Nektar Therapeutics - 10-Q quarterly report FY

 

This report includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical fact are “forward-looking statements” for purposes of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including any projections of earnings, revenue or other financial items, any statements of the plans and objectives of management for future operations, any statements concerning proposed new products or services, any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. In some cases, forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “potential” or “continue,” or the negative thereof or other comparable terminology. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements contained herein are reasonable, there can be no assurance that such expectations or any of the forward-looking statements will prove to be correct and actual results could differ materially from those projected or assumed in the forward-looking statements. Our future financial condition and results of operations, as well as any forward-looking statements, are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risk factors set forth in “Part II, Item 1A—Risk Factors” below and for the reasons described elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. All forward-looking statements and reasons why results may differ included in this report are made as of the date hereof and we do not intend to update any forward-looking statements except as required by law or applicable regulations. Except where the context otherwise requires, in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the “Company,” “Nektar,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Nektar Therapeutics, a Delaware corporation, and, where appropriate, its subsidiaries.

All Nektar brand and product names, including, but not limited to, Nektar^®, contained in this document are trademarks, registered trademarks or service marks of Nektar Therapeutics in the United States (U.S.) and certain other countries. This document also contains references to trademarks, registered trademarks and service marks of other companies that are the property of their respective owners.

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We are a biopharmaceutical company headquartered in San Carlos, California and incorporated in Delaware. Our mission is to develop breakthrough products that make a difference in patients’ lives. We create differentiated, innovative products by applying our platform technologies to established or novel medicines. Our two leading technology platforms are pulmonary technology and PEGylation technology.

We prepared the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements following the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim reporting. As permitted under those rules, certain footnotes or other financial information that are normally required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) can be condensed or omitted. In the opinion of management, these financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments that we consider necessary for the fair presentation of our financial position and operating results.

Revenues, expenses, assets, and liabilities can vary during each quarter of the year. Therefore, the results and trends in these interim financial statements may not be the same as those for the full year. The information included in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes to these financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007.

Our condensed consolidated financial statements include the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of our wholly-owned subsidiaries: Nektar Therapeutics AL, Corporation (“Nektar AL”), Nektar Therapeutics (India) Private Limited, Nektar Therapeutics UK, Ltd. (“Nektar UK”) and Aerogen, Inc. On November 30, 2007, we sold Aerogen Ireland Ltd, a subsidiary of Aerogen, Inc. (“Aerogen Ireland”), and therefore Aerogen Ireland was not included in our financial position as of December 31, 2007 or March 31, 2008 and results of operations and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2008. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are denominated in U.S. dollars. Accordingly, changes in exchange rates between the applicable foreign currency and the U.S. dollar will affect the translation of each foreign subsidiary’s financial results into U.S. dollars for purposes of reporting our consolidated financial results. Translation gains and losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive income in the Stockholders’ equity section of the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. To date, such cumulative translation adjustments have not been material to our consolidated financial position.

Certain items previously reported in specific financial statement captions have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Such reclassifications do not impact previously reported revenues, operating loss or net loss or total assets, liabilities or stockholders’ equity.

We operate in one business segment which focuses on applying our technology platforms to improve the performance of established and novel medicines. We operate in one segment because our business offerings have similar economics and other characteristics, including the nature of products and production processes, types of customers, distribution methods and regulatory environment. We are comprehensively managed as one business segment by our President and Chief Executive Officer and his management team. Within our one business segment we have two components, pulmonary technology and PEGylation technology.

Our customers are primarily pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that are located in the U.S. and EU. Our accounts receivable balance contains billed and unbilled trade receivables from product sales, royalties, and collaborative research agreements. We provide for an allowance for doubtful accounts by reserving for specifically identified doubtful accounts. We have not experienced significant credit losses from our accounts receivable or collaborative research agreements and none are expected. We perform a regular review of our customers’ payment histories and associated credit risk. We generally do not require collateral from our customers.

We are dependent on our partners, vendors and third party manufacturers to provide raw certain materials, active pharmaceutical ingredients and pulmonary delivery devices of the appropriate quality and reliability to meet applicable regulatory requirements. Consequently, in the event that supplies are delayed or interrupted for any reason, our ability to develop and meet our supply commitments could be impaired, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

We account for income taxes under the liability method in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109,Accounting for Income Taxes (“SFAS 109”), and FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes — An Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109 (“FIN 48”). Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax reporting bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings, the timing and amount of which are uncertain. At March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, we have provided a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets generated by our domestic net operating loss and we have recorded a provision for foreign income taxes payable in India at an effective rate in India of approximately 34% for the three months ended March 31, 2008.

On January 1, 2008, we adopted the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157, Fair Value Measurements(“SFAS 157”), for financial assets and financial liabilities. SFAS 157 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in GAAP, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. SFAS 157 does not require any new fair value measurements, but provides guidance on how to measure fair value by providing a fair value hierarchy used to classify the source of the information. FASB Statement of Position No. 157-2 defers adoption of SFAS 157 for non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities. Refer to Note 4 for fair value disclosures of cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments.

In February 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities—Including an Amendment of FASB Statement No. 115 (“SFAS 159”). SFAS No. 159 permits companies to choose to measure certain financial instruments and other items at fair value. This standard is currently effective, but we have not elected to utilize the fair value option for any of our financial assets or liabilities. We continue to account for our available-for-sale investments utilizing Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities, which requires us to mark our available-for-sale investments to fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded as other comprehensive income within stockholders’ equity.

On January 1, 2008, we adopted the provisions of the Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) issued EITF 07-3, Accounting for Nonrefundable Advance Payments for Goods or Services for Use in Future Research and Development Activities, which provides guidance on the accounting for certain nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities. This issue focuses on these nonrefundable costs and whether to account for them as: (a) a period expense when paid or (b) a capitalized cost until the goods have been delivered or the related services performed. The adoption of EITF 07-3 did not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.

In December 2007, the FASB ratified EITF Issue No. 07-1, Accounting for Collaborative Arrangements, which defines collaborative arrangements and establishes reporting and disclosure requirements for transactions between participants in a collaborative arrangement and between participants in the arrangements and third parties. This issue is effective retrospectively to all prior periods presented for all collaborative arrangements existing as of the effective date for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008. We do not expect EITF 07-1 will have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.

On October 18, 2007, Pfizer announced that it was exiting the Exubera business and gave notice of termination under our collaborative development and licensing agreement. On November 9, 2007, we entered into a termination agreement and mutual release with Pfizer in which we received a one-time payment of $135.0 million from Pfizer in satisfaction of all outstanding contractual obligations under our then-existing agreements relating to Exubera and our next-generation inhaled insulin product development program, also known as NGI. On April 9, 2008, we announced that we had ceased all negotiations with potential partners for Exubera and NGI as a result of new data analysis from ongoing clinical trials conducted by Pfizer.

We were a party to a manufacturing and supply agreement (the “Exubera Inhaler MSA”) with Tech Group North America, Inc. (“Tech Group”) and Bespak Europe Ltd. (“Bespak”) related to the manufacture and supply of Exubera inhalers. As a result of the November 2007 Pfizer termination described above, we concluded no further orders for supply of Exubera inhalers were required from Tech Group and Bespak in the foreseeable future. In December 2007, we began discussions with Tech Group and Bespak to terminate the Exubera Inhaler MSA. As of December 31, 2007, we recorded $40.4 million of accrued expenses to Bespak and Tech Group for outstanding accounts payable and termination costs and expenses that were due and payable under the termination provisions of the Exubera Inhaler MSA. We paid Bespak $21.8 million and Tech Group $10.6 million related to these liabilities during the first quarter of 2008. We had a remaining termination liability of $7.5 million payable to Tech Group as of March 31, 2008, which was paid on April 23, 2008.

In connection with the termination of the Exubera Inhaler MSA, we entered into a 2008 continuation agreement with Tech Group, pursuant to which Tech Group agreed to preserve key personnel and manufacturing facilities to support potential future Exubera inhaler manufacturing from January through April 2008. We also entered into a letter agreement with Pfizer to retain a limited number of Exubera manufacturing personnel at Pfizer’s Terre Haute, Indiana manufacturing facility during March and April 2008. Following the termination of our inhaled insulin programs on April 9, 2008, we have terminated these continuation agreements with Tech Group and Pfizer. For the three months ended March 31, 2008, we incurred $3.4 million in expense related to these continuation agreements. We will record an expense of $1.6 million in April 2008 for the final monthly maintenance provided under these continuation agreements.

Cost of idle Exubera manufacturing capacity primarily includes costs payable to Tech Group and Pfizer under our manufacturing continuation agreements discussed above and severance and outplacement costs for our Exubera and NGI employees terminated as part of the February 2008 workforce reduction plan. Cost of idle Exubera manufacturing capacity also includes an allocation of manufacturing costs shared between commercial operations and research and development including employee compensation and benefits, rent, and utilities. Following the termination of our Exubera and NGI partnering efforts on April 9, 2008, we have taken all necessary steps to cease spending associated with maintaining Exubera manufacturing capacity and any further NGI development.

Cash, cash equivalents, and available-for-sale investments are as follows (in thousands):

Our portfolio of cash, cash equivalents, and available-for-sale investments includes (in thousands):

Gross unrealized gains on the portfolio were $1.0 million and $0.5 million as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, respectively. Gross unrealized losses on the portfolio were $0.1 million as of March 31, 2008 and as of December 31, 2007. The gross unrealized losses were primarily due to changes in interest rates on fixed income securities. We have a history of holding our investments to maturity and we have the ability and intent to hold our debt securities to maturity when they will be redeemed at full par value. Accordingly, we consider these unrealized losses to be temporary and have not recorded a provision for impairment.

The following table represents the fair value hierarchy for our financial assets (cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments) measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2008 (in thousands):

Inventory consists of the following (in thousands):

Inventory consists of raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods for our commercial PEGylation business. Reserves are determined using specific identification plus an estimated reserve for potential defective or excess inventory based on historical experience or projected usage. Inventories are reflected net of reserves of $5.4 million and $5.8 million as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, respectively.

From time to time, we may be involved in lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, consisting of intellectual property, commercial, employment and other matters, which arise in the ordinary course of business. In accordance with the SFAS No. 5, Accounting for Contingencies, we make a provision for a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. These provisions are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, ruling, advice of legal counsel, and other information and events pertaining to a particular case. Litigation is inherently unpredictable. If any unfavorable ruling were to occur in any specific period, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the results of operations of that period or on our cash flows and liquidity.

As part of our collaboration agreements with our partners for the development, manufacture and supply of products based on our pulmonary technology, we generally agree to defend, indemnify and hold harmless our partners from and against third party liabilities arising out of the agreements, including product liability and infringement of intellectual property. The term of these indemnification obligations is generally perpetual any time after execution of the agreement. There is no limitation on the potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification obligations.

To date we have not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification obligations. If any of our indemnification obligations is triggered, we may incur substantial liabilities. Because the obligated amount under these agreements is not explicitly stated, the overall maximum amount of the obligations cannot be reasonably estimated. No liabilities have been recorded for these obligations on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2008 or December 31, 2007.

As part of our license, manufacturing and supply agreements with our partners for the development or manufacture and supply of PEG reagents or intellectual property licenses based on our PEGylation technology, we generally agree to defend, indemnify and hold harmless our partners from and against third party liabilities arising out of the agreements, including product liability and infringement of intellectual property. The term of these indemnification obligations is generally perpetual any time after execution of the agreements. There is no limitation on the potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification obligations. We have never incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification obligations. If any of our indemnification obligations is triggered, we may incur substantial liabilities. Because the obligated amount in these agreements is not explicitly stated, the overall maximum amount of the obligations cannot be reasonably estimated. Historically, we have not been obligated to make significant payments for these obligations, and no liabilities have been recorded for these obligations in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2008 or December 31, 2007.

In an effort to reduce ongoing operating costs and improve our organizational structure, efficiency and productivity, we executed a workforce reduction plan in May 2007 (the “2007 Plan”). In February 2008, we executed another workforce reduction plan (the “2008 Plan”) designed to streamline the company, consolidate corporate functions, and strengthen decision-making and execution within our business units.

The 2007 Plan reduced our workforce by approximately 180 full-time employees, or approximately 25 percent of our regular full-time employees, and was substantially complete as of December 31, 2007. During the three months ended March 31, 2008, we made payments for severance and medical insurance related to the 2007 Plan.

The 2008 Plan was finalized by executive management on February 8, 2008. The 2008 Plan reduced our workforce by approximately 110 employees, or approximately 20 percent of our regular full-time employees. We notified the employees affected by the 2008 Plan on February 11, 2008. We estimate the 2008 Plan will cost approximately $5.7 million, comprised of cash payments for severance, medical insurance, and outplacement services. We expect execution of the 2008 Plan will be complete by December 31, 2008. We have recognized $5.3 million of workforce reduction charges related to the 2008 Plan during the three months ended March 31, 2008 and we expect to record an additional $0.4 million during the remainder of 2008 for employees with termination dates longer than two months from the date of notification.

Since May 2007, we have incurred $13.7 million related to our two workforce reduction plans, $8.4 million related to the 2007 plan and $5.3 million related to the 2008 plan. For the three months ended March 31, 2008, workforce reduction charges were recorded in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as follows (in thousands):

The following table summarizes the liabilities associated with the 2007 Plan and 2008 Plan included in accrued compensation in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2008 and the activity during the three-month period ended March 31, 2008 (in thousands):

Total stock-based compensation costs were recorded in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as follows (in thousands):

During the three months ended March 31, 2008, we granted 4,300,000 stock options, which resulted in an increase in unrecognized compensation expense of $6.5 million. Aggregate total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense is expected to be recognized as follows (in thousands):

The following table lists the Black-Scholes assumptions used to calculate the fair value of employee stock option grants and ESPP purchases during the period. For the weighted average expected life, we applied the guidance in Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107 that permits the initial application of a “simplified” method based on the average of the vesting term and the term of the option. We based our estimate of expected volatility for options granted on the daily historical trading data of our common stock over the period equivalent to the expected term of the respective stock-based grant.

The table below presents a summary of stock option activity under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, the Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan and the 2000 Non-Officer Equity Incentive Plan (the Option Plans) (in thousands, except for per share information):

The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted during the three-months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007 was $3.07 per share and $7.04 per share, respectively. Of the 15,133,000 options outstanding as of March 31, 2008, approximately 4,661,828, or 31%, had exercise prices below market value.

Basic net loss per share is calculated based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the periods presented. For all periods presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, the net loss available to common stockholders is equal to the reported net loss. Basic and diluted net loss per share are the same due to our historical net losses and the requirement to exclude potentially dilutive securities which would have an anti-dilutive effect on net loss per share. The weighted average of these potentially dilutive securities has been excluded from the diluted net loss per share calculation and is as follows (in thousands):

Comprehensive loss is comprised of net loss and other comprehensive income and includes the following components (in thousands):

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income are as follows (in thousands):

We are a biopharmaceutical company that develops and enables differentiated therapeutics with our leading PEGylation and pulmonary drug development technology platforms. Our mission is to create differentiated, innovative products by applying our platform technologies to established or novel medicines. By doing so, we aim to raise the standards of current patient care by improving one or more performance parameters, including efficacy, safety or ease of use. Not including Exubera, ten products using these technology platforms have received regulatory approval in the U.S. or Europe. Our two technology platforms are the basis of nearly all of our partnered and proprietary products and product candidates.

We create or enable potential breakthrough products in two ways. First, we develop products in collaboration with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that seek to improve and differentiate their products. All of the approved products today that use our technology platforms are a result of collaborations with partners. Second, we develop our own product candidates by applying our technologies to already approved drugs to create and develop our own differentiated, proprietary product candidates that are designed to target serious diseases in novel ways. We currently have two proprietary product candidates in mid-stage clinical development and a number of other candidates in preclinical development.

Our two leading technology platforms enable improved performance of a variety of new and existing molecules. Our PEGylation technology is a chemical process designed to enhance the performance of most drug classes with the potential to improve solubility and stability, increase drug half-life, reduce immune responses to an active drug and improve the efficacy or safety of a molecule in certain instances. Our pulmonary technology makes drugs inhaleable to deliver them to and through the lungs for local lung applications.

There are two key elements to our business strategy. First, we are developing a portfolio of proprietary product candidates by applying our PEGylation and pulmonary technology platforms and know-how to improving already approved drugs. Our strategy is to identify molecules that would benefit from the application of our technologies and potentially improve one or more performance parameters, including efficacy, safety and ease of use. Our objective is to create value by advancing these product candidates into clinical development and then deciding on a product-by-product basis whether we wish to continue development and commercialize on our own or seek a partner, or pursue a combination of these approaches. Our most advanced proprietary product candidates are NKTR-102 (PEG-irinotecan) for the treatment of solid tumors, including colorectal cancer, and NKTR-118 (oral PEG-naloxol) for the treatment of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction, both of which entered Phase 2 clinical development in late 2007.

Second, we have collaborations or licensing arrangements with a number of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Our partnering strategy enables us to work towards developing a larger and more diversified pipeline of drug products and product candidates using our technologies. As we have shifted our focus away from being a drug delivery service provider and have advanced research and development of our proprietary product pipeline, we expect to engage in selected high value partnerships in order to optimize revenue potential, probability of success and overall return on investment. Our partnering options range from a comprehensive license to a co-promotion and co-development arrangement with the structure of the partnership depending on factors such as the cost and complexity of development, commercialization needs and therapeutic area focus.

Historically, we have depended on revenue from Pfizer Inc. related to Exubera contract research and manufacturing. Our revenue from Pfizer, including Exubera contract research and manufacturing revenue, was approximately $189.1 million and $139.9 million, representing 69% and 64% of revenue, for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, and nil and $64.3 million, representing 0% and 76% of total revenue, for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.

On October 18, 2007, Pfizer announced that it was exiting the Exubera business and gave notice of termination under our collaborative development and licensing agreement. On November 9, 2007, we entered into a termination agreement and mutual release with Pfizer. Under the termination agreement and mutual release, we received a one-time payment of $135.0 million in November 2007 from Pfizer in satisfaction of all outstanding contractual obligations under our then-existing agreements relating to Exubera and our next-generation inhaled insulin product development program, also known as NGI. All agreements between Pfizer and us related to Exubera and NGI, other than the termination agreement and mutual release, terminated on November 9, 2007.

Pursuant to our termination agreement and mutual release with Pfizer, Pfizer agreed to provide certain cooperation to assist us in securing a new marketing and development partner for Exubera and NGI. On April 9, 2008, we announced that we had ceased all negotiations with potential partners for Exubera and NGI as a result of new data analysis from ongoing clinical trials conducted by Pfizer which indicated an increase in the number of new cases of lung cancer in Exubera patients who were former smokers as compared to patients in the control group who were former smokers. We have taken all necessary steps to cease spending associated with maintaining Exubera manufacturing capacity and any further NGI development, including, but not limited to, terminating, in April 2008, a maintenance letter agreement with Pfizer, pursuant to which Pfizer had agreed to maintain a group of key Pfizer manufacturing personnel in Pfizer’s Exubera manufacturing facility in Terre Haute, Indiana, and a termination and 2008 continuation agreement with Tech Group North America, Inc. (“Tech Group”), pursuant to which Tech Group had agreed to preserve key personnel and manufacturing facilities to support potential future Exubera inhaler manufacturing. We incurred $3.4 million in expense for these Pfizer and Tech Group agreements for the three months ended March 31, 2008. We will record an expense of $1.6 million in April 2008 for the final monthly maintenance provided under these agreements.

In an effort to reduce ongoing operating costs and improve our organizational structure, efficiency and productivity, we executed a workforce reduction plan in May 2007. In February 2008, we executed another workforce reduction plan designed to streamline the company, consolidate corporate functions and strengthen decision-making and execution within our business units. The February 2008 plan reduced our workforce by approximately 110 employees, or approximately 20 percent of our regular full-time employees. Please refer to the discussion in “Workforce Reduction Plans” under Note 7 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information regarding these plans.

For the three months ended March 31, 2008, net cash used for our operating activities was $65.0 million. For the three months ended March 31, 2008, we made the following payments, among others: (i) $32.4 million to Bespak Europe Ltd. (“Bespak”) and Tech Group as payment for termination amounts due under our Exubera inhaler manufacturing and supply agreement with those companies, all of which was recorded as an expense in 2007, (ii) $2.6 million to Tech Group to maintain Exubera inhaler manufacturing capacity through April 2008 and (iii) $3.9 million for severance, employee benefits and outplacement services in connection with our workforce reduction plans. In April 2008, we paid $7.5 million to Tech Group as the final payment due under our termination and 2008 continuation agreement, all of which was previously recorded as an expense in 2007, and a total of $2.4 million to Pfizer and Tech Group as the final payments under the Pfizer maintenance letter agreement and the Tech Group continuation agreement. We do not utilize cash in operations ratably throughout the year and we expect our cash used in operations to be significantly lower on a quarterly basis in the remaining three quarters of 2008.

The investment required to advance our proprietary product development programs, our ability to manage ongoing expense and the cash generated by new partnerships, if any, will be the key drivers of our results of operations and financial position in 2008. To fund our research and development activities, we have raised significant amounts of capital through the sale of our equity and convertible debt securities. As of March 31, 2008, we had approximately $345.3 million in indebtedness. Our ability to meet the repayment obligations of this debt is dependent upon our and our partners’ ability to develop, obtain regulatory approvals for and successfully commercialize products. Even if we are successful in this regard, we may require additional capital to repay our debt obligations as they become due.

As discussed above, on April 9, 2008, we announced that we had ceased all negotiations with potential partners for Exubera and NGI.

Our product pipeline includes both partnered products and development programs and proprietary product development programs. We have ongoing collaborations or licensing arrangements with numerous biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies to provide our pulmonary and PEGylation technologies. Not including Exubera and NGI products, our technologies are currently being used in ten products approved in the U.S. or Europe, in three partnered programs that have been filed for with the FDA and twelve development programs in human clinical trials.

The length of time that a development program is in a given phase varies substantially according to factors such as the type and intended use of the potential product, the clinical trial design and the ability to enroll suitable patients, changing standards of care, all of which are affected by medical and scientific developments and other variables not controlled by us or our partners. Generally, for our partnered programs, advancement from one phase to the next and the related costs are dependent upon factors primarily controlled by our partners.

In connection with our research and development for partnered products and development programs, we earned $9.6 million and $12.0 million in contract research revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. The estimated completion dates and costs for our programs are not reasonably certain. See “Part II, Item 1A—Risk Factors” for discussion of the risks associated with our partnered and proprietary research and development programs and the timing and risks associated with clinical development.

The decrease in total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2008, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2007, was primarily due to the termination of our collaborative development and license agreement, and related agreements, with Pfizer related to Exubera and NGI. We had no revenue from Pfizer related to Exubera or NGI for the three months ended March 31, 2008 compared to $64.3 million, or 76% of our total revenue, for the three months ended March 31, 2007.

For the three months ended March 31, 2007, Exubera product sales and commercialization readiness revenue from Pfizer accounted for $61.4 million of our total revenue. We had no revenue from Pfizer related to Exubera for the three months ended March 31, 2008. Non-Exubera product sales and royalties decreased by approximately $1.2 million, or 10%, for the three months ended March 31, 2008, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2007. The decrease in non-Exubera product sales and royalties is primarily attributable to the November 30, 2007 sale of Aerogen Ireland Ltd., one of our former subsidiaries that manufactured and supplied general purpose nebulizer devices, and which accounted for $1.2 million in revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2007. PEGylation product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2008 was consistent with the three months ended March 31, 2007, comprised of a decrease in product sales to UCB of $2.7 million offset by increased product sales to Hoffman and others of $2.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively. We had no revenue from pulmonary product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2008.

Contract research revenue includes reimbursed research and development expense as well as the amortization of deferred up-front signing fees and milestone payments received from our collaboration partners. Contract research revenue is expected to fluctuate from year to year and therefore it is difficult to estimate future contract research revenue for any given period. The level of contract research revenue depends in part upon the continuation of existing collaborations, signing of new collaborations and achievement of milestones under current and future agreements.

For the three months ended March 31, 2007, contract research revenue from Pfizer related to Exubera accounted for $2.8 million of our total revenue. We had no contract research revenue from Pfizer related to Exubera or NGI for the three months ended March 31, 2008. Non-Pfizer contract research revenue increased by approximately $0.5 million, or 5%, for the three months ended March 31, 2008, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2007. This increase is primarily attributable to increased revenue from Bayer AG under our collaboration agreements for ciprofloxacin inhalation powder (CIP) and inhaled amikacin (NKTR-061), partially offset by decreases in contract research revenue from Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Zelos Therapeutics Inc. following notice of termination of those collaboration agreements. The timing and future success of our product development programs are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. See “Part II, Item 1A—Risk Factors” for discussion of the risks associated with our partnered research and development programs.

The decrease in product gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2008, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2007, was primarily due to the termination of our agreements with Pfizer related to Exubera and a decrease in PEGylation product manufacturing volumes. For the three months ended March 31, 2007, Exubera cost of goods sold totaled $49.2 million and Exubera gross margin totaled $12.3 million, or 20%. The increase in product gross margin percentage is attributable to the change in product mix. Product sales and royalties for the three months ended March 31, 2007 was comprised of 84% Exubera product sales, 15% PEGylation product sales, and 1% royalties compared to 87% PEGylation product sales, 13% royalties, and no Exubera product sales in the three months ended March 31, 2008.

Since May 2007, we have incurred $13.7 million related to our two workforce reduction plans, $8.4 million related to the May 2007 plan and $5.3 million related to the February 2008 plan. We estimate that the total cost of the February 2008 workforce reduction will be approximately $5.7 million, comprised of cash payments for severance, medical insurance and outplacement services. During the remainder of 2008, we expect to record an additional $0.4 million related to the February 2008 plan for employees with termination dates longer than two months from the date of notification.

Cost of idle Exubera manufacturing capacity includes amounts payable to Pfizer and Tech Group under our interim manufacturing capacity maintenance agreements, and severance, employee benefits and outplacement costs for our Exubera commercial manufacturing employees terminated as part of the February 2008 workforce reduction. Cost of idle Exubera manufacturing capacity also includes an allocation of manufacturing costs shared between commercial operations and research and development. Shared costs include employee compensation and benefits, rent, and utilities.

Since our April 9, 2008 announcement that all negotiations with potential partners for Exubera and NGI had terminated, we terminated employees dedicated exclusively to Exubera and NGI and terminated our interim Exubera manufacturing capacity maintenance agreements. In April 2008, we will record expense of $1.6 million for the final month of maintenance provided under these agreements.

In connection with our February 2008 workforce reduction plan, we recorded $3.3 million of severance, employee benefits, and outplacement expenses within research and development expense for the three months ended March 31, 2008. Additionally, we recognized a decrease in stock-based compensation expense within research and development expense of $3.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2007. The decrease in stock-based compensation expense resulted from fewer average options outstanding and lower fair market value of options granted in the three months ended March 31, 2008 compared to 2007 and an increase in the estimated annual forfeiture rates due to higher than anticipated turnover and related stock award cancellations.

While there was not a significant change in total research and development expense in the three months ended March 31, 2008 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2007, there was a change in the mix of research and development spending by program. Pulmonary research and development expense decreased as a result of the termination of our inhaled insulin development programs and the curtailment of our ABIP program. These decreases are offset by increased spending on our PEGylation programs. We began Phase 2 clinical trials for NKTR-102 and NKTR-118 in December 2007, resulting in increased PEGylation research and development expense in the three months ended March 31, 2008 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2007.

We expect research and development expense to remain at a consistent level in the remaining three quarters of 2008.

General and administrative expense is associated with administrative staffing, business development and marketing. The decrease in general and administrative expense for the three months ended March 31, 2008, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2007, was primarily attributable to personnel reductions, resulting in decreased salaries and employee benefits of $3.2 million, stock-based compensation of $1.6 million, and a $2.0 million decrease in legal and other professional services. These decreases were partially offset by increased severance, outplacement and employee benefit costs for employees affected by the February 2008 workforce reduction and increased marketing costs for NKTR-061.

The decrease in interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2008, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2007, was primarily due to lower interest rates on our cash, cash equivalents, and available-for-sale investments. The decrease in interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2008, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2007, was primarily attributable to a lower average balance of convertible subordinated notes outstanding in the three months ended March 31, 2008. We repaid $36.0 million of our 5% subordinated convertible notes in February 2007 and $66.6 million of our 3.5% subordinated convertible notes in October 2007. In the three months ended March 31, 2008, we had $315.0 million of 3.25% subordinated convertible notes due September 2012 outstanding.

We have financed our operations primarily through revenue from partner licensing and collaboration arrangements, public and private placements of debt and equity securities and financing of equipment acquisitions and certain tenant leasehold improvements.

We had cash, cash equivalents and investments in marketable securities of $412.6 million and indebtedness of $345.3 million, including $315.0 million of 3.25% convertible subordinated notes, $23.6 million in capital lease obligations and $6.8 million in other liabilities as of March 31, 2008.

Due to the recent adverse developments in the credit markets, we may experience reduced liquidity with respect to some of our short-term investments. These investments are generally held to maturity, which is less than one year. However, if the need arose to liquidate such securities before maturity, we may experience losses on liquidation. To date we have not experienced any liquidity issues with respect to these securities, but should such issues arise, we may be required to hold some, or all, of these securities until maturity. We have the intent and ability to hold our securities to maturity when they will be redeemed at par value. We believe that, even allowing for potential liquidity issues with respect to these securities, our remaining cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next twelve months.

Net cash used for our operating activities totaled $65.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2008. We do not utilize cash in operations ratably throughout the year and we expect our cash used in operations to be significantly lower on a quarterly basis in the remainder of 2008 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2008.

For the three months ended March 31, 2008, cash used in operations includes payments to Bespak and Tech Group of $32.4 million for amounts due under our termination agreements with those companies, all of which was recorded as an expense in 2007, $2.6 million to maintain Exubera inhaler manufacturing capacity at Tech Group’s facility, and $3.9 million for severance, employee benefits, and outplacement services in connection with our workforce reduction plans.

For the three-months ended March 31, 2007, net cash used in operating activities was $29.0 million. The increase in cash used in operating activities is primarily the result of the payments made in the three months ended March 31, 2008 discussed above, the loss of Exubera product sales, and increased investment in clinical development programs. Partially offsetting these increases are operating efficiencies achieved as a result of our workforce reduction plans.

We purchased $5.3 million and $5.6 million of property and equipment in the three-months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.

We repaid nil and $36.0 million of our convertible subordinated notes in the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.

For the three-months ended March 31, 2008, other than the contract termination payments to Bespak and Tech Group of $24.6 million, there has not been a material change to the summary of contractual obligations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007.

We do not utilize off-balance sheet financing arrangements as a source of liquidity or financing.

We use the Black-Scholes option valuation model adjusted for the estimated historical forfeiture rate for the respective grant to determine the estimated fair value of our stock-based compensation arrangements on the date of the grant (“grant date fair value”) and expense this value ratably over the service period of the option or performance period of the Restricted Stock Unit award (“RSU award”). The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions. Because our employee stock options have characteristics significantly different than traded options, and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in management’s opinion, the existing models may not provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of our employee stock options or common stock purchased under our employee stock purchase plan. Management continually assesses the assumptions and methodologies used to calculate the estimated fair value of stock-based compensation.

We utilized an estimated annual forfeiture rate of 4.7% for executives and 7.4% for all other employees in our calculation of stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2007. We have had a significant increase in our employee turnover incremental to our two workforce reductions in May 2007 and February 2008. As a result, we performed a qualitative and quantitative analysis of our historical forfeitures and changed our estimated annual forfeiture rates to 11% for stock option grants and 25% for RSU grants for all executives and employees.

Circumstances may change and additional data may become available over time, which could result in changes to the stock-based compensation assumptions and methodologies, and which could materially impact our fair value determination in the future.

For additional information on our critical accounting policies and recent accounting pronouncements, please refer to the discussion in “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” under Note 1 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007 on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Our market risks at March 31, 2008 have not changed significantly from those discussed in Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007 on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Securities Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required financial disclosure.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15. Based upon, and as of the date of, this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

We continuously seek to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of our internal controls. This results in refinements to processes throughout the company. However, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred in the three months ended March 31, 2008 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple errors or mistakes. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the control. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

In the three months ended March 31, 2008, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors approved no non-audit related services to be provided by Ernst & Young LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm.

Reference is hereby made to our disclosures in “Legal Matters” under Note 6 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the information under the heading “Legal Matters” is incorporated by reference herein.

From our inception through the end of our 2007 fiscal year, we depended on Pfizer for revenue related to Exubera contract research and manufacturing. Our total revenue from Pfizer was $189.1 million and $139.9 million, representing 69% and 64% of total revenue, for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, and nil and $64.3 million, representing 0% and 76% of total revenue, for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. On November 9, 2007, we entered into a termination agreement and mutual release with Pfizer, pursuant to which Pfizer made a one-time payment of $135.0 million to us in satisfaction of all outstanding contractual obligations under our then-existing agreements with Pfizer related to Exubera and the next-generation inhaled insulin development program, also known as NGI. All of our agreements with Pfizer, other than the termination agreement and mutual release, terminated as of November 9, 2007, including our collaborative development and licensing agreement with Pfizer.

Pursuant to our termination agreement and mutual release with Pfizer, Pfizer agreed to provide certain cooperation to assist us in securing a new marketing and development partner for Exubera and NGI. However, on April 9, 2008, we announced that we would cease all efforts to find a new marketing and development partner for Exubera and NGI in response to a new data analysis performed by Pfizer from ongoing clinical trials indicating an increase in the number of new cases of lung cancer in Exubera patients who were former smokers as compared to the control group. Prior to the termination of our partnership with Pfizer, Pfizer had sole responsibility for all regulatory matters, distribution, sales and marketing of Exubera and was also responsible for manufacturing and delivering bulk insulin for powder processing, filling the insulin powder into blister packs for the Exubera inhaler and providing the packaging for the final Exubera product. Thus, we could not have derived any future revenue from Exubera or NGI without securing a new marketing and development partner to assist in the manufacture of the products and provide sales, marketing and distribution services. However, as a result of the termination of our partnership with Pfizer and the discontinuance of our efforts to find a new partner for Exubera and NGI, we expect to derive no revenue from Pfizer in 2008 and no future revenue from Exubera or NGI.

We have a number of partnered product candidates and proprietary product candidates in research and development, including preclinical testing and clinical trials. Preclinical testing and clinical trials are long, expensive and uncertain processes. It may take us, or our collaborative partners, several years to complete clinical trials. We have limited experience in clinical development. Failure can occur at any stage and at any time, regardless of how successful the results from preclinical and prior clinical testing may have been. Typically, there is a high rate of attrition for product candidates in preclinical and clinical trials due to safety, efficacy or other factors. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not necessarily predict success in later clinical trials. A number of other companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in later stage clinical trials (i.e., Phase 2 or Phase 3 trials) due to factors such as inconclusive results and adverse medical events, even after achieving positive results in earlier trials that were satisfactory both to them and to reviewing regulatory agencies. If our partnered product candidates or proprietary product candidates fail during any clinical trial stage, it could have a significant and adverse impact on our business prospects. The timing of the completion of clinical trials and the availability of data from those trials can be very difficult to estimate due to many factors, including but not limited to, clinical trial design, the rate of qualified patient enrollment, changing standards of care (alternative treatments, patient screening testing), the time it takes to reach clinical trial end points, and certain other medical and scientific developments that are not controlled by us or our partners. Therefore, the completion of clinical trials and the availability of data from those trials can take much longer than we plan.

Our efforts to apply our pulmonary technology and PEGylation technology to our proprietary product development programs may fail. None of our proprietary product candidates have received regulatory approval and our development efforts may not result in a commercialized product. Drug development is an uncertain process that involves trial and error, and we may fail at numerous stages along the way or choose to discontinue. Development of our proprietary product candidates will require extensive time, effort and cost in preclinical testing and clinical trials and will involve a lengthy regulatory review process before they can be marketed. In particular, successful pre-clinical and Phase 1 clinical study results do not necessarily predict success in later stage clinical trials. It can also be very difficult to estimate the commercial potential of early stage product candidates due to factors such as safety and efficacy when compared to other available treatments, including potential generic drug alternatives with similar efficacy profiles, changing standards of care, patient and physician preferences and the availability of competitive alternatives that may emerge either during the long drug development process or after commercial introduction. Although NKTR-102 (PEG-irinotecan) and NKTR-118 (oral PEG-naloxol) entered Phase 2 clinical development in late 2007, because of the substantial risks and uncertainties of clinical programs at this early stage of development, there is no assurance that either product will be approved for marketing or, if approved, will be accepted and used by patients and physicians.

Our strategy is to fund our proprietary product development programs, including some or all of the clinical trials, prior to partnering with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. While we believe this strategy may result in improved economics for our proprietary product candidates, it will require significant investment by us without reimbursement. For example, we may expand the number of clinical trials for one or more of our proprietary product candidates to additional therapeutic indications to increase the likelihood of success but such strategy can be very expensive and may not result in a successful trial in any of the therapeutic indications due to one or more factors. As a result, we bear an increased economic risk in the event one or more of our proprietary product candidates does not receive regulatory approval or is not successfully commercialized. Even if the development of a proprietary product is ultimately successful, our increased investment could adversely impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition prior to commercialization since we will have fewer funds available to invest in other products and efforts.

We intend to continue to seek partnerships with pharmaceutical and biotechnology partners to fund some of our research and development expense and develop and commercialize product candidates. For instance, we secured partnerships in 2007 based on our pulmonary and PEGylation technology, namely with the execution of a co-development, license and co-promotion agreement with Bayer for NKTR-061 and an exclusive research, development, license and manufacturing and supply agreement with Baxter for Hemophilia B, respectively. The timing of any future partnership, as well as the terms and conditions of the partnership, will affect our results of operation and financial condition. If we are unable to find suitable partners or to negotiate acceptable collaborative arrangements with respect to our existing and future product candidates or the licensing of our technology, or if any arrangements we negotiate, or have negotiated, include unfavorable commercial terms, our business, results of operations and financial condition could suffer.

The manufacture, clinical testing, marketing and sale of medical and pharmaceutical products involve inherent product liability risks. Although Pfizer owns the new drug application with the FDA for Exubera and had sole responsibility for preparing prescribing information for physicians and the Exubera patient medication guide, as well as for the sales and marketing of Exubera, there remains a risk of product liability claims being brought against us. Whether or not we are ultimately successful in any product liability litigation, such litigation would consume substantial amounts of our financial and managerial resources and might result in adverse publicity, potential decrease in demand for products based on our technology platforms, injury to our reputation, withdrawal of clinical trial volunteers and loss of revenue, all of which would impair our business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, product liability claims could result in substantial judgments or settlements. Our insurance coverage may not cover or be adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise, and we may not be able to maintain our clinical trial insurance or product liability insurance at an acceptable cost, if at all. If our product liability costs exceed our product liability insurance coverage, we may incur substantial liabilities that could have a severe negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. For instance, such uninsured liabilities could deplete financial resources that would otherwise be used to complete the development or commercialization of our product candidates.

In the three months ended March 31, 2008, we reported net losses of $40.7 million. If and when we achieve profitability depends upon a number of factors, including the timing and recognition of milestone payments and license fees received, the timing of revenue under collaboration agreements, the amount of investments we make in our proprietary product candidates, the regulatory approval and market success of our product candidates and the success of our strategy to fund our proprietary product development programs prior to partnering with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. We may not be able to achieve and sustain profitability.

Other factors that will affect whether we achieve and sustain profitability include our ability, alone or together with our partners, to:

As of March 31, 2008, we had cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and investments in marketable securities valued at approximately $412.6 million and approximately $345.3 million of indebtedness, including approximately $315.0 million in convertible subordinated notes, $23.6 million in capital lease obligations and $6.8 million of other liabilities. We expect to use a substantial portion of our cash to fund our ongoing operations over the next few years. In 2012, $315.0 million of our 3.25% convertible subordinated notes will mature.

Our substantial indebtedness has and will continue to impact us by:

Currently, we are not generating positive cash flow and the negative impact to our revenue of the termination of our Exubera and NGI efforts, and corresponding expectation that we will derive no future revenue associated with those products, may further reduce our ability to meet our debt obligations. If we are unable to satisfy our debt service requirements, substantial liquidity problems could result. In relation to our convertible subordinated notes, since the market price of our common stock is significantly below the conversion price, the holders of our outstanding convertible subordinated notes are unlikely to convert the notes to common stock in accordance with the existing terms of the notes. If we do not generate sufficient cash from operations to repay principal or interest on our remaining convertible subordinated notes, or satisfy any of our other debt obligations, when due, we may have to raise additional funds from the issuance of equity or debt securities or otherwise restructure our obligations. Any such financing or restructuring may not be available to us on commercially acceptable terms, if at all.

We have no material credit facility or other material committed sources of capital. To the extent operating and capital resources are insufficient to meet our future capital needs, we will have to raise additional funds from new collaboration partnerships or the capital markets to continue the marketing and development of our technologies and proprietary products. Such funds may not be available on favorable terms, if at all. We may be unable to obtain suitable new collaboration partners on attractive terms and our substantial indebtedness may limit our ability to obtain additional capital markets financing. If adequate funds are not available on reasonable terms, we may be required to curtail operations significantly or obtain funds by entering into financing, supply or collaboration agreements on unattractive terms. Our inability to raise capital could harm our business and our stock price. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of such securities would result in dilution to our stockholders.

Other than revenue from sales of Exubera inhalation powder and inhaler devices to Pfizer in 2007 and 2006, historically, our revenue is principally derived from collaboration agreements with partners. Such revenue includes milestone payments and reimbursement of a portion of our research and development expense charged to our partners pursuant to collaborative arrangements with them. The amount of our revenue derived from collaboration agreements in any given period will depend on a number of unpredictable factors, including our ability to find and maintain suitable partners, the timing of the negotiation and conclusion of collaboration agreements with such partners, whether and when we achieve milestones agreed upon with our partners, whether the partnership is exclusive or whether we can seek other partners, the timing of regulatory approvals and the market introduction of new products, as well as other factors.

When we sign a collaborative development agreement or license agreement to develop a product candidate with a pharmaceutical or biotechnology company, the pharmaceutical or biotechnology company is generally expected to:

Our reliance on collaborative relationships poses a number of risks, including risks that:

Given these risks, the success of our current and future partnerships are highly uncertain.

We have entered into collaborations in the past that have been subsequently terminated, such as our collaboration with Pfizer for Exubera and NGI. If other collaborations are suspended or terminated, our ability to commercialize certain other proposed product candidates could also be negatively impacted. If our collaborations fail, our product development or commercialization of product candidates could be delayed or cancelled, which would negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We or our partners may not obtain regulatory approval for product candidates on a timely basis, if at all, or the terms of any approval (which in some countries includes pricing approval) may impose significant restrictions or limitations on use. Product candidates must undergo rigorous animal and human testing and an extensive FDA mandated or equivalent foreign authorities’ review process for safety and efficacy. This process generally takes a number of years and requires the expenditure of substantial resources. The time required for completing testing and obtaining approvals is uncertain, and the FDA and other U.S. and foreign regulatory agencies have substantial discretion to terminate clinical trials, require additional testing, delay or withhold registration and marketing approval and mandate product withdrawals, including recalls. In addition, undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restricted label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by regulatory authorities.

Even if we or our partners receive regulatory approval of a product, the approval may limit the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed. Our partnered products that have obtained regulatory approval, and the manufacturing processes for these products, are subject to continued review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. Discovery from such review and inspection of previously unknown problems may result in restrictions on marketed products or on us, including withdrawal or recall of such products from the market, suspension of related manufacturing operations or a more restricted label. For instance, Pfizer’s update of the Exubera labeling in April 2008 to include information in the warnings section for doctors and patients regarding an imbalance of the number of new cases of lung cancer in Exubera patients who were former smokers as compared to the control group could have significantly and negatively impacted the market for Exubera had this product still been actively marketed. The failure to obtain timely regulatory approval of product candidates, any product marketing limitations or a product withdrawal would negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we are not able to scale-up manufacturing to meet the drug or inhaler device quantities required to support large clinical trials or commercial manufacturing in a timely manner or at a commercially reasonable cost, we risk not meeting our supply requirements and contractual obligations. Building and validating large scale clinical or commercial-scale manufacturing facilities and processes, recruiting and training qualified personnel and obtaining necessary regulatory approvals is complex, expensive and time consuming. We also sometimes face very limited supply of a critical raw material that can only be obtained from a single, or a limited number of, suppliers, which could constrain our manufacturing output. In addition, in the past we have encountered challenges in scaling up manufacturing to meet the requirements of large scale clinical trials without making modifications to the drug formulation or device design which has the potential to cause significant and unanticipated delays in clinical development. Failure to manufacture products in quantities or at costs that are commercially feasible could cause us not to meet our supply requirements, contractual obligations or other requirements for our proprietary or partner product candidates and, as a result, would negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In both domestic and foreign markets, sales of our partnered and proprietary products that have received regulatory approval will depend in part on market acceptance among physicians and patients, pricing approvals by government authorities and the availability of reimbursement from third-party payers, such as government health administration authorities, managed care providers, private health insurers and other organizations. Such third-party payers are increasingly challenging the price and cost effectiveness of medical products and services. Therefore, significant uncertainty exists as to the pricing approvals for, and the reimbursement status of, newly approved healthcare products. Moreover, legislation and regulations affecting the pricing of pharmaceuticals may change before regulatory agencies approve our proposed products for marketing and could further limit pricing approvals for, and reimbursement of, our products from government authorities and third-party payers. A government or third-party payer decision not to approve pricing for, or provide adequate coverage and reimbursements of, our products would limit market acceptance of such products.

We depend on independent clinical investigators, contract research organizations and other third-party service providers to conduct clinical trials for our proprietary product candidates. Though we rely heavily on these parties for successful execution of our clinical trials and are ultimately responsible for the results of their activities, many aspects of their activities are beyond our control. For example, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial, but the independent clinical investigators may prioritize other projects over ours or communicate issues regarding our products to us in an untimely manner. Third parties may not complete activities on schedule or may not conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols. The early termination of any of our clinical trial arrangements, the failure of third parties to comply with the regulations and requirements governing clinical trials or our reliance on results of trials that we have not directly conducted or monitored could hinder or delay the development, approval and commercialization of our product candidates and would adversely effect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We and our contract manufacturers are required to maintain compliance with current good manufacturing practices (cGMP), including cGMP guidelines applicable to active pharmaceutical ingredients, and are subject to inspections by the FDA or comparable agencies in other jurisdictions to confirm such compliance. We anticipate periodic regulatory inspections of our drug manufacturing facilities and the device manufacturing facilities of our contract manufacturers for compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. Any failure to follow and document our or our contract manufacturers’ adherence to such cGMP regulations or satisfy other manufacturing and product release regulatory requirements may lead to significant delays in the availability of products for commercial use or clinical study, result in the termination or hold on a clinical study or delay or prevent filing or approval of marketing applications for our products. Failure to comply with applicable regulations may also result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, failure of regulatory authorities to grant marketing approval of our products, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could harm our business. The results of these inspections could result in costly manufacturing changes or facility or capital equipment upgrades to satisfy the FDA that our manufacturing and quality control procedures are in substantial compliance with cGMP. Manufacturing delays, for us or our contract manufacturers, pending resolution of regulatory deficiencies or suspensions would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The patent positions of pharmaceutical, medical device and biotechnology companies, such as ours, are uncertain and involve complex legal and factual issues. We own over 220 U.S. and over 1,200 foreign patents and a number of patent applications pending that cover various aspects of our technologies. We have filed patent applications, and plan to file additional patent applications, covering various aspects of our technologies, including our pulmonary technology, both in general and as it relates to specific molecules, our powder processing technology, our powder formulation technology, our inhalation device technology, our PEGylation technology and certain other of our early stage technologies. There can be no assurance that patents that have issued will be valid and enforceable or that patents for which we apply will issue with broad coverage, if at all. The coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued and, as a consequence, our patent applications may result in patents with narrow coverage. Since publication of discoveries in scientific or patent literature often lag behind the date of such discoveries, we cannot be certain that we were the first inventor of inventions covered by our patents or patent applications. As part of the patent application process, we may have to participate in interference proceedings declared by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), which could result in substantial cost to us, even if the eventual outcome is favorable. Further, an issued patent may undergo further proceedings to limit its scope so as not to provide meaningful protection and any claims that have issued, or that eventually issue, may be circumvented or otherwise invalidated. Any attempt to enforce our patents or patent application rights could be time consuming and costly. An adverse outcome could subject us to significant liabilities to third parties, require disputed rights to be licensed from or to third parties or require us to cease using the technology in dispute. Even if a patent is issued and enforceable, because development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products can be subject to substantial delays, patents may expire early and provide only a short period of protection, if any, following commercialization of related products.

There are many laws, regulations and judicial decisions that dictate and otherwise influence the manner in which patent applications are filed and prosecuted and in which patents are granted and enforced. Changes to these laws, regulations and judicial decisions are subject to influences outside of our control and may negatively affect our business, including our ability to obtain meaningful patent coverage or enforcement rights to any of our issued patents. New laws, regulations and judicial decisions may be retroactive in effect, potentially reducing or eliminating our ability to implement our patent-related strategies to these changes. Changes to laws, regulations and judicial decisions that affect our business are often difficult or impossible to foresee, which limits our ability to adequately adapt our patent strategies to these changes.

We rely on trade secret protection for our confidential and proprietary information. No assurance can be given that others will not independently develop substantially equivalent confidential and proprietary information or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or disclose such technology, or that we can meaningfully protect our trade secrets. In addition, unpatented proprietary rights, including trade secrets and know-how, can be difficult to protect and may lose their value if they are independently developed by a third party or if their secrecy is lost. Any loss of trade secret protection or other unpatented proprietary rights could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Numerous pending and issued U.S. and foreign patent rights and other proprietary rights owned by third parties relate to pharmaceutical compositions, medical devices and equipment and methods for preparation, packaging and delivery of pharmaceutical compositions. We cannot predict with any certainty which, if any, patent references will be considered relevant to our or our collaborative partners’ technology by authorities in the various jurisdictions where such rights exist, nor can we predict with certainty which, if any, of these rights will or may be asserted against us by third parties. There can be no assurance that we can obtain a license to any technology that we determine we need on reasonable terms, if at all, or that we could develop or otherwise obtain alternate technology. If we are required to enter into a license with a third party, our potential economic benefit for the products subject to the license will be diminished. The failure to obtain licenses on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, if needed, would have a material adverse effect on us.

Our platform technologies and partnered and proprietary products and product candidates compete with various pharmaceutical and biotech companies. In the PEGylation technology field, our competitors include Dow Chemical Company, Enzon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., SunBio Corporation, Mountain View Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Neose Technologies, Inc., NOF Corporation and Urigen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Several other chemical, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies may also be developing PEGylation technologies. Some of these companies license or provide the technology to other companies, while others are developing the technology for internal use. Our competitors in the pulmonary technology field include Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Alkermes, Inc., Aradigm Corporation, 3M Company, MannKind Corporation, Microdose Technologies, Inc., SkyePharma Plc and Vectura Group Plc.

There are several competitors for our proprietary product candidates currently in development. For NKTR-061 (inhaled Amikacin), the current standard of care includes several approved intravenous antibiotics for the treatment of either hospital-acquired pneumonia or ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients on mechanical ventilators. For NKTR-118 (PEGylated naloxol), there are currently several alternative therapies used to address opioid-induced constipation (OIC) and opioid-induced bowel dysfunction (OBD) including over-the-counter laxatives and stool softeners such as docusate sodium, senna and milk of magnesia. In addition, there are a number of companies developing potential products which are in various stages of clinical development and are being evaluated for the treatment of OIC and OBD in different patient populations, including Adolor Corporation, GlaxoSmithKline, Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Wyeth, Mundipharma Int. Limited, Sucampo Pharmaceuticals and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. For NKTR-102 (PEG-irinotecan), there are a number of approved therapies for the treatment of colorectal cancer, including Eloxatin, Camptosar, Avastin, Erbitux, Vectibux, Xeloda, Adrucil and Wellcovorin. In addition, there are a number of drugs in various stages of preclinical and clinical development from companies exploring cancer therapies or improved chemotherapeutic agents to potentially treat colorectal cancer, including, but not limited to, products in development from Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline plc, Antigenics Inc., F. Hoffman La Roche Ltd., Novartis AG, Cell Therapeutics, Inc., Neopharm, Inc., Meditech Research Limited, Enzon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and others.

There can be no assurance that we or our partners will successfully develop, obtain regulatory approvals and commercialize next-generation or new products that will successfully compete with those of our competitors. Many of our competitors have greater financial, research and development, marketing and sales, manufacturing and managerial capabilities. We face competition from these companies not just in product development but also in areas such as recruiting employees, acquiring technologies that might enhance our ability to commercialize products, establishing relationships with certain research and academic institutions, enrolling patients in clinical trials and seeking program partnerships and collaborations with larger pharmaceutical companies. As a result, our competitors may succeed in developing competing technologies, obtaining regulatory approval or gaining market acceptance for products before we do. These developments could make our products or technologies uncompetitive or obsolete.

We currently derive, and expect to derive in the foreseeable future, all of our revenue from collaboration agreements with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. These collaboration agreements contain complex commercial terms, including:

From time to time, we have informal dispute resolution discussions with our partners regarding the appropriate interpretation of the complex commercial terms contained in our collaboration agreements. One or more disputes may arise in the future regarding our collaborative contracts that may ultimately result in costly litigation and unfavorable interpretation of contract terms, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

From time to time, third parties have asserted, and may in the future assert, that we or our partners infringe their proprietary rights. The third party often bases its assertions on a claim that its patents cover our technology. Similar assertions of infringement could be based on future patents that may issue to third parties. In certain of our agreements with our partners, we are obligated to indemnify and hold harmless our partners from intellectual property infringement, product liability and certain other claims, which could cause us to incur substantial costs if we are called upon to defend ourselves and our partners against any claims. If a third party obtains injunctive or other equitable relief against us or our partners, our ability, and that of our partners, to develop or commercialize, or derive revenue from, certain products or product candidates in the U.S. and abroad which could be effectively blocked. For instance, Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, to which we license our proprietary PEGylation reagent for use in the manufacture of Roche’s MIRCERA product, is currently the subject of a significant patent infringement lawsuit brought by Amgen Inc. related to Roche’s patents for the use of MIRCERA to treat chemotherapy anemia in the U.S. Amgen has received a favorable ruling in U.S. federal district court in the state of Massachusetts and the parties are currently litigating the remedy phase. It is uncertain whether Roche will be prevented from marketing and selling MIRCERA in the U.S. or whether an economic settlement with Amgen will be concluded and approved by the court. Although we are not a party to this lawsuit, if Roche is prevented from marketing and selling MIRCERA in the U.S., it will have a negative impact on our revenue from our license with Roche. Third-party claims could also result in the award of substantial damages to be paid by us or a settlement resulting in significant payments to be made by us. For instance, a settlement might require us to enter a license agreement under which we pay substantial royalties to a third party, diminishing our future economic returns from the related product. For instance, on June 30, 2006, we entered into a litigation settlement related to an intellectual property dispute with the University of Alabama in Huntsville pursuant to which we paid $11.0 million and agreed to pay an additional $10.0 million in equal $1.0 million installments over ten years beginning on July 1, 2007. We cannot predict with certainty the eventual outcome of any pending or future litigation. Costs associated with such litigation, substantial damage claims, indemnification claims or royalties paid for licenses from third parties could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business strategy requires us to manage our business to provide for the continued development and potential commercialization of our proprietary and partnered product candidates. Our strategy also calls for us to undertake increased research and development activities and to manage an increasing number of relationships with partners and other third parties, while simultaneously managing the expenses generated by these activities. If we are unable to manage effectively our current operations and any growth we may experience, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. Our restructuring efforts in February 2008 resulted in a reduction of approximately 110 employees, or approximately 20 percent of our regular full-time staff. If we are unable to effectively manage our expenses, we may find it necessary to reduce our personnel-related costs through further reductions in our workforce, which could harm our operations, employee morale and impair our ability to retain and recruit talent. Furthermore, if adequate funds are not available, we may be required to obtain funds through arrangements with partners or other sources that may require us to relinquish rights to certain of our technologies or products that we would not otherwise relinquish.

Our success largely depends on the continued services of our executive officers and other key personnel. The loss of one or more members of our management team or other key employees could seriously harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. The relationships that our key managers have cultivated within our industry make us particularly dependent upon their continued employment with us. We are also dependent on the continued services of our technical personnel because of the highly technical nature of our products and the regulatory approval process. Because our executive officers and key employees are not obligated to provide us with continued services, they could terminate their employment with us at any time without penalty. We do not have any post-employment non-competition agreements with any of our employees and do not maintain key person life insurance policies on any of our executive officers or key employees. On February 8, 2008, Hoyoung Huh, our Chief Operating Officer and Head of the PEGylation Business Unit, resigned from his positions with us effective February 29, 2008. We are currently searching for a qualified replacement for Dr. Huh. However, we may not be able to locate or employ a replacement for Dr. Huh on acceptable terms in the immediate future, if at all. Though our Board of Directors has appointed Dr. Huh as a director to serve until the 2009 annual meeting of stockholders or until his successor is duly elected and qualified, we may not benefit from his service as a director to the same extent we benefited from his service as the Chief Operating Officer and Head of the PEGylation Business Unit due to the varied duties of each position.

We must attract and retain experts in the areas of clinical testing, manufacturing, regulatory, finance, marketing and distribution and develop additional expertise in our existing personnel. We face intense competition from other biopharmaceutical companies, research and academic institutions and other organizations for qualified personnel. Many of the organizations with which we compete for qualified personnel have greater resources than we have. Because competition for skilled personnel in our industry is intense, companies such as ours sometimes experience high attrition rates with regard to their skilled employees. Further, in making employment decisions, job candidates often consider the value of the stock options they are to receive in connection with their employment. Our equity incentive plan and employee benefit plans may not be effective in motivating or retaining our employees or attracting new employees, and significant volatility in the price of our stock may adversely affect our ability to attract or retain qualified personnel. If we fail to attract new personnel or to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be severely harmed.

Our corporate headquarters, including a substantial portion of our research and development and manufacturing operations for bulk powder drugs, are located in the Bay Area, a region known for seismic activity and a potential terrorist target. In addition, we own facilities for the manufacture of products using our PEGylation technology in Huntsville, Alabama and lease offices in Hyderabad, India. There are no backup facilities for our manufacturing operations located in the Bay Area and Huntsville, Alabama. In the event of an earthquake or other natural disaster or terrorist event in any of these locations, our ability to manufacture and supply certain products would be significantly disrupted and our business, results of operations and financial condition would be harmed. Our collaborative partners may also be subject to catastrophic events, such as hurricanes and tornadoes, any of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. We have not undertaken a systematic analysis of the potential consequences to our business, results of operations and financial condition from a major earthquake or other catastrophic event, such as a fire, power loss, terrorist activity or other disaster, and do not have a recovery plan for such disasters. In addition, our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to compensate us for actual losses from any interruption of our business that may occur.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even though such acquisitions may be beneficial to our stockholders. These anti-takeover provisions include:

Further, we have in place a preferred share purchase rights plan, commonly known as a “poison pill.” The provisions described above, our “poison pill” and provisions of Delaware law relating to business combinations with interested stockholders may discourage, delay or prevent a third party from acquiring us. These provisions may also discourage, delay or prevent a third party from acquiring a large portion of our securities, or initiating a tender offer or proxy contest, even if our stockholders might receive a premium for their shares in the acquisition over the then current market prices. We also have a change of control severance benefits plan which provides for certain cash severance, stock award acceleration and other benefits in the event our employees are terminated (or, in some cases, resign for specified reasons) following an acquisition. This severance plan could discourage a third party from acquiring us.

Our stock price is volatile. In the three months ended March 31, 2008, based on closing bid prices on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, our stock price ranged from $6.12 to $7.50. We expect our stock price to remain volatile. In addition, as our convertible senior notes are convertible into shares of our common stock, volatility or depressed prices of our common stock could have a similar effect on the trading price of the notes. Interest rate fluctuations can also affect the price of our convertible senior notes. A variety of factors may have a significant effect on the market price of our common stock or notes, including:

We may issue additional common stock, preferred stock, restricted stock units or securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock. Furthermore, substantially all shares of common stock for which our outstanding stock options or warrants are exercisable are, once they have been purchased, eligible for immediate sale in the public market. The issuance of additional common stock, preferred stock, restricted stock units or securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock or the exercise of stock options or warrants would dilute existing investors and could adversely affect the price of our securities.

None, including no purchases of any class of our equity securities by us or any affiliate pursuant to any publicly announced repurchase plan in the three months ended March 31, 2008.

None.

None.

None.

Except as so indicated in Exhibit 32.1, the following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Pursuant to the requirement of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Except as so indicated in Exhibit 32.1, the following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference in, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.