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Healthpeak Properties
DOC
#1759
Rank
$11.98 B
Marketcap
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ United States
Country
$17.24
Share price
0.58%
Change (1 day)
-12.18%
Change (1 year)
๐Ÿ  Real estate๐Ÿ’ฐ Investment ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ REITs ๐Ÿฅ Medical Care Facilities
Categories
  1. Healthpeak Properties
  2. Annual Reports (10-K)
  3. Financial Year 2023

Healthpeak Properties - 10-K annual report 2023


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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
or
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from             to             
Commission file number 001-08895
Healthpeak Properties, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Maryland33-0091377
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
4600 South Syracuse Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80237
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(720) 428-5050
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange
on which registered
Common Stock, $1.00 par valuePEAKNew York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒  No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☒  No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.   ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act.) Yes ☐ No ☒
State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter: $9.2 billion.
As of February 7, 2024, there were 547,172,983 shares of the registrant’s $1.00 par value common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement for the registrant’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after December 31, 2023, have been incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report.

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Healthpeak Properties, Inc.
Form 10-K
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023
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On February 10, 2023, we completed our corporate reorganization (the “Reorganization”) into an umbrella partnership REIT (“UPREIT”). Substantially all of our business is conducted through Healthpeak OP, LLC (“Healthpeak OP”). We are the managing member of Healthpeak OP and do not have material assets or liabilities, other than through our investment in Healthpeak OP.
All references in this report to “Healthpeak,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” mean Healthpeak Properties, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries. Unless the context suggests otherwise, references to “Healthpeak Properties, Inc.” mean the parent company without its subsidiaries.
Cautionary Language Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not historical factual statements are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements regarding our and our officers’ intent, belief or expectation as identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “project,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “seek,” “target,” “forecast,” “plan,” “potential,” “estimate,” “could,” “would,” “should” and other comparable and derivative terms or the negatives thereof. Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include statements regarding the proposed transactions involving Healthpeak and Physicians Realty Trust (as discussed in further detail in this report), including but not limited to, statements about the anticipated benefits of the proposed transactions involving Healthpeak and Physicians Realty Trust, as well as statements regarding future financial and operating results, plans, objectives, expectations, and intentions. Forward-looking statements reflect our current expectations and views about future events and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, including our future financial condition and results of operations, to differ materially from those expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements. You are urged to carefully review the disclosures we make concerning risks and uncertainties that may affect our business and future financial performance, including those made below under “Summary Risk Factors” and in “Item 1A, Risk Factors” in this report.
Forward-looking statements are based on certain assumptions and analysis made in light of our experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments as well as other factors that we believe are appropriate under the circumstances. While forward-looking statements reflect our good faith belief and assumptions we believe to be reasonable based upon current information, we can give no assurance that our expectations or forecasts will be attained. Further, we cannot guarantee the accuracy of any such forward-looking statement contained in this Annual Report. Except as required by law, we do not undertake, and hereby disclaim, any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date on which they are made.
Risk Factors Summary
Investors should consider the risks and uncertainties described below that may affect our business and future financial performance. These and other risks and uncertainties are more fully described in “Item 1A, Risk Factors” in this report. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect us. If any of these risks occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
As more fully set forth under “Item 1A, Risk Factors” in this report, principal risks and uncertainties that may affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations include:
•macroeconomic trends, including inflation, interest rates, construction and labor costs, and unemployment;
•risks associated with the Mergers (as defined below), including, but not limited to, our ability to consummate the Mergers on the proposed terms or on the anticipated timeline, or at all; potential loss or disruption of current and prospective commercial relationships due to the uncertainties about the Mergers; and the outcome of legal proceedings instituted against us, our Board of Directors, and others related to the Mergers;
•our ability to integrate the operations of the Company and Physicians Realty Trust successfully and realize the anticipated synergies and other benefits of the Mergers or do so within the anticipated time frame;
•changes within the industries in which we operate;
•significant regulation, funding requirements, and uncertainty faced by our lab tenants;
•factors adversely affecting our tenants’, operators’, or borrowers’ ability to meet their financial and other contractual obligations to us;
•the insolvency or bankruptcy of one or more of our major tenants, operators, or borrowers;
•our concentration of real estate investments in the healthcare property sector, which makes us more vulnerable to a downturn in that specific sector than if we invested across multiple sectors;
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•the illiquidity of real estate investments;
•our ability to identify and secure new or replacement tenants and operators;
•our property development, redevelopment, and tenant improvement risks, including project abandonments, project delays, and lower profits than expected;
•the ability of the hospitals on whose campuses our outpatient medical buildings are located and their affiliated healthcare systems to remain competitive or financially viable;
•our ability to develop, maintain, or expand hospital and health system client relationships;
•operational risks associated with third party management contracts, including the additional regulation and liabilities of our properties operated through structures permitted by the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, which includes most of the provisions previously proposed in the REIT Investment Diversification and Empowerment Act of 2007 (commonly referred to as “RIDEA”);
•economic conditions, natural disasters, weather, and other conditions that negatively affect geographic areas where we have concentrated investments;
•uninsured or underinsured losses, which could result in significant losses and/or performance declines by us or our tenants and operators;
•our use of joint ventures may limit our returns on and our flexibility with jointly owned investments;
•our use of fixed rent escalators, contingent rent provisions, and/or rent escalators based on the Consumer Price Index;
•competition for suitable healthcare properties to grow our investment portfolio;
•our ability to foreclose or exercise rights on collateral securing our real estate-related loans;
•any requirement that we recognize reserves, allowances, credit losses, or impairment charges;
•investment of substantial resources and time in transactions that are not consummated;
•our ability to successfully integrate or operate acquisitions;
•the potential impact on us and our tenants, operators, and borrowers from litigation matters, including rising liability and insurance costs;
•environmental compliance costs and liabilities associated with our real estate investments;
•environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) and sustainability commitments and requirements, as well as stakeholder expectations;
•epidemics, pandemics, or other infectious diseases, including the coronavirus disease (“Covid”), and health and safety measures intended to reduce their spread;
•human capital risks, including the loss or limited availability of our key personnel;
•our reliance on information technology systems and any material failure, inadequacy, interruption, or security failure of that technology;
•volatility, disruption, or uncertainty in the financial markets;
•increased borrowing costs, including due to rising interest rates;
•cash available for distribution to stockholders and our ability to make dividend distributions at expected levels;
•the availability of external capital on acceptable terms or at all, including due to rising interest rates, changes in our credit ratings and the value of our common stock, bank failures or other events affecting financial institutions, and other factors;
•our ability to manage our indebtedness level and covenants in and changes to the terms of such indebtedness;
•the failure of our tenants, operators, and borrowers to comply with federal, state, and local laws and regulations, including resident health and safety requirements, as well as licensure, certification, and inspection requirements;
•required regulatory approvals to transfer our senior housing properties;
•compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act and fire, safety, and other regulations;
•laws or regulations prohibiting eviction of our tenants;
•the requirements of, or changes to, governmental reimbursement programs such as Medicare or Medicaid;
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•legislation to address federal government operations and administrative decisions affecting the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services;
•our participation in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) Provider Relief Fund and other Covid-related stimulus and relief programs;
•our ability to maintain our qualification as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”);
•our taxable REIT subsidiaries being subject to corporate level tax;
•tax imposed on any net income from “prohibited transactions”;
•changes to U.S. federal income tax laws, and potential deferred and contingent tax liabilities from corporate acquisitions;
•calculating non-REIT tax earnings and profits distributions;
•ownership limits in our charter that restrict ownership in our stock;
•provisions of Maryland law and our charter that could prevent a transaction that may otherwise be in the interest of our stockholders;
•conflicts of interest between the interests of our stockholders and the interests of holders of Healthpeak OP common units;
•provisions in the operating agreement of Healthpeak OP and other agreements that may delay or prevent unsolicited acquisitions and other transactions; and
•our status as a holding company of Healthpeak OP.
Important Information Regarding Our Disclosure to Investors
We may use our website (www.healthpeak.com) and our LinkedIn account (https://www.linkedin.com/company/healthpeak) to communicate with our investors and disclose company information. The information disclosed through those channels may be considered to be material, so investors should monitor them in addition to our press releases, SEC filings, and public conference calls and webcasts. The contents of our website or social media channels referenced herein are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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PART I
ITEM 1.    Business
General Overview
Healthpeak Properties, Inc. is a Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) 500 company that acquires, develops, owns, leases, and manages healthcare real estate across the United States (“U.S.”). Our company was originally founded in 1985. As noted above, we completed our Reorganization on February 10, 2023, and following that date, we hold substantially all of our assets and conduct our operations through the operating subsidiary, Healthpeak OP, LLC, a consolidated subsidiary of which we are the managing member. We are a Maryland corporation and qualify as a self-administered REIT. Our corporate headquarters are located in Denver, Colorado, and we have additional offices in California, Tennessee, and Massachusetts.
Our strategy is to invest in and manage real estate focused on healthcare discovery and delivery. We have a diversified portfolio of high-quality healthcare properties across three core asset classes of lab, outpatient medical, and continuing care retirement community (“CCRC”) real estate. Under the lab and outpatient medical segments, we invest through the acquisition, development, and management of lab buildings, outpatient medical buildings, and hospitals. Under the CCRC segment, our properties are operated through RIDEA structures. We have other non-reportable segments that are comprised primarily of loans receivable and an interest in an unconsolidated joint venture that owns 19 senior housing assets (our “SWF SH JV”). These non-reportable segments have been presented on an aggregate basis herein.
At December 31, 2023, our portfolio of investments, including properties in our unconsolidated joint ventures, consisted of interests in 477 properties. The following table summarizes information for our reportable and other non-reportable segments for the year ended December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):
Segment
Total Portfolio Adjusted NOI(1)
Percentage of Total Portfolio Adjusted NOI(1)
Number of Properties
Lab$617,541 51.3 %146 
Outpatient medical452,725 37.6 %297 
CCRC112,511 9.3 %15 
Other non-reportable22,210 1.8 %19 
$1,204,987 100.0 %477 
_______________________________________
(1)Total Portfolio metrics include results of operations from disposed properties through the disposition date. See “Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for additional information regarding Adjusted NOI and see Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of Adjusted NOI by segment to net income (loss).
For a description of our significant activities during 2023, see “Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Company Highlights” in this report.
In 2020, we concluded that the dispositions of our senior housing triple-net and senior housing operating property (“SHOP”) portfolios represented a strategic shift that had a major effect on our operations and financial results. Therefore, the results of senior housing triple-net and SHOP assets are classified as discontinued operations in all periods presented herein. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding discontinued operations.
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The Merger Agreement
On October 29, 2023, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with Physicians Realty Trust, Physicians Realty L.P. (the “Physicians Partnership”), and certain of our subsidiaries, pursuant to which, among other things, and through a series of transactions (the “Mergers”), (i) each outstanding common share of Physicians Realty Trust (other than Physicians Realty Trust common shares to be canceled in accordance with the Merger Agreement) will be automatically converted into the right to receive 0.674 (the “Exchange Ratio”) shares of our common stock, and (ii) each outstanding common unit of the Physicians Partnership will be automatically converted into and become common units in the successor entity to the Physicians Partnership equal to the Exchange Ratio. Following the transactions contemplated in the Merger Agreement, the successor entities to Physicians Realty Trust and the Physicians Partnership will be direct and indirect subsidiaries of Healthpeak OP, respectively. In connection with the Mergers, we filed a Registration Statement on Form S-4 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on December 15, 2023, as amended on January 9, 2024, and a definitive joint proxy statement/prospectus for the Company and Physicians Realty Trust on January 11, 2024 in connection with our respective special meetings of stockholders and shareholders, as applicable, which will be held on February 21, 2024. Consummation of the Mergers are subject to the satisfaction or waiver of customary closing conditions, including the approval of our stockholders and the shareholders of Physicians Realty Trust. We expect the Mergers to close on March 1, 2024. If the Mergers are not consummated by July 31, 2024 (unless extended under certain circumstances), either we or Physicians Realty Trust may terminate the Merger Agreement.
Business Strategy
Our strategy is to invest in and manage real estate focused on healthcare discovery and delivery. We manage our real estate portfolio for the long-term to maximize risk-adjusted returns and support the growth of our dividends. Our strategy consists of four core elements:
(i)Our real estate: Our portfolio consists of high-quality properties in desirable locations. Our portfolio is focused on lab and outpatient medical buildings, favorable sectors that benefit from the universal desire for improved health. We have built scale and fostered deep industry relationships, two unique factors that provide us with a competitive advantage.
(ii)Our financials: We maintain a strong investment-grade balance sheet with ample liquidity as well as long-term fixed-rate debt financing with staggered maturities to reduce our exposure to interest rate volatility and refinancing risk.
(iii)Our partnerships: We work with leading pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device companies, as well as healthcare delivery systems, specialty physician groups, and other healthcare service providers, to meet their real estate needs. We provide high-quality property management services to encourage tenants to renew, expand, and relocate into our properties, which drives increased occupancy, rental rates, and property values.
(iv)Our platform: We have a people-first culture that we believe attracts, develops, and retains top talent. We continually strive to create and maintain an industry-leading platform, with systems and tools that allow us to effectively and efficiently manage our assets and investment activity.
Internal Growth Strategies
We believe our real estate portfolio holds the potential for increased future cash flows as it is well-maintained and in desirable locations. Our strategy for maximizing the benefits from these opportunities is to: (i) work with new or existing tenants to address their space and capital needs and (ii) provide high-quality property management services in order to motivate tenants to renew, expand, or relocate into our properties.
We expect to continue our internal growth as a result of our ability to:
•Build and maintain long-term leasing and management relationships with quality tenants. In choosing locations for our properties, we focus on the physical environment, adjacency to established businesses (e.g., hospital systems or life science submarkets) and educational centers, proximity to sources of business growth, and other local demographic factors.
•Replace tenants at the best available market terms and lowest possible transaction costs. We believe we are well-positioned to attract new tenants and achieve attractive rental rates and operating cash flow as a result of the location, design, and maintenance of our properties, together with our reputation for high-quality building services, responsiveness to tenants, and our ability to offer space alternatives within our portfolio.
•Extend and modify terms of existing leases prior to expiration. We selectively structure lease extensions, early renewals, or modifications, which reduce the cost associated with lease downtime, while securing the tenancy and relationship of our high-quality tenants on a long-term basis.
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Investment Strategies
The discovery and delivery of healthcare services requires real estate and, as a result, tenants depend on our real estate, in part, to maintain and grow their businesses. We believe the healthcare real estate market provides investment opportunities due to the: (i) compelling long-term demographics driving the demand for healthcare services; (ii) specialized nature of healthcare real estate investing; and (iii) ongoing consolidation of the fragmented healthcare real estate sector.
While we emphasize healthcare real estate ownership, we may also provide real estate secured financing to, or invest in equity or debt securities of, healthcare operators or other entities engaged in healthcare real estate ownership. We may also acquire all or substantially all of the securities or assets of other REITs, operating companies, or similar entities where such investments would be consistent with our investment strategies. We may co-invest alongside institutional or development investors through partnerships or limited liability companies.
We monitor our investments based on the percentage of our total assets that may be invested in any one property type, investment vehicle, or geographic location, the number of properties that may be leased to a single tenant or operator, or loans that may be made to a single borrower. In allocating capital, we target opportunities with the most attractive risk/reward profile for our portfolio as a whole. We may take additional measures to mitigate risk, including diversifying our investments (by sector, geography, and tenant), structuring transactions as master leases, requiring tenant or operator insurance and indemnifications, and/or obtaining credit enhancements in the form of guarantees, letters of credit, or security deposits.
We believe we are well-positioned to achieve external growth through acquisitions, development, and redevelopment. Other factors that contribute to our competitive position include:
•our reputation gained through decades of successful operations and the strength of our existing portfolio of properties;
•our relationships with leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology tenants, healthcare operators and systems, investment banks and other market intermediaries, corporations, private equity firms, not-for-profit organizations, and companies seeking to monetize existing assets or develop new facilities;
•our relationships with institutional buyers and sellers of high-quality healthcare real estate;
•our track record and reputation for executing acquisitions responsively and efficiently, which provides confidence to domestic and foreign institutions and private investors who seek to sell healthcare real estate in our market areas;
•our relationships with nationally recognized financial institutions that provide capital to the healthcare and real estate industries; and
•our control of land sites held for future development.
Financing Strategies
Our REIT qualification requires us to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (excluding net capital gains); therefore, we do not retain a significant amount of earnings. As a result, we regularly access the public equity and debt markets to raise the funds necessary to finance acquisitions and debt investments, develop and redevelop properties, and refinance maturing debt. 
We may finance acquisitions and other investments in a variety of ways, including:
•cash flow from operations;
•sale or exchange of ownership interests in properties or other investments;
•borrowings under our credit facility or commercial paper program;
•issuance of additional debt, including unsecured notes, term loans, and mortgage debt; and/or
•issuance of common stock or preferred stock or its equivalent.
We maintain a disciplined investment-grade balance sheet by actively managing our debt to equity levels and maintaining access to multiple sources of liquidity. Our debt obligations are primarily long-term fixed rate with staggered maturities.
We finance our investments based on our evaluation of available sources of funding. For short-term purposes, we may utilize our revolving line of credit facility or commercial paper program, arrange for other short-term borrowings from banks or other sources, or issue equity securities pursuant to our at-the-market equity offering program. We arrange for longer-term financing by offering debt and equity, placing mortgage debt, and obtaining capital from institutional lenders and joint venture partners.
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In addition, capital recycling through dispositions and redeployment through acquisitions, developments, and redevelopments is an important facet of our investment and financing strategies. We routinely have multiple transactions involving both individual properties and portfolios under consideration that are in varying stages of evaluation, underwriting, negotiation, and due diligence review, some of which, if consummated or completed, may have a material effect on our liquidity, results of operations, and financial condition.
Segments
Lab
Our lab properties, which contain laboratory and office space, are leased primarily to biotechnology, medical device and pharmaceutical companies, scientific research institutions, government agencies, and other organizations involved in the life science industry. While these properties have certain characteristics similar to commercial office buildings, they generally accommodate heavier floor loads and contain more advanced electrical, mechanical, heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems. The facilities generally have specialty equipment including emergency generators, fume hoods, lab bench tops, and related amenities. In addition to improvements funded by us as the landlord, many of our lab tenants make significant investments to improve their leased space to accommodate biology, chemistry, or medical device research initiatives.
Lab properties are primarily configured in business park or campus settings and include multiple buildings. The business park and campus settings allow us the opportunity to provide flexible, contiguous/adjacent expansion to accommodate the growth of existing tenants. Our properties are located in well-established geographical markets known for scientific research and drug discovery, including San Francisco (50%) and San Diego (23%), California, and Boston, Massachusetts (25%) (based on total square feet). At December 31, 2023, 90% of our lab properties were triple-net leased (based on leased square feet).
The following table provides information about our most significant lab tenant concentration for the year ended December 31, 2023:
TenantsPercentage of
Segment Revenues		Percentage of
Total Revenues
Amgen, Inc.6 %2 %
Outpatient Medical
Our outpatient medical segment includes outpatient medical buildings and hospitals. Outpatient medical buildings typically contain physicians’ offices and examination rooms, and may also include pharmacies, hospital ancillary service space, and outpatient services such as diagnostic centers, rehabilitation clinics, and day-surgery operating rooms. While these facilities have certain similarities to commercial office buildings, they require additional plumbing, electrical, and mechanical systems to accommodate multiple exam rooms that may require sinks in every room and specialized equipment such as x-ray machines and MRIs. Outpatient medical buildings are often built to accommodate higher structural loads for such specialized equipment and may contain vaults or other unique construction. Our outpatient medical buildings are typically multi-tenant properties leased to healthcare providers (hospitals and physician practices), with approximately 87% of our outpatient medical buildings located on or adjacent to hospital campuses and 98% affiliated with hospital systems as of December 31, 2023 (based on total square feet). Occasionally, we invest in outpatient medical buildings located on hospital campuses subject to ground leases. At December 31, 2023, approximately 65% of our outpatient medical buildings were triple-net leased (based on leased square feet) with the remaining leased under gross or modified gross leases.
The following table provides information about our most significant outpatient medical tenant concentration for the year ended December 31, 2023:
TenantPercentage of
Segment Revenues		Percentage of
Total Revenues
HCA Healthcare, Inc. (HCA)23 %8 %
Our outpatient medical segment also includes nine hospitals. Services provided by our tenants and operators in hospitals are paid for by private sources, third-party payors (e.g., insurance and HMOs), or through Medicare and Medicaid programs. Our hospital property types include acute care, long-term acute care, and specialty and rehabilitation hospitals. All of our hospitals are triple-net leased.
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Continuing care retirement community, or CCRC
CCRCs are retirement communities that include independent living, assisted living, memory care, and skilled nursing units to provide a continuum of care in an integrated campus. Our CCRCs are owned through RIDEA structures, which is permitted by the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, and includes most of the provisions previously proposed in the REIT Investment Diversification and Empowerment Act of 2007. The services provided by our third-party manager-operators under a RIDEA structure at our properties are primarily paid for by the residents directly or through private insurance and are less reliant on government reimbursement programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.
A RIDEA structure allows us, through a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”), to receive cash flow from the operations of a healthcare facility in compliance with REIT tax requirements. The criteria for operating a healthcare facility through a RIDEA structure require us to lease the facility to an affiliate TRS and for such affiliate TRS to engage an independent qualifying management company (also known as an eligible independent contractor or third-party operator) to manage and operate the day-to-day business of the facility in exchange for a management fee. As a result, under a RIDEA structure, we are required to rely on a third-party operator to hire and train all facility employees, enter into third-party contracts for the benefit of the facility, including resident/patient agreements, comply with laws, including healthcare laws, and provide resident care. We are substantially limited in our ability to control or influence day-to-day operations under a RIDEA structure, and thus rely on the third-party operator to manage and operate the business.
Through our TRS entities, we bear all operational risks and liabilities associated with the operation of these properties, with limited exceptions, such as a third-party operator’s gross negligence or willful misconduct. These operational risks and liabilities include those relating to any employment matters of our operator, compliance with healthcare and other laws, liabilities relating to personal injury-tort matters, resident-patient quality of care claims, and any governmental reimbursement matters, even though we have limited ability to control or influence our third-party operators’ management of these risks.
The management agreements we have in RIDEA structures related to CCRCs have original terms ranging from 10 to 15 years, with mutual renewal options. There are base management fees and incentive management fees payable to our third-party operators if operating results of the RIDEA properties exceed pre-established thresholds. Conversely, there are also provisions in the management agreements that reduce management fees payable to our third-party operators if operating results do not meet certain pre-established thresholds.
CCRCs are different from other housing and care options for seniors because they typically provide written agreements or long-term contracts between residents and the communities (frequently lasting the term of the resident’s lifetime), which offer a continuum of housing, services, and healthcare on one campus or site. CCRCs are appealing as they allow residents to “age in place” and typically the individual is independent and in relatively good health upon entry.
As third-party operators manage our RIDEA properties in exchange for the receipt of a management fee, we are not directly exposed to the credit risk of these operators in the same manner or to the same extent as a triple-net tenant.
Other non-reportable segment
At December 31, 2023, we had the following investments in our other non-reportable segments: (i) our unconsolidated joint venture with a sovereign wealth fund that owns 19 senior housing assets (which we refer to as our SWF SH JV) and (ii) loans receivable.
The properties in our SWF SH JV are owned through RIDEA structures and include independent living facilities and assisted living facilities, which cater to different segments of the elderly population based upon their personal needs. These facilities are often in apartment-like buildings with private residences ranging from single rooms to large apartments.
Competition
Investing in real estate serving the healthcare industry is highly competitive. We face competition from other REITs, investment companies, pension funds, private equity investors, sovereign funds, healthcare operators, lenders, developers, and other institutional investors, some of whom may have greater flexibility (e.g., non-REIT competitors), greater resources, and lower costs of capital than we do. Increased competition and resulting capitalization rate compression, as well as the impacts of inflation and higher interest rates, make it more challenging for us to identify and successfully capitalize on opportunities that meet our objectives. Our ability to compete may also be impacted by global, national, and local economic trends, availability of investment alternatives, availability and cost of capital, construction and renovation costs, existing laws and regulations, new legislation, and population trends.
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Income from our investments depends on our tenants’ and operators’ ability to compete with other companies on multiple levels, including: (i) the quality of care provided, (ii) reputation, (iii) success of product or drug development, (iv) price, (v) the range of services offered, (vi) the physical appearance of a property, (vii) alternatives for healthcare delivery, (viii) the supply of competing properties, (ix) physicians, (x) staff, (xi) referral sources, (xii) location, (xiii) the size and demographics of the population in surrounding areas, and (xiv) the financial condition of our tenants and operators. For a discussion of the risks associated with competitive conditions affecting our business, see “Item 1A, Risk Factors” in this report.
Government Regulation, Licensing, and Enforcement
Overview
Our healthcare facility operators (which include our TRS entities when we use a RIDEA structure) and tenants are subject to extensive and complex federal, state, and local healthcare laws and regulations relating to quality of care, licensure and certificate of need, resident rights (including abuse and neglect), consumer protection, government reimbursement, fraud and abuse practices, and similar laws governing the operation of healthcare facilities. We expect the healthcare industry, in general, will continue to face increased regulation and pressure in the areas of fraud, waste and abuse, cost control, healthcare management, and provision of services, among others. Federal, state, and local officials are increasingly focusing their efforts on enforcement of these laws and regulations. In addition, our operators are subject to a variety of laws, regulations, and executive orders, including those relating to operators’ response to Covid and other infectious diseases, which can vary based on the provider type and jurisdiction, complicating compliance efforts. These regulations are wide ranging and can subject our tenants and operators to civil, criminal, and administrative sanctions, including enhanced or additional penalties, sanctions, and other adverse actions that may arise under new regulations adopted in response to Covid. Affected tenants and operators may find it increasingly difficult to comply with this complex and evolving regulatory environment because of a relative lack of guidance in many areas as certain of our healthcare properties are subject to oversight from several government agencies, and the laws may vary from one jurisdiction to another. Changes in laws, regulations, reimbursement enforcement activity, and regulatory non-compliance by our tenants and operators can all have a significant effect on their operations and financial condition, which in turn may adversely impact us, as detailed below and set forth under “Item 1A, Risk Factors” in this report.
The following is a discussion of certain laws and regulations generally applicable to our operators, and in certain cases, to us.
Fraud and Abuse Enforcement
There are various extremely complex U.S. federal and state laws and regulations governing healthcare providers’ referrals, relationships and arrangements and prohibiting fraudulent and abusive practices by such providers. These laws include: (i) U.S. federal and state false claims acts, which, among other things, prohibit providers from filing false claims or making false statements to receive payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other U.S. federal or state healthcare programs; (ii) U.S. federal and state anti-kickback and fee-splitting statutes, including the Medicare and Medicaid anti-kickback statute, which prohibit or restrict the payment or receipt of remuneration to induce referrals or recommendations of healthcare items or services; (iii) U.S. federal and state physician self-referral laws (commonly referred to as the “Stark Law”), which generally prohibit referrals by physicians to entities with which the physician or an immediate family member has a financial relationship; and (iv) the federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law, which prohibits, among other things, the knowing presentation of a false or fraudulent claim for certain healthcare services. Violations of U.S. healthcare fraud and abuse laws carry civil, criminal, and administrative sanctions, including punitive sanctions, monetary penalties, imprisonment, denial of Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement, payment suspensions, and potential exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid, or other federal or state healthcare programs. These laws are enforced by a variety of federal, state, and local agencies and in the U.S. can also be enforced by private litigants through, among other things, federal and state false claims acts, which allow private litigants to bring qui tam or “whistleblower” actions. Our tenants and operators that participate in government reimbursement programs are subject to these laws and may become the subject of governmental enforcement actions or whistleblower actions if they fail to comply with applicable laws. Additionally, the licensed operators of our U.S. long-term care facilities that participate in government reimbursement programs are required to have compliance and ethics programs that meet the requirements of federal laws and regulations relating to the Social Security Act. Where we have used a RIDEA structure, we are dependent on management companies to fulfill our compliance obligations, and we have developed a program to periodically monitor compliance with such obligations.
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Laws and Regulations Governing Privacy and Security
There are various U.S. federal and state privacy laws and regulations, including the privacy and security rules contained in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (commonly referred to as “HIPAA”), that provide for the privacy and security of personal health information. An increasing focus of the U. S. Federal Trade Commission’s (“FTC’s”) consumer protection regulation is the impact of technological change on protection of consumer privacy. The FTC, as well as state attorneys general, have taken enforcement action against companies that do not abide by their representations to consumers regarding electronic security and privacy. To the extent we or our affiliated operating entities are a covered entity or business associate under HIPAA and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (the “HITECH Act”), compliance with those requirements require us to, among other things, conduct a risk analysis, implement a risk management plan, implement policies and procedures, and conduct employee training. In most cases, we are dependent on our tenants and management companies to fulfill our compliance obligations, and we have developed a program to periodically monitor compliance with such obligations. Because of the far reaching nature of these laws, there can be no assurance we would not be required to alter one or more of our systems and data security procedures to be in compliance with these laws. Our failure to protect health information could subject us to civil or criminal liability and adverse publicity, and could harm our business and impair our ability to attract new customers and residents. We may be required to notify individuals, as well as government agencies and the media, if we experience a data breach.
Reimbursement
Sources of revenue for some of our tenants and operators include, among others, governmental healthcare programs, such as the federal Medicare programs and state Medicaid programs, and non-governmental third-party payors, such as insurance carriers and HMOs. Our tenants and operators who participate in governmental healthcare programs are subject to government reviews, audits, and investigations to verify compliance with these programs and applicable laws and regulations. As federal and state governments focus on healthcare reform initiatives, and as the federal government and many states face significant current and future budget deficits, efforts to reduce costs by these payors will likely continue, which may result in reduced or slower growth in reimbursement for certain services provided by some of our tenants and operators. Governmental healthcare programs are highly regulated and are subject to frequent and substantial legislative, regulatory, and interpretive changes, which could adversely affect reimbursement rates and the method and timing of payment under these programs. Additionally, new and evolving payor and provider programs in the U.S., including Medicare Advantage, Dual Eligible, Accountable Care Organizations, Post-Acute Care Payment Models, SNF Value-Based Purchasing Programs, and Bundled Payments could adversely impact our tenants’ and operators’ liquidity, financial condition, or results of operations.
Effective January 16, 2024, Medicare and Medicaid nursing facilities are required to disclose new data about the facility’s ownership, management, and the owners of real property lessors upon initial enrollment and revalidation. In addition, the nursing facilities are required to timely report any changes, including in connection with any change of ownership. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) defines the new disclosable parties to include members of the facility’s governing body, persons, or entities who are an officer, director, member, partner, trustee, or managing employee of the facility, persons, or entities that exercise operational, financial, or managerial control, lease or sublease real property to the facility, own a direct or indirect interest of five percent or greater of the real property, or provide management or administrative services to the facility. Additionally, facilities will be required to disclose whether any entity on the enrollment form is a private equity company or REIT. CMS will make the information publicly available. This new disclosure requirement involves reporting extensive information and may complicate our healthcare facility operators’ efforts to comply with Medicare and Medicaid requirements. Failure to comply with the new disclosure requirements could negatively affect our healthcare facility operators’ participation in Medicare and state Medicaid programs.
Healthcare Licensure and Certificate of Need
Certain healthcare facilities in our portfolio are subject to extensive national, federal, state, and local licensure, certification, and inspection laws and regulations. A healthcare facility’s failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in a revocation, suspension, restriction, or non-renewal of the facility’s license and loss of a certificate of need, which could adversely affect the facility’s operations and ability to bill for items and services provided at the facility. In addition, various licenses and permits are required to handle controlled substances (including narcotics), operate pharmacies, handle radioactive materials, and operate equipment. Many states in the U.S. require certain healthcare providers to obtain a certificate of need, which requires prior approval for the construction, expansion, or closure of certain healthcare facilities. The approval process related to state certificate of need laws may impact the ability of some of our tenants and operators to expand or change their businesses.
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Product Approvals
While our lab tenants include some well-established companies, other tenants are less established and, in some cases, may not yet have a product approved by the Food and Drug Administration, or other regulatory authorities, for commercial sale. Creating a new pharmaceutical product or medical device requires substantial investments of time and capital, in part because of the extensive regulation of the healthcare industry. It also entails considerable risk of failure in demonstrating that the product is safe and effective and in gaining regulatory approval and market acceptance.
Entrance Fee Communities
Our CCRCs are operated as entrance fee communities. Generally, an entrance fee is an upfront fee or consideration paid by a resident, a portion of which may be refundable, in exchange for some form of long-term benefit, typically consisting of a right to receive certain personal or health care services. In certain states (including the ones in which we operate) entrance fee communities are subject to significant state regulatory oversight, including, for example, oversight of each facility’s financial condition, establishment and monitoring of reserve requirements and other financial restrictions, the right of residents to cancel their contracts within a specified period of time, the right of residents to receive a refund of their entrance fees, lien rights in favor of the residents, restrictions on change of ownership, and similar matters.
Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”)
Our properties must comply with the ADA and any similar state or local laws to the extent that such properties are “public accommodations” as defined in those statutes. The ADA may require removal of barriers to access by persons with disabilities in certain public areas of our properties where such removal is readily achievable. To date, we have not received any notices of noncompliance with the ADA that have caused us to incur substantial capital expenditures to address ADA concerns. Should barriers to access by persons with disabilities be discovered at any of our properties, we may be directly or indirectly responsible for additional costs that may be required to make facilities ADA-compliant. Noncompliance with the ADA could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants. The obligation to make readily achievable accommodations pursuant to the ADA is an ongoing one, and we continue to assess our properties and make modifications as appropriate in this respect.
Environmental Matters
A wide variety of federal, state, and local environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations affect healthcare facility operations. These complex federal and state statutes, and their enforcement, involve a myriad of regulations, many of which involve strict liability on the part of the potential offender. Some of these federal and state statutes may directly impact us. Under various federal, state, and local environmental laws, ordinances, and regulations, an owner of real property or a secured lender, such as us, may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances at, under or disposed of in connection with such property, as well as other potential costs relating to hazardous or toxic substances (including government fines and damages for injuries to persons and adjacent property). The cost of any required remediation, removal, fines, personal or property damages, and any related liability therefore could exceed or impair the value of the property and/or the assets. In addition, the presence of such substances, or the failure to properly dispose of or remediate such substances, may adversely affect the value of such property and the owner’s ability to sell or rent such property or to borrow using such property as collateral, which, in turn, could reduce our earnings. For a description of the risks associated with environmental matters, see “Item 1A, Risk Factors” in this report.
Insurance
We obtain various types of insurance to mitigate the impact of property, business interruption, liability, flood, windstorm, earthquake, fire, environmental, and terrorism-related losses. We attempt to obtain appropriate policy terms, conditions, limits, and deductibles considering the relative risk of loss, the cost of such coverage, and current industry practice. There are, however, certain types of extraordinary losses, such as those due to acts of war or other events, that may be either uninsurable or not economically insurable. In addition, we have a large number of properties that are exposed to earthquake, flood, and windstorm occurrences, which carry higher deductibles.
We maintain property insurance for all of our properties. Tenants under triple-net leases are required to provide primary property, business interruption, and liability insurance. We maintain separate general and professional liability insurance for our CCRCs and the senior housing facilities owned by our SWF SH JV. Additionally, our corporate general liability insurance program also extends coverage for all of our properties beyond the aforementioned. We periodically review whether we or our RIDEA operators will bear responsibility for maintaining the required insurance coverage for the applicable CCRCs and senior housing facilities owned by our SWF SH JV, but the costs of such insurance are facility expenses paid from the revenues of those properties, regardless of who maintains the insurance.
We also maintain directors and officers liability insurance, which provides protection for claims against our directors and officers arising from their responsibilities as directors and officers. Such insurance also extends to us in certain situations.
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Sustainability
We believe that ESG initiatives are a vital part of corporate responsibility, which supports our primary goal of increasing stockholder value through profitable growth. We continue to advance our commitment to sustainability, with a focus on achieving goals in each of the ESG dimensions. Our Board of Directors oversees ESG matters, with the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee overseeing sustainability and corporate governance matters, the Audit Committee overseeing risk management, and the Compensation and Human Capital Committee overseeing human capital management. We use an integrated approach to ESG throughout our business to identify risks and opportunities, capture efficiencies and cost savings, and report on the issues most relevant to stakeholders.
Environment: Our environmental management programs strive to make our buildings more sustainable and capture cost efficiencies that ultimately benefit our investors, employees, tenants, business partners, and other stakeholders, while reducing our carbon footprint and providing a positive impact on the communities in which we operate. We regularly assess the risks and financial impacts to our business posed by climate change, including transition risks, physical climate risks, potential business disruption, and regulatory requirements, and work with our property managers, operators, and tenants to implement projects to mitigate these risks and impacts. For a description of the risks associated with climate risk matters, see “Item 1A, Risk Factors” in this report.
Social: See “—Human Capital Matters” below.
Governance: Our transparent corporate governance initiatives incorporate sustainability as a critical component in achieving our business objectives and properly managing risks.
Our recent ESG highlights include:
•Reported a reduction of 4.2% in Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions (“GHG”) in 2022 compared to 2021 on a like-for-like comparative basis (as defined below)
•4 LEED certifications and 132 new ENERGY STAR certifications obtained in 2023
•Named an ENERGY STAR Partner of the Year in 2023, marking our third time receiving the award
•Received a Green Star rating from the Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark (“GRESB”) for the twelfth consecutive year, recognizing top ESG performance in our sector
•Named to CDP’s Leadership band for our climate disclosure for the eleventh consecutive year, most recently with a score of “A-” in 2023
•Named to Newsweek’s America’s Most Responsible Companies list for the fifth consecutive year
•Named a constituent in the FTSE4Good Index for the twelfth consecutive year
•Named a constituent in the S&P Global Dow Jones Sustainability World Index for the fourth time and S&P Global North America Dow Jones Sustainability Index for the eleventh consecutive year
•Named to the S&P Global Sustainability Yearbook for the ninth consecutive year
•Named Winner for Best Proxy Statement (Mid Cap), and Finalist for Best ESG Reporting (Small to Mid Cap) by IR Magazine and Governance Intelligence
•Included in Fortune’s Best Workplaces in Real Estate list for the second consecutive year
Under our “like-for-like” methodology, direct and indirect GHG emissions are compared on a year-over-year rolling basis using Scope 1 and Scope 2 GHG emissions for the properties that we have owned for two full consecutive calendar years, excluding non-stabilized developments and redevelopments in each year of the calculation. Base data utilized in the calculation of Scope 1 and Scope 2 GHG emissions is obtained from third-party invoices or estimates.
For additional information regarding our ESG initiatives, methodologies, and approach to climate change, please visit our website at www.healthpeak.com/ESG.
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Human Capital Matters
Our employees represent our greatest asset, and as of December 31, 2023, we had 193 full-time employees. Our Board of Directors, through its Compensation and Human Capital Committee, retains oversight of human capital management, including corporate culture, diversity, inclusion, talent acquisition, retention, employee satisfaction, engagement, and succession planning. We report on human capital matters at each regularly scheduled Board of Directors meeting and periodically throughout the year. The most significant human capital measures or objectives that we focus on in managing our business and our related human capital initiatives include the following:
•Workforce Diversity: We believe we are a stronger organization when our workforce represents a diversity of ideas and experiences. We value and embrace such diversity in our employee recruiting, hiring, and development practices. Our workforce was made up of 48% female employees and 37% racially or ethnically diverse employees as of December 31, 2023.
•Inclusion and Belonging: We promote a work environment that emphasizes respect, fairness, inclusion, and dignity. We are committed to providing equal opportunity and fair treatment to all individuals based on merit, without discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, citizenship, marital status, gender (including pregnancy), gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, age, disability, veteran status, or other characteristics protected by law. We do not tolerate discrimination or harassment. All employees are required to attend a biennial training on unconscious bias.
•Engagement: High employee engagement and satisfaction are both critical to attracting and retaining top talent and benefit our business in many ways. We conduct a regular employee engagement survey through an independent third party, measuring our progress on important employee issues and identifying opportunities for growth and improvement.
•Training and Development: We conduct annual employee training on our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, as well as annual training on harassment prevention or unconscious bias. We also provide training and development to all employees, focusing on career development, professional development, and REIT essentials.
•Compensation and Benefits: We aim to ensure merit-based, equitable compensation practices to attract, retain, and recognize talent. We provide competitive compensation and benefit packages to our employees.
•Health, Safety, and Wellness: The health, safety, and wellness of our employees are vital to our success. We are committed to protecting the well-being and safety of employees through special training and other measures. We maintain a hybrid work model, which we believe maximizes company-wide productivity, and provide employees with resources, including virtual tools and ergonomic equipment, to maximize work-from-home efficiency.
•Community Partnership: Our Social Responsibility Committee is responsible for oversight of our charitable and volunteer activities. We partner with organizations that share our desire to support research, education, and other activities related to healthcare.
For additional information on human capital matters, please see our most recent proxy statement or ESG report, each of which is available on our website at www.healthpeak.com.
Available Information
Our website address is www.healthpeak.com. Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available on our website, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish them to, the SEC. Additionally, the SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC, including us, at www.sec.gov. References to our website throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K are provided for convenience only and the content on our website does not constitute a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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ITEM 1A.    Risk Factors
The section below discusses the risk factors that may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also adversely affect our business.
As set forth below, we believe that the risks we face generally fall into the following categories:
•risks related to our business and operations;
•risks related to our capital structure and market conditions;
•risks related to the regulatory environment;
•risks related to tax, including REIT-related risks, and related to our jurisdiction of incorporation and our structure as an UPREIT;
•risks relating to the Mergers;
•risks relating to the Combined Company following the Mergers;
•risks relating to the status of Physicians Realty Trust as a REIT; and
•risks relating to an investment in the Combined Company’s common stock following the Mergers and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement.
Risks Related to Our Business and Operations
We may be negatively impacted by macroeconomic trends, including rising inflation and interest rates, increased construction and labor costs, and historically low unemployment.
Many of our costs, including labor costs, construction costs, utilities, and other operating and administrative costs, have been, and may continue to be, affected by inflation and price volatility. These macroeconomic trends have been, and may continue to be, exacerbated by responses to the Covid pandemic, supply chain disruptions, the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East, federal government deficits, and other international and domestic events impacting the macroeconomic environment.
In addition, interest rates rose substantially in 2022 and 2023 and may continue to rise and remain elevated for the foreseeable future. U.S. government policies implemented to address inflation, including actions by the Federal Reserve System’s Federal Open Market Committee (the “FOMC”) to increase short-term interest rates, have led to increases in interest rates in the credit markets and other impacts on the macroeconomic environment. The FOMC may continue to raise the federal funds rate or maintain a higher federal funds rate for a longer period of time, either of which would likely lead to higher short-term interest rates and the possibility of lower asset values, slowing economic growth and increasing the possibility of a recession. Increased interest rates have caused, and may continue to cause, unfavorable financing terms and increased interest costs for variable rate debt and new debt. Further, actions by the FMOC to decrease short-term interest rates could lead to inflationary pressures. We may not be able to offset additional costs caused by inflation, increased interest rates, or other macroeconomic trends by passing them through, or increasing the rates we charge, to tenants and residents. These increased costs may hinder our ability to execute on accretive acquisitions or otherwise adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Increased interest rates could also negatively impact consumer spending and our tenants’, operators’, and borrowers’ businesses and future demand for our properties.
Furthermore, rising labor costs and personnel shortages have increased, and may continue to increase, the cost of our, or our tenants’, operators’, and borrowers’, workforce. Competitive pressures, including historically low unemployment, may require that we or our tenants, operators, or borrowers enhance pay and benefits packages to compete effectively for such personnel. To the extent we or our tenants, operators, or borrowers cannot hire a sufficient number of qualified personnel, we or they may need to utilize high-cost alternatives to meet labor needs, including contract and overtime labor, or our business may operate below capacity, which may affect our ability to effectively manage risk and pursue potential revenue and growth opportunities.
Additionally, changing technologies and cultural trends could negatively impact future demand for our properties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
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Life science industry changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
If economic, financial, regulatory, or industry conditions continue to adversely affect the life science industry, we may be unable to lease or re-lease our lab properties in a timely manner or at profitable rates or with favorable terms. In addition, because lab property infrastructure improvements are typically significantly more costly than improvements to other property types due to their highly specialized nature, and lab tenants typically require greater lease square footage relative to outpatient medical tenants, repositioning efforts would have a disproportionate adverse effect on our lab segment performance. Further, our lab investments could face decreased demand from biotech and life science companies relative to supply, and life science industry consolidation could reduce the rentable square footage requirements of our client tenants and prospective client tenants, which may adversely impact our revenues from lease payments. Finally, our lab investments could also be adversely affected if the life science industry migrates from the U.S. to other countries or to areas outside of our primary lab markets in the greater South San Francisco, San Diego, and Boston areas.
Our lab tenants face significant regulation, funding requirements, and uncertainty.
Our lab tenants face substantial requirements for, and risks related to, the research, development, clinical testing, manufacture, and commercialization of their products and technologies, including:
•significant funding requirements, including for rent payments due to us;
•federal, state, and foreign regulatory approvals that may be costly or difficult to obtain, may take several years and be subject to delay, may not be obtained at all, require validation through clinical trials that may face delays or difficulties, or ultimately be unsuccessful;
•product and technology efficacy risks;
•acceptance risks among doctors and patients;
•significant regulatory and liability risks, including the possible later discovery of safety concerns and other defects and potential loss of approvals, competition from new products, and the expiration of patent protection;
•healthcare reforms and reimbursement policies of government or private healthcare payors, including pricing controls for prescription drug prices;
•intellectual property and technology risks under patent, copyright, and trade secret laws; and
•economic conditions restricting growth opportunities.
Our lab tenants’ ability to raise capital depends on the actual or perceived viability of their products and technologies, their financial and operating condition and outlook, and the overall financial, banking, and economic environment. If venture capital firms, private investors, the public markets, companies in the life science industry, the government, or other sources of funding are difficult to obtain or unavailable to support our tenants’ activities, including as a result of general economic conditions or adverse market conditions that negatively impact our tenants’ ability to raise capital, our tenants’ business would be adversely affected or could fail. If our lab tenants’ businesses are adversely affected, they may fail to make their rent payments to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Decreases in our tenants’, operators’, or borrowers’ revenues, or increases in their expenses, or other factors adversely affecting their ability to borrow money, could affect their ability to meet their financial and other contractual obligations to us.
Occupancy levels at, and rental income from, our outpatient medical and senior housing properties depend on our ability and the ability of our tenants, operators, and borrowers to compete with respect to (i) the quality of care provided, (ii) reputation, (iii) price, (iv) the range of services offered, (v) the physical appearance of a property, (vi) family preference, (vii) referral sources, and (viii) location.
In addition, our outpatient medical and senior housing tenants, operators, and borrowers compete with certain companies that have superior resources and attributes and/or provide similar healthcare services or alternatives such as home health agencies, telemedicine, life care at home, community-based service programs, retirement communities, and convalescent centers.
Furthermore, these tenants, operators, and borrowers face a competitive labor market. A shortage of care givers or other trained personnel, union activities (including strikes, labor slowdowns, or contract negotiations), wage laws, or general inflationary pressures on wages may require our tenants, operators, and borrowers to enhance pay and benefits packages, or to use more expensive contract personnel, and they may be unable to offset these added costs by increasing the rates charged to residents or patients. An inability to attract and retain qualified personnel, including personnel possessing the expertise needed to operate in the life science, outpatient medical, and senior housing sectors, could negatively impact the ability of our tenants, operators, and borrowers to meet their obligations to us.
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Our tenants, operators, and borrowers could also be adversely impacted by a bank failure or other event affecting financial institutions, including through disruptions in access to bank deposits or borrowing capacity, including access to letters of credit from certain of our tenants relating to lease obligations, and any resulting adverse effects to our tenants’, operators’, or borrowers’ liquidity or financial performance could affect their ability to meet their financial and other contractual obligations to us.
Although we generally have the right under specified circumstances to terminate a lease, evict a tenant or terminate an operator, demand immediate repayment of outstanding loan amounts or other obligations to us, or draw on a letter of credit, we may be unable to enforce these rights or we may determine not to do so if we believe that doing so would be more detrimental than alternative approaches. If widespread default or nonpayment of outstanding obligations from our tenants, operators, or borrowers occurs at a time when terminating our agreements with them and replacing them would be difficult or impossible, we could elect instead to amend our agreements on materially less favorable terms to us. The failure of our tenants, operators, or borrowers to meet their financial and other contractual obligations to us could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We may be negatively impacted by the insolvency or bankruptcy of one or more of our major tenants, operators, or borrowers.
A downturn in our tenants’, operators’, or borrowers’ businesses has led, and could in the future lead, to voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy or similar insolvency proceedings, including assignment for the benefit of creditors, liquidation, or winding-up. Bankruptcy and insolvency laws afford certain rights to a defaulting tenant, operator, or borrower that has filed for bankruptcy or reorganization that has, and in the future may, render certain of our remedies unenforceable or, at the least, delay our ability to pursue such remedies and realize any related recoveries.
A debtor has the right to assume, or to assume and assign to a third party, or to reject its executory contracts and unexpired leases in a bankruptcy proceeding. We have been subject to rejection of our leases in the past and may experience such rejection in the future. When a debtor rejects its leases with us, obligations under such rejected leases cease. The claim against the rejecting debtor for remaining rental payments due under the lease is an unsecured claim limited by the statutory cap set forth in the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. This statutory cap may be substantially less than the remaining rent actually owed under the lease. In addition, a debtor may also assert in bankruptcy proceedings that certain leases should be re-characterized as financing agreements, which could result in our being deemed a lender instead of a landlord. A lender’s rights and remedies, as compared to a landlord’s, generally are materially less favorable, and our rights as a lender may be subject to lower priority for payment under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.
Furthermore, the automatic stay provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code preclude us from enforcing our remedies unless we first obtain relief from the court having jurisdiction over the bankruptcy case. This effectively limits or delays our ability to collect unpaid rent or interest payments, and we may ultimately not receive any payment at all. In addition, we have been, and may again be, required to fund certain expenses and obligations (e.g., real estate taxes, insurance, debt costs, and maintenance expenses) to preserve the value of our properties, avoid the imposition of liens on our properties, or transition our properties to a new tenant or operator.
If we are unable to transition affected properties, they would likely experience prolonged operational disruption, leading to lower occupancy rates and further depressed revenues. Publicity about the operator’s financial condition and insolvency proceeds may also negatively impact their and our reputations, decreasing customer demand and revenues. Any or all of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, results of operations, and cash flows. These risks could be magnified where we lease multiple properties to a single operator under a master lease, as an operator failure or default under a master lease would expose us to these risks across multiple properties.
We depend on real estate investments, particularly in the healthcare property sector, making us more vulnerable to a downturn or slowdown in that specific sector than if we were investing across multiple sectors.
We concentrate our investments in the healthcare property sector. A downturn or slowdown in this sector would have a greater adverse impact on our business than if we had investments across multiple sectors, and could negatively impact the ability of our tenants, operators, and borrowers to meet their obligations to us, as well as the ability to maintain historical rental and occupancy rates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, such downturns could have a material adverse effect on the value of our properties and our ability to sell properties at prices or on terms acceptable or favorable to us.
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The illiquidity of our real estate investments may prevent us from timely responding to economic or investment performance changes.
Our real estate investments can be relatively illiquid due to: (i) restrictions on our ability to sell properties under applicable REIT tax laws, (ii) other tax-related considerations, (iii) regulatory hurdles, and (iv) market conditions. As a result, we may be unable to recognize full value for any property that we seek to sell. Our inability to timely respond to economic or investment performance changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Identifying and securing new or replacement tenants or operators can be time consuming and costly.
Healthcare properties can be highly customized, and the improvements generally required to conform a property to healthcare use are costly, sometimes tenant-specific, and may be subject to regulatory requirements. A new or replacement tenant or operator may require different features in a property, depending on that tenant’s or operator’s particular business. In addition, infrastructure improvements for lab properties typically are significantly more expensive than improvements to other property types due to the highly specialized nature of the properties and the greater lease square footage often required by lab tenants. Therefore, we may incur substantial expenditures to modify a lab property and experience delays before we are able to secure a new or replacement tenant or operator or to accommodate multiple tenants or operators, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
In addition, we may fail to identify suitable replacements or enter into leases, management agreements, or other arrangements with new tenants or operators on a timely basis or on terms as favorable to us as our current leases, if at all. We also may be required to fund certain expenses and obligations, such as real estate taxes, debt costs, insurance costs, and maintenance expenses, to preserve the value of, and avoid the imposition of liens on, our properties while they are being repositioned. In addition, we may incur certain obligations and liabilities, including obligations to indemnify the replacement tenant or operator. Identifying and securing new or replacement tenants or operators can be time consuming and costly, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Property development, redevelopment, and tenant improvement risks can render a project less profitable or unprofitable and delay or prevent its undertaking or completion.
Our property development, redevelopment, and tenant improvement projects could be canceled, abandoned, delayed or, if completed, fail to perform in accordance with expectations due to, among other things:
•the inability to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all, or the lack of liquidity we deem necessary or appropriate for the project;
•legal and regulatory hurdles, including moratoriums on development and redevelopment activities;
•the failure to obtain, or costs associated with obtaining, necessary zoning, entitlements, and permits;
•cost increases; and
•other factors over which we have limited or no control, including: (i) changes in market and economic conditions; (ii) natural disasters and other catastrophic events or physical climate risks, such as wildfires, earthquakes, and wind storms; (iii) pandemics or other health crises; (iv) labor conditions, including a labor shortage or work stoppage; (v) shortages of construction materials; (vi) environmental conditions; or (vii) civil unrest and acts of war or terrorism.
Project costs may materially exceed original estimates due to, among other things:
•increased interest rates;
•increased costs for materials, transportation, environmental remediation, labor, or other inputs, including those caused by a shortage of construction materials or labor;
•negligent construction or construction defects;
•damage, vandalism, or accidents; and
•increased operating costs, including insurance premiums, utilities, real estate taxes, and costs of complying with changes in government regulations or increases in tariffs.
Delays in project completion also delay the commencement of related rental payments, including increases in rental payments following tenant improvement projects, and may provide tenants the right to terminate leases or cause us to incur additional costs, including through rent abatement.
Demand for a project may decrease prior to a project’s completion, and resulting lease-up rates, rental rates, lease commencement dates, and occupancy levels may fail to meet expectations. Tenants that have pre-leased at a project may file for bankruptcy or become insolvent, or elect to terminate their lease prior to delivery if they are acquired or for other reasons.
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Finally, a project may have defects that we do not discover through the inspection processes, including latent defects not discovered until after we put a property in service.
The foregoing risks could result in not achieving anticipated returns on investment and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
The hospitals on whose campuses our outpatient medical buildings are located and their affiliated healthcare systems could fail to remain competitive or financially viable, which could adversely impact their ability to attract physicians and physician groups to our outpatient medical buildings and our other properties that serve the healthcare industry.
The viability of hospitals depends on factors such as: (i) the quality and mix of healthcare services provided, (ii) competition for patients and physicians, (iii) demographic trends in the surrounding community, (iv) market position, (v) growth potential, and (vi) changes to the reimbursement system, as well as the ability of the affiliated healthcare systems to provide economies of scale and access to capital. In addition, hospitals could be negatively affected by widespread cancellations of elective procedures due to health and safety measures or otherwise. If a hospital whose campus is located near one of our outpatient medical buildings is unable to meet its financial obligations, and if an affiliated healthcare system is unable to support that hospital or goes bankrupt, the hospital may be unable to successfully compete or could be forced to close or relocate, which could adversely impact its ability to attract physicians and other healthcare-related users. Because we rely on our proximity to, and affiliations with, these hospitals to create tenant demand for space in our outpatient medical buildings, their inability to remain competitive or financially viable, or to attract physicians and physician groups, could adversely affect our outpatient medical building operations and have a material adverse effect on us.
We may be unable to develop, maintain, or expand hospital and health system client relationships.
We invest significant time in developing, maintaining, and expanding relationships with both new and existing hospital and health system clients. If we fail to maintain these relationships, including through a lack of responsiveness, failure to adapt to the current market, or employment of individuals with inadequate experience, our reputation and relationships will be harmed and we may lose business to competitors, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
We assume operational risks with respect to our senior housing properties managed in RIDEA structures that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Although the RIDEA structure gives us certain oversight approval rights (e.g., budgets and material contracts) and the right to review operational and financial reporting information, our operators are ultimately in control of the day-to-day business of the property. As a result, we have limited rights to direct or influence the business or operations of our CCRCs and in the properties owned by our SWF SH JV, all of which are under RIDEA structures, and we depend on our operators to operate these properties in a manner that complies with applicable law, minimizes legal risk, and maximizes the value of our investment.
Under a RIDEA structure, our TRS is ultimately responsible for all operational risks and other liabilities of the properties, other than those arising out of certain actions by our operator, such as gross negligence or willful misconduct. Operational risks include, and our resulting revenues therefore depend on, among other things: (i) occupancy rates; (ii) the entrance fees and rental rates charged to residents; (iii) the requirements of, or changes to, governmental reimbursement programs such as Medicare or Medicaid, to the extent applicable, including changes to reimbursement rates; (iv) our operators’ reputations and ability to attract and retain residents; (v) general economic conditions and market factors that impact seniors, including general inflationary pressures; (vi) competition from other senior housing providers; (vii) compliance with federal, state, local, and industry-regulated licensure, certification and inspection laws, regulations and standards; (viii) litigation involving our properties or residents/patients; (ix) the availability and cost of general and professional liability insurance coverage or increases in insurance policy deductibles; and (x) the ability to control operating expenses.
Operators of our CCRCs and the SWF SH JV properties primarily depend on private sources for their revenues and the ability of their patients and residents to pay fees. Costs associated with independent and assisted living services are not generally reimbursable under governmental reimbursement programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. Accordingly, our operators of these properties depend on attracting seniors with appropriate levels of income and assets, which may be affected by many factors, including: (i) prevailing economic and market trends, including general inflationary pressures; (ii) consumer confidence; (iii) demographics; (iv) property condition and safety; (v) public perception about such properties; and (vi) social and environmental factors.
In addition, epidemics, pandemics, and severe flu seasons or any other widespread illness could result in early move-outs or delayed move-ins during quarantine periods or during periods when actual or perceived risks of such illnesses are heightened, and have reduced, and could continue to reduce, our operators’ revenues.
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If our operators fail to effectively conduct operations on our behalf, or to maintain and improve our properties, it could adversely affect our business reputation as the owner of the properties, as well as the business reputation of our operators and their ability to attract and retain patients and residents in our properties, which could have a material adverse effect on our and our operators’ business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Economic conditions, natural disasters, weather, and other events or conditions that negatively affect geographic areas where we have concentrated investments could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We are subject to increased exposure to adverse conditions affecting the geographies in which our properties are located, including: (i) downturns in local economies and increases in unemployment rates; (ii) changes in local real estate conditions, including increases in real estate taxes and property insurance premiums; (iii) increased competition; (iv) decreased demand; (v) changes in state and local legislation, including changes affecting business or property taxes; (vi) local climate events and natural disasters and other catastrophic events, such as pandemics, earthquakes, hurricanes, windstorms, flooding, wildfires, and mudslides and other physical climate risks, including water stress and heat stress; and (vii) failures of regional banks. These risks could significantly disrupt our businesses in the region, harm our ability to compete effectively, result in increased costs or construction delays, and divert management attention, any or all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
In addition, significant climate changes in areas where we own property could result in extreme weather and changes in precipitation, temperature, and other weather patterns, all of which could result in physical damage to or a decrease in demand for properties located in these areas or affected by these conditions or delays in construction. Moreover, an increase in volatility and difficulty predicting adverse weather events, such as freeze events in warmer climates in recent years, as well as increased hurricane intensity, may result in additional losses. Intensifying natural disasters including climate change and extreme weather events, coupled with the current economic climate have directly affected the availability of insurance, premiums, deductibles, and capacity that insurers are willing to underwrite. As a result, we may determine to self-insure more of our exposures, absorb more below deductible losses, and look for alternative means of risk transfer in order to avoid spiraling insurance costs. These events also have indirect effects on our business by increasing the costs of energy, maintenance, and snow removal at our properties. If changes in the climate have material effects, such as property destruction, or occur for extended periods, this could have a material adverse effect on business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Uninsured or underinsured losses could result in a significant loss of capital invested in a property, lower than expected future revenues, and unanticipated expense.
A large number of our properties are located in areas exposed to earthquakes, hurricanes, windstorms, flooding, water stress, heat stress, and other common natural disasters and physical climate risks. In particular, (i) a significant portion of our lab development projects and approximately 67% of our lab portfolio (based on gross asset value as of December 31, 2023) was concentrated in California, which is known to be subject to earthquakes, wildfires, and other natural disasters, and (ii) approximately 69% of our CCRC portfolio (based on gross asset value as of December 31, 2023) was concentrated in Florida, which is known to be subject to hurricanes. While we maintain insurance coverage for earthquakes, fires, hurricanes, windstorms, floods, and other natural disasters and physical climate risks, we may be unable to purchase the limits and terms we desire on a commercially reasonable basis due to increased insurance costs or the unavailability of insurance for certain exposures in other regions. We maintain additional earthquake insurance for our properties that are located in the vicinity of active earthquake zones in amounts and with deductibles we believe are commercially reasonable. Because of our significant concentration in the seismically active regions of South San Francisco, California, and San Diego, California, an earthquake in these areas could damage a significant portion of our lab portfolio. Similarly, a hurricane in Florida could damage a significant portion of our CCRC portfolio. As a result, aggregate deductible amounts may be material, and our insurance coverage may be materially insufficient to cover our losses. Furthermore, there are certain exposures for which we do not purchase insurance because we do not believe it is economically feasible to do so or there is no viable insurance market.
If one of our properties experiences a loss that is uninsured or that exceeds policy coverage limits, we could lose our investment in the damaged property as well as the anticipated future cash flows from such property. If the damaged property is subject to recourse indebtedness, we could continue to be liable for the indebtedness even if the property is irreparably damaged. In addition, even if damage to our properties is covered by insurance, a disruption of business caused by a casualty event may result in loss of revenues for us. Any business interruption insurance may not fully compensate the lender or us for such loss of revenue. Our insurance coverage does not include damages as a result of a pandemic (such as Covid), including business interruption, loss of revenue or earnings, or any related effects (e.g., increased costs related to personal protective equipment, sanitization/sterilization of surfaces and equipment, and additional staffing). Insurance coverage for pandemics is not generally available; if it does become available again, it may not be on commercially reasonable terms and we may be unable to receive insurance proceeds that would compensate us fully for our liabilities, costs, and expenses in the event of a pandemic.
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Our CCRC and senior housing operators also face various forms of class-action lawsuits from time to time, such as wage and hour and consumer rights actions, which generally are not covered by insurance. These class actions could result in significant defense costs, as well as settlements or verdicts that materially decrease anticipated revenues from a property and can result in the loss of a portion or all of our invested capital. We may also incur significant out-of-pocket costs associated with legal proceedings or other claims from residents and patients at our properties. Any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
In addition, the rise in outsized jury verdicts and/or intensifying natural disasters could threaten policy limits and/or sublimits, which may result in the exhaustion of available insurance coverage for the remainder of the policy year. These events could also have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Our use of joint ventures may limit our returns on and our flexibility with jointly owned investments.
From time to time, we develop, acquire, and/or recapitalize properties in joint ventures with other persons or entities when circumstances warrant the use of these structures. Our participation in joint ventures is subject to risks that may not be present with other methods of ownership, including:
•our joint venture partners could have investment and financing goals that are inconsistent with our objectives, including the timing, terms, and strategies for any investments, and what levels of debt to incur or carry;
•because we lack sole decision-making authority, we could experience impasses or disputes relating to certain decisions, including those related to budget approvals, entitlements, construction and development, acquisitions, sales of assets, debt financing, execution of lease agreements, and vendor approvals, which could result in delayed decisions and missed opportunities and could require us to expend additional resources on litigation or arbitration to resolve;
•our joint venture partners may have competing interests that create conflicts of interest in our markets;
•our ability to transfer our interest in a joint venture to a third party may be restricted;
•the market for our interest may be limited and/or valued lower than fair market value;
•our joint venture partners may be structured differently than us for tax purposes, and this could create conflicts of interest and risks to our REIT status or could restrict the ways in which we are able to exit investments;
•our joint venture partners might become insolvent, fail to fund their share of required capital contributions or fail to fulfill their obligations as a joint venture partner, which may require us to infuse our own capital into the venture on behalf of the partner despite other competing uses for such capital;
•our joint venture agreements may contain anti-competitive restrictions that impact certain of our non-joint venture assets and require us to manage the non-joint venture assets in a manner we otherwise would not;
•our joint venture agreements may in certain circumstances grant our partners a right of first refusal to acquire certain of our non-joint venture assets;
•our joint venture agreements may give our partners management rights that allow them to make operational or other decisions with which we disagree or that we would manage differently; and
•our joint venture agreements may impose limitations or caps on the property management fees that we otherwise would have been entitled to receive if the underlying property were wholly owned.
In addition, in some instances, our joint venture partner will have the right to cause us to sell our interest, or acquire their interest, at a time when we otherwise would not have initiated such a transaction. Our ability to acquire our partner’s interest will be limited if we lack sufficient capital resources. This could require us to sell our interest in the joint venture when we might otherwise prefer to retain it. Any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Rent escalators or contingent rent provisions in our leases could hinder our profitability and growth.
We derive a significant portion of our revenues from leasing properties pursuant to leases that generally provide for fixed rental rates, subject to annual escalations. If inflation exceeds our annual escalations, as it often recently has, our growth and profitability may be limited.
Under certain leases, a portion of the tenant’s rental payment to us is based on the property’s revenues (i.e., contingent rent). If a tenant’s revenue at a rental property with contingent rent declines, our rental revenues would decrease.
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Additionally, some of our leases provide that annual rent is modified based on changes in the Consumer Price Index or other thresholds (i.e., contingent rent escalators). If the Consumer Price Index does not increase or other applicable thresholds are not met, rental rates may not increase as anticipated or at all, which could hinder our profitability and growth. Furthermore, if economic conditions result in significant increases in the Consumer Price Index, but the escalations under our leases with contingent rent escalators are capped or the increase in the Consumer Price Index exceeds our tenants’ ability to pay, our growth and profitability also may be limited.
Competition may make it difficult to identify and purchase, or develop, suitable healthcare properties to grow our investment portfolio, to finance acquisitions on favorable terms, or to retain or attract tenants and operators.
We face significant competition from other REITs, investment companies, private equity and hedge fund investors, sovereign funds, healthcare operators, lenders, developers, and other institutional investors, some of whom may have greater resources and lower costs of capital than we do. Increased competition and resulting capitalization rate compression make it more challenging for us to identify and successfully capitalize on opportunities that meet our business goals and could improve the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell, thereby impeding our investment, acquisition, and development activities. Similarly, our properties face competition for tenants and operators from other properties in the same market, which may affect our ability to attract and retain tenants and operators, or may reduce the rents we are able to charge. The failure to capitalize on our development pipeline, identify and purchase a sufficient quantity of healthcare properties at favorable prices, finance acquisitions on commercially favorable terms, or attract and retain profitable tenants could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We may be unable to successfully foreclose or exercise rights on the collateral securing our real estate-related loans and, even if we are successful in our foreclosure or realization efforts, we may be unable to successfully operate, occupy, or reposition the underlying real estate.
If a borrower defaults under one of our mortgages, we may look to foreclose on the loan or take additional actions, including acquiring title to the collateral via statutory or judicial foreclosure or commencing collection litigation. We may determine that substantial improvements or repairs to the property are necessary in order to maximize the property’s investment potential. In some cases, because our collateral consists of the equity interests in an entity that directly or indirectly owns the applicable real property or interests in other operating properties, we may not have full recourse with respect to assets of that entity, or that entity may have incurred unexpected liabilities, either of which would preclude us from fully recovering our investment. Borrowers may contest enforcement of foreclosure or other remedies, seek bankruptcy protection against our exercise of enforcement or other remedies, and/or bring claims for lender liability in response to actions to enforce mortgage obligations. Because many of the properties securing our mortgage loans are licensed senior housing health care facilities, we would also need to navigate and comply with various healthcare regulatory matters in a variety of states in connection with any foreclosure effort. Foreclosure or collections-related costs, high loan-to-value ratios, healthcare regulatory issues or consents, or declines in the value of the property, may prevent us from realizing an amount equal to our mortgage balance upon foreclosure or conclusion of litigation, and we may be required to record a valuation allowance for such losses. Even if we are able to successfully foreclose on the collateral securing our real estate-related loans, we may acquire properties for which we may be unable to expeditiously secure tenants or operators, if at all, or that are burdened with healthcare regulatory compliance issues that need to be addressed, or we may acquire equity interests that we are unable to immediately resell or otherwise liquidate due to limitations under the securities laws, either of which would adversely affect our ability to fully recover our investment. Alternatively, we may determine to sell a distressed loan for less than full value, in which event we may incur a loss on the investment.
We may be required to recognize reserves, allowances, credit losses, or impairment charges.
Declines in the value of our properties or other assets or loan collateral, financial deterioration of our tenants, borrowers, or other obligors, or other factors may result in the recognition of reserves, allowances, credit losses, or impairment charges. Our determination of such reserves, allowances, or credit losses relies on estimates regarding the fair value of any loan collateral, which is a complex and subjective process. In addition, we evaluate our assets for impairments based on various triggers, including market conditions, our current intentions with respect to holding or disposing of the assets and the expected future undiscounted cash flows from the assets. Impairments, reserves, allowances, and credit losses are based on estimates and assumptions that are inherently uncertain, may increase or decrease in the future, and may not represent or reflect the ultimate value of, or loss that we ultimately realize with respect to, the relevant assets. Any such impairment, reserve, allowance, or credit loss, or any change in any of the foregoing, could have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
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We may invest substantial resources and time in transactions that are not consummated.
We regularly review potential transactions in order to maximize stockholder value. Our review process may require significant management attention, and a potential transaction could be abandoned or rejected by us or the other parties involved after we expend significant resources and time. For additional information on risks related to the consummation of the Mergers, see “—Risks Relating to the Mergers” below.
We may not be able to successfully integrate or operate acquisitions, or may incur unanticipated liabilities.
Successful integration of acquired companies depends primarily on our ability to consolidate operations, systems, procedures, properties, and personnel, and to eliminate redundancies and reduce costs. We may encounter difficulties in these integrations. Potential difficulties associated with acquisitions include: (i) our ability to effectively monitor and manage our expanded portfolio of properties; (ii) the loss of key employees; (iii) the disruption of our ongoing business or that of the acquired entity; (iv) possible inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures, and policies; and (v) the assumption of unexpected liabilities and claims, including:
•liabilities relating to the cleanup or remediation of undisclosed environmental conditions;
•unasserted claims of vendors, residents, patients, or other persons dealing with the seller;
•liabilities, claims, and litigation, whether or not incurred in the ordinary course of business, relating to periods prior to our acquisition;
•claims for indemnification by general partners, directors, officers, and others indemnified by the seller;
•claims for return of government reimbursement payments; and
•liabilities for taxes relating to periods prior to our acquisition.
In addition, acquired companies and their properties may fail to perform as expected, including with respect to estimated cost savings. Inaccurate assumptions regarding future rental or occupancy rates could result in overly optimistic estimates of future revenues. Similarly, we may underestimate future operating expenses or the costs necessary to bring properties up to standards established for their intended use or for property improvements.
If we have difficulties with any of these areas, or if we later discover additional liabilities or experience unforeseen costs relating to our acquired companies, we may not achieve the anticipated economic benefits from our acquisitions, and this may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We may be affected by unfavorable resolution of litigation or disputes and rising liability and insurance costs as a result thereof or other market factors.
Our tenants, operators, property managers, and borrowers are from time to time parties to litigation, including, for example, disputes regarding the quality of care at healthcare properties. The effect of litigation may materially increase the costs incurred by our tenants, operators, property managers, and borrowers, including costs to monitor and report quality of care compliance. In addition, the cost of professional liability, medical malpractice, property, business interruption, general liability, and insurance policies can be significant and may increase or not be available at a reasonable cost or at all. Cost increases could cause our tenants and borrowers to be unable to make their lease or mortgage payments or fail to purchase the appropriate liability and malpractice insurance, or cause our borrowers to be unable to meet their obligations to us, potentially decreasing our revenues and increasing our collection and litigation costs. Cost increases could also lead our operators and property managers to increase the fees they charge, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Furthermore, with respect to our CCRC properties and the properties in our SWF SH JV, all of which are operated in RIDEA structures, we generally directly bear the costs of any such increases in litigation, monitoring, reporting, and insurance due to our direct exposure to the cash flows of such properties. We are responsible for these claims, litigation, and liabilities, with limited indemnification rights against our operators, which are typically based on the gross negligence or willful misconduct by the operator. Although our leases provide us with certain information rights with respect to our tenants, one or more of our tenants may be or become party to pending litigation or investigation of which we are unaware or in which we do not have a right to participate or evaluate. In such cases, we would be unable to determine the potential impact of such litigation or investigation on our tenants or our business or results. Moreover, negative publicity of any of our operators’, property managers’, or tenants’ litigation, other legal proceedings or investigations may also negatively impact their and our reputation, resulting in lower customer demand and revenues, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
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We may also be named as defendants in lawsuits arising out of our alleged actions or the alleged actions of our tenants, operators, or property managers for which such tenants, operators, or property managers may have agreed to indemnify us. Unfavorable resolution of any such litigation or negative publicity as a result of such litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Regardless of the outcome, litigation or other legal proceedings may result in substantial costs, disruption of our normal business operations, and the diversion of management attention. We may be unable to prevail in, or achieve a favorable settlement of, any pending or future legal action against us.
Even when a tenant or operator is obligated to indemnify us for liability incurred as a result of a lawsuit pursuant to the terms of its agreement with us, the tenant may fail to satisfy those obligations and, in such event, we would have to incur the costs that should have been covered by the tenant, operator, or property manager and to determine whether to expend additional resources to seek the contractually owed indemnity from that tenant, operator, or property manager, including potentially through litigation or arbitration. In some instances, we may decide not to enforce our indemnification rights if we believe that enforcement of such rights would be more detrimental to our business than alternative approaches. Regardless, such an event would divert management attention and may result in a disruption to our normal business operations, any or all of which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Environmental compliance costs and liabilities associated with our real estate-related investments may be substantial and may materially impair the value of those investments.
Federal, state and local laws, ordinances, and regulations may require us, as a current or previous owner of real estate, to investigate and clean up certain hazardous or toxic substances released at a property. We may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for injury or property damage and for investigation and cleanup costs incurred in connection with the contamination. The costs of cleanup and remediation could be substantial. In addition, some environmental laws create a lien on the contaminated site in favor of the government for damages and the costs it incurs in connection with the contamination, and/or impose fines and penalties on the property owner with respect to such contamination.
Although we currently carry environmental insurance on our properties in an amount that we believe is commercially reasonable and generally require our tenants and operators to indemnify us for environmental liabilities they cause, such liabilities could exceed the amount of our insurance, the financial ability of the tenant or operator to indemnify us, or the value of the contaminated property. As the owner of a site, we may also be held liable to third parties for damages and injuries resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the site. We may also experience environmental costs and liabilities arising from conditions not known to us or disrupted during development. The cost of defending against these claims, complying with environmental regulatory requirements, conducting remediation of any contaminated property, or paying personal injury or other claims or fines could be substantial and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, the presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination may materially adversely affect our ability to use, develop, sell, or lease the property or to borrow using the property as collateral.
ESG and sustainability commitments and requirements, as well as stakeholder expectations, may impose additional costs and expose us to new risks.
Investors, tenants, business partners and other stakeholders, as well as regulators and other groups, are increasingly focusing on ESG and sustainability commitments and performance. Some investors may use ESG factors to guide their investment strategies and, in some cases, may choose not to invest in us if our ESG commitment and performance do not satisfy their criteria. Similarly, some business partners or tenants may use ESG factors to guide their business decisions and choose not to do business with us if they believe our ESG or sustainability policies are inadequate. Third-party providers of ESG ratings have increased in number, resulting in varied and, in some cases, inconsistent standards. In addition, the criteria by which companies’ ESG and sustainability practices are assessed are evolving, which could result in greater expectations for us to undertake costly initiatives to satisfy such new criteria. We have established corporate goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, energy, water and waste in our operations, and various regions in which we own properties are establishing building performance standards. Our reputation may be adversely affected if we do not meet our announced goals or these external standards. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants, business partners or other stakeholders, or our announced goals and other initiatives are not executed as planned, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected, and our revenues, results of operations and ability to grow our business may be negatively impacted. In addition, we may incur significant costs in attempting to comply with ESG policies or third party expectations or demands.
In addition, changes in federal, state, and local legislation and regulation relating to climate change could require (i) increased capital expenditures to improve the energy efficiency or resiliency of our existing properties and increase the costs of new developments and (ii) increased compliance costs for us and our tenants, in each case without a corresponding increase in revenue. In addition, our reputation may be adversely affected if we do not meet stakeholder expectations to mitigate climate risk in a transition to a low-carbon economy.
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We may be impacted by epidemics, pandemics, or other infectious diseases, including Covid, and health and safety measures intended to reduce their spread.
Epidemics, pandemics, or other infectious diseases, including future outbreaks of Covid and its variants, as well as both future widespread and localized outbreaks of infectious diseases and other health concerns, and the health and safety measures taken to reduce the spread or lessen the impact, could cause a material disruption to our industry or deteriorate the economy as a whole. The impacts of such events could be severe and far-reaching, and may impact our operations in several ways, including: (i) tenants could experience deteriorating financial condition and be unable or unwilling to pay rent on time and in full; (ii) we may have to restructure tenants' obligations and may not be able to do so on terms that are favorable to us; (iii) inquiries and tours at our properties could decrease; (iv) move-ins, new tenanting efforts, and re-letting efforts could slow or stop altogether; (v) move-outs and potential early termination of leases thereunder could increase; (vi) operating expenses, including the costs of certain essential services or supplies, including payments to third-party contractors, service providers, and employees essential to ensure continuity in our building operations, may increase; (vii) procedures normally conducted on our properties may be disrupted, adversely affecting the economic viability of our tenants; and (viii) costs of development, including expenditures for materials utilized in construction and labor essential to complete existing developments in progress, may increase substantially.
Human capital risks, including the loss or limited availability of our key personnel, could disrupt or impair our operations.
We face rising labor costs and increased competition for talent. Insufficient employee development, inadequate succession planning or an inability to successfully implement a hybrid work model could negatively impact our business and operations. We also depend on the efforts of our executive officers for the success of our business. Although they are covered by our Executive Severance Plan and Change in Control Plan, which provide many of the benefits typically found in executive employment agreements, none of our executive officers have employment agreements with us. The loss or limited availability of the services of any of our executive officers, or our inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel, could, at least temporarily, disrupt, or impair our operations.
We rely on information technology in our operations, and any material failure, inadequacy, interruption, or security failure of that technology could harm our business.
We rely on information technology networks, enterprise applications, and other information systems to process, transmit, and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of business processes, including financial transactions and records, to maintain personal identifying information and tenant and lease data, and to operate building management systems. We utilize software and cloud-based technology from third-party service providers, on whom our information systems depend. We rely on commercially available systems, software, tools, and monitoring to provide security for the processing, transmission, and storage of confidential tenant and customer data, including individually identifiable information relating to financial accounts, as well as building access, security, and operations. Although we have taken steps to protect the security of our information systems, with multiple layers of controls around the data maintained in those systems, it is possible that our safety and security measures will not prevent the systems’ improper functioning or damage, or the improper access of systems or disclosure of personally identifiable information such as in the event of cyber-attacks or other cybersecurity incidents.
Furthermore, because our operators as well as other third-party service providers with whom we and they do business (including vendors, software creators and cloud solution and cybersecurity providers) also rely on the Internet, information technology networks, enterprise applications, systems, and software, some of our data may be vulnerable to cybersecurity incidents or cybersecurity threats involving our operators and third parties with whom we or they do business. We do not control the cybersecurity systems and protocols put in place by our operators or other third parties, and such parties may have limited indemnification obligations to us, which could cause us to be negatively impacted as a result.
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Cybersecurity incidents and cybersecurity threats affecting our or our operators’ or other third party providers’ information systems, including those caused by physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, malware, worms, attacks by hackers or foreign governments, ransomware attacks, disruptions from unauthorized access and tampering, including through social engineering such as phishing or vishing attacks, coordinated denial-of-service attacks, and similar breaches, could result in, among other things: (i) system disruptions; (ii) shutdowns; (iii) unauthorized access to or disclosure of confidential information, including as a result of impersonation of authorized users or manipulated communications; (iv) misappropriation of our or our business partners’ proprietary or confidential information; (v) breach of our legal, regulatory, or contractual obligations; (vi) inability to access or rely upon critical business records or systems; or (vii) other delays in our operations. In some cases, it may be difficult to anticipate or immediately detect such cybersecurity threats and cybersecurity incidents and the damage they cause. The risk of cybersecurity incidents and cybersecurity threats has generally increased as the number, intensity, and sophistication of attacks and intrusions affecting companies generally have increased, and we have seen a significant increase in cyber phishing attacks. The risk of security breaches has also increased under our hybrid work model. We may be required to expend significant financial resources to detect, protect against or remediate such cybersecurity incidents or cybersecurity threats. In addition, our technology infrastructure and information systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from natural disasters, power loss, and telecommunications failures. Any failure to adequately train employees or to maintain proper function, security, and availability of our and our operators’ information systems and the data maintained in those systems could interrupt our operations, damage our reputation, subject us to liability claims or regulatory penalties, harm our business relationships, or increase our security and insurance costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our tenants and borrowers may also from time to time experience cybersecurity incidents or cybersecurity threats that compromise, damage or disrupt their information systems or result in the loss or misuse of confidential information, intellectual property or sensitive or personal information. Any resulting financial impact to our tenants or borrowers, including liability claims or regulatory penalties, increased security and insurance costs as well as business impacts resulting from any damage to their reputation or harm to their business relationships, could negatively impact the ability of our tenants and borrowers to meet their financial and other contractual obligations to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Capital Structure and Market Conditions
Volatility, disruption, or uncertainty in the financial markets may impair our ability to raise capital, obtain new financing or refinance existing obligations, and fund acquisition and development activities.
Increased or prolonged market disruption, volatility, or uncertainty could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise capital, obtain new financing or refinance our existing obligations as they mature, and fund acquisition and development activities. Our lenders and other financial institutions could also require us to agree to more restrictive covenants, grant liens on our assets as collateral, and/or accept other terms that are not commercially beneficial to us in order to obtain financing. One or more of our lenders under our credit facility could refuse or fail to fund their financing commitment to us as a result of lender liquidity and/or viability challenges, which financing commitments we may not be able to replace on favorable terms, or at all. In addition, the failure of a bank, or events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets impacting financial institutions at which we maintain balances, or concerns or rumors about such events, could lead to disruptions in access to our bank deposits, our inability to access our bank deposits in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) limits, or otherwise adversely impact our liquidity and financial performance, and our tenants, operators, and borrowers could be similarly adversely affected. Market volatility could also lead to significant uncertainty in the valuation of our investments and those of our joint ventures, which may result in a substantial decrease in the value of our properties and those of our joint ventures. As a result, we may be unable to recover the carrying amount of such investments and the associated goodwill, if any, which may require us to recognize impairment charges in earnings.
Increased borrowing costs could materially adversely impact our ability to refinance existing debt, sell properties, and conduct investment activities.
We currently have and may incur additional debt obligations that have variable interest rates and related payments that vary with the movement of certain indices. During inflationary periods, interest rates have historically increased. For example, in response to recent inflationary conditions, actions taken by the FOMC have led to rising interest rates, which may continue to rise and remain elevated for the foreseeable future. Increases in interest rates result in increased interest costs for our variable rate debt and our new debt, which adversely affects our cost of capital and makes the financing of any acquisition and development activity more costly. In addition, increased interest rates have lowered, and could continue to lower, the amount third parties are willing to pay for our properties, thereby negatively impacting our ability to reposition our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions.
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Rising borrowing costs could limit our ability to refinance existing debt when it matures, or cause us to pay higher interest rates upon refinancing and increased interest expense on refinanced indebtedness.
We manage a portion of our exposure to interest rate risk by accessing debt with staggered maturities and through the use of derivative instruments, primarily interest rate cap and swap agreements. These agreements involve risk, including that counterparties may fail to honor their obligations under these arrangements, that these arrangements may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes, that the amount of income we earn from hedging transactions may be limited by federal tax provisions governing REITs, and that these arrangements may cause us to incur higher debt service costs than would otherwise be the case. Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate risk could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Additionally, increased borrowing costs and attendant negative impacts on our business can reduce the amount investors are willing to pay for our common stock. Because REIT stocks are often perceived as high-yield investments, investors may perceive less relative benefit to owning REIT stocks as borrowing costs increase.
Cash available for distribution to stockholders may be insufficient to make dividend distributions at expected levels and are made at the discretion of our Board of Directors.
Decreases in cash available for distributions may result in us being unable to make dividend distributions at expected levels. Our failure to make distributions commensurate with market expectations would likely result in a decrease in the market price of our common stock. Further, all distributions are made at the discretion of our Board of Directors in accordance with Maryland law and depend on: (i) our earnings; (ii) our financial condition; (iii) debt and equity capital available to us; (iv) our expectations for future capital requirements and operating performance; (v) covenants in our financial or other contractual arrangements, including those in our credit facility agreement; (vi) maintenance of our REIT qualification; and (vii) other factors as our Board of Directors may deem relevant from time to time.
If access to external capital is unavailable on acceptable terms or at all, it could have a material adverse effect on our ability to meet commitments as they become due or make investments necessary to grow our business.
We periodically rely on external sources of capital (including debt and equity financing) to fulfill our capital requirements. The availability of external capital sources depends upon several factors, some of which we have little or no control over, including:
•general availability of capital, including less favorable terms, rising interest rates, and increased borrowing costs;
•the market price of the shares of our equity securities and the credit ratings of our debt and any preferred securities we may issue;
•the market’s perception of our growth potential and our current and potential future earnings and cash distributions;
•our degree of financial leverage and operational flexibility;
•the financial integrity of our lenders, which might impair their ability to meet their commitments to us or their willingness to make additional loans to us, and our inability to replace the financing commitment of any such lender on favorable terms, or at all;
•bank failures or other events affecting financial institutions, which could adversely affect our or our tenants’, operators’, and borrowers’ liquidity and financial performance;
•the stability of the market value of our properties;
•the financial performance and general market perception of our tenants and operators;
•changes in the credit ratings on U.S. government debt securities or default or delay in payment by the U.S. of its obligations;
•issues facing the healthcare industry, including healthcare reform and changes in government reimbursement policies; and
•the performance of the national and global economies generally, including any economic downturn and volatility in the financial markets.
If access to capital is unavailable on acceptable terms or at all, it could have a material adverse impact on our ability to fund operations, repay or refinance our debt obligations, fund dividend payments, acquire properties, and make the investments in development and redevelopment activities, as well as capital expenditures, needed to grow our business.
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Our level of indebtedness may increase and materially adversely affect our future operations.
Our outstanding indebtedness as of December 31, 2023 was approximately $6.9 billion. We may incur additional indebtedness, which may be substantial. Any significant additional indebtedness would likely negatively affect the credit ratings of our debt and require us to dedicate a growing portion of our cash flow to interest and principal payments. Greater demands on our cash resources may reduce funds available to us to pay dividends, conduct development activities, make capital expenditures and acquisitions, or carry out other aspects of our business strategy. Increased indebtedness can also make us more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions and create competitive disadvantages for us compared to other companies with comparatively lower debt levels. Increased future debt service obligations may limit our operational flexibility, including our ability to finance or refinance our properties, contribute properties to joint ventures, or sell properties as needed. In addition, any changes to benchmark rates, or uncertainty as to the nature of such potential changes, may increase the cost of our variable rate debt or cost of funds, adversely affect the trading market for our securities, have an unpredictable impact on the financial markets or otherwise affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Covenants in our debt instruments limit our operational flexibility, and breaches of these covenants could result in adverse actions by our creditors.
The terms of our current secured and unsecured debt instruments require us to comply with a number of customary financial and other covenants, such as maintaining leverage ratios, minimum tangible net worth requirements, REIT status, and certain levels of debt service coverage. Our ability to incur additional debt and to conduct business in general is subject to compliance with these covenants, which limits our operational flexibility. For example, mortgages on our properties contain customary covenants such as those that limit or restrict our ability, without the consent of the lender, to further encumber or sell the applicable properties, or to replace the applicable tenant or operator. Breaches of certain covenants may result in defaults under the mortgages on our properties and cross-defaults under certain of our other indebtedness, even if we satisfy our payment obligations to the respective obligee. Covenants that limit our operational flexibility, as well as defaults resulting from the breach of any of these covenants, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile.
The market price of our common stock has been, and may in the future be, highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. The stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected the market price of many companies in industries similar or related to ours and that have been unrelated to these companies’ operating performances. If the market price of our common stock declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares at a gain. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could negatively affect our share price or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our common stock include:
•actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results, guidance, or distributions;
•changes in market valuations of similar companies;
•adverse market reaction to any increased indebtedness we may incur in the future;
•issuance of additional equity securities;
•actions by institutional stockholders;
•the publication of research reports and articles (or false or misleading information) about us, our tenants, the real estate industry, or the industries in which our tenants operate;
•speculation in the press or investment community and investor sentiment regarding commercial real estate generally, our industry sectors or other real estate sectors, the industries in which our tenants operate, and the regions in which our properties are located;
•short selling of our common stock or related derivative securities; and
•general market and economic conditions.
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Adverse changes in our credit ratings could impair our ability to obtain additional debt and equity financing on favorable terms.
Our credit ratings affect the amount and type of capital, as well as the terms of any financing we may obtain. The credit ratings of our senior unsecured debt are based on, among other things, our operating performance, liquidity and leverage ratios, geographic and tenant concentration, and pending or future changes in the regulatory framework applicable to our operators and our industry. If we are unable to maintain our current credit ratings, we would likely incur higher borrowing costs, which would make it more difficult or expensive to obtain additional financing or refinance existing obligations and commitments. An adverse change in our outlook may ultimately lead to a downgrade in our credit ratings, which would trigger additional borrowing costs or other potentially negative consequences under our current credit facilities and debt instruments. Also, if our credit ratings are downgraded, or general market conditions were to ascribe higher risk to our ratings, our industry, or us, our access to capital and the cost of any future debt financing will be further negatively impacted. In addition, the terms of future debt agreements could include more restrictive covenants, or require incremental collateral, which may further restrict our business operations or be unavailable due to our covenant restrictions then in effect. There is no guarantee that debt or equity financings will be available in the future to fund future acquisitions, developments, or general operating expenses, or that such financing will be available on terms consistent with our historical agreements or expectations.
Risks Related to the Regulatory Environment
Tenants, operators, and borrowers that fail to comply with federal, state, local, and international laws and regulations, including resident health and safety requirements, as well as licensure, certification, and inspection requirements, may cease to operate or be unable to meet their financial and other contractual obligations to us.
Our tenants, operators, and borrowers across our segments are subject to or impacted by extensive, frequently changing federal, state, and local laws and regulations. See “Item 1, Business—Government Regulation, Licensing and Enforcement—Healthcare Licensure and Certificate of Need” for a discussion of certain of these laws and regulations. Unannounced surveys, inspections, or audits occur frequently, including following a regulator’s receipt of a complaint about a facility, and these surveys, inspections, and audits can result in deficiencies and further adverse action. Our tenants’, operators’, or borrowers’ failure to comply with any of the laws, regulations, or requirements applicable to them could result in: (i) loss of accreditation; (ii) denial of reimbursement; (iii) imposition of fines; (iv) suspension or decertification from government healthcare programs; (v) civil liability; and (vi) in certain instances, suspension, or denial of admissions, criminal penalties, loss of license, or closure of the property and/or the incurrence of considerable costs arising from an investigation or regulatory action, which may have an adverse effect on properties that we own and lease to a third party tenant in our lab and outpatient medical segments, that we own and operate through a RIDEA structure in our CCRC segment or our SWF SH JV, or on which we hold a mortgage, and therefore may materially adversely impact us.
Furthermore, we are required under RIDEA to rely on our operators to oversee and direct these aspects of the properties’ operations to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations. If one or more of our healthcare properties fails to comply with applicable laws and regulations, our TRS would be responsible (except in limited circumstances, such as the gross negligence or willful misconduct of our operators, where we would have a contractual claim against them), which could subject our TRS to penalties including loss or suspension of licenses, certification or accreditation, exclusion from government healthcare programs (i.e., Medicare, Medicaid), administrative sanctions, and civil monetary penalties. Some states also reserve the right to sanction affiliates of a licensee when they take administrative action against the licensee, and require a licensee to report all healthcare-related administrative actions that have been brought against any of the licensee’s affiliates, even in other states. Additionally, when we receive individually identifiable health information relating to residents of our healthcare properties, we are subject to federal and state data privacy and security laws and rules, and could be subject to liability in the event of an audit, complaint, cybersecurity incident, or data breach. Furthermore, our TRS has exposure to professional liability claims that could arise out of resident claims, such as quality of care, and the associated litigation costs.
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Required regulatory approvals can delay or prohibit transfers of our senior housing properties.
Transfers of senior housing properties, including in connection with the foreclosure of a real-estate secured loan, to successor owners or operators are typically subject to regulatory approvals or ratifications, including change of ownership approvals for licensure and Medicare / Medicaid (if applicable) that are not required for transfers of other types of commercial operations and other types of real estate. The sale of, or replacement of any operator at, our senior housing facilities, or the foreclosure of a loan secured by senior housing real estate, could be delayed by the regulatory approval process of any federal, state, or local government agency necessary for the transfer of the property or the replacement of the operator licensed to manage the property, during which time the property may experience performance declines. We may also elect to use an interim licensing structure to facilitate such transfers, which structure expedites the transfer by allowing a third party to operate under our license until the required regulatory approvals are obtained, but could subject us to fines or penalties if the third party fails to comply with applicable laws and regulations and fails to indemnify us for such fines or penalties pursuant to the terms of its agreement with us.
Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act and fire, safety, and other regulations may require us to make expenditures that adversely affect our cash flows.
Our properties must comply with applicable ADA and any similar state and local laws. These laws may require removal of barriers to access by persons with disabilities in public areas of our properties. Noncompliance could result in the incurrence of additional costs associated with bringing the properties into compliance, the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants in individual lawsuits or as part of a class action. We could also be required to expend funds to comply with the provisions of the ADA and similar state and local laws on behalf of tenants, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, we are required to operate our properties in compliance with fire and safety regulations, building codes and other land use regulations. New and revised regulations and codes may be adopted by governmental agencies and bodies and become applicable to our properties. For example, new safety laws for senior housing properties were adopted following the particularly damaging 2018 hurricane season. Compliance could require substantial capital expenditures, both for significant upgrades and for tenant relocations that may be necessary depending on the scope and duration of upgrades, and may restrict our ability to renovate our properties. These expenditures and restrictions could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flows.
Laws or regulations prohibiting eviction of our tenants, even on a temporary basis, could have a material adverse effect on our revenues if our tenants fail to make their contractual rent payments to us.
Various federal, state, and local governments previously enacted, and may again enact, laws, regulations, and moratoriums or take other actions that could limit our ability to evict tenants until such laws, regulations, or moratoriums are reversed or lifted. In particular, several state and local governments implemented eviction moratoriums as a result of the Covid pandemic that applied to both residential and commercial tenants. Although these moratoriums have generally terminated or expired, federal, state, and local governments could enact moratoriums under similar circumstances in the future. While we generally have arrangements and other agreements that give us the right under specified circumstances to terminate a lease or evict a tenant for nonpayment of contractual rent, such laws, regulations, and moratoriums may restrict our ability to begin eviction proceedings even where no rent or only partial rent is being paid. Further, under current laws and regulations, eviction proceedings for delinquent tenants are already costly and time-consuming, and, if there are existing backlogs or backlogs develop in courts due to higher than normal eviction proceedings, we may incur significant costs and it may take a significant amount of time to ultimately evict any tenant who is not meeting their contractual rent obligations. If we are restricted, delayed, or prohibited from evicting tenants for failing to make contractual rent payments, it may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
The requirements of, or changes to, governmental reimbursement programs such as Medicare or Medicaid may adversely affect our tenants’, operators’, and borrowers’ ability to meet their financial and other contractual obligations to us.
Certain of our tenants, operators, and borrowers, as well as our owned assets in the CCRC segment and SWF SH JV, are affected, directly or indirectly, by a complex set of federal, state, and local laws and regulations pertaining to governmental reimbursement programs, including the CARES Act and other similar relief legislation enacted as a result of the Covid pandemic. These laws and regulations are subject to frequent and substantial changes that are sometimes applied retroactively. See “Item 1, Business—Government Regulation, Licensing and Enforcement.” For example, to the extent that our tenants, operators, or borrowers, or assets owned in our CCRC segment or through the SFW SH JV, receive a significant portion of their revenues from governmental payors, primarily Medicare and Medicaid, they are generally subject to, among other things:
•statutory and regulatory changes, including changes that impact state reimbursement programs, particularly Medicaid reimbursement and managed care payments;
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•retroactive rate adjustments and recoupment efforts;
•recovery of program overpayments or set-offs;
•federal, state, and local litigation and enforcement actions, including those relating to Covid and the failure to satisfy the terms and conditions of financial relief;
•administrative proceedings;
•policy interpretations;
•payment or other delays by fiscal intermediaries or carriers;
•government funding restrictions (at a program level or with respect to specific properties);
•reduced reimbursement rates under managed care contracts;
•changes in reimbursement rates, methods, or timing under governmental reimbursement programs, including changes that impact state reimbursement programs, particularly Medicaid reimbursement and managed care payments;
•interruption or delays in payments due to any ongoing governmental investigations and audits at such properties or due to a partial or total federal or state government shutdown for a prolonged period of time; and
•reputational harm of publicly disclosed enforcement actions, audits, or investigations related to billing and reimbursements.
We are unable to predict future changes to or interpretations of, or the intensity of enforcement efforts with respect to, these laws and regulations, including those that pertain to the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The failure to comply with the extensive laws, regulations, and other requirements applicable to their business and the operation of our properties could result in, among other challenges: (i) becoming ineligible to receive reimbursement from governmental reimbursement programs or being compelled to repay amounts received, including under the CARES Act; (ii) becoming subject to prepayment reviews or claims for overpayments; (iii) bans on admissions of new patients or residents; (iv) civil or criminal penalties; and (v) significant operational changes, including requirements to increase staffing or the scope of care given to residents. These laws and regulations are enforced by a variety of federal, state, and local agencies and can also be enforced by private litigants through, among other things, federal and state false claims acts, which allow private litigants to bring qui tam or “whistleblower” actions. Any changes in the regulatory framework or the intensity or extent of governmental or private enforcement actions could have a material adverse effect on our tenants, operators, borrowers, and/or assets.
The status of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, along with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “Affordable Care Act”) and related regulations may be subject to change, and other health reform measures could be implemented as a result of political, legislative, regulatory, and administrative developments and judicial proceedings, including those with far reaching implications and effecting fundamental changes in the healthcare system. Federal and state authorities may continue to implement new or modified reimbursement methodologies that may negatively impact health care property operations. There can be no assurance that adequate reimbursements will be available for services provided by our operators and tenants. Additionally, the patient driven payment model utilized by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to calculate reimbursement rates for patients in skilled nursing properties (which is among the unit types in our CCRCs) could result in decreases in payments to our operators and tenants or increase our operators’ and tenants’ costs. We cannot make any assessment as to the ultimate timing or the effect that any future changes may have on our tenants’, operators’, and borrowers’ costs of doing business, or the cost of doing business for or the assets owned in our CCRC segment or through the SFW SH JV, and on the amount of reimbursement by government and other third-party payors. Any significant limits on the scope of services reimbursed, reductions in reimbursement rates and fees, or increases in provider or similar types of taxes, could materially adversely affect their ability to meet their financial and contractual obligations to us.
We could be negatively impacted by legislation to address federal government operations and administrative decisions affecting the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
Congressional consideration of legislation pertaining to the federal debt ceiling, the Affordable Care Act, tax reform, and entitlement programs, including reimbursement rates for physicians, could have a material adverse effect on our tenants’, operators’, and borrowers’ liquidity, financial condition, or results of operations. In particular, reduced funding for entitlement programs such as Medicare and Medicaid would result in increased costs and fees for programs such as Medicare Advantage Plans and additional reductions in reimbursements to providers. Amendments to the Affordable Care Act in whole or in part and decisions by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services could impact the delivery of services and benefits under Medicare, Medicaid, or Medicare Advantage Plans and could affect our tenants and operators and the manner in which they are reimbursed by such programs. Any shutdown of the federal government that delays or disrupts payments or any other material adverse effect on payments to our tenants, operators, or borrowers could adversely affect their ability to satisfy their obligations to us and could have a material adverse effect on us.
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Our participation in the CARES Act Provider Relief Fund and other Covid-related stimulus and relief programs could subject us or our operators to disruptive government and financial audits, enforcement actions, and recovery activity.
Under the CARES Act and subsequent Covid relief legislation, Congress allocated more than $178 billion to eligible health care providers through the Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund (the “Provider Relief Fund” or “PRF”). The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) distributed PRF awards through various general and targeted distributions. We and our senior housing operators (including operators of senior housing facilities that we have subsequently disposed of) received relief funds through several distributions.
PRF funds are intended to reimburse eligible providers for unreimbursed health care-related expenses and lost revenues attributable to Covid and must be used only to prevent, prepare for, or respond to Covid. PRF funds received under certain targeted distributions are further limited to specific uses. Additionally, the PRF program imposes certain distribution-specific eligibility criteria and requires recipients to comply with various terms and conditions. PRF program terms and conditions include limitations and requirements governing use of PRF funds, implementation of controls, retention of records, audit and reporting to governmental authorities, and other PRF program requirements. Failure to comply with program requirements may result in payment recovery or other enforcement actions. HHS interpretation of applicable terms and requirements has evolved over time, and may continue to evolve. The interpretation and implementation of PRF requirements and related guidance remains uncertain, and there can be no assurance that we or our operators are or will remain in compliance with all PRF and Covid relief program requirements and interpretative guidance. PRF guidance or interpretations could change in ways that adversely impact the PRF funding we or our operators received, recognized, or are able to retain. We also may be subject to or incur costs related to PRF compliance activities, reporting, and financial audits, as well as government oversight and enforcement, including post-payment recovery and recoupment and government investigations, audits, enforcement activity, and penalties. Our current and former operators may similarly be impacted. Differences in operators’ PRF policies and protocols may adversely impact availability of data and our related reports and financial audits.
Risks Related to Tax, Including REIT-Related Risks, and Related to Our Jurisdiction of Incorporation and Our Structure as an UPREIT
Loss of our tax status as a REIT would substantially reduce our available funds and would have materially adverse consequences for us and the value of our common stock.
Qualification as a REIT involves the application of numerous highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), for which there are limited judicial and administrative interpretations, as well as the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend to continue to operate in a manner that enables us to qualify as a REIT. However, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depend upon our ability to meet the various qualification tests imposed under the Code, through actual annual operating results, asset diversification, distribution levels, and diversity of stock ownership.
For example, to qualify as a REIT, at least 95% of our gross income in any year must be derived from qualifying sources, and we must make distributions to our stockholders aggregating annually to at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains. Rents we receive from a TRS in a RIDEA structure are treated as qualifying rents from real property for REIT tax purposes only if (i) they are paid pursuant to a lease of a “qualified healthcare property” and (ii) the operator qualifies as an “eligible independent contractor,” as each term is defined in the Code. If either of these requirements is not satisfied, then the rents we receive from the TRS will not be qualifying rents and we may not satisfy the REIT gross income requirements. Furthermore, new legislation, regulations, administrative interpretations, or court decisions could change the tax laws or interpretations of the tax laws regarding qualification as a REIT, or the federal income tax consequences of that qualification, in a manner that is materially adverse to our stockholders. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we have operated or will continue to operate in a manner so as to qualify or remain qualified as a REIT.
If we lose our REIT status, we will face serious tax consequences that will substantially reduce the funds available to make payments of principal and interest on the debt securities we issue and to make distributions to stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT:
•we will not be allowed a deduction for distributions to stockholders in computing our taxable income;
•we will be subject to corporate-level income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates;
•we will be subject to increased state and local income taxes; and
•unless we are entitled to relief under relevant statutory provisions, we will be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we fail to qualify as a REIT.
As a result of all these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT could also impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital and could materially adversely affect the value of our common stock.
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Our taxable REIT subsidiaries (TRSs) may be subject to corporate level tax.
Certain of our subsidiaries have elected or will elect with us to be treated as TRSs. Other than some activities relating to lodging and health care facilities, a TRS may generally engage in any business, including the provision of customary or non-customary services to tenants of its parent REIT that the parent REIT could not provide directly. TRSs are taxed as regular C corporations, and are thus generally required to pay regular corporate income tax, and potentially the alternative minimum tax, on their earnings. Any taxes paid by our TRSs will reduce the amounts that our TRSs could otherwise distribute to us.
The tax imposed on any net income from “prohibited transactions” may limit our ability to engage in transactions which would be treated as sales for federal income tax purposes.
We will be required to pay a 100% tax on any net income from prohibited transactions. Prohibited transactions are, in general, sales or other taxable dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, held as inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. A sale will not be considered a prohibited transaction, however, if it meets certain safe harbor requirements. Although we do not intend to hold any properties that would be characterized as held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our business (other than through a TRS), such characterization is a factual determination and no guarantee can be given that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) would agree with our characterization of our properties or that we will always be able to take advantage of available safe harbors.
Further changes to U.S. federal income tax laws could materially and adversely affect us and our stockholders.
The present federal income tax treatment of REITs and various transactional structures that we utilize may be modified, possibly with retroactive effect, by legislative, judicial, or administrative action at any time, which could affect the federal income tax treatment of an investment in us. The federal income tax rules dealing with U.S. federal income taxation and REITs are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS, and the U.S. Treasury Department, which results in statutory changes as well as revisions to regulations and interpretations. We cannot predict how changes in the tax laws might affect our investors or us. Revisions in federal tax laws and interpretations thereof could significantly and negatively affect our ability to qualify as a REIT, as well as the tax considerations relevant to an investment in us, or could cause us to change our investments and commitments.
Potential deferred and contingent tax liabilities from corporate acquisitions could limit or delay future property sales.
If, during the five-year period beginning on the date we acquire certain assets or companies in certain tax deferred transactions, we recognize a gain on the disposition of any property acquired, then, to the extent of the excess of (i) the fair market value of such property as of the acquisition date, over (ii) our adjusted income tax basis in such property as of that date, we will be required to pay a corporate-level federal income tax on this gain at the highest regular corporate rate. These potential tax effects could limit or delay future property sales. In addition, the IRS may assert liabilities against us for income taxes of certain entities we acquire for taxable years prior to the time that we acquire such entities, in which case we will owe these taxes plus interest and penalties, if any.
There are uncertainties relating to the calculation of non-REIT tax earnings and profits (“E&P”) in certain acquisitions, which may require us to distribute E&P.
In order to remain qualified as a REIT, we are required to distribute to our stockholders all of the accumulated non-REIT E&P of certain C corporations that we acquire, prior to the close of the first taxable year in which the acquisition occurs. Failure to make such E&P distributions could result in our disqualification as a REIT. The determination of the amount to be distributed in such E&P distributions is a complex factual and legal determination. We may have less than complete information at the time we undertake our analysis, or we may interpret the applicable law differently from the IRS. We currently believe that we have satisfied the requirements relating to such E&P distributions. There are, however, substantial uncertainties relating to the determination of E&P, including the possibility that the IRS could successfully assert that the taxable income of the companies acquired should be increased, which could increase our non-REIT E&P. Thus, we might fail to satisfy the requirement that we distribute all of our non-REIT E&P by the close of the first taxable year in which the acquisition occurs. Although there are procedures available to cure a failure to distribute all of our E&P, we cannot now determine whether we will be able to take advantage of these procedures or the economic impact on us of doing so.
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Tax protection agreements may limit our ability to sell or otherwise dispose of certain properties and may require us to maintain certain debt levels that otherwise would not be required to operate our business.
We acquired in the past and in the future may acquire properties or portfolios of properties through tax deferred contribution transactions in exchange for units in our DownREITs or Healthpeak OP. In connection with these transactions, our DownREITs have entered and, with Healthpeak OP, may in the future enter into tax protection agreements that enable contributing partners to defer the recognition of taxable gain resulting from the sale or other disposition of the contributed properties. Tax protection agreements may make it economically prohibitive to sell any properties that are subject to such agreements even though it may otherwise be in our stockholders’ best interests to do so. In addition, under these agreements, we may be required to maintain a minimum level of indebtedness throughout the term of the agreements regardless of whether such debt levels are otherwise required to operate our business. Physicians Realty Trust and the Physicians Partnership have also entered into similar tax protection arrangements with certain third parties and, as a result of the Mergers, we would inherit the obligations under such arrangements.
Our charter contains ownership limits with respect to our common stock and other classes of capital stock.
Our charter contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our common stock and preferred stock that are intended to assist us in preserving our qualification as a REIT. Under our charter, subject to certain exceptions, no person or entity may own, actually or constructively, more than 9.8% (by value or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of the outstanding shares of our common stock or any class or series of our preferred stock.
Additionally, our charter has a 9.9% ownership limitation on the direct or indirect ownership of our voting shares, which may include common stock or other classes of capital stock. Our Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, may exempt a proposed transferee from either ownership limit. The ownership limits may delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or might otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.
We are subject to certain provisions of Maryland law and our charter relating to business combinations that may prevent a transaction that may otherwise be in the interest of our stockholders.
We are subject to the Maryland Business Combination Act (the “MBCA”), which provides that unless exempted, a Maryland corporation may not engage in certain business combinations with an “interested stockholder” or an affiliate of an interested stockholder for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder became an interested stockholder, and thereafter unless specified criteria are met. In addition to the restrictions on business combinations contained in the MBCA, our charter also requires that, except in certain circumstances, “business combinations” with a “related person” must be approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 90% of our outstanding voting stock. These restrictions on business combinations may delay, defer, or prevent a change of control or other transaction even if such transaction involves a premium price for our common stock or our stockholders believe that such transaction is otherwise in their best interests.
Conflicts of interest may exist or could arise in the future between the interests of our stockholders and the interests of holders of Healthpeak OP common units, which may impede business decisions that could benefit our stockholders.
Conflicts of interest may exist or could arise in the future as a result of the relationships between us and our affiliates, on the one hand, and Healthpeak OP or any member thereof, on the other. Our directors and officers have duties to our company under Maryland law in connection with their management of our company. At the same time, we, as the managing member of Healthpeak OP, have certain fiduciary duties and obligations to Healthpeak OP and its members under Maryland law and the operating agreement of Healthpeak OP in connection with the management of Healthpeak OP. Our fiduciary duties and obligations as the managing member of Healthpeak OP may come into conflict with the duties of our directors and officers to our company.
Under Maryland law, a managing member of a Maryland limited liability company has fiduciary duties of loyalty and care to the limited liability company and its members and must discharge its duties and exercise its rights as managing member under the operating agreement or Maryland law consistent with the obligation of good faith and fair dealing. The operating agreement provides that, to the maximum extent permitted under the Maryland Limited Liability Company Act, the only duties that the managing member owes to Healthpeak OP, any member, or any other person, fiduciary or otherwise, are to perform its contractual obligations as expressly set forth in the operating agreement consistently with the implied contractual covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The operating agreement further provides that, in the event of a conflict between the interests of Healthpeak OP or any member, on the one hand, and the separate interests of our company or our stockholders, on the other hand, we, in our capacity as the managing member of Healthpeak OP, may give priority to the separate interests of our company or our stockholders (including with respect to tax consequences to members, assignees, or our stockholders), and, in the event of such a conflict, any action or failure to act on our part or on the part of our directors or officers that gives priority to the separate interests of our company or our stockholders that does not result in a violation of the contract rights of the members of Healthpeak OP under its operating agreement does not violate the duty of loyalty or any other duty that we, in our capacity as the managing member of Healthpeak OP, owe to Healthpeak OP and its members.
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Additionally, the operating agreement provides that we generally will not be liable to Healthpeak OP or any member for any action or omission taken in our capacity as managing member, for the debts or liabilities of Healthpeak OP or for the obligations of Healthpeak OP under the operating agreement, except for liability for our fraud, willful misconduct, or gross negligence, pursuant to any express indemnity we may give to Healthpeak OP, or in connection with a redemption. Healthpeak OP generally must indemnify us, our directors and officers, officers of Healthpeak OP, and our designees from and against any and all claims that relate to the operations of Healthpeak OP, unless (i) an act or omission of the person was material to the matter giving rise to the action and either was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty, (ii) in the case of a criminal proceeding, the indemnified person had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful, or (iii) the person actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property, or services. Healthpeak OP must also pay or reimburse the reasonable expenses of any such person in advance of a final disposition of the proceeding upon its receipt of a written affirmation of the person’s good faith belief that the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification has been met and a written undertaking to repay any amounts paid or advanced if it is ultimately determined that the person did not meet the standard of conduct for indemnification. Healthpeak OP is not required to indemnify or advance funds to any person with respect to any action initiated by the person seeking indemnification without our approval (except for any proceeding brought to enforce such person’s right to indemnification under the operating agreement) or in respect of any proceeding in which the person is found to be liable to Healthpeak OP if the proceeding was one by or in the right of Healthpeak OP.
No reported decision of a Maryland appellate court has interpreted provisions similar to the provisions of the operating agreement of Healthpeak OP that modify and reduce our fiduciary duties or obligations as the managing member or reduce or eliminate our liability to Healthpeak OP and its members, and we have not obtained an opinion of counsel as to the enforceability of the provisions set forth in the operating agreement that purport to modify or reduce the fiduciary duties and obligations that would be in effect were it not for the operating agreement.
Certain provisions in the operating agreement of Healthpeak OP or other agreements may delay or prevent unsolicited acquisitions of us or certain other transactions.
Provisions of the operating agreement of Healthpeak OP may delay or make more difficult unsolicited acquisitions of us or changes of our control. These provisions could discourage third parties from making proposals involving an unsolicited acquisition of us or change of our control, although some of our stockholders or members of Healthpeak OP might consider such proposals, if made, desirable. These provisions include, among others:
•redemption rights of qualifying parties;
•a requirement that we may not be removed as the managing member of Healthpeak OP without our consent;
•transfer restrictions on common units;
•our ability, as managing member, in some cases, to amend the operating agreement and to cause Healthpeak OP to issue additional membership interests with terms that could delay, defer, or prevent a merger or other change of control of us or Healthpeak OP without the consent of our stockholders or the members of Healthpeak OP; and
•the right of the non-managing members of Healthpeak OP to consent to certain transfers of our managing membership interest (whether by sale, disposition, statutory merger or consolidation, liquidation, or otherwise).
Our charter and bylaws, the operating agreement of Healthpeak OP, and Maryland law also contain other provisions that may delay, defer, or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interest.
In addition, provisions of certain agreements with our partners may delay or make more difficult certain other transactions, including involving issuances of common units.
We are a holding company with no direct operations and, as such, we will rely on funds received from Healthpeak OP to pay liabilities, and the interests of our stockholders will be structurally subordinated to all liabilities and obligations of Healthpeak OP and its subsidiaries.
We are a holding company and conduct substantially all of our operations through Healthpeak OP. We do not have, apart from an interest in Healthpeak OP, any independent operations. As a result, we rely on distributions from Healthpeak OP to continue to pay any dividends we might declare on shares of our common stock. We also rely on distributions from Healthpeak OP to meet any of our obligations, including any tax liability on taxable income allocated to us from Healthpeak OP. In addition, because we are a holding company, stockholder claims will be structurally subordinated to all existing and future liabilities and obligations (whether or not for borrowed money) of Healthpeak OP and its subsidiaries. Therefore, in the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation, or reorganization, our assets and those of Healthpeak OP and its subsidiaries will be available to satisfy the claims of our stockholders only after all of our and Healthpeak OP’s and its subsidiaries’ liabilities and obligations have been paid in full.
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Risks Relating to the Mergers
An adverse outcome in any litigation or other legal proceedings relating to the Merger Agreement, or the transactions contemplated thereby, could have a material adverse impact on our business and our ability to consummate the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement.
On October 29, 2023, the Company and Physicians Realty Trust entered into the Merger Agreement with DOC DR Holdco, LLC (formerly known as Alpine Sub, LLC), a Maryland limited liability company and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“DOC DR Holdco”), DOC DR, LLC (formerly known as Alpine OP Sub, LLC), a Maryland limited liability company and a wholly owned subsidiary of Healthpeak OP (“DOC DR OP Sub”), and Physicians Realty L.P. (the “Physicians Partnership”). The Merger Agreement provides for (a) the merger of Physicians Realty Trust with and into DOC DR Holdco (the “Company Merger”), with DOC DR Holdco surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Company Surviving Entity”); (b) immediately following the effectiveness of the Company Merger, the contribution by the Company to Healthpeak OP, a Maryland limited liability company, of all of the outstanding equity interests in the Company Surviving Entity (the “Contribution”); and (c) immediately following the Contribution, the merger of the Physicians Partnership with and into DOC DR OP Sub (the “Partnership Merger”), with DOC DR OP Sub surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of Healthpeak OP (the “Partnership Surviving Entity”).
Transactions like the Mergers are frequently the subject of litigation or other legal proceedings, including actions alleging that either our Board of Directors or Physicians Realty Trust’s board of trustees, as applicable, breached its respective duties to its stockholders or shareholders, respectively, or other equity holders by entering into the Merger Agreement; by failing to obtain a greater value in the transaction for the Company’s stockholders or Physicians Realty Trust’s shareholders or other equity holders; by failing to make adequate disclosures; or by otherwise failing to fulfill their fiduciary duties or statutory obligations. As discussed in Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, three purported stockholders of the Company and four purported shareholders of Physicians Realty Trust have filed (and additional shareholders or stockholders, as applicable, of Physicians Realty Trust and/or the Company may file) complaints relating to the Mergers, and Physicians Realty Trust has received correspondence from multiple purported shareholders of Physicians Realty Trust relating to the Mergers. With respect to such litigation, and if additional litigation or other legal proceedings are brought against us or against our Board of Directors in connection with the Merger Agreement, or the transactions contemplated thereby, we will defend against it, but we might not be successful in doing so. An adverse outcome in such matters, as well as the costs, time, and effort of a defense, even if successful, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to consummate the Mergers or on our business, results of operations, or financial position, including through the delay of the Mergers with consequent direct and indirect costs, the possible diversion of either company’s resources, or the distraction of key personnel.
The Exchange Ratio is fixed and will not be adjusted in the event of any change in the stock or share prices, respectively, of either us or Physicians Realty Trust.
As a result of the Mergers, and through a series of transactions, (i) each outstanding common share of Physicians Realty Trust (other than Physicians Realty Trust common shares to be canceled in accordance with the Merger Agreement) will be converted into the right to receive 0.674 shares of Company common stock (the “Merger Consideration”), without interest, plus cash in lieu of consideration for fractional shares, but subject to any withholding required under applicable tax laws, and (ii) each Partnership OP Unit (as defined in the Merger Agreement) will be converted into common units in the Partnership Surviving Entity equal to the 0.674 Exchange Ratio. The Exchange Ratio will not be adjusted for changes in the market prices of either shares of our common stock or Physicians Realty Trust’s common shares. Changes in the market price of Physicians Realty Trust common shares prior to the effective time of the Mergers will affect the market value of the Merger Consideration that Physicians Realty Trust shareholders will receive on the closing date of the Mergers. Share price changes may result from a variety of factors (many of which are beyond our or Physicians Realty Trust’s control), including the following factors:
•market reaction to the prospects of Healthpeak and its subsidiaries after the Company Merger (the “Combined Company”);
•changes in the respective businesses, operations, assets, liabilities, and prospects of the Company and Physicians Realty Trust;
•changes in market assessments of the business, operations, financial position, and prospects of any of the Company, Physicians Realty Trust, or the Combined Company;
•market assessments of the likelihood that the Mergers will be completed;
•interest rates, general market and economic conditions, and other factors generally affecting the market prices of our common stock and Physicians Realty Trust’s common shares;
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•federal, state and local legislation, governmental regulation, and legal developments in the businesses in which we and Physicians Realty Trust operate; and
•other factors beyond the control of the Company and Physicians Realty Trust, including those described or referred to in this “Risk Factors” section.
The market price of Company common stock at the closing of the Mergers may vary from its price on the date the Merger Agreement was executed, on the date of the joint proxy statement/prospectus, and on the date of our special meeting. As a result, the market value of the Merger Consideration represented by the Exchange Ratio will also vary.
If the market price of shares of Company common stock increases between the date the Merger Agreement was signed or the date of the special meeting and the closing of the Mergers, Physicians Realty Trust’s shareholders will receive shares of Company common stock that have a market value upon completion of the Company Merger that is greater than the market value of such shares calculated pursuant to the Exchange Ratio on the date the Merger Agreement was signed or on the date of the special meeting, respectively. Alternatively, if the market price of shares of Company common stock declines between the date the Merger Agreement was signed or the date of the special meeting and the closing of the Mergers, including for any of the reasons described above, Physicians Realty Trust’s shareholders will receive shares of Company common stock that have a market value upon completion of the Company Merger that is less than the market value of such shares calculated pursuant to the Exchange Ratio on the date the Merger Agreement was signed or on the date of the special meeting, respectively.
Our stockholders will be significantly diluted by the Mergers.
The Mergers will significantly dilute the ownership position of our stockholders. Upon completion of the Mergers, based on the number of shares of Company common stock and Physicians Realty Trust common shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023, it is estimated that legacy Company common stockholders will own approximately 77% of the common stock of the Combined Company, and legacy Physicians Realty Trust common shareholders will own approximately 23% of the common stock of the Combined Company. Additionally, because the Company will be issuing shares of Company common stock to certain holders of Partnership OP Unit in the Partnership Merger, each outstanding share of Company common stock after the completion of the Mergers will represent a smaller percentage of the voting power of the Company than if such shares of common stock had not been issued in the Partnership Merger. The Company may also issue additional shares of common stock or preferred stock in the future, which would create further dilution. Consequently, our stockholders, as a general matter, will have less influence over the management and policies of the Combined Company after the effective time of the Mergers than they currently exercise over the management and policies of the Company.
Risks Relating to the Combined Company Following the Mergers
The Combined Company expects to incur substantial expenses related to the Mergers.
The Combined Company expects to incur substantial expenses in connection with completing the Mergers and integrating the operations and systems of the Company with those of Physicians Realty Trust. While the Company has assumed that a certain level of expenses would be incurred, there are a number of factors beyond its control that could affect the total amount or the timing of the Combined Company’s expenses relating to the completion of the Mergers and the integration of the Combined Company’s operations. Many of the expenses that will be incurred, by their nature, are difficult to estimate accurately at the present time. As a result, the expenses associated with the Mergers could, particularly in the near term, reduce the savings that the Combined Company expects to achieve from the elimination of duplicative expenses and the realization of economies of scale and cost savings related to the integration of the operations of the Company and Physicians Realty Trust following the completion of the Mergers.
Following the Mergers, the Combined Company may be unable to integrate the operations of the Company and Physicians Realty Trust successfully and realize the anticipated synergies and other benefits of the Mergers or do so within the anticipated time frame.
The Mergers involve the combination of two companies that currently operate as independent public companies and their respective operating partnerships. The Combined Company is expected to benefit from the elimination of duplicative costs associated with supporting a public company platform and the leveraging of state-of-the-art technology and systems. However, the Combined Company will be required to devote significant management attention and resources to integrating the operations of the Company and Physicians Realty Trust. Potential difficulties the Combined Company may encounter in the integration process include the following:
•the inability to successfully combine the operations of the Company and Physicians Realty Trust, including the integration of employees, customer records and maintaining cybersecurity protections, in a manner that permits the Combined Company to achieve the cost savings anticipated to result from the Mergers, which would result in the anticipated benefits of the Mergers not being realized in the time frame currently anticipated or at all;
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•the inability to dispose of assets or operations that the Combined Company desires to dispose of;
•the complexities associated with managing the combined businesses out of different locations and integrating personnel from the two companies;
•the failure to retain key employees of either of the two companies;
•potential unknown liabilities and unforeseen increased expenses, delays, or regulatory conditions associated with the Mergers; and
•performance shortfalls as a result of the diversion of management’s attention caused by completing the Mergers and integrating the companies’ operations.
For all these reasons, it is possible that the integration process could result in the distraction of the Combined Company’s management, the disruption of the Combined Company’s ongoing business, or inconsistencies in the Combined Company’s operations, services, standards, controls, procedures, and policies, any of which could adversely affect the ability of the Combined Company to maintain relationships with tenants, property managers, and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits of the Mergers, or could otherwise adversely affect the business and financial results of the Combined Company.
Following the Mergers and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the Combined Company may be unable to retain key employees.
The success of the Combined Company will depend in part upon its ability to retain key Company and Physicians Realty Trust employees. Key employees may depart either before or after the Mergers because of issues relating to the uncertainty and difficulty of integration or separation, a desire not to remain with the Combined Company following the Mergers, or due to compensation arrangements that differ from Physicians Realty Trust employees’ current compensation arrangements with Physicians Realty Trust. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the Company, Physicians Realty Trust or, following the Mergers and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the Combined Company will be able to retain key employees to the same extent as in the past.
The Mergers will result in changes to the board of directors of the Combined Company that may affect the strategy of the Combined Company as compared to that of the Company and Physicians Realty Trust individually.
Following the Mergers, the composition of the board of directors of the Combined Company will change from the current boards of the Company and Physicians Realty Trust individually. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, at the date and time the Company Merger becomes effective (the “Company Merger Effective Time”), John T. Thomas, Physicians Realty Trust’s President and Chief Executive Officer, will be appointed to, and become the Vice Chair of, the Combined Company’s board of directors and will have an active role in the Combined Company’s strategy, relationships and business development. In addition, at the Company Merger Effective Time, Governor Tommy G. Thompson, Physicians Realty Trust’s Chair of the board of trustees, and Pamela J. Kessler, Ava E. Lias-Booker and Richard A. Weiss will also be appointed to the Combined Company’s board of directors. Following the consummation of the Mergers, pursuant to an amendment to our Bylaws, our Board of Directors is expected to be increased to 13 members, with Katherine M. Sandstrom continuing as the Chair of our Board of Directors and all then-current directors of our Board of Directors continuing as members. The senior management team of the Combined Company will be comprised primarily of the current senior management team of the Company.
This new composition of the board of directors, together with the management team, of the Combined Company may affect the business strategy and operating decisions of the Combined Company upon the completion of the Mergers.
The future results of the Combined Company will suffer if the Combined Company does not effectively manage its operations following the Mergers and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement.
Following the Mergers, the Combined Company may continue to expand or materially alter its operations through additional acquisitions, development opportunities, dispositions, joint ventures, and other strategic or tactical transactions, some of which involve complex challenges. The future success of the Combined Company will depend, in part, upon the ability of the Combined Company to manage its expansion opportunities and operational changes, which pose substantial challenges for the Combined Company to execute in an efficient and timely manner, to successfully monitor its operations, costs, regulatory compliance and service quality, and to maintain other necessary internal controls. No assurance can be given that the Combined Company’s expansion, acquisition, disposition, or operational opportunities will be successful, or that it will realize its expected operating efficiencies, cost savings, revenue enhancements, synergies, or other benefits.
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The trading price of shares of the Combined Company common stock following the Mergers may be affected by factors different from those affecting the price of shares of our common stock before the Mergers.
The results of operations of the Combined Company, as well as the trading price of the Combined Company common stock, after the Mergers may be affected by factors different from those currently affecting our results of operations or the trading prices of our common stock. These different factors include:
•a greater number of shares of the Combined Company common stock outstanding, as compared to the number of shares of our common stock currently outstanding;
•different stockholders in the Combined Company;
•the Combined Company managing a different portfolio of assets, including owning new assets and/or a different mix or concentration of assets; and
•the Combined Company’s combined debt profile and capitalization.
Accordingly, the historical trading prices and financial results of the Company and Physicians Realty Trust may not be indicative of these matters for the Combined Company after the Mergers.
Counterparties to certain significant agreements with Physicians Realty Trust may exercise contractual rights under such agreements in connection with the Mergers, including in certain cases the right to acquire properties owned by Physicians Realty Trust.
Physicians Realty Trust is party to certain agreements that give the counterparty certain rights following a change of control or similar event, including in some cases the right to terminate the agreement. Under some such agreements, the Mergers may constitute a change of control or cause certain other triggering events and therefore the counterparty may exercise certain rights under its agreement with Physicians Realty Trust upon the closing of the Mergers, which may include termination rights, consent or notice obligations, fees or penalties, pre-payment obligations, and/or rights of first refusal, or similar arrangements pursuant to debt arrangements, leases, management and servicing contracts, and other arrangements. Specifically, Physicians Realty Trust is party to certain ground leases with certain hospitals, health systems or other ground lessors, whereby such hospitals, health systems or other ground lessors could exercise purchase rights and rights of first offer and first refusal with respect to sales of the property subject to such ground leases. Any such counterparty may request modifications of its agreement as a condition to granting a waiver or consent under its agreement, it may exercise or seek to exercise its rights triggered by such event, including to terminate or seek to terminate its agreement with Physicians Realty Trust as a result of such change of control (if permitted to do so by the applicable agreement). There is no assurance that such counterparties will grant their consent to the Mergers under such agreements, that such counterparties will elect not to exercise their rights under such agreements, including termination rights where available, that the exercise of any such rights will not result in a material adverse effect, or that any modifications of such agreements will not result in a material adverse effect.
The Combined Company’s anticipated level of indebtedness will increase upon completion of the Mergers and may increase the related risks Healthpeak currently faces.
Upon completion of the Mergers, the Combined Company intends to assume and/or refinance certain indebtedness of Physicians Realty Trust and the Physicians Partnership and, assuming that occurs, the Combined Company’s consolidated indebtedness will increase substantially and it will be subject to increased risks associated with debt financing, including an increased risk that the Combined Company’s cash flow could be insufficient to meet required payments on its debt securities or other indebtedness or to pay dividends on its common stock or any preferred stock it may issue.
The Combined Company’s increased indebtedness could have important consequences to holders of its common stock and its debt securities including:
•increasing the Combined Company’s vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;
•limiting the Combined Company’s ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate requirements;
•requiring the use of a substantial portion of the Combined Company’s cash flow from operations for the payment of principal and interest on its indebtedness, thereby reducing its ability to use its cash flow to fund working capital, acquisitions, capital expenditures, and general corporate requirements;
•limiting the Combined Company’s flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in its business and its industry; and
•putting the Combined Company at a disadvantage compared to its competitors with less indebtedness.
If the Combined Company defaults under a debt instrument, it will be in default under any other debt instrument that has cross-default provisions, the holders of all such indebtedness may be entitled to demand its immediate repayment and, in the case of secured indebtedness, the Combined Company may lose any property securing that indebtedness.
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Risks Relating to the Status of Physicians Realty Trust as a REIT
We may incur adverse tax consequences if Physicians Realty Trust has failed to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
The closing of the Mergers is conditioned on the receipt by the Company of an opinion of Physicians Realty Trust’s counsel to the effect that, commencing with Physicians Realty Trust’s taxable year ended December 31, 2015 and through the Company Merger Effective Time, Physicians Realty Trust has been organized and has operated in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code. The foregoing REIT opinion, however, is limited to the factual representations provided by Physicians Realty Trust to its counsel and the assumptions set forth therein, and is not a guarantee that Physicians Realty Trust has, in fact, qualified as a REIT. Moreover, such opinion is not binding on the IRS, and neither the Company nor Physicians Realty Trust has requested or plans to request a ruling from the IRS that Physicians Realty Trust qualifies as a REIT. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations. The complexity of these provisions and of the applicable regulations (as in effect from time to time) of the U.S. Department of the Treasury under the Code is greater in the case of a REIT, like Physicians Realty Trust, that holds assets through a partnership.
If Physicians Realty Trust is determined to have lost its REIT status for a taxable year ending on or before the Company Merger, Physicians Realty Trust would be subject to adverse tax consequences similar to those described above in “Risks Related to Tax, Including REIT-Related Risks, and Related to Our Jurisdiction of Incorporation and Our Structure as an UPREIT—Loss of our tax status as a REIT would substantially reduce our available funds and would have materially adverse consequences for us and the value of our common stock” with respect to the failure of the Company to maintain its REIT status. This could substantially reduce the Combined Company’s cash available for distribution, including cash available to pay dividends to its stockholders, because, assuming that the Combined Company otherwise maintains its REIT qualification:
•the Combined Company generally would be subject to corporate level federal income tax with respect to the built-in gain on each asset of Physicians Realty Trust existing at the time of the Company Merger if the Combined Company were to dispose of Physicians Realty Trust assets during the five-year period following the Company Merger, and may also be subject to corporate level state income tax on such built-in gains if the assets are disposed of during the applicable period prescribed by state law;
•the Combined Company would succeed to any earnings and profits accumulated by Physicians Realty Trust for taxable periods that it did not qualify as a REIT, and the Combined Company would have to pay a special dividend and/or employ applicable deficiency dividend procedures (including interest payments to the IRS) to eliminate such earnings and profits (or if the Combined Company does not timely distribute those earnings and profits, the Combined Company could fail to qualify as a REIT); and
•if Physicians Realty Trust incurred any unpaid tax liabilities prior to the Company Merger, those tax liabilities would be transferred to the Combined Company as a result of the Company Merger.
If there is an adjustment to Physicians Realty Trust’s taxable income or dividends paid deductions, the Combined Company could elect to use the deficiency dividend procedure in order to maintain Physicians Realty Trust’s REIT status. That deficiency dividend procedure could require the Combined Company to make significant distributions to its stockholders and to pay significant interest to the IRS.
As a result of all these factors, Physicians Realty Trust’s failure to qualify as a REIT could impair the Combined Company’s ability to expand its business and raise capital, and would materially adversely affect the value of its capital stock.
Risks Relating to an Investment in the Combined Company’s Common Stock following the Mergers and the Transactions Contemplated by the Merger Agreement
The market price of shares of the Combined Company common stock may decline as a result of the Mergers and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement.
The market price of shares of the Combined Company common stock may decline as a result of the Mergers and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement if, among other things, the Combined Company does not achieve the perceived benefits of the Mergers as rapidly or to the extent anticipated by financial or industry analysts, or the effect of the Mergers on the Combined Company’s results of operations or financial condition is not consistent with the expectations of financial or industry analysts or stockholders more generally.
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In addition, upon consummation of the Mergers and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, Company stockholders and Physicians Realty Trust shareholders will own interests in the Combined Company, which will operate an expanded business with a different mix of properties, risks and liabilities. Current stockholders of the Company and shareholders of Physicians Realty Trust may not wish to continue to invest in the Combined Company, or may wish to dispose of some or all of their shares of the Combined Company common stock. If, following the Company Merger Effective Time or while the Mergers are pending, large amounts of the Combined Company common stock or Company common stock, as applicable, are sold, the market price of the Combined Company common stock or Company common stock, as applicable, could decline, perhaps substantially.
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ITEM 1B.    Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
ITEM 1C.    Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
In our business operations, we use information technology, enterprise applications, communications tools, cloud network solutions, and related systems to manage our operations, including to manage our building systems, tenant and vendor relationships, accounting and recordkeeping, and communications, among other aspects of our business.
We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect our properties, confidential and proprietary data, and information technology and systems, from cybersecurity threats, including unauthorized access or attack. We leverage the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) Cybersecurity Framework as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to the business. This does not imply that we meet any particular technical standards, specifications, or requirements.
Our processes for assessing, identifying, and managing risks from cybersecurity threats, including operational risks, financial reporting risks, reputational risks, personal data theft, fraud, and other potential risks, are integrated into our overall enterprise risk management process, and share common methodologies, reporting channels, and governance processes that apply across the enterprise risk management process to other legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk areas.
Our cybersecurity risk management program includes the following:
•a multidisciplinary team comprised of personnel from information technology (“IT”), internal audit, accounting, and legal, as well as third-party cybersecurity experts principally responsible for directing (i) our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (ii) our security processes, and (iii) our response to cybersecurity incidents;
•risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, services, and our broader enterprise IT environment;
•internal and third-party security tools to monitor our systems, identify cybersecurity risks, and test our IT environment;
•the use of third-party cybersecurity experts, where appropriate, to assess, test or otherwise assist with aspects of our security processes;
•a cybersecurity incident response plan and business continuity plan;
•cybersecurity training for employees and key business partners with access to our systems;
•a third-party cybersecurity risk management process for service providers and vendors who access our systems;
•requiring employees, as well as third parties who have access to our systems, to treat confidential and private information and data with care, including performing controls relating to such data; and
•cybersecurity risk insurance.
We also seek to engage reputable service providers that maintain cybersecurity programs or controls.
We have not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats within the prior fiscal year, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incident, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. Please refer to “Item 1A, Risk Factors” in this report for additional information about certain ongoing risks related to our information technology that, if realized, are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.
Cybersecurity Governance
Cybersecurity is an important part of our overall risk management processes and an area of focus for our Board of Directors and management.
The Board, in coordination with the Audit Committee, oversees the Company’s enterprise risk management process, including the management of material risks arising from cybersecurity threats. The Audit Committee regularly receives updates from management and third-party cybersecurity experts about major cybersecurity risks, their potential impact on our business operations, and management’s processes to identify, monitor, and mitigate such risks, including, as relevant, the results of assessments or audits of our processes. The Audit Committee periodically provides updates on these matters to the Board of Directors.
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Our enterprise risk team consists of cross-functional professionals who collaborate with subject matter specialists, as necessary, including an independent third-party expert we have retained to functionally serve as a virtual chief information security officer (“CISO”), to identify and assess material risks from cybersecurity threats, their severity, and potential mitigation steps. The CISO is primarily responsible for leading our cybersecurity risk assessment and management processes. This expert has experience having served as the chief information security officer for an international commercial real estate services company and currently serves as chief executive officer of a cybersecurity firm focused on commercial real estate. He is supported by an internal cross-functional management team of IT and internal audit personnel who regularly review and assess cybersecurity initiatives, including our incident response plan, as well as cybersecurity compliance, training and risk management efforts.
ITEM 2.    Properties
Our strategy is to invest in and manage real estate focused on healthcare discovery and delivery. In evaluating potential investments, we consider a multitude of factors, including:
•location, construction quality, age, condition, and design of the property;
•geographic area, proximity to other healthcare facilities, type of property, and demographic profile, including new competitive supply;
•whether the expected risk-adjusted return exceeds the incremental cost of capital;
•whether the rent or operating income provides a competitive market return to our investors;
•duration, rental rates, tenant and operator quality, and other attributes of in-place leases, including master lease structures and coverage;
•current and anticipated cash flow and its adequacy to meet our operational needs;
•availability of security such as letters of credit, security deposits, and guarantees;
•potential for capital appreciation;
•expertise and reputation of the tenant or operator;
•occupancy and demand for similar healthcare facilities in the same or nearby communities;
•availability of qualified operators or property managers and whether we can manage the property;
•potential for environmentally sustainable and/or resilient features of the property;
•potential alternative uses of the facilities;
•the regulatory and reimbursement environment in which the properties operate;
•tax laws related to REITs;
•prospects for liquidity through financing or refinancing; and
•our access to and cost of capital.
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Properties
The following table summarizes our consolidated property investments as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 (square feet and dollars in thousands):
Facility LocationNumber of
Facilities
Capacity(1)
Gross Asset
Value(2)
Real Estate
Revenues(3)
Operating
Expenses(4)
Lab:(Sq. Ft.)
California115 8,094 $5,869,665 $629,657 $(157,795)
Massachusetts19 2,613 2,795,913 240,029 (70,259)
Other (1 State)4 240 54,236 8,640 (1,576)
Total lab138 10,947 $8,719,814 $878,326 $(229,630)
Outpatient medical:(Sq. Ft.)
Texas75 7,638 $1,549,757 $220,805 $(75,159)
Pennsylvania4 1,270 367,434 34,321 (15,603)
Colorado19 1,311 362,822 47,697 (18,366)
California15 862 355,026 40,057 (17,206)
South Carolina18 1,105 340,073 27,851 (5,315)
Florida25 1,438 309,246 41,609 (14,994)
Other (29 States)139 9,977 2,586,334 341,139 (116,489)
Total outpatient medical295 23,601 $5,870,692 $753,479 $(263,132)
CCRC:(Units)
Florida9 4,783 $1,398,609 $343,971 $(275,781)
Other (5 States)6 2,314 631,199 183,630 (137,691)
Total CCRC15 7,097 $2,029,808 $527,601 $(413,472)
Total properties448 $16,620,314 $2,159,406 $(906,234)
_______________________________________
(1)Excludes capacity associated with developments.
(2)Represents gross real estate which includes the carrying amount of real estate after adding back accumulated depreciation and amortization. Excludes gross real estate of $123 million related to two lab buildings and one outpatient medical building classified as held for sale.
(3)Represents the combined amount of rental and related revenues, resident fees and services, and government grant income.
(4)Excludes operating expenses related to corporate non-segment assets (see Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
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Occupancy and Annual Rent Trends
The following table summarizes occupancy and average annual rent trends for our consolidated property and investments held under a direct financing lease (“DFL”) for the years ended December 31 (average occupied square feet in thousands):
202320222021
Lab:
Average occupancy percentage98 %98 %97 %
Average annual rent per square foot(1)
$82 $71 $66 
Average occupied square feet10,334 10,610 10,143 
Outpatient medical(2):
Average occupancy percentage90 %90 %90 %
Average annual rent per square foot(1)
$35 $33 $31 
Average occupied square feet21,337 21,472 21,046 
CCRC:
Average occupancy percentage84 %82 %79 %
Average annual rent per occupied unit(3)
$88,524 $84,664 $80,391 
Average occupied units5,960 5,926 5,881 
_______________________________________
(1)Presented as a ratio of revenues comprised of rental and related revenues and income from DFLs divided by average occupied square feet and annualized for acquisitions for the year in which they occurred. Average annual rent excludes termination fees and non-cash revenue adjustments (i.e., straight-line rents, amortization of market lease intangibles, and DFL non-cash interest).
(2)During the first quarter of 2022, we sold our remaining hospital under a DFL.
(3)Presented as a ratio of revenues comprised of resident fees and services and government grant income divided by average occupied units of the facilities. Average annual rent excludes termination fees and non-cash revenue adjustments (i.e., the impact of deferred community fee income).
Tenant Lease Expirations
The following table shows tenant lease expirations for the next 10 years and thereafter at our consolidated properties, assuming that none of the tenants exercise any of their renewal or purchase options, and excludes properties in our CCRC segment and assets held for sale as of December 31, 2023 (dollars and square feet in thousands):
Expiration Year
SegmentTotal
2024(1)
202520262027202820292030203120322033Thereafter
Lab:
Square feet10,303 537 1,065 618 1,407 681 806 1,334 1,393 866 531 1,065 
Base rent(2)
$608,770 $36,709 $50,557 $30,694 $66,918 $36,728 $50,104 $94,051 $84,727 $55,504 $36,642 $66,136 
% of segment base rent100 6 8 5 11 6 8 16 14 9 6 11 
Outpatient medical:
Square feet21,414 2,848 2,830 2,049 1,870 2,539 1,419 1,310 1,637 1,357 918 2,637 
Base rent(2)
$546,589 $85,359 $68,994 $57,376 $51,438 $56,996 $38,197 $36,069 $40,803 $28,096 $27,376 $55,885 
% of segment base rent100 16 13 11 9 10 7 7 7 5 5 10 
Total:
Base rent(2)
$1,155,359 $122,068 $119,551 $88,070 $118,356 $93,724 $88,301 $130,120 $125,530 $83,600 $64,018 $122,021 
% of total base rent10011 10 8 10 8 8 11 11 7 5 11 
_______________________________________
(1)Includes month-to-month leases.
(2)The most recent month’s (or subsequent month’s, if acquired in the most recent month) base rent, including additional rent floors, annualized for 12 months. Base rent does not include tenant recoveries, additional rents in excess of floors, and non-cash revenue adjustments (i.e., straight-line rents, amortization of market lease intangibles, and deferred revenues).
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ITEM 3.    Legal Proceedings
See the “Legal Proceedings” section of Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding legal proceedings, which information is incorporated by reference in this Item 3.
ITEM 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures
None.
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PART II
ITEM 5.    Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “PEAK.”
As of February 5, 2024, we had 6,797 stockholders of record, and there were 283,417 beneficial holders of our common stock.
Dividends (Distributions)
It has been our policy to declare quarterly dividends to common stockholders so as to comply with applicable provisions of the Code governing REITs. All distributions are made at the discretion of our Board of Directors in accordance with Maryland law. Distributions with respect to our common stock can be characterized for federal income tax purposes as ordinary dividends, capital gains, nondividend distributions, or a combination thereof. The following table shows the characterization of our annual common stock distributions per share:
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Ordinary dividends(1)
$0.909692 $0.872948 $0.152336 
Capital gains(2)(3)
0.116992 0.183208 0.379960 
Nondividend distributions0.173316 0.143844 0.667704 
$1.200000 $1.200000 $1.200000 
______________________________________
(1)For the year ended December 31, 2023, the amount includes $0.882312 of ordinary dividends qualified as business income for purposes of Code Section 199A and $0.027380 of qualified dividend income for purposes of Code Section 1(h)(11). For the year ended December 31, 2022, all $0.872948 of ordinary dividends qualified as business income for purposes of Code Section 199A. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the amount includes $0.137064 of ordinary dividends qualified as business income for purposes of Code Section 199A and $0.015272 of qualified dividend income for purposes of Code Section 1(h)(11).
(2)For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the amount includes $0.036256, $0.017760, and $0.379960, respectively, of unrecaptured Code Section 1250 gain. Pursuant to Treasury Regulation Section 1.1061-6(c), we are disclosing additional information related to the capital gain dividends for purposes of Section 1061 of the Code. Code Section 1061 is generally applicable to direct and indirect holders of “applicable partnership interests.” For the year ended December 31, 2023, the “One Year Amounts” and “Three Year Amounts” are each zero, since all capital gains relate to Code Section 1231 gains. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the “One Year Amounts” and “Three Year Amounts” are each 89.6708% of the total capital gain distributions and the remaining capital gain distributions are attributable to Code Section 1231 gains, which are not subject to Code Section 1061. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the “One Year Amounts” and “Three Year Amounts” are each zero, since all capital gains relate to Code Section 1231 gains.
(3)For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, 100%, 10.3292%, and 100%, respectively, of the capital gain distributions represent gains from dispositions of U.S. real property interests pursuant to Code Section 897 for foreign shareholders.
On January 31, 2024, we announced that our Board of Directors declared a quarterly common stock cash dividend of $0.30 per share. The common stock dividend will be paid on February 26, 2024 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 14, 2024.
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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table sets forth information with respect to purchases of our common stock made by or on our behalf during the three months ended December 31, 2023.
Period Covered
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased
Average Price
Paid per Share
Total Number of Shares
Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs(1)
Maximum Number (or
Approximate Dollar Value)
of Shares that May Yet
be Purchased Under
the Plans or Programs(1)
October 1-31, 2023— $— — $444,018,701 
November 1-30, 2023— — — 444,018,701 
December 1-31, 2023— — — 444,018,701 
— $— — $444,018,701 
_______________________________________
(1)On August 1, 2022, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program under which we may acquire shares of our common stock in the open market up to an aggregate purchase price of $500 million (the “Share Repurchase Program”). Purchases of common stock under the Share Repurchase Program may be exercised at our discretion with the timing and number of shares repurchased depending on a variety of factors, including price, corporate and regulatory requirements, and other corporate liquidity requirements and priorities. The Share Repurchase Program expires in August 2024 and may be suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased 2.1 million shares of our common stock at a weighted average price of $27.16 per share. During the year ended December 31, 2023, there were no repurchases; therefore, at December 31, 2023, $444 million of our common stock remained available for repurchase under the Share Repurchase Program. Amounts do not include the shares of our common stock withheld under our equity incentive plans to offset tax withholding obligations as discussed in footnote 1.
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Performance Graph
The graph and table below compare the cumulative total return of Healthpeak, the S&P 500 Index, and the Equity REIT Index of Nareit, from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2023. Total cumulative return is based on a $100 investment in Healthpeak common stock and in each of the indices at the close of trading on December 31, 2018 and assumes quarterly reinvestment of dividends before consideration of income taxes. Stockholder returns over the indicated periods should not be considered indicative of future stock prices or stockholder returns.
COMPARISON OF FIVE-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN
AMONG S&P 500, EQUITY REITS AND HEALTHPEAK PROPERTIES, INC.
RATE OF RETURN TREND COMPARISON
JANUARY 1, 2019–DECEMBER 31, 2023
(JANUARY 1, 2019 = $100)
Performance Graph Total Stockholder Return

5043
December 31,
20192020202120222023
FTSE Nareit Equity REIT Index$128.66 $122.07 $172.49 $129.45 $144.16 
S&P 500131.47 155.65 200.29 163.98 207.04 
Healthpeak Properties, Inc. 129.11 119.21 147.52 106.94 89.40 
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ITEM 6.    [Reserved]
ITEM 7.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The information set forth in this Item 7 is intended to provide readers with an understanding of our financial condition, changes in financial condition, and results of operations. This section generally discusses the results of our operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, please refer to Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on February 8, 2023.
We will discuss and provide our analysis in the following order:
•Market Trends and Uncertainties
•Company Highlights
•Dividends
•Results of Operations
•Liquidity and Capital Resources
•Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliations
•Critical Accounting Estimates
•Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Market Trends and Uncertainties
Our operating results have been and will continue to be impacted by global and national economic and market conditions generally and by the local economic conditions where our properties are located.
Rising interest rates, high inflation, supply chain disruptions, ongoing geopolitical tensions, and increased volatility in public and private equity and fixed income markets have led to increased costs and limited the availability of capital. In addition, increased interest rates have negatively affected our borrowing costs, the fair value of our fixed rate instruments. and real estate values generally, including our real estate.
Our tenants and operators have also experienced increased costs, liquidity constraints, and financing difficulties due to the foregoing macroeconomic and market conditions, which could cause them to be unable or unwilling to make payments or perform their obligations when due.
We have also been affected by significant inflation in construction costs over the past few years, which, together with rising costs of capital, have negatively affected the expected yields on our development and redevelopment projects.
We continuously monitor the effects of domestic and global events, including but not limited to inflation, labor shortages, supply chain matters, rising interest rates, and challenges in the financial markets, on our operations and financial position, as well as on the operations and financial position of our tenants, operators, and borrowers, to ensure that we remain responsive and adaptable to the dynamic changes in our operating environment.
See “Item 1A, Risk Factors” in this report for additional discussion of the risks posed by macroeconomic conditions, as well as the uncertainties we and our tenants, operators, and borrowers may face as a result.
Company Highlights
As of February 10, 2023, we are structured as an UPREIT. This structure provides prospective sellers an alternative for disposing of property that has appreciated in value in a tax-deferred manner to Healthpeak OP and aligns our corporate structure with other publicly traded U.S. real estate investment trusts. Following the Reorganization, Healthpeak OP is the borrower under, and we are the guarantor of, all of the unsecured debt, which includes the Revolving Facility, Term Loan Facilities (each as defined below), commercial paper program, and senior unsecured notes. Our guarantee of the senior unsecured notes is full and unconditional and applicable to existing and future senior unsecured notes. The Reorganization did not have a material impact on our financial position, consolidated financial statements, outstanding debt securities, material debt facilities, or business operations.
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On October 29, 2023, we entered into a Merger Agreement with Physicians Realty Trust, the Physicians Partnership, and certain of our subsidiaries, pursuant to which, among other things, and through a series of transactions (the “Mergers”), (i) each outstanding common share of Physicians Realty Trust (other than Physicians Realty Trust common shares to be canceled in accordance with the Merger Agreement) will be converted into the right to receive 0.674 (the “Exchange Ratio”) shares of our common stock, and (ii) each outstanding common unit of the Physicians Partnership will be converted into common units in the successor entity to the Physicians Partnership equal to the Exchange Ratio. In connection with the Mergers, we filed a Registration Statement on Form S-4 with the SEC on December 15, 2023, as amended on January 9, 2024, and a definitive joint proxy statement/prospectus for the Company and Physicians Realty Trust on January 11, 2024 in connection with our respective special meetings of stockholders and shareholders, as applicable, which will be held on February 21, 2024. We expect the Mergers to close on March 1, 2024. Following the transactions contemplated in the Merger Agreement, the successor entities to Physicians Realty Trust and the Physicians Partnership will be direct and indirect subsidiaries of Healthpeak OP, respectively. Consummation of the Mergers are subject to the satisfaction or waiver of customary closing conditions, including the approval of our stockholders and the shareholders of Physicians Realty Trust.
Real Estate Transactions
•In January 2023, we sold two lab buildings in Durham, North Carolina for $113 million.
•In January 2023, we acquired a lab land parcel in Cambridge, Massachusetts for $9 million.
•In March 2023, we sold two outpatient medical buildings for $32 million.
•In April 2023, we acquired the remaining 80% interest in one of the outpatient medical buildings in the Ventures IV unconsolidated joint venture for $4 million.
•In January 2024, we sold a 65% interest in two lab buildings in San Diego, California to a third-party for net proceeds of $128 million.
Development and Redevelopment Activities
•During the year ended December 31, 2023, the following projects were placed in service: (i) portions of two lab development projects with aggregate costs of $233 million, (ii) one lab development project with total costs of $171 million, (iii) a portion of one lab redevelopment project with total costs of $43 million, (iv) four outpatient medical redevelopment projects with aggregate costs of $42 million, (v) a portion of one lab redevelopment building held in one of our unconsolidated South San Francisco JVs of which our share of total project costs was $32 million, (vi) one lab redevelopment building held in one of our unconsolidated South San Francisco JVs of which our share of total project costs was $15 million, (vii) one lab redevelopment project with total costs of $14 million, and (viii) one CCRC redevelopment project with total costs of $7 million.
Financing Activities
•In January 2023, we completed a public offering of $400 million aggregate principal amount of 5.25% senior unsecured notes due 2032.
•In May 2023, we completed a public offering of $350 million aggregate principal amount of 5.25% senior unsecured notes due 2032, which constituted an additional issuance of, and are treated as a single series with, the $400 million of senior unsecured notes due 2032 issued in January 2023.
•In December 2023, a mortgage loan secured by one CCRC with a principal balance of $85 million matured and was repaid.
•We have secured commitments for a $750 million five-year unsecured term loan (the “2024 Term Loan”), to be incurred as an incremental facility under our existing term loan agreement. In January 2024, we entered into forward-starting interest rate swap instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges that will effectively establish a fixed interest rate for the 2024 Term Loan at a blended contractual rate of 4.5%.
Other Activities
•In February 2023, we received a partial principal repayment of $102 million on one secured loan.
•In February 2023, we received full repayment of the outstanding balance of one $35 million secured loan.
•In April 2023, we received full repayment of the outstanding balance of one $14 million secured loan.
•In May 2023, we received full repayment of two outstanding secured loans with an aggregate balance of $12 million.
•In October 2023, we received full repayment of the outstanding balance of one $21 million secured loan.
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Dividends
Quarterly cash dividends paid during 2023 aggregated to $1.20 per share. On January 31, 2024, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.30 per common share. The dividend will be paid on February 26, 2024 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 14, 2024.
Results of Operations
We evaluate our business and allocate resources among our reportable business segments: (i) lab, (ii) outpatient medical, and (iii) CCRC. Under the lab and outpatient medical segments, we invest through the acquisition, development, and management of lab buildings, outpatient medical buildings, and hospitals. Our CCRCs are operated through RIDEA structures. We have other non-reportable segments that are comprised primarily of: (i) an interest in our unconsolidated SWF SH JV and (ii) loans receivable. These non-reportable segments have been presented on an aggregate basis herein. We evaluate performance based upon property adjusted net operating income (“Adjusted NOI” or “Cash NOI”) in each segment. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Net Operating Income
NOI and Adjusted NOI are non-U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) supplemental financial measures used to evaluate the operating performance of real estate. NOI is defined as real estate revenues (inclusive of rental and related revenues, resident fees and services, income from direct financing leases, and government grant income and exclusive of interest income), less property level operating expenses; NOI excludes all other financial statement amounts included in net income (loss) as presented in Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Adjusted NOI is calculated as NOI after eliminating the effects of straight-line rents, DFL non-cash interest, amortization of market lease intangibles, termination fees, actuarial reserves for insurance claims that have been incurred but not reported, and the impact of deferred community fee income and expense. NOI and Adjusted NOI are calculated as NOI and Adjusted NOI from consolidated properties, plus our share of NOI and Adjusted NOI from unconsolidated joint ventures (calculated by applying our actual ownership percentage for the period), less noncontrolling interests’ share of NOI and Adjusted NOI from consolidated joint ventures (calculated by applying our actual ownership percentage for the period). Management utilizes its share of NOI and Adjusted NOI in assessing its performance as we have various joint ventures that contribute to its performance. We do not control our unconsolidated joint ventures, and our share of amounts from unconsolidated joint ventures do not represent our legal claim to such items. Our share of NOI and Adjusted NOI should not be considered a substitute for, and should only be considered together with and as a supplement to, our financial information presented in accordance with GAAP.
Adjusted NOI is oftentimes referred to as “Cash NOI.” Management believes NOI and Adjusted NOI are important supplemental measures because they provide relevant and useful information by reflecting only income and operating expense items that are incurred at the property level and present them on an unlevered basis. We use NOI and Adjusted NOI to make decisions about resource allocations, to assess and compare property level performance, and to evaluate our Same-Store (“SS”) performance, as described below. We believe that net income (loss) is the most directly comparable GAAP measure to NOI and Adjusted NOI. NOI and Adjusted NOI should not be viewed as alternative measures of operating performance to net income (loss) as defined by GAAP since they do not reflect various excluded items. Further, our definitions of NOI and Adjusted NOI may not be comparable to the definitions used by other REITs or real estate companies, as they may use different methodologies for calculating NOI and Adjusted NOI. For a reconciliation of NOI and Adjusted NOI to net income (loss) by segment, refer to Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Operating expenses generally relate to leased outpatient medical and lab buildings, as well as CCRC facilities. We generally recover all or a portion of our leased outpatient medical and lab property expenses through tenant recoveries. We present expenses as operating or general and administrative based on the underlying nature of the expense.
Same-Store
Same-Store NOI and Adjusted (Cash) NOI information allows us to evaluate the performance of our property portfolio under a consistent population by eliminating changes in the composition of our portfolio of properties, excluding properties within the other non-reportable segments. We include properties from our consolidated portfolio, as well as properties owned by our unconsolidated joint ventures in Same-Store NOI and Adjusted NOI (see NOI definition above for further discussion regarding our use of pro-rata share information and its limitations). Same-Store NOI and Adjusted NOI exclude government grant income under the CARES Act. Same-Store Adjusted NOI also excludes amortization of deferred revenue from tenant-funded improvements and certain non-property specific operating expenses that are allocated to each operating segment on a consolidated basis.
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Properties are included in Same-Store once they are stabilized for the full period in both comparison periods. Newly acquired operating assets are generally considered stabilized at the earlier of lease-up (typically when the tenant(s) control(s) the physical use of at least 80% of the space and rental payments have commenced) or 12 months from the acquisition date. Newly completed developments and redevelopments are considered stabilized at the earlier of lease-up or 24 months from the date the property is placed in service. Properties that experience a change in reporting structure are considered stabilized after 12 months in operations under a consistent reporting structure. A property is removed from Same-Store when it is classified as held for sale, sold, placed into redevelopment, experiences a casualty event that significantly impacts operations, a change in reporting structure or operator transition has been agreed to, or a significant tenant relocates from a Same-Store property to a non Same-Store property and that change results in a corresponding increase in revenue. We do not report Same-Store metrics for our other non-reportable segments. For a reconciliation of Same-Store to total portfolio Adjusted NOI and other relevant disclosures by segment, refer to our Segment Analysis below.
Funds From Operations (“FFO”)
FFO encompasses Nareit FFO and FFO as Adjusted, each of which is described in detail below. We believe FFO applicable to common shares, diluted FFO applicable to common shares, and diluted FFO per common share are important supplemental non-GAAP measures of operating performance for a REIT. Because the historical cost accounting convention used for real estate assets utilizes straight-line depreciation (except on land), such accounting presentation implies that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values instead have historically risen and fallen with market conditions, presentations of operating results for a REIT that use historical cost accounting for depreciation could be less informative. The term FFO was designed by the REIT industry to address this issue.
Nareit FFO. FFO, as defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”), is net income (loss) applicable to common shares (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains or losses from sales of depreciable property, including any current and deferred taxes directly associated with sales of depreciable property, impairments of, or related to, depreciable real estate, plus real estate and other real estate-related depreciation and amortization, and adjustments to compute our share of Nareit FFO and FFO as Adjusted (see below) from joint ventures. Adjustments for joint ventures are calculated to reflect our pro rata share of both our consolidated and unconsolidated joint ventures. We reflect our share of Nareit FFO for unconsolidated joint ventures by applying our actual ownership percentage for the period to the applicable reconciling items on an entity by entity basis. For consolidated joint ventures in which we do not own 100%, we reflect our share of the equity by adjusting our Nareit FFO to remove the third party ownership share of the applicable reconciling items based on actual ownership percentage for the applicable periods. Our pro rata share information is prepared on a basis consistent with the comparable consolidated amounts, is intended to reflect our proportionate economic interest in the operating results of properties in our portfolio and is calculated by applying our actual ownership percentage for the period. We do not control the unconsolidated joint ventures, and the pro rata presentations of reconciling items included in Nareit FFO do not represent our legal claim to such items. The joint venture members or partners are entitled to profit or loss allocations and distributions of cash flows according to the joint venture agreements, which provide for such allocations generally according to their invested capital.
The presentation of pro rata information has limitations, which include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) the amounts shown on the individual line items were derived by applying our overall economic ownership interest percentage determined when applying the equity method of accounting and do not necessarily represent our legal claim to the assets and liabilities, or the revenues and expenses and (ii) other companies in our industry may calculate their pro rata interest differently, limiting the usefulness as a comparative measure. Because of these limitations, the pro rata financial information should not be considered independently or as a substitute for our financial statements as reported under GAAP. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP financial statements, using the pro rata financial information as a supplement.
Nareit FFO does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, is not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs and should not be considered an alternative to net income (loss). We compute Nareit FFO in accordance with the current Nareit definition; however, other REITs may report Nareit FFO differently or have a different interpretation of the current Nareit definition from ours.
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FFO as Adjusted. In addition, we present Nareit FFO on an adjusted basis before the impact of non-comparable items including, but not limited to, transaction and merger-related items, other impairments (recoveries) and other losses (gains), restructuring and severance-related charges, prepayment costs (benefits) associated with early retirement or payment of debt, litigation costs (recoveries), casualty-related charges (recoveries), deferred tax asset valuation allowances, and changes in tax legislation (“FFO as Adjusted”). These adjustments are net of tax, when applicable. Transaction and merger-related items include transaction expenses and gains/charges incurred as a result of mergers and acquisitions and lease amendment or termination activities. Prepayment costs (benefits) associated with early retirement of debt include the write-off of unamortized deferred financing fees, or additional costs, expenses, discounts, make-whole payments, penalties or premiums incurred as a result of early retirement or payment of debt. Other impairments (recoveries) and other losses (gains) include interest income associated with early and partial repayments of loans receivable and other losses or gains associated with non-depreciable assets including goodwill, DFLs, undeveloped land parcels, and loans receivable. Management believes that FFO as Adjusted provides a meaningful supplemental measurement of our FFO run-rate and is frequently used by analysts, investors, and other interested parties in the evaluation of our performance as a REIT. At the same time that Nareit created and defined its FFO measure for the REIT industry, it also recognized that “management of each of its member companies has the responsibility and authority to publish financial information that it regards as useful to the financial community.” We believe stockholders, potential investors, and financial analysts who review our operating performance are best served by an FFO run-rate earnings measure that includes certain other adjustments to net income (loss), in addition to adjustments made to arrive at the Nareit defined measure of FFO. FFO as Adjusted is used by management in analyzing our business and the performance of our properties and we believe it is important that stockholders, potential investors, and financial analysts understand this measure used by management. We use FFO as Adjusted to: (i) evaluate our performance in comparison with expected results and results of previous periods, relative to resource allocation decisions, (ii) evaluate the performance of our management, (iii) budget and forecast future results to assist in the allocation of resources, (iv) assess our performance as compared with similar real estate companies and the industry in general, and (v) evaluate how a specific potential investment will impact our future results. Other REITs or real estate companies may use different methodologies for calculating an adjusted FFO measure, and accordingly, our FFO as Adjusted may not be comparable to those reported by other REITs. For a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Nareit FFO and FFO as Adjusted and other relevant disclosure, refer to “Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliations” below.
Adjusted FFO (“AFFO”). AFFO is defined as FFO as Adjusted after excluding the impact of the following: (i) stock-based compensation amortization expense, (ii) amortization of deferred financing costs, net, (iii) straight-line rents, (iv) deferred income taxes, (v) amortization of above (below) market lease intangibles, net, and (vi) other AFFO adjustments, which include: (a) non-cash interest related to DFLs and lease incentive amortization (reduction of straight-line rents), (b) actuarial reserves for insurance claims that have been incurred but not reported, and (c) amortization of deferred revenues, excluding amounts amortized into rental income that are associated with tenant funded improvements owned/recognized by us and up-front cash payments made by tenants to reduce their contractual rents. Also, AFFO is computed after deducting recurring capital expenditures, including second generation leasing costs and second generation tenant and capital improvements, and includes adjustments to compute our share of AFFO from our unconsolidated joint ventures. More specifically, recurring capital expenditures, including second generation leasing costs and second generation tenant and capital improvements (“AFFO capital expenditures”) excludes our share from unconsolidated joint ventures (reported in “other AFFO adjustments”). Adjustments for joint ventures are calculated to reflect our pro rata share of both our consolidated and unconsolidated joint ventures. We reflect our share of AFFO for unconsolidated joint ventures by applying our actual ownership percentage for the period to the applicable reconciling items on an entity by entity basis. We reflect our share for consolidated joint ventures in which we do not own 100% of the equity by adjusting our AFFO to remove the third party ownership share of the applicable reconciling items based on actual ownership percentage for the applicable periods (reported in “other AFFO adjustments”). See FFO for further disclosure regarding our use of pro rata share information and its limitations. We believe AFFO is an alternative run-rate earnings measure that improves the understanding of our operating results among investors and makes comparisons with: (i) expected results, (ii) results of previous periods, and (iii) results among REITs more meaningful. AFFO does not represent cash generated from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP and is not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs as it excludes the following items which generally flow through our cash flows from operating activities: (i) adjustments for changes in working capital or the actual timing of the payment of income or expense items that are accrued in the period, (ii) transaction-related costs, (iii) litigation settlement expenses, and (iv) restructuring and severance-related charges. Furthermore, AFFO is adjusted for recurring capital expenditures, which are generally not considered when determining cash flows from operations or liquidity. Other REITs or real estate companies may use different methodologies for calculating AFFO, and accordingly, our AFFO may not be comparable to those reported by other REITs. Management believes AFFO provides a meaningful supplemental measure of our performance and is frequently used by analysts, investors, and other interested parties in the evaluation of our performance as a REIT, and by presenting AFFO, we are assisting these parties in their evaluation. AFFO is a non-GAAP supplemental financial measure and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) determined in accordance with GAAP and should only be considered together with and as a supplement to our financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. For a reconciliation of net income (loss) to AFFO and other relevant disclosures, refer to “Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliations” below.
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Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2023 to the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Overview
2023 and 2022(1)
The following table summarizes results for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
20232022Change
Net income (loss) applicable to common shares$304,284 $497,792 $(193,508)
Nareit FFO985,180 895,166 90,014 
FFO as Adjusted978,306 940,933 37,373 
AFFO840,777 783,702 57,075 
_______________________________________
(1)For the reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measure Reconciliations” below.
Net income (loss) applicable to common shares decreased primarily as a result of the following:
•a gain upon change of control related to the sale of a 30% interest and deconsolidation of seven previously consolidated lab buildings in South San Francisco, California during the third quarter of 2022;
•an increase in depreciation, primarily as a result of development and redevelopment projects placed in service during 2022 and 2023;
•an increase in interest expense, primarily as a result of: (i) senior unsecured notes issued during the first half of 2023, (ii) borrowings under the Term Loan Facilities, which were drawn during the fourth quarter of 2022, and (iii) higher interest rates on the commercial paper program, partially offset by lower borrowings on the commercial paper program;
•a gain on sale associated with the disposition of a hospital under a DFL during the first quarter of 2022;
•an increase in transaction and merger-related costs, primarily as a result of costs related to the Mergers, which are primarily comprised of legal, accounting, tax, and other costs that were incurred during the fourth quarter of 2023; and
•a decrease in government grant income received under the CARES Act in 2023.
The decrease in net income (loss) applicable to common shares was partially offset by:
•an increase in NOI generated from our lab and outpatient medical segments related to: (i) development and redevelopment projects placed in service during 2022 and 2023, (ii) new leasing activity during 2022 and 2023 (including the impact to straight-line rents), and (iii) 2022 acquisitions of real estate;
•an increase in gains on sale of depreciable real estate related to lab and outpatient medical building sales during 2023 as compared to 2022;
•a decrease in general and administrative expenses, primarily as a result of: (i) severance-related charges associated with the departures of our former Chief Executive Officer and our former Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel in the fourth quarter of 2022 and (ii) charges incurred in connection with the downsizing of our corporate headquarters in Denver, Colorado in the fourth quarter of 2022;
•a decrease in depreciation related to the deconsolidation of seven previously consolidated lab buildings in South San Francisco, California during the third quarter of 2022;
•a decrease in other expenses for tenant relocation and other costs associated with the demolition of an outpatient medical building, which were incurred in the first quarter of 2022;
•an increase in income tax benefit primarily as a result of a $14 million tax benefit recognized in connection with the reversal of a deferred tax asset valuation allowance during the fourth quarter of 2023;
•a decrease in loan loss reserves primarily as a result of principal repayments on seller financing;
•an increase in equity income from unconsolidated joint ventures; and
•a decrease in casualty-related charges from a hurricane during the third quarter of 2022.
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Nareit FFO increased primarily as a result of the aforementioned events impacting net income (loss) applicable to common shares, except for the following, which are excluded from Nareit FFO:
•gain upon change of control;
•gain on sales of depreciable real estate; and
•depreciation and amortization expense.
FFO as Adjusted increased primarily as a result of the aforementioned events impacting Nareit FFO, except for the following, which are excluded from FFO as Adjusted:
•severance-related charges;
•gain on sale of a hospital under a DFL;
•reversal of a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets;
•expenses for tenant relocation and other costs associated with the demolition of an outpatient medical building;
•loan loss reserves;
•transaction and merger-related costs;
•casualty-related charges; and
•the charges incurred in connection with the downsizing of our corporate headquarters in Denver, Colorado.
AFFO increased primarily as a result of the aforementioned events impacting FFO as Adjusted, except for the impact of straight-line rents, which is excluded from AFFO and higher AFFO capital expenditures during the period.
Segment Analysis
The following tables provide selected operating information for our Same-Store and total property portfolio for each of our reportable segments. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our Same-Store consists of 403 properties representing properties acquired or placed in service and stabilized on or prior to January 1, 2022 and that remained in operations through December 31, 2023. Our total property portfolio consisted of 477 and 480 properties at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Included in our total property portfolio at each of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are 19 senior housing assets in our SWF SH JV.
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Lab
The following table summarizes results at and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars and square feet in thousands, except per square foot data):
SS
Total Portfolio(1)
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
20232022Change20232022Change
Rental and related revenues$663,859 $649,238 $14,621 $878,326 $817,573 $60,753 
Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture total revenues6,589 9,613 (3,024)9,924 9,921 3 
Noncontrolling interests’ share of consolidated joint venture total revenues(133)(129)(4)(619)(268)(351)
Operating expenses(182,602)(166,433)(16,169)(229,630)(209,143)(20,487)
Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture operating expenses(2,651)(2,305)(346)(4,092)(2,883)(1,209)
Noncontrolling interests’ share of consolidated joint venture operating expenses46 43 3 156 87 69 
Adjustments to NOI(2)
(23,979)(45,496)21,517 (36,524)(62,754)26,230 
Adjusted NOI$461,129 $444,531 $16,598 617,541 552,533 65,008 
Less: non-SS Adjusted NOI(156,412)(108,002)(48,410)
SS Adjusted NOI$461,129 $444,531 $16,598 
Adjusted NOI % change3.7 %
Property count(3)
116 116 146 149 
End of period occupancy(4)
96.5 %98.7 %96.9 %98.9 %
Average occupancy(4)
97.5 %98.5 %97.8 %98.7 %
Average occupied square feet8,786 8,856 10,524 10,727 
Average annual total revenues per occupied square foot(5)
$74 $69 $81 $72 
Average annual base rent per occupied square foot(6)
$56 $53 $63 $55 
_______________________________________
(1)Total Portfolio includes results of operations from disposed properties through the disposition date.
(2)Represents adjustments to NOI in accordance with our definition of Adjusted NOI. Refer to “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” above for the definitions of NOI and Adjusted NOI. See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of Adjusted NOI by segment to net income (loss).
(3)From our 2022 presentation of Same-Store, we added: (i) five stabilized acquisitions, (ii) three stabilized buildings that previously experienced a significant tenant relocation, (iii) two stabilized redevelopments placed in service, and (iv) one stabilized development placed in service, and we removed: (i) six buildings that were placed into redevelopment, (ii) one asset that was placed into land held for development, and (iii) one building that experienced a significant tenant relocation.
(4)Refer to “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” above for the definition of Same-Store. Total Portfolio occupancy excludes any of the following: (i) developments, (ii) significant redevelopments, (iii) newly completed properties under lease-up, and (iv) properties held for sale.
(5)Average annual total revenues does not include non-cash revenue adjustments (i.e., straight-line rents, amortization of market lease intangibles, and deferred revenues).
(6)Base rent does not include tenant recoveries, additional rents in excess of floors, and non-cash revenue adjustments (i.e., straight-line rents, amortization of market lease intangibles, and deferred revenues).
Same-Store Adjusted NOI increased primarily as a result of the following:
•annual rent escalations; and
•new leasing activity; partially offset by
•lower occupancy; and
•higher operating expenses.
Total Portfolio Adjusted NOI increased primarily as a result of the aforementioned impacts to Same-Store and the following Non-Same-Store impacts:
•increased NOI from developments and redevelopments placed in service in 2022 and 2023; partially offset by
•decreased NOI from our 2022 and 2023 dispositions.
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Outpatient Medical
The following table summarizes results at and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars and square feet in thousands, except per square foot data):
SS
Total Portfolio(1)
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
20232022Change20232022Change
Rental and related revenues$678,967 $656,588 $22,379 $753,479 $724,202 $29,277 
Income from direct financing leases— — — — 1,168 (1,168)
Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture total revenues2,893 2,795 98 3,033 2,999 34 
Noncontrolling interests’ share of consolidated joint venture total revenues(34,053)(33,429)(624)(35,073)(35,717)644 
Operating expenses(229,310)(218,716)(10,594)(263,132)(253,309)(9,823)
Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture operating expenses(1,183)(1,147)(36)(1,189)(1,178)(11)
Noncontrolling interests’ share of consolidated joint venture operating expenses9,738 9,492 246 9,921 10,317 (396)
Adjustments to NOI(2)
(11,685)(13,763)2,078 (14,314)(15,513)1,199 
Adjusted NOI$415,367 $401,820 $13,547 452,725 432,969 19,756 
Less: non-SS Adjusted NOI(37,358)(31,149)(6,209)
SS Adjusted NOI$415,367 $401,820 $13,547 
Adjusted NOI % change3.4 %
Property count(3)
272 272 297 297 
End of period occupancy(4)
91.9 %91.7 %90.7 %90.2 %
Average occupancy(4)
91.5 %91.6 %90.1 %89.9 %
Average occupied square feet20,218 20,233 21,531 21,685 
Average annual total revenues per occupied square foot(5)
$34 $33 $35 $34 
Average annual base rent per occupied square foot(6)
$28 $27 $29 $27 
_______________________________________
(1)Total Portfolio includes results of operations from disposed properties through the disposition date.
(2)Represents adjustments to NOI in accordance with our definition of Adjusted NOI. Refer to “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” above for the definitions of NOI and Adjusted NOI. See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of Adjusted NOI by segment to net income (loss).
(3)From our 2022 presentation of Same-Store, we added: (i) 25 stabilized acquisitions and (ii) 2 stabilized developments placed in service, and we removed: (i) 2 assets that were sold and (ii) 1 asset that was classified as held for sale.
(4)Refer to “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” above for the definition of Same-Store. Total Portfolio occupancy excludes any of the following: (i) developments, (ii) significant redevelopments, (iii) newly completed properties under lease-up, and (iv) properties held for sale.
(5)Average annual total revenues does not include non-cash revenue adjustments (i.e., straight-line rents, amortization of market lease intangibles, DFL non-cash interest, and deferred revenues).
(6)Base rent does not include tenant recoveries, additional rents in excess of floors, and non-cash revenue adjustments (i.e., straight-line rents, amortization of market lease intangibles, DFL non-cash interest, and deferred revenues).
Same-Store Adjusted NOI increased primarily as a result of the following:
•mark-to-market lease renewals; and
•annual rent escalations; partially offset by
•higher operating expenses.
Total Portfolio Adjusted NOI increased primarily as a result of the aforementioned increases to Same-Store and the following Non-Same-Store impacts:
•increased NOI from our 2022 acquisitions;
•business interruption proceeds related to a demolished asset; and
•increased occupancy in former redevelopment and development properties that have been placed in service; partially offset by
•decreased NOI from our 2022 and 2023 dispositions.
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Continuing Care Retirement Community
The following table summarizes results at and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands, except per unit data):
SSTotal Portfolio
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
20232022Change20232022Change
Resident fees and services$526,769 $494,935 $31,834 $527,417 $494,935 $32,482 
Government grant income(1)
— — — 184 6,765 (6,581)
Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture government grant income— — — — 380 (380)
Operating expenses(411,539)(398,915)(12,624)(413,472)(400,539)(12,933)
Adjustments to NOI(2)
(1,618)2,300 (3,918)(1,618)2,300 (3,918)
Adjusted NOI$113,612 $98,320 $15,292 112,511 103,841 8,670 
Plus (less): non-SS adjustments1,101 (5,521)6,622 
SS Adjusted NOI$113,612 $98,320 $15,292 
Adjusted NOI % change15.6 %
Property count(3)
15 15 15 15 
Average occupancy(4)
83.8 %81.6 %83.9 %81.6 %
Average occupied units(5)
5,952 5,926 5,960 5,926 
Average annual rent per occupied unit$88,503 $83,519 $88,524 $84,725 
_______________________________________
(1)Represents government grant income received under the CARES Act, which is recorded in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(2)Represents adjustments to NOI in accordance with our definition of Adjusted NOI. Refer to “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” above for the definitions of NOI and Adjusted NOI. See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of Adjusted NOI by segment to net income (loss).
(3)From our 2022 presentation of Same-Store, no properties were added or removed.
(4)Refer to “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” above for the definition of Same-Store. Total Portfolio occupancy excludes any of the following: (i) developments, (ii) significant redevelopments, (iii) newly completed properties under lease-up, and (iv) properties held for sale.
(5)Represents average occupied units as reported by the operators for the twelve-month period.
Same-Store Adjusted NOI increased primarily as a result of the following:
•increased rates for resident fees; and
•higher occupancy; partially offset by
•higher costs of labor, management fees, insurance, real estate taxes, utilities, and food; and
•lower business interruption insurance proceeds.
Total Portfolio Adjusted NOI increased primarily as a result of the aforementioned increases to Same-Store, partially offset by decreased government grant income received under the CARES Act.
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Other Income and Expense Items
The following table summarizes the results of our other income and expense items for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
20232022Change
Interest income$21,781 $23,300 $(1,519)
Interest expense200,331 172,944 27,387 
Depreciation and amortization749,901 710,569 39,332 
General and administrative95,132 131,033 (35,901)
Transaction and merger-related costs17,515 4,853 12,662 
Impairments and loan loss reserves (recoveries), net(5,601)7,004 (12,605)
Gain (loss) on sales of real estate, net86,463 9,078 77,385 
Other income (expense), net6,808 326,268 (319,460)
Income tax benefit (expense)9,617 4,425 5,192 
Equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures10,204 1,985 8,219 
Income (loss) from discontinued operations— 2,884 (2,884)
Noncontrolling interests’ share in continuing operations(28,748)(15,975)(12,773)
Interest income
Interest income decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily as a result of principal repayments on loans receivable in 2022 and 2023, partially offset by higher interest rates.
Interest expense
Interest expense increased for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily as a result of: (i) senior unsecured notes issued during the first half of 2023, (ii) borrowings under the Term Loan Facilities, which were drawn during the fourth quarter of 2022, and (iii) higher interest rates on the commercial paper program, partially offset by lower borrowings on the commercial paper program.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense increased for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily as a result of development and redevelopment projects placed in service during 2022 and 2023, partially offset by: (i) assets placed into redevelopment in 2023, (ii) dispositions of real estate in 2022 and 2023, and (iii) lower depreciation related to the deconsolidation of seven previously consolidated lab buildings in South San Francisco, California during the third quarter of 2022.
General and administrative
General and administrative expenses decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily as a result of: (i) severance-related charges associated with the departures of our former Chief Executive Officer and our former Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel in the fourth quarter of 2022 and (ii) charges incurred in connection with the downsizing of our corporate headquarters in Denver, Colorado in the fourth quarter of 2022.
Transaction and merger-related costs
Transaction and merger-related costs increased for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily as a result of costs related to the Mergers, which are primarily comprised of legal, accounting, tax, and other costs that were incurred during the fourth quarter of 2023 (see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
Impairments and loan loss reserves (recoveries), net
Impairments and loan loss reserves (recoveries), net decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023 as a result of a decrease in loan loss reserves under the current expected credit losses model. The change in loan loss reserves for the year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily a result of: (i) principal repayments on seller financing, (ii) increased interest rates on variable rate loans, and (iii) macroeconomic conditions.
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Gain (loss) on sales of real estate, net
Gain on sales of real estate, net increased during the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily as a result of: (i) the $60 million gain on sales of two lab buildings in Durham, North Carolina, which were sold during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and (ii) the $21 million gain on sales of two outpatient medical buildings, which were sold during the three months ended March 31, 2023, partially offset by: (i) the $4 million gain on sale of one lab building, which was sold during the three months ended March 31, 2022, (ii) the $10 million gain on sales of three outpatient medical buildings and one outpatient medical land parcel, which were sold during the three months ended June 30, 2022, and (iii) the $1 million gain on sales of two outpatient medical buildings, which were sold during the three months ended September 30, 2022. Refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding dispositions of real estate and the associated gain (loss) on sales recognized.
Other income (expense), net
Other income, net decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily as a result of: (i) a gain upon change of control related to the sale of a 30% interest and deconsolidation of seven previously consolidated lab buildings in South San Francisco, California during the third quarter of 2022, (ii) a gain on sale associated with the disposition of a hospital under a DFL during the first quarter of 2022, and (iii) a decrease in government grant income received under the CARES Act in 2023. The decrease in other income, net during the year ended December 31, 2023 was partially offset by: (i) other expenses for tenant relocation and other costs associated with the demolition of an outpatient medical building, which were incurred in the first quarter of 2022 and (ii) casualty losses from a hurricane in the third quarter of 2022.
Income tax benefit (expense)
Income tax benefit increased for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily as a result of a $14 million tax benefit recognized in connection with the reversal of a deferred tax asset valuation allowance during the fourth quarter of 2023 (see Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements), partially offset by an increase in operating income associated with our CCRCs.
Equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures
Equity income from unconsolidated joint ventures increased for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily as a result of increased income from the South San Francisco JVs and the SWF SH JV.
Income (loss) from discontinued operations
Income from discontinued operations decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023 a result of the completion of dispositions of our senior housing portfolios.
Noncontrolling interests’ share in continuing operations
Noncontrolling interests’ share in continuing operations increased for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily as a result of a gain on sale of an outpatient medical building in a consolidated joint venture that was sold during the second quarter of 2023.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We anticipate that our cash flow from operations, available cash balances, and cash from our various financing activities will be adequate for the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future for purposes of: (i) costs incurred to consummate the Mergers and the other transactions contemplated in the Merger Agreement; (ii) funding recurring operating expenses; (iii) meeting debt service requirements; and (iv) satisfying funding of distributions to our stockholders and non-controlling interest members. Distributions are made using a combination of cash flows from operations, funds available under our bank line of credit (the “Revolving Facility”) and commercial paper program, proceeds from the sale of properties, and other sources of cash available to us.
In addition to funding the activities above, our principal liquidity needs for the next 12 months are to:
•fund capital expenditures, including tenant improvements and leasing costs; and
•fund future acquisition, transactional, and development and redevelopment activities.
Our longer term liquidity needs include the items listed above as well as meeting debt service requirements.
We anticipate satisfying these future needs using one or more of the following:
•cash flow from operations;
•sale of, or exchange of ownership interests in, properties or other investments;
•borrowings under our Revolving Facility and commercial paper program;
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•issuance of additional debt, including unsecured notes, term loans, and mortgage debt; and/or
•issuance of common or preferred stock or its equivalent, including sales of common stock under the ATM Program (as defined below).
Our ability to access the capital markets impacts our cost of capital and ability to refinance maturing indebtedness, as well as our ability to fund future acquisitions and development through the issuance of additional securities or secured debt. Credit ratings impact our ability to access capital and directly impact our cost of capital as well. Our two senior unsecured delayed draw term loans with an aggregate principal amount of $500 million (the “Term Loan Facilities”) and our Revolving Facility accrue interest at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus a margin that depends on the credit ratings of our senior unsecured long-term debt. We also pay a facility fee on the entire commitment under our Revolving Facility that depends upon our credit ratings. As of February 7, 2024, we had long-term credit ratings of Baa1 from Moody’s and BBB+ from S&P Global, and short-term credit ratings of P-2 from Moody’s and A-2 from S&P Global.
A downgrade in credit ratings by Moody’s or S&P Global may have a negative impact on the interest rates of our Revolving Facility and Term Loan Facilities and facility fees for our Revolving Facility, and may negatively impact the pricing of notes issued under our commercial paper program and senior unsecured notes. While a downgrade in our credit ratings would adversely impact our cost of borrowing, we believe we would continue to have access to the unsecured debt markets, and we could also seek to enter into one or more secured debt financings, issue additional securities, including under our ATM Program, or dispose of certain assets to fund future operating costs, capital expenditures, or acquisitions, although no assurances can be made in this regard. Refer to “Market Trends and Uncertainties” above for a more comprehensive discussion of the potential impact of economic and market conditions on our business.
Material Cash Requirements
Our material cash requirements include the below contractual and other obligations.
Debt. As of December 31, 2023, we had total debt of $6.9 billion, including borrowings under our Revolving Facility and commercial paper program, senior unsecured notes, term loans, and mortgage debt. Of our total debt, the total amount payable within twelve months is comprised of $7 million of mortgage debt. Future interest payments associated with borrowings under our Revolving Facility, senior unsecured notes, term loans, and mortgage debt total $1.4 billion, $220 million of which are payable within twelve months. Future interest payments associated with commercial paper borrowings payable within the next twelve months total $21 million, assuming no change in interest rates and borrowings remain outstanding for the next twelve months. Commercial paper borrowings are backstopped by our Revolving Facility. As such, we calculate the weighted average remaining term of our commercial paper borrowings using the maturity date of our Revolving Facility. Additionally, we have secured commitments for the 2024 Term Loan, to be incurred as an incremental facility under our existing term loan agreement. In January 2024, we entered into forward-starting interest rate swap instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges that will effectively establish a fixed interest rate for the 2024 Term Loan at a blended contractual rate of 4.5%. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about our debt commitments.
Development and redevelopment commitments. Our development and redevelopment commitments represent construction and other commitments for development and redevelopment projects in progress and includes certain allowances for Company-owned tenant improvements that we have provided as a lessor. As of December 31, 2023, we had $152 million of development and redevelopment commitments, $135 million of which we expect to spend within the next twelve months.
Lease and other contractual commitments. Our lease and other contractual commitments represent our commitments, as lessor, under signed leases and contracts for operating properties and include allowances for Company-owned tenant improvements and leasing commissions. These commitments exclude allowances for Company-owned tenant improvements related to developments and redevelopments in progress for which we have executed an agreement with a general contractor to complete the tenant improvements, which are recognized as development and redevelopment commitments and are discussed further above. As of December 31, 2023, we had total lease and other contractual commitments of $28 million, $26 million of which we expect to spend within the next twelve months.
Construction loan commitments. Due to the terms of our SHOP seller financing notes receivable, as of December 31, 2023, we are obligated to provide additional loans up to $29 million to fund senior housing redevelopment capital expenditure projects, which extend through 2024. See Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Ground and other operating lease commitments. Our ground and other operating lease commitments represent our commitments as lessee under signed operating leases. As of December 31, 2023, we had total ground and other operating lease commitments of $542 million, $17 million of which are payable within twelve months. See Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
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Redeemable noncontrolling interests. Certain of our noncontrolling interest holders have the ability to put their equity interests to us upon specified events or after the passage of a predetermined period of time. Each put option is subject to changes in redemption value in the event that the underlying property generates specified returns for us and meets certain promote thresholds pursuant to the respective agreements. As of December 31, 2023, three of the redeemable noncontrolling interests have met the conditions for redemption, but were not yet exercised. As of December 31, 2023, the redemption value of our redeemable noncontrolling interests was $49 million. See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Success-Based Fees. We have engaged service providers, including investment banks and advisors, to help us negotiate the terms of the Mergers and to advise us on other merger-related matters. In connection with these services, we expect to be required to pay success-based fees to the extent that certain conditions, including the closing of the Mergers, are met. As of December 31, 2023, we expect to incur approximately $22 million of such success fees upon closing of the Mergers during the first quarter of 2024. As closing of the Mergers has not occurred, no such amounts have been paid or accrued through December 31, 2023. See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Distribution and Dividend Requirements. Our dividend policy on our common stock is to distribute a percentage of our cash flow to ensure that we meet the dividend requirements of the Code, relative to maintaining our REIT status, while still allowing us to retain cash to fund capital improvements and other investment activities. Under the Code, REITs may be subject to certain federal income and excise taxes on undistributed taxable income. We paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.30 per common share in 2023. Our future common dividends, if and as declared, may vary and will be determined by the Board based upon the circumstances prevailing at the time, including our financial condition.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We own interests in certain unconsolidated joint ventures as described in Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Two of these joint ventures have aggregate mortgage debt of $88 million, of which our share is $40 million. Except in limited circumstances, our risk of loss is limited to our investment in the applicable joint venture. We have no other material off-balance sheet arrangements that we expect would materially affect our liquidity and capital resources.
Inflation
A significant portion of our revenues are derived from leases that generally provide for fixed rental rates, subject to annual escalations. A period of high inflation could result in increases in the Consumer Price Index in excess of our fixed annual escalations. Certain of our leases provide that annual rent is modified based on changes in the Consumer Price Index or other thresholds.
Most of our outpatient medical leases require the tenant to pay a share of property operating costs such as real estate taxes, insurance, and utilities. Substantially all of our lab leases require the tenant or operator to pay all of the property operating costs or reimburse us for all such costs.
Labor costs, costs of construction materials, interest, utilities, and other operating costs may increase during periods of inflation. Inflationary increases in expenses will generally be offset, in whole or in part, by the tenant expense reimbursements and contractual rent increases described above.
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Cash Flow Summary
The following summary discussion of our cash flows is based on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and is not meant to be an all-inclusive discussion of the changes in our cash flows for the periods presented below.
The following table sets forth changes in cash flows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
20232022Change
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities$956,242 $900,261 $55,981 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(576,754)(876,343)299,589 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(337,299)(116,532)(220,767)
Operating Cash Flows
Our cash flows from operations are dependent upon the occupancy levels of our buildings, rental rates on leases, our tenants’ performance on their lease obligations, the level of operating expenses, and other factors. Our net cash provided by operating activities increased $56 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily as a result of: (i) developments and redevelopments placed in service during 2022 and 2023, (ii) annual rent increases, (iii) higher nonrefundable entrance fee collections, and (iv) new leasing and renewal activity. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities was partially offset by: (i) an increase in interest expense and (ii) an increase in property operating expenses.
Investing Cash Flows
Our cash flows from investing activities are generally used to fund acquisitions, developments, and redevelopments of real estate, net of proceeds received from sales of real estate, sales of DFLs, and repayments on loans receivable. Our net cash used in investing activities decreased $300 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily as a result of the following: (i) a reduction in acquisitions of real estate, (ii) a reduction in development and redevelopment of real estate, (iii) an increase in proceeds from the sales of real estate, (iv) an increase in proceeds from principal repayments on loans receivable and marketable debt securities, and (v) an increase in proceeds from insurance recoveries. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was partially offset by: (i) proceeds received in 2022 from the sale of a 30% interest in seven previously consolidated lab buildings in South San Francisco, California and (ii) higher investments in unconsolidated joint ventures related to the funding of redevelopment projects.
Financing Cash Flows
Our cash flows from financing activities are generally impacted by issuances of equity, borrowings and repayments under our bank line of credit and commercial paper program, senior unsecured notes, term loans, and mortgage debt, net of dividends paid to common shareholders. Our net cash used in financing activities increased $221 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily as a result of the following: (i) issuance of the the Term Loan Facilities in 2022, (ii) settlement of contracts under our ATM Program in 2022, (iii) higher net repayments under the commercial paper program, (iv) higher repayments of mortgage debt, and (v) increased distributions to noncontrolling interests. The increase in net cash used in financing activities was partially offset by: (i) proceeds received from the senior unsecured notes issuances in January 2023 and May 2023 and (ii) a reduction in repurchases of common stock.
Discontinued Operations
Operating, investing, and financing cash flows in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows are reported inclusive of both cash flows from continuing operations and cash flows from discontinued operations. Certain significant cash flows from discontinued operations are disclosed in Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Debt
In January 2023 and May 2023, we completed public offerings of $750 million aggregate principal amount of 5.25% senior unsecured notes due 2032.
In February 2023, the Revolving Facility was amended to change the interest rate benchmark from LIBOR to SOFR.
Also in February 2023, the agreements associated with $142 million of variable rate mortgage debt were amended to change the interest rate benchmarks from LIBOR to SOFR, effective March 2023. Concurrently, we modified the related interest rate swap instruments to reflect the change in the interest rate benchmarks from LIBOR to SOFR.
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We have secured commitments for the 2024 Term Loan, to be incurred as an incremental facility under our existing term loan agreement. In January 2024, we entered into forward-starting interest rate swap instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges that will effectively establish a fixed interest rate for the 2024 Term Loan at a blended contractual rate of 4.5%.
In addition to the 2024 Term Loan, we anticipate that our principal indebtedness will increase due to debt assumed in connection with the Mergers.
See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about our outstanding debt.
Approximately 90% and 85% of our consolidated debt was fixed rate debt as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2023, our fixed rate debt and variable rate debt had weighted average interest rates of 3.70% and 5.72%, respectively. At December 31, 2022, our fixed rate debt and variable rate debt had weighted average interest rates of 3.46% and 4.91%, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had $142 million of variable rate mortgage debt and the $500 million Term Loan Facilities swapped to fixed rates through interest rate swap instruments. These interest rate swap instruments are designated as cash flow hedges. For purposes of classification of the amounts above, variable rate debt with a derivative financial instrument designated as a cash flow hedge is reported as fixed rate debt due to us having effectively established a fixed interest rate for the underlying debt instrument. For a more detailed discussion of our interest rate risk, see “Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” below.
Supplemental Guarantor Information
Healthpeak OP has issued the senior unsecured notes described in Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The obligations of Healthpeak OP to pay principal, premiums, if any, and interest on such senior unsecured notes are guaranteed on a full and unconditional basis by the Company.
Subsidiary issuers of obligations guaranteed by the parent are not required to provide separate financial statements, provided that the parent guarantee is “full and unconditional”, the subsidiary obligor is a consolidated subsidiary of the parent company, the guaranteed security is debt or debt-like, and consolidated financial statements of the parent company have been filed. Accordingly, separate consolidated financial statements of Healthpeak OP have not been presented.
As permitted under Rule 13-01 of Regulation S-X, we have excluded the summarized financial information for the operating subsidiary because the Company and Healthpeak OP have no material assets, liabilities, or operations other than debt financing activities and their investments in non-guarantor subsidiaries, and management believes such summarized financial information would be repetitive and would not provide incremental value to investors.
Equity
At December 31, 2023, we had 547 million shares of common stock outstanding, equity totaled $6.9 billion, and our equity securities had a market value of $11.0 billion.
The Merger Agreement
Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, each outstanding share of Physicians Realty Trust will be converted into the right to receive 0.674 shares of our common stock when the Mergers are consummated. Based on the number of outstanding Physicians Realty Trust common shares as of January 8, 2024 (the record date for the special meetings of stockholders), we expect to issue approximately 163 million shares of our common stock when the Mergers are consummated.
At-The-Market Program
In February 2023, in connection with the Reorganization, we terminated our previous at-the-market equity offering program and established a new at-the-market equity offering program (the “ATM Program”) that allows for the sale of shares of common stock having an aggregate gross sales price of up to $1.5 billion. In addition to the issuance and sale of shares of our common stock, we may also enter into one or more forward sales agreements (each, an “ATM forward contract”) with sales agents for the sale of our shares of common stock under our ATM Program.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not issue any shares of our common stock under any ATM program.
At December 31, 2023, $1.5 billion of our common stock remained available for sale under the ATM Program. Actual future sales of our common stock will depend upon a variety of factors, including but not limited to market conditions, the trading price of our common stock, and our capital needs. We have no obligation to sell any shares under our ATM Program.
See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about our ATM Program.
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Noncontrolling Interests
Healthpeak OP. Immediately following the Reorganization, Healthpeak Properties, Inc. was the initial sole member and 100% owner of Healthpeak OP. Subsequent to the Reorganization, certain of our employees (“OP Unitholders”) were issued approximately 2 million noncontrolling, non-managing member units in Healthpeak OP (“OP Units”), all of which were LTIP Units (see Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). When certain conditions are met, the OP Unitholders have the right to require redemption of part or all of their OP Units for cash or shares of our common stock, at our option as managing member of Healthpeak OP. The per unit redemption amount is equal to either one share of our common stock or cash equal to the fair value of a share of common stock at the time of redemption. We classify the OP Units in permanent equity because we may elect, in our sole discretion, to issue shares of our common stock to OP Unitholders who choose to redeem their OP Units rather than using cash. None of the outstanding OP Units met the criteria for redemption as of December 31, 2023.
DownREITs. At December 31, 2023, non-managing members held an aggregate of approximately 5 million units in seven limited liability companies (“DownREITs”) for which we are the managing member. The DownREIT units are exchangeable for an amount of cash approximating the then-current market value of shares of our common stock or, at our option, shares of our common stock (subject to certain adjustments, such as stock splits and reclassifications). At December 31, 2023, the outstanding DownREIT units were convertible into approximately 7 million shares of our common stock.
Share Repurchase Program
On August 1, 2022, our Board of Directors approved the Share Repurchase Program under which we may acquire shares of our common stock in the open market up to an aggregate purchase price of $500 million. Purchases of common stock under the Share Repurchase Program may be exercised at our discretion with the timing and number of shares repurchased depending on a variety of factors, including price, corporate and regulatory requirements, and other corporate liquidity requirements and priorities. The Share Repurchase Program expires in August 2024 and may be suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased 2.1 million shares of our common stock at a weighted average price of $27.16 per share for a total of $56 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, there were no repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program. Therefore, at December 31, 2023, $444 million of our common stock remained available for repurchase under the Share Repurchase Program.
Shelf Registration
In February 2024, the Company and Healthpeak OP jointly filed a prospectus with the SEC as part of a registration statement on Form S-3, using an automatic shelf registration process. This shelf registration statement expires on February 8, 2027 and at or prior to such time, we expect to file a new shelf registration statement. Under the “shelf” process, we may sell any combination of the securities described in the prospectus through one or more offerings. The securities described in the prospectus include future offerings of (i) the Company’s common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares, warrants, debt securities, and guarantees by the Company of debt securities issued by Healthpeak OP and/or by the Company’s existing and future subsidiaries, and (ii) Healthpeak OP’s debt securities and guarantees by Healthpeak OP of debt securities issued by the Company and/or by Healthpeak OP’s existing and future subsidiaries.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliations
The following is a reconciliation from net income (loss) applicable to common shares, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, to Nareit FFO, FFO as Adjusted, and AFFO (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Net income (loss) applicable to common shares$304,284 $497,792 $502,271 
Real estate related depreciation and amortization749,901 710,569 684,286 
Healthpeak’s share of real estate related depreciation and amortization from unconsolidated joint ventures 24,800 27,691 17,085 
Noncontrolling interests’ share of real estate related depreciation and amortization(18,654)(19,201)(19,367)
Loss (gain) on sales of depreciable real estate, net(1)
(86,463)(10,422)(605,311)
Healthpeak’s share of loss (gain) on sales of depreciable real estate, net, from unconsolidated joint ventures— 134 (6,737)
Noncontrolling interests’ share of gain (loss) on sales of depreciable real estate, net11,546 12 5,555 
Loss (gain) upon change of control, net(2)
(234)(311,438)(1,042)
Taxes associated with real estate dispositions— 29 2,666 
Impairments (recoveries) of depreciable real estate, net— — 25,320 
Nareit FFO applicable to common shares985,180 895,166 604,726 
Distributions on dilutive convertible units and other9,394 9,407 6,162 
Diluted Nareit FFO applicable to common shares$994,574 $904,573 $610,888 
Impact of adjustments to Nareit FFO:
Transaction and merger-related items(3)
$13,835 $4,788 $7,044 
Other impairments (recoveries) and other losses (gains), net(4)
(3,850)3,829 24,238 
Restructuring and severance-related charges(5)
1,368 32,749 3,610 
Loss (gain) on debt extinguishments— — 225,824 
Casualty-related charges (recoveries), net(6)
(4,033)4,401 5,203 
Recognition (reversal) of valuation allowance on deferred tax assets(7)
(14,194)— — 
Total adjustments$(6,874)$45,767 $265,919 
FFO as Adjusted applicable to common shares$978,306 $940,933 $870,645 
Distributions on dilutive convertible units and other9,402 9,326 8,577 
Diluted FFO as Adjusted applicable to common shares$987,708 $950,259 $879,222 
FFO as Adjusted applicable to common shares$978,306 $940,933 $870,645 
Stock-based compensation amortization expense14,480 16,537 18,202 
Amortization of deferred financing costs11,916 10,881 9,216 
Straight-line rents(8)
(14,387)(49,183)(31,188)
AFFO capital expenditures(113,596)(108,510)(111,480)
Deferred income taxes(816)(4,096)(8,015)
Amortization of above (below) market lease intangibles, net(25,791)(23,380)(17,978)
Other AFFO adjustments(9,335)520 (1,532)
AFFO applicable to common shares840,777 783,702 727,870 
Distributions on dilutive convertible units and other6,581 6,594 6,164 
Diluted AFFO applicable to common shares$847,358 $790,296 $734,034 
Refer to footnotes on the next page.
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________________________________
(1)This amount can be reconciled by combining the balances from the corresponding line of the Consolidated Statements of Operations and the detailed financial information for discontinued operations in Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
(2)The year ended December 31, 2022 includes a gain upon change of control related to the sale of a 30% interest to a sovereign wealth fund and deconsolidation of seven previously consolidated lab buildings in South San Francisco, California. The gain upon change of control is included in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(3)The year ended December 31, 2023 includes costs related to the Mergers, which are primarily comprised of legal, accounting, tax, and other costs that were incurred prior to year-end, partially offset by termination fee income associated with Graphite Bio, Inc., for which the lease terms have been modified to accelerate expiration of the lease to December 2024. Termination fee income is included in rental and related revenues on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(4)The year ended December 31, 2022 includes the following: (i) $7 million of charges incurred in connection with the downsizing of our corporate headquarters in Denver, Colorado, which are included in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (ii) $14 million of expenses incurred for tenant relocation and other costs associated with the demolition of an outpatient medical building, which are included in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, and (iii) a $23 million gain on sale of a hospital under a DFL, which is included in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The year ended December 31, 2021 includes the following: (i) a $29 million goodwill impairment charge in connection with our senior housing triple-net and SHOP asset sales, which is reported in income (loss) from discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and (ii) $6 million of accelerated recognition of a mark-to-market discount, less loan fees, resulting from prepayments on loans receivable, which is included in interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 include reserves and (recoveries) for expected loan losses recognized in impairments and loan loss reserves (recoveries), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(5)The year ended December 31, 2022 includes $32 million of severance-related charges associated with the departures of our former Chief Executive Officer and former Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel in the fourth quarter of 2022. These expenses are included in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(6)Casualty-related charges (recoveries), net are recognized in other income (expense), net and equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(7)In conjunction with classifying the assets related to the Callan Ridge JV (see Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements) as held for sale as of December 31, 2023, we concluded it was more likely than not that we would realize the future value of certain deferred tax assets generated by the net operating losses of taxable REIT subsidiaries. Accordingly, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized the reversal of a portion of the associated valuation allowance and recognized a corresponding income tax benefit. See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
(8)The year ended December 31, 2023 includes a $9 million write-off of straight-line rent receivable associated with Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., which commenced voluntary reorganization proceedings under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. This activity is reflected as a reduction of rental and related revenues in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires our management to use judgment in the application of critical accounting estimates and assumptions. We base estimates on the best information available to us at the time, our experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates could affect our financial position or results of operations. If our judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions or other matters had been different, it is possible that different accounting would have been applied, resulting in a different presentation of our consolidated financial statements. From time to time, we re-evaluate our estimates and assumptions. In the event estimates or assumptions prove to be different from actual results, adjustments are made in subsequent periods to reflect more current estimates and assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. Below is a discussion of accounting estimates that we consider critical in that they may require complex judgment in their application or require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. For a more detailed discussion of our significant accounting policies, including those related to critical accounting estimates further discussed below, see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
We assess the carrying value of our real estate assets and related intangibles (“real estate assets”) when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Recoverability of real estate assets is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the real estate assets to the respective estimated future undiscounted cash flows. The expected future undiscounted cash flows reflect external market factors, and based on the specific facts and circumstances, may be probability-weighted to reflect multiple possible cash-flow scenarios, including selling the assets at various points in the future. Additionally, the estimated future undiscounted cash flows are calculated utilizing the lowest level of identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. In order to review our real estate assets for recoverability, we make assumptions regarding external market conditions (including capitalization rates and growth rates), forecasted cash flows and sales prices, and our intent with respect to holding or disposing of the asset. If our analysis indicates that the carrying value of the real estate assets is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, we recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the real estate assets.
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Determining the fair value of real estate assets, including assets classified as held for sale, involves significant judgment and generally utilizes market capitalization rates, comparable market transactions, estimated per unit or per square foot prices, negotiations with prospective buyers, and forecasted cash flows (primarily lease revenue rates, expense rates, and growth rates). Our ability to accurately predict future operating results and resulting cash flows, and estimate fair values, impacts the timing and recognition of impairments. While we believe our assumptions are reasonable, changes in these assumptions may have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the impact of new accounting standards.
ITEM 7A.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are exposed to various market risks, primarily from the potential loss arising from adverse changes in interest rates. We use derivative and other financial instruments in the normal course of business to mitigate interest rate risk. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. Derivatives are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value (see Note 21 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
To illustrate the effect of movements in the interest rate markets, we performed a market sensitivity analysis on our hedging instruments. We applied various basis point spreads to the underlying interest rate curves of our derivative portfolio in order to determine the change in fair value. At December 31, 2023, a one percentage point increase or decrease in the underlying interest rate curve would result in a corresponding increase or decrease in the fair value of the derivative instruments by up to $18 million.
Interest Rate Risk
At December 31, 2023, our exposure to interest rate risk was primarily on our variable rate debt. At December 31, 2023, $142 million of our variable rate mortgage debt and our $500 million Term Loan Facilities were swapped to fixed rates through interest rate swap instruments. The interest rate swap instruments are designated as cash flow hedges, with the objective of managing the exposure to interest rate risk by converting the interest rates on our variable rate debt to fixed interest rates. At December 31, 2023, both the fair value and carrying value of the interest rate swap instruments were $21 million.
Our remaining variable rate debt at December 31, 2023 was comprised of borrowings under our commercial paper program and certain of our mortgage debt. Interest rate fluctuations will generally not affect our future earnings or cash flows on our fixed rate debt and assets until their maturity or earlier prepayment and refinancing. If interest rates have risen at the time we seek to refinance our fixed rate debt, whether at maturity or otherwise, our future earnings and cash flows could be adversely affected by additional borrowing costs. Conversely, lower interest rates at the time of refinancing may reduce our overall borrowing costs. Interest rate changes will affect the fair value of our fixed rate instruments. At December 31, 2023, a one percentage point increase in interest rates would decrease the fair value of our fixed rate debt by approximately $255 million and a one percentage point decrease in interest rates would increase the fair value of our fixed rate debt by approximately $272 million. These changes would not materially impact earnings or cash flows. Conversely, changes in interest rates on variable rate debt would change our future earnings and cash flows, but not materially impact the fair value of those instruments. Assuming a one percentage point increase in the interest rates related to our variable rate debt, and assuming no other changes in the outstanding balance at December 31, 2023, our annual interest expense would increase by approximately $7 million. Lastly, assuming a one percentage point decrease in the interest rates related to our variable rate loans receivable, and assuming no other changes in the outstanding balance at December 31, 2023, our annual interest income would decrease by approximately $2 million.
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ITEM 8.    Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Healthpeak Properties, Inc.
Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34)
70
Consolidated Balance Sheets—December 31, 2023 and 2022
72
Consolidated Statements of Operations—for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
73
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)—for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
74
Consolidated Statements of Equity and Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests—for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
75
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
77
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
78

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Healthpeak Properties, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets of Healthpeak Properties, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related Consolidated Statements of Operations, Comprehensive Income (Loss), Equity and Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests, and Cash Flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related Notes and the schedules listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 9, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Impairments — Real Estate — Refer to Notes 2 and 5 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company’s evaluation of impairment of real estate involves an assessment of the carrying value of real estate assets and related intangibles (“real estate assets”) when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable.
Auditing the Company’s process to evaluate real estate assets for impairment was complex due to the subjectivity in determining whether impairment indicators were present. Additionally, for real estate assets where indicators of impairment were determined to be present, the determination of the future undiscounted cash flows involved significant judgment. In particular, the undiscounted cash flows were forecasted based on significant assumptions such as lease-up periods, lease revenue rates, operating expenses, and revenue and expense growth rates, and included judgments around the intended hold period and terminal capitalization rates.
Given the Company’s evaluation of impairment indicators, forecasted cash flows and sales prices of a long-lived asset requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to market capitalization rates, market prices per unit, and/or forecasted cash flows, performing audit procedures required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort.
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How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to real estate asset impairment included the following, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of controls over impairment of real estate assets, including those over identifying impairment indicators and the determination of forecasted undiscounted cash flows and sales prices for real estate assets.
•We performed an independent search for impairment indicators through the evaluation of several factors including an analysis of industry and market data, a comparison of real estate asset implied capitalization rates to market capitalization rates, and trends in financial performance.
•For real estate assets where indicators of impairment were determined to be present, we subjected a sample of undiscounted cash flow models to testing by (1) evaluating the source information used by management, (2) testing the mathematical accuracy of the undiscounted cash flow models, (3) evaluating management’s intended hold period, and (4) performing an independent recoverability test based on market data.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Costa Mesa, California
February 9, 2024
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010.

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Healthpeak Properties, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)
December 31,
20232022
ASSETS
Real estate:
Buildings and improvements$13,329,464 $12,784,078 
Development costs and construction in progress643,217 760,355 
Land and improvements2,647,633 2,667,188 
Accumulated depreciation and amortization(3,591,951)(3,188,138)
Net real estate13,028,363 13,023,483 
Loans receivable, net of reserves of $2,830 and $8,280
218,450 374,832 
Investments in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures782,853 706,677 
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $2,282 and $2,399
55,820 53,436 
Cash and cash equivalents117,635 72,032 
Restricted cash51,388 54,802 
Intangible assets, net314,156 418,061 
Assets held for sale, net117,986 49,866 
Right-of-use asset, net240,155 237,318 
Other assets, net772,044 780,722 
Total assets$15,698,850 $15,771,229 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Bank line of credit and commercial paper$720,000 $995,606 
Term loans496,824 495,957 
Senior unsecured notes5,403,378 4,659,451 
Mortgage debt256,097 346,599 
Intangible liabilities, net127,380 156,193 
Liabilities related to assets held for sale, net729 4,070 
Lease liability206,743 208,515 
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and other liabilities657,196 772,485 
Deferred revenue905,633 844,076 
Total liabilities8,773,980 8,482,952 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests48,828 105,679 
Common stock, $1.00 par value: 750,000,000 shares authorized; 547,156,311 and 546,641,973 shares issued and outstanding
547,156 546,642 
Additional paid-in capital10,405,780 10,349,614 
Cumulative dividends in excess of earnings(4,621,861)(4,269,689)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)19,371 28,134 
Total stockholders’ equity6,350,446 6,654,701 
Joint venture partners310,998 327,721 
Non-managing member unitholders214,598 200,176 
Total noncontrolling interests525,596 527,897 
Total equity6,876,042 7,182,598 
Total liabilities and equity$15,698,850 $15,771,229 

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Healthpeak Properties, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share data)
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Revenues:
Rental and related revenues$1,631,805 $1,541,775 $1,378,384 
Resident fees and services527,417 494,935 471,325 
Interest income21,781 23,300 37,773 
Income from direct financing leases— 1,168 8,702 
Total revenues2,181,003 2,061,178 1,896,184 
Costs and expenses:
Interest expense200,331 172,944 157,980 
Depreciation and amortization749,901 710,569 684,286 
Operating902,060 862,991 773,279 
General and administrative95,132 131,033 98,303 
Transaction and merger-related costs17,515 4,853 1,841 
Impairments and loan loss reserves (recoveries), net(5,601)7,004 23,160 
Total costs and expenses1,959,338 1,889,394 1,738,849 
Other income (expense):   
Gain (loss) on sales of real estate, net86,463 9,078 190,590 
Gain (loss) on debt extinguishments— — (225,824)
Other income (expense), net6,808 326,268 6,266 
Total other income (expense), net93,271 335,346 (28,968)
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures314,936 507,130 128,367 
Income tax benefit (expense)9,617 4,425 3,261 
Equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures10,204 1,985 6,100 
Income (loss) from continuing operations334,757 513,540 137,728 
Income (loss) from discontinued operations— 2,884 388,202 
Net income (loss)334,757 516,424 525,930 
Noncontrolling interests’ share in continuing operations(28,748)(15,975)(17,851)
Noncontrolling interests’ share in discontinued operations— — (2,539)
Net income (loss) attributable to Healthpeak Properties, Inc.306,009 500,449 505,540 
Participating securities’ share in earnings(1,725)(2,657)(3,269)
Net income (loss) applicable to common shares$304,284 $497,792 $502,271 
Basic earnings (loss) per common share:
Continuing operations$0.56 $0.92 $0.22 
Discontinued operations— 0.00 0.71 
Net income (loss) applicable to common shares$0.56 $0.92 $0.93 
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share:
Continuing operations$0.56 $0.92 $0.22 
Discontinued operations— 0.00 0.71 
Net income (loss) applicable to common shares$0.56 $0.92 $0.93 
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic547,006 538,809 538,930 
Diluted547,275 539,147 539,241 
See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Healthpeak Properties, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(In thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Net income (loss)$334,757 $516,424 $525,930 
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives(8,900)30,145 332 
Change in Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan obligation and other137 1,136 457 
Reclassification adjustment realized in net income (loss)— — (251)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)(8,763)31,281 538 
Total comprehensive income (loss)325,994 547,705 526,468 
Total comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests’ share in continuing operations(28,748)(15,975)(17,851)
Total comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests’ share in discontinued operations— — (2,539)
Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Healthpeak Properties, Inc.$297,246 $531,730 $506,078 
See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Healthpeak Properties, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY AND REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
(In thousands, except per share data)

Common Stock
SharesAmountAdditional
Paid-In
Capital		Cumulative Dividends In Excess
Of Earnings		Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Total
Stockholders’
Equity		Total Noncontrolling
Interests		Total
Equity		Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
December 31, 2020538,405 $538,405 $10,175,235 $(3,976,232)$(3,685)$6,733,723 $556,227 $7,289,950 $57,396 
Net income (loss)— — — 505,540 — 505,540 20,346 525,886 44 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — 538 538 — 538 — 
Issuance of common stock, net1,005 1,005 740 — — 1,745 — 1,745 — 
Conversion of DownREIT units to common stock8 8 193 — — 201 (201)— — 
Repurchase of common stock(418)(418)(12,423)— — (12,841)— (12,841)— 
Exercise of stock options97 97 3,194 — — 3,291 — 3,291 — 
Stock-based compensation— — 22,851 — — 22,851 — 22,851 — 
Common dividends ($1.20 per share)
— — — (650,082)— (650,082)— (650,082)— 
Distributions to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (33,017)(33,017)(162)
Purchase of noncontrolling interests— — (5)— — (5)(65)(70)(60,065)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests— — — — — — — — 640 
Adjustments to redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests— — (89,491)— — (89,491)— (89,491)89,491 
December 31, 2021539,097 $539,097 $10,100,294 $(4,120,774)$(3,147)$6,515,470 $543,290 $7,058,760 $87,344 
Net income (loss)— — — 500,449 — 500,449 15,876 516,325 99 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — 31,281 31,281 — 31,281 — 
Issuance of common stock, net9,936 9,936 299,481 — — 309,417 — 309,417 — 
Conversion of DownREIT units to common stock27 27 853 — — 880 (880)— — 
Repurchase of common stock(2,418)(2,418)(65,420)— — (67,838)— (67,838)— 
Stock-based compensation— — 31,412 — — 31,412 — 31,412 — 
Common dividends ($1.20 per share)
— — — (649,364)— (649,364)— (649,364)— 
Distributions to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (30,389)(30,389)(160)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests— — — — — — — — 1,390 
Adjustments to redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests— — (17,006)— — (17,006)— (17,006)17,006 
December 31, 2022546,642 $546,642 $10,349,614 $(4,269,689)$28,134 $6,654,701 $527,897 $7,182,598 $105,679 
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Healthpeak Properties, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY AND REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS (CONTINUED)
(In thousands, except per share data)


Common Stock
SharesAmountAdditional
Paid-In
Capital		Cumulative Dividends In Excess
Of Earnings		Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Total
Stockholders’
Equity		Total Noncontrolling
Interests		Total
Equity		Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
December 31, 2022546,642 $546,642 $10,349,614 $(4,269,689)$28,134 $6,654,701 $527,897 $7,182,598 $105,679 
Net income (loss)— — — 306,009 — 306,009 28,111 334,120 637 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — (8,763)(8,763)— (8,763)— 
Issuance of common stock, net683 683 755 — — 1,438 — 1,438 — 
Conversion of DownREIT units to common stock72 72 1,200 — — 1,272 (1,272)— — 
Repurchase of common stock(241)(241)(6,283)— — (6,524)— (6,524)— 
Stock-based compensation— — 2,966 — — 2,966 15,693 18,659 — 
Common dividends ($1.20 per share)
— — — (658,181)— (658,181)— (658,181)— 
Distributions to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (44,848)(44,848)(276)
Purchase of noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (158)(158)— 
Contributions from noncontrolling interests— — — — — — 173 173 316 
Adjustments to redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests— — 57,528 — — 57,528 — 57,528 (57,528)
December 31, 2023547,156 $547,156 $10,405,780 $(4,621,861)$19,371 $6,350,446 $525,596 $6,876,042 $48,828 
See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Healthpeak Properties, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)$334,757 $516,424 $525,930 
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization of real estate, in-place lease, and other intangibles749,901 710,569 684,286 
Stock-based compensation amortization expense14,480 26,456 18,202 
Amortization of deferred financing costs11,916 10,881 9,216 
Straight-line rents(14,387)(49,183)(31,188)
Amortization of nonrefundable entrance fees and above (below) market lease intangibles(108,988)(102,747)(94,362)
Equity loss (income) from unconsolidated joint ventures(10,204)(2,049)(11,235)
Distributions of earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures910 943 4,976 
Loss (gain) on sale of real estate under direct financing leases— (22,693)— 
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)(14,605)(6,001)(5,792)
Impairments and loan loss reserves (recoveries), net(5,601)7,004 55,896 
Loss (gain) on debt extinguishments— — 225,824 
Loss (gain) on sales of real estate, net(86,463)(10,422)(605,311)
Loss (gain) upon change of control, net(234)(311,438)(1,042)
Casualty-related loss (recoveries), net(3,085)7,168 1,632 
Other non-cash items4,900 6,489 (8,178)
Changes in:
Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable and other assets, net(21,566)(17,433)18,626 
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and deferred revenue104,511 136,293 7,768 
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities956,242 900,261 795,248 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisitions of real estate(15,847)(178,133)(1,483,026)
Development, redevelopment, and other major improvements of real estate(731,206)(861,636)(610,555)
Leasing costs, tenant improvements, and recurring capital expenditures(113,596)(108,510)(111,480)
Proceeds from sales of real estate, net141,651 47,885 2,399,120 
Proceeds from the South San Francisco JVs transaction, net— 125,985 — 
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures(88,391)(21,143)(25,260)
Distributions in excess of earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures20,640 12,518 37,640 
Proceeds from insurance recovery24,980 1,450 — 
Proceeds from sales/principal repayments on loans receivable, direct financing leases, and marketable debt securities204,865 115,988 342,420 
Investments in loans receivable and other(19,850)(10,747)(17,827)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(576,754)(876,343)531,032 
Cash flows from financing activities:
Borrowings under bank line of credit and commercial paper10,344,705 15,882,153 16,821,450 
Repayments under bank line of credit and commercial paper(10,620,311)(16,052,522)(15,785,065)
Issuances and borrowings of term loans, senior unsecured notes, and mortgage debt743,778 500,000 1,088,537 
Repayments and repurchases of term loans, senior unsecured notes, and mortgage debt(90,089)(5,048)(2,425,936)
Payments for debt extinguishment and deferred financing costs(7,322)(4,171)(236,942)
Issuance of common stock and exercise of options, net of offering costs278 308,100 5,036 
Repurchase of common stock(6,524)(67,838)(12,841)
Dividends paid on common stock(657,021)(648,047)(650,082)
Distributions to and purchase of noncontrolling interests(45,282)(30,549)(93,314)
Contributions from and issuance of noncontrolling interests489 1,390 640 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(337,299)(116,532)(1,288,517)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash42,189 (92,614)37,763 
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of year126,834 219,448 181,685 
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of year$169,023 $126,834 $219,448 
See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Healthpeak Properties, Inc.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1.    Business
Overview
Healthpeak Properties, Inc., a Standard & Poor’s 500 company, is a Maryland corporation that is organized to qualify as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) that, together with its consolidated entities (collectively, “Healthpeak” or the “Company”), invests primarily in real estate serving the healthcare industry in the United States (“U.S.”). Healthpeak® acquires, develops, owns, leases, and manages healthcare real estate. The Company’s diverse portfolio is comprised of investments in the following reportable healthcare segments: (i) lab; (ii) outpatient medical; and (iii) continuing care retirement community (“CCRC”).
The Company’s corporate headquarters are in Denver, Colorado, and it has additional offices in California, Tennessee, and Massachusetts.
UPREIT Reorganization
On February 10, 2023, the Company completed its corporate reorganization (the “Reorganization”) into an umbrella partnership REIT (“UPREIT”). Substantially all of the Company’s business is conducted through Healthpeak OP, LLC (“Healthpeak OP”). The Company is the managing member of Healthpeak OP and does not have material assets or liabilities, other than through its investment in Healthpeak OP. For additional information on the UPREIT reorganization, see the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 10, 2023.
The Merger Agreement
On October 29, 2023, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with Physicians Realty Trust, Physicians Realty L.P. (the “Physicians Partnership”), and certain of the Company’s subsidiaries, pursuant to which, among other things, and through a series of transactions (the “Mergers”), (i) each outstanding common share of Physicians Realty Trust (other than Physicians Realty Trust common shares to be canceled in accordance with the Merger Agreement) will be converted into the right to receive 0.674 (the “Exchange Ratio”) shares of Company common stock, and (ii) each outstanding common unit of the Physicians Partnership will be converted into common units in the successor entity to the Physicians Partnership equal to the Exchange Ratio. Following the transactions contemplated in the Merger Agreement, the successor entities to Physicians Realty Trust and the Physicians Partnership will be subsidiaries of Healthpeak OP.
The Merger Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, and covenants, as well as certain termination rights for the Company and Physicians Realty Trust, in each case, as more fully described in the Merger Agreement.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company incurred approximately $11 million of merger-related costs, which primarily related to advisory, legal, accounting, and other costs. These merger-related costs are included in transaction and merger-related costs on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
In addition, the Company has engaged service providers, including investment banks and advisors, to help the Company negotiate the terms of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and to advise the Company on other merger-related matters. In connection with these services, the Company expects to be required to pay success-based fees to the extent that certain conditions, including the closing of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, are met. As of December 31, 2023, the Company expects to incur approximately $22 million of such success fees. As closing of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement has not occurred, no such amounts have been paid or accrued through December 31, 2023.
In connection with the Mergers, the Company filed a Registration Statement on Form S-4 with the SEC on December 15, 2023 (the “Initial Filing”), as amended on January 9, 2024, and a definitive joint proxy statement/prospectus for the Company and Physicians Realty Trust on January 11, 2024 in connection with their respective special meetings of stockholders and shareholders, as applicable, which will be held on February 21, 2024. Consummation of the Mergers are subject to the satisfaction or waiver of customary closing conditions, including the approval of the Company’s stockholders and the shareholders of Physicians Realty Trust. The parties expect the Mergers to close on March 1, 2024. If the Mergers are not consummated by July 31, 2024 (unless extended under certain circumstances), either the Company or Physicians Realty Trust may terminate the Merger Agreement.
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NOTE 2.    Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Use of Estimates
Management is required to make estimates and assumptions in the preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from management’s estimates.
Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Healthpeak Properties, Inc., its wholly-owned subsidiaries, joint ventures (“JVs”), and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) that it controls through voting rights or other means. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.
The Company is required to continually evaluate its VIE relationships and consolidate these entities when it is determined to be the primary beneficiary of their operations. A VIE is broadly defined as an entity where either: (i) the equity investment at risk is insufficient to finance that entity’s activities without additional subordinated financial support, (ii) substantially all of an entity’s activities either involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor that has disproportionately few voting rights, or (iii) the equity investors as a group lack any of the following: (a) the power through voting or similar rights to direct the activities of an entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, (b) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of an entity, or (c) the right to receive the expected residual returns of an entity. Criterion (iii) above is generally applied to limited partnerships and similarly structured entities by assessing whether a simple majority of the limited partners hold substantive rights to participate in the significant decisions of the entity or have the ability to remove the decision maker or liquidate the entity without cause. If neither of those criteria are met, the entity is a VIE.
The designation of an entity as a VIE is reassessed upon certain events, including, but not limited to: (i) a change to the contractual arrangements of the entity or in the ability of a party to exercise its participation or kick-out rights, (ii) a change to the capitalization structure of the entity, or (iii) acquisitions or sales of interests that constitute a change in control.
A variable interest holder is considered to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE if it has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and has the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company qualitatively assesses whether it is (or is not) the primary beneficiary of a VIE. Consideration of various factors include, but is not limited to, which activities most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the ability to direct those activities, its form of ownership interest, its representation on the VIE’s governing body, the size and seniority of its investment, its ability and the rights of other investors to participate in policy making decisions, its ability to manage its ownership interest relative to the other interest holders, and its ability to replace the VIE manager and/or liquidate the entity.
For its investments in joint ventures that are not considered to be VIEs, the Company evaluates the type of ownership rights held by the limited partner(s) that may preclude consolidation by the majority interest holder. The assessment of limited partners’ rights and their impact on the control of a joint venture should be made at inception of the joint venture and continually reassessed.
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Revenue Recognition
Lease Classification
The Company classifies a lease as an operating lease if none of the following criteria are met: (i) transfer of ownership to the lessee by the end of the lease term, (ii) lessee has a purchase option during or at the end of the lease term that it is reasonably certain to exercise, (iii) the lease term is for the major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset, (iv) the present value of future minimum lease payments is equal to substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset, or (v) the underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the Company at the end of the lease term.
Rental and Related Revenues
The Company recognizes rental revenue from its lab and outpatient medical buildings in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 842, Leases (“ASC 842”). The Company commences recognition of rental revenue for operating lease arrangements when the tenant has taken possession or controls the physical use of a leased asset. The tenant is not considered to have taken physical possession or have control of the leased asset until the Company-owned tenant improvements are substantially complete. If a lease arrangement provides for tenant improvements, the Company determines whether the tenant improvements are owned by the tenant or the Company. When the Company is the owner of the tenant improvements, any tenant improvements funded by the tenant are treated as lease payments which are deferred and amortized into income over the lease term. When the tenant is the owner of the tenant improvements, any tenant improvement allowance that is funded by the Company is treated as a lease incentive and amortized as a reduction of revenue over the lease term.
Ownership of tenant improvements is determined based on various factors including, but not limited to, the following criteria:
•lease stipulations of how and on what a tenant improvement allowance may be spent;
•which party to the arrangement retains legal title to the tenant improvements upon lease expiration;
•whether the tenant improvements are unique to the tenant or general purpose in nature;
•if the tenant improvements are expected to have significant residual value at the end of the lease term;
•the responsible party for construction cost overruns; and
•which party constructs or directs the construction of the improvements.
Certain leases provide for additional rents that are contingent upon a percentage of the building’s revenue in excess of specified base amounts or other thresholds. Such revenue is recognized when actual results reported by the tenant or estimates of tenant results, exceed the base amount or other thresholds, and only after any contingency has been removed (when the related thresholds are achieved). This may result in the recognition of rental revenue in periods subsequent to when such payments are received.
Tenant recoveries subject to operating leases generally relate to the reimbursement of real estate taxes, insurance, and repair and maintenance expense, and are recognized as both revenue (in rental and related revenues) and expense (in operating expenses) in the period the expense is incurred as the Company is the party paying the service provider. Rental and related revenues from other variable payments are recognized when the associated contingencies are removed. In accordance with ASC 842, the Company accounts for lease and nonlease components as a single lease component for the purpose of revenue recognition and disclosure.
For operating leases with minimum scheduled rent increases, the Company recognizes income on a straight-line basis over the lease term when collectibility of future minimum lease payments is probable. Recognizing rental income on a straight-line basis results in a difference in the timing of revenue amounts from what is contractually due from tenants. If the Company determines that collectibility of future minimum lease payments is not probable, the accounts receivable and straight-line rent receivable balance is written off and recognized as a decrease in revenue in that period and future revenue recognition is limited to amounts contractually owed and paid. The Company does not resume recognition of income on a straight-line basis unless it determines that collectibility of future payments related to these leases is probable. For the Company’s portfolio of operating leases that are deemed probable of collection but exhibit a certain level of collectibility risk, the Company may also recognize an incremental allowance as a reduction to revenue.
The Company’s operating leases generally contain options to extend lease terms at prevailing market rates at the time of expiration. Certain operating leases contain early termination options that require advance notice and payment of a penalty, which in most cases is substantial enough to be deemed economically disadvantageous by a tenant to exercise.
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Resident Fees and Services
The Company recognizes resident fee and service revenue from its Senior Housing Operating Property (“SHOP”) portfolios and CCRC properties in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Resident fee revenue is recorded when services are rendered and includes resident room and care charges, community fees, and other resident charges. Residency agreements for SHOP and CCRC facilities are generally for a term of 30 days to one year, with resident fees billed monthly, in advance. Revenue for certain care related services is recognized as services are provided and is billed monthly in arrears.
The Company’s CCRCs are operated as entrance fee communities, which typically require a resident to pay an upfront entrance fee that includes both a refundable portion and non-refundable portion. When the Company receives a nonrefundable entrance fee, it is recorded in deferred revenue in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortized into revenue over the estimated stay of the resident. The Company utilizes third-party actuarial experts in its determination of the estimated stay of residents.
Income from Direct Financing Leases
The Company utilizes the direct finance method of accounting to record direct financing lease (“DFL”) income. For a lease accounted for as a DFL, the net investment in the DFL represents receivables for the sum of future minimum lease payments and the estimated residual value of the leased property, less the unamortized unearned income. Unearned income is deferred and amortized to income over the lease term to provide a constant yield when collectibility of the lease payments is reasonably assured. During the first quarter of 2022, the Company sold its remaining hospital under a DFL.
Interest Income
Loans receivable are classified as held-for-investment based on management’s intent and ability to hold the loans for the foreseeable future or to maturity. Loans held-for-investment are carried at amortized cost and reduced by a valuation allowance for estimated credit losses, as necessary. When collectibility of the future payments is reasonably assured, the Company utilizes the interest method on a loan-by-loan basis to recognize interest income on its loans, which includes the amortization of discounts and premiums as well as loan fees paid and received.
Gain (loss) on sales of real estate, net
The Company recognizes a gain (loss) on sale of real estate when the criteria for an asset to be derecognized are met, which include when: (i) a contract exists, (ii) the buyer obtains control of the asset, and (iii) it is probable that the Company will receive substantially all of the consideration to which it is entitled. These criteria are generally satisfied at the time of sale.
Government Grant Income
On March 27, 2020, the federal government enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) to provide financial aid to individuals, businesses, and state and local governments. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company received government grants under the CARES Act primarily to cover increased expenses and lost revenues during the coronavirus pandemic. Grant income is recognized to the extent that qualifying expenses and lost revenues exceed grants received and the Company will comply with all conditions attached to the grant. As of December 31, 2023, the amount of qualifying expenditures and lost revenues exceeded grant income recognized and the Company believes it has complied and will continue to comply with all grant conditions. In the event of non-compliance, all such amounts received are subject to recapture.
The following table summarizes information related to government grant income received and recognized by the Company (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Government grant income recorded in other income (expense), net$184 $6,765 $1,412 
Government grant income recorded in equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures229 878 1,749 
Government grant income recorded in income (loss) from discontinued operations— 217 3,669 
Total government grants received$413 $7,860 $6,830 
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Credit Losses
The Company evaluates the liquidity and creditworthiness of its occupants, operators, and borrowers on a monthly and quarterly basis to determine whether any updates to the future expected losses recognized upon inception are necessary. The Company’s evaluation considers payment history and current credit status, industry conditions, current economic conditions, forecasted economic conditions, individual and portfolio property performance, credit enhancements, liquidity, and other factors. Future economic conditions are based primarily on near-term economic forecasts from the Federal Reserve and reasonable assumptions for long-term economic trends. The determination of loan losses also considers concentration of credit risk associated with the senior housing industry to which its loans receivable relate. The Company’s occupants, operators, and borrowers furnish property, portfolio, and guarantor/operator-level financial statements, among other information, on a monthly or quarterly basis; the Company utilizes this financial information to calculate the lease or debt service coverages in its assessment of internal ratings that it uses as a primary credit quality indicator. Lease and debt service coverage information is evaluated together with other property, portfolio, and operator performance information, including revenue, expense, net operating income, occupancy, rental rate, reimbursement trends, capital expenditures, and EBITDA (defined as earnings before interest, tax, and depreciation and amortization), along with other liquidity measures. The Company evaluates, on a monthly basis or immediately upon a significant change in circumstance, its occupants’, operators’, and borrowers’ ability to service their obligations with the Company.
In connection with the Company’s quarterly review process or upon the occurrence of a significant event, loans receivable and DFLs (collectively, “finance receivables”), are reviewed and assigned an internal rating of Performing, Watch List, or Workout. Finance receivables that are deemed Performing meet all present contractual obligations, and collection and timing, of all amounts owed is reasonably assured. Watch List finance receivables are defined as finance receivables that do not meet the definition of Performing or Workout. Workout finance receivables are defined as finance receivables in which the Company has determined, based on current information and events, that: (i) it is probable it will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the agreement, (ii) the tenant, operator, or borrower is delinquent on making payments under the contractual terms of the agreement, and (iii) the Company has commenced action or anticipates pursuing action in the near term to seek recovery of its investment.
Finance receivables are placed on nonaccrual status when management determines that the collectibility of contractual amounts is not reasonably assured (the asset will have an internal rating of either Watch List or Workout). Further, the Company performs a credit analysis to support the tenant’s, operator’s, borrower’s, and/or guarantor’s repayment capacity and the underlying collateral values. The Company uses the cash basis method of accounting for finance receivables placed on nonaccrual status unless one of the following conditions exist whereby it utilizes the cost recovery method of accounting if: (i) the Company determines that it is probable that it will only recover the recorded investment in the finance receivable, net of associated allowances or charge-offs (if any), or (ii) the Company cannot reasonably estimate the amount of an impaired finance receivable. For cash basis method of accounting, the Company applies payments received, excluding principal paydowns, to interest income so long as that amount does not exceed the amount that would have been earned under the original contractual terms. For cost recovery method of accounting, any payment received is applied to reduce the recorded investment. Generally, the Company returns a finance receivable to accrual status when all delinquent payments become current under the terms of the loan or lease agreements and collectibility of the remaining contractual loan or lease payments is reasonably assured.
At inception of a finance receivable, the Company recognizes an allowance for credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the instrument. The model utilized by the Company to determine such losses emphasizes historical experience and future market expectations to determine a loss to be recognized at inception. However, the model is applied on an individual basis and relies on counter-party specific information to ensure the most accurate estimate is recognized. The Company also performs a quarterly review process (or upon the occurrence of a significant event) to evaluate its borrowers’ creditworthiness and liquidity to determine the amount of credit losses to recognize during the period. If a finance receivable is deemed partially or wholly uncollectible, the uncollectible balance is deducted from the allowance in the period in which such determination is made. Credit loss expenses and recoveries are recorded in impairments and loan loss reserves (recoveries), net.
Real Estate
The Company’s real estate acquisitions are generally classified as asset acquisitions for which the Company records identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and any associated noncontrolling interests at cost on a relative fair value basis. In addition, for such asset acquisitions, no goodwill is recognized, third party transaction costs are capitalized and any associated contingent consideration is generally recorded when the amount of consideration is reasonably estimable and probable of being paid.
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The Company assesses fair value based on available market information, such as capitalization and discount rates, comparable sale transactions, and relevant per square foot or unit cost information. A real estate asset’s fair value may be determined utilizing cash flow projections that incorporate such market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including historical operating results, known and anticipated trends, as well as market and economic conditions. The fair value of tangible assets of an acquired property is based on the value of the property as if it is vacant.
The Company recognizes acquired “above and below market” leases at their relative fair value (for asset acquisitions) using discount rates which reflect the risks associated with the leases acquired. The fair value is based on the present value of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts paid pursuant to each in-place lease and (ii) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for each in-place lease, measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the lease for above market leases and the initial term plus the extended term for any leases with renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised. Other intangible assets acquired include amounts for in-place lease values that are based on an evaluation of the specific characteristics of each property and the acquired tenant lease(s). Factors considered include estimates of carrying costs during hypothetical expected lease-up periods, market conditions, and costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, the Company includes estimates of lost rents at market rates during the hypothetical expected lease-up periods, which are dependent on local market conditions and expected trends. In estimating costs to execute similar leases, the Company considers leasing commissions, legal, and other related costs.
Certain of the Company's acquisitions involve the assumption of contract liabilities. The Company typically estimates the fair value of contract liabilities by applying a reasonable profit margin to the total discounted estimated future costs associated with servicing the contract. A variety of market and contract-specific conditions are considered when making assumptions that impact the estimated fair value of the contract liability.
The Company capitalizes direct construction and development costs, including predevelopment costs, interest, property taxes, insurance, and other costs directly related and essential to the development or construction of a real estate asset. The Company capitalizes construction and development costs while substantive activities are ongoing to prepare an asset for its intended use. During the holding or development period, certain real estate assets generate incidental income that is not associated with the future profit or return from the intended use of the property. Such income is recognized as a reduction of the associated project costs. The Company considers a construction project as substantially complete and held available for occupancy upon the completion of Company-owned tenant improvements, but no later than one year from cessation of significant construction activity. Costs incurred after a project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use, or after development activities have ceased, are expensed as incurred. For redevelopment of existing operating properties, the Company capitalizes the cost for the construction and improvement incurred in connection with the redevelopment.
Costs previously capitalized related to abandoned developments/redevelopments are charged to earnings. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. The Company considers costs incurred in conjunction with re-leasing properties, including tenant improvements and lease commissions, to represent the acquisition of productive assets and such costs are reflected as investing activities in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Initial direct costs incurred in connection with successful property leasing are capitalized as deferred leasing costs and classified as investing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Initial direct costs include only those costs that are incremental to the arrangement and would not have been incurred if the lease had not been obtained. Initial direct costs consist of leasing commissions paid to external third party brokers and lease incentives. Initial direct costs are included in other assets, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortized in depreciation and amortization in the Consolidated Statements of Operations using the straight-line method over the lease term.
The Company computes depreciation on properties using the straight-line method over the assets’ estimated useful lives. These useful lives are reassessed following changes in the remaining period that the asset is expected to be held and used, and depreciation is discontinued when a property meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale. Buildings and improvements are depreciated over useful lives ranging up to approximately 50 years. Above and below market lease intangibles are amortized to revenue over the remaining noncancellable lease terms and renewal periods that are reasonably certain to be exercised, if any. In-place lease intangibles are amortized to expense over the remaining noncancellable lease term and renewal periods that are reasonably certain to be exercised, if any.
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Lessee Accounting
For leases greater than 12 months for which the Company is the lessee, such as ground leases and corporate office leases, the Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and related lease liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at inception of the lease. The lease liability is calculated as the sum of: (i) the present value of minimum lease payments at lease commencement (discounted using the Company's secured incremental borrowing rate) and (ii) the present value of amounts probable of being paid under any residual value guarantees. Certain of the Company’s lease agreements have options to extend or terminate the contract terms upon meeting certain criteria. The lease term utilized in the calculation of the lease liability includes these options if they are considered reasonably certain of exercise. The right-of-use asset is calculated as the lease liability, adjusted for the following: (i) any lease payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date, minus any lease incentives received and (ii) any initial direct costs incurred by the Company. Lease expense related to corporate assets is included in general and administrative expenses and lease expense related to ground leases is included within operating expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.
For leases with a noncancellable lease term of 12 months or less for which the Company is the lessee, the Company recognizes expenses on a straight-line basis and does not recognize such leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Goodwill
The Company assesses the carrying value of real estate assets and related intangibles (“real estate assets”) when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company tests its real estate assets for impairment by comparing the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows to the carrying value of the real estate assets. The expected future undiscounted cash flows reflect external market factors and the expected use and eventual disposition of the asset, and based on the specific facts and circumstances, may be probability-weighted to reflect multiple possible cash-flow scenarios, including selling the assets at various points in the future. Further, the analysis considers the impact, if any, of master lease agreements on cash flows, which are calculated utilizing the lowest level of identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. If the carrying value exceeds the expected future undiscounted cash flows, an impairment loss will be recognized to the extent that the carrying value of the real estate assets exceeds their fair value.
Determining the fair value of real estate assets, including assets classified as held-for-sale, involves significant judgment and generally utilizes market capitalization rates, comparable market transactions, estimated per unit or per square foot prices, negotiations with prospective buyers, and forecasted cash flows (primarily lease revenue rates, expense rates, and growth rates).
When testing goodwill for impairment, if the Company concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the Company recognizes an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying value, including goodwill, exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value.
Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
The Company classifies a real estate property as held for sale when: (i) management has approved the disposal, (ii) the property is available for sale in its present condition, (iii) an active program to locate a buyer has been initiated, (iv) it is probable that the property will be disposed of within one year, (v) the property is being marketed at a reasonable price relative to its fair value, and (vi) it is unlikely that the disposal plan will significantly change or be withdrawn. If a real estate property is classified as held for sale, it is reported at the lower of its carrying value or fair value less costs to sell and no longer depreciated.
The Company classifies a loan receivable as held for sale when management no longer has the intent and ability to hold the loan receivable for the foreseeable future or until maturity. If a loan receivable is classified as held for sale, it is reported at the lower of amortized cost or fair value.
A discontinued operation represents: (i) a component of the Company or group of components that has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale in a single transaction and represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results or (ii) an acquired business that is classified as held for sale on the date of acquisition. Examples of a strategic shift may include disposing of: (i) a separate major line of business, (ii) a separate major geographic area of operations, or (iii) other major parts of the Company.
Senior Housing Triple-Net and Senior Housing Operating Portfolio Dispositions
In 2020, the Company concluded that the dispositions of its senior housing triple-net and SHOP portfolios represented a strategic shift that had a major effect on its operations and financial results. Therefore, the results of senior housing triple-net and SHOP assets are classified as discontinued operations in all periods presented herein. In September 2021, the Company successfully completed the disposition of the remaining senior housing triple-net and SHOP properties. See Note 4 for further information.
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Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Investments in entities the Company does not consolidate, but over which the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies, are reported under the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the Company’s share of the investee’s earnings or losses is included in equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures within the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The initial carrying value of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures is based on the amount paid to purchase the joint venture interest, the fair value of assets contributed to the joint venture, or the fair value of the assets prior to the sale of interests in the joint venture. To the extent that the Company’s cost basis is different from the basis reflected at the joint venture level, the basis difference is generally amortized over the lives of the related assets and liabilities, and such amortization is included in the Company’s share of equity in earnings of the joint venture. If an equity method investment shows indicators of impairment, the Company evaluates its equity method investments for impairment based on a comparison of the fair value of the equity method investment to its carrying value. When the Company determines a decline in fair value below carrying value of an investment in an unconsolidated joint venture is other-than-temporary, an impairment is recorded. The Company recognizes gains on the sale of interests in joint ventures to the extent the economic substance of the transaction is a sale.
The Company’s fair values of its equity method investments are determined based on discounted cash flow models that include all estimated cash inflows and outflows over a specified holding period and, where applicable, any estimated debt premiums or discounts. Capitalization rates, discount rates, and credit spreads utilized in these valuation models are based on assumptions that the Company believes to be within a reasonable range of current market rates for the respective investments.
Stock-Based Compensation
Compensation expense for share-based awards granted to employees with graded vesting schedules is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Forfeitures of share-based awards are recognized as they occur.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. Restricted cash primarily consists of amounts held by mortgage lenders to provide for: (i) real estate tax expenditures, (ii) tenant improvements, and (iii) capital expenditures, as well as security deposits and net proceeds from property sales that were executed as tax-deferred dispositions.
The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents at financial institutions insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250,000 per institution. As the account balances at each institution periodically exceed the FDIC insurance coverage, there is a concentration of credit risk related to amounts in excess of such coverage.
Derivatives and Hedging
During its normal course of business, the Company uses certain types of derivative instruments for the purpose of managing interest rate risk. To qualify for hedge accounting, derivative instruments used for risk management purposes must effectively reduce the risk exposure that they are designed to hedge. In addition, at inception of a qualifying cash flow hedging relationship, the underlying transaction or transactions, must be, and are expected to remain, probable of occurring in accordance with the Company’s related assertions.
The Company recognizes all derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives that are required to be bifurcated, as assets or liabilities to the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. Changes in fair value of derivative instruments that are not designated in hedging relationships or that do not meet the criteria of hedge accounting are recognized in other income (expense), net. For derivative instruments designated in qualifying cash flow hedging relationships, changes in fair value related to the effective portion of the derivative instruments are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), whereas changes in fair value related to the ineffective portion would be recognized in earnings.
If it is determined that a derivative instrument ceases to be highly effective as a hedge, or that it is probable the underlying forecasted transaction will not occur, the Company discontinues its cash flow hedge accounting prospectively and records the appropriate adjustment to earnings based on the current fair value of the derivative instrument.
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Income Taxes
Healthpeak Properties, Inc. has elected REIT status and believes it has always operated so as to continue to qualify as a REIT under Sections 856 to 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). Accordingly, Healthpeak Properties, Inc. will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, provided that it continues to qualify as a REIT and makes distributions to stockholders equal to or in excess of its taxable income. In addition, the Company has formed several consolidated subsidiaries that have elected REIT status. Healthpeak Properties, Inc. and its consolidated REIT subsidiaries are each subject to the REIT qualification requirements under the Code. If any REIT fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to federal income taxes at regular corporate rates and may be ineligible to qualify as a REIT for four subsequent tax years.
Healthpeak Properties, Inc. and its consolidated REIT subsidiaries are subject to state and local income taxes in some jurisdictions. In certain circumstances each REIT may also be subject to federal excise taxes on undistributed income. In addition, certain activities that the Company undertakes may be conducted by entities that have elected to be treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”). TRSs are subject to federal, state, and local income taxes. The Company recognizes tax penalties relating to unrecognized tax benefits as additional income tax expense. Interest relating to unrecognized tax benefits is recognized as interest expense.
The Company is required to evaluate its deferred tax assets for realizability and recognize a valuation allowance, which is recorded against its deferred tax assets, if it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company considers all available evidence in its determination of whether a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is required.
Advertising Costs
All advertising costs are expensed as incurred and reported within operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, total advertising expense was $8 million, $8 million, and $11 million, respectively (zero, $0.1 million, and $3 million, respectively, of which is reported in income (loss) from discontinued operations on the Consolidated Statements of Operations).
Capital Raising Issuance Costs
Costs incurred in connection with the issuance of common shares are recorded as a reduction of additional paid-in capital. Debt issuance costs related to debt instruments, excluding line of credit arrangements and commercial paper, are deferred, recorded as a reduction of the related debt liability, and amortized to interest expense over the remaining term of the related debt liability utilizing the effective interest method. Debt issuance costs related to line of credit arrangements and commercial paper are deferred, included in other assets, and amortized to interest expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related line of credit arrangement. Commercial paper are unsecured short-term debt securities with varying maturities. A line of credit serves as a liquidity backstop for repayment of commercial paper borrowings.
Penalties incurred to extinguish debt and any remaining unamortized debt issuance costs, discounts, and premiums are recognized as income or expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations at the time of extinguishment.
Segment Reporting
The Company’s reportable segments, based on how it evaluates its business and allocates resources, are as follows: (i) lab, (ii) outpatient medical, and (iii) CCRC.
Noncontrolling Interests
Arrangements with noncontrolling interest holders are assessed for appropriate balance sheet classification based on the redemption and other rights held by the noncontrolling interest holder. Net income (loss) attributable to a noncontrolling interest is included in net income (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and, upon a gain or loss of control, the interest purchased or sold, and any interest retained, is recorded at fair value with any gain or loss recognized in earnings. The Company accounts for purchases or sales of equity interests that do not result in a change in control as equity transactions.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
Certain of the Company’s noncontrolling interest holders have the ability to put their equity interests to the Company upon specified events or after the passage of a predetermined period of time. Each put option is payable in cash and subject to increases in redemption value in the event that the underlying property generates specified returns and meets certain promote thresholds pursuant to the respective agreements. Accordingly, the Company records redeemable noncontrolling interests outside of permanent equity and presents the redeemable noncontrolling interests at the greater of their carrying amount or redemption value at the end of each reporting period.
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Healthpeak OP
Immediately following the Reorganization, Healthpeak Properties, Inc. was the initial sole member and 100% owner of Healthpeak OP. Subsequent to the Reorganization, certain employees of the Company (“OP Unitholders”) were issued noncontrolling, non-managing member units in Healthpeak OP (“OP Units”). When certain conditions are met, the OP Unitholders have the right to require redemption of part or all of their OP Units for cash or shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s option as managing member of Healthpeak OP. The per unit redemption amount is equal to either one share of the Company’s common stock or cash equal to the fair value of a share of common stock at the time of redemption. The Company classifies the OP Units in permanent equity because it may elect, in its sole discretion, to issue shares of its common stock to OP Unitholders who choose to redeem their OP Units rather than using cash.
DownREITs
The Company consolidates non-managing member limited liability companies (“DownREITs”) because it exercises control, and the noncontrolling interests in these entities are carried at cost. The non-managing member limited liability company (“LLC”) units (“DownREIT units”) are exchangeable for an amount of cash approximating the then-current market value of shares of the Company’s common stock or, at the Company’s option, shares of the Company’s common stock (subject to certain adjustments, such as stock splits and reclassifications). Upon exchange of DownREIT units for the Company’s common stock, the carrying amount of the DownREIT units is reclassified to stockholders’ equity.
Fair Value Measurement
The Company measures and discloses the fair value of nonfinancial and financial assets and liabilities utilizing a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to a fair value measurement are considered to be observable or unobservable in a marketplace. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. This hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available. These inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy:
•Level 1—quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets;
•Level 2—quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and
•Level 3—fair value measurements derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.
The Company measures fair value using a set of standardized procedures that are outlined herein for all assets and liabilities that are required to be measured at fair value. When available, the Company utilizes quoted market prices to determine fair value and classifies such items in Level 1. In instances where a market price is available, but the instrument is in an inactive or over-the-counter market, the Company consistently applies the dealer (market maker) pricing estimate and classifies the asset or liability in Level 2.
If quoted market prices or inputs are not available, fair value measurements are based on valuation models that utilize current market or independently sourced market inputs, such as interest rates, option volatilities, credit spreads, and/or market capitalization rates. Items valued using such internally-generated valuation techniques are classified according to the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. As a result, the asset or liability could be classified in either Level 2 or Level 3 even though there may be some significant inputs that are readily observable. Internal fair value models and techniques used by the Company include discounted cash flow models. The Company also considers its counterparty’s and own credit risk for derivative instruments and other liabilities measured at fair value. The Company has elected the mid-market pricing expedient when determining fair value.
Earnings per Share
Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) applicable to common shares by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The Company accounts for unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable dividend rights or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) as participating securities, which are included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method. Diluted earnings per common share is calculated by including the effect of dilutive securities, such as the impact of forward equity sales agreements using the treasury stock method and common shares issuable from the assumed conversion of DownREIT units, stock options, certain performance restricted stock units, and unvested restricted stock units.
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Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Adopted
Government Assistance. In November 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance (“ASU 2021-10”), which increased the transparency of government assistance including the disclosure of the types of assistance, an entity’s accounting for assistance, and the effect of the assistance on an entity’s financial statements. The adoption of ASU 2021-10 on January 1, 2022 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows, or disclosures.
Reference Rate Reform. From March 2020 to December 2022, the FASB issued a series of ASUs that provide optional expedients that may be elected through December 31, 2024 to ease the potential burden in accounting for, or recognizing the effects of, reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments in these ASUs were effective immediately upon issuance. During the first quarter of 2023, the Company amended certain of its variable rate mortgage debt and the related interest rate swap agreements to change the interest rate benchmark from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) and accordingly, the Company elected to apply certain practical expedients provided by these ASUs related to cash flow hedges. These expedients and the effects of reference rate reform have not had a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows, or disclosures.
Not Yet Adopted
Segment Reporting. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements so that investors can better understand an entity’s overall performance and assess potential future cash flows. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 include, but are not limited to: (i) disclosure of, on an annual basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss; (ii) disclosure of, on an annual and interim basis, an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition (the other segment items category is the difference between segment revenue less the significant expenses disclosed and each reported measure of segment profit or loss); (iii) disclosure of, on an interim basis, all currently required annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit (loss) and assets; (iv) clarification that if the CODM uses more than one measure of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources, an entity may report one or more of those additional measures of segment profit; and (v) disclosure of the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is evaluating the impact ASU 2023-07 will have on its disclosures.
Income Taxes. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), to provide disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. One of the amendments in ASU 2023-09 includes disclosure of, on an annual basis, a tabular rate reconciliation (using both percentages and reporting currency amounts) of (i) the reported income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations, to (ii) the product of the income (or loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and the applicable statutory federal income tax rate of the jurisdiction of domicile using specific categories, including separate disclosure for any reconciling items within certain categories that are equal to or greater than a specified quantitative threshold of 5%. ASU 2023-09 also requires disclosure of, on an annual basis, the year to date amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign jurisdictions, including additional disaggregated information on income taxes paid (net of refunds received) to an individual jurisdiction equal to or greater than 5% of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). The amendments in ASU 2023-09 are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is evaluating the impact ASU 2023-09 will have on its disclosures.
NOTE 3. Real Estate
2023 Real Estate Investment Acquisitions
60 Loomis Land Parcel
In January 2023, the Company acquired a lab land parcel in Cambridge, Massachusetts for $9 million.
Wylie Outpatient Medical Building
In April 2023, the Company acquired the remaining 80% interest in one of the outpatient medical buildings in the Ventures IV unconsolidated joint venture for $4 million (see Note 8). Concurrent with the acquisition, the Company began consolidating the building and recognized a gain upon change of control of $0.2 million, which is recorded in other income (expense), net.
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2022 Real Estate Investment Acquisitions
67 Smith Place
In January 2022, the Company closed a lab acquisition in Cambridge, Massachusetts for $72 million.
Vista Sorrento Phase II
In January 2022, the Company closed a lab acquisition in San Diego, California for $24 million.
Webster Outpatient Medical Portfolio
In March 2022, the Company acquired a portfolio of two outpatient medical buildings in Houston, Texas for $43 million.
Northwest Medical Plaza
In May 2022, the Company acquired one outpatient medical building in Bentonville, Arkansas for $26 million.
Concord Avenue Land Parcels
In December 2022, the Company closed a lab acquisition in Cambridge, Massachusetts for $18 million.
2021 Real Estate Investment Acquisitions
In 2021, the Company closed the following lab acquisitions: (i) eight acquisitions in Cambridge, Massachusetts for $498 million, (ii) one acquisition in San Diego, California for $20 million, and (iii) 12 acres of land for $128 million in South San Francisco, California.
Also during 2021, the Company closed the following outpatient medical acquisitions: (i) one outpatient medical building in Nashville, Tennessee for $13 million, (ii) one outpatient medical building in Denver, Colorado for $38 million, (iii) a portfolio of 14 outpatient medical buildings for $371 million (the “Outpatient Medical Building Portfolio”), (iv) one outpatient medical building in Fort Lauderdale, Florida for $16 million, (v) one outpatient medical building in Wichita, Kansas for $50 million, (vi) three outpatient medical buildings in Morristown, New Jersey for $155 million, (vii) two outpatient medical buildings in Dallas, Texas for $60 million, (viii) one outpatient medical building in Seattle, Washington for $43 million, (ix) one outpatient medical building in New Orleans, Louisiana for $34 million, and (x) one outpatient medical building in Cambridge, Massachusetts for $55 million. In conjunction with the acquisition of the Outpatient Medical Building Portfolio, the Company originated $142 million of secured mortgage debt (see Note 10).
Development Activities
Construction, Tenant, and Other Capital Improvements
The following table summarizes the Company’s expenditures for construction, tenant improvements, and other capital improvements for its consolidated property investments, excluding expenditures related to properties classified as discontinued operations (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
Segment202320222021
Lab$428,961 $658,542 $472,301 
Outpatient medical236,135 237,761 230,227 
CCRC109,465 65,691 57,192 
$774,561 $961,994 $759,720 
NOTE 4.    Dispositions of Real Estate and Discontinued Operations
2023 Dispositions of Real Estate
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company sold two lab buildings in Durham, North Carolina, which were classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2022, for $113 million, resulting in total gain on sales of $60 million. Also during the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company sold two outpatient medical buildings for $32 million, resulting in total gain on sales of $21 million.
2022 Dispositions of Real Estate
During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company sold one lab building in Salt Lake City, Utah for $14 million, resulting in a gain on sale of $4 million.
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During the three months ended June 30, 2022, the Company sold three outpatient medical buildings and one outpatient medical land parcel for $27 million, resulting in total gain on sales of $10 million.
During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company sold two outpatient medical buildings for $9 million, resulting in total gain on sales of $1 million.
2021 Dispositions of Real Estate
Sunrise Senior Housing Portfolio
In January 2021, the Company sold a portfolio of 32 SHOP assets (the “Sunrise Senior Housing Portfolio”) for $664 million, resulting in an immaterial loss on sale, which is recognized in income (loss) from discontinued operations, and provided the buyer with: (i) financing of $410 million and (ii) a commitment to finance up to $92 million of additional debt for capital expenditures (see Note 7). Upon completion of the license transfer process in June 2021, the Company sold the two remaining Sunrise senior housing triple-net assets for $80 million, resulting in a gain on sale of $22 million, which is recognized in income (loss) from discontinued operations.
Brookdale Triple-Net Portfolio
In January 2021, the Company sold 24 senior housing assets in a triple-net lease with Brookdale for $510 million, resulting in total gain on sale of $169 million, which is recognized in income (loss) from discontinued operations.
Additional SHOP Portfolio
In January 2021, the Company sold a portfolio of 16 SHOP assets for $230 million, resulting in total gain on sale of $59 million, which is recognized in income (loss) from discontinued operations. The Company provided the buyer with financing of $150 million (see Note 7).
HRA Triple-Net Portfolio
In February 2021, the Company sold eight senior housing assets in a triple-net lease with Harbor Retirement Associates for $132 million, resulting in total gain on sale of $33 million, which is recognized in income (loss) from discontinued operations.
Oakmont SHOP Portfolio
In April 2021, the Company sold a portfolio of 12 SHOP assets for $564 million. In conjunction with the sale, mortgage debt held on two properties with a carrying value of $64 million was repaid and the remaining mortgage debt held on four properties with a carrying value of $107 million was assumed by the buyer. The transaction resulted in total gain on sale of $80 million, which is recognized in income (loss) from discontinued operations.
Discovery SHOP Portfolio
In April 2021, the Company sold a portfolio of 10 SHOP assets for $334 million, resulting in total gain on sale of $9 million, which is recognized in income (loss) from discontinued operations. Also included in this transaction was the sale of two mezzanine loans and two preferred equity investments for $21 million, resulting in no gain or loss on sale of the investments (collectively, the “Discovery SHOP Portfolio”).
Sonata SHOP Portfolio
In April 2021, the Company sold a portfolio of five SHOP assets for $64 million, resulting in total gain on sale of $3 million, which is recognized in income (loss) from discontinued operations.
SLC SHOP Portfolio
In May 2021, the Company sold seven SHOP assets for $113 million and repaid $70 million of mortgage debt that was held on six of the assets, resulting in total gain on sale of $1 million, which is recognized in income (loss) from discontinued operations.
Hoag Hospital
In May 2021, the Company sold one hospital for $226 million through the exercise of a purchase option by a tenant, resulting in gain on sale of $172 million.
2021 Other Dispositions
In addition to the portfolio and individual sales discussed above, during the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company sold the following: (i) 15 SHOP assets for $169 million, (ii) 7 senior housing triple-net assets for $24 million, and (iii) 10 outpatient medical buildings and a portion of 1 outpatient medical land parcel for $68 million, resulting in total gain on sales of $58 million ($39 million of which is recognized in income (loss) from discontinued operations). In conjunction with one of the SHOP asset sales, mortgage debt held on the property with a carrying value of $36 million was assumed by the buyer.
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Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
As of December 31, 2023, two lab buildings and one outpatient medical building were classified as held for sale, with a carrying value of $118 million, primarily comprised of net real estate assets. As of December 31, 2023, liabilities related to the assets held for sale were $1 million. In January 2024, we sold a 65% interest in these two lab buildings (see Note 8). As of December 31, 2022, two lab buildings were classified as held for sale, with an aggregate carrying value of $50 million, primarily comprised of net real estate assets of $44 million. As of December 31, 2022, liabilities related to these assets held for sale were $4 million. These two lab buildings were sold during the three months ended March 31, 2023, as discussed above.
In 2020, the Company concluded that the dispositions of its senior housing triple-net and SHOP portfolios represented a strategic shift that had a major effect on its operations and financial results. Therefore, the results of senior housing triple-net and SHOP assets are classified as discontinued operations in all periods presented herein. In September 2021, the Company successfully completed the disposition of the remaining senior housing triple-net and SHOP properties.
At each of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total assets and total liabilities classified as discontinued operations were zero.
The results of discontinued operations during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 are presented below (in thousands) and are included in the consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
Revenues:
Rental and related revenues$— $— $7,535 
Resident fees and services— 7,489 114,936 
Total revenues— 7,489 122,471 
Costs and expenses:
Interest expense— — 3,900 
Operating— 6,452 122,571 
Transaction and merger-related costs— — 76 
Impairments and loan loss reserves (recoveries), net— — 32,736 
Total costs and expenses— 6,452 159,283 
Other income (expense):
Gain (loss) on sales of real estate, net— 1,344 414,721 
Other income (expense), net— 169 4,189 
Total other income (expense), net— 1,513 418,910 
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures— 2,550 382,098 
Income tax benefit (expense)— 270 969 
Equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures— 64 5,135 
Income (loss) from discontinued operations$— $2,884 $388,202 
NOTE 5.    Impairments of Real Estate
2023 and 2022
During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not recognize any impairment charges.
2021
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized an aggregate impairment charge of $22 million, which is reported in impairments and loan loss reserves (recoveries), net, related to: (i) three outpatient medical buildings that met the held for sale criteria during the year and (ii) one outpatient medical building held for use; the aggregate fair value of these four outpatient medical buildings was $14 million as of the related impairment assessment dates. For the three outpatient medical buildings that met the held for sale criteria during the year, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $5 million to write down the properties’ aggregate carrying value to their aggregate fair value, less estimated costs to sell. For the outpatient medical building held for use, the Company recognized a $17 million impairment charge in the fourth quarter of 2021 due to the demolition of the outpatient medical building for a future development project.
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Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $4 million related to one SHOP asset, which is reported in income (loss) from discontinued operations. Following a reduction in the expected sales price of the SHOP asset occurring in the second quarter of 2021, the Company wrote down its carrying value of $20 million to its fair value, less estimated costs to sell, of $16 million.
The fair values of the impaired assets were based on forecasted sales prices and market comparable data, which are considered to be Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. These fair values are typically determined using an income approach and/or a market approach (comparable sales model), which rely on certain assumptions by management, including: (i) market capitalization rates, (ii) comparable market transactions, (iii) estimated prices per unit, (iv) negotiations with prospective buyers, and (v) forecasted cash flow streams (primarily lease revenue rates, expense rates, and growth rates). There are inherent uncertainties in making these assumptions. For the Company’s impairment calculations during and as of the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company’s fair value estimates primarily relied on a market approach, which utilized comparable market transactions and negotiations with prospective buyers.
Goodwill Impairment
When testing goodwill for impairment, if the Company concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the Company recognizes an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value, including goodwill, exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value.
In connection with the disposition of the Company’s remaining senior housing triple-net and SHOP assets, the Company performed impairment assessments during the year ended December 31, 2021. As a result of these assessments, the Company recognized a $29 million goodwill impairment charge reported in income (loss) from discontinued operations, comprised of the following: (i) a $7 million goodwill impairment charge recognized during the second quarter of 2021, as the fair value of the remaining senior housing triple-net assets (based on forecasted sales prices) was less than the carrying value of the assets, including the related goodwill as of the assessment date and (ii) a $22 million goodwill impairment charge recognized during the third quarter of 2021 to reduce the associated goodwill balance to zero following the sale of the remaining assets within the reporting units associated with the senior housing triple-net and SHOP portfolios.
During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the fair value of the assets within each of the Company’s other reporting units was greater than the respective carrying value of the assets and related goodwill, and as a result, no impairment charges were recognized with respect to the other reporting units.
These fair value estimates primarily relied on a market approach, utilizing comparable market transactions, forecasted sales prices, and negotiations with prospective buyers. These estimates are considered to be Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy, and are subject to inherent uncertainties.
Casualty-Related Charges
During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company recognized $(3) million, $6 million, and $5 million, respectively, of net casualty-related charges (recoveries). During the year ended December 31, 2023, such recoveries were primarily attributable to proceeds received for water damage at an outpatient medical building. During the year ended December 31, 2022, such charges were primarily attributable to damages as a result of Hurricane Ian. During the year ended December 31, 2021, such charges were primarily due to fire damage at one of the properties in the SWF SH JV and winter storm Uri. Casualty-related charges are recognized in other income (expense), net and equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Also during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company collected business interruption proceeds of $4 million, $3 million, and zero, respectively, which are recognized in rental and related revenues and resident fees and services on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Other Losses
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $14 million of expenses within other income (expense), net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for tenant relocation and other costs associated with the demolition of an outpatient medical building.
See Note 7 for information related to the Company’s reserve for loan losses.
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NOTE 6.    Leases
Lease Income
The following table summarizes the Company’s lease income, excluding discontinued operations (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
Fixed income from operating leases$1,236,502 $1,182,463 $1,087,683 
Variable income from operating leases395,303 359,312 290,701 
Interest income from direct financing leases— 1,168 8,702 
Direct Financing Leases
2022 Direct Financing Lease Sale
During the first quarter of 2022, the Company sold its remaining hospital under a DFL for $68 million and recognized a gain on sale of $23 million, which is included in other income (expense), net. Therefore, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no leases classified as a DFL.
Operating Leases
Future Minimum Rents
The following table summarizes future minimum lease payments to be received from tenants under non-cancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
YearAmount
2024$1,135,628 
20251,063,147 
2026975,246 
2027888,223 
2028788,742 
Thereafter2,818,655 
$7,669,641 
Tenant Purchase Options
Certain leases contain purchase options whereby the tenant may elect to acquire the underlying real estate. Annualized base rent from leases subject to purchase options, summarized by the year the purchase options are exercisable are as follows (dollars in thousands):
Year
Annualized
Base Rent(1)
Number of
Properties
2024$14,199 12 
202514,244 16 
202616,422 8 
20278,116 5 
20281,252 1 
Thereafter16,212 5 
 $70,445 47 
_______________________________________
(1)Represents the most recent month’s base rent including additional rent floors annualized for 12 months. Base rent does not include tenant recoveries, additional rents in excess of floors, and non-cash revenue adjustments (i.e., straight-line rents, amortization of market lease intangibles, and deferred revenues).
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Lease Costs
The following tables provide information regarding the Company’s leases to which it is the lessee, such as corporate offices and ground leases, excluding lease costs related to discontinued operations (dollars in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Lease Expense Information:202320222021
Total lease expense$17,010 $16,689 $14,442 

Weighted Average Lease Term and Discount Rate:December 31,
2023		December 31,
2022
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases(1)
5151
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases4.23 %4.20 %
_______________________________________
(1)As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted average remaining lease term including the Company’s options to extend its operating leases is 67 years.
The following table summarizes future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable ground and other operating leases included in the Company’s lease liability as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
YearAmount
2024$16,950 
202512,399 
202612,326 
202712,321 
202812,351 
Thereafter475,584 
Undiscounted minimum lease payments included in the lease liability541,931 
Less: imputed interest(335,188)
Present value of lease liability$206,743 
Depreciation Expense
While the Company leases the majority of its property, plant, and equipment to various tenants under operating leases, in certain situations, the Company owns and operates certain property, plant, and equipment for general corporate purposes. Corporate assets are recorded within other assets, net within the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and depreciation expense for those assets is recorded in general and administrative expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Included within other assets, net as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022 is $10 million of accumulated depreciation related to corporate assets. Included within general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 is $3 million, $3 million, and $2 million, respectively, of depreciation expense related to corporate assets.
Denver Corporate Headquarters
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $7 million of charges in connection with the downsizing of the Company’s corporate headquarters in Denver, Colorado which are included in general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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Tenant Updates
During the first quarter of 2023, the Company wrote off $9 million of straight-line rent receivable associated with four in-place operating leases with Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc. (“Sorrento”), which commenced voluntary reorganization proceedings (the “Filing”) under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code during the period. This write-off was recognized as a reduction in rental and related revenues on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Subsequent to the write-off, revenue related to this tenant is recognized on a cash basis. Sorrento also had a single development lease with the Company, but had not taken occupancy at the time of the Filing. Subsequent to the Filing, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court approved Sorrento’s rejection of the development lease and three of the four operating leases, resulting in termination of these four leases during the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company filed proofs of claim for related damages during the year, $4 million of which was received by the Company by drawing on Sorrento’s related letters of credit and security deposits. These cash proceeds were recognized as rental revenue and lease termination fee income, which is included in rental and related revenues on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Given the nature of bankruptcy proceedings, the probability, timing, or amount of the additional proceeds, if any, that the Company may ultimately receive in connection with the Company’s claims related to the rejected leases is uncertain. Accordingly, the Company has not recorded any estimated recoveries associated with these claims as of December 31, 2023.
On October 26, 2023, the Company amended its lease with Graphite Bio, Inc. (“Graphite Bio”) at one of its lab buildings in South San Francisco, California. Under the terms of the amended lease agreement, Graphite Bio’s lease expiration date was accelerated from April 2033 to December 2024 in exchange for an upfront cash payment of $37 million, comprised of a $21 million termination fee and $16 million prepayment of Graphite Bio's contractual rent through the amended term. The $37 million will be recognized as rental and related revenues on the Consolidated Statements of Operations on a straight-line basis through the amended term of the lease.
NOTE 7.    Loans Receivable
The following table summarizes the Company’s loans receivable (in thousands):
December 31,
 20232022
Secured loans(1)
$178,678 $350,837 
CCRC resident loans42,733 33,083 
Unamortized discounts and fees(131)(808)
Reserve for loan losses(2,830)(8,280)
Loans receivable, net$218,450 $374,832 
_______________________________________
(1)At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $29 million and $40 million, respectively, remaining of commitments to fund additional loans for senior housing redevelopment and capital expenditure projects.
During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company recognized $22 million, $22 million, and $36 million, respectively, of interest income related to loans secured by real estate.
Sunrise Senior Housing Portfolio Seller Financing
In conjunction with the sale of 32 SHOP facilities for $664 million in January 2021 (see Note 4), the Company provided the buyer with initial financing of $410 million. The remainder of the sales price was received in cash at the time of sale. Additionally, the Company agreed to provide up to $92 million of additional financing for capital expenditures (up to 65% of the estimated cost of capital expenditures). The initial and additional financing is secured by the buyer’s equity ownership in each property. In June 2023, the interest rate on this secured loan was converted from a variable rate based on LIBOR to a variable rate based on Term SOFR (plus a 10 basis point adjustment related to SOFR transition).
In June 2021, February 2022, July 2022, and December 2022, the Company received principal repayments of $246 million, $8 million, $27 million, and $10 million, respectively, in conjunction with the disposition of the underlying collateral. In connection with these principal repayments, the additional financing available was reduced to $40 million, of which $11 million had been funded as of December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, this secured loan had an outstanding principal balance of $131 million and $120 million, respectively.
In February 2024, the loan reached its maturity. The Company provided a short-term extension to the borrower, and the Company and the borrower are currently negotiating long-term refinance and extension terms.
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Other Seller Financing
In conjunction with the sale of 16 additional SHOP facilities for $230 million in January 2021 (see Note 4), the Company provided the buyer with financing of $150 million. The remainder of the sales price was received in cash at the time of sale. The financing is secured by the buyer’s equity ownership in each property. Upon maturity in January 2023, the borrower did not make the required principal repayment. In February 2023, the borrower made a partial principal repayment of $102 million and the remaining balance owed was refinanced with the Company. In connection with the refinance, the maturity date of the loan was extended to January 2024 and the interest rate on the loan was increased to a variable rate based on Term SOFR (plus an 11 basis point adjustment related to SOFR transition) plus 6.0% for the first six months of the extended term, increasing to 7.0% for the last six months of the extended term. The Company also received a $1 million extension fee in connection with the refinance, which is recognized in interest income over the remaining term of the loan. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, this secured loan had an outstanding principal balance of $48 million and $150 million, respectively.
In January 2024, the loan was refinanced with the Company. In connection with the refinance, the maturity date of the loan was extended to January 2025. The interest rate on the loan will remain as Term SOFR (plus an 11 basis point adjustment related to SOFR transition) plus 7.0% but is now subject to a fixed floor of 12%. The Company also received a $1 million extension fee in connection with the refinance, which is recognized in interest income over the remaining term of the loan.
2023 Other Loans Receivable Transactions
In February 2023, the Company received full repayment of the outstanding balance of one $35 million secured loan.
In April 2023, the Company received full repayment of the outstanding balance of one $14 million secured loan.
In May 2023, the Company received full repayment of two outstanding secured loans with an aggregate balance of $12 million.
Also in May 2023, the interest rate on one secured loan with an outstanding balance of $21 million was converted from a variable rate based on LIBOR to a variable rate based on Term SOFR (plus a 10 basis point adjustment related to SOFR transition). In October 2023, the Company received full repayment of the outstanding balance of this $21 million secured loan.
2022 Other Loans Receivable Transactions
In May 2022, the Company received full repayment of the outstanding balance of one $2 million secured loan.
In November 2022, the Company received full repayment of the outstanding balance of one $1 million mezzanine loan.
In December 2022, the Company extended the maturity dates of four secured loans with an aggregate outstanding balance of $61 million, originally scheduled to mature in December 2022, by one year to December 2023. In connection with the extensions, the interest rates on the loans were increased to a variable rate based on Term SOFR (plus an 11 basis point adjustment related to SOFR transition) with a floor of 8.5% for the first six months of the extended term, increasing to a floor of 10.5% for the last six months of the extended term. All four of these secured loans were repaid during 2023 as discussed above.
2021 Other Loans Receivable Transactions
The Company classifies a loan receivable as held for sale when management no longer has the intent or ability to hold the loan receivable for the foreseeable future or until maturity. If a loan receivable is classified as held for sale, previously recorded reserves for loan losses are reversed and the loan is reported at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. During the second quarter of 2021, two loans receivable with a total amortized cost of $64 million were classified as held for sale. Upon the transfer of these two loans to held for sale, the carrying value was decreased by $11 million to an estimated fair value of $53 million, $8 million of which was previously recognized as a reserve for loan losses. As a result, a $3 million net loss was recognized in impairments and loan loss reserves (recoveries), net during the year ended December 31, 2021. In September 2021, the Company sold one of the loans receivable previously classified as held for sale for its carrying value of $2 million. In November 2021, the Company sold the other loan receivable previously classified as held for sale for its carrying value of $51 million.
These fair value estimates were made for each individual loan classified as held for sale and primarily relied on a market approach, utilizing comparable market transactions, forecasted sales prices, and negotiations with prospective buyers. These estimates are considered to be a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy, and are subject to inherent uncertainties.
Additionally, in April 2021, the Company sold two mezzanine loans as part of the Discovery SHOP Portfolio disposition (see Note 4), resulting in no gain or loss on sale of the mezzanine loans.
In May 2021, the Company received a $10 million principal repayment related to one of its secured loans. In September 2021, the Company received repayment of the remaining $15 million balance.
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In July 2021, the Company received full repayment of the outstanding balance of an $8 million secured loan.
CCRC Resident Loans
For certain residents that qualify, CCRCs may offer to lend residents the necessary funds to satisfy the entrance fee requirements so that they are able to move into a community while still continuing the process of selling their previous home. The loans are due upon sale of the resident’s previous home. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company held $43 million and $33 million, respectively, of such notes receivable.
Loans Receivable Internal Ratings
Refer to Note 2 for a discussion of the Company’s quarterly review process over its loans receivable and the related internal ratings process. The following table summarizes, by year of origination, the Company’s internal ratings for loans receivable, net of unamortized discounts, fees, and reserves for loan losses, as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
Investment TypeYear of OriginationTotal
2023
2022
2021(1)
2020
2019
Prior
Secured loans
Risk rating:
Performing loans$— $— $175,717 $— $— $— $175,717 
Watch list loans— — — — — — — 
Workout loans— — — — — — — 
Total secured loans$— $— $175,717 $— $— $— $175,717 
Current period gross write-offs$— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
Current period recoveries— — — — — — — 
Current period net write-offs$— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
CCRC resident loans
Risk rating:
Performing loans$42,132 $601 $— $— $— $— $42,733 
Watch list loans— — — — — — — 
Workout loans— — — — — — — 
Total CCRC resident loans
$42,132 $601 $— $— $— $— $42,733 
Current period gross write-offs$— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
Current period recoveries— — — — — — — 
Current period net write-offs$— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
_______________________________________
(1)Additional financing funded on the Sunrise Senior Housing Portfolio Seller Financing (as discussed above) is included in the year of origination of the initial financing.
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Reserve for Loan Losses
Refer to Note 2 for a discussion of the Company’s assessment of current expected credit losses for loans receivable and unfunded loan commitments. The following table summarizes the Company’s reserve for loan losses (in thousands):
 December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
 Secured Loans
Other(1)
TotalSecured Loans
Other(1)
Total
Reserve for loan losses, beginning of period$8,280 $— $8,280 $1,804 $9 $1,813 
Provision for expected loan losses2,088 — 2,088 6,527 7 6,534 
Expected loan losses (recoveries) related to loans sold or repaid(7,538)— (7,538)(51)(16)(67)
Reserve for loan losses, end of period$2,830 $— $2,830 $8,280 $— $8,280 
_______________________________________
(1)Includes CCRC resident loans and other loan activity.
Additionally, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, a liability of $0.7 million and $0.8 million, respectively, related to expected credit losses for unfunded loan commitments was included in accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and other liabilities.
The change in the reserve for expected loan losses during the year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily due to: (i) principal repayments on seller financing, (ii) increased interest rates on variable rate loans, and (iii) macroeconomic conditions.
NOTE 8. Investments in and Advances to Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
The Company owns interests in the following entities that are accounted for under the equity method (dollars in thousands):
   Carrying Amount
   December 31,
Entity(1)
Segment
Property Count(2)
Ownership %(2)
20232022
South San Francisco JVs(3)
Lab770$393,374 $309,969 
SWF SH JVOther1954332,693 345,978 
Lab JVLab14931,761 26,601 
Needham Land Parcel JV(4)
Lab—3817,084 15,391 
Outpatient Medical JVs(5)
Outpatient medical2
20 - 67
7,941 8,738 
   $782,853 $706,677 
_______________________________________
(1)These entities are not consolidated because the Company does not control, through voting rights or other means, the joint ventures.
(2)Property counts and ownership percentages are as of December 31, 2023.
(3)Includes seven unconsolidated lab joint ventures in South San Francisco, California in which the Company holds a 70% ownership percentage in each joint venture. These joint ventures have been aggregated herein due to similarity of the investments and operations. See “South San Francisco JVs” below for further information.
(4)Land held for development is excluded from the property count as of December 31, 2023.
(5)Includes two unconsolidated outpatient medical joint ventures in which the Company holds an ownership percentage as follows: (i) Ventures IV (20%) and (ii) Suburban Properties, LLC (67%). As of December 31, 2022, these joint ventures held a total of three properties. In April 2023, the Company acquired the remaining 80% interest in one of the two properties in the Ventures IV unconsolidated joint venture for $4 million (see Note 3). These joint ventures have been aggregated herein due to similarity of the investments and operations.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the aggregate unamortized basis difference of the Company’s investments in unconsolidated joint ventures of $49 million and $41 million, respectively, is primarily attributable to the difference between the amount for which the Company purchased its interest in the Lab JV and the historical carrying value of the net assets of the Lab JV and capitalized interest related to the redevelopment activities at the South San Francisco JVs. The differences are amortized over the remaining useful lives of the related assets and are included in equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures.
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South San Francisco JVs
On August 1, 2022, the Company sold a 30% interest in seven lab buildings in South San Francisco, California to a sovereign wealth fund (“SWF Partner”) for cash of $126 million. Following this transaction, the Company and the SWF Partner share in key decisions of the assets through their voting rights, resulting in the Company deconsolidating the assets, recognizing its retained 70% investment in the South San Francisco joint ventures (the “South San Francisco JVs”) at fair value, and accounting for its investment using the equity method. The fair values of the Company’s retained investment were based on a market approach, utilizing an agreed-upon contractual sales price, which is considered to be a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized a gain upon change of control of $311 million, which is recorded in other income (expense), net.
The Company is entitled to a preferred return, a promote, and certain fees in exchange for development and asset management services provided to the South San Francisco JVs when certain conditions are met.
Callan Ridge JV
In December 2023, the Company entered into definitive agreements with a third party to sell a 65% interest in two lab buildings in San Diego, California. The Company received an $8 million nonrefundable deposit upon completion of due diligence in December 2023. As of December 31, 2023, these two lab buildings had a carrying value of $110 million and were classified as held for sale (see Note 4). In January 2024, the transaction closed and the Company received net proceeds of $128 million in connection with the sale of the 65% interest.
NOTE 9.    Intangibles
Intangible assets primarily consist of lease-up intangibles and above market lease intangibles. The following table summarizes the Company’s intangible lease assets (dollars in thousands):
 December 31,
Intangible lease assets2023
2022(1)
Gross intangible lease assets$739,228 $770,285 
Accumulated depreciation and amortization(425,072)(352,224)
Intangible assets, net$314,156 $418,061 
Weighted average remaining amortization period in years55
_______________________________________
(1)Excludes intangible assets reported in assets held for sale of $2 million.
Intangible liabilities consist of below market lease intangibles. The following table summarizes the Company’s intangible lease liabilities (dollars in thousands):
 December 31,
Intangible lease liabilities20232022
Gross intangible lease liabilities$228,105 $237,464 
Accumulated depreciation and amortization(100,725)(81,271)
Intangible liabilities, net$127,380 $156,193 
Weighted average remaining amortization period in years77
The following table sets forth amortization related to intangible assets, net and intangible liabilities, net (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Depreciation and amortization expense related to amortization of lease-up intangibles(1)
$102,249 $104,885 $106,106 
Rental and related revenues related to amortization of net below market lease liabilities(1)
27,012 24,640 20,597 
_______________________________________
(1)Excludes amortization related to assets classified as discontinued operations.
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During the year ended December 31, 2023, in conjunction with the Company’s acquisition of real estate, the Company acquired $0.5 million of intangible assets with a weighted average amortization period at acquisition of 5 years.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, in conjunction with the Company’s acquisitions of real estate, the Company acquired intangible assets of $7 million and intangible liabilities of $6 million. The intangible assets and liabilities acquired had a weighted average amortization period at acquisition of 7 years and 11 years, respectively.
The following table summarizes the estimated annual amortization for each of the five succeeding fiscal years and thereafter (in thousands):
 Rental and Related RevenuesDepreciation and Amortization
2024$22,577 $95,208 
202521,560 83,629 
202619,071 51,580 
202715,064 25,981 
202811,945 16,216 
Thereafter29,909 34,288 
 $120,126 $306,902 
Goodwill
At each of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s goodwill balance was $18 million and is recognized in other assets, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 15 for goodwill attributable to the Company’s reportable segments. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized a $29 million goodwill impairment charge, recognized within income (loss) from discontinued operations (see Note 5).
NOTE 10.    Debt
Subsequent to the Reorganization, Healthpeak OP, the Company’s consolidated operating subsidiary, is the borrower under, and the Company is the guarantor of, all of the unsecured debt discussed below, which includes the Revolving Facility, Term Loan Facilities, Commercial Paper Program (each as defined below), and senior unsecured notes. The Company’s guarantee of the senior unsecured notes is full and unconditional and applicable to existing and future senior unsecured notes.
Bank Line of Credit and Term Loans
On May 23, 2019, the Company executed a $2.5 billion unsecured revolving line of credit facility, with a maturity date of May 23, 2023 and two six-month extension options, subject to certain customary conditions. In September 2021, the Company executed an amended and restated unsecured revolving line of credit (the “Revolving Facility”) to increase total revolving commitments from $2.5 billion to $3.0 billion and extend the maturity date to January 20, 2026. This maturity date may be further extended pursuant to two six-month extension options, subject to certain customary conditions. Borrowings under the Revolving Facility accrue interest at the applicable interest rate benchmark plus a margin that depends on the credit ratings of the Company’s senior unsecured long-term debt. On February 10, 2023, the Company executed an amendment to the Revolving Facility to convert the interest rate benchmark from LIBOR to SOFR. The Company also pays a facility fee on the entire revolving commitment that depends on its credit ratings. Additionally, the Revolving Facility includes a sustainability-linked pricing component whereby the applicable margin may be reduced by up to 0.025% based on the Company’s achievement of specified sustainability-linked metrics, subject to certain conditions. Based on the Company’s credit ratings at December 31, 2023, and inclusive of achievement of a sustainability-linked metric, the margin on the Revolving Facility was 0.85% and the facility fee was 0.15%. The Revolving Facility includes a feature that allows the Company to increase the borrowing capacity by an aggregate amount of up to $750 million, subject to securing additional commitments. At each of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no balance outstanding under the Revolving Facility.
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On August 22, 2022, the Company executed a term loan agreement (the “Term Loan Agreement”) that provided for two senior unsecured delayed draw term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $500 million (the “Term Loan Facilities”). The Term Loan Facilities were available to be drawn from time to time during a 180-day period after closing, subject to customary borrowing conditions, and the Company drew the entirety of the $500 million under the Term Loan Facilities in October 2022. $250 million of the Term Loan Facilities has an initial stated maturity of 4.5 years, which may be extended for a one-year period subject to certain customary conditions. The other $250 million of the Term Loan Facilities has a stated maturity of 5 years with no option to extend. At each of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $500 million outstanding under the Term Loan Facilities.
Loans outstanding under the Term Loan Facilities accrue interest at Term SOFR plus a margin that depends on the credit ratings of the Company’s senior unsecured long-term debt. The Term Loan Agreement also includes a sustainability-linked pricing component whereby the applicable margin under the Term Loan Facilities may be reduced by 0.01% based on the Company’s achievement of specified sustainability-linked metrics. Based on the Company’s credit ratings as of December 31, 2023, and inclusive of achievement of a sustainability-linked metric, the margin on the Term Loan Facilities was 0.94%. The Term Loan Agreement includes a feature that allows the Company to increase the borrowing capacity by an aggregate amount of up to an additional $500 million, subject to securing additional commitments.
In August 2022, the Company entered into two forward-starting interest rate swap instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges (see Note 21). The Term Loan Facilities associated with these interest rate swap instruments are reported as fixed rate debt due to the Company having effectively established a fixed interest rate for the underlying debt instruments. Based on the Company’s credit ratings as of December 31, 2023, the Term Loan Facilities had a blended fixed effective interest rate of 3.76%, inclusive of the impact of these interest rate swap instruments and amortization of the related debt issuance costs.
The Revolving Facility and Term Loan Facilities are subject to certain financial restrictions and other customary requirements, including financial covenants and cross-default provisions to other indebtedness. Among other things, these covenants, using terms defined in the applicable agreement: (i) limit the ratio of Enterprise Total Indebtedness to Enterprise Gross Asset Value to 60%; (ii) limit the ratio of Enterprise Secured Debt to Enterprise Gross Asset Value to 40%; (iii) limit the ratio of Enterprise Unsecured Debt to Enterprise Unencumbered Asset Value to 60%; (iv) require a minimum Fixed Charge Coverage ratio of 1.5 times; and (v) require a minimum Consolidated Tangible Net Worth of $7.7 billion. The Company believes it was in compliance with each of these covenants at December 31, 2023.
The Company has secured commitments for a $750 million five-year unsecured term loan (the “2024 Term Loan”), to be incurred as an incremental facility under the Term Loan Agreement. In January 2024, the Company entered into forward-starting interest rate swap instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges (see Note 21) that will effectively establish a fixed interest rate for the 2024 Term Loan at a blended contractual rate of 4.5%.
Commercial Paper Program
In September 2019, the Company established an unsecured commercial paper program (the “Commercial Paper Program”). Under the terms of the Commercial Paper Program, the Company may issue, from time to time, short-term unsecured notes with varying maturities. Amounts available under the Commercial Paper Program may be borrowed, repaid, and re-borrowed from time to time. At each of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the maximum aggregate face or principal amount that could be outstanding at any one time was $2.0 billion. Amounts borrowed under the Commercial Paper Program will be sold on terms that are customary for the U.S. commercial paper market and will be at least equal in right of payment with all of the Company’s other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. The Company uses its Revolving Facility as a liquidity backstop for the repayment of short-term unsecured notes issued under the Commercial Paper Program. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $720 million of notes outstanding under the Commercial Paper Program, with original maturities of approximately 37 days and a weighted average interest rate of 5.70%. At December 31, 2022, the Company had $996 million of notes outstanding under the Commercial Paper Program, with original maturities of approximately two months and a weighted average interest rate of 4.90%.
Senior Unsecured Notes
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had senior unsecured notes outstanding with an aggregate principal balance of $5.5 billion and $4.7 billion, respectively. The senior unsecured notes contain certain covenants including limitations on debt, maintenance of unencumbered assets, cross-acceleration provisions, and other customary terms. The Company believes it was in compliance with these covenants at December 31, 2023.
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The following table summarizes the Company’s senior unsecured notes issuances for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (dollars in thousands):
Issue DateAmountCoupon RateMaturity Year
Year ended December 31, 2023:
January 17, 2023$400,000 5.25 %2032
May 10, 2023(1)
350,000 5.25 %2032
Year ended December 31, 2021:
November 24, 2021(2)
500,000 2.13 %2028
July 12, 2021(2)
450,000 1.35 %2027
_______________________________________
(1)In May 2023, the Company issued $350 million of 5.25% senior unsecured notes due 2032, which constituted an additional issuance of, and are treated as a single series with, the $400 million of senior unsecured notes due 2032 issued in January 2023.
(2)In 2021, the Company completed two green bond offerings. The net proceeds from both green bonds have been allocated to eligible green projects, and the Company may choose to re-allocate net proceeds from such offerings to one or more other eligible green projects.
During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no repurchases or redemptions of senior unsecured notes.
The following table summarizes the Company’s senior unsecured notes repurchases and redemptions for the year ended December 31, 2021 (dollars in thousands):
Payoff Date(1)
AmountCoupon RateMaturity Year
May 19, 2021$251,806 3.40 %2025
May 19, 2021298,194 4.00 %2025
February 26, 2021188,000 4.25 %2023
February 26, 2021149,000 4.20 %2024
February 26, 2021331,000 3.88 %2024
January 28, 2021112,000 4.25 %2023
January 28, 2021201,000 4.20 %2024
January 28, 2021469,000 3.88 %2024
_______________________________________
(1)As a result of the repurchases and redemptions of these senior unsecured notes, the Company recognized an aggregate $225 million loss on debt extinguishment during the year ended December 31, 2021.
Mortgage Debt
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $255 million and $345 million, respectively, in aggregate principal of mortgage debt outstanding. At December 31, 2023, this mortgage debt was secured by 15 outpatient medical buildings and 2 CCRCs, with an aggregate carrying value of $587 million. At December 31, 2022, this mortgage debt was secured by 15 outpatient medical buildings and 3 CCRCs, with an aggregate carrying value of $793 million.
Mortgage debt generally requires monthly principal and interest payments, is collateralized by real estate assets, and is non-recourse. Mortgage debt typically requires maintenance of the assets in good condition, includes conditions to obtain lender consent to enter into or terminate material leases, requires insurance on the assets, requires payment of real estate taxes, restricts transfer of the encumbered assets and repayment of the loan, and prohibits additional liens. Some of the mortgage debt may require tenants or operators to maintain compliance with the applicable leases or operating agreements of such real estate assets.
During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company made aggregate principal repayments of mortgage debt of $90 million, $5 million, and $9 million, respectively (excluding mortgage debt on assets held for sale and discontinued operations). Included in the $90 million of aggregate principal repayments of mortgage debt for the year ended December 31, 2023 was an $85 million full principal repayment of mortgage debt secured by one CCRC that matured in December 2023.
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The Company has $142 million of mortgage debt secured by a portfolio of 13 outpatient medical buildings that matures in May 2026 (see Note 3). In April 2022, the Company terminated its existing interest rate cap instruments associated with this variable rate mortgage debt and entered into two interest rate swap instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges and mature in May 2026. In February 2023, the agreements associated with this variable rate mortgage debt were amended to change the interest rate benchmarks from LIBOR to SOFR, effective March 2023. Concurrently, the Company modified the related interest rate swap instruments to reflect the change in the interest rate benchmarks from LIBOR to SOFR (see Note 21). The variable rate mortgage debt associated with these interest rate swap instruments is reported as fixed rate debt due to the Company having effectively established a fixed interest rate for the underlying debt instrument.
Debt Maturities
The following table summarizes the Company’s stated debt maturities and scheduled principal repayments at December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):
Senior Unsecured Notes(2)
Mortgage Debt(3)
Year Bank Line of Credit
Commercial Paper(1)
Term LoansAmountInterest RateAmountInterest RateTotal
2024$— $— $— $— — %$7,024 6.90 %$7,024 
2025— — — 800,000 3.92 %3,209 3.82 %803,209 
2026— 720,000 — 650,000 3.40 %244,523 4.44 %1,614,523 
2027— — 500,000 450,000 1.54 %366 5.91 %950,366 
2028— — — 500,000 2.35 %— — %500,000 
Thereafter— — — 3,050,000 4.18 %— — %3,050,000 
 — 720,000 500,000 5,450,000 255,122 6,925,122 
Premiums, (discounts), and debt issuance costs, net— — (3,176)(46,622)975 (48,823)
$— $720,000 $496,824 $5,403,378 $256,097 $6,876,299 
_______________________________________

(1)Commercial Paper Program borrowings are backstopped by the Revolving Facility. As such, the Company calculates the weighted average remaining term of its Commercial Paper Program borrowings using the maturity date of the Revolving Facility.
(2)Effective interest rates on the senior unsecured notes range from 1.54% to 6.87% with a weighted average effective interest rate of 3.66% and a weighted average maturity of 6 years.
(3)Effective interest rates on the mortgage debt range from 3.44% to 9.26% with a weighted average effective interest rate of 4.50% and a weighted average maturity of 3 years. These interest rates include the impact of designated interest rate swap instruments, which effectively fix the interest rate on certain variable rate debt.
NOTE 11.    Commitments and Contingencies
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, the Company is a party to legal proceedings, lawsuits and other claims that arise in the ordinary course of the Company’s business. The Company is not aware of any legal proceedings or claims that it believes may have, individually or taken together, a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. The Company’s policy is to expense legal costs as they are incurred.
Subsequent to December 31, 2023, in connection with the Mergers, three lawsuits have been filed by purported stockholders of the Company against the Company, members of the Company’s Board of Directors, and, with respect to one of such lawsuits, Physicians Realty Trust, challenging the disclosures made in the Initial Filing. No loss contingency has been recorded for these matters as of December 31, 2023. The Company believes that the lawsuits and demands are without merit, but cannot predict the outcome of these proceedings or reasonably estimate any potential loss at this time.
Additionally, four lawsuits have been filed by purported shareholders of Physicians Realty Trust against Physicians Realty Trust and the members of the Physicians Realty Trust board of trustees challenging the disclosures made in the Initial Filing. The plaintiffs in each action seek, among other things, to enjoin the Mergers and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and an award of costs and attorneys’ fees. In addition to such lawsuits, Physicians Realty Trust has received correspondence from multiple purported shareholders of Physicians Realty Trust alleging deficiencies regarding the disclosures made in the Initial Filing. Additional demands and lawsuits arising out of the Mergers may be made or filed in the future.
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DownREITs and Other Partnerships
In connection with the formation of DownREITs, members may contribute appreciated real estate to a DownREIT in exchange for DownREIT units. These contributions are generally tax-deferred, so that the pre-contribution gain related to the property is not taxed to the member. However, if a contributed property is later sold by the DownREIT, the unamortized pre-contribution gain that exists at the date of sale is specifically allocated and taxed to the contributing members. In many of the DownREITs, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with those members who contributed appreciated property into the DownREIT. Under these indemnification agreements, if any of the appreciated real estate contributed by the members is sold by the DownREIT in a taxable transaction within a specified number of years, the Company will reimburse the affected members for the federal and state income taxes associated with the pre-contribution gain that is specially allocated to the affected member under the Internal Revenue Code (“make-whole payments”). These make-whole payments include a tax gross-up provision. These indemnification agreements have expirations terms that range through 2039 on a total of 29 properties.
Additionally, the Company owns a 49% interest in the Lab JV (see Note 8). If the property in the joint venture is sold in a taxable transaction, the Company is generally obligated to indemnify its joint venture partner for its federal and state income taxes associated with the gain that existed at the time of the contribution to the joint venture.
Commitments
The following table summarizes the Company’s material commitments, excluding potential success-based fees as a result of the Mergers (see Note 1), obligations as the lessee under operating leases (see Note 6), commitments to fund additional loans for senior housing redevelopment and capital expenditure projects (see Note 7), debt service obligations (see Note 10), and potential future obligations related to redeemable noncontrolling interests (see Note 12) at December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
 Amount
Development and redevelopment commitments(1)
$151,996 
Lease and other contractual commitments(2)
27,655 
$179,651 
_______________________________________
(1)Represents construction and other commitments as of December 31, 2023 for developments and redevelopments in progress and includes allowances for Company-owned tenant improvements that the Company has provided as a lessor.
(2)Represents the Company’s commitments, as lessor, under signed leases and contracts for operating properties as of December 31, 2023 and includes allowances for Company-owned tenant improvements and leasing commissions. Excludes allowances for Company-owned tenant improvements related to developments and redevelopments in progress for which the Company has executed an agreement with a general contractor to complete the tenant improvements (recognized in the “Development and redevelopment commitments” line).
Environmental Costs
Various environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing management and operation of our facilities, including those related to presence of asbestos-containing materials. The presence of, or the failure to manage and/or remediate, such materials may adversely affect the occupancy and performance of the Company’s facilities. The Company monitors its properties for the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances and is not aware of any environmental liability with respect to the properties that would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, or results of operations. The Company carries environmental insurance and believes that the policy terms, conditions, limitations, and deductibles are adequate and appropriate under the circumstances, given the relative risk of loss, the cost of such coverage, and current industry practice.
General Uninsured Losses
The Company obtains various types of insurance to mitigate the impact of property, business interruption, liability, workers’ compensation, flood, windstorm, earthquake, environmental, cyber, and terrorism related losses. The Company attempts to obtain appropriate policy terms, conditions, limits, and deductibles considering the relative risk of loss, the cost of such coverage, and current industry practice. There are, however, certain types of extraordinary losses, such as those due to acts of war or other events that may be either uninsurable or not economically insurable. In addition, the Company has a large number of properties that are exposed to earthquake, flood, and windstorm occurrences for which the related insurances carry high deductibles and have limits.
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NOTE 12.    Equity and Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
Dividends
On January 31, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.30 per share. The common stock cash dividend will be paid on February 26, 2024 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 14, 2024.
During each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company declared and paid common stock cash dividends of $1.20.
At-The-Market Equity Offering Program
In February 2023, in connection with the Reorganization, the Company terminated the previous at-the-market equity offering program (as amended from time to time, the “2020 ATM Program”) and established a new at-the-market equity offering program (the “2023 ATM Program” and, together with the 2020 ATM Program, the “ATM Programs”). The ATM Programs allow for the sale of shares of common stock having an aggregate gross sales price of up to $1.5 billion (i) by the Company through a consortium of banks acting as sales agents or directly to the banks acting as principals or (ii) by a consortium of banks acting as forward sellers on behalf of any forward purchasers pursuant to a forward sale agreement (each, an “ATM forward contract”). The use of ATM forward contracts allows the Company to lock in a share price on the sale of shares at the time the ATM forward contract becomes effective, but defer receiving the proceeds from the sale of shares until a later date.
ATM forward contracts generally have a one to two year term. At any time during the term, the Company may settle a forward sale by delivery of physical shares of common stock to the forward seller or, at the Company’s election, in cash or net shares. The forward sale price the Company expects to receive upon settlement of outstanding ATM forward contracts will be the initial forward price established upon the effective date, subject to adjustments for: (i) accrued interest, (ii) the forward purchasers’ stock borrowing costs, and (iii) certain fixed price reductions during the term of the ATM forward contract.
At December 31, 2023, $1.5 billion of the Company’s common stock remained available for sale under the 2023 ATM Program.
ATM Forward Contracts
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company utilized the forward provisions under the 2020 ATM Program to allow for the sale of an aggregate of 9.1 million shares of its common stock at an initial weighted average net price of $35.25 per share, after commissions. The Company did not enter into any forward contracts under the 2020 ATM Program during the year ended December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the Company settled all 9.1 million shares previously outstanding under ATM forward contracts at a weighted average net price of $34.01 per share, after commissions, resulting in net proceeds of $308 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not utilize the forward provisions under the ATM Programs.
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ATM Direct Issuances
During each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, there were no direct issuances of shares of common stock under the ATM Programs.
Share Repurchase Program
On August 1, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program under which the Company may acquire shares of its common stock in the open market up to an aggregate purchase price of $500 million (the “Share Repurchase Program”). Purchases of common stock under the Share Repurchase Program may be exercised at the Company’s discretion with the timing and number of shares repurchased depending on a variety of factors, including price, corporate and regulatory requirements, and other corporate liquidity requirements and priorities. The Share Repurchase Program expires in August 2024 and may be suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice. Under Maryland General Corporation Law, outstanding shares of common stock acquired by a corporation become authorized but unissued shares, which may be re-issued. In August 2022, the Company repurchased 2.1 million shares of its common stock at a weighted average price of $27.16 per share for a total of $56 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, there were no repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program. Therefore, at December 31, 2023, $444 million of the Company’s common stock remained available for repurchase under the Share Repurchase Program.
Other Common Stock Activities
The following table summarizes the Company’s other common stock activities (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan$70 $59 $81 
Conversion of DownREIT units72 27 8 
Exercise of stock options— — 97 
Vesting of restricted stock units613 820 924 
Repurchase of common stock241 2,418 418 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following table summarizes the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (in thousands):
 December 31,
 20232022
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, net$21,245 $30,145 
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan minimum liability(1,874)(2,011)
Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)$19,371 $28,134 
The Company has a defined benefit pension plan, known as the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, with one plan participant, a former Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) of the Company who departed in 2003. Changes to the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan minimum liability are reflected in other comprehensive income (loss).
Noncontrolling Interests
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
Arrangements with noncontrolling interest holders are assessed for appropriate balance sheet classification based on the redemption and other rights held by the noncontrolling interest holder. Certain of the Company’s noncontrolling interest holders have the ability to put their equity interests to the Company upon specified events or after the passage of a predetermined period of time (the “Option Requirements”). Each put option is payable in cash and subject to changes in redemption value in the event that the underlying property generates specified returns for the Company and meets certain promote thresholds pursuant to the respective agreements. Accordingly, the Company records redeemable noncontrolling interests outside of permanent equity and presents the redeemable noncontrolling interests at the greater of their carrying amount or redemption value at the end of each reporting period. In addition to the rights of the redeemable noncontrolling interest holders, once the Option Requirements have been met, the Company has the ability to buy out the interests of the noncontrolling interest holders.
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As of December 31, 2023, three of the redeemable noncontrolling interests met the conditions for redemption, but were not yet exercised. The one remaining redeemable noncontrolling interest met the redemption conditions in January 2024. The values of the redeemable noncontrolling interests are subject to change based on the assessment of redemption value at each redemption date.
Healthpeak OP
Immediately following the Reorganization, Healthpeak Properties, Inc. was the initial sole member and 100% owner of Healthpeak OP. Subsequent to the Reorganization, OP Unitholders were issued approximately 2 million OP Units during the year ended December 31, 2023, all of which were LTIP Units (as defined below, see also Note 14). When certain conditions are met, the OP Unitholders have the right to require redemption of part or all of their OP Units for cash or shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s option as managing member of Healthpeak OP. The per unit redemption amount is equal to either one share of the Company’s common stock or cash equal to the fair value of a share of common stock at the time of redemption. The Company classifies the OP Units in permanent equity because it may elect, in its sole discretion, to issue shares of its common stock to OP Unitholders who choose to redeem their OP Units rather than using cash. None of the outstanding OP Units met the criteria for redemption as of December 31, 2023.
DownREITs
The non-managing member units of the Company’s DownREITs are exchangeable for an amount of cash approximating the then-current market value of shares of the Company’s common stock or, at the Company’s option, shares of the Company’s common stock (subject to certain adjustments, such as stock splits and reclassifications). Upon exchange of DownREIT units for the Company’s common stock, the carrying amount of the DownREIT units is reclassified to stockholders’ equity. At December 31, 2023, there were approximately 5 million DownREIT units (7 million shares of Healthpeak common stock are issuable upon conversion) outstanding in seven DownREIT LLCs, for all of which the Company acts as the managing member. At December 31, 2023, the carrying and market values of the 5 million DownREIT units were $199 million and $143 million, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the carrying and market values of the 5 million DownREIT units were $200 million and $183 million, respectively.
NOTE 13.    Earnings Per Common Share
Basic income (loss) per common share (“EPS”) is computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted income (loss) per common share is computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the impact of forward equity sales agreements using the treasury stock method, common shares issuable from the assumed conversion of DownREIT units, stock options, certain performance restricted stock units, and unvested restricted stock units. Only those instruments having a dilutive impact on the Company’s basic income (loss) per share are included in diluted income (loss) per share during the periods presented.
Certain restricted stock units are considered participating securities, because dividend payments are not forfeited even if the underlying award does not vest, and require use of the two-class method when computing basic and diluted earnings per share.
Refer to Note 12 for a discussion of the sale of shares under and settlement of forward sales agreements during the periods presented. The Company considered the potential dilution resulting from forward agreements under its ATM Programs to the calculation of earnings per share. At inception, the agreements do not have an effect on the computation of basic EPS as no shares are delivered until settlement. However, the Company uses the treasury stock method to calculate the dilution, if any, resulting from the forward sales agreements during the period of time prior to settlement.
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The following table illustrates the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands, except per share amounts):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Numerator
Income (loss) from continuing operations$334,757 $513,540 $137,728 
Noncontrolling interests’ share in continuing operations(28,748)(15,975)(17,851)
Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Healthpeak Properties, Inc.306,009 497,565 119,877 
Less: Participating securities’ share in continuing operations(1,725)(2,657)(3,269)
Income (loss) from continuing operations applicable to common shares304,284 494,908 116,608 
Income (loss) from discontinued operations— 2,884 388,202 
Noncontrolling interests’ share in discontinued operations— — (2,539)
Net income (loss) applicable to common shares - basic and diluted$304,284 $497,792 $502,271 
Denominator
Basic weighted average shares outstanding547,006 538,809 538,930 
Dilutive potential common shares - equity awards(1)
269 338 310 
Dilutive potential common shares - forward equity agreements(2)
— — 1 
Diluted weighted average common shares547,275 539,147 539,241 
Basic earnings (loss) per common share
Continuing operations$0.56 $0.92 $0.22 
Discontinued operations— 0.00 0.71 
Net income (loss) applicable to common shares$0.56 $0.92 $0.93 
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share
Continuing operations$0.56 $0.92 $0.22 
Discontinued operations— 0.00 0.71 
Net income (loss) applicable to common shares$0.56 $0.92 $0.93 
_______________________________________
(1)For all periods presented, represents the dilutive impact of 1 million outstanding equity awards (restricted stock units and stock options).
(2)For the year ended December 31, 2023, forward equity sales agreements had no dilutive impact as no shares were outstanding under ATM forward contracts during the year. For the year ended December 31, 2022, all 9.1 million shares that were settled during the year then ended were anti-dilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2021, represents the dilutive impact of 9.1 million shares that were not settled during the year then ended.
For each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, all 7 million shares issuable upon conversion of DownREIT units were not included because they were anti-dilutive.
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NOTE 14.    Compensation Plans
Stock-Based Compensation
On May 11, 2006, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2006 Performance Incentive Plan, which was amended and restated in 2009 (the “2006 Plan”). On May 1, 2014, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2014 Performance Incentive Plan, which was amended and restated in 2019 and further amended in 2023 (the “2014 Plan”). Following the adoption of the 2014 Plan, no new awards were issued under the 2006 Plan. On April 27, 2023, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2023 Performance Plan (the “2023 Plan” and collectively with the 2006 Plan and the 2014 Plan, the “Plans”). Following the adoption of the 2023 Plan, no new awards may be issued under the 2014 Plan. The Plans provide for the granting of stock-based compensation to officers, employees, and directors, including stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and with respect to the 2014 and 2023 Plans, profits interests in Healthpeak OP (“LTIP Units”). The maximum number of shares reserved for awards under the 2023 Plan is 31 million shares, and, as of December 31, 2023, 31 million of the reserved shares under the 2023 Plan are available for future awards, of which 21 million shares may be issued as restricted stock, restricted stock units, or LTIP Units.
Restricted Stock Units
Under the Plans, time-based restricted stock units and market-based restricted stock units (collectively, “Restricted Stock Units”) are granted subject to certain restrictions. Conditions of vesting are determined at the time of grant. Restrictions on certain awards generally lapse, as provided in the Plans or in the applicable award agreement, upon retirement, a change in control, or other specified events. The fair market value of Restricted Stock Units is expensed over the period of vesting. Time-based restricted stock units, which vest based solely upon passage of time, generally vest on a graded schedule over a period of three to five years. The fair value of time-based restricted stock units is determined based on the closing market price of the Company’s shares on the grant date. Market-based restricted stock units, which vest dependent upon attainment of total shareholder return (“TSR”) performance that equal or exceed threshold levels as measured against certain peer and industry benchmarks, generally vest in their entirety at the end of a three-year performance period. The number of shares that ultimately vest based on performance can vary from 0% to 200% of target depending on the level of achievement of the performance criteria. The fair value of market-based restricted stock units is determined based on the Monte Carlo valuation model primarily using the following assumptions for awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively: (i) expected term of 3 years, 3 years, and 3 years (equal to the remaining performance period at the grant date), (ii) historical volatility of 33.0%, 38.9%, and 39.1%, (iii) dividend yield of 4.4%, 3.5%, and 4.0%, (iv) risk-free rate of 4.4%, 1.8%, and 0.2%, and (v) post-vesting restrictions discount of 10.0%, 5.8%, and 12.9%. The total grant date fair value of time-based restricted stock units and market-based restricted stock units granted during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $9 million, $27 million, and $23 million, respectively. The total fair value (at vesting) of time-based restricted stock units and market-based restricted stock units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $16 million, $27 million, and $29 million, respectively.
Upon vesting of Restricted Stock Units, the participant is required to pay the related tax withholding obligation, as applicable. The Company reduces the number of common stock shares delivered to pay the employee tax withholding obligation. The value of the shares withheld is dependent on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the trading date prior to the relevant transaction occurring. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company withheld 241,000, 356,000, and 418,000 shares, respectively, to offset tax withholding obligations with respect to the vesting of the Restricted Stock Units.
LTIP Units
During the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately 2 million LTIP Units were issued to officers of the Company. These awards are designed to qualify as “profits interests” in Healthpeak OP for federal income tax purposes. Such interests are initially not economically equivalent in value to a share of common stock until reaching one-for-one parity with the Company’s common stock, subject to any vesting conditions applicable to the award. When certain conditions are met, LTIP Units are converted to common units, which may then be redeemed for cash or shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s option as managing member of Healthpeak OP (see also Note 12).
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Under the Plans, time-based LTIP Units and market-based LTIP Units (collectively, “LTIP Units”), are granted subject to certain restrictions. Time-based LTIP Units, which vest solely upon passage of time, generally vest over a period of three to six years. The fair value of the time-based LTIP Units is determined based on the closing market price of the Company’s shares on the grant date less a discount for post-vesting restrictions, liquidity risk, and uncertainty of the time-based LTIP Units reaching parity. The market-based LTIP Units are granted at the maximum potential payout, inclusive of expected distributions during the performance period. Market-based LTIP Units, which vest dependent upon attainment of various levels of TSR performance that equal or exceed threshold levels as measured against certain peer and industry benchmarks, generally vest in their entirety at the end of a three-year performance period. The number of market-based LTIP Units that ultimately vest can vary from 0% to 200% of target depending on the level of achievement of the performance criteria, and any difference from the original grant are forfeited. The fair value of market-based LTIP Units granted during the year ended December 31, 2023 is determined based on the Monte Carlo valuation model using the same assumptions as market-based restricted stock units described above less a discount for post-vesting restrictions, liquidity risk, and uncertainty of the market-based LTIP Units reaching parity with the value of the Company’s common stock and the vesting terms of the awards. The total grant date fair value of LTIP Units granted during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $29 million. The total fair value (at vesting) of LTIP Units that vested during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $2 million.
Dividends and Distributions
Holders of time-based restricted stock units and time-based LTIP Units are generally entitled to receive dividends and distributions, respectively, equal to the amount that would be paid on an equivalent number of shares of common stock. Market-based restricted stock units receive cumulative cash dividends upon vesting for the entirety of the performance period based on the level of achievement of the performance criteria. The market-based LTIP Units receive cash distributions equal to 10% of the quarterly dividends paid on the Company’s common stock during the performance period. Based on the level of achievement of the performance criteria at the end of the performance period, the market-based LTIP Units receive distributions in the form of additional LTIP Units for amounts ultimately vested during the performance period, less cash distributions already paid.
Stock Options
There have been no grants of stock options since 2014. Stock options outstanding and exercisable were 0.2 million at December 31, 2023 and 0.3 million at December 31, 2022. There were no stock options exercised under the Plans for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2021, proceeds received from stock options exercised under the Plans was $3 million. No compensation cost related to stock options was incurred during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
The following table summarizes Restricted Stock Unit and LTIP Unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 (units in thousands):
Restricted Stock Units
LTIP Units
 
Number of Units
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value		Number of UnitsWeighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Unvested at January 1, 20231,709 $33.66 — $— 
Granted393 28.12 1,970 14.66 
Vested(613)37.97 (76)24.56 
Forfeited(610)31.16 — — 
Unvested at December 31, 2023879 $29.91 1,894 $14.26 
Total stock-based compensation cost was $19 million, $32 million, and $23 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, which was recognized in general and administrative expenses. The year ended December 31, 2022 included $10 million of severance-related charges resulting from a decrease in the requisite service period of restricted stock units associated with the Company's former CEO, as further described below. Of the total stock-based compensation cost, $4 million, $4 million, and $3 million was capitalized as part of real estate for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there was $20 million of future expenses related to unvested stock-based compensation arrangements granted under the Company’s incentive plans, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.5 years associated with future employee service. Compensation cost recognized for all Restricted Stock Units and LTIP Units is net of actual forfeitures.
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Departure of Executives
On October 6, 2022, the Company and Thomas M. Herzog mutually agreed that Mr. Herzog would step down from his position as CEO and from the board of directors of the Company, effective immediately. On November 1, 2022, the Company and Troy E. McHenry mutually agreed that Mr. McHenry would step down from his position as Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel, effective immediately. During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company recognized total severance-related charges of $33 million in general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations, $10 million of which related to a decrease in the requisite service period of Restricted Stock Units as discussed above. These Restricted Stock Units continue to vest in accordance with the original terms of the grants. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, $8 million and $15 million of these severance-related charges have not yet been paid and were included in accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
NOTE 15.    Segment Disclosures
The Company’s reportable segments, based on how its CODM evaluates the business and allocates resources, are as follows: (i) lab, (ii) outpatient medical, and (iii) CCRC. The Company has non-reportable segments that are comprised primarily of the Company’s interests in an unconsolidated JV that owns 19 senior housing assets (the “SWF SH JV”), loans receivable, and marketable debt securities. These marketable debt securities matured on December 31, 2022, and the Company received the related proceeds in January 2023. Non-reportable segments have been presented on an aggregate basis within the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements herein. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the Company’s Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (see Note 2).
During the second quarter of 2023, the Company changed the name of its “life science” and “medical office” segments to “lab” and “outpatient medical,” respectively. The segment name changes did not result in any changes to the composition of the Company’s segments or information reviewed by its CODM, and therefore, had no impact on the Company’s historical results of segment operations.
The Company evaluates performance based on property Adjusted NOI. NOI is defined as real estate revenues (inclusive of rental and related revenues, resident fees and services, income from direct financing leases, and government grant income and exclusive of interest income), less property level operating expenses; NOI excludes all other financial statement amounts included in net income (loss). Adjusted NOI is calculated as NOI after eliminating the effects of straight-line rents, DFL non-cash interest, amortization of market lease intangibles, termination fees, actuarial reserves for insurance claims that have been incurred but not reported, and the impact of deferred community fee income and expense.
NOI and Adjusted NOI are non-GAAP supplemental measures that are calculated as NOI and Adjusted NOI from consolidated properties, plus the Company’s share of NOI and Adjusted NOI from unconsolidated joint ventures (calculated by applying the Company’s actual ownership percentage for the period), less noncontrolling interests’ share of NOI and Adjusted NOI from consolidated joint ventures (calculated by applying the Company’s actual ownership percentage for the period). Management utilizes its share of NOI and Adjusted NOI in assessing its performance as the Company has various joint ventures that contribute to its performance. The Company does not control its unconsolidated joint ventures, and the Company’s share of amounts from unconsolidated joint ventures do not represent the Company’s legal claim to such items. The Company’s share of NOI and Adjusted NOI should not be considered a substitute for, and should only be considered together with and as a supplement to, the Company’s financial information presented in accordance with GAAP. Management believes that Adjusted NOI is an important supplemental measure because it provides relevant and useful information by reflecting only income and operating expense items that are incurred at the property level and presenting it on an unlevered basis. Additionally, management believes that net income (loss) is the most directly comparable GAAP measure to NOI and Adjusted NOI. NOI and Adjusted NOI should not be viewed as alternative measures of operating performance to net income (loss) as defined by GAAP since they do not reflect various excluded items.
Non-segment assets consist of assets in the Company’s other non-reportable segments and corporate non-segment assets. Corporate non-segment assets consist primarily of corporate assets, including cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, loans receivable, marketable debt securities, other assets, real estate assets held for sale, and liabilities related to assets held for sale.
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The following tables summarize information for the reportable segments (in thousands):
For the year ended December 31, 2023:
LabOutpatient MedicalCCRCOther Non-reportableCorporate Non-segmentTotal
Total revenues$878,326 $753,479 $527,417 $21,781 $— $2,181,003 
Government grant income(1)
— — 184 — — 184 
Less: Interest income— — — (21,781)— (21,781)
Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture total revenues9,924 3,033 — 82,426 — 95,383 
Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture government grant income— — — 229 — 229 
Noncontrolling interests’ share of consolidated joint venture total revenues(619)(35,073)— — — (35,692)
Operating expenses(229,630)(263,132)(413,472)— 4,174 (902,060)
Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture operating expenses(4,092)(1,189)— (60,811)— (66,092)
Noncontrolling interests’ share of consolidated joint venture operating expenses156 9,921 — — — 10,077 
Adjustments to NOI(2)
(36,524)(14,314)(1,618)366 (4,174)(56,264)
Adjusted NOI617,541 452,725 112,511 22,210 — 1,204,987 
Plus: Adjustments to NOI(2)
36,524 14,314 1,618 (366)4,174 56,264 
Interest income— — — 21,781 — 21,781 
Interest expense— (7,770)(7,010)— (185,551)(200,331)
Depreciation and amortization(328,349)(289,683)(131,869)— — (749,901)
General and administrative— — — — (95,132)(95,132)
Transaction and merger-related costs(333)(1,120)(1,881)— (14,181)(17,515)
Impairments and loan loss reserves, net— — — 5,601 — 5,601 
Gain (loss) on sales of real estate, net60,498 21,312 — 4,653 — 86,463 
Other income (expense), net7 2,697 228 (81)3,957 6,808 
Less: Government grant income— — (184)— — (184)
Less: Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture NOI(5,832)(1,844)— (21,844)— (29,520)
Plus: Noncontrolling interests’ share of consolidated joint venture NOI463 25,152 — — — 25,615 
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures380,519 215,783 (26,587)31,954 (286,733)314,936 
Income tax benefit (expense)— — — — 9,617 9,617 
Equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures4,540 835 — 4,829 — 10,204 
Income (loss) from continuing operations385,059 216,618 (26,587)36,783 (277,116)334,757 
Income (loss) from discontinued operations— — — — — — 
Net income (loss)$385,059 $216,618 $(26,587)$36,783 $(277,116)$334,757 
_______________________________________
(1)Represents government grant income received under the CARES Act, which is recorded in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations (see Note 2).
(2)Represents straight-line rents, DFL non-cash interest, amortization of market lease intangibles, net, actuarial reserves for insurance claims that have been incurred but not reported, deferral of community fees, and termination fees. Includes the Company’s share of income (loss) generated by unconsolidated joint ventures and excludes noncontrolling interests’ share of income (loss) generated by consolidated joint ventures.
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For the year ended December 31, 2022:
LabOutpatient MedicalCCRCOther Non-reportableCorporate Non-segmentTotal
Total revenues$817,573 $725,370 $494,935 $23,300 $— $2,061,178 
Government grant income(1)
— — 6,765 — — 6,765 
Less: Interest income— — — (23,300)— (23,300)
Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture total revenues9,9212,999—73,885—86,805 
Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture government grant income——380498—878 
Noncontrolling interests’ share of consolidated joint venture total revenues(268)(35,717)———(35,985)
Operating expenses(209,143)(253,309)(400,539)— — (862,991)
Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture operating expenses(2,883)(1,178)— (57,632)— (61,693)
Noncontrolling interests’ share of consolidated joint venture operating expenses87 10,317 — — — 10,404 
Adjustments to NOI(2)
(62,754)(15,513)2,300 169 — (75,798)
Adjusted NOI552,533 432,969 103,841 16,920 — 1,106,263 
Plus: Adjustments to NOI(2)
62,754 15,513 (2,300)(169)— 75,798 
Interest income— — — 23,300 — 23,300 
Interest expense— (6,900)(7,509)— (158,535)(172,944)
Depreciation and amortization(302,649)(279,546)(128,374)— — (710,569)
General and administrative— — — — (131,033)(131,033)
Transaction and merger-related costs(387)(1,255)(725)— (2,486)(4,853)
Impairments and loan loss reserves, net— — — (7,004)— (7,004)
Gain (loss) on sales of real estate, net3,744 10,659 — (5,325)— 9,078 
Other income (expense), net311,939 12,709 (1,380)(13)3,013 326,268 
Less: Government grant income— — (6,765)— — (6,765)
Less: Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture NOI(7,038)(1,821)(380)(16,751)— (25,990)
Plus: Noncontrolling interests’ share of consolidated joint venture NOI181 25,400 — — — 25,581 
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures621,077 207,728 (43,592)10,958 (289,041)507,130 
Income tax benefit (expense)————4,425 4,425 
Equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures(972)852 539 1,566 — 1,985 
Income (loss) from continuing operations620,105 208,580 (43,053)12,524 (284,616)513,540 
Income (loss) from discontinued operations— — — — 2,884 2,884 
Net income (loss)$620,105 $208,580 $(43,053)$12,524 $(281,732)$516,424 
_______________________________________
(1)Represents government grant income received under the CARES Act, which is recorded in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations (see Note 2).
(2)Represents straight-line rents, DFL non-cash interest, amortization of market lease intangibles, net, actuarial reserves for insurance claims that have been incurred but not reported, deferral of community fees, and termination fees. Includes the Company’s share of income (loss) generated by unconsolidated joint ventures and excludes noncontrolling interests’ share of income (loss) generated by consolidated joint ventures.
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For the year ended December 31, 2021:
LabOutpatient MedicalCCRCOther Non-reportableCorporate Non-segmentTotal
Total revenues$715,844 $671,242 $471,325 $37,773 $— $1,896,184 
Government grant income(1)
— — 1,412 — — 1,412 
Less: Interest income— — — (37,773)— (37,773)
Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture total revenues5,757 2,882 6,903 67,835 — 83,377 
Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture government grant income— — 200 1,549 — 1,749 
Noncontrolling interests’ share of consolidated joint venture total revenues(292)(35,363)— — — (35,655)
Operating expenses(169,044)(223,383)(380,865)13 — (773,279)
Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture operating expenses(1,836)(1,174)(6,639)(51,866)— (61,515)
Noncontrolling interests’ share of consolidated joint venture operating expenses87 10,071 — — — 10,158 
Adjustments to NOI(2)
(46,589)(11,118)3,241 (47)— (54,513)
Adjusted NOI503,927 413,157 95,577 17,484 — 1,030,145 
Plus: Adjustments to NOI(2)
46,589 11,118 (3,241)47 — 54,513 
Interest income— — — 37,773 — 37,773 
Interest expense(232)(2,837)(7,701)— (147,210)(157,980)
Depreciation and amortization(303,196)(255,746)(125,344)— — (684,286)
General and administrative— — — — (98,303)(98,303)
Transaction and merger-related costs(24)(323)(1,445)(49)— (1,841)
Impairments and loan loss reserves, net— (21,577)— (1,583)— (23,160)
Gain (loss) on sales of real estate, net— 190,590 — — — 190,590 
Gain (loss) on debt extinguishments— — — — (225,824)(225,824)
Other income (expense), net55 (2,725)2,141 486 6,309 6,266 
Less: Government grant income— — (1,412)— — (1,412)
Less: Healthpeak’s share of unconsolidated joint venture NOI(3,921)(1,708)(464)(17,518)— (23,611)
Plus: Noncontrolling interests’ share of consolidated joint venture NOI20525,292——— 25,497 
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures243,403 355,241 (41,889)36,640 (465,028)128,367 
Income tax benefit (expense)— — — — 3,261 3,261 
Equity income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures1,118 794 1,484 2,704 — 6,100 
Income (loss) from continuing operations244,521 356,035 (40,405)39,344 (461,767)137,728 
Income (loss) from discontinued operations— — — — 388,202 388,202 
Net income (loss)$244,521 $356,035 $(40,405)$39,344 $(73,565)$525,930 
_______________________________________
(1)Represents government grant income received under the CARES Act, which is recorded in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations (see Note 2).
(2)Represents straight-line rents, DFL non-cash interest, amortization of market lease intangibles, net, actuarial reserves for insurance claims that have been incurred but not reported, deferral of community fees, and termination fees. Includes the Company’s share of income (loss) generated by unconsolidated joint ventures and excludes noncontrolling interests’ share of income (loss) generated by consolidated joint ventures.

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The following table summarizes the Company’s total assets by segment (in thousands):
 December 31,
Segment20232022
Lab$9,313,395 $9,019,271 
Outpatient medical6,376,191 6,291,986 
CCRC2,369,883 2,276,898 
Reportable segment assets18,059,469 17,588,155 
Accumulated depreciation and amortization(4,017,023)(3,540,362)
Net reportable segment assets14,042,446 14,047,793 
Other non-reportable segment assets553,031 744,550 
Assets held for sale, net117,986 49,866 
Other non-segment assets985,387 929,020 
Total assets$15,698,850 $15,771,229 
See Notes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 18 for significant transactions impacting the Company’s segment assets during the periods presented.
At each of December 31, 2023 and 2022, goodwill of $18 million was allocated to the Company’s segment assets as follows: (i) $14 million for outpatient medical, (ii) $2 million for CCRC, and (iii) $2 million for other non-reportable.
NOTE 16.     Income Taxes
The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the applicable provisions of the Code beginning with the year ended December 31, 1985. The Company has also elected for certain of its subsidiaries to be treated as TRSs (the “TRS entities”), which are subject to federal and state income taxes. All entities other than the TRS entities are collectively referred to as the “REIT” within this Note 16. Certain REIT entities are also subject to state and local income taxes.
Distributions with respect to the Company’s common stock can be characterized for federal income tax purposes as ordinary dividends, capital gains, nondividend distributions, or a combination thereof.
The following table shows the characterization of the Company’s annual common stock distributions per share:
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Ordinary dividends(1)
$0.909692 $0.872948 $0.152336 
Capital gains(2)(3)
0.116992 0.183208 0.379960 
Nondividend distributions0.173316 0.143844 0.667704 
$1.200000 $1.200000 $1.200000 
_______________________________________
(1)For the year ended December 31, 2023, the amount includes $0.882312 of ordinary dividends qualified as business income for purposes of Code Section 199A and $0.027380 of qualified dividend income for purposes of Code Section 1(h)(11). For the year ended December 31, 2022, all $0.872948 of ordinary dividends qualified as business income for purposes of Code Section 199A. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the amount includes $0.137064 of ordinary dividends qualified as business income for purposes of Code Section 199A and $0.015272 of qualified dividend income for purposes of Code Section 1(h)(11).
(2)For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the amount includes $0.036256, $0.017760, and $0.379960, respectively, of unrecaptured Code Section 1250 gain. Pursuant to Treasury Regulation Section 1.1061-6(c), the Company is disclosing additional information related to the capital gain dividends for purposes of Section 1061 of the Code. Code Section 1061 is generally applicable to direct and indirect holders of “applicable partnership interests.” For the year ended December 31, 2023, the “One Year Amounts” and “Three Year Amounts” are each zero, since all capital gains relate to Code Section 1231 gains. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the “One Year Amounts” and “Three Year Amounts” are each 89.6708% of the total capital gain distributions and the remaining capital gain distributions are attributable to Code Section 1231 gains, which are not subject to Code Section 1061. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the “One Year Amounts” and “Three Year Amounts” are each zero, since all capital gains relate to Code Section 1231 gains.
(3)For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, 100%, 10.3292%, and 100%, respectively, of the capital gain distributions represent gains from dispositions of U.S. real property interests pursuant to Code Section 897 for foreign shareholders.
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The Company’s pretax income (loss) from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $325 million, $509 million, and $134 million, respectively, of which $318 million, $527 million, and $150 million was attributable to the REIT entities for the years then ended. The TRS entities subject to tax reported income (losses) before income taxes from continuing operations of $7 million, $(18) million, and $(16) million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
The total income tax benefit (expense) from continuing operations consists of the following components (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Current
Federal$(1,663)$(632)$(126)
State(3,325)(689)(1,003)
Total current$(4,988)$(1,321)$(1,129)
Deferred
Federal$11,682 $3,157 $3,469 
State2,923 2,589 921 
Total deferred$14,605 $5,746 $4,390 
Total income tax benefit (expense) from continuing operations$9,617 $4,425 $3,261 
The Company’s income tax benefit from discontinued operations was zero, $0.3 million, and $1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively (see Note 4).
The following table reconciles income tax benefit (expense) from continuing operations at statutory rates to actual income tax benefit (expense) recorded (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Tax benefit (expense) at U.S. federal statutory income tax rate on income or loss subject to tax$(1,404)$3,698 $3,345 
State income tax benefit (expense), net of federal tax (1,035)911 706 
Gross receipts and margin taxes(1,647)(956)(989)
Return to provision adjustments(90)1,260 (4)
Change in valuation allowance for deferred tax assets13,797 194 203 
Change in tax status of TRS(4)(682)— 
Total income tax benefit (expense) from continuing operations$9,617 $4,425 $3,261 
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Deferred income taxes reflect the net effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The following table summarizes the significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities from continuing operations (in thousands):
December 31,
202320222021
Deferred tax assets:
Deferred revenue$103,530 $102,504 $104,397 
Net operating loss carryforward54,136 62,280 71,744 
Expense accruals12,324 12,399 14,229 
Real estate850 150 129 
Other 58 689 — 
Total deferred tax assets170,898 178,022 190,499 
Valuation allowance(13,004)(26,098)(35,772)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance$157,894 $151,924 $154,727 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Real estate$43,488 $52,266 $61,097 
Other818 674 648 
Deferred tax liabilities$44,306 $52,940 $61,745 
Net deferred tax assets$113,588 $98,984 $92,982 
Net deferred tax assets are included in other assets, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company records a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets in certain jurisdictions when it is not more likely than not that it can realize the related deferred tax assets. The deferred tax asset valuation allowance is adequate to reduce the total deferred tax assets to an amount that the Company estimates will “more-likely-than-not” be realized.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the Company recorded a valuation allowance against certain SHOP deferred tax assets generated by net operating losses of its TRS entities. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company concluded that it was more likely than not that certain deferred tax assets (primarily net operating loss carryforwards) would be realized. This conclusion was based on recent revisions to estimates of future taxable income for certain TRS entities in connection with the Callan Ridge JV transaction (see also Notes 4 and 8). Accordingly, the Company reversed its deferred tax asset valuation allowance and recognized an income tax benefit of $14 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company had a deferred tax asset valuation allowance of $13 million, $26 million, and $36 million, respectively.
At December 31, 2023, the Company had a net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward of $216 million related to the TRS entities. If unused, $15 million will begin to expire in 2035. The remainder, totaling $201 million, may be carried forward indefinitely.
The following table summarizes the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):
December 31,
202320222021
Total unrecognized tax benefits at January 1$— $469 $469 
Gross amount of decreases for prior years’ tax positions— (469)— 
Total unrecognized tax benefits at December 31$— $— $469 
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $0.5 million, that, if recognized, would reduce the annual effective tax rate.
The Company files numerous U.S. federal, state, and local income and franchise tax returns. With a few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, or local tax examinations by taxing authorities for years prior to 2020.
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NOTE 17.    Supplemental Cash Flow Information
The following table provides supplemental cash flow information (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Supplemental cash flow information:
Interest paid, net of capitalized interest$188,213 $162,115 $173,044 
Income taxes paid (refunded)1,923 (1,903)4,521 
Capitalized interest56,849 41,046 24,084 
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liability for operating leases21,488 12,594 10,620 
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Increase in ROU asset in exchange for new lease liability related to operating leases3,951 9,454 28,866 
Decrease in ROU asset with corresponding change in lease liability related to operating leases— — 8,410 
Accrued construction costs105,572 178,626 179,995 
Net noncash impact from the consolidation of property previously held in an unconsolidated joint venture993 — — 
Retained investment in connection with South San Francisco JVs transaction— 293,265 — 
Seller financing provided on disposition of real estate asset— — 559,745 
Carrying value of mortgages assumed by buyer in real estate dispositions— — 143,676 
See Note 8 for discussion of the South San Francisco JVs transaction.
Operating, investing, and financing cash flows in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows are reported inclusive of both cash flows from continuing operations and cash flows from discontinued operations. The following table summarizes certain cash flow information related to discontinued operations (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Leasing costs, tenant improvements, and recurring capital expenditures$— $21 $2,636 
Development, redevelopment, and other major improvements of real estate— 18 5,780 
Depreciation and amortization of real estate, in-place lease, and other intangibles— — — 
The following table summarizes cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021202320222021202320222021
Continuing operationsDiscontinued operationsTotal
Beginning of year:
Cash and cash equivalents$72,032 $158,287 $44,226 $— $7,707 $53,085 $72,032 $165,994 $97,311 
Restricted cash54,802 53,454 67,206 — — 17,168 54,802 53,454 84,374 
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash$126,834 $211,741 $111,432 $— $7,707 $70,253 $126,834 $219,448 $181,685 
End of year:
Cash and cash equivalents$117,635 $72,032 $158,287 $— $— $7,707 $117,635 $72,032 $165,994 
Restricted cash51,388 54,802 53,454 — — — 51,388 54,802 53,454 
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash$169,023 $126,834 $211,741 $— $— $7,707 $169,023 $126,834 $219,448 

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NOTE 18.    Variable Interest Entities
Operating Subsidiary
Subsequent to the Reorganization, Healthpeak OP is the Company’s operating subsidiary and a limited liability company that has governing provisions that are the functional equivalent of a limited partnership. The Company holds a membership interest in Healthpeak OP, acts as the managing member of Healthpeak OP, and exercises full responsibility, discretion, and control over the day-to-day management of Healthpeak OP. Because the noncontrolling interests in Healthpeak OP do not have substantive liquidation rights, substantive kick-out rights without cause, or substantive participating rights, the Company has determined that Healthpeak OP is a VIE. The Company, as managing member, has the power to direct the core activities of Healthpeak OP that most significantly affect Healthpeak OP’s performance, and through its interest in Healthpeak OP, has both the right to receive benefits from and the obligation to absorb losses of Healthpeak OP. Accordingly, the Company is the primary beneficiary of Healthpeak OP and consolidates Healthpeak OP. As the Company conducts its business and holds its assets and liabilities through Healthpeak OP, the total consolidated assets and liabilities, income (losses), and cash flows of Healthpeak OP represent substantially all of the total consolidated assets and liabilities, income (losses), and cash flows of the Company.
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities
At December 31, 2023, the Company had investments in two unconsolidated VIE joint ventures. At December 31, 2022, the Company had investments in: (i) two unconsolidated VIE joint ventures and (ii) marketable debt securities of one VIE. The Company determined it is not the primary beneficiary of and therefore does not consolidate these VIEs because it does not have the ability to control the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance. Except for the Company’s equity interest in the unconsolidated joint ventures (the LLC Investment and Needham Land Parcel JV discussed below), it has no formal involvement in these VIEs beyond its investments.
LLC Investment. The Company holds a limited partner ownership interest in an unconsolidated LLC (“LLC Investment”) that has been identified as a VIE. The Company’s involvement in the entity is limited to its equity investment as a limited partner and it does not have any substantive participating rights or kick-out rights over the general partner. The assets and liabilities of the entity primarily consist of three hospitals as well as senior housing real estate. Any assets generated by the entity may only be used to settle its contractual obligations (primarily capital expenditures and debt service payments).
Needham Land Parcel JV. In December 2021, the Company acquired a 38% interest in a lab development joint venture in Needham, Massachusetts for $13 million. Current equity at risk is not sufficient to finance the joint venture’s activities. The assets and liabilities of the entity primarily consist of real estate and debt service obligations. Any assets generated by the entity may only be used to settle its contractual obligations (primarily development costs and debt service payments). See Note 8 for additional descriptions of the nature, purpose, and operating activities of this unconsolidated VIE and interests therein.
Debt Securities Investment. At December 31, 2022, the Company held $22 million of commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) issued by Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (commonly referred to as Freddie Mac) through a special purpose entity that had been identified as a VIE because it was “thinly capitalized.” The CMBS issued by the VIE were backed by mortgage debt obligations on real estate assets. These securities were classified as held-to-maturity because the Company had the intent and ability to hold the securities until maturity. These securities matured on December 31, 2022, and the Company received the related proceeds in January 2023.
The classification of the related assets and liabilities and the maximum loss exposure as a result of the Company’s involvement with these VIEs at December 31, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):
VIE TypeAsset Type
Maximum Loss Exposure and Carrying Amount(1)
LLC InvestmentOther assets, net$14,985 
Needham Land Parcel JVInvestments in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures17,084 
_______________________________________
(1)The Company’s maximum loss exposure represents the aggregate carrying amount of such investments.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had not provided, and is not required to provide, financial support through a liquidity arrangement or otherwise, to its unconsolidated VIEs, including under circumstances in which it could be exposed to further losses (e.g., cash shortfalls).
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Consolidated Variable Interest Entities
The Company’s consolidated total assets and total liabilities at December 31, 2023 and 2022 include certain assets of VIEs that can only be used to settle the liabilities of the related VIE. The VIE creditors do not have recourse to the Company.
Ventures V, LLC. The Company holds a 51% ownership interest in and is the managing member of a joint venture entity formed in October 2015 that owns and leases outpatient medical buildings (“Ventures V”). The Company classifies Ventures V as a VIE due to the non-managing member lacking substantive participation rights in the management of Ventures V or kick-out rights over the managing member. The Company consolidates Ventures V as the primary beneficiary because it has the ability to control the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance. The assets of Ventures V primarily consist of leased properties (net real estate), rents receivable, and cash and cash equivalents; its obligations primarily consist of capital expenditures for the properties. Assets generated by Ventures V may only be used to settle its contractual obligations.
Lab JVs. The Company holds a 98% or greater ownership interest in multiple joint venture entities that own and lease lab buildings (the “Lab JVs”). The Lab JVs are VIEs as the members share in certain decisions of the entities, but substantially all of the activities are performed on behalf of the Company. The Company consolidates the Lab JVs as the primary beneficiary because it has the ability to control the activities that most significantly impact these VIEs’ economic performance. The assets of the Lab JVs primarily consist of leased properties (net real estate), rents receivable, and cash and cash equivalents; their obligations primarily consist of capital expenditures for the properties. Assets generated by the Lab JVs may only be used to settle their contractual obligations. Refer to Note 12 for a discussion of certain put options associated with the Lab JVs.
MSREI JV.  The Company holds a 51% ownership interest in, and is the managing member of, a joint venture entity formed in August 2018 that owns and leases outpatient medical buildings (the “MSREI JV”). The MSREI JV is a VIE due to the non-managing member lacking substantive participation rights in the management of the joint venture or kick-out rights over the managing member. The Company consolidates the MSREI JV as the primary beneficiary because it has the ability to control the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance. The assets of the MSREI JV primarily consist of leased properties (net real estate), rents receivable, and cash and cash equivalents; its obligations primarily consist of capital expenditures for the properties. Assets generated by the MSREI JV may only be used to settle its contractual obligations.
DownREITs. The Company holds a controlling ownership interest in and is the managing member of seven DownREITs. The Company classifies the DownREITs as VIEs due to the non-managing members lacking substantive participation rights in the management of the DownREITs or kick-out rights over the managing member. The Company consolidates the DownREITs as the primary beneficiary because it has the ability to control the activities that most significantly impact these VIEs’ economic performance. The assets of the DownREITs primarily consist of leased properties (net real estate), rents receivable, and cash and cash equivalents; their obligations primarily consist of debt service payments and capital expenditures for the properties. Assets generated by the DownREITs (primarily from tenant rents) may only be used to settle their contractual obligations (primarily from debt service and capital expenditures).
Other Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships. The Company holds a controlling ownership interest in and is the general partner (or managing member) of multiple partnerships that own and lease real estate assets (the “Partnerships”). The Company classifies the Partnerships as VIEs due to the limited partners (non-managing members) lacking substantive participation rights in the management of the Partnerships or kick-out rights over the general partner (managing member). The Company consolidates the Partnerships as the primary beneficiary because it has the ability to control the activities that most significantly impact these VIEs’ economic performance. The assets of the Partnerships primarily consist of leased properties (net real estate), rents receivable, and cash and cash equivalents; their obligations primarily consist of debt service payments and capital expenditures for the properties. Assets generated by the Partnerships (primarily from tenant rents) may only be used to settle their contractual obligations (primarily from debt service and capital expenditures).
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Total assets and total liabilities include VIE assets and liabilities, excluding those of Healthpeak OP, as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
20232022
Assets
Buildings and improvements$2,392,375 $2,356,905 
Development costs and construction in progress47,481 58,499 
Land and improvements307,166 324,714 
Accumulated depreciation and amortization(665,791)(623,244)
Net real estate2,081,231 2,116,874 
Accounts receivable, net5,906 6,893 
Cash and cash equivalents18,410 20,586 
Restricted cash613 354 
Intangible assets, net56,975 73,860 
Assets held for sale, net— 30,355 
Right-of-use asset, net97,575 99,376 
Other assets, net79,248 73,690 
Total assets $2,339,958 $2,421,988 
Liabilities
Mortgage debt$144,874 $144,604 
Intangible liabilities, net11,884 15,066 
Liabilities related to assets held for sale, net— 401 
Lease liability99,725 99,039 
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and other liabilities54,975 68,979 
Deferred revenue48,316 39,661 
Total liabilities $359,774 $367,750 
Total assets and total liabilities related to assets held for sale include VIE assets and liabilities, excluding those of Healthpeak OP, as follows (in thousands):
December 31,
20232022
Assets
Buildings and improvements$— $39,934 
Land and improvements— 1,926 
Accumulated depreciation and amortization— (15,612)
Net real estate— 26,248 
Intangible assets, net— 215 
Other assets, net— 3,892 
Total assets $— $30,355 
Liabilities
Deferred revenue— 401 
Total liabilities $— $401 
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NOTE 19.    Concentration of Credit Risk
Concentrations of credit risk arise when one or more tenants, operators, or obligors related to the Company’s investments are engaged in similar business activities or activities in the same geographic region, or have similar economic features that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations, including those to the Company, to be similarly affected by changes in economic conditions. The Company regularly monitors various segments of its portfolio to assess potential concentrations of credit risks.
The following table provides information regarding the Company’s concentrations with respect to certain states; the information provided is presented for the gross assets and revenues that are associated with certain real estate assets as percentages of the Company’s total assets and revenues, excluding discontinued operations:
 Percentage of Total Company AssetsPercentage of Total Company Revenues
 December 31,Year Ended December 31,
State20232022202320222021
California3837313128
Florida1010181817
Texas1010111111
Massachusetts171711109
The Company’s rental revenue is generated from multiple tenants across its diverse portfolio. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s largest tenant in its outpatient medical and lab segments accounted for 8% and 2%, respectively, of the Company’s total revenues.
NOTE 20.    Fair Value Measurements
The table below summarizes the carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments either recorded or disclosed on a recurring basis (in thousands):
 December 31,
 
2023(3)
2022(3)
 Carrying ValueFair ValueCarrying ValueFair Value
Loans receivable, net(2)
$218,450 $218,450 $374,832 $369,425 
Marketable debt securities(2)
— — 21,702 21,702 
Interest rate swap instruments(2)
21,359 21,359 30,259 30,259 
Bank line of credit and commercial paper(2)
720,000 720,000 995,606 995,606 
Term loans(2)
496,824 496,824 495,957 495,957 
Senior unsecured notes(1)
5,403,378 5,144,667 4,659,451 4,238,124 
Mortgage debt(2)
256,097 244,135 346,599 330,867 
_______________________________________
(1)Level 1: Fair value is calculated based on quoted prices in active markets.
(2)Level 2: Fair value is based on (i) for loans receivable, net, interest rate swap instruments, and mortgage debt, standardized pricing models in which significant inputs or value drivers are observable in active markets, respectively, or (ii) for marketable debt securities, quoted prices for similar or identical instruments in active or inactive markets. For bank line of credit, commercial paper, and term loans, the carrying values are a reasonable estimate of fair value because the borrowings are primarily based on market interest rates and the Company’s credit rating.
(3)During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no material transfers of financial assets or liabilities within the fair value hierarchy.
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NOTE 21.    Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company uses derivative instruments to mitigate the effects of interest rate fluctuations on specific forecasted transactions as well as recognized financial obligations or assets. Utilizing derivative instruments allows the Company to manage the risk of fluctuations in interest rates and their related potential impact on future earnings and cash flows. The Company does not use derivative instruments for speculative or trading purposes. At December 31, 2023, a one percentage point increase or decrease in the underlying interest rate curve would result in a corresponding increase or decrease in the fair value of the derivative instruments by up to $18 million.
In April 2021, the Company executed two interest rate cap instruments on $142 million of variable rate mortgage debt secured by a portfolio of outpatient medical buildings (see Note 10). During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized a $2 million increase in the fair value of the interest rate cap instruments within other income (expense), net. In April 2022, the Company terminated these interest rate cap instruments and entered into two interest rate swap instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges and mature in May 2026. In February 2023, the Company modified these two interest rate swap instruments to reflect the change in the related variable rate mortgage debt’s interest rate benchmarks from LIBOR to SOFR (see Note 10). The Company applied certain practical expedients provided by the reference rate reform ASUs in connection with the modifications to these cash flow hedges (see Note 2).
In August 2022, the Company entered into two forward-starting interest rate swap instruments on the $500 million aggregate principal amount of the Term Loan Facilities (see Note 10). The interest rate swap instruments are designated as cash flow hedges.
The following table summarizes the Company’s interest rate swap instruments (in thousands):
Fair Value(2)
Date EnteredMaturity DateHedge DesignationNotional Amount
Pay Rate(1)
Receive Rate(1)
December 31,
2023		December 31,
2022
April 2022(3)
May 2026Cash flow$51,100 4.99 %
USD-SOFR w/ -5 Day Lookback + 2.50%
$1,602 $2,300 
April 2022(3)
May 2026Cash flow91,000 4.54 %
USD-SOFR w/ -5 Day Lookback + 2.05%
2,851 4,096 
August 2022(3)
February 2027Cash flow250,000 2.60 %1 mo. USD-SOFR CME Term7,933 11,299 
August 2022(3)
August 2027Cash flow250,000 2.54 %1 mo. USD-SOFR CME Term8,973 12,564 
_____________________________
(1)Pay rates and receive rates are as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, the interest rate swap instrument with a $51 million notional amount had a pay rate of 5.08% and a receive rate of 1 mo. USD-LIBOR-BBA + 2.50%. As of December 31, 2022, the interest rate swap instrument with a $91 million notional amount had a pay rate of 4.63% and a receive rate of 1 mo. USD-LIBOR-BBA + 2.05%.
(2)At each of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the interest rate swap instruments were in an asset position. Derivative assets are recorded at fair value in other assets, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(3)Represents interest rate swap instruments that hedge fluctuations in interest payments on variable rate debt by converting the interest rates to fixed interest rates. The changes in fair value of designated derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
In January 2024, the Company entered into forward-starting interest rate swap instruments that will effectively establish a fixed interest rate on the $750 million aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Term Loan at a blended contractual rate of 4.5% (see Note 10). The interest rate swap instruments are designated as cash flow hedges.
NOTE 22.    Accounts Payable, Accrued Liabilities, and Other Liabilities
The following table summarizes the Company’s accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and other liabilities (in thousands):
December 31,
20232022
Refundable entrance fees$251,874 $268,972 
Accrued construction costs105,572 178,626 
Accrued interest59,492 59,291 
Other accounts payable and accrued liabilities240,258 265,596 
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and other liabilities$657,196 $772,485 


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NOTE 23.    Deferred Revenue
The following table summarizes the Company’s deferred revenue, excluding deferred revenue related to assets classified as held for sale (in thousands):
December 31,
20232022
Nonrefundable entrance fees(1)
$562,026 $518,573 
Other deferred revenue(2)
343,607 325,503 
Deferred revenue$905,633 $844,076 
_______________________________________
(1)During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company collected nonrefundable entrance fees of $127 million and $101 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company recognized amortization of $83 million, $79 million, and $76 million, respectively, which is included within resident fees and services on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(2)Other deferred revenue is primarily comprised of prepaid rent, deferred rent, and tenant-funded tenant improvements owned by the Company. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company recognized amortization related to other deferred revenue of $68 million, $44 million, and $39 million, respectively, which is included in rental and related revenues on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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Schedule II: Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
(In thousands)
Allowance Accounts(1)
Additions
Year Ended
December 31,		Balance at
Beginning of
Year		Amounts
Charged
Against
Operations, net		Acquired
Properties
Deductions(2)
Balance at
End of Year
Continuing operations:
2023$2,399 $— $— $(117)$2,282 
20221,870 529 — — 2,399 
20213,994 — — (2,124)1,870 
Discontinued operations:
2023$— $— $— $— $— 
20224,138 — — (4,138)— 
20215,873 46 — (1,781)4,138 
_______________________________________
(1)Includes allowance for doubtful accounts. Excludes reserves for loan losses which are disclosed in Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
(2)Primarily includes the write-off of uncollectible accounts, dispositions, and other net reductions in the reserves.
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Schedule III: Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
(in thousands)
Encumbrances at December 31, 2023Initial Cost to Company
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition(3)
Gross Amount at Which Carried
As of December 31, 2023
Accumulated Depreciation(5)
Year Constructed(6)
Year Acquired
CityState
Land and improvements(1)
Buildings and Improvements(2)
Land and improvementsBuildings and Improvements
Total(4)
Lab
1483 Brisbane  CA $— $8,498 $500 $82,955 $8,498 $83,455 $91,953 $(6,065)20222007
1484 Brisbane  CA — 11,331 689 159,209 11,331 159,898 171,229 (10,321)20222007
1485 Brisbane  CA — 11,331 600 151,954 11,331 152,554 163,885 (11,224)20222007
1486 Brisbane  CA — 11,331 — 135,416 11,331 135,416 146,747 (22,767)20202007
1487 Brisbane  CA — 8,498 — 76,398 8,498 76,398 84,896 (7,089)20202007
2874 Brisbane  CA — 26,895 62,318 75,811 26,295 138,729 165,024 (13,636)19892019
2875 Brisbane  CA — 24,092 56,623 7,302 24,092 63,925 88,017 (10,162)20002019
3139 Brisbane  CA — 35,805 — 5,505 35,805 5,505 41,310 — —2019
3140 Brisbane  CA — 35,805 — 2,668 35,805 2,668 38,473 — —2019
3142 Brisbane  CA — — — 3,724 — 3,724 3,724 — —2007
1401 Hayward  CA — 900 7,100 12,450 1,338 19,112 20,450 (5,630)19962007
1402 Hayward  CA — 1,500 6,400 6,837 1,500 13,237 14,737 (2,971)19992007
1403 Hayward  CA — 1,900 7,100 7,873 1,900 14,973 16,873 (5,801)19982007
1404 Hayward  CA — 2,200 17,200 8,948 2,200 26,148 28,348 (10,059)19992007
1405 Hayward  CA — 1,000 3,200 646 1,000 3,846 4,846 (1,625)19992007
1549 Hayward  CA — 1,006 4,259 4,208 1,006 8,467 9,473 (4,388)19962007
1550 Hayward  CA — 677 2,761 876 677 3,637 4,314 (2,027)19962007
1551 Hayward  CA — 661 1,995 2,899 661 4,894 5,555 (1,675)19962007
1552 Hayward  CA — 1,187 7,139 1,435 1,187 8,574 9,761 (5,601)19962007
1553 Hayward  CA — 1,189 9,465 6,555 1,189 16,020 17,209 (12,099)19962007
1554 Hayward  CA — 1,246 5,179 11,951 1,246 17,130 18,376 (6,357)19962007
1555 Hayward  CA — 1,521 13,546 7,482 1,521 21,028 22,549 (14,370)19962007
1556 Hayward  CA — 1,212 5,120 1,127 1,212 6,247 7,459 (3,853)19962007
1424 La Jolla  CA — 11,175 25,283 44,107 11,389 69,176 80,565 (16,131)19822007
1425 La Jolla  CA — 7,217 19,883 61 7,217 19,944 27,161 (8,193)19812007
1426 La Jolla  CA — 8,381 12,412 11,260 8,381 23,672 32,053 (15,449)19842007
1427 La Jolla  CA — 10,127 16,983 7,965 10,148 24,927 35,075 (11,048)19822007
1949 La Jolla  CA — 2,686 11,045 17,501 2,686 28,546 31,232 (8,278)20212011
2229 La Jolla  CA — 8,753 32,528 16,498 8,777 49,002 57,779 (13,320)1986/20092014
1470 Poway  CA — 5,826 12,200 341 5,826 12,541 18,367 (5,094)20052007
1471 Poway  CA — 5,978 14,200 — 5,978 14,200 20,178 (5,828)20052007
1472 Poway  CA — 8,654 — 11,895 8,654 11,895 20,549 (3,723)20142007
1473 Poway  CA — 11,024 2,405 25,455 11,024 27,860 38,884 (11,513)20192007
1474 Poway  CA — 5,051 — 19,939 5,051 19,939 24,990 (7,191)20192007
1475 Poway  CA — 5,655 — 10,299 5,655 10,299 15,954 (837)20202007
1478 Poway  CA — 6,700 14,400 — 6,700 14,400 21,100 (5,910)20022007
1499 Redwood City  CA — 3,400 5,500 1,501 3,455 6,946 10,401 (3,391)19892007
1500 Redwood City  CA — 2,500 4,100 988 2,500 5,088 7,588 (2,478)19892007
1501 Redwood City  CA — 3,600 4,600 1,892 3,600 6,492 10,092 (3,293)19892007
1502 Redwood City  CA — 3,100 5,100 1,647 3,100 6,747 9,847 (3,253)19892007
1503 Redwood City  CA — 4,800 17,300 8,276 4,800 25,576 30,376 (9,310)19892007
1504 Redwood City  CA — 5,400 15,500 10,956 5,400 26,456 31,856 (11,249)19892007
1505 Redwood City  CA — 3,000 3,500 5,316 3,000 8,816 11,816 (3,374)19882007
1506 Redwood City  CA — 6,000 14,300 14,300 6,000 28,600 34,600 (15,991)19882007
1507 Redwood City  CA — 1,900 12,800 10,680 1,900 23,480 25,380 (7,910)1988/20112007
1508 Redwood City  CA — 2,700 11,300 17,193 2,700 28,493 31,193 (9,485)1988/20112007
1509 Redwood City  CA — 2,700 10,900 1,565 2,700 12,465 15,165 (5,042)19882007
1510 Redwood City  CA — 2,200 12,000 6,243 2,200 18,243 20,443 (7,367)19882007
1511 Redwood City  CA — 2,600 9,300 19,676 2,600 28,976 31,576 (15,352)19882007
1512 Redwood City  CA — 3,300 18,000 19,072 3,300 37,072 40,372 (18,557)20002007
1513 Redwood City  CA — 3,300 17,900 12,092 3,326 29,966 33,292 (16,766)20002007
678 San Diego  CA — 2,603 11,051 3,514 2,766 14,402 17,168 (6,897)19972004
679 San Diego  CA — 5,269 23,566 23,961 5,669 47,127 52,796 (18,457)19972004
837 San Diego  CA — 4,630 2,028 3,302 4,630 5,330 9,960 (2,426)1988/20122006
838 San Diego  CA — 2,040 903 3,354 2,040 4,257 6,297 (1,325)1988/20122006
839 San Diego  CA — 3,940 3,184 2,863 4,036 5,951 9,987 (2,499)19872006
840 San Diego  CA — 5,690 4,579 1,289 5,830 5,728 11,558 (2,587)19872006
1418 San Diego  CA — 11,700 31,243 59,282 11,700 90,525 102,225 (16,917)20222007
1419 San Diego  CA — 2,324 — 33,144 2,324 33,144 35,468 (2,735)20222007
1420 San Diego  CA — 4,200 — 41,121 4,200 41,121 45,321 (2,293)20222007
1421 San Diego  CA — 7,000 33,779 — 7,000 33,779 40,779 (13,863)20002007
1422 San Diego  CA — 7,179 3,687 1,171 7,179 4,858 12,037 (3,687)19842007
1423 San Diego  CA — 8,400 33,144 33,504 8,400 66,648 75,048 (21,043)2002/20202007
1558 San Diego  CA — 7,740 — 61,285 7,740 61,285 69,025 — —2007
1947 San Diego  CA — 2,581 10,534 4,485 2,581 15,019 17,600 (7,859)20002011
1948 San Diego  CA — 5,879 25,305 7,951 5,879 33,256 39,135 (13,014)20012011
2197 San Diego  CA — 7,621 3,913 7,541 7,621 11,454 19,075 (6,884)19842007
2476 San Diego  CA — 7,661 9,918 13,883 7,661 23,801 31,462 (3,731)2000/20022016
2477 San Diego  CA — 9,207 14,613 5,993 9,207 20,606 29,813 (6,371)2000/20012016
2478 San Diego  CA — 6,000 — 112,511 6,000 112,511 118,511 — —2016
2617 San Diego  CA — 2,734 5,195 9,364 2,734 14,559 17,293 (3,269)1991/20202017
2618 San Diego  CA — 4,100 12,395 22,843 4,100 35,238 39,338 (11,689)1991/20202017
2622 San Diego  CA — — — 17,231 — 17,231 17,231 (1,658)20202004
2872 San Diego  CA — 10,120 38,351 1,044 10,120 39,395 49,515 (7,919)19952018
2873 San Diego  CA — 6,052 14,122 1,846 6,052 15,968 22,020 (3,117)19972018
126
Table of Contents
Encumbrances at December 31, 2023Initial Cost to Company
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition(3)
Gross Amount at Which Carried
As of December 31, 2023
Accumulated Depreciation(5)
Year Constructed(6)
Year Acquired
CityState
Land and improvements(1)
Buildings and Improvements(2)
Land and improvementsBuildings and Improvements
Total(4)
3069 San Diego  CA — 7,054 7,794 19,748 6,954 27,642 34,596 (3,467)2007/20212019
3104 San Diego  CA — — — 40,755 — 40,755 40,755 — —2007
3110 San Diego  CA — 19,120 — 7,212 20,587 5,745 26,332 — —2021
3111 San Diego CA— 24,729 — 1,261 24,830 1,160 25,990 — —2022
3153 San Diego  CA — 1,215 — 30 1,216 29 1,245 — —2023
1410 South San Francisco  CA — 4,900 18,100 12,159 4,900 30,259 35,159 (14,389)2000/20192007
1411 South San Francisco  CA — 8,000 27,700 33,159 8,000 60,859 68,859 (18,496)2003/20192007
1412 South San Francisco  CA — 10,100 22,521 10,207 10,100 32,728 42,828 (12,170)19992007
1413 South San Francisco  CA — 8,000 28,299 8,489 8,000 36,788 44,788 (17,427)20002007
1430 South San Francisco  CA — 10,700 23,621 27,632 10,700 51,253 61,953 (14,113)1998/20192007
1431 South San Francisco  CA — 7,000 15,500 9,493 7,000 24,993 31,993 (10,242)20012007
1435 South San Francisco  CA — 13,800 42,500 26,975 13,800 69,475 83,275 (25,159)2008/20102007
1436 South San Francisco  CA — 14,500 45,300 25,437 14,500 70,737 85,237 (24,676)2008/20102007
1437 South San Francisco  CA — 9,400 24,800 36,758 9,400 61,558 70,958 (21,946)2008/20102007
1439 South San Francisco  CA — 11,900 68,848 929 11,900 69,777 81,677 (28,268)20032007
1440 South San Francisco  CA — 10,000 57,954 471 10,000 58,425 68,425 (23,883)20032007
1441 South San Francisco  CA — 9,300 43,549 3,004 9,300 46,553 55,853 (16,875)20032007
1442 South San Francisco  CA — 11,000 47,289 42,670 11,000 89,959 100,959 (21,784)20232007
1443 South San Francisco  CA — 13,200 60,932 3,259 13,200 64,191 77,391 (24,832)20072007
1444 South San Francisco  CA — 10,500 33,776 9,449 10,500 43,225 53,725 (13,088)20032007
1445 South San Francisco  CA — 10,600 34,083 11 10,600 34,094 44,694 (13,995)20032007
1458 South San Francisco  CA — 10,900 20,900 6,560 10,900 27,460 38,360 (9,607)20052007
1459 South San Francisco  CA — 9,800 400 157,931 9,800 158,331 168,131 (4,460)20232007
1462 South San Francisco  CA — 7,117 600 4,112 7,117 4,712 11,829 (1,785)1984/20122007
1463 South San Francisco  CA — 10,381 2,300 19,648 10,381 21,948 32,329 (8,511)1979/20122007
1464 South San Francisco  CA — 7,403 700 8,819 7,403 9,519 16,922 (2,723)1965/20122007
1468 South San Francisco  CA — 10,100 24,013 12,188 10,100 36,201 46,301 (15,058)20062007
1480 South San Francisco  CA — 32,210 3,110 161,341 32,210 164,451 196,661 (472)20232007
1528 South San Francisco  CA — — — 165,770 — 165,770 165,770 — —2007
1559 South San Francisco  CA — 5,666 5,773 161 5,666 5,934 11,600 (5,919)19682007
1560 South San Francisco  CA — 1,204 1,293 2,683 1,204 3,976 5,180 (2,917)19662007
1983 South San Francisco  CA — 8,648 — 97,280 8,648 97,280 105,928 (34,710)20162011
1984 South San Francisco  CA — 7,845 — 90,818 7,844 90,819 98,663 (29,712)20172011
1985 South San Francisco  CA — 6,708 — 122,646 6,708 122,646 129,354 (37,274)20172011
1986 South San Francisco  CA — 6,708 — 120,613 6,708 120,613 127,321 (31,623)20182011
1987 South San Francisco  CA — 8,544 — 100,777 8,544 100,777 109,321 (23,837)20192011
1988 South San Francisco  CA — 10,120 — 118,498 10,120 118,498 128,618 (29,452)20192011
1989 South San Francisco  CA — 9,169 — 100,338 9,169 100,338 109,507 (18,597)20202011
2553 South San Francisco  CA — 2,897 8,691 4,478 2,897 13,169 16,066 (4,340)19882015
2554 South San Francisco  CA — 995 2,754 2,332 995 5,086 6,081 (1,393)19882015
2555 South San Francisco  CA — 2,202 10,776 2,497 2,202 13,273 15,475 (3,326)19882015
2556 South San Francisco  CA — 2,962 15,108 1,557 2,962 16,665 19,627 (4,087)19882015
2557 South San Francisco  CA — 2,453 13,063 3,616 2,453 16,679 19,132 (5,840)19882015
2558 South San Francisco  CA — 1,163 5,925 315 1,163 6,240 7,403 (1,438)19882015
2624 South San Francisco  CA — 25,502 42,910 14,017 25,502 56,927 82,429 (13,911)20012017
2870 South San Francisco  CA — 23,297 41,797 28,777 23,297 70,574 93,871 (17,071)1996/20192018
2871 South San Francisco  CA — 20,293 41,262 22,089 20,293 63,351 83,644 (19,258)1999/20192018
3100 South San Francisco  CA — 24,059 — 3,733 24,059 3,733 27,792 — —2021
3101 South San Francisco  CA — 61,208 — 22,276 61,208 22,276 83,484 — —2021
3102 South San Francisco  CA — 43,885 — 3,806 43,885 3,806 47,691 — —2021
3123 South San Francisco CA— — — 6,455 — 6,455 6,455 — —2007
2705 Cambridge  MA — 24,371 128,498 83 24,371 128,581 152,952 (13,274)20112020
2706 Cambridge  MA — 15,473 149,051 797 15,473 149,848 165,321 (16,851)20192020
2707 Cambridge  MA — 25,549 229,547 8,597 25,549 238,144 263,693 (24,757)20192020
2708 Cambridge  MA — — 17,751 513 — 18,264 18,264 (1,419)20102020
2709 Cambridge  MA — — 15,451 29 — 15,480 15,480 (1,192)20192020
2928 Cambridge  MA — 44,215 24,120 3,076 44,215 27,196 71,411 (3,966)19842019
2929 Cambridge  MA — 20,517 — 158,992 20,517 158,992 179,509 (8,248)20222019
3074 Cambridge  MA — 78,762 252,153 11,380 78,762 263,533 342,295 (32,549)20182019
3106 Cambridge  MA — 20,644 2,982 570 20,644 3,552 24,196 (238)19502021
3107 Cambridge  MA — 19,009 12,327 — 19,009 12,327 31,336 (841)19732021
3108 Cambridge  MA — 123,074 7,513 — 123,074 7,513 130,587 (678)19652021
3109 Cambridge  MA — 5,903 — 362 5,903 362 6,265 — —2021
3112 Cambridge  MA — 23,402 47,623 69 23,402 47,692 71,094 (3,950)19852021
3113 Cambridge  MA — 32,244 — 6,730 36,119 2,855 38,974 — —2021
3114 Cambridge  MA — 22,969 — (2,306)22,969 (2,306)20,663 — —2021
3115 Cambridge  MA — 66,786 — 1,418 66,786 1,418 68,204 — —2021
3116 Cambridge  MA — — — 9,680 — 9,680 9,680 — —2021
3119 Cambridge  MA — — 29,667 — — 29,667 29,667 (2,041)20212021
3120 Cambridge  MA — 18,063 — 670 18,063 670 18,733 — —2021
3122 Cambridge  MA — 25,247 — 2,081 25,247 2,081 27,328 — —2021
3136 Cambridge  MA — 4,118 — (219)4,119 (220)3,899 — —2021
3137 Cambridge  MA — 41,327 — 2,767 41,327 2,767 44,094 — —2021
3141 Cambridge  MA — 72,466 — 5,757 72,768 5,455 78,223 — —2022
3148 Cambridge  MA — 2,277 — 704 2,290 691 2,981 — —2022
3149 Cambridge  MA — 5,690 — 314 5,734 270 6,004 — —2022
3150 Cambridge  MA — 1,651 — 206 1,659 198 1,857 — —2022
3151 Cambridge  MA — 8,532 — 457 8,583 406 8,989 — —2022
3152 Cambridge  MA — 9,892 — 1,035 10,507 420 10,927 — —2023
2630 Lexington  MA — 16,411 49,681 (2,292)12,967 50,833 63,800 (10,653)19992017
2631 Lexington  MA — 7,759 142,081 30,228 6,978 173,090 180,068 (27,404)2010/20232017
2632 Lexington  MA — — 21,390 125,076 — 146,466 146,466 (18,615)20212018
127
Table of Contents
Encumbrances at December 31, 2023Initial Cost to Company
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition(3)
Gross Amount at Which Carried
As of December 31, 2023
Accumulated Depreciation(5)
Year Constructed(6)
Year Acquired
CityState
Land and improvements(1)
Buildings and Improvements(2)
Land and improvementsBuildings and Improvements
Total(4)
3070 Lexington  MA — 14,013 17,083 (269)14,013 16,814 30,827 (2,534)1974/20122019
3071 Lexington  MA — 14,930 16,677 (359)14,930 16,318 31,248 (2,236)1970/20122019
3072 Lexington  MA — 34,598 43,032 (288)34,598 42,744 77,342 (7,547)1967/20132019
3073 Lexington  MA — 37,050 44,647 144 37,050 44,791 81,841 (8,051)20172019
3093 Waltham  MA — 47,792 275,556 18,351 47,792 293,907 341,699 (38,172)20182020
9999 Denton  TX — 100 — — 100 — 100 — —2016
464 Salt Lake City  UT — 630 6,921 2,563 630 9,484 10,114 (5,812)19962001
465 Salt Lake City  UT — 125 6,368 68 125 6,436 6,561 (3,267)19992001
466 Salt Lake City  UT — — 14,614 (1,401)— 13,213 13,213 (5,371)20022001
1593 Salt Lake City  UT — — 23,998 250 — 24,248 24,248 (9,774)20102010
   $— $1,936,228 $3,238,815 $3,654,501 $1,939,357 $6,890,187 $8,829,544 $(1,444,864) 

128
Table of Contents
Encumbrances at December 31, 2023Initial Cost to Company
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition(3)
Gross Amount at Which Carried
As of December 31, 2023
Accumulated Depreciation(5)
Year Constructed(6)
Year Acquired
CityState
Land and improvements(1)
Buildings and Improvements(2)
Land and improvementsBuildings and Improvements
Total(4)
Outpatient medical
638AnchorageAK$— $1,456 $10,650 $10,727 $1,456 $21,377 $22,833 $(9,272)1993/20142006
3026BentonvilleAR— 912 21,724 658 912 22,382 23,294 (1,712)20032022
126SherwoodAR— 709 9,604 208 709 9,812 10,521 (7,007)19901989
2572SpringdaleAR— — 27,714 — — 27,714 27,714 (6,413)19952016
520ChandlerAZ— 3,669 13,503 6,374 4,013 19,533 23,546 (9,353)20052002
113GlendaleAZ— 1,565 7,050 175 1,565 7,225 8,790 (5,317)19891988
2040MesaAZ— — 17,314 3,047 — 20,361 20,361 (4,856)20072012
1066ScottsdaleAZ— 5,115 14,064 5,912 4,888 20,203 25,091 (8,153)19992006
2021ScottsdaleAZ— — 12,312 4,763 — 17,075 17,075 (7,205)19842012
2022ScottsdaleAZ— — 9,179 3,033 — 12,212 12,212 (4,579)19962012
2023ScottsdaleAZ— — 6,398 1,818 — 8,216 8,216 (3,614)20002012
2024ScottsdaleAZ— — 9,522 1,163 32 10,653 10,685 (4,712)20072012
2025ScottsdaleAZ— — 4,102 2,451 — 6,553 6,553 (2,764)19812012
2026ScottsdaleAZ— — 3,655 2,031 — 5,686 5,686 (2,734)19922012
2027ScottsdaleAZ— — 7,168 2,119 — 9,287 9,287 (4,289)19952012
2028ScottsdaleAZ— — 6,659 5,065 — 11,724 11,724 (5,306)19982012
2696ScottsdaleAZ— 10,151 14,925 3,195 10,211 18,060 28,271 (5,217)19982020
1041BrentwoodCA— — 30,864 9,237 183 39,918 40,101 (14,995)20042006
1200EncinoCA— 6,151 10,438 6,043 6,388 16,244 22,632 (8,073)19732006
1038FresnoCA— 3,652 29,113 21,935 3,652 51,048 54,700 (23,741)19842006
436MurrietaCA— 400 9,266 2,855 608 11,913 12,521 (7,909)19911999
239PowayCA— 2,700 10,839 3,172 2,944 13,767 16,711 (8,922)19901997
2654RiversideCA— 2,758 9,908 529 2,266 10,929 13,195 (2,233)20082017
318SacramentoCA— 2,860 37,566 24,613 2,911 62,128 65,039 (26,629)1989/20161998
2404SacramentoCA— 1,268 5,109 1,652 1,299 6,730 8,029 (2,581)19992015
421San DiegoCA— 2,910 19,984 15,146 2,964 35,076 38,040 (17,632)1986/20131999
564San JoseCA— 1,935 1,728 2,213 1,935 3,941 5,876 (1,596)19682003
565San JoseCA— 1,460 7,672 2,175 1,492 9,815 11,307 (4,641)19952003
659Los GatosCA— 1,718 3,124 1,515 1,796 4,561 6,357 (2,028)19952006
439ValenciaCA— 2,300 6,967 3,080 2,314 10,033 12,347 (6,726)19901999
440West HillsCA— 2,100 11,595 11,851 2,203 23,343 25,546 (8,502)1992/20231999
3008West HillsCA12,093 5,795 13,933 2,897 5,823 16,802 22,625 (1,645)19652021
728AuroraCO— — 8,764 1,620 — 10,384 10,384 (3,927)20052005
1196AuroraCO— 210 12,362 6,172 210 18,534 18,744 (7,855)1981/20182006
1197AuroraCO— 200 8,414 5,673 285 14,002 14,287 (6,527)1994/20182006
127Colorado SpringsCO— 690 8,338 367 690 8,705 9,395 (6,071)19901989
882Colorado SpringsCO— — 12,933 9,106 — 22,039 22,039 (10,586)20072006
1199DenverCO— 493 7,897 1,789 604 9,575 10,179 (5,226)19932006
808EnglewoodCO— — 8,616 8,886 — 17,502 17,502 (9,595)19812005
809EnglewoodCO— — 8,449 19,042 — 27,491 27,491 (6,442)19902005
810EnglewoodCO— — 8,040 15,564 — 23,604 23,604 (9,606)19892005
811EnglewoodCO— — 8,472 11,904 — 20,376 20,376 (7,895)1993/20202005
2658Highlands RanchCO— 1,637 10,063 95 1,732 10,063 11,795 (2,334)20152017
812LittletonCO— — 4,562 2,775 177 7,160 7,337 (3,465)19872005
813LittletonCO— — 4,926 2,072 246 6,752 6,998 (3,092)19902005
570Lone TreeCO— — — 22,171 — 22,171 22,171 (10,271)20042003
666Lone TreeCO— — 23,274 3,843 17 27,100 27,117 (12,486)20032006
2233Lone TreeCO— — 6,734 34,696 — 41,430 41,430 (11,074)20152014
2965AuroraCO— — — 2,251 — 2,251 2,251 — —2023
3000Lone TreeCO— 4,393 31,643 9,516 4,552 41,000 45,552 (3,772)20202021
510ThorntonCO— 236 10,206 13,728 455 23,715 24,170 (8,016)2001/20212002
434AtlantisFL— — 2,027 171 — 2,198 2,198 (1,493)19971999
435AtlantisFL— — 2,000 608 — 2,608 2,608 (1,568)19971999
602AtlantisFL— 455 2,231 744 455 2,975 3,430 (1,357)19842006
2963BrooksvilleFL— — — 11,558 — 11,558 11,558 (1,526)20202019
604EnglewoodFL— 170 1,134 1,021 197 2,128 2,325 (823)19862006
2962Orange ParkFL— — — 17,657 — 17,657 17,657 (1,571)20222019
609KissimmeeFL— 788 174 1,135 788 1,309 2,097 (655)19782006
610KissimmeeFL— 481 347 258 488 598 1,086 (336)19782006
671KissimmeeFL— — 7,574 818 — 8,392 8,392 (3,727)19982006
603Lake WorthFL— 1,507 2,894 534 1,507 3,428 4,935 (1,459)19972006
612MargateFL— 1,553 6,898 2,984 1,553 9,882 11,435 (4,880)19942006
613MiamiFL— 4,392 11,841 11,366 4,454 23,145 27,599 (8,513)1995/20202006
2202MiamiFL— — 13,123 10,907 — 24,030 24,030 (10,231)19732014
2203MiamiFL— — 8,877 4,890 — 13,767 13,767 (5,359)19862014
1067MiltonFL— — 8,566 1,662 — 10,228 10,228 (4,057)20032006
2577NaplesFL— — 29,186 1,805 — 30,991 30,991 (6,953)19992016
2578NaplesFL— — 18,819 667 — 19,486 19,486 (3,709)20072016
2964OkeechobeeFL— — — 16,951 — 16,951 16,951 (1,266)20222019
563OrlandoFL— 2,144 5,136 13,507 12,022 8,765 20,787 (6,599)19852003
833PaceFL— — 10,309 1,628 28 11,909 11,937 (4,541)20052006
834PensacolaFL— — 11,166 428 — 11,594 11,594 (4,506)20052006
673PlantationFL— 1,091 7,176 2,623 1,091 9,799 10,890 (4,461)20012006
674PlantationFL— — 8,273 1,560 — 9,833 9,833 (1,042)20152021
2579Punta GordaFL— — 9,379 — — 9,379 9,379 (1,957)20062016
129
Table of Contents
Encumbrances at December 31, 2023Initial Cost to Company
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition(3)
Gross Amount at Which Carried
As of December 31, 2023
Accumulated Depreciation(5)
Year Constructed(6)
Year Acquired
CityState
Land and improvements(1)
Buildings and Improvements(2)
Land and improvementsBuildings and Improvements
Total(4)
2833St. PetersburgFL— — 13,754 10,299 — 24,053 24,053 (9,609)1995/20192006
887AtlantaGA— 4,300 13,690 (1,800)4,300 11,890 16,190 (10,007)1966/19962007
3214SavannahGA— — — 10,178 — 10,178 10,178 — —2022
2576StatesboroGA— — 10,234 1,430 — 11,664 11,664 (2,973)19992016
3006Arlington HeightsIL4,861 3,011 9,651 1,857 3,187 11,332 14,519 (1,299)1975/20132021
2702BolingbrookIL— — 21,237 3,884 — 25,121 25,121 (3,025)20082020
3004Highland ParkIL5,853 2,767 11,495 572 2,767 12,067 14,834 (1,226)20082021
3005LockportIL11,011 3,106 22,645 — 3,106 22,645 25,751 (2,256)20102021
1065MarionIL— 99 11,538 2,005 100 13,542 13,642 (5,978)20022006
2719MarionIL— — — 5,098 — 5,098 5,098 (452)20212021
2697IndianapolisIN— — 59,746 954 — 60,700 60,700 (5,797)20022020
2699IndianapolisIN— — 23,211 737 — 23,948 23,948 (2,364)20022020
2698MooresvilleIN— — 20,646 922 — 21,568 21,568 (2,080)20042020
1057NewburghIN— — 14,019 4,149 — 18,168 18,168 (8,511)20052006
2700ZionsvilleIN— 2,969 7,281 804 3,040 8,014 11,054 (1,204)20052020
2039Kansas CityKS— 440 2,173 390 440 2,563 3,003 (740)20062012
112Overland ParkKS— 2,316 10,681 116 2,316 10,797 13,113 (8,176)19891988
2043Overland ParkKS— — 7,668 2,000 — 9,668 9,668 (2,732)20092012
3062Overland ParkKS— 872 11,813 59 992 11,752 12,744 (2,570)20072019
483WichitaKS— 530 3,341 437 605 3,703 4,308 (1,738)20002001
3018WichitaKS— 3,946 39,795 — 3,946 39,795 43,741 (3,933)1973/20172021
1064LexingtonKY— — 12,726 2,213 — 14,939 14,939 (6,642)20032006
735LouisvilleKY— 936 8,426 13,840 661 22,541 23,202 (12,657)1971/20192005
737LouisvilleKY— 835 27,627 7,477 560 35,379 35,939 (16,906)20022005
738LouisvilleKY— 780 8,582 4,544 585 13,321 13,906 (10,521)19782005
739LouisvilleKY— 826 13,814 3,542 602 17,580 18,182 (7,444)20032005
2834LouisvilleKY— 2,983 13,171 5,433 2,983 18,604 21,587 (10,498)19902005
1945LouisvilleKY— 3,255 28,644 2,678 3,365 31,212 34,577 (13,208)20092010
1946LouisvilleKY— 430 6,125 230 430 6,355 6,785 (2,769)20022010
2237LouisvilleKY— 1,519 15,386 7,130 1,672 22,363 24,035 (8,330)19912014
2238LouisvilleKY— 1,334 12,172 3,049 1,558 14,997 16,555 (5,429)19962014
2239LouisvilleKY— 1,644 10,832 9,879 2,043 20,312 22,355 (7,588)19882014
3023CovingtonLA— 9,490 21,918 128 9,507 22,029 31,536 (2,254)20142021
3121CambridgeMA— 40,663 23,102 — 40,663 23,102 63,765 (1,776)19832021
1213Ellicott CityMD— 1,115 3,206 3,013 1,357 5,977 7,334 (2,657)19882006
1052TowsonMD— — 14,233 1,231 — 15,464 15,464 (6,004)20052006
2650BiddefordME— 1,341 17,376 388 1,341 17,764 19,105 (4,251)20072017
3002BurnsvilleMN7,737 2,801 17,779 1,151 2,861 18,870 21,731 (3,424)19882021
3003BurnsvilleMN5,158 516 13,200 462 533 13,645 14,178 (2,225)19922021
3009BurnsvilleMN19,046 4,640 38,064 333 4,664 38,373 43,037 (3,990)20072021
240MinneapolisMN— 117 13,213 5,337 117 18,550 18,667 (11,776)19861997
300MinneapolisMN— 160 10,131 5,086 214 15,163 15,377 (9,547)19871998
2703ColumbiaMO— 4,141 20,364 — 4,141 20,364 24,505 (2,696)19972020
2032IndependenceMO— — 48,025 1,872 — 49,897 49,897 (12,858)20062012
2863Lee's SummitMO— — — 16,470 — 16,470 16,470 (2,633)20202019
1078FlowoodMS— — 8,413 1,472 — 9,885 9,885 (4,097)20032006
1059JacksonMS— — 8,868 668 — 9,536 9,536 (4,090)20022006
1060JacksonMS— — 7,187 2,038 — 9,225 9,225 (3,797)20052006
1068OmahaNE— — 16,243 2,667 24 18,886 18,910 (8,250)20052006
2651CharlotteNC— 1,032 6,196 253 1,032 6,449 7,481 (1,252)20072017
2695CharlotteNC— 844 5,021 266 844 5,287 6,131 (960)20072017
2655WilmingtonNC— 1,949 12,244 — 1,949 12,244 14,193 (2,749)20032017
2656WilmingtonNC— 2,071 11,592 — 2,071 11,592 13,663 (2,575)20062017
2657ShallotteNC— 918 3,609 — 918 3,609 4,527 (1,106)20172017
2647ConcordNH— 1,961 23,516 (614)1,032 23,831 24,863 (3,577)20042017
2648ConcordNH— 815 8,902 172 408 9,481 9,889 (2,073)20082017
2649EpsomNH— 919 5,868 (513)304 5,970 6,274 (1,174)20102017
3011Cherry HillNJ— 5,235 21,731 — 5,235 21,731 26,966 (2,695)20142021
3012MorristownNJ— 21,703 32,517 5,472 21,703 37,989 59,692 (4,413)1983/20132021
3013MorristownNJ— 14,567 20,548 8,647 14,567 29,195 43,762 (2,439)19902021
3014MorristownNJ— 20,563 31,849 1,721 20,563 33,570 54,133 (2,591)19812021
729AlbuquerqueNM— — 5,380 1,944 — 7,324 7,324 (2,828)20062005
571Las VegasNV— — — 23,267 — 23,267 23,267 (9,353)20042003
660Las VegasNV— 1,121 4,363 9,560 1,147 13,897 15,044 (4,967)19732006
661Las VegasNV— 2,305 — 1,371 3,676 — 3,676 — —2006
662Las VegasNV— 1,000 — — 1,000 — 1,000 — —2006
663Las VegasNV— 1,717 3,597 12,799 1,724 16,389 18,113 (6,718)1974/20182006
664Las VegasNV— 1,172 — 633 1,805 — 1,805 (433)—2006
691Las VegasNV— 3,073 18,339 8,001 3,116 26,297 29,413 (16,290)1989/20152004
2037MesquiteNV— — 5,559 988 34 6,513 6,547 (2,148)20042012
400HarrisonOH— — 4,561 366 — 4,927 4,927 (3,149)19951999
1054DurantOK— 619 9,256 3,111 666 12,320 12,986 (5,294)19982006
817OwassoOK— — 6,582 (443)— 6,139 6,139 (2,789)20062005
404RoseburgOR— — 5,707 895 — 6,602 6,602 (3,892)19991999
3010SpringfieldOR20,732 — 51,998 416 — 52,414 52,414 (5,426)20112021
2570LimerickPA— 925 20,072 (119)755 20,123 20,878 (5,075)19992016
130
Table of Contents
Encumbrances at December 31, 2023Initial Cost to Company
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition(3)
Gross Amount at Which Carried
As of December 31, 2023
Accumulated Depreciation(5)
Year Constructed(6)
Year Acquired
CityState
Land and improvements(1)
Buildings and Improvements(2)
Land and improvementsBuildings and Improvements
Total(4)
2234PhiladelphiaPA— 24,264 99,904 50,137 24,288 150,017 174,305 (43,316)1973/20192014
2403PhiladelphiaPA— 26,063 97,646 39,404 26,134 136,979 163,113 (49,725)20002015
2571Wilkes-BarrePA— — 9,138 — — 9,138 9,138 (2,550)20012016
2694AndersonSC— 405 1,211 — 405 1,211 1,616 (352)20122020
2573FlorenceSC— — 12,090 90 — 12,180 12,180 (2,712)19982016
2574FlorenceSC— — 12,190 87 — 12,277 12,277 (2,729)19982016
2575FlorenceSC— — 11,243 56 — 11,299 11,299 (3,076)19952016
2841GreenvilleSC— 634 38,386 1,277 13 40,284 40,297 (9,241)19912018
2842GreenvilleSC— 794 41,293 211 — 42,298 42,298 (9,320)19992018
2843GreenvilleSC— 626 22,210 (368)— 22,468 22,468 (5,258)19962018
2844GreenvilleSC— 806 18,889 259 — 19,954 19,954 (4,349)19982018
2845GreenvilleSC— 932 40,879 (3,557)— 38,254 38,254 (5,148)20052018
2846GreenvilleSC— 896 38,486 205 — 39,587 39,587 (8,339)20072018
2847GreenvilleSC— 600 26,472 4,750 — 31,822 31,822 (8,164)19962018
2850GreenvilleSC— 211 6,503 153 211 6,656 6,867 (1,920)20082018
2853GreenvilleSC— 534 6,430 (1,388)— 5,576 5,576 (1,038)19982018
2854GreenvilleSC— 824 13,645 (512)— 13,957 13,957 (3,785)19922018
2848GreerSC— 318 5,816 97 318 5,913 6,231 (1,512)20082018
2849GreerSC— 319 5,836 (777)— 5,378 5,378 (734)20082018
2851Travelers RestSC— 498 1,015 3 299 1,217 1,516 (611)19982018
2862Myrtle BeachSC— — — 28,496 — 28,496 28,496 (6,051)20192018
2865BrentwoodTN— — — 35,219 52 35,167 35,219 (3,870)20202019
624HendersonvilleTN— 256 1,530 2,383 256 3,913 4,169 (1,991)19852006
559HermitageTN— 830 5,036 13,157 837 18,186 19,023 (6,882)1999/20192003
561HermitageTN— 596 9,698 4,262 596 13,960 14,556 (7,331)19932003
562HermitageTN— 317 6,528 2,979 317 9,507 9,824 (4,491)19942003
625NashvilleTN— 955 14,289 7,675 955 21,964 22,919 (9,756)20002006
626NashvilleTN— 2,050 5,211 5,198 2,050 10,409 12,459 (3,987)19872006
627NashvilleTN— 1,007 181 986 1,113 1,061 2,174 (555)19752006
628NashvilleTN— 2,980 7,164 3,046 2,980 10,210 13,190 (4,235)19882006
630NashvilleTN— 515 848 339 515 1,187 1,702 (536)19752006
631NashvilleTN— 266 1,305 1,266 266 2,571 2,837 (1,450)19802006
632NashvilleTN— 827 7,642 3,034 827 10,676 11,503 (5,283)19882006
633NashvilleTN— 5,425 12,577 5,720 5,425 18,297 23,722 (8,059)19712006
634NashvilleTN— 3,818 15,185 12,266 3,818 27,451 31,269 (11,240)19922006
636NashvilleTN— 583 450 424 604 853 1,457 (372)19742006
2967NashvilleTN— — — 52,503 — 52,503 52,503 (4,519)20212019
2720NashvilleTN— 102 10,925 1,058 102 11,983 12,085 (2,038)19862021
2611AllenTX— 1,330 5,960 1,245 1,374 7,161 8,535 (1,868)20042016
2612AllenTX— 1,310 4,165 1,516 1,310 5,681 6,991 (1,540)20052016
573ArlingtonTX— 769 12,355 26,097 769 38,452 39,221 (8,657)19952006
2621Cedar ParkTX— 1,617 11,640 950 1,617 12,590 14,207 (2,144)20072017
576ConroeTX— 324 4,842 4,171 324 9,013 9,337 (3,998)19832006
577ConroeTX— 397 7,966 2,981 397 10,947 11,344 (4,740)19952006
578ConroeTX— 388 7,975 2,576 388 10,551 10,939 (4,587)1997/20122006
579ConroeTX— 188 3,618 1,045 188 4,663 4,851 (2,423)19952006
581Corpus ChristiTX— 717 8,181 4,253 717 12,434 13,151 (5,699)19952006
600Corpus ChristiTX— 328 3,210 1,913 328 5,123 5,451 (2,851)19952006
601Corpus ChristiTX— 313 1,771 2,014 325 3,773 4,098 (1,886)19852006
2839CypressTX— — — 37,639 11 37,628 37,639 (12,404)20162015
582DallasTX— 1,664 6,785 4,342 1,718 11,073 12,791 (5,040)19792006
1314DallasTX— 15,230 162,970 29,075 23,630 183,645 207,275 (88,337)19742007
1315DallasTX— — — 4,083 17 4,066 4,083 (1,663)19782007
1316DallasTX— — — 9,691 64 9,627 9,691 (1,720)19852007
1317DallasTX— — — 12,061 166 11,895 12,061 (2,256)19952007
1319DallasTX— 18,840 155,659 6,539 18,840 162,198 181,038 (76,716)19742007
2721DallasTX— 31,707 2,000 347 31,707 2,347 34,054 (1,998)19832020
3007DentonTX5,654 2,298 9,502 97 2,338 9,559 11,897 (1,298)20142021
3020FriscoTX— — 27,201 1,214 — 28,415 28,415 (2,394)20042021
3021FriscoTX— — 26,181 2,186 — 28,367 28,367 (2,700)20042021
583Fort WorthTX— 898 4,866 4,115 898 8,981 9,879 (4,168)19952006
805Fort WorthTX— — 2,481 1,316 45 3,752 3,797 (2,458)19852005
806Fort WorthTX— — 6,070 1,206 5 7,271 7,276 (3,310)19852005
2619Fort WorthTX— 1,180 13,432 1,910 1,180 15,342 16,522 (2,149)20062017
2620Fort WorthTX— 1,961 14,155 1,521 2,000 15,637 17,637 (2,272)20052017
2982Fort WorthTX— 2,720 6,225 5,959 2,719 12,185 14,904 (3,194)20202019
1061GranburyTX— — 6,863 1,321 — 8,184 8,184 (3,667)20012006
430HoustonTX— 1,927 33,140 20,350 2,388 53,029 55,417 (31,358)1985/20181999
446HoustonTX— 2,200 19,585 13,593 2,936 32,442 35,378 (23,431)1976/20181999
589HoustonTX— 1,676 12,602 15,520 1,676 28,122 29,798 (8,121)1985/20222006
702HoustonTX— — 7,414 2,570 — 9,984 9,984 (4,628)20062006
1044HoustonTX— — 4,838 6,971 1,321 10,488 11,809 (3,602)20062006
2542HoustonTX— 304 17,764 (304)— 17,764 17,764 (4,314)19902015
2543HoustonTX— 116 6,555 (116)— 6,555 6,555 (1,857)19702015
2544HoustonTX— 312 12,094 (312)— 12,094 12,094 (3,427)19872015
2545HoustonTX— 316 13,931 (300)— 13,947 13,947 (2,960)20052015
131
Table of Contents
Encumbrances at December 31, 2023Initial Cost to Company
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition(3)
Gross Amount at Which Carried
As of December 31, 2023
Accumulated Depreciation(5)
Year Constructed(6)
Year Acquired
CityState
Land and improvements(1)
Buildings and Improvements(2)
Land and improvementsBuildings and Improvements
Total(4)
2546HoustonTX— 408 18,332 740 — 19,480 19,480 (6,233)19772015
2547HoustonTX— 470 18,197 (250)— 18,417 18,417 (5,156)19852015
2548HoustonTX— 313 7,036 (140)— 7,209 7,209 (2,392)19792015
2549HoustonTX— 530 22,711 68 530 22,779 23,309 (4,740)20062015
2966HoustonTX— — — 39,448 — 39,448 39,448 (2,576)20222020
590IrvingTX— 828 6,160 5,455 828 11,615 12,443 (4,835)19972006
700IrvingTX— — 8,550 3,091 8 11,633 11,641 (5,109)20042006
1207IrvingTX— 1,955 12,793 4,699 2,032 17,415 19,447 (6,471)20012006
2840KingwoodTX— 3,035 28,373 464 3,422 28,450 31,872 (6,005)20032016
591LewisvilleTX— 561 8,043 1,102 561 9,145 9,706 (4,487)19762006
144LongviewTX— 102 7,998 988 102 8,986 9,088 (5,735)19931992
143LufkinTX— 338 2,383 219 338 2,602 2,940 (1,648)19931992
568McKinneyTX— 541 6,217 3,371 541 9,588 10,129 (4,892)19992003
569McKinneyTX— — 636 8,319 — 8,955 8,955 (4,506)20042003
3216McKinneyTX— — — 1,415 — 1,415 1,415 — —2023
596North Richland HillsTX— 812 8,883 4,524 812 13,407 14,219 (5,619)19992006
2048North Richland HillsTX— 1,385 10,213 1,849 1,400 12,047 13,447 (5,367)20072012
2835PearlandTX— — 4,014 4,238 29 8,223 8,252 (3,217)20062006
2838PearlandTX— — — 18,363 — 18,363 18,363 (5,422)20152014
597PlanoTX— 1,210 9,588 7,506 1,225 17,079 18,304 (6,930)19972006
672PlanoTX— 1,389 12,768 3,922 1,389 16,690 18,079 (6,958)20042006
1384PlanoTX— 6,290 22,686 7,966 6,290 30,652 36,942 (24,603)19972007
2653RockwallTX— 788 9,020 2 788 9,022 9,810 (1,847)20152017
815San AntonioTX— — 9,193 3,285 75 12,403 12,478 (5,948)19972006
816San AntonioTX1,552 — 8,699 13,192 175 21,716 21,891 (6,649)1992/20222006
2837San AntonioTX— — 26,191 4,115 — 30,306 30,306 (12,352)20062011
2852ShenandoahTX— — — 29,980 — 29,980 29,980 (8,235)20172016
598Sugar LandTX— 1,078 5,158 3,261 1,164 8,333 9,497 (3,579)19822006
599Texas CityTX— — 9,519 1,971 — 11,490 11,490 (4,972)20032006
152VictoriaTX— 125 8,977 535 125 9,512 9,637 (5,842)19941992
2198WebsterTX— 2,220 9,602 142 2,220 9,744 11,964 (3,920)19912013
3024WebsterTX— 3,196 12,911 (28)3,212 12,867 16,079 (892)20072022
3025WebsterTX— 3,209 23,782 114 3,225 23,880 27,105 (1,571)20072022
2550The WoodlandsTX— 115 5,141 (115)— 5,141 5,141 (1,249)19842015
2551The WoodlandsTX— 296 18,282 (296)— 18,282 18,282 (3,885)19972015
2552The WoodlandsTX— 374 25,125 (374)— 25,125 25,125 (4,746)20042015
3215WylieTX— 874 4,122 (64)874 4,058 4,932 (180)20052007
1592BountifulUT— 999 7,426 1,963 1,019 9,369 10,388 (3,953)20052010
169BountifulUT— 276 5,237 4,602 599 9,516 10,115 (4,262)19951994
2035DraperUT3,952 — 10,803 561 — 11,364 11,364 (2,826)20102012
469KaysvilleUT— 530 4,493 426 530 4,919 5,449 (2,245)20012001
456LaytonUT— 371 7,073 2,191 401 9,234 9,635 (5,132)19982001
2042LaytonUT— — 10,975 1,831 44 12,762 12,806 (3,379)20062012
2864Washington TerraceUT— — — 19,898 — 19,898 19,898 (3,091)20202019
357OremUT— 337 8,744 1,177 306 9,952 10,258 (6,286)19981999
353Salt Lake CityUT— 190 779 238 273 934 1,207 (628)19911999
354Salt Lake CityUT— 220 10,732 4,186 220 14,918 15,138 (8,926)19991999
355Salt Lake CityUT— 180 14,792 5,141 180 19,933 20,113 (11,708)19931999
467Salt Lake CityUT— 3,000 7,541 2,459 3,019 9,981 13,000 (5,598)19982001
566Salt Lake CityUT— 509 4,044 3,763 509 7,807 8,316 (3,555)19742003
2041Salt Lake CityUT— — 12,326 877 — 13,203 13,203 (3,406)20072012
2033SandyUT— 867 3,513 2,919 1,356 5,943 7,299 (3,380)19892012
351Washington TerraceUT— — 4,573 1,317 17 5,873 5,890 (3,724)19891999
352Washington TerraceUT— — 2,692 641 15 3,318 3,333 (2,231)19901999
2034West JordanUT— — 12,021 (177)— 11,844 11,844 (3,016)20062012
2036West JordanUT— — 1,383 1,328 — 2,711 2,711 (1,655)19822012
1208FairfaxVA— 8,396 16,710 12,121 8,781 28,446 37,227 (15,291)1974/20182006
2230FredericksburgVA— 1,101 8,570 156 1,113 8,714 9,827 (2,308)20082014
3001LeesburgVA10,217 3,549 24,059 4,826 3,549 28,885 32,434 (3,912)20102021
3015MidlothianVA12,688 — 21,442 10 59 21,393 21,452 (1,653)20122021
3016MidlothianVA11,994 — 20,610 (137)32 20,441 20,473 (1,766)20132021
3017MidlothianVA13,878 — 22,531 176 — 22,707 22,707 (2,846)20142021
572RestonVA— — 11,902 (864)— 11,038 11,038 (5,515)20042003
448RentonWA— — 18,724 3,750 — 22,474 22,474 (13,933)19931999
781SeattleWA— — 52,703 10,129 — 62,832 62,832 (31,470)19942004
782SeattleWA— — 24,382 22,413 104 46,691 46,795 (16,953)1990/20222004
783SeattleWA— — 5,625 1,607 211 7,021 7,232 (6,247)19842004
785SeattleWA— — 7,293 1,475 — 8,768 8,768 (5,205)19822004
1385SeattleWA— — 45,027 17,489 — 62,516 62,516 (26,972)1986/20192007
3022SeattleWA— 35,624 4,176 1 35,625 4,176 39,801 (1,898)1963/20122021
2038EvanstonWY— — 4,601 1,204 — 5,805 5,805 (1,953)20022012
$146,426 $529,287 $3,887,576 $1,467,286 $546,448 $5,337,701 $5,884,149 $(1,796,189)
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Encumbrances at December 31, 2023
Initial Cost to Company
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition(3)
Gross Amount at Which Carried
As of December 31, 2023
Accumulated Depreciation(5)
Year Constructed(6)
Year Acquired
CityState
Land and improvements(1)
Buildings and Improvements(2)
Land and improvements
Buildings and Improvements
Total(4)
Continuing care retirement community
3089 Birmingham  AL $— $6,193 $32,146 $6,411 $6,670 $38,080 $44,750 $(7,612)19912020
3090 Bradenton  FL — 5,496 95,671 27,694 6,228 122,633 128,861 (21,444)19852020
2997 Clearwater  FL 66,436 6,680 132,521 20,619 7,195 152,625 159,820 (21,252)19912020
3086 Jacksonville  FL — 19,660 167,860 22,367 21,042 188,845 209,887 (29,940)19892020
2996 Leesburg  FL — 8,941 65,698 16,620 9,779 81,480 91,259 (14,936)19902020
2995 Port Charlotte  FL — 5,344 159,612 16,205 6,008 175,153 181,161 (23,576)19872020
2998 Seminole  FL 43,235 14,080 77,485 13,228 15,030 89,763 104,793 (11,367)19902020
3085 Seminole  FL — 13,915 125,796 16,519 14,698 141,532 156,230 (23,135)19822020
3092 Sun City Center  FL — 25,254 175,535 21,862 26,460 196,191 222,651 (36,004)19922020
3087 The Villages  FL — 7,091 120,493 16,363 7,331 136,616 143,947 (21,450)20092020
3084 Holland  MI — 1,572 88,960 10,401 1,898 99,035 100,933 (15,129)19912020
2991 Coatesville  PA — 16,443 126,243 17,270 17,064 142,892 159,956 (20,601)19982020
3080 Haverford  PA — 16,461 108,816 24,097 16,461 132,913 149,374 (52,714)19892006
3088 Spring  TX — 3,210 30,085 11,821 3,524 41,592 45,116 (5,695)20082020
3081 Fort Belvoir  VA — 11,594 99,528 19,948 11,594 119,476 131,070 (51,408)19902006
$109,671 $161,934 $1,606,449 $261,425 $170,982 $1,858,826 $2,029,808 $(356,263) 
Total real estate assets held for sale— (9,125)(10,213)(103,849)(9,154)(114,033)(123,187)5,365 
Total, excluding held for sale
$256,097 $2,618,324 $8,722,627 $5,279,363 $2,647,633 $13,972,681 $16,620,314 $(3,591,951)
_______________________________________
(1)Assets with no initial land costs to the Company represent land that the Company leases from a third party (i.e., ground leases).
(2)Assets with no initial buildings and improvements costs to the Company represent development projects in process or completed.
(3)Includes adjustments for disposals, casualty events, and costs capitalized subsequent to acquisition, net of incidental income, if applicable.
(4)At December 31, 2023, the tax basis of the Company’s net real estate assets is less than the reported amounts by $900 million.
(5)Buildings and improvements are depreciated over useful lives ranging up to approximately 50 years.
(6)Year of original construction/year of last major renovation, if applicable.
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A summary of activity for real estate and accumulated depreciation, excluding assets classified as discontinued operations, is as follows (in thousands):
Year ended December 31,
202320222021
Real estate:
Balances at beginning of year$16,211,621 $15,506,658 $13,528,893 
Acquisition of real estate and development and improvements754,225 1,102,593 2,157,539 
Sales and/or transfers to assets held for sale(137,731)(82,350)(72,819)
Deconsolidation of real estate— (189,605)— 
Impairments— — (21,294)
Other(1)
(207,801)(125,675)(85,661)
Balances at end of year$16,620,314 $16,211,621 $15,506,658 
Accumulated depreciation:
Balances at beginning of year$3,188,138 $2,839,229 $2,409,135 
Depreciation expense609,461 575,125 548,063 
Sales and/or transfers to assets held for sale(12,711)(30,428)(32,692)
Deconsolidation of real estate— (89,766)— 
Other(1)
(192,937)(106,022)(85,277)
Balances at end of year$3,591,951 $3,188,138 $2,839,229 
_______________________________________
(1)Primarily represents real estate and accumulated depreciation related to fully depreciated assets and reductions to net real estate due to casualty events.
A summary of activity for real estate and accumulated depreciation for assets classified as discontinued operations is as follows (in thousands):
Year ended December 31,
202320222021
Real estate:
Balances at beginning of year$— $— $2,930,566 
Acquisition of real estate and development and improvements— — 8,238 
Sales and/or transfers to assets classified as discontinued operations— — (2,929,713)
Impairments— — (5,315)
Other
— — (3,776)
Balances at end of year$— $— $— 
Accumulated depreciation:
Balances at beginning of year$— $— $615,708 
Sales and/or transfers to assets classified as discontinued operations— — (615,708)
Balances at end of year$— $— $— 
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Schedule IV: Mortgage Loans on Real Estate
(in thousands)
LocationSegmentInterest RateFixed / VariableMaturity DatePeriodic Payment TermsPrior LiensFace Amount of MortgagesCarrying Amount of MortgagesPrincipal Amount Subject to Delinquent Principal or Interest
First mortgages relating to 10 properties:
MultipleOther
4.0% + (SOFR + 10 bps)
Variable
2/1/2024(1)
Interest only$— $130,678 $128,027 $— 
First mortgages relating to 10 properties:
MultipleOther
7.0% + (SOFR + 11 bps)
Variable
1/21/2024(2)
Interest only— 48,000 47,690 — 
$— $178,678 $175,717 $— 
_______________________________________
(1)In February 2024, the loan reached its maturity. The Company provided a short-term extension to the borrower, and the Company and the borrower are currently negotiating long-term refinance and extension terms (see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
(2)In January 2024, this loan was refinanced with the Company. In connection with the refinance, the maturity date of the loan was extended to January 2025 (see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
 Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
Reconciliation of mortgage loans
Balance at beginning of year$341,749 $390,291 $157,572 
Additions:
New mortgage loans— — 310,338 
Draws and additions to existing mortgage loans11,602 5,525 9,370 
Total additions11,602 5,525 319,708 
Deductions:
Principal repayments(183,084)(47,591)(84,486)
Recoveries (reserves) for loan losses(1)
5,450 (6,476)(2,503)
Total deductions(177,634)(54,067)(86,989)
Balance at end of year$175,717 $341,749 $390,291 
_______________________________________
(1)Excludes reserves and recoveries for expected loan losses associated with unfunded loan commitments which are included in accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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ITEM 9.    Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
ITEM 9A.    Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures.  We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
As required by Rules 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b) of the Exchange Act, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2023.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.  Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013), our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as stated in their report, which is included herein.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.  There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth quarter of 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Healthpeak Properties, Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Healthpeak Properties, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, of the Company and our report dated February 9, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Costa Mesa, California
February 9, 2024
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ITEM 9B.    Other Information
Insider Trading Arrangements
During the three months ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or Section 16 officers adopted, modified, or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or any non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.
ITEM 9C.    Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
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PART III
ITEM 10.    Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Except as provided below, the information required under Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 in connection with our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our directors and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, and controller. We have also adopted a Vendor Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to our vendors and business partners. Current copies of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and Vendor Code of Business Conduct and Ethics are posted on our website at www.healthpeak.com/esg/governance. In addition, waivers from, and amendments to, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that apply to our directors and executive officers, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, or persons performing similar functions, will be timely posted in the Investors section of our website at www.healthpeak.com.
ITEM 11.    Executive Compensation
The information required under Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 in connection with our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
ITEM 12.    Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required under Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 in connection with our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
ITEM 13.    Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required under Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 in connection with our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
ITEM 14.    Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required under Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 in connection with our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
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PART IV
ITEM 15.    Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) 1.  Financial Statements
The following Consolidated Financial Statements are included in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34)
Consolidated Balance Sheets - December 31, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Operations - for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) - for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Equity and Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests - for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
(a) 2.  Financial Statement Schedules
The following Consolidated Financial Statement Schedules are included in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Schedule II: Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
Schedule III: Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
Schedule IV: Mortgage Loans on Real Estate
(a) 3.    Exhibits
ExhibitIncorporated by reference herein
NumberDescriptionFormDate Filed
2.1+
Current Report on Form 8-K12B
February 10, 2023
2.2+
Current Report on Form 8-K
October 30, 2023
3.1
Current Report on Form 8-K12B
February 10, 2023
3.2
Current Report on Form 8-K12B
February 10, 2023
3.3
Current Report on Form 8-K12B
February 10, 2023
4.1Registration Statement on Form S‑3/A
(Registration No. 333-86654)		May 21, 2002
4.1.1Current Report on Form 8‑KJanuary 24, 2011
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4.1.2
Current Report on Form 8-K12B
February 10, 2023
4.2
Registration Statement on Form S-3ASR
(Registration No. 333‑269718)

February 13, 2023
4.2.1Current Report on Form 8‑KJanuary 21, 2015
4.2.2Current Report on Form 8‑KMay 20, 2015
4.2.3Current Report on Form 8‑K July 5, 2019
4.2.4Current Report on Form 8‑K November 21, 2019
4.2.5
Current Report on Form 8-K
June 23, 2020
4.2.6
Current Report on Form 8-K
July 12, 2021
4.2.7
Current Report on Form 8-K
November 24, 2021
4.2.8
Current Report on Form 8-K
January 17, 2023
4.2.9
Current Report on Form 8-K12B
February 10, 2023
4.2.10
Current Report on Form 8-K
May 10, 2023
4.3
Current Report on Form 8-K
January 24, 2011
4.4
Current Report on Form 8-K
January 21, 2015
4.5
Current Report on Form 8-K
May 20, 2015
4.6
Current Report on Form 8-K
July 5, 2019
4.7
Current Report on Form 8-K
July 5, 2019
4.8
Current Report on Form 8-K
November 21, 2019
4.9
Current Report on Form 8-K
June 23, 2020
4.10
Current Report on Form 8-K
July 12, 2021
4.11
Current Report on Form 8-K
November 24, 2021
4.12
Current Report on Form 8-K
January 17, 2023
4.13
Current Report on Form 8-K
May 10, 2023
4.14†
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Table of Contents
10.1
Current Report on Form 8-K12B
February 10, 2023
10.2
Current Report on Form 8-K12B
February 10, 2023
10.3
Current Report on Form 8-K
September 20, 2021
10.3.1
Current Report on Form 8-K12B
February 10, 2023
10.4
Current Report on Form 8-K
August 22, 2022
10.4.1
Current Report on Form 8-K12B
February 10, 2023
10.5
Current Report on Form 8-K
February 17, 2023
10.6*
Quarterly Report on Form 10‑QNovember 3, 2009
10.7*
Quarterly Report on Form 10-QAugust 5, 2014
10.8*
Quarterly Report on Form 10-QApril 28, 2023
10.9*
Quarterly Report on Form 10-QApril 28, 2023
10.10*
Annual Report on Form 10-K
February 13, 2020
10.10.1*
Current Report on Form 8-K12B
February 10, 2023
10.10.2*
Quarterly Report on Form 10-QAugust 5, 2014
10.10.3*
Quarterly Report on Form 10-QMay 3, 2018
10.10.4*
Quarterly Report on Form 10-QMay 4, 2022
10.10.5*
Annual Report on Form 10‑K
February 8, 2023
10.10.6*
Quarterly Report on Form 10-QApril 28, 2023
10.10.7*
Quarterly Report on Form 10-QApril 28, 2023
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10.10.8*
Quarterly Report on Form 10-QApril 28, 2023
10.10.9*
Quarterly Report on Form 10-QApril 28, 2023
10.10.10*
Quarterly Report on Form 10-QApril 28, 2023
10.10.11*
Quarterly Report on Form 10-QApril 28, 2023
10.11*
Current Report on Form 8-K
April 27, 2023
10.11.1*
Quarterly Report on Form 10-QApril 28, 2023
10.11.2*
Quarterly Report on Form 10-QApril 28, 2023
10.12*
Annual Report on Form 10‑K, as amendedFebruary 12, 2008
10.13
Registration Statement on Form S‑3
(Registration No. 333‑49746)		November 13, 2000
21.1†
22.1†
23.1†
31.1†
31.2†
32.1††
32.2††
97.1†
101.INS†XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH†XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL†XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF†XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB†XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
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101.PRE†XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL document and contained in Exhibit 101).
_______________________________________
+    Certain of the exhibits and schedules to this Exhibit have been omitted in accordance with Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(2).
*    Management Contract or Compensatory Plan or Arrangement.
†    Filed herewith.
††    Furnished herewith.

ITEM 16.    Form 10-K Summary
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Dated: February 9, 2024
Healthpeak Properties, Inc.
/s/ SCOTT M. BRINKER
Scott M. Brinker,
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
SignatureTitleDate
/s/ SCOTT M. BRINKERPresident and Chief Executive Officer, DirectorFebruary 9, 2024
Scott M. Brinker(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ PETER A. SCOTTChief Financial OfficerFebruary 9, 2024
Peter A. Scott(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ SHAWN G. JOHNSTONExecutive Vice President and Chief Accounting OfficerFebruary 9, 2024
Shawn G. Johnston(Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ KATHERINE M. SANDSTROM
Chair of the Board
February 9, 2024
Katherine M. Sandstrom
/s/ BRIAN G. CARTWRIGHT
Director
February 9, 2024
Brian G. Cartwright
/s/ JAMES B. CONNOR
Director
February 9, 2024
James B. Connor
/s/ CHRISTINE N. GARVEYDirectorFebruary 9, 2024
Christine N. Garvey
/s/ R. KENT GRIFFIN, JR.DirectorFebruary 9, 2024
R. Kent Griffin, Jr.
/s/ DAVID B. HENRYDirectorFebruary 9, 2024
David B. Henry
/s/ SARA GROOTWASSINK LEWISDirectorFebruary 9, 2024
Sara Grootwassink Lewis
145

What is the market capitalization of a company?

The market capitalization sometimes referred as Marketcap, is the value of a publicly listed company.
In most cases it can be easily calculated by multiplying the share price with the amount of outstanding shares.

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