value of the collateral subsequently increases, we have the right to call back excess cash collateral.

Revolving Credit Facility
 
The Company’s revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) provides for an aggregate maximum borrowing amount of $266.4 million, including a $25.0 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit. The Revolving Credit Facility is available on a revolving basis to finance the Company’s working capital needs and for general corporate purposes. On November 25, 2019, the Company amended the Revolving Credit Facility to add two additional one-year extension options, extending the final maturity date, including all extension options, to February 2025. The amendment also provided for a reduction in the interest rate to one-month LIBOR plus 3.00% on Eurodollar advances upon the upgrade of the Company’s credit ratings, which occurred in January 2020.
 
The obligations under the Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed by the Company and certain of its subsidiaries. The Revolving Credit Facility is secured by a pledge of the shares of (or other ownership or equity interests in) certain subsidiaries to the extent the pledge is not restricted under existing regulations, law or contractual obligations.
 
LCFH is subject to customary affirmative covenants and negative covenants, including limitations on the incurrence of additional debt, liens, restricted payments, sales of assets and affiliate transactions under the Revolving Credit Facility. In addition, under the Revolving Credit Facility, LCFH is required to comply with financial covenants relating to minimum net worth, maximum leverage, minimum liquidity, and minimum fixed charge coverage, consistent with our other credit facilities.


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FHLB Financing
 
We have maintained membership in the FHLB since 2012 through our subsidiary, Tuebor Captive Insurance Company LLC (“Tuebor”). As of March 31, 2020, Tuebor had $1.0 billion of borrowings outstanding from the FHLB (with an additional $938.2 million of committed term financing available), with terms of overnight to 4.5 years, interest rates of 0.54% to 2.95%, and advance rates of 0.0% on ineligible collateral to 100% on cash collateral. As of March 31, 2020, collateral for the borrowings was comprised of $465.0 million of CMBS and U.S. Agency Securities. $141.7 million of cash and $847.3 million of first mortgage commercial real estate loans. The weighted-average borrowings outstanding were $1.1 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2020. FHLB advances amounted to 17.7% of the Company’s outstanding debt obligations as of March 31, 2020.

Mortgage Loan Financing
 
We generally finance our real estate using long-term non-recourse mortgage financing. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we executed five term debt agreements to finance real estate. All of our mortgage loan financings have fixed rates ranging from 3.75% - 6.75%, mature between 2020 - 2030 and total $806.2 million at March 31, 2020. These long-term non-recourse mortgages include net unamortized premiums of $5.3 million at March 31, 2020, representing proceeds received upon financing greater than the contractual amounts due under the agreements. The premiums are being amortized over the remaining life of the respective debt instruments using the effective interest method. We recorded $0.3 million of premium amortization, which decreased interest expense, for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The loans are collateralized by real estate and related lease intangibles, net, of $967.8 million as of March 31, 2020.

Hedging Strategies

We enter into interest rate and credit spread derivative contracts to mitigate our exposure to changes in interest rates and credit spreads. We generally seek to hedge the interest rate risk on the financing of assets that have a duration longer than five years, including newly-originated conduit first mortgage loans, securities in our CMBS portfolio if long enough in duration, and most of our U.S. Agency Securities portfolio. We monitor our asset profile and our hedge positions to manage our interest rate and credit spread exposures, and we seek to match fund our assets according to the liquidity characteristics and expected holding periods of our assets.

Financing Strategy in Current Market Conditions

In March 2020, as the COVID-19 health crisis rapidly transformed into a financial crisis, management took swift action to increase liquidity resources and actively manage its financing arrangements with its bank partners. In an abundance of caution, the Company first drew down on its $266.4 million unsecured revolving credit facility, which continues to be fully-drawn, and the proceeds continue to be held as unrestricted cash on the Company’s balance sheet as of May 1, 2020.   

–
Securities Repurchase Facilities: The Company invests in AAA-rated CRE CLO securities, typically front pay securities, with relatively short duration and significant subordination. These securities have historically been financed with short-term, typically 30-day maturity repurchase agreements with various bank counterparties. Beginning in late March 2020 and extending through April 2020, the Company has been able to continue to access securities repurchase funding. While the Company was successful in refinancing its securities and extending the terms of the majority of its securities repurchase financing to periods ranging from three to six months from certain key counterparties, the funding received generally reflected higher costs of financing and lower advance rates than prevailed during times of market stability.

In March, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, trading volumes for CRE CLO securities fell significantly and prices for CRE CLO securities declined. As a result, the Company experienced margin calls on its securities repurchase financing, all of which were successfully satisfied in cash in a timely manner. As the securities markets stabilized somewhat in April, the Company received rebates of much of the previously posted cash margin and applied other margin funds to reduce securities repurchase debt outstanding as repurchase financing transactions were extended in term. Management plans to continue to work with its bank counterparties to roll and extend such maturities. Given the credit quality and short duration of the securities portfolio, extension of term would allow for such securities to pay off at par or allow for sales in an orderly manner.


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–
FHLB Financing:   As discussed above, in 2016, the FHFA adopted a final rule that limited our captive insurance subsidiary’s membership in the FHLB, requiring us to significantly reduce the amounts of FHLB borrowings outstanding by February of 2021. As the COVID-19 crisis unfolded, management maintained an active dialogue with the FHLB and subsequent to March 31, 2020, the Company completed a non-mark to market private CLO financing transaction (refer to below and Note 18, Subsequent Events) and also sold securities and loans previously serving as collateral at the FHLB. A portion of the proceeds of the CLO financing transaction and asset sales were used to pay down FHLB advances, reducing the amount of the Company’s financing that is mark to market. As of May 1, 2020, FHLB advances outstanding were $487.0 million, reflecting a reduction of approximately $520.6 million since March 31, 2020. The Company maintains ongoing discussions with the FHLB about further reducing its outstanding advances to ensure a smooth and timely transition from FHLB membership. Funding for future advance paydowns would be obtained from the natural amortization of securities over time, loan pay offs and/or sales of loan and securities collateral.

–
Loan Repurchase Financing:  The Company has maintained a consistent dialogue with its loan financing counterparties as the COVID-19 crisis has unfolded. The Company has drawn additional funds from certain loan repurchase facilities since the start of the crisis in mid-March 2020. In addition to using proceeds from the Company’s 2027 Notes offering in January to reduce secured debt, subsequent to March 31, 2020, we have paid off over $123.0 million on such loan repurchase financing through loan collateral pay offs and loans securitized through a private CLO financing transaction (refer to below). As of May 1, 2020, the Company had $414.0 million of loan repurchase debt outstanding with five separate bank counterparties. We continue to maintain an active dialogue with our bank counterparties as we expect loan collateral on each of their lines to experience some measure of forbearance.

–
New Secured Financing Facility:  On April 30, 2020, the Company entered into a strategic financing arrangement (the “Agreement”) with Koch Real Estate Investments, LLC (“Koch”), an affiliate of Koch Industries, under which Koch will provide the Company with approximately $206.4 million in senior secured financing (the “Koch Facility”) to fund transitional and land loans. Koch Facility will be secured on a first lien basis on a portfolio of certain of the Company’s loans and will mature after 36 months, and borrowings thereunder will bear interest at LIBOR (or a minimum of 0.75% if greater) plus 10.0%, with a minimum interest premium of approximately $39.2 million minus the aggregate sum of all interest payments made under the Koch Facility prior to the date of payment of the minimum interest premium, which is payable upon the earlier of maturity or repayment in full of the loan. The Koch Facility is non-recourse, subject to limited exceptions, and does not contain mark to market provisions. Additionally, the Koch Facility provides the Company optionality to modify or restructure loans or forbear in exercising remedies, which maximizes the Company’s financial flexibility.

As part of the strategic financing, Koch also has the ability to make an equity investment in the Company of up to 4.0 million Class A common shares at $8.00, which amount and price may be proportionally adjusted in the event of equity distributions, stock splits, reclassifications and other similar events (the “Purchase Right”). The Purchase Right will expire on December 31, 2020. The Company expects that any such investment would additionally benefit its liquidity position.

Pursuant to the Purchase Right, Koch has agreed to a customary standstill until December 31, 2020 or the date on which Koch has exercised the Purchase Right in full, if earlier. In addition, Koch has agreed not to sell, transfer, assign, pledge, hypothecate, mortgage, dispose of or in any way encumber the shares acquired as a result of exercising the Purchase Right for a period of time following the exercise date. In connection with the issuance of the Purchase Right, the Company and Koch entered into a registration rights agreement, pursuant to which the Company has agreed to provide customary demand and piggyback registration rights to Koch. (Refer to Note 18, Subsequent Events.)

–
Completion of Private CLO: On April 27, 2020, we completed a private CLO financing transaction with Goldman Sachs Bank USA which generated $310.2 million of gross proceeds to Ladder, financing $481.3 million of loans at a 64.5% advance rate on a matched term, non-mark to market and non-recourse basis. The Company will retain a 35% subordinate and controlling interest in the collateral, which affords for broad discretion in managing these loans in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and preserving or increasing their value. Proceeds from the transaction were used to pay off other secured debt including loan repurchase and FHLB financing that was subject to mark to market provisions. (Refer to Note 18, Subsequent Events.)


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As a result of our financing and liquidity strategy and execution to date, as of May 1, 2020, Ladder had approximately $830.0 million of unrestricted cash on hand and, subsequent to quarter end, has paid down $783.0 million of secured debt that was subject to mark to market provisions subsequent to quarter end. Furthermore, the Company maintains $2.7 billion of unencumbered assets primarily comprised of first mortgage loans representing another significant source of potential liquidity.

Financial Covenants

We generally seek to maintain a debt-to-equity ratio of approximately 3.0:1.0 or below. We expect this ratio to fluctuate during the course of a fiscal year due to the normal course of business in our conduit lending operations, in which we generally securitize our inventory of conduit loans at intervals, and also because of changes in our asset mix, due in part to such securitizations. We generally seek to match fund our assets according to their liquidity characteristics and expected hold period. We believe that the defensive positioning of our predominantly senior secured assets and our financing strategy has allowed us to maintain financial flexibility to capitalize on an attractive range of market opportunities as they have arisen.

We and our subsidiaries may incur substantial additional debt in the future. However, we are subject to certain restrictions on our ability to incur additional debt in the indentures governing the Notes (the “Indentures”) and our other debt agreements. Under the Indentures, we may not incur certain types of indebtedness unless our consolidated non-funding debt to equity ratio (as defined in the Indentures) is less than or equal to 1.75 to 1.00 or if the unencumbered assets of the Company and its subsidiaries is less than 120% of their unsecured indebtedness, although our subsidiaries are permitted to incur indebtedness where recourse is limited to the assets and/or the general credit of such subsidiary.

Our borrowings under certain financing agreements and our committed repurchase facilities are subject to maximum consolidated leverage ratio limits (either a fixed ratio ranging from 3.50 to 1.00 to 4.00 to 1.00, or a maximum ratio based on our asset composition at the time of determination), minimum net worth requirements (ranging from $300.0 million to $829.3 million), maximum reductions in net worth over stated time periods, minimum liquidity levels (typically $30.0 million of cash or a higher standard that often allows for the inclusion of different percentages of liquid securities in the determination of compliance with the requirement), and a fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.25x, and, in the instance of one lender, an interest coverage ratio of 1.50x, in each case, if certain liquidity thresholds are not satisfied. These restrictions, which would permit us to incur substantial additional debt, are subject to significant qualifications and exceptions.

Further, certain of our financing arrangements and loans on our real property are secured by the assets of the Company, including pledges of the equity of certain subsidiaries or the assets of certain subsidiaries. From time to time, certain of these financing arrangements and loans may prohibit certain of our subsidiaries from paying dividends to the Company, from making distributions on such subsidiary’s capital stock, from repaying to the Company any loans or advances to such subsidiary from the Company or from transferring any of such subsidiary’s property or other assets to the Company or other subsidiaries of the Company.

As the COVID-19 crisis evolved, management set out a plan to mitigate uncertainty in financial markets by increasing liquidity and obtaining additional non-recourse and non-mark to market financing. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash totaled $622.2 million as of March 31, 2020, including $358.4 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents to mitigate uncertainty in liquidity needs in light of current market conditions and $263.9 million of cash margin posted as collateral against securities repurchase financing obligations and for other borrowings as of March 31, 2020. Partly as a result of maintaining such cash levels, the Company was not in compliance with its 3.5x maximum leverage covenant with certain of its lenders as of March 31, 2020 but had the benefit of a contractually provided 30-day cure period during which the Company cured such non-compliance by paying down debt (as defined in the relevant borrowing agreements) with various counterparties that totaled in excess of $830.0 million as of April 28, 2020.   

We were in compliance with all remaining covenants as described in the Company’s Annual Report, as of March 31, 2020.



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Results of Operations
 
Three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019

The following table sets forth information regarding our consolidated results of operations ($ in thousands, except per share data):
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020 vs
 
2020
 
2019
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net interest income
 

 
 

 
 
Interest income
$
72,589

 
$
86,466

 
$
(13,877
)
Interest expense
51,401

 
51,248

 
153

Net interest income
21,188

 
35,218

 
(14,030
)
Provision for loan losses
26,581

 
300

 
26,281

Net interest income after provision for loan losses
(5,393
)
 
34,918

 
(40,311
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other income (loss)
 

 
 

 
 
Operating lease income
26,328

 
28,921

 
(2,593
)
Sale of loans, net
1,005

 
7,079

 
(6,074
)
Realized gain (loss) on securities
3,011

 
2,865

 
146

Unrealized gain (loss) on equity securities
(533
)
 
2,078

 
(2,611
)
Unrealized gain (loss) on Agency interest-only securities
76

 
11

 
65

Realized gain (loss) on sale of real estate, net
10,529

 
4

 
10,525

Impairment of real estate
—

 
(1,350
)
 
1,350

Fee and other income
1,519

 
4,685

 
(3,166
)
Net result from derivative transactions
(15,435
)
 
(11,034
)
 
(4,401
)
Earnings (loss) from investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
441

 
959

 
(518
)
Gain (loss) on extinguishment/defeasance of debt
2,061

 
(1,070
)
 
3,131

Total other income (loss)
29,002

 
33,148

 
(4,146
)
Costs and expenses
 

 
 

 
 
Salaries and employee benefits
17,021

 
23,574

 
(6,553
)
Operating expenses
5,794

 
5,403

 
391

Real estate operating expenses
7,948

 
5,474

 
2,474

Fee expense
1,439

 
1,712

 
(273
)
Depreciation and amortization
10,009

 
10,227

 
(218
)
Total costs and expenses
42,211

 
46,390

 
(4,179
)
Income (loss) before taxes
(18,602
)
 
21,676

 
(40,278
)
Income tax expense (benefit)
(4,541
)
 
(2,854
)
 
(1,687
)
Net income (loss)
$
(14,061
)
 
$
24,530

 
$
(38,591
)
 
Investment Overview
 
Investment activity in the three months ended March 31, 2020 focused on loan, security and real estate activities. We originated and funded $526.7 million in principal value of commercial mortgage loans, which was offset by $189.4 million of sales and $118.6 million of principal repayments in the three months ended March 31, 2020. We acquired $438.2 million of new securities, which was offset by $107.5 million of sales and $43.6 million of amortization in the portfolio, which partially contributed to a net increase in our securities portfolio of $209.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020. We also invested $27.8 million in real estate, which included $21.5 million of real estate acquired via foreclosure, and received proceeds from the sale of real estate of $30.1 million.
 

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Investment activity in the three months ended March 31, 2019 focused on loan, security and real estate activities. We originated and funded $399.7 million in principal value of commercial mortgage loans, which was offset by $159.4 million of sales and $245.8 million of principal repayments in the three months ended March 31, 2019. We acquired $432.9 million of new securities, which was partially offset by $214.7 million of sales and $24.2 million of amortization in the portfolio, which partially contributed to a net increase in our securities portfolio of $209.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2019. We also invested $20.6 million in real estate and received proceeds from the sale of real estate of $1.7 million.

Operating Overview

Net income (loss) attributable to Class A common shareholders totaled $(15.7) million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $22.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The most significant drivers of the $37.9 million decrease are as follows:

•
a decrease in net interest income after provision for loan losses of $40.3 million, primarily as a result of the $26.3 million increase in provision for loan losses and a decrease of $13.9 million in interest income;
 
•
a decrease in total other income (loss) of $4.1 million, primarily as a result of a decrease of $6.1 million in sale of loans, net, a decrease of $4.4 million in net results from derivative transactions, a decrease of $3.2 million in fee and other income and a decrease of $2.6 million in unrealized gain (loss) on equity securities, partially offset by an increase of $10.5 million in realized gain on sale of real estate, an increase of $3.1 million in gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt and no impairment of real estate was taken in 2020;

•
a decrease in net interest income of $14.0 million, primarily as a result of lower average loan balances and lower interest expense attributable to the increase in LIBOR rates during 2019 and the decrease in the average yield on the securities portfolio year-over-year;

•
a decrease in total costs and expenses of $4.2 million compared to the prior year, primarily as a result of a $6.6 million decrease in salaries and employee benefits, partially offset by an increase of $2.5 million in real estate operating expenses; and

•
an increase in income tax expense (benefit) of ($1.7 million) compared to the prior year, primarily attributable to a decrease in forecasted GAAP income in our TRSs.

Income (Loss) Before Taxes

Income (loss) before taxes totaled $(18.6) million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $21.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The significant components of the $40.3 million decrease in income (loss) before taxes are described in the first four bullet points under operating overview above.

Core Earnings

Core earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure, totaled $30.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $46.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The significant components of the $16.0 million decrease in core earnings are the $14.0 million decrease in net interest income discussed above and the $7.7 million increase in provision for loan losses, partially offset by a decrease of $4.2 million in total costs and expenses, an increase of $3.4 million in total other income and a $2.0 million decrease in net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in consolidated joint ventures. See “—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for our definition of core earnings and a reconciliation to income (loss) before taxes.

Net Interest Income
 
The $13.9 million decrease in interest income was primarily attributable to higher prevailing LIBOR rates during 2019, partially offset by the investment mix composition, with lower yields on securities investments versus higher yields on loan investments. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, securities investments averaged $1.9 billion and loan investments averaged $3.4 billion. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, securities investments averaged $1.5 billion and loan investments averaged $3.6 billion. There was a $153.0 million decrease in loan investments, offset by a $351.2 million increase in securities investments.


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The $0.2 million increase in interest expense was primarily attributable to an increase in interest expense on corporate bonds and an increase in the cost of financing real estate acquired during 2019, partially offset by a decrease in cost of repurchase facility financing due to lower prevailing LIBOR rates during 2020 and lower reliance on repurchase facility financing due to the issuance of the 2027 Notes.

The $40.3 million decrease in net interest income after provision for loan losses was primarily attributable to the decrease in net interest income discussed above, offset by the increase in interest expense discussed above and the $26.3 million increase in provision for loan losses discussed below.
 
As of March 31, 2020, the weighted average yield on our mortgage loan receivables was 6.7%, compared to 7.6% as of March 31, 2019 as the weighted average yield on new loans originated was lower than the weighted average yield on loans that were securitized or paid off. As of March 31, 2020, the weighted average interest rate on borrowings against our mortgage loan receivables was 2.6%, compared to 4.1% as of March 31, 2019. The decrease in the rate on borrowings against our mortgage loan receivables from March 31, 2019 to March 31, 2020 was primarily due to lower prevailing market borrowing rates. As of March 31, 2020, we had outstanding borrowings secured by our mortgage loan receivables equal to 31.9% of the carrying value of our mortgage loan receivables, compared to 44.6% as of March 31, 2019.

As of March 31, 2020, the weighted average yield on our real estate securities was 2.3%, compared to 3.3% as of March 31, 2019 as the weighted average yield on securities that were acquired was lower than the weighted average yield on securities that were sold or paid off. As of March 31, 2020, the weighted average interest rate on borrowings against our real estate securities was 2.8%, compared to 2.9% as of March 31, 2019. As of March 31, 2020, we had outstanding borrowings secured by our real estate securities equal to 83.3% of the carrying value of our real estate securities, compared to 78.2% as of March 31, 2019.
 
Our real estate is comprised of non-interest bearing assets; however, interest incurred on mortgage financing collateralized by such real estate is included in interest expense. As of March 31, 2020, the weighted average interest rate on mortgage borrowings against our real estate was 4.9%, compared to 5.1% as of March 31, 2019. As of March 31, 2020, we had outstanding borrowings secured by our real estate equal to 77.0% of the carrying value of our real estate, compared to 73.5% as of March 31, 2019.
 
Provision for Loan Losses
 
In compliance with the new CECL reporting requirements, adopted on January 1, 2020, the Company has supplemented the existing credit monitoring and management processes with additional processes to support the calculation of the CECL reserves. Based on the Company’s process, at adoption, on January 1, 2020, the Company recorded a CECL Reserve of $11.6 million, which equated to 0.36% of $3.2 billion carrying value of its held for investment loan portfolio. This reserve excluded three loans that previously had an aggregate of $14.7 million of asset-specific reserves and a carrying value of $39.8 million as of January 1, 2020. Upon adoption, the aggregated CECL Reserve reduced total shareholder’s equity by $5.8 million (or approximately $0.05 of book value per share of common stock). As of March 31, 2020, the Company recorded additional CECL reserves of $18.6 million for a total CECL reserve of $30.2 million. This excludes four loans that previously had an aggregate of $20.7 million of asset-specific reserves and a carrying value of $56.4 million as of March 31, 2020. The change of $18.6 million in the quarter is reflected as an increase of reserve to provision expense of $18.0 million, and an increase in reserve on unfunded commitments of $0.6 million. These increases are primarily due to the update of the macro economic assumptions used in the Company’s CECL evaluation in the current quarter to reflect a recessionary macro economic scenario instead of the more stable “Baseline” scenario from the Federal Reserve that was utilized in the January 1, 2020 CECL reserve analysis. In addition to the CECL reserve, the Company determined that an asset-specific reserve of $8.0 million was required relating to two of the Company’s loans for the three months ended March 31, 2019. For additional information, refer to “Allowance for Loan Losses and Non-Accrual Status” in Note 3, Mortgage Loan Receivables to the consolidated financial statements.

We determined that a provision expense for loan losses of $0.3 million was required for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The provision consisted of a portfolio-based, general reserve of $0.3 million for the expected losses over the remaining portfolio of mortgage loan receivables held for investment, and no asset-specific reserve.

Operating Lease Income
 
The decrease of $2.6 million in operating lease income was primarily attributable to income related to a one time lease termination payment received in 2019. This decrease was partially offset by income on properties acquired in 2020 and a full period of operations on properties acquired in 2019. Tenant recoveries are included in operating lease income.

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Sales of Loans, Net
 
Income (loss) from sales of loans, net, includes all loan sales, whether by securitization, whole loan sales or other means. Income from sales of loans, net also includes realized losses on loans related to lower of cost or market adjustments. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we sold/transferred 20 loans with an aggregate outstanding principal balance of $185.3 million. In the three months ended March 31, 2019, we sold /transferred 14 loans with an aggregate outstanding principal balance of $169.7 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we recorded $7.6 million of realized losses on loans related to lower of cost or market adjustments. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 we recorded no realized losses on loans related to lower of cost or market adjustments. Income from sales of loans, net is subject to market conditions impacting timing, size and pricing and as such may vary significantly quarter to quarter. There was $6.1 million income (loss) from sale of loans, net of hedging for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $5.9 million income (loss) from sale of loans, net of hedging for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The $0.3 million increase was predominantly due to an increase in the profit margin on sales of loans, period over period.

Income (loss) from sale of loans, net, represents gross proceeds received from the sale of loans, less the book value of those loans at the time they were sold, less any costs, such as legal and closing costs, associated with the sale. Income from sales of loans, net, a non-GAAP financial measure, represents the portion of income from sales of loans, net related to the sale of loans into securitization trusts. See “—Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for our definition of income from sale of loans, net of hedging and a reconciliation to income (loss) from sale of loans, net.
 
Realized Gain (Loss) on Securities
 
We sold $107.5 million of securities for the three months ended March 31, 2020. We sold $214.7 million of securities for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The increase of $0.1 million in realized gain (loss) on securities reflects higher margin on sale of securities resulting from a decrease in interest rates in 2020 as compared to 2019.

Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Equity Securities

Unrealized gain (loss) on equity securities represented a loss of $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The Company has elected the fair market value option for accounting for these equity securities and changes in fair value are recorded in current period earnings.
 
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Agency Interest-Only Securities
 
The positive change of $0.1 million in unrealized gain (loss) on Agency interest-only securities was due to change in fair value of the securities.

Realized Gain (Loss) on Sale of Real Estate, Net
 
The increase of $10.5 million in realized gain (loss) on sale of real estate, net was primarily a result of the commercial real estate and residential condominium sales discussed below.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we sold eight diversified commercial real estate properties resulting in a net gain (loss) on sale of $10.5 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, we sold no diversified commercial real estate properties.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we sold two residential condominium units from Terrazas River Park Village in Miami, FL, resulting in a net gain on sale of $7 thousand. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, we sold six residential condominium units from Terrazas River Park Village in Miami, FL, resulting in a net gain on sale of $0.2 million.

Impairment of Real Estate

Impairment of real estate of $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 is attributable to a single-tenant two-story office building in Wayne, NJ. See Note 5, Real Estate and Related Lease Intangibles, Net for further detail. There was no impairment of real estate for the three months ended March 31, 2020.


80

Fee and Other Income

We generate fee and other income from origination fees, exit fees and other fees on the loans we originate and in which we invest, unrealized gains (losses) on our investment in mutual fund and dividend income on our investment in FHLB stock and equity securities. The $3.2 million decrease in fee and other income year-over-year was primarily due to a decrease in exit fees and an unrealized loss on our investment in the Ladder Select Bond Fund (the “Fund”), a mutual fund.

Net Result from Derivative Transactions
 
Net result from derivative transactions represented a loss of $15.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, which was comprised of an unrealized gain of $0.4 million and a realized loss of $15.8 million, compared to a loss of $11.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, which was comprised of an unrealized gain of $2.5 million and a realized loss of $13.5 million, resulting in a negative change of $4.4 million. The hedge positions were related to fixed rate conduit loans and securities investments. The derivative positions that generated these results were a combination of interest rate futures that we employed in an effort to hedge the interest rate risk on the financing of our fixed rate assets and the net interest income we earn against the impact of changes in interest rates. The loss in 2020 was primarily related to movement in interest rates during the three months ended March 31, 2020. The total net result from derivative transactions is composed of hedging interest expense, realized gains/losses related to hedge terminations and unrealized gains/losses related to changes in the fair value of asset hedges.
 
Earnings (Loss) from Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
 
Earnings (loss) from our investment in Grace Lake JV totaled $0.2 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Earnings (loss) from our investment in 24 Second Avenue totaled $0.3 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. See Note 6, Investment in and Advances to Unconsolidated Joint Ventures for further detail.

Gain (Loss) on Extinguishment/Defeasance of Debt

There was a $2.1 million gain (loss) on extinguishment/defeasance of debt totaled for the three months ended March 31, 2020. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company retired $19.2 million of principal of the 2027 Notes for a repurchase price of $17.2 million, recognizing a $1.7 million net gain on extinguishment of debt after recognizing $(0.3) million of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the retired debt, the Company retired $4.1 million of principal of the 2025 Notes for a repurchase price of $4.0 million, recognizing a $5.8 thousand net gain on extinguishment of debt after recognizing $(39.9) thousand of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the retired debt, and the Company retired $1.0 million of principal of the 2021 Notes for a repurchase price of $1.0 million, recognizing a $1.8 thousand net gain on extinguishment of debt after recognizing $(3.2) thousand of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the retired debt. There was a $(1.1) million gain (loss) on extinguishment/defeasance of debt for the three months ended March 31, 2019. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company retired $47.0 million of principal of mortgage loan financing in connection with the sale of real estate, recognizing a $4.3 million net loss on extinguishment of debt after paying $4.3 million of defeasance costs associated with the retired debt.

Salaries and Employee Benefits
 
Salaries and employee benefits totaled $17.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $23.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Salaries and employee benefits are comprised primarily of salaries, bonuses, equity based compensation and other employee benefits. The decrease of $6.6 million in compensation expense was primarily attributable to the fact that the Company recorded no compensation expense related to bonuses due to the significant market disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the substantial economic uncertainty present in the commercial real estate market and overall economy during the three months ended March 31, 2020.
 
Operating Expenses
 
Operating expenses are primarily comprised of professional fees, lease expense and technology expenses. The increase of $0.4 million was primarily related to an increase in professional fees, partially offset by a decrease in other operating expenses during the three months ended March 31, 2020.
 

81

Real Estate Operating Expenses
 
The increase of $2.5 million in real estate operating expenses primarily relates to the acquisition of real estate in 2019, partially offset by a decrease in operating expenses for condominium properties.
 
Fee Expense
 
Fee expense is comprised primarily of custodian fees, financing costs and servicing fees related to loans. The decrease of $0.3 million in fee expense was primarily attributable to an increase in legal fees in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and a decrease in loan repurchase financing underwriting costs in the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019.
 
Depreciation and Amortization
 
The $0.2 million decrease in depreciation and amortization was primarily attributable to the timing the real estate sales during each quarter.
 
Income Tax (Benefit) Expense
 
Most of our consolidated income tax provision related to the business units held in our TRSs. The increase of $1.7 million is primarily attributable to a reduction in net interest income in our TRSs as well as the decrease in income from sale of loans.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
The management of our liquidity and capital diversity and allocation strategies is critical to the success and growth of our business. We manage our sources of liquidity to complement our asset composition and to diversify our exposure across multiple capital markets and counterparties.
 
We require substantial amounts of capital to support our business. The management team, in consultation with our board of directors, establishes our overall liquidity and capital allocation strategies. A key objective of those strategies is to support the execution of our business strategy while maintaining sufficient ongoing liquidity throughout the business cycle to service our financial obligations as they become due. When making funding and capital allocation decisions, members of our senior management consider business performance; the availability of, and costs and benefits associated with, different funding sources; current and expected capital markets and general economic conditions; our asset composition and capital structure; and our targeted liquidity profile and risks relating to our funding needs.

To ensure that Ladder Capital can effectively address the funding needs of the Company on a timely basis, we maintain a diverse array of liquidity sources including (1) cash and cash equivalents; (2) cash generated from operations; (3) proceeds from the issuance of the unsecured bonds; (4) borrowings under repurchase agreements; (5) principal repayments on investments including mortgage loans and securities; (6) borrowings under our revolving credit facility; (7) proceeds from securitizations and sales of loans; (8) proceeds from the sale of securities; (9) proceeds from the sale of real estate; (10) proceeds from the issuance of CLO debt; (11) a significant and financeable unencumbered asset base; and (12) proceeds from the issuance of equity capital. We use these funding sources to meet our obligations on a timely basis.

Our primary uses of liquidity are for (1) the funding of loan and real estate-related investments; (2) the repayment of short-term and long-term borrowings and related interest; (3) the funding of our operating expenses; and (4) distributions to our equity investors to comply with the REIT distribution requirements and the terms of LCFH’s LLLP Agreement. We require short-term liquidity to fund loans that we originate and hold on our consolidated balance sheet pending sale, including through whole loan sale, participation, or securitization. We generally require longer-term funding to finance the loans and real estate-related investments that we hold for investment. We have historically used the aforementioned funding sources to meet the operating and investment needs as they have arisen and have been able to do so by applying a rigorous approach to long and short-term cash and debt forecasting.

In addition, as a REIT, we are also required to make sufficient dividend payments to our shareholders (and equivalent distributions to the Continuing LCFH Limited Partners) in amounts at least sufficient to maintain out REIT status. Under IRS guidance, we may elect to pay a portion of our dividends in stock, subject to a cash/stock election by our shareholders, to optimize our level of capital retention. Accordingly, our cash requirement to pay dividends to maintain REIT status could be substantially reduced at the discretion of the board.
 

82

Our principal debt financing sources include: (1) long-term senior unsecured notes in the form of corporate bonds, (2) borrowings on both a short- and long-term committed basis, made by Tuebor from the FHLB, (3) long term non-recourse mortgage financing, (4) committed secured funding provided by banks, and (5) uncommitted secured funding sources, including asset repurchase agreements with a number of banks.
 
In the future, we may also use other sources of financing to fund the acquisition of our assets, including credit facilities, warehouse facilities, repurchase facilities and other secured and unsecured forms of borrowing. These financings may be collateralized or non-collateralized, may involve one or more lenders and may accrue interest at either fixed or floating rates. We may also seek to raise further equity capital or issue debt securities in order to fund our future investments.

Refer to our “Financing Strategy in the Current Market Conditions” and “Financial Covenants” for further disclosure surrounding management’s actions under the current market conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Refer to “Our Financing Strategies” for further disclosure of our diverse financing sources and, for a summary of our financial obligations, refer to the Contractual Obligations table below. All of our existing financial obligations due within the following year can be extended for one or more additional years at our discretion or repaid at maturity using existing facilities or are incurred in the normal course of business (i.e., interest payments/loan funding obligations).

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
 
We held cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $622.2 million at March 31, 2020, of which $358.4 million was unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and $263.9 million was restricted cash. We held cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $355.7 million at December 31, 2019, of which $58.2 million was unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and $297.6 million was restricted cash.

Cash Flows

The following table provides a breakdown of the net change in our cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash ($ in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
$
(41,092
)
 
$
(22,034
)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
(477,465
)
 
(140,139
)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
785,032

 
188,956

Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
$
266,475

 
$
26,783


We experienced a net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $266.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to a net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $26.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we received (i) $118.6 million of proceeds from repayment of mortgage loans receivable, (ii) $189.4 million of proceeds from the sales of loans, (iii) $106.4 million of proceeds from the sales of real estate securities, (iv) $43.6 million of repayment of real estate securities and (v) $852.0 million net borrowings under debt obligations.

Unencumbered Assets

As of March 31, 2020, we held unencumbered loans of $1.9 billion, unencumbered securities of $43.5 million, unencumbered real estate of $79.6 million and $201.6 million of other assets not secured by any portion of secured indebtedness.
 
Stock Repurchases

On October 30, 2014, the board of directors authorized the Company to make up to $50.0 million in repurchases of the Company’s Class A common stock from time to time without further approval. Stock repurchases by the Company are generally made for cash in open market transactions at prevailing market prices but may also be made in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The timing and amount of purchases are determined based upon prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors. As of March 31, 2020, the Company has a remaining amount available for repurchase of $39.9 million, which represents 7.8% in the aggregate of its outstanding Class A common stock, based on the closing price of $4.74 per share on such date.


83

Dividends

To maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Code, we must annually distribute at least 90% of our taxable income. Consistent with the guidance provided in Revenue Procedure 2017-45, we have paid several of our past dividends in a combination of cash and stock and may pay future distributions in such a manner; however, the REIT distribution requirements limit our ability to retain earnings and thereby replenish or increase capital for operations. We believe that our significant capital resources and access to financing will provide us with financial flexibility at levels sufficient to meet current and anticipated capital requirements, including funding new investment opportunities, paying distributions to our shareholders and servicing our debt obligations. Refer to Item 1—“Financial Statements—Note 10, Equity Structure and Accounts” for disclosure of dividends declared.

Consistent with IRS guidance we may, subject to a cash/stock election by our shareholders, pay a portion of our dividends in stock, to provide for meaningful capital retention; however, the REIT distribution requirements limit our ability to retain earnings and thereby replenish or increase capital for operations. The timing and amount of future distributions is based on a number of factors, including, among other things, our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition and contractual restrictions. All dividend declarations are subject to the approval of our board of directors. Generally, we expect the distributions to be taxable as ordinary dividends to our shareholders, whether paid in cash or a combination of cash and common stock, and not as a tax-free return of capital. Refer to Item 1—“Financial Statements—Note 10, Equity Structure and Accounts” for tax treatment of dividends. We believe that our significant capital resources and access to financing will provide the financial flexibility at levels sufficient to meet current and anticipated capital requirements, including funding new investment opportunities, paying distributions to our shareholders and servicing our debt obligations.

Our captive insurance company subsidiary, Tuebor, is subject to state regulations which require that dividends may only be made with regulatory approval. Largely as a result of this restriction, $2.0 billion of Tuebor’s member’s capital was restricted from transfer via dividend to Tuebor’s parent without prior approval of state insurance regulators at March 31, 2020. To facilitate intercompany cash funding of operations and investments, Tuebor and its parent maintain regulator-approved intercompany borrowing/lending agreements.

The Company established a broker-dealer subsidiary, Ladder Capital Securities LLC (“LCS”), which was initially licensed and capitalized to do business in July 2010. LCS is required to be compliant with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and SEC regulations, which require that dividends may only be made with regulatory approval. Largely as a result of this restriction, $0.3 million of LCS’s member’s capital was restricted from transfer to LCS’s parent without prior approval of regulators at March 31, 2020.
 
Other Potential Sources of Financing
 
In the future, we may also use other sources of financing to fund the acquisition of our assets, including credit facilities, warehouse facilities, repurchase facilities and other secured and unsecured forms of borrowing. These financings may be collateralized or non-collateralized, may involve one or more lenders and may accrue interest at either fixed or floating rates. We may also seek to raise further equity capital or issue debt securities in order to fund our future investments.
 

84

Contractual Obligations
 
Contractual obligations as of March 31, 2020 were as follows ($ in thousands):
 
Contractual Obligations
 
Less than 1 Year
 
1-3 Years
 
3-5 Years
 
More than 5 Years
 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Secured financings
$
2,267,843

(1)
$
387,405

 
$
567,312

 
$
313,336

 
$
3,535,896

Unsecured revolving credit facility
266,430

(1)
—

 
—

 
—

 
266,430

Senior unsecured notes
—

 
765,201

 
—

 
1,126,696

 
1,891,897

Interest payable(2)
144,991

 
180,093

 
106,008

 
84,750

 
515,842

Other funding obligations(3)
303,428

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
303,428

Payments pursuant to tax receivable agreement
104

 
208

 
208

 
1,039

 
1,559

Operating lease obligations
897

 
98

 
—

 
—

 
995

Total
$
2,983,693

 
$
1,333,005

 
$
673,528

 
$
1,525,821

 
$
6,516,047

 
(1)          As more fully disclosed in Note 7, Debt Obligations, Net, these obligations are subject to existing Company controlled extension options for one or more additional one-year periods or could be refinanced by other existing facilities.
(2)          Composed of interest on secured financings and on senior unsecured notes. For borrowings with variable interest rates, we used the rates in effect as of March 31, 2020 to determine the future interest payment obligations. Represents amounts payable through contractual maturity, including short-term securities repurchase agreements.
(3)          Comprised of our off-balance sheet unfunded commitment to provide additional first mortgage loan financing as of March 31, 2020.

The table above does not include amounts due under our derivative agreements as those contracts do not have fixed and determinable payments. Our contractual obligations will be refinanced and/or repaid from earnings as well as amortization and sales of our liquid collateral.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have made investments in various unconsolidated joint ventures. See Note 6, Investment in and Advances to Unconsolidated Joint Ventures for further details of our unconsolidated investments. Our maximum exposure to loss from these investments is limited to the carrying value of our investments.

Unfunded Loan Commitments
 
We may be a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of our borrowers. As of March 31, 2020, our off-balance sheet arrangements consisted of $303.4 million of unfunded commitments of mortgage loan receivables held for investment, 48% of which additional funds relate to the occurrence of certain “good news” events, such as the owner concluding a lease agreement with a major tenant in the building or reaching some pre-determined net operating income. As of December 31, 2019, our off-balance sheet arrangements consisted of $286.5 million of unfunded commitments of mortgage loan receivables held for investment to provide additional first mortgage loan financing. Such commitments are subject to our borrowers’ satisfaction of certain financial and nonfinancial covenants and involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. Commitments are subject to our loan borrowers’ satisfaction of certain financial and nonfinancial covenants and may or may not be funded depending on a variety of circumstances including timing, credit metric hurdles, and other nonfinancial events occurring. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the progress of capital expenditures, construction, and leasing is anticipated to be slower than otherwise expected, and the pace of future funding relating to these capital needs may be commensurately slower. These commitments are not reflected on the consolidated balance sheets. 


85

Critical Accounting Policies

See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates” within the Annual Report for a full discussion of our critical accounting policies. Other than disclosed in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, our critical accounting policies have not materially changed since December 31, 2019.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements and Recent Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption

Our recently adopted accounting pronouncements and recent accounting pronouncements pending adoption are described in Item 1—“Financial Statements—Note 2.”

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
 
Core Earnings
 
We present core earnings, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, as a supplemental measure of our performance. We believe core earnings assists investors in comparing our performance across reporting periods on a more relevant and consistent basis by excluding certain non-cash expenses and unrecognized results as well as eliminating timing differences related to securitization gains and changes in the values of assets and derivatives. In addition, we use core earnings: (i) to evaluate our earnings from operations and (ii) because management believes that it may be a useful performance measure for us. Core earnings is also used as a factor in determining the annual incentive compensation of our senior managers and other employees.

We consider the Class A common shareholders of the Company and Continuing LCFH Limited Partners to have fundamentally equivalent interests in our pre-tax earnings. Accordingly, for purposes of computing core earnings we start with pre-tax earnings and adjust for other noncontrolling interest in consolidated joint ventures but we do not adjust for amounts attributable to noncontrolling interest held by Continuing LCFH Limited Partners.
 
We define core earnings as income before taxes adjusted for: (i) real estate depreciation and amortization; (ii) the impact of derivative gains and losses related to the hedging of assets on our balance sheet as of the end of the specified accounting period; (iii) unrealized gains/(losses) related to our investments in fair value securities and passive interest in unconsolidated joint ventures; (iv) economic gains on loan sales not recognized under GAAP accounting for which risk has substantially transferred during the period and the exclusion of resultant GAAP recognition of the related economics during the subsequent periods; (v) adjustment for CECL reserves; (vi) non-cash stock-based compensation; and (vii) certain transactional items.

For core earnings, we include adjustments for economic gains on loan sales not recognized under GAAP accounting for which risk has substantially transferred during the period and exclusion of resultant GAAP recognition of the related economics during the subsequent periods. This adjustment is reflected in core earnings when there is a true risk transfer on the mortgage loan transfer and settlement. Historically, this has represented the impact of economic gains/(discounts) on intercompany loans secured by our own real estate which we had not previously recognized because such gains were eliminated in consolidation. Conversely, if the economic risk was not substantially transferred, no adjustments to net income would be made relating to those transactions for core earnings purposes. Management believes recognizing these amounts for core earnings purposes in the period of transfer of economic risk is a reasonable supplemental measure of our performance.

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, we do not designate derivatives as hedges to qualify for hedge accounting and therefore any net payments under, or fluctuations in the fair value of, our derivatives are recognized currently in our income statement. However, fluctuations in the fair value of the related assets are not included in our income statement. We consider the gain or loss on our hedging positions related to assets that we still own as of the reporting date to be “open hedging positions.” While recognized for GAAP purposes, we exclude the results on the hedges from core earnings until the related asset is sold and the hedge position is considered “closed,” whereupon they would then be included in core earnings in that period. These are reflected as “Adjustments for unrecognized derivative results” for purposes of computing core earnings for the period. We believe that excluding these specifically identified gains and losses associated with the open hedging positions adjusts for timing differences between when we recognize changes in the fair values of our assets and changes in the fair value of the derivatives used to hedge such assets.
 
As more fully discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, our investments in Agency interest-only securities and equity securities are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings. We believe that excluding these specifically identified gains and losses associated with the fair value securities adjusts for timing differences between when we recognize changes in the fair values of our assets.

86

 
Set forth below is a reconciliation of income (loss) before taxes to core earnings ($ in thousands):

 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
Income (loss) before taxes
$
(18,602
)
 
$
21,676

Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in consolidated joint ventures (GAAP)(1)
(1,523
)
 
440

Our share of real estate depreciation, amortization and gain adjustments(2)(3)
1,373

 
5,667

Adjustments for unrecognized derivative results(4)
17,590

 
9,115

Unrealized (gain) loss on fair value securities
1,512

 
(2,089
)
Adjustment for economic gain on loan sales not recognized under GAAP for which risk has been substantially transferred, net of reversal/amortization
(233
)
 
(3
)
Adjustment for CECL reserves
18,581

 
—

Non-cash stock-based compensation
12,158

 
12,094

Core earnings
$
30,856

 
$
46,900

 
(1)
Includes $4 thousand and $8 thousand of net income which are included in net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in operating partnership on the consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
 

87

(2)
The following is a reconciliation of GAAP depreciation and amortization to our share of real estate depreciation, amortization and gain adjustments presented in the computation of core earnings in the preceding table ($ in thousands):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total GAAP depreciation and amortization
$
10,009

 
$
10,227

 
Less: Depreciation and amortization related to non-rental property fixed assets
(25
)
 
(25
)
 
Less: Non-controlling interest in consolidated joint ventures’ share of accumulated depreciation and amortization and unrecognized passive interest in unconsolidated joint ventures
(592
)
 
(906
)
 
Our share of real estate depreciation and amortization
9,392

 
9,296

 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized gain from accumulated depreciation and amortization on real estate sold (see below)
(9,639
)
 
(3,485
)
 
Less: Non-controlling interest in consolidated joint ventures’ share of accumulated depreciation and amortization on real estate sold
2,146

 
—

 
Our share of accumulated depreciation and amortization on real estate sold
(7,493
)
 
(3,485
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Less: Operating lease income on above/below market lease intangible amortization
(526
)
 
(144
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Our share of real estate depreciation, amortization and gain adjustments
$
1,373

 
$
5,667

 
 
 
 
 
 
GAAP gains/losses on sales of real estate include the effects of previously recognized real estate depreciation and amortization. For purposes of core earnings, our share of real estate depreciation and amortization is eliminated and, accordingly, the resultant gain/losses also must be adjusted. Following is a reconciliation of the related consolidated GAAP amounts to the amounts reflected in core earnings ($ in thousands):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
GAAP realized gain (loss) on sale of real estate, net
$
10,529

 
$
4

 
Adjusted gain/loss on sale of real estate for purposes of core earnings
(3,036
)
 
$
3,481

 
Our share of accumulated depreciation and amortization on real estate sold
$
7,493

 
$
3,485

 
 
 
 
 
(3)
As more fully discussed in Note 5, Real Estate and Related Intangibles, Net, Note 7, Debt Obligations, Net and Note 15, Fair Value of Financial Instruments to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company recognized $5.7 million of operating lease income from prepayment of a lease, a $1.1 million loss on extinguishment of debt and a $1.4 million impairment of real estate related to a single-tenant two-story office building in Wayne, NJ. This property was sold on May 1, 2019. For core earnings, the Company recognizes the net impact of these events in the period the sale was realized. Accordingly, the $3.3 million net impact of the income and losses discussed above were excluded from core earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and have been included in core earnings for the year ended December 31, 2019.
 
 
 
 
 
(4)
The following is a reconciliation of GAAP net results from derivative transactions to our unrecognized derivative result presented in the computation of core earnings in the preceding table ($ in thousands):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net results from derivative transactions
$
(15,435
)
 
$
(11,034
)
 
Hedging interest expense
532

 
(149
)
 
Hedging realized result
(2,687
)
 
2,068

 
Adjustments for unrecognized derivative results
$
(17,590
)
 
$
(9,115
)
 
 
 
 
 


88

Core earnings has limitations as an analytical tool. Some of these limitations are:
 
•
Core earnings does not reflect the impact of certain cash charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of our ongoing operations and is not necessarily indicative of cash necessary to fund cash needs; and
 
•
other companies in our industry may calculate core earnings differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.
 
Because of these limitations, core earnings should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss) attributable to shareholders or any other performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, or as an alternative to cash flows from operations as a measure of our liquidity.
 
In the future we may incur gains and losses that are the same as or similar to some of the adjustments in this presentation. Our presentation of core earnings should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items.
 
Adjusted Leverage

We present adjusted leverage, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, as a supplemental measure of our performance. We define adjusted leverage as the ratio of (i) debt obligations, net of deferred financing costs, adjusted for non-recourse indebtedness related to securitizations that is consolidated on our GAAP balance sheet and liability for transfers not considered sales to (ii) GAAP total equity. We believe adjusted leverage assists investors in comparing our leverage across reporting periods on a consistent basis by excluding non-recourse debt related to securitized loans. In addition, adjusted leverage is used to determine compliance with financial covenants. (Refer to “Financing Strategy in Current Market Conditions” and “Financial Covenants” for further discussion about our compliance with covenants.)

Set forth below is an unaudited computation of adjusted leverage ($ in thousands):
 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
Debt obligations, net
$
5,681,020

 
$
4,859,873

Less: CLO debt
—

 
—

Less: Liability for transfers not considered sales
—

 
—

Adjusted debt obligations
5,681,020

 
4,859,873

 
 
 
 
Total equity
1,500,827

 
1,638,977

 
 
 
 
Adjusted leverage
3.8

 
3.0





 


89


Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
 
For a discussion of current market conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, refer to Part I, Item 2. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and to Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors”.

Interest Rate Risk
 
The nature of the Company’s business exposes it to market risk arising from changes in interest rates. Changes, both increases and decreases, in the rates the Company is able to charge its borrowers, the yields the Company is able to achieve in its securities investments, and the Company’s cost of borrowing directly impacts its net income. The Company’s net interest income includes interest from both fixed and floating-rate debt. The percentage of the Company’s assets and liabilities bearing interest at fixed and floating rates may change over time, and asset composition may differ materially from debt composition. Another component of interest rate risk is the effect changes in interest rates will have on the market value of the assets the Company acquires. The Company faces the risk that the market value of its assets will increase or decrease at different rates than that of its liabilities, including its hedging instruments. The Company mitigates interest rate risk through utilization of hedging instruments, primarily interest rate swap and futures agreements. Interest rate swap and futures agreements are utilized to hedge against future interest rate increases on the Company’s borrowings and potential adverse changes in the value of certain assets that result from interest rate changes. The Company generally seeks to hedge assets that have a duration longer than five years, including newly originated conduit first mortgage loans, securities in the Company’s CMBS portfolio if long enough in duration, and most of its U.S. Agency Securities portfolio.

The following table summarizes the change in net income for a 12-month period commencing March 31, 2020 and the change in fair value of our investments and indebtedness assuming an increase or decrease of 100 basis points in the LIBOR interest rate on March 31, 2020, both adjusted for the effects of our interest rate hedging activities ($ in thousands):
 
 
Projected change
in net income(1)
 
Projected change
in portfolio
value
 
 
 
 
Change in interest rate:
 
 
 
Decrease by 1.00%
$
(6,635
)
 
$
15,105

Increase by 1.00%
4,690

 
(15,125
)
 
(1)
Subject to limits for floors on our floating rate investments and indebtedness.
 
Market Value Risk
 
The Company’s securities investments are reflected at their estimated fair value. The change in estimated fair value of securities available-for-sale is reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income. The change in estimated fair value of Agency interest-only securities is recorded in current period earnings. The estimated fair value of these securities fluctuates primarily due to changes in interest rates and other factors. Generally, in a rising interest rate environment, the estimated fair value of these securities would be expected to decrease; conversely, in a decreasing interest rate environment, the estimated fair value of these securities would be expected to increase. As market volatility increases or liquidity decreases, the market value of the Company’s assets may be adversely impacted. The Company’s fixed rate mortgage loan portfolio is subject to the same risks. However, to the extent those loans are classified as held for sale, they are reflected at the lower of cost or market. Otherwise, held for investment mortgage loans are reflected at values equal to the unpaid principal balances net of certain fees, costs and loan loss allowances.
 

90

Liquidity Risk
 
Market disruptions may lead to a significant decline in transaction activity in all or a significant portion of the asset classes in which the Company invests and may at the same time lead to a significant contraction in short-term and long-term debt and equity funding sources. A decline in liquidity of real estate and real estate-related investments, as well as a lack of availability of observable transaction data and inputs, may make it more difficult to sell the Company’s investments or determine their fair values. As a result, the Company may be unable to sell its investments, or only be able to sell its investments at a price that may be materially different from the fair values presented. Also, in such conditions, there is no guarantee that the Company’s borrowing arrangements or other arrangements for obtaining leverage will continue to be available or, if available, will be available on terms and conditions acceptable to the Company. In addition, a decline in market value of the Company’s assets may have particular adverse consequences in instances where it borrowed money based on the fair value of its assets. A decrease in the market value of the Company’s assets may result in the lender requiring it to post additional collateral or otherwise sell assets at a time when it may not be in the Company’s best interest to do so. The Company’s captive insurance company subsidiary, Tuebor, is subject to state regulations which require that dividends may only be made with regulatory approval. The Company’s broker-dealer subsidiary, LCS, is also required to be compliant with FINRA and SEC regulations which require that dividends may only be made with regulatory approval.
 
Credit Risk
 
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the commercial real estate markets, causing reduced occupancy, requests from tenants for rent deferral or abatement, and delays in property renovations currently planned or underway. These negative conditions may persist into the future and impair borrowers’ ability to pay principal and interest due under our loan agreements. We maintain robust asset management relationships with our borrowers and have utilized these relationships to address the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our loans secured by properties experiencing cash flow pressure, most significantly hospitality assets. Some of our borrowers have indicated that due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, they will be unable to timely execute their business plans, have had to temporarily close their businesses, or have experienced other negative business consequences and have requested temporary interest deferral or forbearance, or other modifications of their loans. Accordingly, we have discussed with our borrowers potential near-term defensive loan modifications, which could include repurposing of reserves, temporary deferrals of interest, or performance test or covenant waivers on loans collateralized by assets directly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and which would typically be coupled with an additional equity commitment and/or guaranty from sponsors.
 
Based on the limited loan modifications completed to date, we are encouraged by the tone of these conversations and our borrowers’ initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic’s impacts on their properties. We believe our loan sponsors are generally committed to supporting assets collateralizing our loans through additional equity investments. Our portfolio’s low weighted-average LTV of 69.7% as of March 31, 2020 reflects significant equity value that our sponsors are motivated to protect through periods of cyclical disruption. While we believe the principal amounts of our loans are generally adequately protected by underlying collateral value, there is a risk that we will not realize the entire principal value of certain investments.

Credit Spread Risk
 
Credit spread risk is the risk that interest rate spreads between two different financial instruments will change. In general, fixed-rate commercial mortgages and CMBS are priced based on a spread to Treasury or interest rate swaps. The Company generally benefits if credit spreads narrow during the time that it holds a portfolio of mortgage loans or CMBS investments, and the Company may experience losses if credit spreads widen during the time that it holds a portfolio of mortgage loans or CMBS investments. The Company actively monitors its exposure to changes in credit spreads and the Company may enter into credit total return swaps or take positions in other credit related derivative instruments to moderate its exposure against losses associated with a widening of credit spreads.
 
Risks Related to Real Estate
 
Real estate and real estate-related assets, including loans and commercial real estate-related securities, are subject to volatility and may be affected adversely by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, national, regional and local economic conditions (which may be adversely affected by industry slowdowns and other factors); local real estate conditions; changes or continued weakness in specific industry segments; construction quality, age and design; demographic factors; environmental conditions; competition from comparable property types or properties; changes in tenant mix or performance and retroactive changes to building or similar codes and rent regulations. In addition, decreases in property values reduce the value of the collateral and the potential proceeds available to a borrower to repay the underlying loans, which could also cause the Company to suffer losses.

91

 
Covenant Risk
 
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into loan and securities repurchase agreements and credit facilities with certain lenders to finance its real estate investment transactions. These agreements contain, among other conditions, events of default and various covenants and representations. If such events are not cured by the Company or waived by the lenders, the lenders may decide to curtail or limit extension of credit, and the Company may be forced to repay its advances or loans. In addition, the Company’s Notes are subject to covenants, including maintenance of unencumbered assets, limitations on the incurrence of additional debt, restricted payments, liens, sales of assets, affiliate transactions and other covenants typical for financings of this type. The Company’s failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default, which could result in the Company being required to repay these borrowings before their due date.

As the COVID-19 crisis evolved, management set out a plan to mitigate uncertainty in financial markets by increasing liquidity and obtaining additional non-recourse and non-mark to market financing. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash totaled $622.2 million as of March 31, 2020, including $358.4 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents to mitigate uncertainty in liquidity needs in light of current market conditions and $263.9 million of cash margin posted as collateral against securities repurchase financing obligations and for other borrowings as of March 31, 2020. Partly as a result of maintaining such cash levels, the Company was not in compliance with its 3.5x maximum leverage covenant with certain of its lenders as of March 31, 2020 but had the benefit of a contractually provided 30-day cure period during which the Company cured such non-compliance by paying down debt (as defined in the relevant borrowing agreements) with various counterparties that totaled in excess of $830.0 million as of April 28, 2020.   

We were in compliance with all remaining covenants as described in the Company’s Annual Report, as of March 31, 2020.
 
Diversification Risk
 
The assets of the Company are concentrated in the commercial real estate sector. Accordingly, the investment portfolio of the Company may be subject to more rapid change in value than would be the case if the Company were to maintain a wide diversification among investments or industry sectors. Furthermore, even within the commercial real estate sector, the investment portfolio may be relatively concentrated in terms of geography and type of real estate investment. This lack of diversification may subject the investments of the Company to more rapid change in value than would be the case if the assets of the Company were more widely diversified.
 
Concentrations of Market Risk
 
Concentrations of market risk may exist with respect to the Company’s investments. Market risk is a potential loss the Company may incur as a result of change in the fair values of its investments. The Company may also be subject to risk associated with concentrations of investments in geographic regions and industries.
 
Regulatory Risk
 
The Company established a broker-dealer subsidiary, LCS, which was initially licensed and capitalized to do business in July 2010. LCS is required to be compliant with FINRA and SEC requirements on an ongoing basis and is subject to multiple operating and reporting requirements to which all broker-dealer entities are subject. Additionally, Ladder Capital Asset Management LLC (“LCAM”) is a registered investment adviser. LCAM is required to be compliant with SEC requirements on an ongoing basis and is subject to multiple operating and reporting requirements to which all registered investment advisers are subject. In addition, Tuebor is subject to state regulation as a captive insurance company. If LCS, the Adviser or Tuebor fail to comply with regulatory requirements, they could be subject to loss of their licenses and registration and/or economic penalties.
 
Capital Market Risks

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in extreme volatility in a variety of global markets, including the real estate-related debt markets. U.S. financial markets, in particular, are experiencing limited liquidity, and forced selling by certain market participants to meet current obligations has put further downward pressure on asset prices. In reaction to these volatile and unpredictable market conditions, banks and other lenders have generally restricted lending activity and requested margin posting or repayments where applicable for secured loans collateralized by assets with depressed valuations. Ladder has satisfied all margin calls on a timely basis.



92

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as required by Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act as of March 31, 2020. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, as of March 31, 2020, to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Due to the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended March 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Part II - Other Information
 
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
 
From time to time, we may be involved in litigation and claims incidental to the conduct of our business in the ordinary course. Further, certain of our subsidiaries, including our registered broker-dealer, registered investment advisers and captive insurance company, are subject to scrutiny by government regulators, which could result in enforcement proceedings or litigation related to regulatory compliance matters. We are not presently a party to any material enforcement proceedings, litigation related to regulatory compliance matters or any other type of material litigation matters. We maintain insurance policies in amounts and with the coverage and deductibles we believe are adequate, based on the nature and risks of our business, historical experience and industry standards.
 
Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes during the three months ended March 31, 2020 to the risk factors in Item 1A. in our Annual Report, except as set forth below:

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has had, and will continue to have for the foreseeable future, an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and we are unable to predict the full extent or nature of these impacts at this time.
 
In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) was reported in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization has declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic and public health emergency of international concern. Public health officials have recommended and mandated precautions to mitigate the spread of COVID-19, including the closing of non-essential businesses, prohibitions on congregating in heavily populated areas and shelter-in-place orders or similar measures. As the COVID-19 pandemic develops, governments, businesses and other third parties will likely continue to implement restrictions or policies that adversely impact consumer spending, global capital markets, the global economy and stock prices.
 
The continued spread of COVID-19 globally has had, and is likely to continue to have for the foreseeable future, a material adverse effect on the global and U.S. economies as a whole, as well as on the states and cities where we own properties or have properties as collateral. A prolonged economic downturn could adversely and materially affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 

93

The COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting almost every industry, whether directly or indirectly. Businesses have been required by the local, state or federal authorities to cease or reduce operations, thereby preventing them from generating revenue. The extent of the effects will depend, in part, upon the duration of the economic shutdown. The effects on commercial real estate have varied by sector and market. Some properties securing our loans to borrowers or owned by us, including hotels and certain retail properties, are likely to experience material disruptions to their businesses from the end consumer and underlying property tenants. These disruptions could lead to a material decline in operating cash flows from these assets, and could impact our borrowers’ ability to pay debt service or property expenses or repay our loans to them at maturity or affect our ability to service our own borrowings secured by these loans or properties. Further, long-term structural changes may affect the value of certain businesses and properties. For example, restaurants have been required to reduce capacity and other businesses have moved to, and may continue, remote work arrangements, which may reduce the demand for certain types of office space.
 
In addition, the credit markets continue to experience significant disruptions and reduced liquidity, which may impact our ability to access capital on favorable terms, or at all. Our ability to execute on one or more of our business models, such as the origination of loans for securitization, may be adversely affected by the underlying economic and credit market disruptions. In addition, the effects of the outbreak on credit markets, tenants and borrowers have negatively affected, and may continue to negatively affect, the prices of securities that we hold, which resulted in, and may in the future result in, margin calls under our repurchase agreements. To the extent we are not able to satisfy such margin calls, it would result in a default under such repurchase agreements and could result in a default under our other debt instruments, including our senior secured credit agreement or the indentures governing our notes.

The ultimate extent of the COVID-19 outbreak and its impact on our business, global markets and overall economic activity are unknown and impossible to predict with certainty at this time.
 






94

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Stock Repurchases

On October 30, 2014, the board of directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to $50.0 million of the Company’s Class A common stock from time to time without further approval. Stock repurchases by the Company are generally made for cash in open market transactions at prevailing market prices but may also be made in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The timing and amount of purchases are determined based upon prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors.

The following table is a summary of the Company’s repurchase activity of its Class A common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2020 ($ in thousands, except per share data and average price paid per share):

ISSUER PURCHASE OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Period
 
Total Number of Shares Purchased
 
Average Price Paid per Share
 
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(1)
 
Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
January 1, 2020 - January 31, 2020
 
—

 
$
—

 
—

 
$
41,132

February 1, 2020 - February 29, 2020
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
41,132

March 1, 2020 - March 31, 2020
 
146,153

 
8.22

 
146,153

 
39,931

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total
 
146,153

 
$
8.22

 
146,153

 
$
39,931

 
(1)
In August 2015, we publicly disclosed that our board of directors had authorized the Company to repurchase up to $50.0 million of the Company’s Class A common stock from time to time.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 
Not applicable.
 
Item 5. Other Information

None.


95

Item 6. Exhibits

EXHIBIT INDEX
 
 
 
EXHIBIT
NO.
 
DESCRIPTION
4.1
 
Indenture for the 2027 Notes, dated January 30, 2020, among Ladder Capital Finance Holdings LLLP, Ladder Capital Finance Corporation, the guarantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on January 30, 2020)
4.2
 
Purchase Right, dated as of April 30, 2020, by and among Ladder Capital Corp and Beaverhead Capital, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 4, 2020)
4.3
 
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of April 30, 2020, by and among Ladder Capital Corp and Beaverhead Capital, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 4, 2020)
31.1
 
Certification of Brian Harris pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2
 
Certification of Marc Fox pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1*
 
Certification of Brian Harris pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2*
 
Certification of Marc Fox pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101
 
Interactive Data Files Pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019; (iv) the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019; (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019; and (vi) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
 
*                                        The certifications attached hereto as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 are furnished to the SEC pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, nor shall they be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.



96

SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
 
LADDER CAPITAL CORP
 
 
(Registrant)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Date: May 5, 2020
 
By:
/s/ BRIAN HARRIS
 
 
 
Brian Harris
 
 
 
Chief Executive Officer
 
 
 
Date: May 5, 2020
 
By:
/s/ MARC FOX
 
 
 
Marc Fox
 
 
 
Chief Financial Officer


97

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