Companies: 10,660     total market cap: $140.341 T
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Penumbra
PEN
#1613
Rank
$13.37 B
Marketcap
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ United States
Country
$341.02
Share price
-0.29%
Change (1 day)
30.41%
Change (1 year)
Medical devices
Categories
Penumbra, Inc., is an American company that develops, manufactures and sells medical devices for neurovascular and vascular medicine applications.
  1. Penumbra
  2. Quarterly Reports (10-Q)
  3. Financial Year FY2020 Q3

Penumbra - 10-Q quarterly report FY2020 Q3


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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020
OR 
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from_____ to _____         
Commission File Number: 001-37557
Penumbra, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware05-0605598
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

One Penumbra Place
Alameda, CA 94502
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(510) 748-3200
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading SymbolName of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, Par value $0.001 per sharePENThe New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes: ☒    No:  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes:  ☒    No:  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes:  ☐  No:  ☒
As of October 19, 2020, the registrant had 36,311,239 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding.


Table of Contents

FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.
Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
2
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
2
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
3
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income
4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
7
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
8
Item 2.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
24
Item 3.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk
36
Item 4.
Controls and Procedures
37
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.
Legal Proceedings
38
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
38
Item 2.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
38
Item 3.
Defaults Upon Senior Securities
39
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosure
39
Item 5.
Other Information
39
Item 6.
Exhibits
40
Signatures


Table of Contents
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(unaudited)
(in thousands)
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$80,115 $72,779 
Marketable investments188,611 116,610 
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $2,133 and net of doubtful accounts of $2,946 at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively
112,817 105,901 
Inventories191,547 152,992 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets17,109 14,852 
Total current assets590,199 463,134 
Property and equipment, net64,906 51,812 
Operating lease right-of-use assets41,778 43,717 
Finance lease right-of-use assets38,798 39,924 
Intangible assets, net10,640 25,407 
Goodwill8,004 7,656 
Deferred taxes47,910 31,305 
Other non-current assets8,068 2,946 
Total assets$810,303 $665,901 
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable$14,544 $15,111 
Accrued liabilities87,691 67,630 
Current operating lease liabilities4,484 4,142 
Current finance lease liabilities1,336 4,165 
Total current liabilities108,055 91,048 
Non-current operating lease liabilities44,998 47,242 
Non-current finance lease liabilities27,391 26,748 
Other non-current liabilities10,147 15,250 
Total liabilities190,591 180,288 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9)
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock36 35 
Additional paid-in capital585,295 430,659 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)101 (2,324)
Retained earnings36,974 57,522 
Total Penumbra, Inc. stockholders’ equity622,406 485,892 
Non-controlling interest(2,694)(279)
Total stockholders’ equity619,712 485,613 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$810,303 $665,901 
See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
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Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(unaudited)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2020201920202019
Revenue$151,076 $139,502 $393,514 $402,142 
Cost of revenue60,153 43,504 149,652 128,306 
Gross profit90,923 95,998 243,862 273,836 
Operating expenses:
Research and development 34,923 13,733 70,594 38,862 
Sales, general and administrative 76,158 69,289 210,465 198,045 
Total operating expenses 111,081 83,022 281,059 236,907 
(Loss) income from operations (20,158)12,976 (37,197)36,929 
Interest income, net413 759 820 2,276 
Other income (expense), net14 (772)(1,130)(819)
(Loss) income before income taxes(19,731)12,963 (37,507)38,386 
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes(9,855)1,963 (15,618)683 
Consolidated net (loss) income$(9,876)$11,000 $(21,889)$37,703 
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest(1,061)(483)(2,539)(1,066)
Net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc.$(8,815)$11,483 $(19,350)$38,769 
Net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share:
Basic$(0.24)$0.33 $(0.54)$1.12 
Diluted$(0.24)$0.32 $(0.54)$1.07 
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic36,207,716 34,840,370 35,568,591 34,681,846 
Diluted36,207,716 36,271,394 35,568,591 36,243,222 

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
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Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income
(unaudited)
(in thousands)
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2020201920202019
Consolidated net (loss) income$(9,876)$11,000 $(21,889)$37,703 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax2,257 (2,606)1,970 (2,854)
Net change in unrealized (losses) gains on available-for-sale securities, net of tax(59)110 455 786 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax2,198 (2,496)2,425 (2,068)
Consolidated comprehensive (loss) income$(7,678)$8,504 $(19,464)$35,635 
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest(1,061)(483)(2,539)(1,066)
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc.$(6,617)$8,987 $(16,925)$36,701 

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
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Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(unaudited)
(in thousands, except share amounts)
Common StockAdditional Paid-in CapitalAccumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) IncomeRetained Earnings Total Penumbra, Inc. Stockholders’ EquityNon-Controlling InterestTotal Stockholders’ Equity
SharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 201935,001,581 $35 $430,659 $(2,324)$57,522 $485,892 $(279)$485,613 
Issuance of common stock81,485 — 396 — — 396 — 396 
Shares held for tax withholdings(12,058)— (2,105)— — (2,105)— (2,105)
Stock-based compensation— — 6,774 — — 6,774 — 6,774 
Cumulative effect adjustment(1)
— — — — (1,198)(1,198)— (1,198)
Other comprehensive loss— — — (2,251)— (2,251)— (2,251)
Net income (loss)— — — — 1,425 1,425 (537)888 
Balance at March 31, 202035,071,008 $35 $435,724 $(4,575)$57,749 $488,933 $(816)$488,117 
Issuance of common stock68,153 — 667 — — 667 124 791 
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan41,590 — 5,945 — — 5,945 — 5,945 
Issuance of common stock upon underwritten public offering, net of issuance cost865,963 1 134,758 — — 134,759 — 134,759 
Shares held for tax withholdings(10,304)— (1,768)— — (1,768)— (1,768)
Stock-based compensation— — 5,740 — — 5,740 — 5,740 
Other comprehensive income— — — 2,478 — 2,478 — 2,478 
Net loss— — — — (11,960)(11,960)(941)(12,901)
Balance at June 30, 202036,036,410 $36 $581,066 $(2,097)$45,789 $624,794 $(1,633)$623,161 
Issuance of common stock284,443 — 3,208 — — 3,208 — 3,208 
Shares held for tax withholdings(21,735)— (4,764)— — (4,764)— (4,764)
Stock-based compensation— — 5,785 — — 5,785 — 5,785 
Other comprehensive income— — — 2,198 — 2,198 — 2,198 
Net loss— — — — (8,815)(8,815)(1,061)(9,876)
Balance at September 30, 202036,299,118 $36 $585,295 $101 $36,974 $622,406 $(2,694)$619,712 


(1) Cumulative effect adjustments relate to the adoption of Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. Refer to Note “2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for more information.






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Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(unaudited)
(in thousands, except share amounts)
Common StockAdditional Paid-in CapitalAccumulated Other Comprehensive LossRetained Earnings Total Penumbra, Inc. Stockholders’ EquityNon-Controlling InterestTotal Stockholders’ Equity
SharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 201834,437,339 $34 $415,084 $(1,942)$9,064 $422,240 $175 $422,415 
Issuance of common stock140,598 — 1,071 — — 1,071 — 1,071 
Shares held for tax withholdings(14,284)— (2,098)— — (2,098)— (2,098)
Stock-based compensation— — 5,457 — — 5,457 — 5,457 
Other comprehensive loss— — — (636)— (636)— (636)
Net income (loss)— — — — 10,698 10,698 (244)10,454 
Balance at March 31, 201934,563,653 $34 $419,514 $(2,578)$19,762 $436,732 $(69)$436,663 
Issuance of common stock259,080 1 1,194 — — 1,195 — 1,195 
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan46,065 — 4,779 — — 4,779 — 4,779 
Shares held for tax withholdings(82,295)— (11,281)— — (11,281)— (11,281)
Stock-based compensation— — 5,014 — — 5,014 — 5,014 
Capital contribution from non-controlling interest— — — — — — 500 500 
Other comprehensive income— — — 1,064 — 1,064 — 1,064 
Net Income (loss)— — — — 16,588 16,588 (339)16,249 
Balance at June 30, 201934,786,503 $35 $419,220 $(1,514)$36,350 $454,091 $92 $454,183 
Issuance of common stock142,716 — 1,301 — — 1,301 — 1,301 
Shares held for tax withholdings(18,361)— (2,740)— — (2,740)— (2,740)
Stock-based compensation— — 5,693 — — 5,693 — 5,693 
Other comprehensive loss— — — (2,496)— (2,496)— (2,496)
Net income (loss)— — — — 11,483 11,483 (483)11,000 
Balance at September 30, 201934,910,858 $35 $423,474 $(4,010)$47,833 $467,332 $(391)$466,941 
.See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
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Penumbra, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(unaudited)
(in thousands)
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 20202019
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Consolidated net (loss) income
$(21,889)$37,703 
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net (loss) income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization9,433 5,790 
Stock-based compensation17,486 16,471 
Inventory write-downs2,280 2,775 
Deferred taxes(16,637)101 
Impairment of intangible asset
2,500 — 
Other3,200 735 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable(7,443)(21,520)
Inventories(39,940)(27,860)
Prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets(6,006)(3,388)
Accounts payable(229)3,323 
Accrued expenses and other non-current liabilities26,086 7,755 
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities(31,159)21,885 
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Lease payments made prior to commencement— (4,081)
Purchases of marketable investments(120,014)(29,550)
Proceeds from sales of marketable investments7,188 2,700 
Proceeds from maturities of marketable investments42,966 78,079 
Purchases of property and equipment(21,003)(14,125)
Other(3,060)(2,000)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities(93,923)31,023 
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon underwritten public offering, net of issuance cost134,759 — 
Proceeds from exercises of stock options4,395 3,566 
Proceeds from issuance of stock under employee stock purchase plan5,945 4,779 
Payment of employee taxes related to vested stock(8,637)(16,119)
Payments of finance lease obligations(3,071)— 
Payment of acquisition-related obligations(683)(1,183)
Proceeds from capital contribution from non-controlling interest— 500 
Other(248)— 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities132,460 (8,457)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents(42)(720)
NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS7,336 43,731 
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS—Beginning of period72,779 67,850 
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS—End of period$80,115 $111,581 
NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations$1,086 $1,738 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for finance lease obligations$1,624 $— 
Purchase of property and equipment funded through accounts payable and accrued liabilities$1,517 $2,925 
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities$5,649 $5,059 
See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)

1. Organization and Description of Business
Penumbra, Inc. (the “Company”) is a global healthcare company focused on innovative therapies. The Company designs, develops, manufactures and markets novel products and has a broad portfolio that addresses challenging medical conditions in markets with significant unmet need.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation
The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2020, the condensed consolidated statements of operations, the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income, and the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 are unaudited. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared by the Company in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and the applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The condensed consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2019 was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date.
The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments of a normal recurring nature considered necessary to state fairly the Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2020, the results of its operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the changes in comprehensive (loss) income and stockholders’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, and the cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. The results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2020 or for any other future annual or interim period. Certain changes in presentation were made in the condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 to conform to the presentation for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.
The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2019, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the significant accounting policies described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, other than the changes described below in connection with the adoption of the guidance under Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13.
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and its majority-owned subsidiary. The portion of equity and consolidated net income not attributable to the Company is considered non-controlling interest and is classified separately in the condensed consolidated financial statements. Any subsequent changes in the Company’s ownership interest while the Company retains its controlling interest in its majority-owned subsidiary will be accounted for as equity transactions. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and equity accounts; disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements; and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including those related to marketable investments, allowances for credit losses, the amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price, warranty reserve, valuation of inventories, useful lives of property and equipment, operating and financing lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities, income taxes, contingent consideration and other contingencies, among others. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other data. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
Segments
The Company determined its operating segment on the same basis that it uses to evaluate its performance internally. The Company has one business activity: the design, development, manufacturing and marketing of innovative devices, and operates as one operating segment. The Company’s chief operating decision-maker, its Chief Executive Officer, reviews its consolidated operating results for the purpose of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (“ASU 2016-13”) using the modified retrospective transition approach, with the impact upon adoption reflected in opening retained earnings. The comparative prior year information has not been adjusted and continues to be reported under legacy GAAP. The standard significantly changed the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments, including accounts receivable and available-for-sale securities.
For financial assets measured at amortized cost, including our accounts receivable, the standard requires an entity to (1) estimate its lifetime expected credit losses upon recognition of the financial assets and establish an allowance to present the net amount expected to be collected, (2) recognize this allowance and changes in the allowance during subsequent periods through net income and (3) consider relevant information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts in assessing the lifetime expected credit losses.
For available-for-sale debt securities, this standard made several targeted amendments to the existing other-than-temporary impairment model, including (1) requiring disclosure of the allowance for credit losses, (2) allowing reversals of the previously recognized credit losses until the entity has the intent to sell, is more-likely-than-not required to sell the securities or the maturity of the securities, (3) limiting impairment to the difference between the amortized cost basis and fair value and (4) not allowing entities to consider the length of time that fair value has been less than amortized cost as a factor in evaluating whether a credit loss exists.
As a result of adoption, the cumulative impact related to accounts receivable expected credit losses to our opening retained earnings at January 1, 2020 was $1.2 million. As of the adoption date, the difference between the amortized cost basis and fair value of the Company’s impaired available-for-sale securities held was not material. Accordingly, upon adoption there was no impact to our opening retained earnings for credit losses related to available-for-sale securities. For additional information on the impact of the adoption and disclosures required by ASU 2016-13, refer to the updates to significant accounting policies section below, Note “3. Investments and Fair Value of Financial Instruments” and Note “4. Balance Sheet Components.”
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-13, Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. The primary focus of the standard is to improve the effectiveness of the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The Company had no significant changes to the fair value measurement related disclosures due to the adoption of the standard.
Updates to Significant Accounting Policies
As a result of the adoption of the ASU 2016-13, the Company has made the following updates to its significant accounting policies described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.
Significant Accounting Policies Update - Credit Losses
The Company is exposed to credit losses primarily through our accounts receivable from sales of products on credit terms of one year or less. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers, does not require collateral, and maintains allowances for potential credit losses on customer accounts. The Company monitors its ongoing credit exposure and concentration through active review of customers balances against contract terms, due dates, geographic related risks and current economic conditions impacting our customers. Our activities include timely account reconciliation, dispute resolution and payment confirmation. Refer to “Significant Accounting Policies - Accounts Receivable” for more information on the allowance for credit losses on the Company’s accounts receivables.
The Company is also exposed to credit losses through its investments in available-for-sale securities. An investment is impaired if the fair value of the investment is less than its amortized cost basis. The Company reviews each impaired available-for-sale security held in its portfolio to determine whether the decline in fair value below its amortized cost basis is the result of credit losses or other factors. An allowance for credit losses is to be recorded as a charge to net income in an amount equal to the difference between the impaired security’s amortized cost basis and the amount expected to be collected over the lifetime of security, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than its amortized cost basis. Any remaining difference between its
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
amortized cost basis and fair value is deemed not to be due to expected credit losses and is recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.
The Company’s impairment review considers several factors to determine if an expected credit loss is present including the discounted present value of expected cash flows of the security, the capacity to hold a security or sell a security before recovery of the decline in amortized cost, the credit rating of the security and forecasted and historical factors that affect the value of the security.
See Note “3. Investments and Fair Value of Financial Instruments” for more information.
Significant Accounting Policies Update - Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are measured at amortized cost less the allowances for credit losses. In accordance with ASU 2016-13, as of January 1, 2020, the Company measures expected credit losses for its accounts receivables utilizing a loss-rate approach. The allowance for expected credit losses assessment requires a degree of estimation and judgement. The expected loss-rate is calculated by utilizing historical credit losses incurred as percentage of the Company’s historical accounts receivable balances, pooled by customers with similar geographic credit risk characteristics. The loss-rate is adjusted for management’s expectations regarding current conditions and forecasts about future conditions which impact expected credit losses. The Company considers factors such as customers credit risk, geographic related risks and economic conditions that may affect a customer’s credit quality classification. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13, the Company recognized losses when a loss was incurred or deemed probable.
At September 30, 2020, the Company reported $112.8 million of accounts receivable, net of credit losses of $2.1 million. See Note “4. Balance Sheet Components” for more information.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes— Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The standard intends to simplify and reduce the cost of accounting for income taxes. The new guidance removes certain exceptions for recognizing deferred taxes for foreign investments, the incremental approach to performing intraperiod allocation, and calculating income taxes in interim periods for year to date losses that exceed anticipated full year losses. The standard also adds guidance to reduce complexity in certain areas, including accounting for franchise taxes that are partially based on income, transactions with a government that result with a step up in the tax basis of goodwill, enacted changes in tax law during interim periods, and allocating taxes to members of a consolidated group which are not subject to tax. For public business entities, the amendments in ASU 2019-12 are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted for all periods in which financial statements have not yet been issued, including interim periods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting the new guidance.
In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-01, Investments - Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815). The amendments clarify that an entity should consider observable transactions that require it to either apply or discontinue the equity method of accounting for the purposes of applying the measurement alternative in accordance with Topic 321 immediately before applying or upon discontinuing the equity method. The amendments in this standard are effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including early adoption in an interim period. The amendments in this standard should be applied prospectively. Under a prospective transition, the Company would apply the amendments at the beginning of the interim period that includes the adoption date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting the new standard.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
3. Investments and Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Marketable Investments
The Company’s marketable investments have been classified and accounted for as available-for-sale. The following table presents the Company’s marketable investments as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
September 30, 2020
Amortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesAllowance
for
Credit Loss		Fair Value
Commercial paper $16,233 $8 $— $— $16,241 
U.S. agency and government sponsored securities7,844 10 — — 7,854 
U.S. states and municipalities27,745 96 (1)— 27,840 
Corporate bonds135,884 812 (20)— 136,676 
Total$187,706 $926 $(21)$— $188,611 

December 31, 2019
Amortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair Value
Commercial paper $7,456 $1 $— $7,457 
U.S. treasury4,972 7 — 4,979 
U.S. agency and government sponsored securities2,499 19 — 2,518 
U.S. states and municipalities4,889 4 — 4,893 
Corporate bonds96,484 282 (3)96,763 
Total$116,300 $313 $(3)$116,610 
As of September 30, 2020, the total amortized cost basis of the Company’s impaired available-for-sale securities exceeded its fair value by a nominal amount. The Company reviewed its impaired available-for-sale securities and concluded that the decline in fair value was not related to credit losses and is recoverable. Accordingly, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 no allowance for credit losses was recorded and instead the unrealized losses are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13, the Company recognized losses, if any, in consolidated net income when the security was sold.
The following tables present the gross unrealized losses and the fair value for those marketable investments that were in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months or for twelve months or more as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
September 30, 2020
Less than 12 months12 months or moreTotal
Fair ValueGross Unrealized LossesFair ValueGross Unrealized LossesFair ValueGross Unrealized Losses
U.S. states and municipalities$3,426 $(1)$— $— $3,426 $(1)
Corporate bonds24,665 (20)— — 24,665 (20)
Total$28,091 $(21)$— $— $28,091 $(21)

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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
December 31, 2019
Less than 12 months12 months or moreTotal
Fair ValueGross Unrealized LossesFair ValueGross Unrealized LossesFair ValueGross Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds$7,875 $(3)$— $— $7,875 $(3)
Total$7,875 $(3)$— $— $7,875 $(3)
The following table presents the contractual maturities of the Company’s marketable investments as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
 Fair ValueFair Value
Due in less than one year$24,869 $51,990 
Due in one to five years163,742 64,620 
Total$188,611 $116,610 
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The accounting guidance establishes a three-tiered hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:
Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
The categorization of a financial instrument within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The Company classifies its cash equivalents and marketable investments within Level 1 and Level 2, as it uses quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs.
The Company determined the fair value of its Level 1 financial instruments, which are traded in active markets, using quoted market prices for identical instruments.
Financial instruments classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy are valued based on other observable inputs, including broker or dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources. When quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities are not available, the Company relies on non-binding quotes from its investment managers, which are based on proprietary valuation models of independent pricing services. These models generally use inputs such as observable market data, quoted market prices for similar instruments, or historical pricing trends of a security relative to its peers. To validate the fair value determination provided by its investment managers, the Company reviews the pricing movement in the context of overall market trends and trading information from its investment managers. In addition, the Company assesses the inputs and methods used in determining the fair value in order to determine the classification of securities in the fair value hierarchy.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value by level within the fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
 As of September 30, 2020
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Fair Value
Financial Assets
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds$49,318 $— $— $49,318 
Marketable investments:
Commercial paper— 16,241 — 16,241 
U.S. agency and government sponsored securities— 7,854 — 7,854 
U.S. states and municipalities— 27,840 — 27,840 
Corporate bonds— 136,676 — 136,676 
Total$49,318 $188,611 $— $237,929 

 As of December 31, 2019
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Fair Value
Financial Assets
Cash equivalents:
Commercial paper$— $9,474 $— $9,474 
Money market funds24,054 — — 24,054 
Marketable investments:
Commercial paper— 7,457 — 7,457 
U.S. treasury4,979 — — 4,979 
U.S. agency and government sponsored securities— 2,518 — 2,518 
U.S. states and municipalities— 4,893 — 4,893 
Corporate bonds— 96,763 — 96,763 
Total$29,033 $121,105 $— $150,138 
Contingent Consideration Obligations
As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there were no contingent consideration liabilities classified as Level 3. As of December 31, 2019, the Company’s contingent consideration liability balance of $1.2 million related to milestone payments due in connection with the 2017 acquisition of Crossmed S.p.a. (“Crossmed”) and was based on actual revenue performance for the year ended December 31, 2019 and not based on unobservable inputs. The Company made this payment during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. For more information related to the payment of the contingent consideration liabilities refer to Note “5. Business Combinations.”
The following tables summarize the changes in fair value of the contingent consideration obligation for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019 (in thousands):
Fair Value of Contingent Consideration
Balance at December 31, 2019$1,206 
Payments of contingent consideration liabilities(1,186)
Changes in fair value— 
Foreign currency remeasurement(20)
Balance at September 30, 2020$— 
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)

Fair Value of Contingent Consideration
Balance at December 31, 2018$2,571 
Payments of contingent consideration liabilities(1,296)
Changes in fair value31 
Foreign currency remeasurement(68)
Balance at September 30, 2019$1,238 
The Company did not hold any Level 3 marketable investments as of September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company did not have any transfers between Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Additionally, the Company did not have any financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019.
4. Balance Sheet Components
Allowance for Credit Losses - Accounts Receivable
The Company’s allowance for credit losses related to accounts receivable balances was comprised of the following (in thousands):
Balance At
Beginning Of Period		Write-offsProvision for
credit loss		Balance At
End Of Period
January 1, 2020 (1)
$2,946 $(2,361)$1,307 $1,892 
January 1, 2020 - March 31, 2020 (2)
$1,892 $— $163 $2,055 
April 1, 2020 - June 30, 2020 (2)
$2,055 $— $21 $2,076 
July 1, 2020 - September 30, 2020(2)
$2,076 $— $57 $2,133 

(1) On January 1, 2020, the Company recorded a $1.3 million adjustment to opening retained earnings upon the adoption of ASU 2016-13.
(2) The Company recorded a $0.2 million allowance for credit losses during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The allowance for credit losses recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2020 was not material.
Inventories
The following table shows the components of inventories as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
 September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Raw materials$27,858 $21,646 
Work in process21,568 21,651 
Finished goods142,121 109,695 
Inventories$191,547 $152,992 
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
Accrued Liabilities
The following table shows the components of accrued liabilities as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
 September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Payroll and employee-related cost$60,100 $37,727 
Accrued expenses8,238 7,811 
Sales return provision1,463 1,821 
Product warranty2,881 2,318 
Other acquisition-related costs(1)
3,000 4,291 
Other accrued liabilities12,009 13,662 
Total accrued liabilities$87,691 $67,630 

(1) Amount consists of a contingent liability related to an anti-dilution provision from the asset acquisition of MVI Health Inc. (“MVI”) in 2018.
The following table shows the changes in the Company’s estimated product warranty accrual, included in accrued liabilities, as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
 September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Balance at the beginning of the period$2,318 $1,875 
Accruals of warranties issued1,193 1,065 
Settlements of warranty claims(630)(622)
Balance at the end of the period$2,881 $2,318 
Other Non-Current Liabilities
The following table shows the components of other non-current liabilities as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
 September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Deferred tax liabilities$4,340 $4,005 
Licensing-related cost(1)
— 10,878 
Other non-current liabilities5,807 367 
Total other non-current liabilities$10,147 $15,250 

(1) Amount relates to the non-current liability recorded for probable future milestone payments associated with the indefinite-lived intangible assets related to licensed technology described in Note “6. Intangible Assets.” Refer therein for more information.
5. Business Combinations
Payments Related to 2017 Crossmed Acquisition
On July 3, 2017, the Company completed its acquisition of Crossmed, a joint stock company organized under the laws of Italy. The purchase price measurement period was closed as of June 30, 2018.
The Company was obligated to pay additional consideration to the sellers of Crossmed (the “Sellers”) in the form of milestone payments based on Crossmed’s net revenue and may be required to pay additional consideration based on incremental net revenue for each of the periods ended. There is no limit on the milestone payments that can be paid out. As of December 31, 2019, the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet included $1.2 million, in current liabilities primarily related to the final milestone payment due which was paid during the first quarter of 2020.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company made $1.2 million in milestone payments of which $0.5 million is presented in operating activities and $0.7 million is presented in financing activities in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company made $1.3 million in milestone payments of which $0.6 million is presented in operating activities and $0.7 million is presented in financing activities in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.
6. Intangible Assets
Acquired Intangible Assets
The following tables present details of the Company’s acquired finite-lived and indefinite-lived intangible assets, as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands, except weighted-average amortization period):
As of September 30, 2020Weighted-Average Amortization PeriodGross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet
Customer relationships15.0 years$6,989 $(1,515)$5,474 
Trade secrets and processes20.0 years5,256 (723)4,533 
Other5.0 years1,804 (1,171)633 
Total intangible assets16.5 years$14,049 $(3,409)$10,640 

As of December 31, 2019Weighted-Average
Amortization Period		Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet
Customer relationships15.0 years$6,686 $(1,114)$5,572 
Trade secrets and processes20.0 years5,256 (526)4,730 
Other5.0 years1,724 (862)862 
Total intangible assets subject to amortization16.4 years$13,666 $(2,502)$11,164 
Intangible assets related to licensed technology14,243 — 14,243 
Total intangible assets$27,909 $(2,502)$25,407 
The customer relationships and other intangible assets subject to amortization relate to the acquisition of Crossmed during the third quarter of 2017. The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of these intangible assets are subject to foreign currency translation effects. Refer to Note “5. Business Combinations” for more information. The Company’s $5.3 million trade secrets and processes intangible asset was recognized in connection with a royalty buyout agreement entered into during the first quarter of 2018.
The following table presents the amortization expense recorded related to the Company’s finite-lived intangible assets for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019 (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2020201920202019
Cost of revenue$66 $66 $197 $197 
Sales, general and administrative206 196 594 594 
Total$272 $262 $791 $791 
Licensed technology
During the third quarter of 2017, the Company entered into an exclusive technology license agreement (the “License Agreement”) that required the Company to pay an upfront payment to the licensor of $2.5 million and future revenue milestone-based payments on sales of products covered by the licensed intellectual property. The Company accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition and recorded an indefinite-lived intangible asset as it was determined to have alternative future use. The Company recorded an indefinite-lived intangible asset equal to the total payments made and expected to be made under the License Agreement and a corresponding contingent liability for the probable future milestone payments not yet paid.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
At the end of each reporting period the Company adjusted the contingent liability to reflect the amount of future milestone payments that were probable to be paid. Prior to the commercialization of products utilizing the underlying technology, any changes in the contingent liability were recorded as an adjustment between the liability balances and the gross carrying amount of the indefinite-lived intangible asset. As of September 30, 2020, there was no contingent liability balance related to probable future milestone payments under the License Agreement. As of December 31, 2019, the balance of the contingent liability related to probable future milestone payments under the License Agreement was $11.7 million, of which $0.8 million and $10.9 million were included in accrued liabilities and other non-current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet, respectively.
Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances between annual tests indicate that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired. The Company determined that an impairment existed in the second quarter of 2020 as a result of a triggering event in July that provided additional information about a condition that existed as of the June 30, 2020 balance sheet date. As a result, the Company wrote-off the full carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset and its related contingent liability, and recognized an impairment loss of $2.5 million in research and development expense in the consolidated statement of operations during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. There was no impairment loss recorded in the consolidated statement of operations during the three months ended September 30, 2020. There were no indefinite-lived intangible assets as of September 30, 2020.
7. Goodwill
The following table presents the changes in goodwill during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (in thousands):
Total Company
Balance as of December 31, 2019$7,656 
Foreign currency translation 348 
Balance as of September 30, 2020$8,004 
Goodwill Impairment Review
The Company reviews goodwill for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have occurred. The Company determined that there was no impairment of goodwill as of September 30, 2020.
8. Indebtedness
Credit Agreement
On April 24, 2020, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The Credit Agreement is secured and provides for up to $100 million in available revolving borrowing capacity with an option, subject to certain conditions, for the Company to increase the aggregate borrowing capacity to up to $150 million, and matures on April 23, 2021.
The revolving loans under the Credit Agreement will be available for general corporate purposes, including working capital and capital expenditures. In addition to allowing borrowings in US dollars, the Credit Agreement provides for borrowings in euros, Pounds Sterling and any other currency that is subsequently approved by JPMorgan and each lender. The initial commitment of the lenders under the Credit Agreement is $100 million. Subject to customary conditions and the approval of any lender whose commitment would be increased, the Company has the option to increase the maximum principal amount available under the Credit Agreement by up to an additional $50 million, resulting in a maximum available principal amount under the Credit Agreement of $150 million. The Credit Agreement provides a sublimit of up to $10 million for letters of credit, a sublimit of up to $10 million for swing-line loans, and a sublimit of up to $15 million for borrowings in available foreign currencies.
The Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and to not exceed a maximum leverage ratio. As of September 30, 2020, the Company was not in compliance with the minimum fixed charge coverage ratio requirement. The Company subsequently obtained a waiver of such non-compliance from the lenders under the Credit Agreement.
As of September 30, 2020, there were no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
9. Commitments and Contingencies
Royalty Obligations
In March 2005, the Company entered into a license agreement that requires the Company to make minimum royalty payments to the licensor on a quarterly basis. In July 2019, the Company amended the license agreement to extend its term for an additional ten years and to increase the required minimum annual royalty payments by $0.2 million. As of both September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the amended license agreement required minimum annual royalty payments of $0.3 million payable in equal quarterly installments. On each January 1, the quarterly calendar year minimum royalty shall be adjusted to equal the prior year’s minimum royalty adjusted by a percentage equal to the percentage change in the “consumer price index for all urban consumers” for the prior calendar year as reported by the U.S. Department of Labor. Unless terminated earlier, the term of the amended license agreement shall expire June 30, 2029.
In April 2012, the Company entered into an agreement that requires the Company to pay, on a quarterly basis, a 5% royalty on sales of products covered under applicable patents. The first commercial sale of covered products occurred in April 2014. Unless terminated earlier, the royalty term for each applicable product shall continue for fifteen years following the first commercial sale of such patented product, or when the applicable patent covering such product has expired, whichever is sooner.
Royalty expense included in cost of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, was $0.7 million and $0.8 million, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, was $1.8 million and $3.0 million, respectively.
Contingencies
From time to time, the Company may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated. Refer to Note “3. Investments and Fair Value of Financial Instruments,” Note “5. Business Combinations,” Note “6. Intangible Assets” and Note “8. Indebtedness” for more information on contingent liabilities recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
Indemnification
The Company enters into standard indemnification arrangements in the ordinary course of business. In many such arrangements, the Company agrees to indemnify, hold harmless, and reimburse the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified parties in connection with any trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third-party with respect to the Company’s technology. The Company also agrees to indemnify many indemnified parties for product defect and similar claims. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these agreements is not determinable because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future, but have not yet been made.
The Company has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require the Company to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, other than liabilities arising from willful misconduct of the individual.
The Company has not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. No liability associated with any of these indemnification requirements has been recorded to date.
Litigation
From time to time, the Company is subject to other claims and assessments in the ordinary course of business. The Company is not currently a party to any such litigation matter that, individually or in the aggregate, is expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
10. Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock
In June 2020 the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 865,963 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $166.00 per share, less the underwriters’ discounts and commissions, pursuant to an underwritten public offering. The
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
Company received approximately $134.8 million in net cash proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $8.6 million and other offering expenses of $0.4 million.
Equity Incentive Plans
Stock Options
Activity of stock options under the 2005 Plan, 2011 Plan and 2014 Plan (collectively, the "Plans") is set forth below:
Number of SharesWeighted-Average
Exercise Price
Balance at December 31, 20191,379,075 $21.02 
Exercised(300,711)14.20 
Canceled/Forfeited— — 
Balance at September 30, 20201,078,364 22.91 
 
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
Activity of unvested restricted stock awards and restricted stock units under the Plans during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 is set forth below: 
Number of SharesWeighted -Average
Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2019371,206 $130.47 
Granted122,386 176.48 
Released/Vested - Restricted Stock/RSUs(133,370)108.95 
Canceled/Forfeited(9,843)141.05 
Unvested at September 30, 2020350,379 154.43 
As of September 30, 2020, 322,290 restricted stock awards and restricted stock units are expected to vest.
Stock-based Compensation
The following table sets forth the stock-based compensation expense included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2020201920202019
Cost of revenue$589 $334 $1,644 $954 
Research and development865 805 2,630 2,006 
Sales, general and administrative4,784 5,102 13,212 13,511 
Total$6,238 $6,241 $17,486 $16,471 
As of September 30, 2020, total unrecognized compensation cost was $46.2 million related to unvested share-based compensation arrangements which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.9 years.
The total stock-based compensation cost capitalized in inventory was $1.1 million and $0.8 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
11. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Other comprehensive loss consists of two components: unrealized gains or losses on the Company’s available-for-sale marketable investments and gains or losses from foreign currency translation adjustments. Until realized and reported as a component of consolidated net (loss) income, these comprehensive (loss) income items accumulate and are included within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Unrealized gains and losses on the Company’s marketable investments are reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings when realized upon sale, and are determined
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
based on specific identification of securities sold. Gains and losses from the translation of assets and liabilities denominated in non-U.S. dollar functional currencies are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
The following table summarizes the changes in the accumulated balances during the period and includes information regarding the manner in which the reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings affect the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income (in thousands):    
Three Months Ended September 30, 2020Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
 Marketable
Investments		 Currency Translation
Adjustments		 Total Marketable
Investments		 Currency Translation
Adjustments		 Total
Balance, beginning of the period$752 $(2,849)$(2,097)$176 $(1,690)$(1,514)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications:
Unrealized (loss) gain — marketable investments(77)— (77)110 — 110 
Foreign currency translation gains (losses)— 2,257 2,257 — (2,606)(2,606)
Income tax effect — expense18 — 18 — — — 
Net of tax(59)2,257 2,198 110 (2,606)(2,496)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to consolidated net (loss) income:
Realized gain (loss) — marketable investments— — — — — — 
Income tax effect — expense (benefit)— — — — — — 
Net of tax— — — — — — 
Net current-year other comprehensive (loss) income(59)2,257 2,198 110 (2,606)(2,496)
Balance, end of the period$693 $(592)$101 $286 $(4,296)$(4,010)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Marketable
Investments		Currency Translation
Adjustments		TotalMarketable
Investments		Currency Translation
Adjustments		Total
Balance at beginning of the period$238 $(2,562)$(2,324)$(500)$(1,442)$(1,942)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications:
Unrealized gain — marketable investments594 — 594 786 — 786 
Foreign currency translation gains (losses)— 1,970 1,970 — (2,854)(2,854)
Income tax effect — expense(139)— (139)— — — 
Net of tax455 1,970 2,425 786 (2,854)(2,068)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to consolidated net (loss) income:
Realized gain (loss)— marketable investments— — — — — — 
Income tax effect — expense— — — — — — 
Net of tax— — — — — — 
Net current-year other comprehensive income (loss)455 1,970 2,425 786 (2,854)(2,068)
Balance at end of the period$693 $(592)$101 $286 $(4,296)$(4,010)

12. Income Taxes
The Company’s income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid. The Company is subject to income taxes in both the United States and foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment and estimates are required in determining the consolidated income tax expense.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
During interim periods, the Company generally utilizes the estimated annual effective tax rate (“AETR”) method which involves the use of forecasted information. Under the AETR method, the provision is calculated by applying the estimated AETR for the full fiscal year to “ordinary” income or loss (pretax income or loss excluding unusual or infrequently occurring discrete items) for the reporting period. Jurisdictions with tax assets for which the Company believes a tax benefit cannot be realized are excluded from the computation of its AETR.
The Company’s benefit from income taxes for the three months ended September 30, 2020 was $9.9 million, compared to $2.0 million of tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The Company’s benefit from income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $15.6 million, compared to $0.7 million of tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The Company’s benefit from income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 was primarily due to tax benefits attributable to its worldwide losses, combined with excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation attributable to its U.S. jurisdiction. The Company’s provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily due to income taxes attributable to its worldwide profits, offset by excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation attributable to its U.S. jurisdiction.
The Company’s effective tax rate changed to 49.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to 15.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The Company’s effective tax rate changed to 41.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to 1.8% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The Company’s change in effective tax rate was primarily attributable to large tax benefits over worldwide losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, when compared to small tax expenses over worldwide profits for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.
On March 27, 2020, the President signed into law the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), which provides certain tax relief. The CARES Act did not have a material impact to the income tax provision of the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.
Significant domestic deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) were generated in recent years, primarily due to excess tax benefits from stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock. The Company evaluates all available positive and negative evidence, objective and subjective in nature, in each reporting period to determine if sufficient taxable income will be generated to realize the benefits of its DTAs and, if not, a valuation allowance to reduce the DTAs is recorded. As of September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company maintains a valuation allowance against its Federal Research and Development Tax Credit and California DTAs as the Company could not conclude at the required more-likely-than-not level of certainty, that the benefit of these tax attributes would be realized prior to expiration. As of September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company also maintains a valuation allowance against DTAs acquired from MVI which are subject to Separate Return Limitation Year (“SRLY”) rules that limit the utilization of the pre-acquisition tax attributes to offset future taxable income solely generated by MVI.
The Company maintains that all foreign earnings, with the exception of a portion of the earnings of its German subsidiary, are permanently reinvested outside the United States and therefore deferred taxes attributable to such are not provided for in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2020.
13. Net (Loss) Income Attributable to Penumbra, Inc. Per Share
The Company computed basic net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The Company computed diluted net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus potentially dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. For the purposes of this calculation, stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and stock sold through the Company’s employee stock purchase plan are considered common stock equivalents.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
A reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the calculation of the basic and diluted net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2020201920202019
Numerator:
Net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc.$(8,815)$11,483 $(19,350)$38,769 
Denominator:
Weighted average shares used to compute net income attributable to common stockholders:
Basic36,207,716 34,840,370 35,568,591 34,681,846 
Potential dilutive stock-based options and awards— 1,431,024 — 1,561,376 
Diluted36,207,716 36,271,394 35,568,591 36,243,222 
Net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share:
Basic$(0.24)$0.33 $(0.54)$1.12 
Diluted$(0.24)$0.32 $(0.54)$1.07 
For the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 outstanding stock-based awards of 1.8 million and 65 thousand shares respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 outstanding stock-based awards of 1.9 million and 76 thousand shares respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.
14. Revenues
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for goods or services. All revenue recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations is considered to be revenue from contracts with customers.
The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by geography, based on the destination to which the Company ships its products, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2020201920202019
United States$109,656 $90,272 $283,473 $259,157 
International41,420 49,230 110,041 142,985 
Total$151,076 $139,502 $393,514 $402,142 
The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by product category, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2020201920202019
Neuro$75,917 $83,247 $212,830 $246,265 
Vascular75,159 56,255 180,684 155,877 
Total$151,076 $139,502 $393,514 $402,142 
Performance Obligations
Delivery of products - The Company’s contracts with customers typically contain a single performance obligation, delivery of Penumbra products. Satisfaction of that performance obligation occurs when control of the promised goods transfers to the customer, which is generally upon shipment for non-consignment sale agreements and upon utilization for consignment sale agreements.
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Penumbra, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
Payment terms - The Company’s payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer. The timing between fulfillment of performance obligations and when payment is due is not significant and does not give rise to financing transactions. The Company did not have any contracts with significant financing components as of September 30, 2020.
Product returns - The Company may allow customers to return products purchased at the Company’s discretion. The Company estimates the amount of its product sales that may be returned by its customers and records this estimate as a reduction of revenue in the period the related product revenue is recognized. The Company currently estimates product return liabilities using its own historic sales information, trends, industry data, and other relevant data points.
Warranties - The Company offers its standard warranty to all customers and it is not available for sale on a standalone basis. The Company’s standard warranty represents its guarantee that its products function as intended, are free from defects, and comply with agreed-upon specifications and quality standards. This assurance does not constitute a service and is not a separate performance obligation.
Transaction Price
Revenue is recorded at the net sales price, which includes estimates of variable consideration such as product returns utilizing historical return rates, rebates, discounts, and other adjustments to net revenue. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price. When determining if variable consideration should be constrained, management considers whether there are factors that could result in a significant reversal of revenue and the likelihood of a potential reversal. Variable consideration is included in revenue only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of the revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. These estimates are reassessed each reporting period as required. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company made no material changes in estimates for variable consideration. When the Company performs shipping and handling activities after control of goods is transferred to the customer, they are considered as fulfillment activities, and costs are accrued for when the related revenue is recognized. Taxes collected from customers relating to product sales and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenues.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 26, 2020.
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “should,” “estimate,” or “continue,” and similar expressions or variations. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results and timing     expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q represent our views as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Except as may be required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements or the reasons that results could differ from these forward-looking statements. You should, therefore, not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Overview
Penumbra is a global healthcare company focused on innovative therapies. We design, develop, manufacture and market novel products and have a broad portfolio that addresses challenging medical conditions in markets with significant unmet need. Our team focuses on developing, manufacturing and marketing novel products for use by specialist physicians and healthcare providers to drive improved clinical outcomes. We believe that the cost-effectiveness of our products is attractive to our customers.
Since our founding in 2004, we have invested heavily in our product development capabilities in our major markets: neuro and vascular. We have successfully developed, obtained regulatory clearance or approval for, and introduced products into the neurovascular market since 2007, vascular market since 2013 and neurosurgical market since 2014, respectively. We continue to expand our portfolio of product offerings, while developing and iterating on our currently available products.
We expect to continue to develop and build our portfolio of products, including our thrombectomy, embolization and access technologies. Generally, when we introduce a next generation product or a new product designed to replace a current product, sales of the earlier generation product or the product replaced decline. Our research and development activities are centered around the development of new products and clinical activities designed to support our regulatory submissions and demonstrate the effectiveness of our products.
To address the challenging and significant clinical needs of our two key markets, we developed products that fall into the following broad product offering families:
Our neuro products fall into five broad product families:
•Neuro thrombectomy - Penumbra System, including Penumbra JET, ACE and the 3D Revascularization Device, Penumbra ENGINE and other components and accessories
•Neuro embolization - Penumbra SMART COIL, Penumbra Coil 400, POD400 and PAC400
•Neuro access - delivery catheters, consisting of Neuron, Neuron MAX, Select, BENCHMARK, DDC and PX SLIM
•Neurosurgical - Artemis Neuro Evacuation Device
•Rehabilitation Tools - REAL Immersive System
Our vascular products fall into two broad product families:
•Vascular thrombectomy - INDIGO System designed for mechanical thrombectomy, including aspiration catheters, separators, aspiration pump and accessories and Lightning 12, our next-generation aspiration system for peripheral thrombectomy
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•Peripheral embolization - RUBY Coil System, LANTERN Delivery Microcatheter and the POD System (POD and POD Packing Coil)
We sell our products to hospitals and other healthcare providers primarily through our direct sales organization in the United States, most of Europe, Canada and Australia, as well as through distributors in select international markets. In the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, 28.0% and 35.6% of our revenue, respectively, was generated from customers located outside of the United States. Our sales outside of the United States are denominated principally in the euro and Japanese yen, with some sales being denominated in other currencies. As a result, we have foreign exchange exposure but do not currently engage in hedging.
We generated revenue of $393.5 million and $402.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, a decrease of $8.6 million. We generated an operating loss of $37.2 million and operating income of $36.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
COVID-19 Pandemic
In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 as a pandemic, which continues to spread throughout the U.S. and the world. In response, governments have issued orders restricting certain activities, and while our business falls within the category of healthcare operations, which are essential businesses currently permitted to continue operating during the COVID-19 outbreak, we have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, disruptions to our operations as a result of the pandemic. For example, hospital resources have been diverted to fight the pandemic, and many government agencies in conjunction with healthcare systems have recommended the deferral of elective and semi-elective medical procedures during the outbreak. Some of Penumbra’s medical devices are used in certain procedures that the United States Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) has indicated are “high-acuity” procedures that should not be postponed during the outbreak in its March 18, 2020 recommendations, while other Penumbra devices are used in elective procedures that physicians may consider postponing. Many of the procedures in which our vascular products are used are elective in nature, whereas procedures in which our neuro products are used, such as stroke, tend to be more emergent in nature.
The impact of COVID-19 on our business remains fluid, and we continue to actively monitor the dynamic situation. We will continue to undertake the following specific actions and strategic priorities to navigate the pandemic:
•We have made changes to how we manufacture, inspect and ship our products to prioritize the health and safety of our employees and to operate under the protocols mandated by our local and state governments. While we are committed to continue meeting demand for our essential devices, we have implemented social distancing and other measures to protect the health and safety of our employees, which have reduced, and may continue to reduce, our manufacturing capacity.
•In order to strengthen our liquidity position, we issued and sold an aggregate of 865,963 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $166.00 per share, less the underwriters’ discounts and commissions, pursuant to an underwritten public offering in June 2020. We received approximately $134.8 million in net cash proceeds from the offering after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $8.6 million and other offering expenses of $0.4 million.
•We further strengthened our liquidity position by entering into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) on April 24, 2020, with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The Credit Agreement is secured and provides for up to $100 million in available revolving borrowing capacity with an option, subject to certain conditions, for us to increase the aggregate borrowing capacity to up to $150 million, and matures on April 23, 2021. This revolving line of credit provides access to capital beyond the $268.7 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable investments on our balance sheet as of September 30, 2020, and we believe this will allow us to both navigate the current environment and emerge in a strong liquidity position after the pandemic. As of September 30, 2020, the Company was not in compliance with the requirement in the Credit Agreement to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. The Company subsequently obtained a waiver of such non-compliance from the lenders under the Credit Agreement. As of September 30, 2020, there were no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement.
•We will continue to prioritize investments in our production capacity and flexibility, commercial channels, preparation for new product launches, and new product developments to help patients.
While we have seen positive trends in certain areas of our business beginning in May, we remain mindful of the negative impacts on business trends we experienced in April due to the COVID-19 outbreak. The general impact of COVID-19 on our business has been negative and we are unable to reliably predict the full impact that COVID-19 will have on our business due to
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numerous uncertainties, including the severity and duration of the outbreak, the global resurgences of cases, additional actions that may be taken by governmental authorities in response to the outbreak, the impact of the outbreak on the business of our customers, distributors and suppliers, other businesses and worldwide economies in general, our ability to have access to our customers to provide training and case support, and other factors identified in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the impact of COVID-19 on our business, consolidated results of operations, and financial condition.
Factors Affecting Our Performance
There are a number of factors that have impacted, and we believe will continue to impact, our results of operations and growth. These factors include: 
•The COVID-19 outbreak and measures taken in response thereto, which have negatively affected, and we expect will continue to negatively affect, our revenues and results of operations. Due to these impacts and measures, we may experience significant and unpredictable fluctuations in demand for certain of our products as hospital customers re-prioritize the treatment of patients and distributors adjust their operations to support the current demand level.
•The rate at which we grow our salesforce and the speed at which newly hired salespeople become fully effective can impact our revenue growth or our costs incurred in anticipation of such growth.
•Our industry is intensely competitive and, in particular, we compete with a number of large, well-capitalized companies. We must continue to successfully compete in light of our competitors’ existing and future products and their resources to successfully market to the specialist physicians who use our products.
•We must continue to successfully introduce new products that gain acceptance with specialist physicians and successfully transition from existing products to new products, ensuring adequate supply. In addition, as we introduce new products and expand our production capacity, we anticipate additional personnel will be hired and trained to build our inventory of components and finished goods in advance of sales, which may cause quarterly fluctuations in our operating results and financial condition.
•Publications of clinical results by us, our competitors and other third parties can have a significant influence on whether, and the degree to which, our products are used by specialist physicians and the procedures and treatments those physicians choose to administer for a given condition.
•The specialist physicians who use our products may not perform procedures during certain times of the year, such as those periods when they are at major medical conferences or are away from their practices for other reasons, the timing of which occurs irregularly during the year and from year to year.
•Most of our sales outside of the United States are denominated in the local currency of the country in which we sell our products. As a result, our revenue from international sales can be significantly impacted by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
•The availability and levels of reimbursement within the relevant healthcare payment system for healthcare providers for procedures in which our products are used.
In addition, we have experienced and expect to continue to experience meaningful variability in our quarterly revenue, gross profit and gross margin percentage as a result of a number of factors, including, but not limited to: the impact of COVID-19, the number of available selling days, which can be impacted by holidays; the mix of products sold; the geographic mix of where products are sold; the demand for our products and the products of our competitors; the timing of or failure to obtain regulatory approvals or clearances for products; increased competition; the timing of customer orders; inventory write-offs due to obsolescence; costs, benefits and timing of new product introductions; costs, benefits and timing of the acquisition and integration of businesses and product lines we may acquire; the availability and cost of components and raw materials; and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We may experience quarters in which we have significant revenue growth sequentially followed by quarters of moderate or no revenue growth. Additionally, we may experience quarters in which operating expenses, in particular research and development expenses, fluctuate depending on the stage and timing of product development.
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Components of Results of Operations
Revenue. We sell our products directly to hospitals and other healthcare providers and through distributors for use in procedures performed by specialist physicians to treat patients in two key markets: neuro and vascular disease. We sell our products through purchase orders, and we do not have long term purchase commitments from our customers. Revenue from product sales is recognized either on the date of shipment or the date of receipt by the customer, but is deferred for certain transactions when control has not yet transferred. With respect to products that we consign to hospitals, which primarily consist of coils, we recognize revenue at the time hospitals utilize products in a procedure. Revenue also includes shipping and handling costs that we charge to customers.
Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue consists primarily of the cost of raw materials and components, personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, inbound freight charges, receiving costs, inspection and testing costs, warehousing costs, royalty expense, shipping and handling costs, and other labor and overhead costs incurred in the manufacturing of products. In addition, we record write-downs or write-offs of inventory in the event that a portion of our inventory becomes excess or obsolete.
We manufacture substantially all of our products in our manufacturing facilities in Alameda and Roseville, California.
Operating Expenses
Research and Development (“R&D”). R&D expenses primarily consist of product development, clinical and regulatory expenses, materials, depreciation and other costs associated with the development of our products. R&D expenses also include salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel and consultants. We generally expense R&D costs as they are incurred, with the exception of certain costs incurred for the development of computer software for internal use related to our REAL Immersive System offerings. We capitalize certain costs when it is determined that it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended, and the preliminary project stage is completed. Capitalized internal use software development costs are included in property and equipment, net within the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Sales, General and Administrative (“SG&A”). SG&A expenses primarily consist of salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel and consultants engaged in sales, marketing, finance, legal, compliance, administrative, facilities and information technology and human resource activities. Our SG&A expenses also include marketing trials, medical education, training, commissions, generally based on sales, to direct sales representatives, amortization of acquired intangible assets and acquisition-related costs.
(Benefit from) Provision For Income Taxes
We are taxed at the rates applicable within each jurisdiction in which we operate. The composite income tax rate, tax provisions, deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) and deferred tax liabilities will vary according to the jurisdiction in which profits arise. Tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by management and the respective governmental taxing authorities, and require us to exercise judgment in determining our income tax provision, our deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities and the potential valuation allowance recorded against our net DTAs. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined using the enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized. A valuation allowance is established when it is more likely than not that the future realization of all or some of the DTAs will not be achieved.
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth the components of our condensed consolidated statements of operations in dollars and as a percentage of revenue for the periods presented:
 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2020201920202019
 (in thousands, except for percentages)(in thousands, except for percentages)
Revenue$151,076 100.0 %$139,502 100.0 %$393,514 100.0 %$402,142 100.0 %
Cost of revenue60,153 39.8 43,504 31.2 149,652 38.0 128,306 31.9 
Gross profit90,923 60.2 95,998 68.8 243,862 62.0 273,836 68.1 
Operating expenses:
Research and development34,923 23.1 13,733 9.8 70,594 17.9 38,862 9.7 
Sales, general and administrative76,158 50.4 69,289 49.7 210,465 53.5 198,045 49.2 
Total operating expenses111,081 73.5 83,022 59.5 281,059 71.4 236,907 58.9 
(Loss) income from operations (20,158)(13.3)12,976 9.3 (37,197)(9.5)36,929 9.2 
Interest income, net413 0.3 759 0.5 820 0.2 2,276 0.6 
Other income (expense), net14 — (772)(0.6)(1,130)(0.3)(819)(0.2)
(Loss) income before income taxes(19,731)(13.1)12,963 9.3 (37,507)(9.5)38,386 9.5 
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes(9,855)(6.5)1,963 1.4 (15,618)(4.0)683 0.2 
Consolidated net (loss) income$(9,876)(6.5)%$11,000 7.9 %$(21,889)(5.6)%$37,703 9.4 %
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest(1,061)(0.7)(483)(0.3)(2,539)(0.6)(1,066)(0.3)
Net (loss) income attributable to Penumbra, Inc.$(8,815)(5.8)%$11,483 8.2 %$(19,350)(4.9)%$38,769 9.6 %

Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 Compared to the Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
Revenue
 Three Months Ended September 30,Change
 20202019$%
 (in thousands, except for percentages)
Neuro$75,917 $83,247 $(7,330)(8.8)%
Vascular75,159 56,255 18,904 33.6 %
Total$151,076 $139,502 $11,574 8.3 %
Revenue increased $11.6 million, or 8.3%, to $151.1 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020, from $139.5 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019. The overall growth in our revenue is primarily due to an increase in products sales within our vascular business as a result of sales of new products and further market penetration of our existing products, partially offset by a decline in sales of products within our neuro business.
Revenue from our neuro products decreased $7.3 million, or 8.8%, to $75.9 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020, from $83.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019. This decrease was primarily attributable to decreased sales of our neuro thrombectomy products which globally declined by 23.2% in the three months ended September 30, 2020. This decrease was primarily attributable to decreased sales in Japan as a result of reimbursement changes, on-going discussions with our distributor partner, and the paused launch of our new stroke product in that market. This decline was partially offset by an increase in sales of our neuro access and neuro embolization products, which globally increased by 35.0% and 9.7%, respectively in the three months ended September 30, 2020, due to further market penetration and growth in the market for endovascular treatment of stroke. Prices for our neuro products remained substantially unchanged during the period.
Revenue from our vascular products increased $18.9 million, or 33.6%, to $75.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020, from $56.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019. This increase was driven by sales of
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our vascular thrombectomy products and peripheral embolization products, which globally increased by 49.3% and 17.4%, respectively in the three months ended September 30, 2020. This increase was primarily due to higher sales volume as a result of sales of new products and further market penetration of our existing products. Prices for our vascular products remained substantially unchanged during the period.
Revenue by Geographic Area
The following table presents revenue by geographic area, based on our customers’ shipping destinations, for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
 Three Months Ended September 30,Change
20202019$%
 (in thousands, except for percentages)
United States$109,656 72.6 %$90,272 64.7 %$19,384 21.5 %
International41,420 27.4 %49,230 35.3 %(7,810)(15.9)%
Total$151,076 100.0 %$139,502 100.0 %$11,574 8.3 %
Revenue from product sales in international markets decreased $7.8 million, or 15.9%, to $41.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020, from $49.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019. Revenue from international sales represented 27.4% and 35.3% of our total revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Gross Margin
 Three Months Ended September 30,Change
 20202019$%
 (in thousands, except for percentages)
Cost of revenue$60,153 $43,504 $16,649 38.3 %
Gross profit$90,923 $95,998 $(5,075)(5.3)%
Gross margin %60.2 %68.8 %
Gross margin decreased 8.6 percentage points to 60.2% in the three months ended September 30, 2020, from 68.8% in the three months ended September 30, 2019. This gross margin decrease is driven by three components: (i) incremental investments on COVID-19 related safety measures, which include trade-offs made in productivity and capacity; (ii) accelerated investments in direct labor hires and production support to enable production scale-up in our Alameda and Roseville manufacturing facilities, respectively, undertaken to support new product launches and meet increasing demand in a less efficient manufacturing environment; and (iii) unabsorbed manufacturing variances from the second quarter of 2020 that resulted from inventory sold through in the third quarter.
Research and Development (“R&D”)
 Three Months Ended September 30,Change
 20202019$%
 (in thousands, except for percentages)
R&D$34,923 $13,733 $21,190 154.3 %
R&D as a percentage of revenue23.1 %9.8 %
R&D expenses increased by $21.2 million, or 154.3%, to $34.9 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020, from $13.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was primarily due to a $16.3 million increase in personnel-related expenses, which primarily includes one-time, non-recurring expenses associated with the launch of our Lightning product, and a $4.6 million increase in product development and testing costs.
We have made investments, and plan to continue to make investments, in the development of our products, which may include hiring additional research and development employees. In addition, we have experienced in the past, and may continue to experience in the future, variability in expenses incurred due to the timing and costs of clinical trials and product development.
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Sales, General and Administrative (“SG&A”)
 Three Months Ended September 30,Change
 20202019$%
 (in thousands, except for percentages)
SG&A$76,158 $69,289 $6,869 9.9 %
SG&A as a percentage of revenue50.4 %49.7 %
SG&A expenses increased by $6.9 million, or 9.9%, to $76.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020, from $69.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was primarily due to a $12.7 million increase in personnel-related expenses, partially offset by a $3.9 million decrease in cost related to marketing events, and a $2.8 million decrease in travel-related expenses.
As we continue to invest in our growth, we have expanded and may continue to expand our sales, marketing, and general and administrative teams through the hiring of additional employees. In addition, we have experienced in the past, and may continue to experience in the future, variability in expenses incurred due to the timing and costs of investments in infrastructure to support the business.
(Benefit from) Provision for Income Taxes
 Three Months Ended September 30,Change
 20202019$%
 (in thousands, except for percentages)
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes
$(9,855)$1,963 $(11,818)(602.0)%
Effective tax rate49.9 %15.1 %
Our benefit from income taxes was $9.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, which was primarily due to tax benefits attributable to our worldwide losses, combined with excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation attributable to our U.S. jurisdiction. Our provision for income taxes was $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, which was primarily due to income taxes attributable to our worldwide profits, offset by excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation attributable to our U.S. jurisdiction. The effective tax rate was 49.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to 15.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2019. Our change in effective tax rate was primarily attributable to large tax benefits over worldwide losses for the three months ended September 30, 2020, when compared to small tax expenses over worldwide profits for the three months ended September 30, 2019.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 Compared to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Revenue
 Nine Months Ended September 30,Change
 20202019$%
 (in thousands, except for percentages)
Neuro$212,830 $246,265 $(33,435)(13.6)%
Vascular180,684 155,877 24,807 15.9 %
Total$393,514 $402,142 $(8,628)(2.1)%
Revenue decreased $8.6 million, or 2.1%, to $393.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from $402.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decline in overall revenue is primarily due to a decrease in sales of products within our neuro business, partially offset by an increase in sales of new and existing products within our vascular business.
Revenue from our neuro products decreased $33.4 million, or 13.6%, to $212.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from $246.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. This was primarily attributable to decreased sales of our neuro thrombectomy products and neuro embolization products, which globally declined by 21.6% and 6.2%, respectively, in the nine months ended September 30, 2020. This decrease was primarily attributable to: (i) decreased sales in Japan as a result of reimbursement changes, on-going discussions with our distributor partner, and the paused launch of our new stroke product in that market, and (ii) lower sales volume as a result of hospitals performing fewer procedures and a
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decline in other international distribution sales, all primarily resulting from the response to the COVID-19 pandemic by hospitals and our distributors. Prices for our neuro products remained substantially unchanged during the period.
Revenue from our vascular products increased $24.8 million, or 15.9%, to $180.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from $155.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. This increase was driven by sales of our vascular thrombectomy products and peripheral embolization products, which globally increased by 25.1% and 6.5%, respectively, in the nine months ended September 30, 2020. This increase was primarily due to high sales volume as a result of sales of new products and further market penetration of our existing products. Prices for our vascular products remained substantially unchanged during the period.
Revenue by Geographic Area
The following table presents revenue by geographic area, based on our customer’s shipping destination, for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
 Nine Months Ended September 30,Change
20202019$%
 (in thousands, except for percentages)
United States$283,473 72.0 %$259,157 64.4 %$24,316 9.4 %
International110,041 28.0 %142,985 35.6 %(32,944)(23.0)%
Total$393,514 100.0 %$402,142 100.0 %$(8,628)(2.1)%
Revenue from sales in international markets decreased $32.9 million, or 23.0%, to $110.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from $143.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Revenue from international sales represented 28.0% and 35.6% of our total revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Gross Margin
 Nine Months Ended September 30,Change
 20202019$%
 (in thousands, except for percentages)
Cost of revenue$149,652 $128,306 $21,346 16.6 %
Gross profit$243,862 $273,836 $(29,974)(10.9)%
Gross margin %62.0 %68.1 %
Gross margin decreased 6.1 percentage points to 62.0% in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from 68.1% in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. This decrease in gross margin is driven by three components: (i) incremental investments on COVID-19 related safety measures, which include trade-offs made in productivity and capacity; (ii) accelerated investments in direct labor hires and production support to enable production scale-up in our Alameda and Roseville manufacturing facilities, respectively, undertaken to support new product launches and meet increasing demand in a less efficient manufacturing environment; and (iii) unabsorbed manufacturing variances due to lower production volume in the first and second quarters of 2020.
Research and Development (“R&D”)
 Nine Months Ended September 30,Change
 20202019$%
 (in thousands, except for percentages)
R&D$70,594 $38,862 $31,732 81.7 %
R&D as a percentage of revenue17.9 %9.7 %
R&D expenses increased by $31.7 million, or 81.7%, to $70.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from $38.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was primarily due to a $19.1 million increase in personnel-related expenses, which primarily includes one-time, non-recurring expenses associated with the launch of our Lightning product, and a $9.5 million increase in product development and testing costs.
We have made investments, and plan to continue to make investments, in the development of our products, which may include hiring additional research and development employees. In addition, we have experienced in the past, and may continue to experience in the future, variability in expenses incurred due to the timing and costs of clinical trials and product development.
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Sales, General and Administrative (SG&A)
 Nine Months Ended September 30,Change
 20202019$%
 (in thousands, except for percentages)
SG&A$210,465 $198,045 $12,420 6.3 %
SG&A as a percentage of revenue
53.5 %49.2 %
SG&A expenses increased by $12.4 million, or 6.3%, to $210.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from $198.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase was primarily due to a $22.0 million increase in personnel-related expense and a $3.5 million increase in infrastructure costs, partially offset by a $8.3 million decrease in cost related to marketing events, and a $7.3 million decrease in travel-related expenses.
As we continue to invest in our growth, we have expanded and may continue to expand our sales, marketing, and general and administrative teams through the hiring of additional employees. In addition, we have experienced in the past, and may continue to experience in the future, variability in expenses incurred due to the timing and costs of investments in infrastructure to support the business.
(Benefit from) Provision For Income Taxes
 Nine Months Ended September 30,Change
 20202019$%
 (in thousands, except for percentages)
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes$(15,618)$683 $(16,301)(2,386.7)%
Effective tax rate41.6 %1.8 %
Our benefit from income taxes was $15.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, which was primarily due to tax benefits attributable to our worldwide losses, combined with excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation attributable to our U.S. jurisdiction. Our provision for income taxes was $0.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, which was primarily due to income taxes attributable to our worldwide profits, offset by excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation attributable to our U.S. jurisdiction. The effective tax rate was 41.6% for nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to 1.8% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Our change in effective tax rate was primarily attributable to large tax benefits over worldwide losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, when compared to small tax expenses over worldwide profits for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
Prospectively, our effective tax rate will likely be driven by (1) permanent differences in taxable income for tax and financial reporting purposes, (2) tax expense attributable to our worldwide profit or tax benefit attributable to our worldwide losses, and (3) discrete tax adjustments such as excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation. Our income tax provision is subject to volatility as the amount of excess tax benefits can fluctuate from period to period based on the price of our stock, the volume of share-based grants settled or vested, and the fair value assigned to equity awards under U.S. GAAP. In addition, changes in tax law or our interpretation thereof, and changes to our valuation allowance could result with fluctuations in our effective tax rate.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of September 30, 2020, we had $482.1 million in working capital, which included $80.1 million in cash and cash equivalents and $188.6 million in marketable investments. As of September 30, 2020, we held approximately 22.9% of our cash and cash equivalents in foreign entities.
In June 2020, we issued and sold an aggregate of 865,963 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $166.00 per share, less the underwriters’ discounts and commissions, pursuant to an underwritten public offering. We received approximately $134.8 million in net cash proceeds from the offering after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $8.6 million and other offering expenses of $0.4 million. We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes, including working capital, continued development of our products, including research and development and clinical trials, potential acquisitions and other business opportunities. Pending the use of the net proceeds from the offering, we are investing the net proceeds in investment grade, interest bearing securities.
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In addition to our existing cash and cash equivalents and marketable investment balances, our principal source of liquidity is our accounts receivable. In order to further strengthen our liquidity position and financial flexibility during the COVID-19 pandemic, on April 24, 2020 we entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The Credit Agreement is secured and provides for up to $100 million in available revolving borrowing capacity with an option, subject to certain conditions, for the Company to increase the aggregate borrowing capacity to up to $150 million, and matures on April 23, 2021. As of September 30, 2020, the Company was not in compliance with the requirement in the Credit Agreement to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. The Company subsequently obtained a waiver of such non-compliance from the lenders under the Credit Agreement. As of September 30, 2020, there were no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement. See Note “8. Indebtedness” to our condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information.
We believe our sources of liquidity will be sufficient to meet our liquidity requirements for at least the next 12 months. Our principal liquidity requirements are to fund our operations, expand manufacturing operations which includes, but is not limited to, maintaining sufficient levels of inventory to meet the anticipated demand of our customers, fund research and development activities and fund our capital expenditures. We may also lease or purchase additional facilities to facilitate our growth. We expect to continue to make investments as we launch new products, expand our manufacturing operations and IT infrastructures and further expand into international markets. We may, however, require or elect to secure additional financing as we continue to execute our business strategy. If we require or elect to raise additional funds, we may do so through equity or debt financing, which may not be available on favorable terms, could result in dilution to our stockholders, could result in changes to our capital structure, and could require us to agree to covenants that limit our operating flexibility.
While we have strengthened our liquidity position, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we cannot reliably estimate the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may impact our cash flow from operations in the fourth quarter and beyond.
The following table summarizes our cash and cash equivalents, marketable investments and selected working capital data as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:
 September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
 (in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents$80,115 $72,779 
Marketable investments188,611 116,610 
Accounts receivable, net112,817 105,901 
Accounts payable14,544 15,111 
Accrued liabilities87,691 67,630 
Working capital(1)
482,144 372,086 
__________________
(1)Working capital consists of total current assets less total current liabilities.
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, our beginning balance of cash and cash equivalents, net cash flows provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities and our ending balance of cash and cash equivalents:
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 20202019
 (in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period$72,779 $67,850 
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities(31,159)21,885 
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities(93,923)31,023 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities132,460 (8,457)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period80,115 111,581 
Net Cash (Used In) Provided By Operating Activities
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Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities consists primarily of consolidated net (loss) income adjusted for certain non-cash items (including depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, inventory write-downs, and changes in deferred tax balances), and the effect of changes in working capital and other activities.
Net cash used in operating activities was $31.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and consisted of consolidated net loss of $21.9 million and net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $27.5 million, offset by non-cash items of $18.3 million. The change in operating assets and liabilities includes an increase in inventories of $39.9 million, an increase in accounts receivable of $7.4 million and an increase in prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets of $6.0 million. This was partially offset by an increase in accrued expenses and other non-current liabilities of $26.1 million.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $21.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and consisted of a consolidated net income of $37.7 million and non-cash items of $25.9 million, offset by net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $41.7 million. The change in operating assets and liabilities includes an increase in inventories of $27.9 million to support our revenue growth, an increase in accounts receivable of $21.5 million, and an increase in prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets of $3.4 million, partially offset by an increase in accrued expenses and other non-current liabilities of $7.8 million, and an increase in accounts payable of $3.3 million as a result of growth in our business activities.
Net Cash (Used In) Provided By Investing Activities
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities relates primarily to purchases of marketable investments, net of proceeds from maturities and sales, and capital expenditures.
Net cash used in investing activities was $93.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and consisted of purchases of marketable investments, net of proceeds from maturities and sales, of $69.9 million, and capital expenditures of $21.0 million.
Net cash provided by investing activities was $31.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and consisted of proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable investments, net of purchases, of $51.2 million, partially offset by capital expenditures of $14.1 million.
Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Financing Activities
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities primarily relates to payments of employee taxes related to vested restricted stock units, payments towards the reduction of our finance lease obligations and certain acquisition-related payments, and proceeds from exercises of stock options and issuance of common stock.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $132.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and primarily consisted of proceeds from the issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs, of $134.8 million, proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan of $5.9 million, and proceeds from exercises of stock options of $4.4 million. This was partially offset by $8.6 million of payments of employee taxes related to vested restricted stock and restricted stock units, $3.1 million in payments towards finance leases, and $0.7 million related to contingent consideration payments made in the first quarter of 2020 in connection with our acquisition of Crossmed in 2017.
Net cash used in financing activities was $8.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and primarily consisted of $16.1 million of payments of employee taxes related to vested restricted stock and restricted stock units and $1.2 million primarily related to contingent consideration payments made in the first quarter of 2019 in connection with our acquisition of Crossmed in 2017. This was partially offset by proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan of $4.8 million and proceeds from stock option exercises of $3.6 million.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
There have been no material changes to our contractual obligations and commitments as of September 30, 2020 from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any significant off-balance sheet arrangements or holdings in variable interest entities.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We have prepared our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, expenses, and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements, as well as revenue and expenses recorded during the reporting periods. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could therefore differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies from those described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
For information with respect to recently issued accounting standards and the impact of these standards on our condensed consolidated financial statements, see Note “2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.




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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
We are exposed to various market risks, which may result in potential losses arising from adverse changes in market rates, such as interest rates and foreign exchange rates. We do not enter into derivatives or other financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes and do not believe we are exposed to material market risk with respect to our cash and cash equivalents and/or our marketable investments.
Interest Rate Risk. We had cash and cash equivalents of $80.1 million as of September 30, 2020, which consisted of funds held in general checking and savings accounts. In addition, we had marketable investments of $188.6 million, which consisted primarily of commercial paper, corporate bonds, U.S. agency and government sponsored securities, and U.S. states and municipalities. Our investment policy is focused on the preservation of capital and supporting our liquidity needs. Under the policy, we invest in highly rated securities, while limiting the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer other than the U.S. government. We do not invest in financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes, nor do we use leveraged financial instruments. We utilize external investment managers who adhere to the guidelines of our investment policy. The revolving loans under our Credit Agreement bear interest at: 1) the adjusted LIBO rate or adjusted EURIBO rate, as applicable, plus an applicable rate, for euro currency revolving borrowing; or 2) an alternate base rate plus an applicable rate, for revolving borrowing in U.S. Dollars. As of September 30, 2020, there were no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement. A hypothetical 100 basis point change in interest rates would not have a material impact on the value of our cash and cash equivalents or marketable investments.
Foreign Exchange Risk Management. We operate in countries other than the United States, and, therefore, we are exposed to foreign currency risks. We bill most sales outside of the United States in local currencies, primarily euro and Japanese yen, with some sales being denominated in other currencies. We expect that the percentage of our sales denominated in foreign currencies may increase in the foreseeable future as we continue to expand into international markets. When sales or expenses are not denominated in U.S. dollars, a fluctuation in exchange rates could affect our net income. We do not believe our net income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. would be materially impacted by an immediate 10% adverse change in foreign exchange rates. We do not currently hedge our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; however, we may choose to hedge our exposure in the future.
We do not believe that inflation and changes in prices had a significant impact on our results of operations as of and for the period ended September 30, 2020.
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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
An evaluation as of September 30, 2020 was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures,” which are defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective at September 30, 2020.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, within a company have been detected. Accordingly, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of our disclosure control system are met and, as set forth above, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded, based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this report, that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the objectives of our disclosure control system were met.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
For information with respect to Legal Proceedings, see Note “9. Commitments and Contingencies” to our condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.
There have been no material changes to our risk factors reported in, or new factors identified since the filing of, our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, which was filed with the SEC on February 26, 2020, except as set forth below.
The ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
In December 2019, a strain of coronavirus, known as COVID-19, surfaced in Wuhan, China and resulted in an outbreak throughout the world. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic. Governments, public institutions, and other organizations in countries and localities throughout the world have taken and are continuing to take certain emergency measures to combat the spread of COVID-19, including implementation of restrictions on travel and orders that restrict the operations of institutions such as schools and businesses. While the full impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and government response is not yet known, we have experienced negative impacts from this pandemic and it could materially harm our business, results of operations and financial condition in the future.
For example, on March 18, 2020, the United States Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services released guidance for U.S. healthcare providers recommending the delay of elective surgeries and non-essential medical, surgical, and dental procedures in order to preserve personal protective equipment, beds, and ventilators for use in combating COVID-19. This guidance and similar guidance from other public health authorities resulted in the deferral of procedures in which our products are used, which thereby reduced demand for our products in the relevant periods. Any similar guidance in the future could also further reduce demand for our products in future periods. Furthermore, once the COVID-19 pandemic subsides there may be constraints in the capacities and financial resources of hospitals and other healthcare providers to perform procedures that had been deferred due to COVID-19, which could have an adverse effect on demand for our products following the end of the pandemic. Many hospitals have also implemented restrictions on vendor access, potentially limiting our ability to provide product and case support.
In addition, due to domestic and international governmental orders restricting certain activities in response to COVID-19, including in Alameda, California, where our corporate headquarters and many of our operations, including our principal manufacturing facility, are located, we continue to experience certain disruptions in our business, including changes to our on-site operations to reduce manufacturing capacity and implement social distancing, reductions in our suppliers’ ability to source, maintain inventory and ship raw materials in alignment with our demands, work stoppages, slowdowns and delays, including having most of our employees working outside of our offices, travel restrictions, reduced access to our customers for product training and case support, and cancellation of events, delays in product development efforts and related clinical trials and regulatory clearances and approvals, and other negative impacts on our capacity to manufacture, our suppliers’ capacity to source and ship raw materials and our distributors’ ability to sell and support the use of our products.
The COVID-19 pandemic has also caused significant uncertainty and volatility in global financial markets and the trading prices for the common stock of medical device companies, including Penumbra. Due to such volatility, we may not be able to raise additional capital, if needed, on favorable terms, or at all. Further adverse economic events resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, including a prolonged recession, depression or other sustained economic downturn, could materially and adversely affect our business, access to capital markets and the value of our common stock.
The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of potential impacts on our business, healthcare systems, the medical device industry or the global economy as a whole. However, these effects could adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.
None.

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ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES.
None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE.
None.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION.
None.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS.
Exhibit NumberDescriptionFormFile No.Exhibit(s)Filing Date
31.1*
Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
31.2*
Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32.1**
Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and 18 U.S.C. §1350.
101*The following materials from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
104*Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as iXBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibit 101).
* Filed herewith.    
** Furnished herewith.
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SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.
 
 PENUMBRA, INC.
Date: November 2, 2020 
 By: /s/ Maggie Yuen
 Maggie Yuen
 Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

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