Table of Contents
UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
Commission file number 1-08895
HCP, Inc. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code (562) 733-5100
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Common Stock
7.25% Series E Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock
7.10% Series F Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant; (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (check one):
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Act.) Yes o No ý
State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter: $14.9 billion.
As of February 1, 2012 there were 409,378,447 shares of common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement for the registrant's 2012 Annual Meeting of Stockholders have been incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report.
PART I
Item 1.
Business
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
Item 1B.
Unresolved Staff Comments
Item 2.
Properties
Item 3.
Legal Proceedings
Item 4.
(Removed and Reserved)
PART II
Item 5.
Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Item 6.
Selected Financial Data
Item 7.
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Item 7A.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Item 8.
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Item 9.
Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures
Item 9A.
Controls and Procedures
Item 9B.
Other Information
PART III
Item 10.
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Item 11.
Executive Compensation
Item 12.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Item 13.
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Item 14.
Principal Accountant Fees and Services
PART IV
Item 15.
Exhibits, Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules
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All references in this report to "HCP," the "Company," "we," "us" or "our" mean HCP, Inc. together with its consolidated subsidiaries. Unless the context suggests otherwise, references to "HCP, Inc." mean the parent company without its subsidiaries.
ITEM 1. Business
Business Overview
HCP, an S&P 500 company, invests primarily in real estate serving the healthcare industry in the United States. We are a self-administered, Maryland real estate investment trust ("REIT") organized in 1985. We are headquartered in Long Beach, California, with offices in Nashville, Tennessee and San Francisco, California. We acquire, develop, lease, manage and dispose of healthcare real estate, and provide financing to healthcare providers. Our portfolio is comprised of investments in the following five healthcare segments: (i) senior housing, (ii) life science, (iii) medical office, (iv) post-acute/skilled nursing and (v) hospital. We make investments within our healthcare segments using the following five investment products: (i) properties under lease, (ii) debt investments, (iii) developments and redevelopments, (iv) investment management and (v) RIDEA, which represents investments in senior housing operations utilizing the structure permitted by the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008.
The delivery of healthcare services requires real estate and, as a result, tenants and operators depend on real estate, in part, to maintain and grow their businesses. We believe that the healthcare real estate market provides investment opportunities due to the following:
Our website address is www.hcpi.com. Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act") are available on our website, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish them to, the United States ("U.S.") Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").
Healthcare Industry
Healthcare is the single largest industry in the U.S. based on Gross Domestic Product ("GDP"). According to the National Health Expenditures report by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ("CMS"): (i) national health expenditures are projected to grow 4.3% in 2012; (ii) the average compounded annual growth rate for national health expenditures, over the projection period of 2010 through 2020, is anticipated to be 5.8%; and (iii) the healthcare industry is projected to represent 17.6% of U.S. GDP in 2012.
Senior citizens are the largest consumers of healthcare services. According to CMS, on a per capita basis, the 75-year and older segment of the population spends 76% more on healthcare than the 65 to 74-year-old segment and over 200% more than the population average.
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U.S. Population Over 65 Years Old
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, the Statistical Abstract of the United States.
Business Strategy
Our primary goal is to increase shareholder value through profitable growth. Our investment strategy to achieve this goal is based on three principles: (i) opportunistic investing, (ii) portfolio diversification and (iii) conservative financing.
Opportunistic Investing
We make investment decisions that are expected to drive profitable growth and create shareholder value. We attempt to position ourselves to create and take advantage of situations to meet our goals and investment criteria.
Portfolio Diversification
We believe in maintaining a portfolio of healthcare investments diversified by segment, geography, operator, tenant and investment product. Diversification reduces the likelihood that a single event would materially harm our business and allows us to take advantage of opportunities in different markets based on individual market dynamics. While pursuing our strategy of diversification, we monitor, but do not limit, our investments based on the percentage of our total assets that may be invested in any one property type, investment product, geographic location, the number of properties which we may lease to a single operator or tenant, or loans we may make to a single borrower. With investments in multiple segments and investment products, we can focus on opportunities with the most attractive risk/reward profile for the portfolio as a whole. We may structure transactions as master leases, require operator or tenant insurance and indemnifications, obtain credit enhancements in the form of guarantees, letters of credit or security deposits, and take other measures to mitigate risk.
Conservative Financing
We believe a conservative balance sheet is important to our ability to execute our opportunistic investing approach. We strive to maintain a conservative balance sheet by actively managing our debt-to-equity levels and maintaining multiple sources of liquidity, such as our revolving line of credit facility, access to capital markets and secured debt lenders, relationships with current and prospective institutional joint venture partners, and our ability to divest of assets. Our debt obligations are primarily fixed rate with staggered maturities, which reduces the impact of rising interest rates on our operations.
We finance our investments based on our evaluation of available sources of funding. For short-term purposes, we may utilize our revolving line of credit facility or arrange for other short-term borrowings from banks or other sources. We arrange for longer-term financing through offerings of
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equity and debt securities, placement of mortgage debt and capital from other institutional lenders and equity investors.
We specifically incorporate by reference into this section the information set forth in Item 7, "2011 Transaction Overview," included elsewhere in this report.
Competition
Investing in real estate serving the healthcare industry is highly competitive. We face competition from other REITs, investment companies, private equity and hedge fund investors, sovereign funds, healthcare operators, lenders, developers and other institutional investors, some of whom may have greater resources and lower costs of capital than we do. Increased competition makes it more challenging for us to identify and successfully capitalize on opportunities that meet our objectives. Our ability to compete may also be impacted by national and local economic trends, availability of investment alternatives, availability and cost of capital, construction and renovation costs, existing laws and regulations, new legislation and population trends.
Income from our facilities is dependent on the ability of our operators and tenants to compete with other companies on a number of different levels, including: the quality of care provided, reputation, the physical appearance of a facility, price and range of services offered, alternatives for healthcare delivery, the supply of competing properties, physicians, staff, referral sources, location, the size and demographics of the population in surrounding areas, and the financial condition of our tenants and operators. Private, federal and state payment programs as well as the effect of laws and regulations may also have a significant influence on the profitability of our tenants and operators. For a discussion of the risks associated with competitive conditions affecting our business, see "Risk Factors" in Item 1A.
Healthcare Segments
Senior housing. At December 31, 2011, we had interests in 314 senior housing facilities, 21 of which are in a RIDEA structure. Excluding RIDEA properties, all of our senior housing facilities are leased to single tenants under triple-net lease structures. Senior housing facilities include assisted living facilities ("ALFs"), independent living facilities ("ILFs") and continuing care retirement communities ("CCRCs"), which cater to different segments of the elderly population based upon their needs. Services provided by our operators or tenants in these facilities are primarily paid for by the residents directly or through private insurance and are less reliant on government reimbursement programs such as Medicaid and Medicare. Our senior housing property types are further described below:
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Our senior housing segment accounted for approximately 31%, 30% and 30% of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. The following table provides information about our senior housing operator concentration for the year ended December 31, 2011:
Brookdale Senior Living Inc. ("Brookdale")(1)
Emeritus Corporation ("Emeritus")
Sunrise Senior Living, Inc. ("Sunrise")(2)
HCR ManorCare
Post-acute/skilled nursing. At December 31, 2011, we had interests in 313 post-acute/skilled nursing facilities ("SNFs"). SNFs offer restorative, rehabilitative and custodial nursing care for people not requiring the more extensive and sophisticated treatment available at hospitals. Ancillary revenues and revenues from sub-acute care services are derived from providing services to residents beyond room and board and include occupational, physical, speech, respiratory and intravenous therapy, wound care, oncology treatment, brain injury care and orthopedic therapy as well as sales of pharmaceutical products and other services. Certain SNFs provide some of the foregoing services on an out-patient basis. Post-acute/skilled nursing services provided by our operators and tenants in these facilities are primarily paid for either by private sources or through the Medicare and Medicaid programs. All of our SNFs are leased to single tenants under triple-net lease structures.
On April 7, 2011, we completed our acquisition of substantially all of the real estate assets of privately-owned HCR ManorCare, Inc., for a purchase price of $6.1 billion (the "HCR ManorCare Acquisition"). We acquired 268 post-acute/skilled nursing facilities and 66 assisted living facilities located in 30 states, with the highest concentrations in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Florida, Illinois and Michigan. A wholly-owned subsidiary of HCR ManorCare operates the facilities pursuant to a long-term, triple-net master lease agreement supported by a guaranty from HCR ManorCare. Additionally, we exercised our option to purchase an interest in the operations of HCR ManorCare for $95 million that represented a 9.9% equity interest at closing. For a more detailed description of the HCR ManorCare Acquisition see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Our post-acute/skilled nursing segment accounted for approximately 29%, 13% and 10% of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. The following table
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provides information about our post-acute/skilled nursing operator/tenant concentration for the year ended December 31, 2011:
HCR ManorCare(1)
Life science. At December 31, 2011, we had interests in 108 life science properties, including four facilities owned by our Investment Management Platform. These properties contain laboratory and office space primarily for biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, scientific research institutions, government agencies and other organizations involved in the life science industry. While these properties contain similar characteristics to commercial office buildings, they generally contain more advanced electrical, mechanical, and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning ("HVAC") systems. The facilities generally have equipment including emergency generators, fume hoods, lab bench tops and related amenities. In many instances, life science tenants make significant investments to improve their leased space, in addition to landlord improvements, to accommodate biology, chemistry or medical device research initiatives. Life science properties are primarily configured in business park or campus settings and include multiple facilities and buildings. The business park and campus settings allow us the opportunity to provide flexible, contiguous/adjacent expansion that accommodates the growth of existing tenants. Our properties are located in well established geographical markets known for scientific research, including San Francisco, San Diego and Salt Lake City. At December 31, 2011, 97% of our life science leases (based on leased square feet) are under triple-net structures.
Our life science segment accounted for approximately 17%, 22% and 22% of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. The following table provides information about our life science tenant concentration for the year ended December 31, 2011:
Genentech, Inc.
Amgen, Inc.
Medical office. At December 31, 2011, we had interests in 254 medical office buildings ("MOBs"), including 66 facilities owned by our Investment Management Platform. These facilities typically contain physicians' offices and examination rooms, and may also include pharmacies, hospital ancillary service space and outpatient services such as diagnostic centers, rehabilitation clinics and day-surgery operating rooms. While these facilities are similar to commercial office buildings, they require additional plumbing, electrical and mechanical systems to accommodate multiple exam rooms that may require sinks in every room, and special equipment such as x-ray machines. In addition, MOBs are often built to accommodate higher structural loads for certain equipment and may contain "vaults" or other specialized construction. Our MOBs are typically multi-tenant properties leased to healthcare providers (hospitals and physician practices), with approximately 83% of our MOBs, based on square feet, located on hospital campuses. At December 31, 2011, 48% of our medical office leases (based on leased square feet) are under triple-net structures.
Our medical office segment accounted for approximately 19%, 25% and 27% of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2011, HCA, Inc. ("HCA"), as our tenant, contributed 13% of our medical office segment revenues.
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Our Investment Management Platform represents the following unconsolidated joint ventures: (i) HCP Ventures III, LLC, (ii) HCP Ventures IV, LLC, and (iii) the HCP Life Science ventures. For a more detailed description of these unconsolidated joint ventures, see Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Hospital. At December 31, 2011, we had interests in 21 hospitals, including four facilities owned by our Investment Management Platform. Services provided by our operators and tenants in these facilities are paid for by private sources, third-party payors (e.g., insurance and Health Maintenance Organizations or "HMOs"), or through the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Our hospital property types include acute care, long-term acute care, specialty and rehabilitation hospitals. Our hospitals are all leased to single tenants or operators under triple-net lease structures.
Our hospital segment accounted for approximately 5%, 10% and 11% of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. The following table provides information about our hospital operator/tenant concentration for the year ended December 31, 2011:
HCA(1)
Tenet Healthcare Corporation ("Tenet")
Investment Products
Properties under lease. We primarily generate revenue by leasing properties under long-term leases. Most of our rents and other earned income from leases are received under triple-net leases or leases that provide for a substantial recovery of operating expenses. However, some of our MOBs and life science facility rents are structured under gross or modified gross leases. Accordingly, for such gross or modified gross leases, we incur certain property operating expenses, such as real estate taxes, repairs and maintenance, property management fees, utilities and insurance.
Our ability to grow income from properties under lease depends, in part, on our ability to (i) increase rental income and other earned income from leases by increasing rental rates and occupancy levels, (ii) maximize tenant recoveries and (iii) control non-recoverable operating expenses. Most of our leases include contractual annual base rent escalation clauses that are either predetermined fixed increases and/or are a function of an inflation index.
Debt investments. Our mezzanine loans are generally secured by a pledge of ownership interests of an entity or entities, which directly or indirectly own properties, and are subordinate to more senior debt, including mortgages and more senior mezzanine loans. Our interest in mortgages and construction financing are typically issued by healthcare providers and are generally secured by healthcare real estate. Borrowers of our interests in mortgage and construction loans are typically healthcare providers and healthcare real estate generally secures these loans.
Developments and Redevelopments. We generally commit to development projects that are at least 50% pre-leased or when we believe that market conditions will support speculative construction. We work closely with our local real estate service providers, including brokerage, property management, project management and construction management companies to assist us in evaluating development proposals and completing developments. Our development and redevelopment investments are primarily in our life science and medical office segments. Redevelopments are properties that require significant capital expenditures (generally more than 25% of acquisition cost or existing basis) to achieve property stabilization or to change the primary use of the properties.
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Investment Management. We co-invest in real estate properties with institutional investors through joint ventures structured as partnerships or limited liability companies. We target institutional investors with long-term investment horizons who seek to benefit from our expertise in healthcare real estate. Predominantly, we retain noncontrolling interests in the joint ventures ranging from 20% to 30% and serve as the managing member. These ventures generally allow us to earn acquisition and asset management fees, and have the potential for promoted interests or incentive distributions based on performance of the joint venture.
Operating properties ("RIDEA"). We entered into contracts with healthcare operators to manage communities that are placed in a structure permitted by the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (commonly referred to as "RIDEA"). Under the provisions of RIDEA, a REIT may lease "qualified health care properties" on an arm's length basis to a taxable REIT subsidiary ("TRS") if the property is operated on behalf of such subsidiary by a person who qualifies as an "eligible independent contractor." We view RIDEA as a structure primarily to be used on properties that present attractive valuation entry points, where repositioning with a new operator that is aligned with HCP can bring scale, operating efficiencies, and/or ancillary services to drive growth.
Portfolio Summary
At December 31, 2011, we managed $18.7 billion of investments in our Owned Portfolio and Investment Management Platform. At December 31, 2011, we also owned $563 million of assets under development, including redevelopment, and land held for future development.
Owned Portfolio
As of December 31, 2011, our properties under lease and debt investments in our Owned Portfolio consisted of the following (square feet and dollars in thousands):
Senior housing
Post-acute/skilled
Life science
Medical office
Hospital
Total
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See Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our business segments.
Developments and Redevelopments
At December 31, 2011, in addition to our investments in properties under lease and debt investments, we have an aggregate investment of $563 million in assets under development, including redevelopment, and land held for future development, primarily in our life science and medical office segments.
Investment Management Platform
As of December 31, 2011, our Investment Management Platform consisted of the following properties under lease (square feet and dollars in thousands):
Medical office(3)
Employees of HCP
At December 31, 2011, we had 147 full-time employees, none of whom is subject to a collective bargaining agreement.
Government Regulation, Licensing and Enforcement
Overview
Our tenants and operators are typically subject to extensive and complex federal, state and local healthcare laws and regulations relating to fraud and abuse practices, government reimbursement, licensure and certificate of need and similar laws governing the operation of healthcare facilities, and we expect that the healthcare industry, in general, will continue to face increased regulation and pressure in the areas of fraud, waste and abuse, cost control, healthcare management and provision of services, among others. These regulations are wide-ranging and can subject our tenants and operators to civil, criminal and administrative sanctions. Affected tenants and operators may find it increasingly difficult to comply with this complex and evolving regulatory environment because of a relative lack of guidance in many areas as certain of our healthcare properties are subject to oversight from several government agencies and the laws may vary from one jurisdiction to another. Changes in laws and regulations and reimbursement enforcement activity and regulatory non-compliance by our tenants and operators can all have a significant effect on their operations and financial condition, which in turn may adversely impact us, as detailed below and set forth under "Risk Factors" in Item 1A.
We seek to mitigate the risk to us resulting from the significant healthcare regulatory risks faced by our tenants and operators by diversifying our portfolio among property types and geographical areas, diversifying our tenant and operator base to limit our exposure to any single entity, and seeking tenants and operators who are not largely dependent on Medicaid reimbursement for their revenues. Based on
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information primarily provided by our tenants and operators, excluding our medical office segment, at December 31, 2011 we estimate that approximately 21% and 13% of the annualized base rental payments received from our tenants and operators are dependant on Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement, respectively. The increase in our exposure to Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement from levels reported as of December 31, 2010 is primarily the result of the facilities acquired through the HCR ManorCare Acquisition. For additional details of the HCR ManorCare Acquisition, see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The following is a discussion of certain laws and regulations generally applicable to our operators, and in certain cases, to us.
Fraud and Abuse Enforcement
There are various extremely complex federal and state laws and regulations governing healthcare providers' relationships and arrangements and prohibiting fraudulent and abusive practices by such providers. These laws include (i) federal and state false claims acts, which, among other things, prohibit providers from filing false claims or making false statements to receive payment from Medicare, Medicaid or other federal or state healthcare programs, (ii) federal and state anti-kickback and fee-splitting statutes, including the Medicare and Medicaid anti-kickback statute, which prohibit the payment or receipt of remuneration to induce referrals or recommendations of healthcare items or services, (iii) federal and state physician self-referral laws (commonly referred to as the "Stark Law"), which generally prohibit referrals by physicians to entities with which the physician or an immediate family member has a financial relationship, (iv) the federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law, which prohibits, among other things, the knowing presentation of a false or fraudulent claim for certain healthcare services and (v) federal and state privacy laws, including the privacy and security rules contained in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, which provide for the privacy and security of personal health information. Violations of healthcare fraud and abuse laws carry civil, criminal and administrative sanctions, including punitive sanctions, monetary penalties, imprisonment, denial of Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement and potential exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid or other federal or state healthcare programs. These laws are enforced by a variety of federal, state and local agencies and can also be enforced by private litigants through, among other things, federal and state false claims acts, which allow private litigants to bring qui tam or "whistleblower" actions. Many of our operators and tenants are subject to these laws, and some of them may in the future become the subject of governmental enforcement actions if they fail to comply with applicable laws.
Reimbursement
Sources of revenue for many of our tenants and operators include, among other sources, governmental healthcare programs, such as the federal Medicare program and state Medicaid programs, and non-governmental payors, such as insurance carriers and HMOs. As federal and state governments focus on healthcare reform initiatives, and as many states face significant budget deficits, efforts to reduce costs by these payors will likely continue, which may result in reduced or slower growth in reimbursement for certain services provided by some of our tenants and operators.
Healthcare Licensure and Certificate of Need
Certain healthcare facilities in our portfolio are subject to extensive federal, state and local licensure, certification and inspection laws and regulations. In addition, various licenses and permits are required to dispense narcotics, operate pharmacies, handle radioactive materials and operate equipment. Many states require certain healthcare providers to obtain a certificate of need, which requires prior approval for the construction, expansion and closure of certain healthcare facilities. The approval process related to state certificate of need laws may impact some of our tenants' and operators' abilities to expand or change their businesses.
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Life Science Facilities
While certain of our life science tenants include some well-established companies, other such tenants are less established and, in some cases, may not yet have a product approved by the Food and Drug Administration or other regulatory authorities for commercial sale. Creating a new pharmaceutical product or medical device requires substantial investments of time and money, in part, because of the extensive regulation of the healthcare industry; it also entails considerable risk of failure in demonstrating that the product is safe and effective and in gaining regulatory approval and market acceptance.
Senior Housing Entrance Fee Communities
Certain of the senior housing facilities mortgaged to or owned by us are operated as entrance fee communities. Generally, an entrance fee is an upfront fee or consideration paid by a resident, a portion of which may be refundable, in exchange for some form of long-term benefit. Some of the entrance fee communities are subject to significant state regulatory oversight, including, for example, oversight of each facility's financial condition, establishment and monitoring of reserve requirements and other financial restrictions, the right of residents to cancel their contracts within a specified period of time, lien rights in favor of the residents, restrictions on change of ownership and similar matters.
Americans with Disabilities Act (the "ADA")
Our properties must comply with the ADA and any similar state or local laws to the extent that such properties are "public accommodations" as defined in those statutes. The ADA may require removal of barriers to access by persons with disabilities in certain public areas of our properties where such removal is readily achievable. To date, we have not received any notices of noncompliance with the ADA that have caused us to incur substantial capital expenditures to address ADA concerns. Should barriers to access by persons with disabilities be discovered at any of our properties, we may be directly or indirectly responsible for additional costs that may be required to make facilities ADA-compliant. Noncompliance with the ADA could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants. The obligation to make readily achievable accommodations pursuant to the ADA is an ongoing one, and we continue to assess our properties and make modifications as appropriate in this respect.
Environmental Matters
A wide variety of federal, state and local environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations affect healthcare facility operations. These complex federal and state statutes, and their enforcement, involve a myriad of regulations, many of which involve strict liability on the part of the potential offender. Some of these federal and state statutes may directly impact us. Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, an owner of real property or a secured lender, such as us, may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances at, under or disposed of in connection with such property, as well as other potential costs relating to hazardous or toxic substances (including government fines and damages for injuries to persons and adjacent property). The cost of any required remediation, removal, fines or personal or property damages and the owner's or secured lender's liability therefore could exceed or impair the value of the property, and/or the assets of the owner or secured lender. In addition, the presence of such substances, or the failure to properly dispose of or remediate such substances, may adversely affect the owner's ability to sell or rent such property or to borrow using such property as collateral which, in turn, could reduce our revenues. For a description of the risks associated with environmental matters, see "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of this report.
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ITEM 1A. Risk Factors
The section below discusses the most significant risk factors that may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
As set forth below, we believe that the risks facing our company generally fall into the following three categories:
Risks Related to Our Business
Volatility or disruption in the financial markets may impair our ability to raise capital, obtain new financing or refinance existing obligations and fund real estate and development activities.
The global financial markets recently have undergone and may continue to experience pervasive and fundamental disruptions. While the capital markets have shown signs of improvement, the sustainability of an economic recovery is uncertain and additional levels of market disruption and volatility could materially adversely impact our ability to raise capital, obtain new financing or refinance our existing obligations as they mature and fund real estate and development activities.
Market volatility could also lead to significant uncertainty in the valuation of our investments and those of our joint ventures, that may result in a substantial decrease in the value of our properties and those of our joint ventures. As a result, we may not be able to recover the carrying amount of such investments and the associated goodwill, if any, which may require us to recognize impairment charges in earnings.
We rely on external sources of capital to fund future capital needs and limitations on our access to such capital could have a materially adverse effect on our ability to meet commitments as they become due or make future investments necessary to grow our business.
We may not be able to fund all future capital needs from cash retained from operations. If we are unable to obtain enough internal capital, we may need to rely on external sources of capital (including debt and equity financing) to fulfill our capital requirements. If we cannot access these external sources of capital, we may not be able to make the investments needed to grow our business and to meet our obligations and commitments as they mature. Our access to capital depends upon a number of factors, some of which we have little or no control over, including but not limited to:
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If our access to capital is limited by these factors or other factors, it could have a material adverse impact on our ability to refinance our debt obligations, fund dividend payments, acquire properties and fund operations and development activities.
Adverse changes in our credit ratings could impair our ability to obtain additional debt and equity financing on favorable terms, if at all, and negatively impact the market price of our securities, including our common stock.
The credit ratings of our senior unsecured debt and preferred equity securities are based on our operating performance, liquidity and leverage ratios, overall financial position and other factors employed by the credit rating agencies in their rating analyses of us. Our credit ratings can affect the amount and type of capital we can access, as well as the terms of any financings we may obtain. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our current credit ratings and in the event that our current credit ratings deteriorate, we would likely incur higher borrowing costs and it may be more difficult or expensive to obtain additional financing or refinance existing obligations and commitments. Also, a downgrade in our credit ratings would trigger additional costs or other potentially negative consequences under our current and future credit facilities and debt instruments.
Our level of indebtedness may increase and materially adversely affect our future operations.
Our outstanding indebtedness as of December 31, 2011 was approximately $7.7 billion. We may incur additional indebtedness in the future, including in connection with the development or acquisition of assets, which may be substantial. Any significant additional indebtedness could negatively affect the credit ratings of our debt and require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow to interest and principal payments due on our indebtedness. Greater demands on our cash resources may reduce funds available to us to pay dividends, conduct development activities, make capital expenditures and acquisitions, or carry out other aspects of our business strategy. Increased indebtedness can also limit our ability to adjust rapidly to changing market conditions, make us more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions and create competitive disadvantages for us compared to other companies with relatively lower debt levels. Increased future debt service obligations may limit our operational flexibility, including our ability to finance or refinance our properties, contribute properties to joint ventures or sell properties as needed.
Covenants related to our indebtedness limit our operational flexibility and breaches of these covenants could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our unsecured credit facilities, unsecured debt securities and secured debt and other indebtedness that we may incur in the future, require or will require us to comply with a number of customary financial and other covenants, such as maintaining certain levels of debt service coverage and leverage ratio, tangible net worth requirements and maintaining REIT status. Our continued ability to incur additional debt and to conduct business in general is subject to compliance with these financial and other covenants, which limit our operational flexibility. For example, mortgages on our properties contain customary covenants such as those that limit or restrict our ability, without the consent of the lender, to further encumber or sell the applicable properties, or to replace the applicable tenant or operator. Breaches of certain covenants may result in defaults under the mortgages on our properties and cross-defaults under certain of our other indebtedness, even if we satisfy our payment obligations to the respective obligee. Additionally, defaults under the leases or operating agreements related to mortgaged properties, including defaults associated with the bankruptcy of the applicable tenant or
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operator, may result in a default under the underlying mortgage and cross-defaults under certain of our other indebtedness. Covenants that limit our operational flexibility as well as defaults under our debt instruments could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
An increase in interest rates could increase interest cost on new debt, and could materially adversely impact our ability to refinance existing debt, sell assets and limit our acquisition, investment and development activities.
If interest rates increase, so could our interest costs for any new debt. This increased cost could make the financing of any acquisition and development activity more costly. Rising interest rates could limit our ability to refinance existing debt when it matures, or cause us to pay higher interest rates upon refinancing and increase interest expense on refinanced indebtedness. In addition, an increase in interest rates could decrease the amount third parties are willing to pay for our assets, thereby limiting our ability to reposition our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions.
Unfavorable resolution of litigation matters and disputes, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings, lawsuits and other claims. We may also be named as defendants in lawsuits allegedly arising out of our actions or the actions of our operators and tenants in which such operators and tenants have agreed to indemnify, defend and hold us harmless from and against various claims, litigation and liabilities arising in connection with their respective businesses. An unfavorable resolution of litigation may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Regardless of its outcome, litigation may result in substantial costs and expenses and significantly divert the attention of management. There can be no assurance that we will be able to prevail in, or achieve a favorable settlement of, litigation. In addition, litigation, government proceedings or environmental matters could lead to increased costs or interruption of our normal business operations.
A small number of operators, tenants and borrowers account for a large percentage of our revenues.
During the year ended December 31, 2011, approximately 47% of our rental and related revenues are generated by our leasing or financial arrangements with the following four companies: HCR ManorCare (27%); Brookdale (7%); Emeritus (7%); and Sunrise (6%). The failure, inability or unwillingness of these operators, tenants or borrowers to meet their obligations to us could materially reduce our cash flow as well as our results of operations, which could in turn reduce the amount of dividends we pay, cause our stock price to decline and have other material adverse effects on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may be unable to successfully foreclose on the collateral securing our real estate-related loans, and even if we are successful in our foreclosure efforts, we may be unable to successfully operate, occupy or reposition the underlying real estate, which may adversely affect our ability to recover our investments.
If an operator or tenant defaults under one of our mortgages or mezzanine loans, we may have to foreclose on the loan or protect our interest by acquiring title to the collateral and thereafter making substantial improvements or repairs in order to maximize the property's investment potential. In some cases, as noted above, the collateral consists of the equity interests in an entity that directly or indirectly owns the applicable real property or interests in operating facilities and, accordingly, we may not have full recourse to assets of that entity. Operators, tenants or borrowers may contest enforcement of foreclosure or other remedies, seek bankruptcy protection against our exercise of enforcement or other remedies and/or bring claims for lender liability in response to actions to enforce mortgage obligations. Foreclosure-related costs, high loan-to-value ratios or declines in the value of the facility may prevent us from realizing an amount equal to our mortgage or mezzanine loan upon foreclosure,
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and we may be required to record valuation allowance for such losses. Even if we are able to successfully foreclose on the collateral securing our real estate-related loans, we may inherit properties for which we may be unable to expeditiously seek tenants or operators, if at all, which would adversely affect our ability to fully recover our investment.
Required regulatory approvals can delay or prohibit transfers of our healthcare facilities.
Transfers of healthcare facilities to successor tenants or operators may be subject to regulatory approvals or ratifications, including, but not limited to, change of ownership approvals under certificate of need laws and Medicare and Medicaid provider arrangements that are not required for transfers of other types of commercial operations and other types of real estate. The replacement of any tenant or operator could be delayed by the regulatory approval process of any federal, state or local government agency necessary for the transfer of the facility or the replacement of the operator licensed to manage the facility. If we are unable to find a suitable replacement tenant or operator upon favorable terms, or at all, we may take possession of a facility, which might expose us to successor liability or require us to indemnify subsequent operators to whom we might transfer the operating rights and licenses, all of which may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Competition may make it difficult to identify and purchase, or develop, suitable healthcare facilities, to grow our investment portfolio.
We face significant competition from other REITs, investment companies, private equity and hedge fund investors, sovereign funds, healthcare operators, lenders, developers and other institutional investors, some of whom may have greater resources and lower costs of capital than we do. Increased competition makes it more challenging for us to identify and successfully capitalize on opportunities that meet our business goals and could improve the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell, thereby impeding our investment, acquisition and development activities. If we cannot capitalize on our development pipeline, identify and purchase a sufficient quantity of healthcare facilities at favorable prices or if we are unable to finance acquisitions on commercially favorable terms, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
We may be required to incur substantial renovation costs to make certain of our healthcare properties suitable for other operators and tenants.
Healthcare facilities are typically highly customized and may not be easily adapted to non-healthcare-related uses. The improvements generally required to conform a property to healthcare use, such as upgrading electrical, gas and plumbing infrastructure, are costly and at times tenant-specific. A new or replacement operator or tenant may require different features in a property, depending on that operator's or tenant's particular operations. If a current operator or tenant is unable to pay rent and vacates a property, we may incur substantial expenditures to modify a property before we are able to secure another operator or tenant. Also, if the property needs to be renovated to accommodate multiple operators or tenants, we may incur substantial expenditures before we are able to re-lease the space. These expenditures or renovations may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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We face additional risks associated with property development that can render a project less profitable or not profitable at all and, under certain circumstances, prevent completion of development activities once undertaken.
Large-scale, ground-up development of healthcare properties presents additional risks for us, including risks that:
These risks could result in substantial unanticipated delays or expenses and, under certain circumstances, could prevent completion of development activities once undertaken, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our use of joint ventures may limit our flexibility with jointly owned investments.
We have and may continue in the future to develop and/or acquire properties in joint ventures with other persons or entities when circumstances warrant the use of these structures. Our participation in joint ventures is subject to risks that may not be present with other methods of ownership, including:
From time to time, we acquire other companies and if we are unable to successfully integrate these operations, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
Acquisitions require the integration of companies that have previously operated independently. Successful integration of the operations of these companies depends primarily on our ability to consolidate operations, systems, procedures, properties and personnel and to eliminate redundancies and costs. We may encounter difficulties in these integrations. Potential difficulties associated with
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acquisitions include the loss of key employees, the disruption of our ongoing business or that of the acquired entity, possible inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies and the assumption of unexpected liabilities, including:
In addition, the acquired companies and their properties may fail to perform as expected, including in respect of estimated cost savings. Inaccurate assumptions regarding future rental or occupancy rates could result in overly optimistic estimates of future revenues. Similarly, we may underestimate future operating expenses or the costs necessary to bring properties up to standards established for their intended use. If we have difficulties with any of these areas, or if we later discover additional liabilities or experience unforeseen costs relating to our acquired companies, we might not achieve the economic benefits we expect from our acquisitions, and this may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
From time to time we have made, and in the future we may seek to make, one or more material acquisitions, which may involve the expenditure of significant funds.
We regularly review potential transactions in order to maximize shareholder value and believe that currently there are available a number of acquisition opportunities that would be complementary to our business, given the recent industry consolidation trend. In connection with our review of such transactions, we regularly engage in discussions with potential acquisition candidates, some of which are material. Any future acquisitions could require the issuance of securities, the incurrence of debt, assumption of contingent liabilities or incurrence of significant expenditures, any of which could materially adversely impact our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, the financing required for such acquisitions may not be available on commercially favorable terms or at all.
Loss of our key personnel could temporarily disrupt our operations and adversely affect us.
We are dependent on the efforts of our executive officers, and competition for these individuals is intense. Although our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, chief investment officer and general counsel have employment agreements with us, we cannot assure you that they will remain employed with us. The loss or limited availability of the services of any of our executive officers, or our inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel in the future, could, at least temporarily, have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and be negatively perceived in the capital markets.
We may experience uninsured or underinsured losses, which could result in a significant loss of the capital we have invested in a property, decrease anticipated future revenues or cause us to incur unanticipated expense.
We maintain comprehensive insurance coverage on our properties with terms, conditions, limits and deductibles that we believe are adequate and appropriate given the relative risk and costs of such coverage, and we continually review the insurance maintained by us. However, a large number of our properties are located in areas exposed to earthquake, windstorm, flood and other natural disasters and
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may be subject to other losses. In particular, our life science portfolio is concentrated in areas known to be subject to earthquake activity. While we purchase insurance for earthquake, windstorm, flood and other natural disasters that we believe is adequate in light of current industry practice and analysis prepared by outside consultants, there is no assurance that such insurance will fully cover such losses. These losses can decrease our anticipated revenues from a property and result in the loss of all or a portion of the capital we have invested in a property. The insurance market for such exposures can be very volatile and we may be unable to purchase the limits and terms we desire on a commercially reasonable basis in the future. In addition, there are certain exposures where insurance is not purchased as we do not believe it is economically feasible to do so or where there is no viable insurance market.
Environmental compliance costs and liabilities associated with our real estate related investments may materially impair the value of those investments.
Under various federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, as a current or previous owner of real estate, we may be required to investigate and clean up certain hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum released at a property, and may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage and for investigation and cleanup costs incurred by the third parties in connection with the contamination. In addition, some environmental laws create a lien on the contaminated site in favor of the government for damages and the costs it incurs in connection with the contamination. Although we (i) currently carry environmental insurance on our properties in an amount and subject to deductibles that we believe are commercially reasonable, and (ii) generally require our operators and tenants to undertake to indemnify us for environmental liabilities they cause, such liabilities could exceed the amount of our insurance, the financial ability of the tenant or operator to indemnify us or the value of the contaminated property. The presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination may materially adversely affect our ability to sell or lease the real estate or to borrow using the real estate as collateral. As the owner of a site, we may also be held liable under common law to third parties for damages and injuries resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the site. Although we are generally indemnified by the current operators or tenants of our properties for contamination caused by them, these indemnities may not adequately cover all environmental costs. We may also experience environmental liabilities arising from conditions not known to us.
The bankruptcy, insolvency or financial deterioration of one or more of our major operators or tenants may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We lease our properties directly to operators in most cases, and in certain other cases, we lease to third-party tenants who enter into long-term management agreements with operators to manage the properties. Although our leases, financing arrangements and other agreements with our tenants and operators generally provide us the right under specified circumstances to terminate a lease, evict an operator or tenant, or demand immediate repayment of certain obligations to us, the bankruptcy and insolvency laws afford certain rights to a party that has filed for bankruptcy or reorganization that may render certain of these remedies unenforceable, or at the least, delay our ability to pursue such remedies. For example, we cannot evict a tenant or operator solely because of its bankruptcy filing. A debtor has the right to assume, or to assume and assign to a third party, or to reject its unexpired contracts in a bankruptcy proceeding. If a debtor were to reject its leases with us, our claim against the debtor for unpaid and future rents would be limited by the statutory cap set forth in the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, which may be substantially less than the remaining rent actually owed under the lease. In addition, the inability of our tenants or operators to make payments or comply with certain other lease obligations may affect our compliance with certain covenants contained in our debt securities, credit facilities and the mortgages on the properties leased or managed by such tenants and operators. In addition, under certain conditions, defaults under the underlying mortgages may result in
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cross-default under our other indebtedness. Although we believe that we would be able to secure amendments under the applicable agreements in those circumstances, the bankruptcy of an applicable operator or tenant may potentially result in less favorable borrowing terms than currently available, delays in the availability of funding or other material adverse consequences. In addition, many of our facilities are leased to health care providers who provide long-term custodial care to the elderly; evicting such operators for failure to pay rent while the facility is occupied may be a difficult and slow process and may not be successful.
The current U.S. housing market may adversely affect our operators' and tenants' ability to increase or maintain occupancy levels at, and rental income from, our senior housing facilities.
Our tenants and operators may have relatively flat or declining occupancy levels in the near-term due to falling home prices, declining incomes, stagnant home sales and other economic factors. Seniors may choose to postpone their plans to move into senior housing facilities rather than sell their homes at a loss, or for a profit below their expectations. Moreover, tightening lending standards have made it more difficult for potential buyers to obtain mortgage financing, all of which have contributed to the declining home sales. In addition, the senior housing segment may continue to experience a decline in occupancy associated with private pay residents choosing to move out of the facilities to be cared for at home by relatives due to the weak economy. A material decline in our tenants' and operators' occupancy levels and revenues may make it more difficult for them to meet their financial obligations to us, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Operators and tenants that fail to comply with the requirements of governmental reimbursement programs such as Medicare or Medicaid, may cease to operate or be unable to meet their financial and other contractual obligations to us.
Certain of our operators and tenants are affected by an extremely complex set of federal, state and local laws and regulations that are subject to frequent and substantial changes (sometimes applied retroactively) resulting from legislation, adoption of rules and regulations, and administrative and judicial interpretations of existing law. See "Item 1—Business—Government Regulation, Licensing and Enforcement" above. For example, to the extent that any of our operators or tenants receive a significant portion of their revenues from governmental payors, primarily Medicare and Medicaid, such revenues may be subject to:
In recent years, governmental payors have frozen or reduced payments to healthcare providers due to budgetary pressures. Healthcare reimbursement will likely continue to be of significant importance to federal and state authorities. We cannot make any assessment as to the ultimate timing or the effect that any future legislative reforms may have on our operators' and tenants' costs of doing business and on the amount of reimbursement by government and other third-party payors. The failure of any of our
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operators or tenants to comply with these laws, requirements and regulations could materially adversely affect their ability to meet their financial and contractual obligations to us.
Operators and tenants that fail to comply with federal, state and local licensure, certification and inspection laws and regulations may cease to operate or be unable to meet their financial and other contractual obligations to us.
Certain of our operators and tenants are subject to extensive federal, state, local and industry-related licensure, certification and inspection laws, regulations and standards. Our operators' or tenants' failure to comply with any of these laws, regulations or standards could result in loss of accreditation, denial of reimbursement, imposition of fines, suspension or decertification from federal and state healthcare programs, loss of license or closure of the facility. For example, certain of our properties may require a license, registration and/or certificate of need to operate. Failure of any operator or tenant to obtain a license, registration or certificate of need, or loss of a required license, registration or certificate of need, would prevent a facility from operating in the manner intended by such operator or tenant. Additionally, failure of our operators and tenants to generally comply with applicable laws and regulations may have an adverse effect on facilities owned by or mortgaged to us, and therefore may materially adversely impact us. See "Item 1—Business—Government Regulation, Licensing and Enforcement—Healthcare Licensure and Certificate of Need" above.
The impact of the comprehensive healthcare regulation enacted in 2010 on us and operators and tenants cannot accurately be predicted.
Legislative proposals are introduced or proposed in Congress and in some state legislatures each year that would affect major changes in the healthcare system, either nationally or at the state level. Notably, in March 2010, President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, along with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the "Affordable Care Act"). The passage of the Affordable Care Act has resulted in comprehensive reform legislation that is expected to expand health care coverage to millions of currently uninsured people beginning in 2014 and provide for significant changes to the U.S. healthcare system over the next ten years. To help fund this expansion, the Affordable Care Act outlines certain reductions in Medicare reimbursement rates for various healthcare providers, including long-term acute care hospitals and skilled nursing facilities, as well as certain other changes to Medicare payment methodologies. This comprehensive health care legislation provides for extensive future rulemaking by regulatory authorities, and also may be altered or amended. We cannot accurately predict whether any pending legislative proposals will be adopted or, if adopted, what effect, if any, these proposals would have on our operators and tenants and, thus, our business. Similarly, while we can anticipate that some of the rulemaking that will be promulgated by regulatory authorities will affect our operators and tenants and the manner in which they are reimbursed by the federal health care programs, we cannot accurately predict today the impact of those regulations on our operators and tenants and thus on our business.
Increased competition, as well as an inability to grow revenues as originally forecast, have resulted and may further result in lower net revenues for some of our operators and tenants and may affect their ability to meet their financial and other contractual obligations to us.
The healthcare industry is highly competitive and can become more competitive in the future. The occupancy levels at, and rental income from, our facilities is dependent on our ability and the ability of our operators and tenants to maintain and increase such levels and income and to compete with entities that have substantial capital resources. These entities compete with other operators and tenants on a number of different levels, including the quality of care provided, reputation, the physical appearance of a facility, price, the range of services offered, family preference, alternatives for healthcare delivery, the supply of competing properties, physicians, staff, referral sources, location and
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the size and demographics of the population in the surrounding area. Private, federal and state payment programs and the effect of laws and regulations may also have a significant influence on the profitability of the properties and their tenants. Our operators and tenants also compete with numerous other companies providing similar healthcare services or alternatives such as home health agencies, life care at home, community-based service programs, retirement communities and convalescent centers. Such competition, which has intensified due to overbuilding in some segments in which we invest, has caused the occupancy rate of newly constructed buildings to slow and the monthly rate that many newly built and previously existing facilities were able to obtain for their services to decrease. We cannot be certain that the operators and tenants of all of our facilities will be able to achieve occupancy and rate levels that will enable them to meet all of their obligations to us. Further, many competing companies may have resources and attributes that are superior to those of our operators and tenants. Thus, our operators and tenants may encounter increased competition in the future that could limit their ability to maintain or attract residents or expand their businesses which could materially adversely affect their ability to meet their financial and other contractual obligations to us, potentially decreasing our revenues, impairing our assets, and increasing our collection and dispute costs.
Our operators and tenants may not procure the necessary insurance to adequately insure against losses.
Our leases generally require our tenants and operators to secure and maintain comprehensive liability and property insurance that covers us, as well as the tenants and operators. Some types of losses may not be adequately insured by our tenants and operators. Should an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occur, we could incur liability or lose all or a portion of the capital we have invested in a property, as well as the anticipated future revenues from the property. In such an event, we might nevertheless remain obligated for any mortgage debt or other financial obligations related to the property. We continually review the insurance maintained by our tenants and operators and believe the coverage provided to be customary for similarly situated companies in our industry. However, we cannot assure you that material uninsured losses, or losses in excess of insurance proceeds, will not occur in the future.
Our operators and tenants are faced with litigation and may experience rising liability and insurance costs.
In some states, advocacy groups have been created to monitor the quality of care at healthcare facilities and these groups have brought litigation against the operators and tenants of such facilities. Also, in several instances, private litigation by patients has succeeded in winning large damage awards for alleged abuses. The effect of this litigation and other potential litigation may materially increase the costs incurred by our operators and tenants for monitoring and reporting quality of care compliance. In addition, their cost of liability and medical malpractice insurance can be significant and may increase so long as the present healthcare litigation environment continues. Cost increases could cause our operators to be unable to make their lease or mortgage payments or fail to purchase the appropriate liability and malpractice insurance, potentially decreasing our revenues and increasing our collection and litigation costs. In addition, as a result of our ownership of healthcare facilities, we may be named as a defendant in lawsuits allegedly arising from the actions of our operators or tenants, for which claims such operators and tenants have agreed to indemnify, defend and hold us harmless from and against, but which may require unanticipated expenditures on our part.
Our tenants in the life science industry face high levels of regulation, expense and uncertainty.
Life science tenants, particularly those involved in developing and marketing pharmaceutical products, are subject to certain unique risks, as follows:
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We cannot assure you that our life science tenants will be successful in their businesses. If our tenants' businesses are adversely affected, they may have difficulty making payments to us, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Tax and REIT-Related Risks
Loss of our tax status as a REIT would substantially reduce our available funds and would have material adverse consequences for us and the value of our common stock.
Qualification as a REIT involves the application of numerous highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations, as well as the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend to continue to operate in a manner that enables us to qualify as a REIT. However, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depend upon our ability to meet, through actual annual operating results, asset diversification, distribution levels and diversity of stock ownership, the various qualification tests imposed under the Code. For example, to qualify as a REIT, at least 95% of our gross income in any year must be derived from qualifying sources, and we must make distributions to our stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains. In addition, new legislation, regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could change the tax laws or interpretations of the tax laws regarding qualification as a REIT, or the federal income tax consequences of that qualification, in a manner that is materially adverse to our stockholders. Accordingly, there is no assurance that we have operated or will continue to operate in a manner so as to qualify or remain qualified as a REIT.
If we lose our REIT status, we will face serious tax consequences that will substantially reduce the funds available to make payments of principal and interest on the debt securities we issue and to make distributions to stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT:
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As a result of all these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT also could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital and could materially adversely affect the value of our common stock.
Certain property transfers may generate prohibited transaction income, resulting in a penalty tax on gain attributable to the transaction.
From time to time, we may transfer or otherwise dispose of some of our properties. Under the Code, any gain resulting from transfers of properties that we hold as inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business would be treated as income from a prohibited transaction subject to a 100% penalty tax. Since we acquire properties for investment purposes, we do not believe that our occasional transfers of property are prohibited transactions. However, the determination that a transfer constitutes a prohibited transaction is based on the facts and circumstances surrounding each transfer. The Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") may contend that certain transfers of properties by us are prohibited transactions. While we believe that the IRS would not prevail in any such dispute, if the IRS were to argue successfully that a transfer of property constituted a prohibited transaction, then we would be required to pay a 100% penalty tax on any gain from the prohibited transaction. In addition, income from a prohibited transaction might materially adversely affect our ability to satisfy the income tests for qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.
Certain properties are leased to our TRSs pursuant to the provisions of RIDEA.
We currently lease certain qualified healthcare properties to our TRSs (or a limited liability company of which the TRS is a member). These TRSs in turn contract with third-party operators to manage the healthcare operations at these properties. The rents paid by the TRSs in this RIDEA structure will be treated as qualifying rents from real property if (i) they are paid pursuant to an arms-length lease of a qualified healthcare property and (ii) the operator qualifies as an "eligible independent contractor" with respect to the property. An operator will qualify as an eligible independent contractor if it meets certain ownership tests with respect to HCP, Inc., and if, at the time the operator enters into the management agreement, the operator is actively engaged in the trade or business of operating qualified healthcare properties for any person who is not a related person to HCP, Inc. or the lessee. If any of the above conditions are not satisfied, then the rents will not be considered income from a qualifying source as discussed above.
We could have potential deferred and contingent tax liabilities from corporate acquisitions that could limit, delay or impede future sales of our properties.
If, during the ten-year period beginning on the date we acquire certain companies, we recognize gain on the disposition of any property acquired, then, to the extent of the excess of (i) the fair market value of such property as of the acquisition date over (ii) our adjusted income tax basis in such property as of that date, we will be required to pay a corporate-level federal income tax on this gain at the highest regular corporate rate. There can be no assurance that these triggering dispositions will not occur, and these requirements could limit, delay or impede future sales of our properties.
In addition, the IRS may assert liabilities against us for corporate income taxes for taxable years prior to the time that we acquire certain companies, in which case we will owe these taxes plus interest and penalties, if any.
There are uncertainties relating to the calculation of non-REIT tax earnings and profits ("E&P") in certain acquisitions, which may require us to distribute E&P.
In order to remain qualified as a REIT, we are required to distribute to our stockholders all of the accumulated non-REIT E&P of certain companies that we acquire, prior to the close of the first
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taxable year in which the acquisition occurs. Failure to make such E&P distributions would result in our disqualification as a REIT. The determination of the amount to be distributed in such E&P distributions is a complex factual and legal determination. We may have less than complete information at the time we undertake our analysis, or we may interpret the applicable law differently from the IRS. We currently believe that we have satisfied the requirements relating to such E&P distributions. There are, however, substantial uncertainties relating to the determination of E&P, including the possibility that the IRS could successfully assert that the taxable income of the companies acquired should be increased, which would increase our non-REIT E&P. Moreover, an audit of the acquired company following our acquisition could result in an increase in accumulated non-REIT E&P, which could require us to pay an additional taxable distribution to our then-existing stockholders, if we qualify under rules for curing this type of default, or could result in our disqualification as a REIT.
Thus, we might fail to satisfy the requirement that we distribute all of our non-REIT E&P by the close of the first taxable year in which the acquisition occurs. Moreover, although there are procedures available to cure a failure to distribute all of our E&P, we cannot now determine whether we will be able to take advantage of these procedures or the economic impact on us of doing so.
Risks Related to our Legal Organizational Structure
Our charter contains ownership limits with respect to our common stock and other classes of capital stock.
Our charter contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our common stock and preferred stock that are intended to assist us in preserving our qualification as a REIT. Under our charter, subject to certain exceptions, no person or entity may own, actually or constructively, more than 9.8% (by value or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of the outstanding shares of our common stock or any class or series of our preferred stock.
Additionally, our charter has a 9.9% ownership limitation on the direct or indirect ownership of our voting shares, which may include common stock or other classes of capital stock. Our Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, may exempt a proposed transferee from either ownership limit. The ownership limits may delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or might otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.
We are subject to certain provisions of Maryland law and our charter relating to business combinations.
The Maryland Business Combination Act provides that unless exempted, a Maryland corporation may not engage in business combinations, including a merger, consolidation, share exchange or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities with an "interested stockholder" or an affiliate of an interested stockholder for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder became an interested stockholder, and thereafter unless specified criteria are met. An interested stockholder is generally a person owning or controlling, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting power of the outstanding voting stock of a Maryland corporation. Unless our Board of Directors takes action to exempt us, generally or with respect to certain transactions, from this statute in the future, the Maryland Business Combination Act will be applicable to business combinations between us and other persons.
In addition to the restrictions on business combinations contained in the Maryland Business Combination Act, our charter also contains restrictions on business combinations. Our charter requires that, except in certain circumstances, "business combinations," including a merger or consolidation, and certain asset transfers and issuances of securities, with a "related person," including a beneficial owner of 10% or more of our outstanding voting stock, be approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 90% of our outstanding voting stock.
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The restrictions on business combinations provided under Maryland law and contained in our charter may delay, defer or prevent a change of control or other transaction even if such transaction involves a premium price for our common stock or our stockholders believe that such transaction is otherwise in their best interests.
ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
ITEM 2. Properties
We are organized to invest in income-producing healthcare-related facilities. In evaluating potential investments, we consider a multitude of factors, including:
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The following summarizes our property and DFL investments as of and for the year ended December 31, 2011 (square feet and dollars in thousands).
Senior housing—real estate:
Florida
Texas
California
Illinois
Virginia
Colorado
New Jersey
Washington
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Other (23 States)
Senior housing—DFLs(4):
Maryland
Ohio
Other (12 States)
Total senior housing
Post-acute/skilled nursing—real estate:
Indiana
Tennessee
Nevada
Other (7 States)
Post-acute/skilled nursing—DFLs(4):
Michigan
Other (22 States)
Total post-acute/skilled nursing
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Life science:
Utah
Total life science
Medical office:
Kentucky
Other (18 States and Mexico)
Total medical office
Hospital:
Georgia
North Carolina
Other (6 States)
Total hospital
Total properties
On January 14, 2011, we acquired our partner's 65% interest in a joint venture that owns 25 senior housing assets, becoming the sole owner of the portfolio. At closing, the gross real estate value of these 25 facilities was $850 million. The senior housing facilities are located in Arizona, California, Florida, Illinois, Rhode Island and Texas.
On April 7, 2011, the Company completed its acquisition of substantially all of the real estate assets of HCR ManorCare. Through this transaction, the Company acquired 334 HCR ManorCare post-acute, skilled nursing and assisted living facilities. The facilities are located in 30 states, with the highest concentrations in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Florida, Illinois and Michigan. A wholly-owned subsidiary of HCR ManorCare will continue to operate the assets pursuant to a long-term triple-net master lease agreement supported by a guaranty from HCR ManorCare.
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The following table summarizes key operating and leasing statistics for our owned portfolio as of and for the years ended December 31, (square feet in thousands):
Senior housing:
Average occupancy percentage(1)
Average effective annual rental per unit(1)(2)
Units(3)
Post-acute/skilled nursing:
Average effective annual rental per bed(1)(2)
Beds(3)
Average occupancy percentage
Average effective annual rental per square foot(2)
Square feet(3)
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Development Properties
The following table sets forth the properties owned by us in our life science and medical office segments as of December 31, 2011 that are currently under development (dollars in thousands):
Modular Labs IV
Soledad (Westridge)(3)
1030 Massachusetts Avenue
Durham Research Lab
2019 Stierlin Ct.
Knoxville
Westpark Plaza
Folsom Blvd
Innovation Drive
Fresno(4)
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Tenant Lease Expirations
The following table shows tenant lease expirations, including those related to direct financing leases ("DFLs"), for the next 10 years and thereafter at our leased properties, assuming that none of the tenants exercise any of their renewal options (dollars in thousands):
Senior housing(1):
Base rent(2)
% of segment base rent
Post-acute/skilled:
Square feet
Total:
% of total baserent
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The following is a graphical presentation of our total tenant lease expirations (as presented above) for the next 10 years and thereafter at our leased properties, assuming that none of the tenants exercise any of their renewal options (dollars in millions):
Total Lease Expirations Graph
We specifically incorporate by reference into this section the information set forth in Schedule III: Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, included in this report.
ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings
We are involved from time-to-time in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business, including, but not limited to commercial disputes, environmental matters, and litigation in connection with transactions including acquisitions and divestitures. We believe that such existing legal proceedings will not have a material adverse impact on our financial position or our results of operations. We record a liability when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated.
See the Ventas, Inc. ("Ventas") litigation matter under the heading "Legal Proceedings" of Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding legal proceedings, which information is incorporated by reference in this Item 3.
ITEM 4. (Removed and Reserved)
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ITEM 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Set forth below for the fiscal quarters indicated are the reported high and low sales prices per share of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange.
First Quarter
Second Quarter
Third Quarter
Fourth Quarter
At February 1, 2012, we had approximately 11,863 stockholders of record and there were approximately 191,397 beneficial holders of our common stock.
It has been our policy to declare quarterly dividends to the common stockholders so as to comply with applicable provisions of the Code governing REITs. The cash dividends per share paid on common stock are set forth below:
On January 26, 2012, we announced that our Board of Directors declared a quarterly common stock cash dividend of $0.50 per share. The common stock dividend will be paid on February 22, 2012 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 6, 2012.
On January 26, 2012, we announced that our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.45313 per share on our Series E cumulative redeemable preferred stock and $0.44375 per share on our Series F cumulative redeemable preferred stock. These dividends will be paid on March 30, 2012 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 15, 2011.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
On December 15, 2011, we issued 4,468 shares of our common stock upon the redemption of 2,234 non-managing member units of our subsidiary, HCPI/Utah II, LLC ("Utah II"), to a non-managing member of Utah II. On December 22, 2011, we issued 1,068 shares of our common stock upon the redemption of 534 non-managing member units of Utah II to three transferees of non-managing members of Utah II. In each case, the shares of our common stock were issued in a private placement to an accredited investor pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
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The table below sets forth the information with respect to purchases of our common stock made by or on our behalf during the quarter ended December 31, 2011.
ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
October 1-31, 2011
November 1-30, 2011
December 1-31, 2011
Stock Price Performance Graph
The graph below compares the cumulative total return of HCP, the S&P 500 Index and the Equity REIT Index of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, Inc. ("NAREIT"), from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2011. Total return assumes quarterly reinvestment of dividends before consideration of income taxes.
COMPARISON OF FIVE-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN AMONG S&P 500, EQUITY REITS AND HCP, Inc. RATE OF RETURN TREND COMPARISON JANUARY 1, 2007–DECEMBER 31, 2011 (JANUARY 1, 2007 = 100) Stock Price Performance Graph Total Return
Assumes $100 invested January 1, 2007 in HCP, S&P 500 Index and NAREIT Equity REIT Index.
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ITEM 6. Selected Financial Data
Set forth below is our selected financial data as of and for each of the years in the five year period ended December 31, 2011.
Income statement data:
Total revenues
Income from continuing operations
Net income applicable to common shares
Income from continuing operations applicable to common shares:
Basic earnings per common share
Diluted earnings per common share
Net income applicable to common shares:
Balance sheet data:
Total assets
Debt obligations(4)
Total equity
Other data:
Dividends paid
Dividends paid per common share
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ITEM 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Cautionary Language Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not historical factual statements are "forward-looking statements." We intend to have our forward-looking statements covered by the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and include this statement for purposes of complying with those provisions. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements regarding our and our officers' intent, belief or expectations as identified by the use of words such as "may," "will," "project," "expect," "believe," "intend," "anticipate," "seek," "forecast," "plan," "estimate," "could," "would," "should" and other comparable and derivative terms or the negatives thereof. In addition, we, through our officers, from time to time, make forward-looking oral and written public statements concerning our expected future operations, strategies, securities offerings, growth and investment opportunities, dispositions, capital structure changes, budgets and other developments. Readers are cautioned that, while forward-looking statements reflect our good faith belief and reasonable assumptions based upon current information, we can give no assurance that our expectations or forecasts will be attained. Therefore, readers should be mindful that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that they are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. As more fully set forth in Part I, Item 1A., "Risk Factors" in this report, factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from the expectations contained in the forward-looking statements include:
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Services (CMS) final rule reducing Medicare skilled nursing facility (SNF) Prospective Payment System (PPS) payments in FY 2012 by 11.1% compared to FY 2011) and other potential changes in Medicare and Medicaid payment levels, which, among other effects, could negatively impact the value of our approximate 10% equity interest in the operations of HCR ManorCare;
Except as required by law, we undertake no, and hereby disclaim any, obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, changed circumstances or otherwise.
The information set forth in this Item 7 is intended to provide readers with an understanding of our financial condition, changes in financial condition and results of operations. We will discuss and provide our analysis in the following order:
Executive Summary
We are a self-administered REIT that, together with our unconsolidated joint ventures, invests primarily in real estate serving the healthcare industry in the U.S. We acquire, develop, lease, manage and dispose of healthcare real estate and provide financing to healthcare providers. At December 31, 2011, our portfolio of investments, including properties owned by our Investment Management Platform, consisted of interests in 1,010 facilities.
Our business strategy is based on three principles: (i) opportunistic investing, (ii) portfolio diversification, and (iii) conservative financing. We actively redeploy capital from investments with lower return potential into assets with higher return potential. We make investments where the
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expected risk-adjusted return exceeds our cost of capital and strive to capitalize on our operator, tenant and other business relationships to grow our business.
Our strategy contemplates acquiring and developing properties on terms that are favorable to us. Generally, we prefer larger, more complex private transactions that leverage our management team's experience and our infrastructure. We follow a disciplined approach to enhancing the value of our existing portfolio, including ongoing evaluation of potential disposition of properties that no longer fit our strategy.
We primarily generate revenue by leasing healthcare properties under long-term leases with fixed or inflation indexed escalators. Most of our rents and other earned income from leases are received under triple-net leases or leases that provide for substantial recovery of operating expenses; however, some of our medical office and life science leases are structured as gross or modified gross leases. Accordingly, for such MOBs and life science facilities we incur certain property operating expenses, such as real estate taxes, repairs and maintenance, property management fees, utilities and insurance. Our growth for these assets depends, in part, on our ability to (i) increase rental income and other earned income from leases by increasing rental rates and occupancy levels; (ii) maximize tenant recoveries given underlying lease structures; and (iii) control operating and other expenses. Our operations are impacted by property specific, market specific, general economic and other conditions. At December 31, 2011, the contractual maturities in our portfolio of leased assets were 12% through 2014 (measured in dollars of expiring rents).
Access to capital markets impacts our cost of capital and ability to refinance maturing indebtedness, as well as to fund future acquisitions and development through the issuance of additional securities or secured debt. Access to external capital on favorable terms is critical to the success of our strategy.
2011 Transaction Overview
HCP Ventures II Purchase
On January 14, 2011, we acquired our partner's 65% interest in a joint venture that owns 25 senior housing facilities, becoming the sole owner of the portfolio. In connection with the closing of this acquisition, we paid approximately $136 million for the interest and assumed our partner's share of $650 million of Fannie Mae secured debt with a weighted average fixed-rate of 5.66% and weighted average maturity of 5.3 years. At closing, we valued the joint venture's assets at approximately $850 million. The consolidation of HCP Ventures II on January 14, 2011 resulted in a gain of $8 million, which represents the fair value of our 35% interest in excess of our carrying value on the acquisition date.
Genesis Debt Investment Early Payoff
On April 1, 2011, we received $330.4 million from the early repayment of our debt investments in Genesis HealthCare ("Genesis"). In conjunction with this early repayment, we recognized additional interest income of $34.8 million, which represents the unamortized discount and termination fee. These debt investments were acquired in September and October 2010 for $290 million.
HCR ManorCare Acquisition
On April 7, 2011, we completed our acquisition of substantially all of the real estate assets of privately-owned HCR ManorCare, Inc., for a purchase price of $6.1 billion, for which we replaced the stock consideration to the seller valued at $33.14 per share with cash. We acquired 334 post-acute, skilled nursing and assisted living facilities located in 30 states, with the highest concentrations in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Florida, Illinois and Michigan. A wholly-owned subsidiary of HCR ManorCare operates
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the facilities pursuant to a long-term, triple-net master lease agreement supported by a guaranty from HCR ManorCare. Additionally, we exercised our option to purchase an interest in the operations of HCR ManorCare for $95 million that represented a 9.9% equity interest at closing.
Strategic Venture With Brookdale Senior Living
On September 1, 2011, we completed a strategic venture with Brookdale Senior Living, Inc. ("Brookdale") that includes 37 HCP-owned senior living communities previously leased to or operated by Horizon Bay Retirement Living ("Horizon Bay"). As part of this transaction, Brookdale acquired Horizon Bay and: (i) assumed an existing triple-net lease for nine of our communities; (ii) entered into a new triple-net lease related to four of our communities; (iii) assumed Horizon Bay's management of three of our communities, one of which was recently developed by HCP; and (iv) entered into management contracts and a joint venture agreement for a 10% interest in the real estate and operations for 21 of our communities in a structure permitted by RIDEA; these 21 communities were acquired in January 2011 as part of our purchase of HCP Ventures II discussed above.
Other Investment Transactions
During the year ended December 31, 2011, we made investments of $300 million as follows: (i) acquired four life science facilities for approximately $67 million, including assumed debt of $48 million; (ii) acquired a medical office building for approximately $31 million; (iii) acquired the 20-acre parcel of land situated at the gateway of South San Francisco for $65 million; (iv) acquired a life science development project for $10 million, and (v) funded construction and other capital projects of $127 million, primarily in our life science and medical office segments. During the year ended December 31, 2011, we executed commitments to fund $101 million of senior housing development.
During the year ended December 31, 2011, we sold three senior housing facilities for $19 million, recognizing gain on sales of real estate of $3.1 million.
Financings
During the year ended December 31, 2011, in connection with prefunding the HCR ManorCare Acquisition, we completed $3.7 billion in debt and common stock offerings as follows:
On March 11, 2011, we entered into a new $1.5 billion unsecured revolving credit facility that replaced the existing facility, which was scheduled to mature in August 2011. Our new facility has a four-year term with a one-year committed extension option. Based on HCP's current credit ratings, the facility bears interest at LIBOR plus 150 basis points and has a facility fee of 30 basis points. We have the right to increase the commitments under the new facility by an aggregate amount of up to $500 million, subject to customary conditions.
Litigation
On November 9, 2011, we entered into an agreement with Ventas, Inc. to settle all remaining claims relating to Ventas's litigation against HCP arising out of Ventas's 2007 acquisition of Sunrise Senior Living REIT. We paid $125 million to Ventas and incurred a charge during the quarter ended
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December 31, 2011 for the amount paid. This payment is in addition to the $102.8 million paid to Ventas in August 2011 resulting from the 2009 jury verdict, which was previously accrued in 2009.
Dividends
Quarterly dividends paid during 2011 aggregated $1.92 per share, which represents a 3.2% increase from 2010. On January 26, 2012, we announced that our Board of Directors declared a quarterly common stock cash dividend of $0.50 per share. The common stock dividend will be paid on February 22, 2012 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 6, 2012. Based on the first quarter's dividend, the annualized rate of distribution for 2012 is $2.00, compared with $1.92, which represents a 4.2% increase.
Critical Accounting Policies
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") requires our management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. We base estimates on our experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. If our judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions or other matters had been different, it is possible that different accounting would have been applied, resulting in a different presentation of our consolidated financial statements. From time to time, we re-evaluate our estimates and assumptions. In the event estimates or assumptions prove to be different from actual results, adjustments are made in subsequent periods to reflect more current estimates and assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. For a more detailed discussion of our significant accounting policies, see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Below is a discussion of accounting policies that we consider critical in that they may require complex judgment in their application or require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of HCP, Inc., our wholly owned subsidiaries and joint ventures that we control, through voting rights or other means. We consolidate investments in variable interest entities ("VIEs") when we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE at: (i) the inception of the variable interest entity, (ii) as a result of a change in circumstance identified during our continuous review of our VIE relationships or (iii) upon the occurrence of a qualifying reconsideration event.
We make judgments with respect to our level of influence or control of an entity and whether we are (or are not) the primary beneficiary of a VIE. Consideration of various factors includes, but is not limited to, our ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance, our form of ownership interest, our representation on the entity's governing body, the size and seniority of our investment, our ability and the rights of other investors to participate in policy making decisions, replace the manager and/or liquidate the entity, if applicable. Our ability to correctly assess our influence or control over an entity when determining the primary beneficiary of a VIE affects the presentation of these entities in our consolidated financial statements. If we perform a primary beneficiary analysis at a date other than at inception of the variable interest entity, our assumptions may be different and may result in the identification of a different primary beneficiary.
If we determine that we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, our consolidated financial statements would include the operating results of the VIE (either tenant or borrower) rather than the results of the variable interest in the VIE. We would depend on the VIE to provide us timely financial
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information and rely on the internal control of the VIE to provide accurate financial information. If the VIE has deficiencies in its internal control over financial reporting, or does not provide us with timely financial information, this may adversely impact the quality and/or timing of our financial reporting and our internal control over financial reporting.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize rental revenue on a straight-line basis over the lease term when collectibility is reasonably assured and the tenant has taken possession or controls the physical use of the leased asset. For assets acquired subject to leases, we recognize revenue upon acquisition of the asset provided the tenant has taken possession or controls the physical use of the leased asset. If the lease provides for tenant improvements, we determine whether the tenant improvements, for accounting purposes, are owned by the tenant or us. When we are the owner of the tenant improvements, the tenant is not considered to have taken physical possession or have control of the physical use of the leased asset until the tenant improvements are substantially completed. When the tenant is the owner of the tenant improvements, any tenant improvement allowance funded is treated as a lease incentive and amortized as a reduction of revenue over the lease term. The determination of ownership of the tenant improvements is subject to significant judgment. If our assessment of the owner of the tenant improvements for accounting purposes were to change, the timing and amount of our revenue recognized would be impacted.
Certain leases provide for additional rents contingent upon a percentage of the facility's revenue in excess of specified base amounts or other thresholds. Such revenue is recognized when actual results reported by the tenant, or estimates of tenant results, exceed the base amount or other thresholds. The recognition of additional rents requires us to make estimates of amounts owed and to a certain extent are dependent on the accuracy of the facility results reported to us. Our estimates may differ from actual results, which could be material to our consolidated financial statements.
We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts, including an allowance for straight-line rent receivables, for estimated losses resulting from tenant defaults or the inability of tenants to make contractual rent and tenant recovery payments. We monitor the liquidity and creditworthiness of our tenants and operators on an ongoing basis. This evaluation considers industry and economic conditions, property performance, credit enhancements and other factors. For straight-line rent amounts, our assessment is based on income recoverable over the term of the lease. We exercise judgment in establishing allowances and consider payment history and current credit status in developing these estimates. These estimates may differ from actual results, which could be material to our consolidated financial statements.
Loans receivable are classified as held-for-investment based on management's intent and ability to hold the loans for the foreseeable future or to maturity. We recognize interest income on loans, including the amortization of discounts and premiums, using the interest method applied on a loan-by-loan basis when collectibility of the future payments is reasonably assured. Premiums, discounts and related costs are recognized as yield adjustments over the life of the related loans.
We use the direct finance method of accounting to record income from DFLs. For leases accounted for as DFLs, future minimum lease payments are recorded as a receivable. The difference between the future minimum lease payments and the estimated residual values less the cost of the properties is recorded as unearned income. Unearned income is deferred and amortized to income over the lease terms to provide a constant yield when collectibility of the lease payments is reasonably assured. Investments in DFLs are presented net of unamortized unearned income.
Loans and DFLs are placed on non-accrual status at such time as management determines that collectibility of contractual amounts is not reasonably assured. While on non-accrual status, loans or DFLs are either accounted for on a cash basis, in which income is recognized only upon receipt of
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cash, or on a cost-recovery basis, in which all cash receipts reduce the carrying value of the loan or DFL, based on management's judgment of collectibility.
Allowances are established for loans and DFLs based upon a probable loss estimate for individual loans and DFLs deemed to be impaired. Loans and DFLs are impaired when it is deemed probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due on a timely basis in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan or lease. Determining the adequacy of the allowance is complex and requires significant judgment by us about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. The allowance is based upon our assessment of the borrower's or lessee's overall financial condition, resources and payment record; the prospects for support from any financially responsible guarantors; and, if appropriate, the realizable value of any collateral. These estimates consider all available evidence including, as appropriate, the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's or DFL's effective interest rate, the fair value of collateral, general economic conditions and trends, historical and industry loss experience, and other relevant factors. While our assumptions are based in part upon historical data, our estimates may differ from actual results, which could be material to our consolidated financial statements.
Real Estate
We make estimates as part of our allocation of the purchase price of acquisitions to the various components of the acquisition based upon the relative fair value of each component. The most significant components of our allocations are typically the allocation of fair value to the buildings as-if-vacant, land and in-place leases. In the case of the fair value of buildings and the allocation of value to land and other intangibles, our estimates of the values of these components will affect the amount of depreciation and amortization we record over the estimated useful life of the property acquired or the remaining lease term. In the case of the value of in-place leases, we make our best estimates based on our evaluation of the specific characteristics of each tenant's lease. Factors considered include estimates of carrying costs during hypothetical expected lease-up periods, market conditions and costs to execute similar leases. Our assumptions affect the amount of future revenue that we will recognize over the remaining lease term for the acquired in-place leases.
A variety of costs are incurred in the development and leasing of properties. After determination is made to capitalize a cost, it is allocated to the specific component of a project that is benefited. Determination of when a development project is substantially complete and capitalization must cease involves a degree of judgment. The costs of land and buildings under development include specifically identifiable costs. The capitalized costs include pre-construction costs essential to the development of the property, development costs, construction costs, interest costs, real estate taxes and other costs incurred during the period of development. We consider a construction project as substantially completed and held available for occupancy and cease capitalization of costs upon the completion of the related tenant improvements.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Goodwill
We assess the carrying value of our real estate assets and related intangibles ("real estate assets"), whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Recoverability of real estate assets is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of the asset or asset group to the respective estimated future undiscounted cash flows. In order to review our real estate assets for recoverability, we consider market conditions, as well as our intent with respect to holding or disposing of the asset. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third party appraisals, where considered necessary. If our analysis indicates that the carrying value of the real estate asset is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, we recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the real estate asset.
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Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually. If it is determined, based on certain qualitative factors, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we apply the two-step approach. Certain qualitative factors assessed by us include current macroeconomic conditions, state of the equity and capital markets and the overall financial and operating performance of HCP. If we qualitatively determine that it is more likely than not the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount the two-step approach is necessary.
If the fair value of a reporting unit containing goodwill is less than its carrying value, then the second step of the test is needed to measure the amount of potential goodwill impairment. The second step requires the fair value of a reporting unit to be allocated to all the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination at the date of the impairment test. The excess of the fair value of the reporting unit over the fair value of assets and liabilities is the implied value of goodwill and is used to determine the amount of impairment. We estimate the current fair value of the assets and liabilities in the reporting unit through various valuation techniques, including applying capitalization rates to segment net operating income, quoted market values and third-party appraisals, as necessary. The fair value of the reporting unit may also include an allocation of an enterprise value premium that we estimate a third party would be willing to pay for the company.
The determination of the fair value of real estate assets and goodwill involves significant judgment. This judgment is based on our analysis and estimates of fair value of real estate assets and reporting units, and the future operating results and resulting cash flows of each real estate asset whose carrying amount may not be recoverable. Our ability to accurately predict future operating results and cash flows and estimate and allocate fair values impacts the timing and recognition of impairments. While we believe our assumptions are reasonable, changes in these assumptions may have a material impact on our financial results.
Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Investments in entities which we do not consolidate but have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies are reported under the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, our share of the investee's earnings or losses are included in our consolidated results of operations.
The initial carrying value of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures is based on the amount paid to purchase the joint venture interest or the carrying value of the assets prior to the sale of interests in the joint venture. We evaluate our equity method investments for impairment based upon a comparison of the fair value of the equity method investment to our carrying value. If we determine a decline in the fair value of our investment in an unconsolidated joint venture is below its carrying value is other-than-temporary, an impairment is recorded. The determination of the fair value and as to whether a deficiency in fair value is "other-than-temporary" of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures involves significant judgment. Our estimates consider all available evidence including, as appropriate, the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at market rates, general economic conditions and trends, severity and duration of the fair value deficiency, and other relevant factors. Capitalization rates, discount rates and credit spreads utilized in our valuation models are based upon rates that we believe to be within a reasonable range of current market rates for the respective investments. While we believe our assumptions are reasonable, changes in these assumptions may have a material impact on our financial results.
Income Taxes
As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, significant management judgment is required to evaluate our compliance with REIT requirements. Our determinations are
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based on interpretation of tax laws, and our conclusions may have an impact on the income tax expense recognized. Adjustments to income tax expense may be required as a result of: (i) audits conducted by federal, state and local tax authorities, (ii) our ability to qualify as a REIT, (iii) the potential for built-in-gain recognized related to prior-tax-free acquisitions of C corporations, and (iv) changes in tax laws. Adjustments required in any given period are included in income, other than adjustments to income tax liabilities acquired in business combinations, which are adjusted through goodwill.
Results of Operations
We evaluate our business and allocate resources among our five business segments: (i) senior housing, (ii) post-acute/skilled nursing, (iii) life science, (iv) medical office and (v) hospital. Under the senior housing, life science, post-acute/skilled nursing and hospital segments, we invest or co-invest primarily in single operator or tenant properties, through the acquisition and development of real estate, management of operations and by debt issued by operators in these sectors. Under the medical office segment, we invest or co-invest through the acquisition and development of MOBs that are leased under gross, modified gross or triple-net leases, generally to multiple tenants, and which generally require a greater level of property management. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies (see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
On April 7, 2011, we completed our acquisition of substantially all of HCR ManorCare's real estate assets; additionally, we purchased a noncontrolling equity interest in the operations of HCR ManorCare. On January 14, 2011, we acquired our partner's 65% interest in HCP Ventures II that resulted in the consolidation of HCP Ventures II. On September 1, 2011, we entered into management contracts with Brookdale with respect to 21 senior living communities (these 21 communities were acquired in January 2011 as part of our purchase of HCP Ventures II discussed above) that are now in a RIDEA structure. Under the provisions of RIDEA, a REIT may lease "qualified health care properties" on an arm's length basis to a TRS if the property is operated on behalf of such subsidiary by a person who qualifies as an "eligible independent contractor." For our 21 senior housing communities that are now managed by Brookdale that are in a RIDEA structure, the respective resident level revenues and related operating expenses are reported in our consolidated financial statements. See additional information regarding the HCR ManorCare Acquisition, HCP Ventures II purchase and the Brookdale RIDEA transaction in Notes 3, 8 and 12, respectively, to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The results of operations from our HCR ManorCare, HCP Ventures II and Brookdale transactions are reflected in our financial statements from those respective dates.
Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2011 to the Year Ended December 31, 2010
Rental and related revenues.
Post-acute/skilled nursing
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Resident fees and services. Resident fees and services for the year ended December 31, 2011 primarily includes revenues from our 21 senior housing communities (consolidated as part of our HCP Ventures II purchase) that are in a RIDEA structure beginning on September 1, 2011 (see Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information). Resident fees and services for the year ended December 31, 2010 includes $32.6 million of revenues for 27 properties due to the consolidation of four variable interest entities from August 31, 2010 to November 1, 2010 (see Notes 12 and 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding these VIEs).
Income from direct financing leases. Income from DFLs increased for the year ended December 31, 2011 primarily as a result of our HCR ManorCare Acquisition (see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
Interest income. For the year ended December 31, 2011, interest income decreased $60.3 million to $99.9 million as a result of decreases in income due to the settlement of our HCR ManorCare debt investments in 2011, interest earned from marketable debt securities that were sold in 2010 and interest earned in 2010 from our Cirrus loan that was placed on non-accrual status in 2011; these decreases were partially offset by $34.8 million of prepayment premiums and unamortized discounts recognized in April 2011 upon the early repayment of our loans to Genesis. For a more detailed description of our loan investments and marketable debt securities, see Notes 7 and 10, respectively, to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Investment management fee income. Investment management fee income decreased $2.6 million to $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 primarily as a result of acquiring our partner's 65% interest in HCP Ventures II on January 14, 2011, which resulted in the termination of the partnerships' related management contracts.
Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expenses increased $45.6 million to $356.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase in depreciation and amortization expense was primarily related to: (i) a $36.6 million increase as a result of the consolidation of HCP Ventures II on January 14, 2011 and (ii) a $11.8 million increase from the additive effect of our other property acquisitions during 2010 and 2011.
Interest expense. For the year ended December 31, 2011, interest expense increased $130.7 million to $419.3 million. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to a $110.5 million increase from our $2.4 billion senior unsecured notes offering in January 2011 as a result of prefunding activities from our HCR ManorCare Acquisition, the $11.3 million write-off of unamortized loan fees related to an expired bridge loan commitment and the consolidation of HCP Ventures II on January 14, 2011 that included the consolidation of $635 million of mortgage debt, which increases were partially offset by
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the impact of repayments of mortgage debt related to contractual maturities and senior unsecured notes during 2010 and 2011 and lower interest rates during 2011 when compared to 2010.
Our exposure to expense fluctuations related to our variable rate indebtedness is partially mitigated by our variable rate investments. For a more detailed discussion of our interest rate risk, see "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" in Item 7A.
The table below sets forth information with respect to our debt, excluding premiums and discounts (dollars in thousands):
Balance:
Fixed rate
Variable rate
Percent of total debt:
Weighted average interest rate at end of period:
Total weighted average rate
Operating expenses.
Operating expenses are generally related to MOB and life science properties where we incur the expenses and recover all or a portion of those expenses from the tenants and properties managed on our behalf (e.g., RIDEA properties). The presentation of expenses as operating or general and administrative is based on the underlying nature of the expense. Periodically, we review the classification of expenses between categories and make revisions based on changes in the underlying nature of the expenses.
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RIDEA structure beginning September 1, 2011, which were partially offset by including facility-level operating expenses in 2010 for 27 properties due to the consolidation of four variable interest entities from August 31, 2010 to November 1, 2010.
General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses increased $13.1 million to $96.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase in general and administrative expenses was a result of increases in acquisition costs, primarily attributable to our HCR ManorCare Acquisition and compensation related expenses. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in legal fees associated with litigation matters (see the information set forth under the heading "Legal Proceedings" of Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
Litigation settlement and provision. On November 9, 2011, we entered into an agreement with Ventas, Inc. to settle all remaining claims relating to Ventas's litigation against us arising out of Ventas's 2007 acquisition of Sunrise Senior Living REIT. As part of the settlement, we agreed to pay $125 million to Ventas, which resulted in a charge for the same amount (see the information set forth under the heading "Legal Proceedings" of Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). No similar charges were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2010.
Impairments (recoveries). During the year ended December 31, 2011, we recognized an impairment of $15.4 million related to our Cirrus senior secured term loan as a result of concluding that the carrying value of this loan was in excess of the fair value of the related collateral supporting this loan (see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
During the year ended December 31, 2010, we recognized aggregate income of $11.9 million, which represents impairment recoveries of portions of impairment charges in 2009 of investments related to Erickson Retirement Communities and its affiliate entities ("Erickson"). Erickson was the tenant at three of our senior housing CCRC DFLs and the borrower of a senior construction loan in which we had a participation interest (see Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
Other income, net. For the year ended December 31, 2011, other income, net decreased $3.5 million to $12.3 million. The year ended December 31, 2011, included the net impact of the following: (i) a gain of $7.8 million resulting from our January 2011 acquisition of our partner's 65% interest in and consolidation of HCP Ventures II, (ii) income of $5.7 million in connection with a litigation settlement in June 2011 for proceeds owed to the Company from a sale of assets, and (iii) a charge of $5.4 million for an other-than-temporary impairment of marketable equity securities. The year ended December 31, 2010 included gains on marketable securities of $14.5 million.
Equity income from unconsolidated joint ventures. During the year ended December 31, 2011, equity income from unconsolidated joint ventures increased $42.0 million to $46.8 million. This increase was primarily a result of equity income from our nearly 10% partnership interest in HCR ManorCare, Inc. (see Notes 3 and 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information), partially offset by the impact of our consolidation of HCP Ventures II on January 14, 2011, which was previously accounted for as an equity method investment.
Impairments of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures. During the year ended December 31, 2010, we recognized impairments of $71.7 million related to our 35% interest in HCP Ventures II, an unconsolidated joint venture that owns 25 senior housing properties previously leased by Horizon Bay (see Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). No similar impairments were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2011.
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Discontinued operations. Income from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2011 was $4.2 million, compared to $23.7 million for the comparable period in 2010. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in gains on real estate dispositions of $16.8 million and a decline in operating income from discontinued operations of $2.7 million. During the year ended December 31, 2011, we sold three properties for $19 million, compared to 14 properties for $56 million for the year ended December 31, 2010.
Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2010 to the Year Ended December 31, 2009
Resident fees and services. Resident fees and services for the year ended December 31, 2010 includes $32.6 million of revenues for 27 properties due to the consolidation of four VIEs from August 31, 2010 to November 1, 2010. No VIEs were consolidated or RIDEA structures were in place during 2009; therefore, no resident fees and services were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2009.
Income from direct financing leases. Income from DFLs decreased $2.1 million to $49.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. The decrease was primarily due to three DFLs that were deemed to be substantially impaired during 2009 (see Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
Interest income. For the year ended December 31, 2010, interest income increased $36.0 million to $160.2 million. The increase was primarily related to: (i) $30.4 million of additional interest earned from the purchase of a participation in the first mortgage debt of HCR ManorCare in August 2009, (ii) $11 million of prepayment penalty upon the early repayment of a mortgage loan that was secured by a hospital, and (iii) $8.0 million of additional income earned from the debt investments of Genesis purchased during 2010. These increases in interest income were partially offset by a $12.7 million decrease of interest earned from marketable debt securities that were sold in 2009 and 2010. For a more detailed description of our mezzanine loan and participation in the first mortgage debt of HCR ManorCare and Genesis, see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased $4.7 million to $311.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. The decrease in depreciation and amortization expense is primarily the result of lower depreciation from assets that were fully depreciated in 2009 and 2010, partially offset by additional amortization expense from leasing costs and tenant and capital improvements expenditures that were incurred in 2009 and 2010, and increases due to our 2010 real estate acquisitions.
Interest expense. For the year ended December 31, 2010, interest expense decreased $10.2 million to $288.7 million. The decrease was primarily due to the decrease of: (i) $5.8 million from the net impact of the repayment of mortgage debt related to contractual maturities, partially offset by secured debt financing obtained in connection with our purchase of a participation in the first mortgage debt of HCR ManorCare, (ii) $4.6 million resulting from the repayment of our bridge loan in May 2009 and term loan in March 2010, (iii) $2.9 million resulting from the repayment of $206 million of senior unsecured notes in 2010 and (iv) $1.7 million resulting from the benefit of an interest-rate swap (pay float and receive fixed) that was placed on $250 million of our unsecured senior notes in June 2009. The decreases in interest expense were partially offset by a decrease of $4.3 million of capitalized interest related to assets under development in our life science segment that were placed in service during 2010.
Our exposure to expense fluctuations related to our variable rate indebtedness is mitigated by our variable rate investments. For a more detailed discussion of our interest rate risk, see "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" in Item 7A.
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Operating expenses are generally related to MOB and life science properties where we incur the expenses and recover all or a portion of those expenses from the tenants and properties managed on our behalf (e.g., RIDEA properties). The presentation of expenses as operating or general and administrative is based on the underlying nature of the expense. Periodically, we review the classification of expenses between categories and make revisions based on changes in the underlying nature of the expenses. The increase in operating expenses during the year ended December 31, 2010 was primarily the result of including facility-level expenses for 27 properties as a result of the consolidation of four VIEs from August 31, 2010 to November 1, 2010.
General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses increased $5.0 million to $83.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to increased costs related to acquisitions pursued in 2010, partially offset by a decrease in legal fees associated with litigation matters and lower professional fees (see the information set forth under the heading "Legal Proceedings" of Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
Litigation settlement and provision. On September 4, 2009, a jury returned a verdict in favor of Ventas, Inc., in an action brought against us in the United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky for tortious interference with prospective business advantage in connection with Ventas's 2007 acquisition of Sunrise REIT. The jury awarded Ventas approximately $102 million in compensatory damages, which we recorded as a litigation provision expense during 2009 (see the information set forth under the heading "Legal Proceedings" of Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). No similar charges were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2010.
Impairments (recoveries). The year ended December 31, 2010 includes income of $11.9 million related to impairment recoveries of portions of previous impairment charges of investments related to Erickson. Erickson was the tenant at three of our senior housing CCRC DFLs and the borrower of a senior construction loan in which we had a participation interest.
The year ended December 31, 2009 includes impairments of $75.5 million as a result of (i) an aggregate $63.1 million provision related to DFL and loan losses (impairment charges) related to the bankruptcy of Erickson who was the tenant at three of our senior housing CCRC DFLs and the borrower of a senior construction loan in which we had a participation interest (see Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements), (ii) $5.9 million of intangible assets on 12 of 15 senior housing communities that were written off due to the termination of the Sunrise management agreements on 15 senior housing communities effective October 1, 2009, (iii) $4.3 million related to a senior secured term loan as a result of an expected restructuring of terms to the loan following the default of the borrower
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in our hospital segment (see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements), and (iv) $2.2 million related to intangible assets associated with the early termination of a lease in our life science segment.
Other income, net. For the year ended December 31, 2010, other income, net increased $8.1 million to $15.8 million. The increase was primarily a result of: (i) increases in gains on sales of marketable securities of $5.5 million and (ii) a $1.4 million of other-than-temporary impairments of goodwill recognized in 2009. For a more detailed description of our marketable securities investments (see Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
Income taxes. Income taxes decreased $1.5 million to $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. The decrease in income taxes is primarily due to the tax benefit resulting from the election of one of our former TRS to become a REIT in 2010.
Equity income from unconsolidated joint ventures. During the year ended December 31, 2010, equity income from unconsolidated joint ventures increased $1.3 million to $4.8 million. This increase is primarily due to: (i) the recognition of additional rental revenues during 2010 from a life science tenant in one of our unconsolidated joint ventures that was previously deferred and (ii) a change in the expected useful life of certain intangible assets of one of our unconsolidated joint ventures that resulted in lower equity income due to higher amounts of amortization expense during 2009. These increases were partially offset by HCP Ventures II's conclusion to cease recognizing non-cash rental income (i.e., straight-line rents) from Horizon Bay effective July 1, 2010, which resulted in lower earnings for, and our share of earnings from, HCP Ventures II during the year ended December 31, 2010.
Impairments of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures. During the year ended December 31, 2010, we recognized impairments of $71.7 million related to our 35% interest in HCP Ventures II, an unconsolidated joint venture that owns 25 senior housing properties previously leased by Horizon Bay. No impairments of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2009.
Discontinued operations. Income from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2010 was $23.7 million, compared to $43.5 million for the comparable period in 2009. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in gains on real estate dispositions of $17.4 million and a decline in operating income from discontinued operations of $2.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2010, we sold 14 properties for $56 million, compared to 14 properties for $72 million for the year ended December 31, 2009.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our principal liquidity needs are to: (i) fund recurring operating expenses, (ii) meet debt service requirements, including $250 million of senior unsecured notes and $67 million of mortgage debt principal payments and maturities in 2012, (iii) fund capital expenditures, including tenant improvements and leasing costs, (iv) fund acquisition and development activities, and (v) make dividend distributions. We believe these needs will be satisfied using cash flows generated by operations and from our various financing activities during the next twelve months. During the year ended December 31, 2011, distributions to shareholders and noncontrolling interest holders exceeded cash flows from operations by approximately $79 million. During 2011, we utilized the funds available under our revolving line of credit facility, which borrowings, among other things, were the sources of cash used to fund the excess of distributions to shareholders and noncontrolling interest holders above cash flows from operations.
Access to capital markets impacts our cost of capital and ability to refinance maturing indebtedness, as well as our ability to fund future acquisitions and development through the issuance of additional securities or secured debt. Credit ratings impact our ability to access capital and directly impact our cost of capital as well. For example, as noted below, our revolving line of credit facility
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accrues interest at a rate per annum equal to LIBOR plus a margin that depends upon our debt ratings. We also pay a facility fee on the entire revolving commitment that depends upon our debt ratings. As of January 31, 2011, we had a credit rating of Baa2 (stable) from Moody's, BBB (positive) from S&P and BBB+ (stable) from Fitch on our senior unsecured debt securities, and Baa3 (stable) from Moody's, BB+ (positive) from S&P and BBB- (stable) from Fitch on our preferred equity securities.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $724 million and $580 million for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. The increase in operating cash flows is primarily the result of the following: (i) the additive impact of our acquisitions in 2010 and 2011, (ii) assets placed in service in 2010 and 2011 and (iii) rent escalations and resets in 2010 and 2011. These increases were partially offset by $227 million in payments relating to the Ventas litigation. Our cash flows from operations are dependent upon the occupancy level of multi-tenant buildings, rental rates on leases, our tenants' performance on their lease obligations, the level of operating expenses and other factors.
Net cash used by investing activities was $4.6 billion and $431 million for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. The cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2011 principally reflects the net effects of: (i) $4.0 billion used for our HCR ManorCare Acquisition; (ii) $370 million used for investments in loans receivable, (iii) $198 million used for acquisition and development of other real estate, (iv) $136 million used in the acquisition of our partner's 65% interest in HCP Ventures II, (v) $95 million used to purchase a noncontrolling equity interest in the operations of HCR ManorCare PropCo and (vi) $53 million used for leasing costs and tenant and capital improvements, which were partially offset by $304 million received from the repayments from our investments in loans receivable.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $2.9 billion and $775 million for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. The cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2011 consisted primarily of: (i) the issuance of senior unsecured notes of $2.4 billion, (ii) net proceeds of $1.3 billion from the issuances of common stock and exercise of stock options and (iii) net borrowings of $454 million from our revolving line of credit facility. The amount of cash provided by financing activities was partially offset by: (i) payments of common and preferred dividends aggregating $788 million, (ii) repayment of senior unsecured notes of $292 million, (iii) repayment of mortgage debt of $170 million, (iv) debt issuance costs of $44 million and (v) the purchase of noncontrolling interests of $34 million.
Debt
Bank line of credit. Our revolving line of credit facility provides for an aggregate borrowing capacity of $1.5 billion and matures on March 11, 2015, with a one-year committed extension option. We have the right to increase the commitments under the revolving line of credit facility by an aggregate amount of up to $500 million, subject to customary conditions. Borrowings under this revolving line of credit facility accrue interest at a rate per annum equal to LIBOR plus a margin that depends on our debt ratings. We pay a facility fee on the entire revolving commitment that depends upon our debt ratings. Based on our debt ratings at December 31, 2011, the margin on the revolving line of credit facility was 1.50% and the facility fee was 0.30%. At December 31, 2011, we had $454 million outstanding under this revolving line of credit facility with a weighted-average effective interest rate of 2.26%.
Our revolving line of credit facility contains certain financial restrictions and other customary requirements. Among other things, these covenants, using terms defined in the agreement, (i) limit the ratio of Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Consolidated Total Asset Value to 60%, (ii) limit the ratio of Secured Debt to Consolidated Total Asset Value to 30%, (iii) limit the ratio of Unsecured Debt to Consolidated Unencumbered Asset Value to 60%, (iv) require a minimum Fixed Charge Coverage ratio
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of 1.5 times, and (v) require a formula-determined Minimum Consolidated Tangible Net Worth of $8.0 billion at December 31, 2011. At December 31, 2011, we were in compliance with each of these restrictions and requirements of our revolving line of credit facility.
Our revolving line of credit facility also contains cross-default provisions to other indebtedness of ours, including in some instances, certain mortgages on our properties. Certain mortgages contain default provisions relating to defaults under the leases or operating agreements on the applicable properties by our operators or tenants, including default provisions relating to the bankruptcy filings of such operator or tenant. Although we believe that we would be able to secure amendments under the applicable agreements if a default as described above occurs, such a default may result in significantly less favorable borrowing terms than currently available, material delays in the availability of funding or other material adverse consequences.
Senior unsecured notes. At December 31, 2011, we had senior unsecured notes outstanding with an aggregate principal balance of $5.4 billion. At December 31, 2011, interest rates on the notes ranged from 1.45% to 7.07% with a weighted average effective rate of 5.70% and a weighted average maturity of 6.34 years. Discounts and premiums are amortized to interest expense over the term of the related notes. The senior unsecured notes contain certain covenants including limitations on debt, cross-acceleration provisions and other customary terms. At December 31, 2011, we believe we were in compliance with these covenants.
Mortgage debt. At December 31, 2011, we had $1.8 billion in aggregate principal amount of mortgage debt secured by 138 healthcare facilities (including redevelopment properties) that had a carrying amount of $2.2 billion. At December 31, 2011, interest rates on the mortgage debt range from 1.96% to 8.78% with a weighted average effective interest rate of 6.12% and a weighted average maturity of 4.37 years.
Mortgage debt generally requires monthly principal and interest payments, is collateralized by certain properties and is generally non-recourse. Mortgage debt typically restricts transfer of the encumbered properties, prohibits additional liens, restricts prepayment, requires payment of real estate taxes, requires maintenance of the properties in good condition, requires maintenance of insurance on the properties and includes requirements to obtain lender consent to enter into and terminate material leases. Some of the mortgage debt is also cross-collateralized by multiple properties and may require tenants or operators to maintain compliance with the applicable leases or operating agreements of such properties.
Other debt. At December 31, 2011, we had $88 million of non-interest bearing life care bonds at two of our CCRCs and non-interest bearing occupancy fee deposits at another of our senior housing facility, all of which were payable to certain residents of the facilities (collectively, "Life Care Bonds"). At December 31, 2011, $31 million of the Life Care Bonds are refundable to the residents upon the resident moving out or to their estate upon death, and $57 million of the Life Care Bonds are refundable after the unit is successfully remarketed to a new resident.
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Debt Maturities
The following table summarizes our stated debt maturities and scheduled principal repayments at December 31, 2011 (in thousands):
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Thereafter
(Discounts) and premiums, net
Derivative Financial Instruments. We use derivative instruments to mitigate the effects of interest rate fluctuations on specific forecasted transactions as well as recognized obligations or assets. We do not use derivative instruments for speculative or trading purposes.
The following table summarizes our outstanding interest rate swap contracts as of December 31, 2011 (dollars in thousands):
July 2005(1)
November 2008
July 2009
For a more detailed description of our derivative financial instruments, see Note 24 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" in Item 7A.
Equity
At December 31, 2011, we had 4.0 million shares of 7.25% Series E cumulative redeemable preferred stock, 7.8 million shares of 7.10% Series F cumulative redeemable preferred stock and 408.6 million shares of common stock outstanding. At December 31, 2011, equity totaled $9.2 billion and our equity securities had a market value of $17.5 billion.
As of December 31, 2011, there were a total of 4.2 million DownREIT units outstanding in five limited liability companies in which we are the managing member. The DownREIT units are exchangeable for an amount of cash approximating the then-current market value of shares of our common stock or, at our option, shares of our common stock (subject to certain adjustments, such as stock splits and reclassifications).
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Shelf Registration
We have a prospectus on file with the SEC as part of a registration statement on Form S-3, using a shelf registration process that expires in September 2012. Under this "shelf" process, we may sell from time to time any combination of the registered securities in one or more offerings. The securities described in the prospectus include common stock, preferred stock and debt securities. Each time we sell securities under the shelf registration, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of the securities being offered and of the offering. We may offer and sell the securities pursuant to this prospectus from time to time in one or more of the following ways: through underwriters or dealers, through agents, directly to purchasers or through a combination of any of these methods of sales. Proceeds from the sale of these securities may be used for general corporate purposes, which may include repayment of indebtedness, working capital and potential acquisitions.
Non-GAAP Financial Measure—Funds From Operations ("FFO")
We believe FFO applicable to common shares, diluted FFO applicable to common shares, and basic and diluted FFO per common share are important supplemental measures of operating performance for a real estate investment trust. Because the historical cost accounting convention used for real estate assets utilizes straight-line depreciation (except on land), such accounting presentation implies that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values instead have historically risen and fallen with market conditions, presentations of operating results for a real estate investment trust that uses historical cost accounting for depreciation could be less informative. The term FFO was designed by the real estate investment trust industry to address this issue.
FFO is defined as net income applicable to common shares (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains or losses from acquisition and dispositions of depreciable real estate or related interests, impairments of, or related to, depreciable real estate, plus real estate and DFL depreciation and amortization, with adjustments for joint ventures. Adjustments for joint ventures are calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis. FFO does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, is not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs and should not be considered an alternative to net income. Our computation of FFO may not be comparable to FFO reported by other real estate investment trusts that do not define the term in accordance with the current National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts' ("NAREIT") definition or that have a different interpretation of the current NAREIT definition from us. In addition, we present FFO before the impact of litigation settlement and provision charges, other impairments, other impairment recoveries and merger-related items ("FFO as adjusted"). Management believes FFO as adjusted is a useful alternative measurement. This measure is a modification of the NAREIT definition of FFO and should not be used as an alternative to net income.
NAREIT recently issued updated reporting guidance that directs companies, for their computation of NAREIT FFO, to exclude impairments of depreciable real estate and other assets when write-downs are driven by measurable decreases in the fair value of real estate holdings (e.g., investments in joint ventures that primarily hold real estate). Previously, the Company's calculation of FFO (consistent with NAREIT's previous guidance) did not exclude impairments of, or related to, depreciable real estate. Consistent with this current NAREIT reporting guidance, the Company has restated its 2010 and 2009 FFO amounts.
Details of certain items that affect comparability are discussed in the financials results summary of our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009. The following is a
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reconciliation from net income applicable to common shares, the most direct comparable financial measure calculated and presented with GAAP, to FFO (dollars and shares in thousands):
Depreciation and amortization of real estate, in-place lease and other intangibles:
Continuing operations
Discontinued operations
DFL depreciation
Gain on sales of real estate
Gain upon consolidation of joint venture
Impairments of real estate and related intangibles
Impairments of interests in unconsolidated joint venture
Equity income from unconsolidated joint ventures
FFO from unconsolidated joint ventures
Noncontrolling interests' and participating securities' share in earnings
Noncontrolling interests' and participating securities' share in FFO
FFO applicable to common shares
Distributions on dilutive convertible units
Diluted FFO applicable to common shares
Diluted FFO per common share
Weighted average shares used to calculate diluted FFO per common share
Depreciation and amortization of real estate, in-place lease and other intangibles
Gain on sales of real estate and upon consolidation of joint venture
Impairments of real estate, related intangibles and interests in unconsolidated joint ventures
Joint venture and participating securities FFO adjustments
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Impact of adjustments to FFO:
Litigation settlement and provision charges(1)
Other impairments (recoveries)(2)
Merger-related items(3)
FFO as adjusted applicable to common shares
Diluted FFO as adjusted
Diluted FFO as adjusted per common share
Weighted average shares used to calculate diluted FFO as adjusted per common share(4)
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We own interests in certain unconsolidated joint ventures as described under Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Except in limited circumstances, our risk of loss is limited to our investment in the joint venture and any outstanding loans receivable. In addition, we have certain properties which serve as collateral for debt that is owed by a previous owner of certain of our facilities, as described under Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included. Our risk of loss for these properties is limited to the outstanding debt balance plus penalties, if any. We have no other material off-balance sheet arrangements that we expect would materially affect our liquidity and capital resources except those described below under "Contractual Obligations."
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Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our material contractual payment obligations and commitments at December 31, 2011 (in thousands):
Bank line of credit
Senior unsecured notes
Mortgage debt
Construction loan commitments(2)
Development commitments(3)
Ground and other operating leases
Interest(4)
Inflation
Our leases often provide for either fixed increases in base rents or indexed escalators, based on the Consumer Price Index or other measures, and/or additional rent based on increases in the tenants' operating revenues. Substantially all of our MOB leases require the tenant to pay a share of property operating costs such as real estate taxes, insurance and utilities. Substantially all of our senior housing, life science, post-acute/skilled nursing and hospital leases require the operator or tenant to pay all of the property operating costs or reimburse us for all such costs. We believe that inflationary increases in expenses will be offset, in part, by the operator or tenant expense reimbursements and contractual rent increases described above.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the impact of new accounting standards. There were no accounting pronouncements that were issued, but not yet adopted by us, that we believe will materially impact our consolidated financial statements.
ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest Rate Risk. At December 31, 2011, we were exposed to market risks related to fluctuations in interest rates on the following: (i) $454 million of variable-rate line of credit borrowings, (ii) $25 million of variable-rate senior unsecured notes and (iii) $24 million of variable-rate mortgage debt payable (excluding $88 million of variable-rate mortgage notes that have been hedged through interest-rate swap contracts) that are partially offset by properties with a gross value of $83 million that are subject to leases where the payments fluctuate with changes in LIBOR.
Interest rate fluctuations will generally not affect our future earnings or cash flows on our fixed rate debt and loans receivable unless such instruments mature or are otherwise terminated. However, interest rate changes will affect the fair value of our fixed rate instruments. Conversely, changes in interest rates on variable rate debt and investments would change our future earnings and cash flows,
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but not significantly affect the fair value of those instruments. Assuming a one percentage point increase in the interest rate related to the variable-rate debt and variable-rate investments, and assuming no other changes in the outstanding balance as of December 31, 2011, annual net interest expense would increase by approximately $4.2 million or $0.01 per common share on a diluted basis.
We use derivative financial instruments in the normal course of business to mitigate interest rate risk. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. Derivatives are recorded on the consolidated balance sheet at their fair value. See Note 24 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
To illustrate the effect of movements in the interest rate markets, we performed a market sensitivity analysis on our hedging instruments. We applied various basis point spreads to the underlying interest rate curves of the derivative portfolio in order to determine the instruments' change in fair value. Assuming a one percentage point change in the underlying interest rate curve, the estimated change in fair value of each of the underlying derivative instruments would not exceed $3.8 million. See Note 24 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional analysis details.
Market Risk. We have investments in marketable equity securities classified as available-for-sale. Gains and losses on these securities are recognized in income when realized and losses are recognized when an other-than-temporary decline in value is identified. An initial indicator of other-than-temporary decline in value for marketable equity securities is based on the severity of the decline in market value below the cost basis for an extended period of time. We consider a variety of factors in evaluating an other-than-temporary decline in value, such as: the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been less than our current cost basis; the issuer's financial condition, capital strength and near-term prospects; any recent events specific to that issuer and economic conditions of its industry; and our investment horizon in relationship to an anticipated near-term recovery in the market value, if any. At December 31, 2011, the fair value and current cost basis of marketable equity securities were both $17.1 million.
The principal amount and the average interest rates for our loans receivable and debt categorized by maturity dates is presented in the table below. The fair value for our senior unsecured notes payable is based on prevailing market prices. The fair value estimates for loans receivable and mortgage debt payable are based on discounting future cash flows utilizing current rates for loans and debt of the same type and remaining maturity.
Assets:
Loans receivable
Weighted average interest rate
Liabilities(2):
Variable-rate debt:
Senior unsecured notes payable
Mortgage debt payable
Fixed-rate debt:
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ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report.
ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures
ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer), to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
Also, we have investments in certain unconsolidated entities. Our disclosure controls and procedures with respect to such entities are substantially more limited than those we maintain with respect to our consolidated subsidiaries.
As required by Rule 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b) of the Exchange Act, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2011. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, as of December 31, 2011, at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth quarter of 2011 to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonable likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer), we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2011.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2011 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein.
60
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Stockholders of HCP, Inc.Long Beach, California
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of HCP, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2011, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company's principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company's board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2011, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules as of and for the year ended December 31, 2011, of the Company and our report dated February 14, 2012 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and financial statement schedules.
Los Angeles, CaliforniaFebruary 14, 2012
61
ITEM 9B. Other Information
ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Our executive officers were as follows on February 1, 2012:
We hereby incorporate by reference the information appearing under the captions "Board of Directors and Executive Officers," "Security Ownership of Directors and Management," "Code of Business Conduct and Ethics" and "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" in the Registrant's definitive proxy statement relating to its 2012 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on April 26, 2012.
We have filed, as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, the certifications of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2004.
On May 31, 2011, we submitted to the New York Stock Exchange the Annual CEO Certification required pursuant to Section 303A.12(a) of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual.
ITEM 11. Executive Compensation
We hereby incorporate by reference the information under the caption "Executive Compensation" in the Registrant's definitive proxy statement relating to its 2012 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on April 26, 2012.
ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
We hereby incorporate by reference the information under the captions "Principal Stockholders," "Security Ownership of Directors and Management" and "Equity Compensation Plan Information" in the Registrant's definitive proxy statement relating to its 2012 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on April 26, 2012.
62
ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
We hereby incorporate by reference the information under the captions "Certain Transactions" and "Board of Directors and Executive Officers" in the Registrant's definitive proxy statement relating to its 2012 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on April 26, 2012.
ITEM 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
We hereby incorporate by reference under the caption "Audit and Non-Audit Fees" in the Registrant's definitive proxy statement relating to its 2012 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on April 26, 2012.
ITEM 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules (2011)
(a)(1)
Financial Statements:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Deloitte & Touche LLP
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Ernst & Young LLP
Financial Statements
Consolidated Balance Sheets—December 31, 2011 and 2010
Consolidated Statements of Income—for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity—for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(a)(2)
Schedule II: Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
Schedule III: Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
Note: All other schedules have been omitted because the required information is presented in the financial statements and the related notes or because the schedules are not applicable.
(a)(3)
Exhibits:
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Dated: February 14, 2012
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
74
75
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Income
Consolidated Statements of Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
F-1
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of HCP, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, and the related consolidated statements of income, equity, and cash flows for the years then ended. Our audits also included the financial statement schedules for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010 listed in the Index at Item 15. These financial statements and financial statement schedules are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and financial statement schedules based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of HCP, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, such financial statement schedules, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2011, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 14, 2012 expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
F-2
The Board of Directors and Stockholders of HCP, Inc.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of income, equity, and cash flows of HCP, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2009. Our audit also included the financial statement schedules for the year ended December 31, 2009—Schedule II: Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Schedule III: Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation. These financial statements and schedules are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and schedules based on our audits.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated results of HCP, Inc.'s operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2009, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedules, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein.
Irvine, CaliforniaFebruary 12, 2010
except for the Consolidated Statements of Income,the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows,renumbered Note 5 "Dispositions of Real Estate andDiscontinued Operations", Note 14 "Segment Disclosures",Note 19 "Earnings per Common Share", and "Schedule III:Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation", as towhich the date is February 14, 2012
F-3
HCP, Inc. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In thousands, except share and per share data)
ASSETS
Real estate:
Buildings and improvements
Development costs and construction in progress
Land
Accumulated depreciation and amortization
Net real estate
Net investment in direct financing leases
Loans receivable, net
Investments in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $1,341 and $5,150, respectively
Cash and cash equivalents
Restricted cash
Intangible assets, net
Real estate held for sale, net
Other assets, net
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Other debt
Intangible liabilities, net
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
Deferred revenue
Total liabilities
Commitments and contingencies
Preferred stock, $1.00 par value: 50,000,000 shares authorized; 11,820,000 shares issued and outstanding, liquidation preference of $25.00 per share
Common stock, $1.00 par value: 750,000,000 shares authorized; 408,629,444 and 370,924,887 shares issued and outstanding, respectively
Additional paid-in capital
Cumulative dividends in excess of earnings
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Total stockholders' equity
Joint venture partners
Non-managing member unitholders
Total noncontrolling interests
Total liabilities and equity
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-4
HCP, Inc. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (In thousands, except per share data)
Revenues:
Rental and related revenues
Tenant recoveries
Resident fees and services
Income from direct financing leases
Interest income
Investment management fee income
Costs and expenses:
Depreciation and amortization
Interest expense
Operating
General and administrative
Litigation settlement and provision
Impairments (recoveries)
Total costs and expenses
Other income, net
Income before income tax expense and equity income from and impairments of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
Income taxes
Impairments of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
Discontinued operations:
Income before impairments and gain on sales of real estate, net of income taxes
Impairments
Gain on sales of real estate, net of income taxes
Total discontinued operations
Net income
Noncontrolling interests' share in earnings
Net income attributable to HCP, Inc.
Preferred stock dividends
Participating securities' share in earnings
Basic earnings per common share:
Diluted earnings per common share:
Weighted average shares used to calculate earnings per common share:
Basic
Diluted
F-5
HCP, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(In thousands, except per share data)
January 1, 2009
Comprehensive income:
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on securities:
Unrealized gains
Less reclassification adjustment realized in net income
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges:
Change in SERP obligation
Foreign currency translation adjustment
Total comprehensive income
Issuance of common stock, net
Repurchase of common stock
Exercise of stock options
Amortization of deferred compensation
Preferred dividends
Common dividends ($1.84 per share)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests
Purchase of noncontrolling interests
December 31, 2009
Unrealized losses
F-6
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (Continued)
Common dividends ($1.86 per share)
Noncontrolling interests in acquired assets
Issuance of noncontrolling interests
Other
December 31, 2010
Common dividends ($1.92 per share)
December 31, 2011
F-7
HCP, Inc. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization of above and below market lease intangibles, net
Amortization of debt premiums, discounts and issuance costs, net
Straight-line rents
Loan and direct financing lease interest accretion
Deferred rental revenues
Distributions of earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures
Marketable securities (gains) losses, net
Gain upon settlement of loans receivable
Derivative (gains) losses, net
Impairments, net of recoveries
Changes in:
Accounts receivable, net
Other assets
Accrued liability for litigation provision
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities
Net cash provided by operating activities
Cash flows from investing activities:
Cash used in the HCR ManorCare Acquisition, net of cash acquired
Cash used in the HCP Ventures II purchase, net of cash acquired
Other acquisitions and development of real estate
Leasing costs and tenant and capital improvements
Proceeds from sales of real estate, net
Purchase of an interest in and contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures
Distributions in excess of earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures
Purchases of marketable equity securities
Proceeds from sales of marketable securities
Principal repayments on loans receivable and direct financing leases
Investments in loans receivable and direct financing leases, net
(Increase) decrease in restricted cash
Net cash used in investing activities
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net borrowings (repayments) under bank line of credit
Repayments of term loan
Issuance of senior unsecured notes
Issuance of mortgage debt
Repayments and repurchases of senior unsecured notes
Repayments of mortgage and other secured debt
Debt discounts and issuance costs
Net proceeds from the issuance of common stock and exercise of options
Dividends paid on common and preferred stock
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year
F-8
HCP, Inc. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(1) Business
HCP, Inc., an S&P 500 company, is a Maryland corporation that is organized to qualify as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") which, together with its consolidated entities (collectively, "HCP" or the "Company"), invests primarily in real estate serving the healthcare industry in the United States. The Company acquires, develops, leases, manages and disposes of healthcare real estate and provides financing to healthcare providers.
(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Use of Estimates
Management is required to make estimates and assumptions in the preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from management's estimates.
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of HCP, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and joint ventures or variable interest entities that it controls through voting rights or other means. All material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.
The Company is required to continually evaluate its variable interest entity ("VIE") relationships and consolidate these entities when it is determined to be the primary beneficiary of their operations. A VIE is broadly defined as an entity where either (i) the equity investors as a group, if any, lack the power through voting or similar rights to direct the activities of an entity that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance or (ii) the equity investment at risk is insufficient to finance that entity's activities without additional subordinated financial support.
A variable interest holder is considered to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE if it has the power to direct the activities of a variable interest entity that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and has the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company qualitatively assesses whether it is (or is not) the primary beneficiary of a VIE. Consideration of various factors includes, but is not limited to, the Company's ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance, its form of ownership interest, its representation on the VIE's governing body, the size and seniority of its investment, its ability and the rights of other investors to participate in policy making decisions and its ability to replace the manager of and/or liquidate the entity.
For its investments in joint ventures, the Company evaluates the type of ownership rights held by the limited partner(s) that may preclude consolidation in circumstances in which the sole general partner would otherwise consolidate the limited partnership. The assessment of limited partners' rights and their impact on the presumption of control over a limited partnership by the sole general partner should be made when an investor becomes the sole general partner and should be reassessed if (i) there is a change to the terms or in the exercisability of the rights of the limited partners, (ii) the sole general partner increases or decreases its ownership in the limited partnership interests, or (iii) there is an increase or decrease in the number of outstanding limited partnership interests. The Company similarly evaluates the rights of managing members of limited liability companies.
F-9
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
The Company recognizes rental revenue from tenants on a straight-line basis over the lease term when collectibility is reasonably assured and the tenant has taken possession or controls the physical use of the leased asset. If the lease provides for tenant improvements, the Company determines whether the tenant improvements, for accounting purposes, are owned by the tenant or the Company. When the Company is the owner of the tenant improvements, the tenant is not considered to have taken physical possession or have control of the physical use of the leased asset until the tenant improvements are substantially completed. When the tenant is the owner of the tenant improvements, any tenant improvement allowance that is funded by the Company is treated as a lease incentive and amortized as a reduction of revenue over the lease term. Tenant improvement ownership is determined based on various factors including, but not limited to, the following criteria:
Certain leases provide for additional rents contingent upon a percentage of the facility's revenue in excess of specified base amounts or other thresholds. Such revenue is recognized when actual results reported by the tenant, or estimates of tenant results, exceed the base amount or other thresholds, and only after the contingency has been removed (when the related thresholds are achieved). This may result in the recognition of rental revenue in periods subsequent to when such payments are received.
Tenant recoveries related to the reimbursement of real estate taxes, insurance, repairs and maintenance, and other operating expenses are recognized as revenue in the period the expenses are incurred. The reimbursements are recognized and presented gross, as the Company is generally the primary obligor and, with respect to purchasing goods and services from third-party suppliers, has discretion in selecting the supplier and bears the associated credit risk.
For leases with minimum scheduled rent increases, the Company recognizes income on a straight-line basis over the lease term when collectibility is reasonably assured. Recognizing rental income on a straight-line basis for leases results in recognized revenue amounts which differ from those that are contractually due from tenants. If the Company determines that collectibility of straight-line rents is not reasonably assured, the Company limits future recognition to amounts contractually owed and paid, and, when appropriate, establishes an allowance for estimated losses.
Resident fee revenue is recorded when services are rendered and includes resident room and care charges, community fees and other resident charges. Residency agreements are generally for a term of 30 days to one year, with resident fees billed monthly. Revenue for certain care related services is recognized as services are provided and is billed monthly in arrears.
The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts, including an allowance for straight-line rent receivables, for estimated losses resulting from tenant defaults or the inability of tenants to make contractual rent and tenant recovery payments. The Company monitors the liquidity and creditworthiness of its tenants and operators on an ongoing basis. This evaluation considers industry and economic conditions, property performance, credit enhancements and other factors. For
F-10
straight-line rent amounts, the Company's assessment is based on amounts estimated to be recoverable over the term of the lease.
The Company receives management fees from its investments in certain joint venture entities for various services it provides as the managing member. Management fees are recorded as revenue when management services have been performed. Intercompany profit for management fees is eliminated.
The Company recognizes gain on sales of real estate upon the closing of a transaction with the purchaser. Gains on properties sold are recognized using the full accrual method when the collectibility of the sales price is reasonably assured, the Company is not obligated to perform additional activities that may be considered significant, the initial investment from the buyer is sufficient and other profit recognition criteria have been satisfied. Gain on sales of real estate may be deferred in whole or in part until the requirements for gain recognition have been met.
The Company uses the direct finance method of accounting to record income from direct financing leases ("DFLs"). For leases accounted for as DFLs, the future minimum lease payments are recorded as a receivable. Unearned income represents the net investment in the DFL, less the sum of minimum lease payments receivable and the estimated residual values of the leased properties. Unearned income is deferred and amortized to income over the lease terms to provide a constant yield when collectibility of the lease payments is reasonably assured. Investments in DFLs are presented net of unamortized and unearned income.
Loans receivable are classified as held-for-investment based on management's intent and ability to hold the loans for the foreseeable future or to maturity. Loans held-for-investment are carried at amortized cost and are reduced by a valuation allowance for estimated credit losses as necessary. The Company recognizes interest income on loans, including the amortization of discounts and premiums, using the interest method. The interest method is applied on a loan-by-loan basis when collectibility of the future payments is reasonably assured. Premiums and discounts are recognized as yield adjustments over the life of the related loans. Loans are transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale when management's intent is to no longer hold the loans for the foreseeable future. Loans held-for-sale are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value.
Allowances are established for loans and DFLs based upon an estimate of probable losses for the individual loans and DFLs deemed to be impaired. Loans and DFLs are impaired when it is deemed probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan or lease. An allowance is based upon the Company's assessment of the borrower's or lessee's overall financial condition; economic resources and payment record; the prospects for support from any financially responsible guarantors; and, if appropriate, the realizable value of any collateral. These estimates consider all available evidence including the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's or DFL's effective interest rate, fair value of collateral, general economic conditions and trends, historical and industry loss experience, and other relevant factors, as appropriate.
Loans and DFLs are placed on non-accrual status when management determines that the collectibility of contractual amounts is not reasonably assured. While on non-accrual status, loans or DFLs are either accounted for on a cash basis, in which income is recognized only upon receipt of cash, or on a cost-recovery basis, in which all cash receipts reduce the carrying value of the loan or DFL, based on the Company's expectation of future collectibility.
F-11
The Company's real estate assets, consisting of land, buildings and improvements are recorded at their fair value. The assumed liabilities, acquired tangible assets and identifiable intangibles are also recorded at their fair value. The Company assesses fair value based on cash flow projections that utilize appropriate discount and/or capitalization rates and available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including historical operating results, known and anticipated trends, as well as market and economic conditions. The fair value of tangible assets of an acquired property is based on the value of the property as if it is vacant.
The Company records acquired "above and below market" leases at their fair value using discount rates which reflect the risks associated with the leases acquired. The amount recorded is based on the present value of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to each in-place lease and (ii) management's estimate of fair market lease rates for each in-place lease, measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the lease for above market leases and the initial term plus the extended term for any leases with bargain renewal options. Other intangible assets acquired include amounts for in-place lease values that are based on the Company's evaluation of the specific characteristics of each property and the respective tenant's lease. Factors considered include estimates of carrying costs during hypothetical expected lease-up periods, market conditions and costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, the Company includes estimates of lost rents at estimated market rates during the hypothetical expected lease-up periods, which are dependent on local market conditions and expected trends. In estimating costs to execute similar leases, the Company considers leasing commissions, legal and other related costs.
The Company capitalizes direct construction and development costs, including predevelopment costs, interest, property taxes, insurance and other costs directly related and essential to the acquisition, development or construction of a real estate asset. The Company capitalizes construction and development costs while substantive activities are ongoing to prepare an asset for its intended use. The Company considers a construction project as substantially complete and held available for occupancy upon the completion of tenant improvements, but no later than one year from cessation of significant construction activity. Costs incurred after a project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use, or after development activities have ceased, are expensed as incurred. For redevelopment of existing operating properties, the Company capitalizes costs based on the net carrying value of the existing property under redevelopment plus the cost for the construction and improvement incurred in connection with the redevelopment. Costs previously capitalized related to abandoned acquisitions or developments are charged to earnings. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. The Company considers costs incurred in conjunction with re-leasing properties, including tenant improvements and lease commissions, to represent the acquisition of productive assets and, accordingly, such costs are reflected as investing activities in the Company's consolidated statement of cash flows.
The Company computes depreciation on properties using the straight-line method over the assets' estimated useful life. Depreciation is discontinued when a property is identified as held-for-sale. Buildings and improvements are depreciated over useful lives ranging up to 45 years. Above and below market lease intangibles are amortized primarily to revenue over the remaining noncancellable lease terms and bargain renewal periods, if any. In-place lease intangibles are amortized to expense over the remaining noncancellable lease term and bargain renewal periods, if any.
F-12
The Company assesses the carrying value of real estate assets and related intangibles ("real estate assets"), whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such asset or asset group may not be recoverable. The Company tests its real estate assets for impairment by comparing the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows to the carrying value of the real estate asset or asset group. If the carrying value exceeds the expected future undiscounted cash flows, an impairment loss will be recognized by adjusting the carrying value of the real estate asset or asset group to its fair value.
Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually. If it is determined, based on certain qualitative factors, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company applies the second step of the two-step approach. Potential impairment indicators and qualitative factors include a significant decline in real estate valuations, restructuring plans, current macroeconomic conditions, state of the equity and capital markets or a significant decline in the value of the Company's market capitalization. The second step of the two-step approach requires the fair value of a reporting unit to be allocated to all the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit as if it had been acquired in a business combination at the date of the impairment test. The excess fair value of the reporting unit over the fair value of assets and liabilities is the implied value of goodwill and is used to determine the amount of impairment. The Company selected the fourth quarter of each fiscal year to perform its annual impairment test.
Assets Held-for-Sale and Discontinued Operations
Certain long-lived assets are classified as held-for-sale and are reported at the lower of their carrying value or their fair value less costs to sell and are no longer depreciated. Discontinued operations is a component of an entity that has either been disposed of or is deemed to be held-for-sale and, (i) the operations and cash flows of the component have been or will be eliminated from ongoing operations as a result of the disposal transaction, and (ii) the entity will not have any significant continuing involvement in the operations of the component after the disposal transaction.
Investments in entities which the Company does not consolidate but has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies are reported under the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the Company's share of the investee's earnings or losses are included in the Company's consolidated results of operations.
The initial carrying value of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures is based on the amount paid to purchase the joint venture interest or the fair value of the assets prior to the sale of interests in the joint venture. To the extent that the Company's cost basis is different from the basis reflected at the joint venture level, the basis difference is generally amortized over the lives of the related assets and liabilities, and such amortization is included in the Company's share of equity in earnings of the joint venture. The Company evaluates its equity method investments for impairment based upon a comparison of the fair value of the equity method investment to its carrying value. When the Company determines a decline in the fair value of an investment in an unconsolidated joint venture below its carrying value is other-than-temporary, an impairment is recorded. The Company recognizes gains on the sale of interests in joint ventures to the extent the economic substance of the transaction is a sale.
The Company's fair values for its equity method investments are based on discounted cash flow models that include all estimated cash inflows and outflows over a specified holding period and, where
F-13
applicable, any estimated debt premiums or discounts. Capitalization rates, discount rates and credit spreads utilized in these models are based upon assumptions that the Company believes to be within a reasonable range of current market rates for the respective investments.
Share-Based Compensation
Compensation expense for share-based awards granted to employees, including grants of employee stock options, are recognized in the consolidated statements of income based on their grant date fair market value. Compensation expense for awards with graded vesting schedules is generally recognized ratably over the period from the grant date to the date when the award is no longer contingent on the employee providing additional services.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and short-term investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash primarily consists of amounts held by mortgage lenders to provide for (i) real estate tax expenditures, tenant improvements and capital expenditures, and (ii) security deposits and net proceeds from property sales that were executed as tax-deferred dispositions.
Derivatives
During its normal course of business, the Company uses certain types of derivative instruments for the purpose of managing interest rate risk. To qualify for hedge accounting, derivative instruments used for risk management purposes must effectively reduce the risk exposure that they are designed to hedge. In addition, at inception of a qualifying cash flow hedging relationship, the underlying transaction or transactions, must be, and are expected to remain, probable of occurring in accordance with the Company's related assertions.
The Company recognizes all derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives required to be bifurcated, as assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets at their fair value. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges or that do not meet the criteria of hedge accounting are recognized in earnings. For derivatives designated in qualifying cash flow hedging relationships, the change in fair value of the effective portion of the derivatives is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), whereas the change in fair value of the ineffective portion is recognized in earnings. For derivatives designated in qualifying fair value hedging relationships, the change in fair value of the effective portion of the derivatives offsets the change in fair value of the hedged item, whereas the change in fair value of the ineffective portion is recognized in earnings.
The Company formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk-management objectives and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes designating all derivatives that are part of a hedging relationship to specific forecasted transactions as well as recognized obligations or assets in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company also assesses and documents, both at inception of the hedging relationship and on a quarterly basis thereafter, whether the derivatives that are designated in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting the designated risks associated with the respective hedged items. If it is determined that a derivative ceases to be highly effective as a hedge, or that it is probable the
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underlying forecasted transaction will not occur, the Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively and records the appropriate adjustment to earnings based on the current fair value of the derivative.
HCP, Inc. elected REIT status and believes it has always operated so as to continue to qualify as a REIT under Sections 856 to 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). Accordingly, HCP, Inc. will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, provided that it continues to qualify as a REIT and makes distributions to stockholders equal to or in excess of its taxable income. In addition, the Company has formed several consolidated subsidiaries, which have elected REIT status. HCP, Inc. and its consolidated REIT subsidiaries are each subject to the REIT qualification requirements under Sections 856 to 860 of the Code. If any REIT fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to federal income taxes at regular corporate rates and may be ineligible to qualify as a REIT for four subsequent tax years.
HCP, Inc. and its consolidated REIT subsidiaries are subject to state and local income taxes in some jurisdictions, and in certain circumstances each REIT may also be subject to federal excise taxes on undistributed income. In addition, certain activities that the Company undertakes may be conducted by entities which elect to be treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRSs"). TRSs are subject to both federal and state income taxes. The Company recognizes tax penalties relating to unrecognized tax benefits as additional income tax expense. Interest relating to unrecognized tax benefits is recognized as interest expense.
Marketable Securities
The Company classifies its marketable equity and debt securities as available-for-sale. These securities are carried at their fair value with unrealized gains and losses recognized in stockholders' equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Gains or losses on securities sold are determined based on the specific identification method. When the Company determines declines in fair value of marketable securities are other-than-temporary, a loss is recognized in earnings.
Capital Raising Issuance Costs
Costs incurred in connection with the issuance of common shares are recorded as a reduction of additional paid-in capital. Costs incurred in connection with the issuance of preferred shares are recorded as a reduction of the preferred stock amount. Debt issuance costs are deferred, included in other assets and amortized to interest expense over the remaining term of the related debt utilizing the interest method.
Segment Reporting
The Company's segments are based on its internal method of reporting which classifies operations by healthcare sector. The Company's business operations include five segments: (i) senior housing, (ii) post-acute/skilled nursing, (iii) life science, (iv) medical office and (v) hospital.
Noncontrolling Interests
The Company reports arrangements with noncontrolling interests as a component of equity separate from the parent's equity. The Company accounts for purchases or sales of equity interests that do not result in a change in control as equity transactions. In addition, net income attributable to the
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noncontrolling interest is included in consolidated net income on the face of the consolidated statements of income and, upon a gain or loss of control, the interest purchased or sold, as well as any interest retained, is recorded at its fair value with any gain or loss recognized in earnings.
The Company consolidates non-managing member limited liability companies ("DownREITs") because it exercises control, and noncontrolling interests in these entities are carried at cost. The non-managing member LLC Units ("DownREIT units") are exchangeable for an amount of cash approximating the then-current market value of shares of the Company's common stock or, at the Company's option, shares of the Company's common stock (subject to certain adjustments, such as stock splits and reclassifications). Upon exchange of DownREIT units for the Company's common stock, the carrying amount of the DownREIT units is reclassified to stockholders' equity.
Preferred Stock Redemptions
The Company recognizes the excess of the redemption value of cumulative redeemable preferred stock redeemed over its carrying amount as a charge to earnings.
Life Care Bonds Payable
Two of the Company's continuing care retirement communities ("CCRCs") issue non-interest bearing life care bonds payable to certain residents of the CCRCs. Generally, the bonds are refundable to the resident or to the resident's estate upon termination or cancellation of the CCRC agreement. An additional senior housing facility owned by the Company collects non-interest bearing occupancy fee deposits that are refundable to the resident or the resident's estate upon the earlier of the re-letting of the unit or after two years of vacancy. Proceeds from the issuance of new bonds are used to retire existing bonds, and since the maturity of the obligations for the three facilities is not determinable, no interest is imputed. These amounts are included in other debt in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
Fair Value Measurement
The Company measures and discloses the fair value of nonfinancial and financial assets and liabilities utilizing a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to a fair value measurement are considered to be observable or unobservable in a marketplace. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company's market assumptions. This hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available. These inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy:
The Company measures fair value using a set of standardized procedures that are outlined herein for all assets and liabilities which are required to be measured at fair value. When available, the Company utilizes quoted market prices from an independent third party source to determine fair value and classifies such items in Level 1. In some instances where a market price is available, but the instrument is in an inactive or over-the-counter market, the Company consistently applies the dealer (market maker) pricing estimate and classifies the asset or liability in Level 2.
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If quoted market prices or inputs are not available, fair value measurements are based upon valuation models that utilize current market or independently sourced market inputs, such as interest rates, option volatilities, credit spreads and/or market capitalization rates. Items valued using such internally-generated valuation techniques are classified according to the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. As a result, the asset or liability could be classified in either Level 2 or Level 3 even though there may be some significant inputs that are readily observable. Internal fair value models and techniques used by the Company include discounted cash flow and Black-Scholes valuation models. The Company also considers its counterparty's and own credit risk on derivatives and other liabilities measured at their fair value. The Company has elected the mid-market pricing expedient when determining fair value.
Earnings per Share
Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income applicable to common shares by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The Company accounts for unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) as participating securities, which are included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method. Diluted earnings per common share is calculated by including the effect of dilutive and preferred securities.
In April 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-02, A Creditor's Determination of Whether a Restructuring Is a Troubled Debt Restructuring ("ASU 2011-02"). The amendments in this update clarify, among other things, the guidance on a creditor's evaluation of whether it has granted a concession and whether a debtor is experiencing financial difficulties. The adoption of ASU 2011-02 on July 1, 2011 did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial position or results of operations.
In May 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-04, Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRSs ("ASU 2011-04"). The amendments in this update result in additional fair value measurement and disclosure requirements within U.S. GAAP and IFRS. Consequently, the amendments change the wording used to describe many of the requirements in U.S. GAAP for measuring fair value and for disclosing information about fair value measurements. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2011-04 on January 1, 2012 to have an impact on its consolidated financial position or results of operations.
In June 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-05, Presentation of Comprehensive Income ("ASU 2011-05"). The amendments require that all non-owner changes in stockholders' equity be presented either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive statements. In the two-statement approach, the first statement should present total net income and its components followed consecutively by a second statement that should present total other comprehensive income, the components of other comprehensive income, and the total of comprehensive income. In December 2011, the FASB deferred portions of this update in its issuance of ASU 2011-12 (see discussion below). The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2011-05 on January 1, 2012 to have an impact on its consolidated financial position or results of operations.
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In September 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-08, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Testing Goodwill for Impairment ("ASU 2011-08"). The amendments in the update permit an entity to first assess qualitative factors when determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount and whether it is necessary to perform the second step of the two-step goodwill impairment test described in Topic 350. The early adoption of ASU 2011-08 on December 31, 2011 did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial position or results of operations.
In December 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-12, Deferral of the Effective Date for Amendments to the Presentation of Reclassifications of Items Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-05 ("ASU 2011-12"). The amendment requires that all non-owner changes in stockholders' equity be presented either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive statements. In the two-statement approach, the first statement should present total net income and its components followed consecutively by a second statement that should present total other comprehensive income, the components of other comprehensive income, and the total of comprehensive income. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2011-12 on January 1, 2012 to have an impact on its consolidated financial position or results of operations.
Reclassifications
Certain amounts in the Company's consolidated financial statements for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Assets sold or held-for-sale and associated liabilities have been reclassified on the consolidated balance sheets and operating results reclassified from continuing to discontinued operations. As a result of the Company's joint venture with Brookdale Senior Living, Inc. ("Brookdale") in a structure permitted by the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (commonly referred to as "RIDEA") on September 1, 2011, facility-level revenues from 21 senior housing communities are presented in "resident fees and services" on the consolidated income statements; all facility-level resident fee and service revenue previously reported in "rental and related revenues" has been reclassified to "resident fees and services" (see Note 12 for additional information regarding the 21 RIDEA facilities).
(3) HCR ManorCare Acquisition
On April 7, 2011, the Company completed its acquisition of substantially all of the real estate assets of HCR ManorCare, Inc. ("HCR ManorCare"), for a purchase price of $6.0 billion (the "HCR ManorCare Acquisition"). The purchase price consisted of the following: (i) $4 billion in cash consideration; and (ii) $2 billion representing the fair value of the Company's HCR ManorCare debt investments that were settled as part of this acquisition. Through this transaction, the Company acquired 334 HCR ManorCare post-acute, skilled nursing and assisted living facilities. The facilities are located in 30 states, with the highest concentrations in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Florida, Illinois and Michigan. A wholly-owned subsidiary of HCR ManorCare operates the assets pursuant to a long-term triple-net master lease agreement supported by a guaranty from HCR ManorCare. Additionally, the Company exercised its option to purchase an ownership interest of HCR ManorCare for $95 million that represented a 9.9% equity interest at closing.
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The HCR ManorCare Acquisition total purchase price is as follows (in thousands):
Payment of aggregate cash consideration, net of cash acquired
HCP's loan investments in HCR ManorCare's debt settled at fair value(1)
Assumed HCR ManorCare accrued liabilities at fair value(2)
Total purchase consideration
Legal, accounting and other fees and costs(3)
The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date of April 7, 2011 (in thousands):
Assets acquired
Net investments in direct financing leases
Intangible assets
Total assets acquired
Total liabilities assumed
Net assets acquired
In connection with the HCR ManorCare Acquisition, the Company entered into a credit agreement for a 365-day bridge loan facility (from funding to maturity) in an aggregate amount of up to $3.3 billion. In March 2011, the Company terminated this bridge loan facility in accordance with its terms; consequently, the Company incurred a charge of $11.3 million related to the write-off of unamortized loan fees associated with this bridge loan commitment that is included in interest expense.
The assets and liabilities of the Company's investments related to HCR ManorCare and the related results of operations are included in the consolidated financial statements from the April 7, 2011 acquisition date. From the acquisition date to December 31, 2011, the Company has recognized revenues and earnings from its investments related to HCR ManorCare of $411.8 million and $456.8 million, respectively.
Pro Forma Results of Operations
The following unaudited pro forma consolidated results of operations assume that the HCR ManorCare Acquisition, including the Company's ownership interest in the operations of HCR
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ManorCare, was completed as of January 1 for each of the periods presented below (in thousands, except per share amounts):
Revenues
Net income applicable to HCP, Inc.
(4) Other Real Estate Property Investments
A summary of acquisitions for the year ended December 31, 2011 follows (in thousands):
During the year ended December 31, 2011, the Company funded an aggregate of $127 million for construction, tenant and other capital improvement projects, primarily in the life science and medical office segments. During the year ended December 31, 2011, two of the Company's life science facilities located in South San Francisco were placed in service representing 88,000 square feet.
A summary of acquisitions for the year ended December 31, 2010 follows (in thousands):
During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company funded an aggregate of $135 million for construction, tenant and other capital improvement projects, primarily in the life science and medical office segments. During the year ended December 31, 2010, three of the Company's life science facilities located in South San Francisco were placed into service representing 329,000 square feet.
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(5) Dispositions of Real Estate and Discontinued Operations
Dispositions of Real Estate
During the year ended December 31, 2011, the Company sold three senior housing facilities for $19 million. During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company sold 14 properties for $56 million, which were made from the following segments: (i) $28 million of senior housing; (ii) $15 million of hospital; (iii) $10 million of post-acute/skilled nursing; and (iv) $3 million of medical office.
Results from Discontinued Operations
The following table summarizes operating income from discontinued operations, impairments and gain on sales of real estate included in discontinued operations (dollars in thousands):
Depreciation and amortization expenses
Operating expenses
Other income (expense), net
Number of properties held-for-sale
Number of properties sold
Number of properties included in discontinued operations
(6) Net Investment in Direct Financing Leases
The components of net investment in DFLs consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):
Minimum lease payments receivable
Estimated residual values
Less unearned income
Properties subject to direct financing leases
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On April 7, 2011, the Company completed the acquisition of 334 HCR ManorCare properties subject to a single master lease that the Company classified as a DFL. See discussion of the HCR ManorCare Acquisition in Note 3.
Certain leases contain provisions that allow the tenants to elect to purchase the properties during or at the end of the lease terms for the aggregate initial investment amount plus adjustments, if any, as defined in the lease agreements. Certain leases also permit the Company to require the tenants to purchase the properties at the end of the lease terms.
Lease payments previously due to the Company relating to three land-only DFLs, along with the land, were subordinate to and served as collateral for first mortgage construction loans entered into by Erickson Retirement Communities and its affiliate entities ("Erickson") to fund development costs related to the properties. On October 19, 2009, Erickson filed for bankruptcy protection, which included a plan of reorganization. In December 2009, the Company concluded that it was appropriate to reduce the carrying value of these assets to a nominal amount. In February 2010, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Erickson which was subsequently approved by the bankruptcy court. In April 2010, the reorganization was completed, which resulted in the Company (i) retaining deposits held by the Company with balances of $5 million and (ii) receiving an additional $9.6 million. As a result, the Company recognized aggregate income of $11.9 million in impairment recoveries in 2010, which represented the reversal of a portion of the allowances established pursuant to the previous December 2009 impairment charges of $63.1 million related to its investments in the three DFLs and participation interest in the senior construction loan.
Future minimum lease payments contractually due under direct financing leases at December 31, 2011, were as follows (in thousands):
(7) Loans Receivable
The following table summarizes the Company's loans receivable (in thousands):
Mezzanine
Unamortized discounts, fees and costs
Allowance for loan losses
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Following is a summary of loans receivable secured by real estate at December 31, 2011:
At December 31, 2011, future contractual principal payments to be received on loans receivable, secured by real estate, are $0.3 million in 2012, $8 million in 2013, $1.5 million in 2014, $16.5 million in 2015, $9.0 million in 2016 and $0.4 million thereafter.
Cirrus Health Loan
The Company holds an interest-only, senior secured term loan made to Cirrus Health, an affiliate of the Cirrus Group, LLC ("Cirrus"). The loan had a maturity date of December 31, 2008, with a one-year extension period at the option of the borrower, subject to certain terms and conditions, under which amounts were borrowed to finance the acquisition, development, syndication and operation of new and existing surgical partnerships. The loan is collateralized by all of the assets of the borrower (comprised primarily of interests in partnerships operating surgical facilities, some of which are on the premises of properties owned by the Company or HCP Ventures IV, LLC, an unconsolidated joint venture of the Company) and is supported in part by limited guarantees made by certain post and current principals of Cirrus. Recourse under certain of these guarantees is limited to the guarantors' respective interests in certain entities owning real estate that are pledged to secure such guarantees. At December 31, 2008, the borrower did not meet the conditions necessary to exercise its extension option and did not repay the loan upon maturity. On April 22, 2009, new terms for extending the maturity date of the loan were agreed to, including the payment of a $1.1 million extension fee, and the maturity date was extended to December 31, 2010. In July 2009, the Company issued a notice of default for the borrower's failure to make interest payments. In December 2009, the Company determined that the loan was impaired and recognized a provision for loan loss of $4.3 million. This provision for loan loss resulted from discussions that began in December 2009 to restructure the loan. Effective January 1, 2011, the Company placed the loan on cost-recovery status, under which accrual of interest income is suspended and any payments received from the borrower are applied to reduce the recorded investment in the loan, as the amount and timing of payments from this loan have become
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less certain. The Company has made various attempts to restructure the loan; however, the Company, borrower and guarantors of the loan could not reach an agreement on the terms and conditions of the restructuring. Further, as a result of: (i) the continued delay and costs associated with sale of certain of the collateral assets (primarily Cirrus' interests in partnerships operating surgical centers); and (ii) the decline in the operating performance and value of certain of Cirrus' collateral assets, the Company concluded that the carrying value of its loan was in excess of the proceeds that can be generated from selling the collateral assets in an orderly liquidation. Therefore, the Company recognized an additional provision for losses of $15.4 million in September 2011 that reduced the combined carrying value of the Company's loan and the related interest receivable to the fair value of the related collateral supporting this loan. Provision for loan loss is recorded in impairments (recoveries). At December 31, 2011 and 2010, the carrying value of this loan was $75.7 million and $93.1 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, the Company received cash payments from the borrower of $2.1 million and $1.9 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company recognized interest income from this loan of $11.7 million.
A reconciliation of the Company's beginning and ending allowance for the losses related to the Company's senior secured loan to Cirrus follows (in thousands):
Balance at January 1, 2011
Additions(1)
Balance at December 31, 2011
HCR ManorCare Loans
On December 21, 2007, the Company made an investment in mezzanine loans having an aggregate par value of $1.0 billion at a discount of $100 million, which resulted in an acquisition cost of $900 million. These interest-only loans paid interest on their par values at a floating rate of one-month London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") plus 4.0%. At December 31, 2010, the carrying value of these loans was $953 million.
On August 3, 2009, the Company purchased a $720 million participation in the first mortgage debt of HCR ManorCare at a discount of $130 million, which resulted in an acquisition cost of $590 million. At December 31, 2010, the carrying value of the participation in this loan was $639 million. In connection with the HCR ManorCare Acquisition prefunding activities, on January 31, 2011, the Company purchased an additional $360 million participation in the first mortgage debt of HCR ManorCare. The $1.08 billion participations paid interest at LIBOR plus 1.25%.
On April 7, 2011, upon closing of the HCR ManorCare Acquisition, the Company's loans to HCR ManorCare were settled, which resulted in additional interest income of $23 million that represents the excess of the loans' fair values above their carrying values at the time of settlement. See Note 3 for additional discussion related to the HCR ManorCare Acquisition.
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Genesis HealthCare Loans
In September and October 2010 the Company purchased participations in a senior loan and mezzanine note of Genesis HealthCare ("Genesis") with par values of $278 million and $50 million, respectively, each at a discount for $250 million and $40 million, respectively. At December 31, 2010, the carrying value of these loans was $293 million.
The Genesis senior loan paid interest on the par value at LIBOR (subject to a floor of 1.5% increasing to 2.5% by maturity) plus a spread of 4.75% increasing to 5.75% by maturity. The senior loan was secured by all of Genesis' assets. The mezzanine note paid interest on the par value at LIBOR plus a spread of 7.50%. In addition to the coupon interest payments, the mezzanine note required the payment of a termination fee, of which the Company's share prior to the early repayment of this loan was $2.3 million. The mezzanine note was subordinate to the senior loan and secured by an indirect pledge of equity ownership in Genesis' assets.
On April 1, 2011, the Company received $330.4 million from the early repayment of its loans to Genesis, and recognized additional interest income of $34.8 million, which represents the related unamortized discount and termination fee.
(8) Investments in and Advances to Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
HCP Ventures II
On January 14, 2011, the Company acquired its partner's 65% interest in HCP Ventures II, a joint venture that owned 25 senior housing facilities, becoming the sole owner of the portfolio.
The HCP Ventures II consideration is as follows (in thousands):
Cash paid for HCP Ventures II's partnership interest
Fair value of HCP's 35% interest in HCP Ventures II (carrying value of $65,223 at closing)(1)
Total consideration
Estimated fees and costs
Legal, accounting and other fees and costs(2)
Debt assumption fees(3)
In accordance with the accounting guidance applicable to acquisitions of the partner's ownership interests that result in consolidation of previously unconsolidated entities, the Company recorded all of the assets and liabilities of HCP Ventures II at their fair value as of the January 14, 2011 acquisition date. The Company utilized relevant market data and valuation techniques to allocate the acquisition date fair value for HCP Ventures II. Relevant market data and valuation techniques included, but were
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not limited to, market data comparables for capitalization and discount rates, credit spreads and property specific cash flows assumptions. The capitalization and discount rates as well as credit spread assumptions utilized in the Company's valuation model were based on information that it believes to be within a reasonable range of current market data. The following table summarizes the fair values of the HCP Ventures II assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date of January 14, 2011 (in thousands):
Cash
Liabilities assumed
Other liabilities
The related assets, liabilities and results of operations of HCP Ventures II are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition, January 14, 2011.
Summary of Unconsolidated Joint Venture Information
The Company owns interests in the following entities that are accounted for under the equity method at December 31, 2011 (dollars in thousands):
HCP Ventures III, LLC
HCP Ventures IV, LLC
HCP Life Science(4)
Horizon Bay Hyde Park, LLC
Suburban Properties, LLC
Advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net
Edgewood Assisted Living Center, LLC
Seminole Shores Living Center, LLC
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Summarized combined financial information for the Company's unconsolidated joint ventures follows (in thousands):
Real estate, net
Goodwill
Capital lease obligations and other debt
Accounts payable
Other partners' capital
HCP's capital(3)
Total liabilities and partners' capital
Net loss(3)(4)
HCP's share in earnings(3)(4)
HCP's impairment of its investment in HCP Ventures II(4)
Fees earned by HCP
Distributions received by HCP
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These reimbursement reductions were previously considered in the Company's underwriting assumptions for its initial investments in the operations of HCR ManorCare; therefore, the impairments are not considered to be part of the Company's basis in its investment. As such, HCR ManorCare's impairments during the year ended December 31, 2011 did not have an impact on the Company's share of earnings from or its investment in HCR ManorCare.
(9) Intangibles
At December 31, 2011 and 2010, intangible lease assets, comprised of lease-up intangibles, above market tenant lease intangibles, below market ground lease intangibles and intangible assets related to non-compete agreements, were $574.0 million and $511.4 million, respectively. At December 31, 2011 and 2010, the accumulated amortization of intangible assets was $200.2 million and $195.0 million, respectively. The remaining weighted average amortization period of intangible assets was 11 years and nine years at December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively.
At December 31, 2011 and 2010, intangible lease liabilities, comprised of below market lease intangibles and above market ground lease intangibles, were $219.6 million and $233.5 million, respectively. At December 31, 2011 and 2010, the accumulated amortization of intangible liabilities was $95.5 million and $85.4 million, respectively. The remaining weighted average amortization period of unfavorable market lease intangibles was approximately eight years at both December 31, 2011 and 2010.
For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, rental income includes additional revenues of $6.2 million, $8.2 million and $16.3 million, respectively, from the amortization of net below market lease intangibles. For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, operating expenses include additional expense of $0.6 million, $0.4 million and $0.4 million, respectively, from the amortization of net above market ground lease intangibles. For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, depreciation and amortization expense includes additional expense of $44.8 million, $45.7 million and $63.3 million, respectively, from the amortization of lease-up and non-compete agreement intangibles.
On October 5, 2006, the Company acquired CNL Retirement Properties, Inc. ("CRP") in a merger. Through the purchase method of accounting, the Company allocated $35 million to above-market lease intangibles related to 15 senior housing facilities that were operated by Sunrise Senior Living, Inc. and its subsidiaries ("Sunrise"). In June 2009, in a subsequent review of the related calculations of the relative fair value of these lease intangibles, the Company identified valuation errors, which resulted in an aggregate overstatement of the above-market lease intangible assets and an aggregate understatement of building and improvements of $28 million. In the periods from October 5, 2006 through March 31, 2009, these errors resulted in an understatement of rental and related revenues and depreciation expense of approximately $6 million and $2 million, respectively. The Company recorded the related corrections in June 2009, and determined that such misstatements to the Company's results of operations or financial position during the periods from October 5, 2006 through June 30, 2009 were immaterial.
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Estimated aggregate amortization of intangible assets and liabilities for each of the five succeeding fiscal years and thereafter follows (in thousands):
(10) Other Assets
The Company's other assets consisted of the following (in thousands):
Straight-line rent assets, net of allowance of $34,457 and $35,190, respectively
Leasing costs, net
Deferred debt issuance costs, net
Marketable equity securities
Total other assets
In June 2011 the Company purchased approximately $22.4 million of marketable equity securities. At December 31, 2011, the Company incurred a $5.4 million impairment for these securities as it concluded the deficiency in value of such securities below their carrying value was other-than-temporary.
During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company sold marketable debt securities for $174.2 million, which resulted in gains of approximately $13.4 million. During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company sold marketable equity securities for $4.8 million, which resulted in gains of approximately $1.1 million. Realized gains, losses and impairments on marketable securities are included in other income, net in the consolidated statements of income.
(11) Debt
Bank Line of Credit and Term Loan
The Company's revolving line of credit facility provides for an aggregate borrowing capacity of $1.5 billion and matures on March 11, 2015, with a one-year committed extension option. The Company has the right to increase the commitments under the revolving line of credit facility by an aggregate amount of up to $500 million, subject to customary conditions. Borrowings under this revolving line of credit facility accrue interest at a rate per annum equal to LIBOR plus a margin that depends on the Company's debt ratings. The Company pays a facility fee on the entire revolving
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commitment that depends upon its debt ratings. Based on the Company's debt ratings at December 31, 2011, the margin on the revolving line of credit facility was 1.50% and the facility fee was 0.30%. At December 31, 2011, the Company had $454 million outstanding under this revolving line of credit facility with a weighted-average effective interest rate of 2.26%.
The Company's revolving line of credit facility contains certain financial restrictions and other customary requirements, including cross-default provisions to other indebtedness. Among other things, these covenants, using terms defined in the agreement (i) limit the ratio of Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Consolidated Total Asset Value to 60%, (ii) limit the ratio of Secured Debt to Consolidated Total Asset Value to 30%, (iii) limit the ratio of Unsecured Debt to Consolidated Unencumbered Asset Value to 60%, (iv) require a minimum Fixed Charge Coverage ratio of 1.5 times, and (v) require a formula-determined Minimum Consolidated Tangible Net Worth of $8.0 billion at December 31, 2011. At December 31, 2011, the Company was in compliance with each of these restrictions and requirements of the revolving line of credit facility.
On March 10, 2010, the Company repaid the total outstanding indebtedness of $200 million under its term loan. The term loan had an original maturity of August 1, 2011. As a result of the early repayment of the term loan, the Company recognized a charge of $1.3 million related to unamortized issuance costs in interest expense. At the time the term loan was paid off, it accrued interest at a rate per annum equal to LIBOR plus 2.00%.
Senior Unsecured Notes
At December 31, 2011, the Company had senior unsecured notes outstanding with an aggregate principal balance of $5.4 billion. At December 31, 2011, interest rates on the notes ranged from 1.45% to 7.07% with a weighted average effective rate of 5.70% and a weighted average maturity of 6.34 years. Discounts and premiums are amortized to interest expense over the term of the related senior unsecured notes. The senior unsecured notes contain certain covenants including limitations on debt, cross-acceleration provisions and other customary terms. As of December 31, 2011, the Company believes it was in compliance with these covenants.
In September 2010, the Company repaid $200 million of maturing senior unsecured notes, which accrued interest at a rate of 4.88%.
On January 24, 2011, the Company issued $2.4 billion of senior unsecured notes as follows: (i) $400 million of 2.70% notes due 2014; (ii) $500 million of 3.75% notes due 2016; (iii) $1.2 billion of 5.375% notes due 2021; and (iv) $300 million of 6.75% notes due 2041. The notes have a weighted average maturity of 10.3 years and a weighted average yield of 4.83%; net proceeds from the offering were $2.37 billion.
In September 2011, the Company repaid $292 million of maturing senior unsecured notes, which accrued interest at a rate of 4.82%.
On January 23, 2012, the Company issued $450 million of 3.75% senior unsecured notes due 2019; net proceeds from the offering were $444 million.
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The following is a summary of senior unsecured notes outstanding by maturity date at December 31, 2011 (dollars in thousands):
2017
2018
2021
Discounts, net
Mortgage and Other Secured Debt
At December 31, 2011, the Company had $1.8 billion in aggregate principal amount of mortgage debt outstanding that is secured by 138 healthcare facilities (including redevelopment properties) that had a carrying value of $2.2 billion. At December 31, 2011, interest rates on the mortgage debt range from 1.96% to 8.78% with a weighted average effective interest rate of 6.12% and a weighted average maturity of 4.37 years.
On August 3, 2009, the Company obtained $425 million in secured debt financing in connection with the Company's purchase of a $720 million (par value) participation in the first mortgage debt of HCR ManorCare. On December 27, 2010, the Company repaid this debt in full. This debt had an original maturity date in January 2013.
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The following is a summary of mortgage debt outstanding by maturity date at December 31, 2011 (dollars in thousands):
2019
2020
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Mortgage debt generally requires monthly principal and interest payments, is collateralized by real estate assets and is generally non-recourse. Mortgage debt typically restricts transfer of the encumbered assets, prohibits additional liens, restricts prepayment, requires payment of real estate taxes, requires maintenance of the assets in good condition, requires maintenance of insurance on the assets and includes conditions to obtain lender consent to enter into and terminate material leases. Some of the mortgage debt is also cross-collateralized by multiple assets and may require tenants or operators to maintain compliance with the applicable leases or operating agreements of such real estate assets.
Other Debt
At December 31, 2011, the Company had $88 million of non-interest bearing life care bonds at two of its CCRCs and non-interest bearing occupancy fee deposits at two of its senior housing facility, all of which were payable to certain residents of the facilities (collectively, "Life Care Bonds"). At December 31, 2011, $31 million of the Life Care Bonds are refundable to the residents upon the resident moving out or to their estate upon death, and $57 million of the Life Care Bonds are refundable after the unit is successfully remarketed to a new resident.
The following table summarizes the Company's stated debt maturities and scheduled principal repayments at December 31, 2011 (in thousands):
(12) Commitments and Contingencies
From time to time, the Company is a party to legal proceedings, lawsuits and other claims that arise in the ordinary course of the Company's business. Except as described in this Note 12, the Company is not aware of any other legal proceedings or claims that it believes may have, individually or taken together, a material adverse effect on the Company's business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations. The Company's policy is to accrue legal expenses as they are incurred.
On May 3, 2007, Ventas, Inc. ("Ventas") filed a complaint against the Company in the United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky alleging, among other things, that the
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Company interfered with Ventas's prospective business advantage in connection with Ventas's 2007 acquisition of Sunrise Senior Living Real Estate Investment Trust ("Sunrise REIT"). Ventas sought compensatory damages in excess of $300 million plus punitive damages. Prior to the jury deliberations, the District Court dismissed, among other rulings, Ventas's claim for punitive damages. On September 4, 2009, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Ventas in the amount of approximately $102 million. The Company recognized $102 million as a provision for litigation expense during the three months ended September 30, 2009. Both Ventas and the Company appealed various rulings of the District Court and the jury verdict to the United States Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. On May 17, 2011, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals held that the District Court erred by not submitting Ventas's claim for punitive damages to the jury, and affirmed the District Court's judgment in all other respects. On August 23, 2011, the Company paid Ventas $102 million resulting from the jury verdict. On November 9, 2011, the Company and Ventas settled all claims relating to the litigation and the Company paid $125 million to Ventas in addition to the $102 million paid in August 2011.
On June 29, 2009, several of the Company's subsidiaries, together with three of its tenants, filed complaints in the Delaware Court of Chancery (the "Court of Chancery") against Sunrise Senior Living, Inc. and three of its subsidiaries ("Sunrise"). One of the complaints, which related to four of the 64 communities subject to the dispute, was removed on July 24, 2009 to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (the "Virginia District Court"). On April 30, 2010, the Virginia District Court dismissed all claims before it, and each party filed a notice of appeal regarding the decision with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.
On August 31, 2010, the Company entered into agreements with Sunrise in which: (i) the Company acquired the right to terminate management contracts on 27 of the 75 senior housing communities owned by the Company (these 27 communities were leased to tenants that had entered into management contracts with Sunrise); (ii) Sunrise agreed to limit certain fees and charges associated with the in-place management contracts of the remaining 48 communities, where such limitations were consistent with the parties' budgetary rights and obligations under existing agreements; (iii) the Company agreed to fund certain capital expenditures at the remaining 48 communities, and (iv) both parties dismissed all of the previous litigation proceedings that were filed against each other. The Company agreed to pay Sunrise $50 million for the right to terminate the management contracts of the 27 communities; after taking into account the rights to approximately $9 million of working capital that the Company received in conjunction with acquiring these termination rights, the net cost to acquire the termination rights was $41 million. The Company had marketed for lease the 27 communities to a limited group of operators, and prior to August 31, 2010, had received a favorable bid and an executed non-binding term sheet from Emeritus Corporation ("Emeritus"). On October 18, 2010, the Company executed two triple-net master leases with Emeritus for the 27 communities on terms consistent with a non-binding term sheet agreed to by the Company and Emeritus in August 2010, including fixed lease terms of 15 years and two 10 year extension options. Shortly thereafter, on October 31, 2010, the Company exercised its rights under the existing lease contracts to terminate the leases with the tenants that had entered into the management contracts with Sunrise for a payment of $2 million. The term of the new Emeritus leases commenced on November 1, 2010, immediately after such termination.
The Company capitalized the $41 million cost for the above termination rights as an initial direct leasing cost of the new leases as it determined that: (i) acquiring the right to terminate Sunrise's long-term management contracts was essential to enable the Company to lease such communities to another operator; and (ii) prior to August 31, 2010, the leasing transaction with Emeritus was reasonably assured. The initial direct leasing costs will be amortized over the initial 15-year term of the
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new leases with Emeritus. Further, the Company concluded that no amount of the $50 million paid to Sunrise should be allocated to the dismissed litigation or to the existing leases on the 48 remaining communities, because the Company believed that: (i) as ruled by the Virginia District Court, Sunrise's counterclaims lacked merit and had no value, and the claims remaining in the Chancery Court arose from similar facts and were expected to be decided on the basis of similar law; (ii) Sunrise's agreement to limit certain fees on the remaining 48 communities, and the Company's agreement to fund certain capital expenditures at the communities, were each consistent with the Company's and Sunrise's obligations, respectively under the existing agreements; and (iii) the incremental value gained by the reasonably assured future rents from Emeritus and the acquired working capital exceeded the payment to Sunrise.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Concentrations of credit risks arise when a number of operators, tenants or obligors related to the Company's investments are engaged in similar business activities, or activities in the same geographic region, or have similar economic features that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations, including those to the Company, to be similarly affected by changes in economic conditions. The Company regularly monitors various segments of its portfolio to assess potential concentrations of risks. Management believes the current portfolio is reasonably diversified across healthcare related real estate and does not contain any other significant concentration of credit risks, except as disclosed herein. The Company does not have significant foreign operations.
The following table provides information regarding the Company's concentration with respect to certain operators; the information provided is presented for the gross assets and revenues that are associated with certain operators as percentages of the respective segment's and total Company's gross assets and revenues:
Segment Concentrations:
Brookdale(2)
Emeritus(3)
Sunrise(3)(4)
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Total Company Concentrations:
On September 1, 2011, the Company completed a strategic venture with Brookdale that includes the operation of 37 HCP-owned senior living communities previously leased to or operated by Horizon Bay Retirement Living ("Horizon Bay"). As part of this transaction, Brookdale acquired Horizon Bay and: (i) assumed an existing triple-net lease for nine HCP communities; (ii) entered into a new triple-net lease related to four HCP communities; (iii) assumed Horizon Bay's management of three HCP communities, one of which was recently developed by HCP; and (iv) entered into management contracts and a joint venture agreement for a 10% interest in the real estate and operations for 21 of the Company's communities that are in a RIDEA structure. In connection with these transactions, the Company purchased $22.4 million of Brookdale's common stock in June 2011 (see Note 10 for additional information regarding these marketable equity securities).
Under the provisions of RIDEA, a REIT may lease "qualified health care properties" on an arm's length basis to a TRS if the property is operated on behalf of such subsidiary by a person who qualifies as an "eligible independent contractor." The year ended December 31, 2011 includes $47.1 million and $29.8 million in revenues and operating expenses, respectively, as a result of reflecting the facility-level results for the 21 RIDEA facilities operated by Brookdale beginning September 1, 2011.
The year ended December 31, 2010 includes increases of $29.4 million and $25.9 million in revenues and operating expenses, respectively, as a result of reflecting the facility-level results for 27 facilities leased to four VIE tenants operated by Sunrise that were consolidated, for the period from August 31, 2010 to November 1, 2010, as a result of the termination rights the Company acquired from the settlement agreement discussed above. See Note 21 for additional information regarding VIEs.
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On October 1, 2009, the Company completed the transition of management agreements on 15 communities operated by Sunrise that were previously terminated for Sunrise's failure to achieve certain performance thresholds. The transition of these facilities to new operators reduced the Company's Sunrise-managed facilities in its portfolio to 75 communities. The termination of the management agreements did not require the payment of a termination fee to Sunrise by its tenants or the Company. On June 30, 2009, the Company recognized impairments of $6 million related to intangible assets associated with 12 of the 15 communities.
To mitigate credit risk of leasing properties to certain senior housing and post-acute/skilled nursing operators, leases with operators are often combined into portfolios that contain cross-default terms, so that if a tenant of any of the properties in a portfolio defaults on its obligations under its lease, the Company may pursue its remedies under the lease with respect to any of the properties in the portfolio. Certain portfolios also contain terms whereby the net operating profits of the properties are combined for the purpose of securing the funding of rental payments due under each lease.
At December 31, 2011 and 2010, the Company's gross real estate assets in the state of California, excluding assets held-for-sale, represented approximately 23% and 26% of the Company's total assets, respectively.
DownREIT LLCs
In connection with the formation of certain DownREIT limited liability companies ("LLCs"), members may contribute appreciated real estate to a DownREIT LLC in exchange for DownREIT units. These contributions are generally tax-deferred, so that the pre-contribution gain related to the property is not taxed to the member. However, if a contributed property is later sold by the DownREIT LLC, the unamortized pre-contribution gain that exists at the date of sale is specifically allocated and taxed to the contributing members. In many of the DownREITs, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with those members who contributed appreciated property into the DownREIT LLC. Under these indemnification agreements, if any of the appreciated real estate contributed by the members is sold by the DownREIT LLC in a taxable transaction within a specified number of years, the Company will reimburse the affected members for the federal and state income taxes associated with the pre-contribution gain that is specially allocated to the affected member under the Code ("make-whole payments"). These make-whole payments include a tax gross-up provision. These indemnification agreements have expiration terms that range through 2020.
Credit Enhancement Guarantee
Certain of the Company's senior housing facilities serve as collateral for $123 million of debt (maturing May 1, 2025) that is owed by a previous owner of the facilities. This indebtedness is guaranteed by the previous owner who has an investment grade credit rating. These senior housing facilities, which are classified as DFLs, had a carrying value of $370 million as of December 31, 2011.
Environmental Costs
The Company monitors its properties for the presence of hazardous or toxic substances. The Company is not aware of any environmental liability with respect to the properties that would have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition or results of operations. The Company carries environmental insurance and believes that the policy terms, conditions, limitations and deductibles are adequate and appropriate under the circumstances, given the relative risk of loss, the cost of such coverage and current industry practice.
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General Uninsured Losses
The Company obtains various types of insurance to mitigate the impact of property, business interruption, liability, flood, windstorm, earthquake, environmental and terrorism related losses. The Company attempts to obtain appropriate policy terms, conditions, limits and deductibles considering the relative risk of loss, the cost of such coverage and current industry practice. There are, however, certain types of extraordinary losses, such as those due to acts of war or other events that may be either uninsurable or not economically insurable. In addition, the Company has a large number of properties that are exposed to earthquake, flood and windstorm occurrences for which the related insurances carry high deductibles. Should a significant uninsured loss occur at a property, the Company's assets may become impaired.
Tenant Purchase Options
Certain leases contain purchase options whereby the tenant may elect to acquire the underlying real estate. Annualized lease payments (base rent only) to be received from these leases, including DFLs, subject to purchase options, in the year that the purchase options are exercisable, are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):
Rental Expense
The Company's rental expense attributable to continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 was approximately $6.2 million, $5.9 million and $6.0 million, respectively. These rental expense amounts include ground rent and other leases. Ground leases generally require fixed annual rent payments and may also include escalation clauses and renewal options. These leases have terms that are up to 99 years, excluding extension options. Future minimum lease obligations under non-cancelable ground and other operating leases as of December 31, 2011 were as follows (in thousands):
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(13) Equity
Preferred Stock
The following summarizes cumulative redeemable preferred stock outstanding at December 31, 2011:
Series E
Series F
The Series E and Series F preferred stock have no stated maturity, are not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption and are not convertible into any other securities of the Company. Holders of each series of preferred stock generally have no voting rights, except under limited conditions, and all holders are entitled to receive cumulative preferential dividends based upon each series' respective liquidation preference. To preserve the Company's status as a REIT, each series of preferred stock is subject to certain restrictions on ownership and transfer. Dividends are payable quarterly in arrears on the last day of March, June, September and December. The Series E and Series F preferred stock are currently redeemable at the Company's option, at their par value.
Distributions with respect to the Company's preferred stock can be characterized for federal income tax purposes as taxable ordinary dividends, capital gain dividends, nondividend distributions or a combination thereof. Following is the characterization of the Company's annual preferred stock dividends per share:
Ordinary dividends
Capital gain dividends
On January 26, 2012, the Company announced that its Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.45313 per share on its Series E cumulative redeemable preferred stock and $0.44375 per share on its Series F cumulative redeemable preferred stock. These dividends will be paid on March 30, 2012 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 15, 2012.
Distributions with respect to the Company's common stock can be characterized for federal income tax purposes as taxable ordinary dividends, capital gain dividends, nondividend distributions or a
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combination thereof. Following is the characterization of the Company's annual common stock dividends per share:
Nondividend distributions
On January 26, 2012, the Company announced that its Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.50 per share. The common stock cash dividend will be paid on February 22, 2012 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 6, 2012.
In June 2010, the Company initiated a public offering, which resulted in the sale of 15.5 million shares of common stock at a price of $33.00 per share for gross proceeds of $512 million. This offering included: (i) the June 2010 public offering of 13.5 million shares for $445.5 million; and (ii) the July 2010 sale of 2.025 million shares, for $66.8 million, as a result of the underwriters exercising the over-allotment option from the June 2010 public offering. The Company received total net proceeds of $492 million from these sales.
On November 8, 2010, the Company completed a $486 million public offering of 13.8 million shares of its common stock at a price of $35.25 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $467 million.
On December 20, 2010, the Company completed a $1.472 billion public offering of 46 million shares of common stock at a price of $32.00 per share. The Company received total net proceeds of $1.413 billion.
In March 2011, the Company completed a $1.273 billion public offering of 34.5 million shares of common stock at a price of $36.90 per share. The Company received total net proceeds of $1.235 billion.
The following is a summary of the Company's other common stock issuances:
Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan ("DRIP")
Conversion of DownREIT units
Restricted stock awards(1)
Vesting of restricted stock units(1)
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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The following is a summary of the Company's accumulated other comprehensive loss (in thousands):
AOCI—unrealized losses on cash flow hedges, net
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan minimum liability
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss
At December 31, 2011, there were 4.2 million non-managing member units outstanding in five limited liability companies, all of which the Company is the managing member. At December 31, 2011, the carrying and market value of the 4.2 million DownREIT units were $170.2 million and $244.2 million, respectively.
(14) Segment Disclosures
The Company evaluates its business and makes resource allocations based on its five business segments: (i) senior housing, (ii) post-acute/skilled nursing, (iii) life science, (iv) medical office and (v) hospital. Under the senior housing, post-acute/skilled nursing, life science and hospital segments, the Company invests or co-invests primarily in single operator or tenant properties, through the acquisition and development of real estate, management of operations and by debt issued by operators in these sectors. Under the medical office segment, the Company invests or co-invests through the acquisition and development of medical office buildings ("MOBs") that are leased under gross, modified gross or triple-net leases, generally to multiple tenants, and which generally require a greater level of property management. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described under Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (see Note 2). There were no intersegment sales or transfers during the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010. The Company evaluates performance based upon property net operating income from continuing operations ("NOI") and interest income of the combined investments in each segment.
Non-segment assets consist primarily of real estate held-for-sale and corporate assets including cash, restricted cash, accounts receivable, net, marketable equity securities and deferred financing costs. Interest expense, depreciation and amortization and non-property specific revenues and expenses are not allocated to individual segments in determining the Company's performance measure. See Note 12 for other information regarding concentrations of credit risk.
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Summary information for the reportable segments follows (in thousands):
For the year ended December 31, 2011:
For the year ended December 31, 2010:
For the year ended December 31, 2009
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The following is a reconciliation from NOI to reported net income, the most direct comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP (in thousands):
Net operating income from continuing operations
(Impairments) recoveries
Impairments of investment in unconsolidated joint venture
The Company's total assets by segment were:
Gross segment assets
Net segment assets
Real estate held-for-sale, net
Other non-segment assets
On October 5, 2006, simultaneous with the closing of the Company's merger with CRP, the Company also merged with CNL Retirement Corp. ("CRC"). CRP was a REIT that invested primarily in senior housing facilities and MOBs. Under the purchase method of accounting, the assets and liabilities of CRC were recorded at their relative fair values, with $51.7 million paid in excess of the fair value of CRC's assets and liabilities recorded as goodwill. The CRC goodwill amount was allocated in proportion to the assets of the Company's reporting units (property sectors) subsequent to the CRP acquisition.
Due to a significant decrease in the Company's market capitalization during the first quarter of 2009, it performed an interim assessment of the Company's allocated goodwill balances. In connection
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with this review, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $1.4 million, included in other income, net, for the goodwill allocated to the life science segment. At December 31, 2011, goodwill of $50.4 million is allocated as follows: (i) senior housing—$30.5 million, (ii) medical office—$11.4 million, (iii) post-acute/skilled nursing—$3.3 million and (iv) hospital—$5.1 million. The Company completed the required annual impairment test during the three months ended December 31, 2011; no impairment was recognized based on the results of this impairment test.
(15) Future Minimum Rents
Future minimum lease payments to be received, excluding operating expense reimbursements, from tenants under non-cancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2011, are as follows (in thousands):
(16) Compensation Plans
Stock Based Compensation
On May 11, 2006, the Company's stockholders approved the 2006 Performance Incentive Plan (the "2006 Incentive Plan"). The 2006 Incentive Plan provides for the granting of stock-based compensation, including stock options, restricted stock and performance restricted stock units to officers, employees and directors in connection with their employment with or services provided to the Company. On April 23, 2009, the Company's stockholders amended the 2006 Incentive Plan. As a result of the amendment, the maximum number of shares reserved for awards under the 2006 Incentive Plan, as amended, is 23.2 million shares. The maximum number of shares available for future awards under the 2006 Incentive Plan is 7.8 million shares at December 31, 2011, of which approximately 5.2 million shares may be issued as restricted stock and performance restricted stock units.
Stock Options
Stock options are generally granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the underlying stock on the grant date. Stock options generally vest ratably over a four- to five-year period and have a 10-year contractual term. Vesting of certain options may accelerate, as defined in the grant, upon retirement, a change in control or other specified events.
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A summary of the stock option activity is presented in the following table (dollars and shares in thousands, except per share amounts):
Outstanding as of December 31, 2010
Granted
Exercised
Forfeited
Outstanding as of December 31, 2011
Exercisable as of December 31, 2011
The following table summarizes additional information concerning outstanding and exercisable stock options at December 31, 2011 (shares in thousands):
$23.34 - $25.52
27.11 - 28.35
31.95 - 39.72
The following table summarizes additional information concerning unvested stock options at December 31, 2011 (shares in thousands):
Unvested at December 31, 2010
Vested
Unvested at December 31, 2011
The weighted average fair value per share at the date of grant for options awarded during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 was $5.97, $5.17 and $2.23, respectively. The total vesting date intrinsic values of shares under options vested during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 was $15.8 million, $10.7 million and $1.8 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value of vested shares under options at December 31, 2011 was $42.3 million.
Proceeds received from options exercised under the 2006 Incentive Plan for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 were $30.8 million, $6.3 million and $7.4 million, respectively. The
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total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 was $13.4 million, $2.3 million and $4.9 million, respectively.
The fair value of the stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 was estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option valuation model that uses the assumptions described below. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the grant date. The expected life (estimated period of time outstanding) of the stock options granted was estimated using the historical exercise behavior of employees and turnover rates. For stock options granted in 2011 and 2010, the expected volatility was based on the average of the Company's: (i) historical volatility of the adjusted closing prices of its common stock for a period equal to the stock option's expected life, ending on the grant date, calculated on a weekly basis and (ii) the implied volatility of traded options on its common stock for a period equal to 30 days ending on the grant date. For stock options granted prior to 2010, the expected volatility was based on the Company's historical volatility of the adjusted closing prices of its common stock for a period equal to the stock option's expected life, ending on the grant date and calculated on a weekly basis. The following table summarizes the Company's stock option valuation assumptions:
Risk-free rate
Expected life (in years)
Expected volatility
Expected dividend yield
Restricted Stock and Performance Restricted Stock Units
Under the 2006 Incentive Plan, restricted stock and performance restricted stock units generally have a contractual life or vest over a three- to five-year period. The vesting of certain restricted shares and units may accelerate, as defined in the grant, upon retirement, a change in control and other events. When vested, each performance restricted stock unit is convertible into one share of common stock. The restricted stock and performance restricted stock units are valued on the grant date based on the closing market price of the Company's common stock on that date. Generally, the Company recognizes the fair value of the awards over the applicable vesting period as compensation expense. Upon any exercise or payment of restricted shares or units, the participant is required to pay the related tax withholding obligation. The 2006 Incentive Plan enables the participant to elect to have the Company reduce the number of shares to be delivered to pay the related tax withholding obligation. The value of the shares withheld is dependent on the closing market price of the Company's common stock on the date that the relevant transaction occurs. During 2011, 2010 and 2009, the Company withheld 136,000, 154,000 and 110,000 shares, respectively, to offset tax withholding obligations.
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The following table summarizes additional information concerning restricted stock and restricted stock units at December 31, 2011 (units and shares in thousands):
At December 31, 2011, the weighted average remaining vesting period of restricted stock units and restricted stock was three years. The total fair values of restricted stock and restricted stock units which vested for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 were $14.4 million, $12.5 million and $7.6 million, respectively.
On August 14, 2006, the Company granted 219,000 restricted stock units to the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The restricted stock units vest over a period of 10 years beginning in 2012. Additionally, as the Company pays dividends on its outstanding common stock, the original award will be credited with additional restricted stock units as dividend equivalents (in lieu of receiving a cash payment). Generally, the dividend equivalent restricted stock units will be subject to the same vesting and other conditions as applied to the grant. At December 31, 2011, the total number of restricted stock units under this arrangement was approximately 303,000.
Total share-based compensation expense recognized during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 was $20.2 million, $15.1 million and $14.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2011, there was $44.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost, related to unvested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the Company's incentive plans, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of three years.
Employee Benefit Plan
The Company maintains a 401(k) and profit sharing plan that allows for eligible participants to defer compensation, subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code. The Company provides a matching contribution of up to 4% of each participant's eligible compensation. During 2011, 2010 and 2009, the Company's matching contributions were approximately $0.8 million, $0.9 million and $0.7 million, respectively.
(17) Impairments
During the year ended December 31, 2011, the Company concluded that its senior secured term loan to an affiliate of Cirrus was impaired and established a provision for losses (impairment) of $15.4 million. The impairment resulted from the Company's conclusion that the carrying value of its loan was in excess of the fair value of the loan's underlying collateral assets. This provision for losses reduced the carrying value of its investment from $91.1 million to its fair value of $75.7 million. The fair value of the Company's loan investment was based on a discounted cash flow valuation model and inputs considered to be a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. Inputs to this valuation model include real estate capitalization rates, discount rates, earnings multiples, industry growth rates
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and operating margins, some of which influence the Company's expectation of future cash flows from the loan and, accordingly, the fair value of its investment.
On October 12, 2010, the Company concluded that its 35% interest in HCP Ventures II, which owns 25 senior housing properties leased by Horizon Bay Communities or certain of its affiliates (collectively "Horizon Bay"), was impaired. The impairment resulted from the recent and projected deterioration of the operating performance of the properties leased by Horizon Bay from HCP Ventures II. During the year ended December 31, 2010 the Company recognized an impairment of $71.7 million related to its investment in HCP Ventures II, which reduced the carrying value of its investment from $136.8 million to its fair value of $65.1 million. The fair value of the Company's investment in HCP Ventures II was based on a discounted cash flow valuation model that is considered to be a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. Inputs to this valuation model include real estate capitalization rates, discount rates, industry growth rates and operating margins, some of which influence the Company's expectation of future cash flows from HCP Ventures II and, accordingly, the fair value of its investment.
During the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company recognized impairments of $75.5 million (including $0.1 million in discontinued operations) as follows: (i) $63.1 million in the senior housing segment related to three land-only DFLs and a participation in a senior construction loan associated with properties operated by Erickson resulting from the conclusion of their bankruptcy auction and amended reorganization plan, (ii) $5.9 million related to intangible assets on 12 of 15 senior housing communities that were determined to be impaired due to the termination of the Sunrise management agreements effective October 1, 2009 in the senior housing segment, (iii) $4.3 million related to a senior secured term loan to an affiliate of Cirrus as a result of discussions to restructure its loan in the hospital segment and (iv) $2.2 million related to intangible assets associated with the early termination of a lease in the life science segment.
(18) Income Taxes
During the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, the Company's total income tax expense was $1.2 million, $0.4 million, and $2.1 million, respectively. The Company's income tax expense from discontinued operations were insignificant for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010 and $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2009. The Company's deferred income tax expense and its ending balance in deferred tax assets and liabilities were insignificant for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009.
The Company files numerous U.S. federal, state and local income and franchise tax returns. With a few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state or local tax examinations by taxing authorities for years prior to 2007.
At December 31, 2011 and 2010, the tax basis of the Company's net assets is less than the reported amounts by $7.4 billion and $2.0 billion, respectively. The difference between the reported amounts and the tax basis is primarily related to the Slough Estates USA, Inc. ("SEUSA") and HCR ManorCare acquisitions, which occurred in 2007 and 2011, respectively. Both SEUSA and HCR ManorCare were corporations subject to federal and state income taxes. As a result of these acquisitions, the Company succeeded to the tax attributes of SEUSA and HCR ManorCare, including the tax basis in the acquired companies' assets and liabilities. The Company will be subject to a corporate-level tax on any taxable disposition of SEUSA's pre-acquisition assets that occur within ten years after its August 1, 2007 acquisition, and any taxable disposition of HCR ManorCare's pre-acquisition assets that occur within ten years after its April 7, 2011 acquisition.
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The corporate-level tax associated with the disposition of assets acquired in connection with the SEUSA and HCR ManorCare acquisitions would be assessed only to the extent of the built-in gain that existed on the date of each acquisition, based on the fair market value of the assets on August 1, 2007, with respect to SEUSA, and April 7, 2011, with respect to HCR ManorCare. The Company does not expect to dispose of any assets included in either acquisition that would result in the imposition of a material tax liability. As a result, the Company has not recorded a deferred tax liability associated with this corporate-level tax. Gains from asset dispositions occurring more than 10 years after either acquisition will not be subject to this corporate-level tax. However, the Company may dispose of SEUSA or HCR ManorCare assets before the applicable 10-year periods if it is able to effect a tax deferred exchange.
In connection with the SEUSA and HCR ManorCare acquisitions, the Company assumed unrecognized tax benefits of $8 million and $2 million, respectively. During 2011, the Company had a net decrease in unrecognized tax benefits of $4.9 million. The decrease was caused by the reversal of the remaining $6.9 million in unrecognized tax benefits related to the SEUSA acquisition caused by SEUSA's settlement of federal and state tax audits for all years for which unrecognized tax benefits had been accrued, net of a $2.0 million increase in unrecognized tax benefits assumed in connection with the HCR ManorCare acquisition.
A reconciliation of the Company's beginning and ending unrecognized tax benefits follows (in thousands):
Balance at January 1, 2009
Reductions based on prior years' tax positions
Additions based on 2009 tax positions
Balance at December 31, 2009
Additions based on 2010 tax positions
Balance at December 31, 2010
Additions based on prior years' tax positions
Additions based on 2011 tax positions
The Company anticipates that the balance in unrecognized tax benefits will not change over the next 12 months.
Due to the reversal of the remaining balance of the SEUSA unrecognized tax benefits during 2011, the related $1.3 million of interest expense was also reversed. During the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, the Company recorded net reductions to interest expense of $1.1 million and net increases to interest expense of $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively, associated with the unrecognized tax benefits.
The Company has agreements with the sellers of SEUSA and HCR ManorCare whereby any increases in taxes and associated interest and penalties related to years prior to each of these acquisitions will be the responsibility of the sellers. Similarly, any pre-acquisition tax refunds and associated interest income will be refunded to the sellers.
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There would be no effect on the Company's tax rate if the unrecognized tax benefits were to be recognized.
(19) Earnings Per Common Share
The following table illustrates the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (dollars in thousands, except per share and share amounts):
Numerator
Noncontrolling interests' share in continuing operations
Income from continuing operations applicable to HCP, Inc.
Participating securities' share in continuing operations
Income from continuing operations applicable to common shares
Denominator
Basic weighted average common shares
Dilutive stock options and restricted stock
Diluted weighted average common shares
Net income applicable to common stockholders
Restricted stock and certain of the Company's performance restricted stock units are considered participating securities, because dividend payments are not forfeited even if the underlying award does not vest, which require the use of the two-class method when computing basic and diluted earnings per share.
Options to purchase approximately 1.1 million, 1.9 million and 4.6 million shares of common stock that had an exercise price in excess of the average market price of the common stock during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively, were not included because they are anti-dilutive. Additionally, 5.9 million shares issuable upon conversion of 4.2 million DownREIT units during the year ended December 31, 2011; 6.0 million shares issuable upon conversion of 4.2 million DownREIT units during the year ended December 31, 2010; and 5.9 million shares issuable upon
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conversion of 4.3 million DownREIT units during the year ended December 31, 2009 were not included since they are anti-dilutive.
(20) Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Supplemental cash flow information:
Interest paid, net of capitalized interest
Taxes paid
Capitalized interest
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing activities:
Loan received upon real estate disposition
Accrued construction costs
Settlement of loans receivable as consideration for the HCR ManorCare Acquisition
Supplemental schedule of non-cash financing activities:
Secured debt obtained in purchase of participation in secured loan receivable
Restricted stock issued
Vesting of restricted stock units
Cancellation of restricted stock
Conversion of non-managing member units into common stock
Non-managing member units issued in connection with acquisitions
Mortgages included in the consolidation of HCP Ventures II
Mortgages assumed with real estate acquisitions
Unrealized gains (losses), net on available for sale securities and derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
See additional information regarding supplemental non-cash financing activities related to of the HCR ManorCare Acquisition in Notes 3 and 7 and HCP Ventures II purchase in Note 8.
(21) Variable Interest Entities
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities
At December 31, 2011, the Company leased 48 properties to a total of seven VIE tenants and had an additional investment in a loan to a VIE borrower. The Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. The carrying value and classification of the related assets, liabilities
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and maximum exposure to loss as a result of the Company's involvement with these VIEs are presented below at December 31, 2011 (in thousands):
VIE tenants—operating leases
VIE tenants—DFLs
Loan—senior secured
As of December 31, 2011, the Company has not provided, and is not required to provide, financial support through a liquidity arrangement or otherwise, to its unconsolidated VIEs, including circumstances in which it could be exposed to further losses (e.g., cash shortfalls).
The Company holds an interest-only, senior secured term loan made to a borrower that has been identified as a VIE. The Company does not consolidate the VIE because it does not have the ability to control the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance. The loan is collateralized by all of the assets of the borrower (comprised primarily of interests in partnerships that operate surgical facilities, some of which are on the premises of properties owned by the Company or HCP Ventures IV) and is supported in part by limited guarantees made by certain former and current principals of Cirrus. Recourse under certain of these guarantees is limited to the guarantors' respective ownership interests in certain entities owning real estate that are pledged to secure such guarantees.
See Notes 7 and 12 for additional description of the nature, purpose and activities of the Company's VIEs and interests therein.
Consolidated Variable Interest Entities
During 2010, the Company had leasing relationships with a total of four VIE tenants, related to 27 properties, whose operations were not consolidated by the Company prior to August 31, 2010 because it did not have the ability to control the activities (i.e., recurring operating activities) that most significantly impact the VIEs' economic performance. On August 31, 2010, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Sunrise, whereby it determined that it had acquired the ability to control the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs' economic performance. As a result, the Company consolidated the four VIEs for the period from August 31, 2010 (the date of the settlement agreement with Sunrise) to November 1, 2010 (the date these 27 properties were transitioned and leased to Emeritus). See Note 12 for additional information regarding the VIE tenants.
(22) Fair Value Measurements
The following table illustrates the Company's financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets. Recognized gains and losses are recorded in other income, net on the Company's consolidated statements of income. During the year ended December 31, 2011, there were no transfers of financial assets or liabilities between levels within the fair value hierarchy.
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The financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2011 are as follows (in thousands):
Interest-rate swap liabilities(1)
Warrants(1)
(23) Disclosures About Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, receivables, payables, and accrued liabilities are reasonable estimates of fair value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments. Fair value of loans receivable, bank line of credit, mortgage debt and other debt are based on rates currently prevailing for similar instruments with similar maturities. The fair value of the interest-rate swaps and warrants were determined based on observable and unobservable market assumptions using standardized derivative pricing models. The fair values of the senior unsecured notes and marketable equity securities were determined based on market quotes.
The table below summarizes the carrying amounts and fair values of the Company's financial instruments:
Warrants
Interest-rate swap assets
Interest-rate swap liabilities
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(24) Derivative Financial Instruments
The following table summarizes the Company's outstanding interest-rate swap contracts as of December 31, 2011 (dollars in thousands):
July 2005(2)
November 2008(3)
July 2009(4)
The Company uses derivative instruments to mitigate the effects of interest rate fluctuations on specific forecasted transactions as well as recognized financial obligations or assets. The Company does not use derivative instruments for speculative or trading purposes.
The primary risks associated with derivative instruments are market and credit risk. Market risk is defined as the potential for loss in value of a derivative instrument due to adverse changes in market prices (interest rates). Utilizing derivative instruments allows the Company to effectively manage the risk of fluctuations in interest rates related to the potential effects these changes could have on future earnings, forecasted cash flows and the fair value of recognized obligations.
Credit risk is the risk that one of the parties to a derivative contract fails to perform or meet their financial obligation. The Company does not obtain collateral associated with its derivative instruments, but monitors the credit standing of its counterparties on a regular basis. Should a counterparty fail to perform, the Company would incur a financial loss to the extent that the associated derivative contract was in an asset position. At December 31, 2011, the Company does not anticipate non-performance by the counterparties to its outstanding derivative contracts.
During October and November 2007, the Company entered into two forward-starting interest-rate swap contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $900 million and settled the contracts during the three months ended June 30, 2008. The settlement value, less the ineffective portion of the hedging relationships, was recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income to be reclassified into interest expense over the forecasted term of the underlying unsecured fixed-rate debt. The interest-rate swap contracts were designated in qualifying, cash flow hedging relationships, to hedge the Company's exposure to fluctuations in the benchmark interest rate component of interest payments on forecasted, unsecured, fixed-rate debt currently expected to be issued in 2011 and 2012. During 2010, the Company revised its estimated issuance date for the underlying unsecured, fixed-rate debt. As a result, the Company recognized a $1.0 million charge in other income, net, during the year ended December 31, 2010, related to the interest payments that were no longer probable of occurring.
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In August 2009, the Company entered into an interest-rate swap contract (pay float and receive fixed), that was designated as hedging fluctuations in interest receipts related to its participation in the variable-rate first mortgage debt of HCR ManorCare. At March 31, 2011 the Company determined, based on the anticipated closing of the HCR ManorCare Acquisition during April 2011, the underlying hedged transactions (underlying mortgage debt interest receipts) were not probable of occurring. As a result, the Company reclassified $1 million of unrealized gains related to this interest-rate swap contract into other income, net. Concurrent with closing the HCR ManorCare Acquisition (for additional details see Note 3) the Company settled the interest-rate swap contract for proceeds of $1 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2011, the Company recognized additional interest income of $0.6 million and additional interest expense of $0.6 million, resulting from its cash flow and fair value hedging relationships. At December 31, 2011, the Company expects that the hedged forecasted transactions, for each of the outstanding qualifying cash flow hedging relationships, except as previously discussed, remain probable of occurring and that no additional gains or losses recorded to accumulated other comprehensive loss are expected to be reclassified to earnings.
To illustrate the effect of movements in the interest rate markets, the Company performed a market sensitivity analysis on its outstanding hedging instruments. The Company applied various basis point spreads to the underlying interest rate curves of the derivative portfolio in order to determine the instruments' change in fair value. The following table summarizes the results of the analysis performed (dollars in thousands):
July 2005
(25) Transactions with Related Parties
Mr. Klaritch, an executive vice president of the Company, was previously a senior executive and limited liability company member of MedCap Properties, LLC, which was acquired in October 2003 by HCP and a joint venture of which HCP was the managing member. As part of that transaction, MedCap Properties, LLC contributed certain property interests to a newly-formed entity, HCPI/Tennessee LLC, in exchange for DownREIT units. In connection with the transactions, Mr. Klaritch received 113,431 non-managing member units in HCPI/Tennessee, LLC in a distribution of his interest in MedCap Properties, LLC. Each DownREIT unit is redeemable for an amount of cash approximating the then-current market value of two shares of HCP's common stock or, at HCP's option, two shares of HCP's common stock (subject to certain adjustments, such as stock splits, stock dividends and reclassifications). In addition, the HCPI/Tennessee, LLC agreement provides for a "make-whole" payment, intended to cover grossed-up tax liabilities, to the non-managing members upon the sale of certain properties acquired by HCPI/Tennessee, LLC in the MedCap transactions and other events.
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(26) Selected Quarterly Financial Data
Selected quarterly information for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010 is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts). Results of operations for properties sold or to be sold have been classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented:
Income before income taxes and equity income from and impairments of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
The above selected quarterly financial data includes the following significant transactions:
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HCP, Inc. Schedule II: Valuation and Qualifying Accounts December 31, 2011 (In thousands)
2011
2010
2009
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HCP, Inc. Schedule III: Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation December 31, 2011 (Dollars in thousands)
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Schedule III: Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands)
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(b) A summary of activity for real estate and accumulated depreciation for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 follows (in thousands):
Balances at beginning of year
Acquisition of real estate and development and improvements
Disposition of real estate
Balances associated with changes in reporting presentation(1)
Balances at end of year
Accumulated depreciation:
Depreciation expense
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