Protolabs - 10-Q quarterly report FY2016 Q3

UNITED STATES

 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

or

Commission File Number: 001-35435

 Proto Labs, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(763) 479-3680

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

                   Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  ☑Yes ☐No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  ☑Yes ☐No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  ☐Yes ☑No

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: 26,432,035 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, were outstanding at October 25, 2016. 

Proto Labs, Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Proto Labs, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Note 1 – Basis of Presentation

The unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements of Proto Labs, Inc. (Proto Labs, the Company, we, us or our) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of management, the accompanying financial statements reflect all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s statements of financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. Except as otherwise disclosed herein, these adjustments consist of normal, recurring items. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the fiscal year as a whole.

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and the related disclosures at the date of the financial statements and during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from these estimates. For further information, refer to the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on February 26, 2016.

The accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2015 was derived from the audited Consolidated Financial Statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for a full set of financial statements. This Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2016 as referenced above.

Note 2 – Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This ASU is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model that requires a company to recognize revenue from the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The Company is required to adopt the new pronouncement using one of two retrospective application methods.

On July 9, 2015, the FASB voted to approve a deferral of the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year to December 15, 2017 for annual reporting periods beginning after that date. The Company is evaluating the application method and the impact of this new standard on its financial statements, but does not expect the impact to be material.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, which introduces the balance sheet recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under previous guidance. The guidance will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of the future adoption of this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which is intended to simplify several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions, including the accounting for income taxes, forfeitures, statutory tax withholding requirements, and classification in the statement of cash flows. This guidance will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those fiscal years with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this new guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows, which is intended to reduce diversity in how companies present and classify certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows. This guidance will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of the future adoption of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements, but does not expect the impact to be material.

Note 3 – Net Income per Common Share

Basic net income per share is computed based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net income per share is computed based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, increased by the number of additional shares that would have been outstanding had potentially dilutive common shares been issued and reduced by the number of shares the Company could have repurchased from the proceeds from issuance of the potentially dilutive shares. Potentially dilutive shares of common stock include stock options, restricted stock units and restricted stock awards granted under stock-based compensation plans and shares committed to be purchased under the employee stock purchase plan.

The table below sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share:

Note 4 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

There were no changes in the carrying amount of Goodwill during the nine months ended September 30, 2016.

Intangible assets other than Goodwill at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were as follows:

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $0.2 million for each of the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015. Amortization expense for intangible assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was $0.5 million and $0.6 million, respectively.

Estimated aggregated amortization expense based on the current carrying value of the amortizable intangible assets is as follows:

Note 5 – Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement (ASC 820), defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires classification based on observable and unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The Company’s cash consists of bank deposits. The Company’s cash equivalents measured at fair value consist of money market mutual funds. The Company determines the fair value of these investments using Level 1 inputs.

The following table summarizes financial assets as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

Note 6 – Marketable Securities

The Company invests in short-term and long-term agency, municipal, corporate and other debt securities. The securities are categorized as held-to-maturity and are recorded at amortized cost. Categorization as held-to-maturity is based on the Company’s ability and intent to hold these securities to maturity. Information regarding the Company’s short-term and long-term marketable securities as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 is as follows:

Fair values for the corporate debt securities are primarily determined based on quoted market prices (Level 1). Fair values for the U.S. municipal securities, U.S. government agency securities and certificates of deposit are primarily determined using dealer quotes or quoted market prices for similar securities (Level 2).

The Company tests for other-than-temporary losses on a quarterly basis and has considered the unrealized losses indicated above, which are the result of changes in interest rates, to be temporary in nature. In reaching this conclusion, the Company considered the credit quality of the issuers of the debt securities as well as the Company’s intent to hold the investments to maturity and recover the full principal.

Classification of marketable securities as current or non-current is based upon the security’s maturity date as of the date of these financial statements.

The September 30, 2016 balance of held-to-maturity debt securities by contractual maturity is shown in the following table at amortized cost. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties.

Note 7 – Inventory

Inventory consists primarily of raw materials, which are recorded at the lower of cost or market using the average-cost method, which approximates first-in, first-out (FIFO) cost. The Company periodically reviews its inventory for slow-moving, damaged and discontinued items and provides allowances to reduce such items identified to their recoverable amounts.

The Company’s inventory consisted of the following as of the dates indicated:

Note 8 – Stock-Based Compensation

Under the Company’s 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended (2012 Plan), the Company has the ability to grant stock options, stock appreciation rights (SARs), restricted stock, stock units, other stock-based awards and cash incentive awards. Awards under the 2012 Plan have a maximum term of ten years from the date of grant. The compensation committee may provide that the vesting or payment of any award will be subject to the attainment of specified performance measures in addition to the satisfaction of any continued service requirements and the compensation committee will determine whether such measures have been achieved. The per-share exercise price of stock options and SARs granted under the 2012 Plan generally may not be less than the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the date of the grant.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company’s 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) allows eligible employees to purchase a variable number of shares of the Company’s common stock each offering period at a discount through payroll deductions of up to 15 percent of their eligible compensation, subject to plan limitations. The ESPP provides for six-month offering periods with a single purchase period ending May 15 and November 15, respectively. At the end of each offering period, employees are able to purchase shares at 85 percent of the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the first trading day of the offering period or on the last trading day of the offering period.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense was $1.7 million and $1.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and $5.3 million and $4.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2016:

The outstanding options generally have a term of ten years. For employees, options granted become exercisable ratably over the vesting period, which is generally a five-year period beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date, subject to the employee’s continuing service to the Company. For directors, options generally become exercisable in full on the first anniversary of the grant date.

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options that were granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was $26.62.

The following table provides the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes pricing model valuation of options during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively:

As of September 30, 2016, there was $6.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.2 years.

Restricted Stock

Restricted stock awards are share-settled awards and restrictions lapse ratably over the vesting period, which is generally a five-year period, beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date, subject to the employee's continuing service to the Company. For directors, restrictions generally lapse in full on the first anniversary of the grant date. 

The following table summarizes restricted stock activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2016:

As of September 30, 2016, there was $12.3 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.9 years.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The following table presents the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the ESPP during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively:

Note 9 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Other comprehensive income (loss) is comprised entirely of foreign currency translation adjustments. The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) balances during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively:

Note 10 – Income Taxes

The Company is subject to income tax in multiple jurisdictions and the use of estimates is required to determine the provision for income taxes. For each of the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded an income tax provision of $5.6 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded an income tax provision of $15.9 million and $16.2 million, respectively. The income tax provision is based on the estimated annual effective tax rate for the year applied to pre-tax income. The effective income tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2016 was 31.8 percent compared to 31.2 percent in the same period of the prior year. The effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was 32.4 percent compared to 31.9 percent in the same period of the prior year.

The effective income tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35.0 percent due primarily to the mix of income earned in domestic and foreign tax jurisdictions and deductions for which the Company qualifies.

The Company had reserves against unrecognized tax benefits totaling $3.8 million and $2.8 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, all of which, if recognized, would affect the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense, and reports the liability in current or long-term income taxes payable as appropriate.

Note 11 – Revenue and Geographic Information

The Company’s revenue is primarily derived from its Injection Molding (Protomold), CNC Machining (Firstcut) and 3D Printing (Fineline) product lines. Total revenue by product line is as follows:

Revenue to external customers based on the billing location of the end user customer and long-lived assets by geographic region are as follows:

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Forward-Looking Statements

Statements contained in this report regarding matters that are not historical or current facts are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the following words: “may,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “project,” “potential,” “continue,” “ongoing” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our results to be materially different than those expressed or implied in such statements. Certain of these risk factors and others are described in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the SEC. Other unknown or unpredictable factors also could have material adverse effects on our future results. We cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Finally, we expressly disclaim any intent or obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances.

Overview

We are a leading online and technology-enabled manufacturer of quick-turn, on-demand injection-molded, CNC-machined and 3D printed custom parts for prototyping and low-volume production. We provide “Real Parts, Really Fast” to product developers and engineers worldwide, who are under increasing pressure to bring their finished products to market faster than their competition. We believe custom parts manufacturing has historically been an underserved market due to the inefficiencies inherent in the quotation, equipment set-up and non-recurring engineering processes required to produce custom parts. Our proprietary technology eliminates most of the time-consuming and expensive skilled labor conventionally required to quote and manufacture parts. Our customers conduct nearly all of their business with us over the Internet. We target our products to the millions of product developers and engineers who use three-dimensional computer-aided design (3D CAD) software to design products across a diverse range of end-markets.

Our primary manufacturing product lines currently include Injection Molding (Protomold), CNC Machining (Firstcut) and 3D Printing (Fineline). We continually seek to expand the range of size and geometric complexity of the parts we can make with these manufacturing processes, to extend the variety of materials we are able to support and to identify additional manufacturing processes to which we can apply our technology in order to better serve the evolving preferences and needs of product developers and engineers.

Injection Molding (Protomold)

Our Injection Molding (Protomold) product line uses our 3D CAD-to-CNC machining technology for the automated design and manufacture of thermoplastic, metal, or liquid silicone injection molds, which are then used to produce custom injection-molded parts on commercially available equipment. Our Injection Molding (Protomold) product line is used for prototype, on-demand and low-volume production. Prototype quantities typically range from 25 to 100 parts. Because we retain possession of the molds, customers who need low-volume production often come back to Proto Labs’ Injection Molding product line for additional quantities typically ranging up to 10,000 parts or more. They do so to support pilot production while their tooling for high-volume production is being prepared, because they need on-demand manufacturing due to disruptions in their manufacturing process, because their product will only be released in a limited quantity, or because they need end-of-life production support. These additional part orders typically occur on approximately half of the molds that we make, typically accounting for approximately half of our total Injection Molding (Protomold) revenue.

CNC Machining (Firstcut)

Our CNC Machining (Firstcut) product line uses commercially available CNC machines to cut plastic or metal blocks or bars into one or more custom parts based on the 3D CAD model uploaded by the product developer or engineer. Our efficiencies derive from the automation of the programming of these machines and a proprietary fixturing process. The CNC Machining (Firstcut) product line is well suited to produce small quantities, typically in the range of one to 200 parts.

3D Printing (Fineline)

Our 3D Printing (Fineline) includes stereolithography (SL), selective laser sintering (SLS) and direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) processes, which offers customers a wide-variety of high-quality, precision rapid prototyping and low volume production. These processes create parts with a high level of accuracy, detail, strength and durability. 3D Printing is well suited to produce small quantities, typically in the range of one to 50 parts. 

Key Financial Measures and Trends

Revenue

The Company’s operations are conducted in three geographic markets consisting of the United States, Europe and Japan, which we believe are three of the largest geographic markets where product developers and engineers are located. Revenue within each of our United States and Europe markets is derived from our Injection Molding (Protomold), CNC Machining (Firstcut) and 3D Printing (Fineline) product lines. Revenue within our Japan market is derived from our Injection Molding (Protomold) and CNC Machining (Firstcut) product lines. Our historical and current efforts to increase revenue have been directed at gaining new customers and selling to our existing customer base by:

Excluding product developers and engineers gained through the acquisition of Alphaform, we served 14,271 unique product developers and engineers during the three months ended September 30, 2016, an increase of 13.8% over the same period in 2015. We served 26,528 unique product developers and engineers during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, an increase of 17.2% over the same period in 2015.

Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Cost of revenue consists primarily of raw materials, employee compensation, benefits, stock-based compensation, equipment depreciation, facilities costs and overhead allocations associated with the manufacturing process for molds and custom parts. We expect cost of revenue to increase in absolute dollars, but remain relatively constant as a percentage of total revenue.

We define gross profit as our revenue less our cost of revenue, and we define gross margin as gross profit expressed as a percentage of revenue. Our gross profit and gross margin are affected by many factors, including our pricing, sales volume and manufacturing costs, the costs associated with increasing production capacity, the mix between sales by product line, the mix between domestic and foreign revenue sources, and foreign exchange rates.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of marketing and sales, research and development and general and administrative expenses. Personnel-related costs are the most significant component of the marketing and sales, research and development and general and administrative expense categories.

Our recent growth in operating expenses is mainly due to higher headcounts to support our growth and expansion, and we expect that trend to continue. Our business strategy is to continue to be a leading online and technology-enabled manufacturer of quick-turn, on-demand injection-molded, CNC-machined, CNC-turned and 3D printed custom parts for prototyping and low-volume production. In order to achieve our goals, we anticipate continued substantial investments in technology and personnel, resulting in increased operating expenses.

Marketing and sales. Marketing and sales expense consists primarily of employee compensation, benefits, commissions, stock-based compensation, marketing programs such as print and pay-per-click advertising, trade shows, direct mail and other related overhead. We expect sales and marketing expense to increase in the future as we increase the number of marketing and sales professionals and marketing programs targeted to increase our customer base.

Research and development. Research and development expense consists primarily of employee compensation, benefits, stock-based compensation, depreciation on equipment, outside services and other related overhead. All of our research and development costs have been expensed as incurred. We expect research and development expense to increase in the future as we seek to enhance and expand our product line offerings.

General and administrative. General and administrative expense consists primarily of employee compensation, benefits, stock-based compensation, professional service fees related to accounting, tax and legal and other related overhead. We expect general and administrative expense to increase in the future as we continue to grow and expand as a global organization.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net primarily consists of foreign currency-related gains and losses and interest income on cash balances and investments. Our foreign currency-related gains and losses will vary depending upon movements in underlying exchange rates. Our interest income will vary each reporting period depending on our average cash balances during the period, composition of our marketable security portfolio and the current level of interest rates.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes is comprised of federal, state, local and foreign taxes based on pre-tax income. We expect income taxes to increase as our taxable income increases and we expect our effective tax rate to remain relatively constant.

Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our results of operations and the related changes for the periods indicated. The results below are not necessarily indicative of the results for future periods.

* Percentage change not meaningful

Stock-based compensation expense included in the statements of operations data above is as follows:

Comparison of Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015

Revenue

Revenue by product line and the related changes for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

Revenue by geographic region, based on the billing location of the end customer, for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is summarized as follows:

Our revenue increased $10.3 million, or 15.2%, for the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. By geographic region, this revenue growth was driven by a 10.9% increase in United States revenue and a 27.6% increase in international revenue, which included $4.0 million in revenue from our acquisition of Alphaform in October 2015, in each case for the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015.

By product line, this revenue growth was driven by a 10.7% increase in Injection Molding (Protomold) revenue, a 9.8% increase in CNC Machining (Firstcut) revenue, and a 63.1% increase in 3D Printing (Fineline) revenue, in each case for the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. Alphaform revenue by product line included $1.9 million in Injection Molding (Protomold) revenue, $2.0 million in 3D Printing (Fineline) revenue and $0.1 million of Other revenue, in each case for the three months ended September 30, 2016.  

Our revenue growth during the three months ended September 30, 2016 was the result of an increase in the volume of the product developers and engineers we served as well as revenue gained through our acquisition of Alphaform. During the three months ended September 30, 2016, excluding product developers and engineers gained through the acquisition of Alphaform, we served 14,271 unique product developers and engineers, an increase of 13.8% over the same period in 2015. Average revenue per product developer or engineer, excluding product developers and engineers gained through the acquisition of Alphaform, decreased 3.9% during the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015.

Our revenue increases were primarily driven by increases in sales personnel and marketing activities and revenue earned as a result of our acquisition of Alphaform in October 2015. Our sales personnel focus on gaining new customer accounts and expanding the depth and breadth into existing customer accounts. Our marketing personnel focus on marketing activities that have proven to result in the greatest number of customer prospects to support sales activity.

During the second quarter of 2016, we made the decision to discontinue offering two manufacturing processes within our Injection Molding (Protomold) product lines, including Metal Injection Molding (MIM) and Magnesium Thixomolding (Thixo), as well as exit our non-core resin resale business, which was acquired from Alphaform in October 2015. MIM, Thixo, and resin resale in aggregate represented approximately 1.4% of revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2016.

International revenue decreased by $0.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 as a result of foreign currency movements, primarily the strengthening of the United States dollar relative to the British Pound. The effect of pricing changes on international revenue was negligible for the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015.

Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue increased $5.9 million, or 21.6%, for the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015, which was faster than the rate of revenue increase of 15.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. The increase in cost of revenue resulted from the growth of the business, including the Alphaform acquisition, and was due to raw material and production cost increases of $1.4 million to support increased sales volumes, an increase in direct labor headcount resulting in personnel and related cost increases of $2.9 million and equipment and facility-related cost increases of $1.6 million, which included $0.4 million of accelerated depreciation of leasehold assets resulting from our move to new facilities in the U.S. and Japan in the third quarter of 2016.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin. Gross profit increased from $40.3 million, or 59.4% of revenues, in the three months ended September 30, 2015 to $44.7 million, or 57.2% of revenue, in the three months ended September 30, 2016 primarily due to increases in revenue offset by the cost of revenue as discussed above. Gross margin decreased primarily as a result of lower margins from the acquired Alphaform business, as well as increases in investments of additional manufacturing capacity, the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and accelerated depreciation of leasehold assets.

Operating Expenses, Other Income (Expense), net and Provision for Income Taxes

Marketing and Sales. Marketing and sales expenses increased $1.8 million, or 17.6%, during the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 due primarily to an increase in headcount resulting in personnel and related cost increases of $1.7 million as well as marketing program cost increases of $0.1 million.

Research and Development. Our research and development expenses increased $1.2 million, or 25.5%, during the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 due to an increase in headcount resulting in personnel and related cost increases of $0.9 million and operating cost increases of $0.4 million, which were partially offset by a decrease in professional services cost of $0.1 million.

General and Administrative. Our general and administrative expenses increased $1.9 million, or 23.2%, during the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 due to an increase in headcount resulting in personnel and related cost increases of $0.8 million, stock-based compensation cost increases of $0.1 million, professional services cost increases of $0.1 million and administrative cost increases of $0.9 million. The administrative costs in the three months ended September 30, 2016, include accelerated depreciation and facilities-related charges of $0.4 million resulting from our move to new facilities in the U.S. and Japan in the third quarter of 2016.

Other Income (Expense), net. We recognized other income, net of $0.6 million for each of the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015. Other income, net included $0.4 million in foreign currency exchange gains for each of the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015.

Provision for Income Taxes. Our effective tax rate of 31.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2016 increased 0.6% compared to 31.2% for the same period in 2015. The increase in the effective tax rate is primarily due to changes in reserves for uncertain tax positions for which the company qualifies in the quarter ended September 30, 2016 compared to the quarter ended September 30, 2015. Our income tax provision of $5.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 did not materially change compared to our income tax provision for the three months ended September 30, 2015.

Comparison of Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015

Revenue

Revenue by product line and the related changes for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

Revenue by geographic region, based on the billing location of the end customer, for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is summarized as follows:

Our revenue increased $35.4 million, or 18.6%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. By geographic region, this revenue growth was driven by a 9.5% increase in United States revenue and a 47.0% increase in international revenue, which included $13.6 million in revenue from our acquisition of Alphaform in October 2015, in each case for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015.

By product line, this revenue growth was driven by a 12.4% increase in Injection Molding (Protomold) revenue, a 10.4% increase in CNC Machining (Firstcut) revenue, and a 75.0% increase in 3D Printing (Fineline) revenue, in each case for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. Alphaform revenue by product line included $4.3 million in Injection Molding (Protomold) revenue, $6.6 million in 3D Printing (Fineline) revenue and $2.7 million of Other revenue, in each case for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.

Our revenue growth during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was the result of increased volume of the product developers and engineers we served as well as revenue gained through our acquisition of Alphaform. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, excluding product developers and engineers gained through the acquisition of Alphaform, we served 26,528 unique product developers and engineers, an increase of 17.2% over the same period in 2015. Average revenue per product developer or engineer, excluding product developers and engineers gained through the acquisition of Alphaform, decreased 4.9% during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015.

Our revenue increases were primarily driven by increases in sales personnel and marketing activities and revenue earned as a result of our acquisition of Alphaform in October 2015. Our sales personnel focus on gaining new customer accounts and expanding the depth and breadth into existing customer accounts. Our marketing personnel focus on marketing activities that have proven to result in the greatest number of customer prospects to support sales activity.

During the second quarter of 2016, we made the decision to discontinue offering two manufacturing processes within our Injection Molding (Protomold) product lines, including MIM and Thixo, as well as exit our non-core resin resale business, which was acquired from Alphaform in October 2015. MIM, Thixo, and resin resale in aggregate represented approximately 1.9% of revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2016.

International revenue decreased by $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 as a result of foreign currency movements, primarily the strengthening of the United States dollar relative to the British Pound. The effect of pricing changes on international revenue was negligible for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015.

Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue increased $21.9 million, or 28.3%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015, which was faster than the rate of revenue increase of 18.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. The increase in cost of revenue resulted from the growth of the business including the Alphaform acquisition, and was due to raw material and production cost increases of $6.9 million to support increased sales volumes, an increase in direct labor headcount resulting in personnel and related cost increases of $10.8 million and equipment and facility-related cost increases of $4.2 million, which included $0.5 million of accelerated depreciation of leasehold assets resulting from our move to new facilities in the U.S. and Japan in the third quarter of 2016.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin. Gross profit increased from $113.1 million, or 59.4% of revenues, in the nine months ended September 30, 2015 to $126.6 million, or 56.1% of revenue, in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 primarily due to increases in revenue offset by the cost of revenue as discussed above. Gross margin decreased primarily as a result of lower margins from the acquired Alphaform business, as well as increases in investments of additional manufacturing capacity, accelerated depreciation of leasehold assets and the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Operating Expenses, Other Income (Expense), net and Provision for Income Taxes

Marketing and Sales. Marketing and sales expenses increased $5.8 million, or 20.4%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 due to an increase in headcount resulting in personnel and related cost increases of $4.8 million and marketing program cost increases of $1.0 million. The increase in marketing program costs is the result of our focus and concentration on funding those programs that have proven to be the most effective in growing our business.

Research and Development. Our research and development expenses increased $3.6 million, or 27.0%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 due to an increase in headcount resulting in personnel and related cost increases of $2.9 million, operating cost increases of $0.6 million and professional services cost increases of $0.1 million.

General and Administrative. Our general and administrative expenses increased $7.7 million, or 37.3%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 due to an increase in headcount resulting in personnel and related cost increases of $3.0 million, stock-based compensation cost increases of $0.5 million, professional services cost increases of $0.8 million and administrative cost increases of $3.4 million. The administrative costs in the nine months ended September 30, 2016, include asset impairment charges of $0.5 million as a result of our decision to discontinue MIM and Thixo manufacturing processes as noted above, and accelerated depreciation and facilities-related charges of $0.6 million resulting from our move to new facilities in the U.S. and Japan in the third quarter of 2016.

Other Income (Expense), net. We recognized other income, net of $2.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, an increase of $2.2 million compared to other income, net $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015. Other income, net included $1.6 million in foreign currency exchange gains for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $0.4 million in foreign currency exchange losses in the same period of the prior year. The increase was primarily due to the amount of foreign-currency denominated cash balances abroad and movements in underlying exchange rates at the end of the period.

Provision for Income Taxes. Our effective tax rate of 32.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased 0.5% compared to 31.9% for the same period in 2015. The increase in the effective tax rate is primarily due to changes in changes in reserves for uncertain tax positions for which the company qualifies in the quarter ended September 30, 2016 compared to the quarter ended September 30, 2015. As a result of a decrease in income before income taxes, our income tax provision decreased by $0.2 million to $15.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to our income tax provision of $16.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015. 

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015:

Sources of Liquidity

Historically, we have primarily financed our operations and capital expenditures through cash flow from operations. We had cash and cash equivalents of $68.2 million as of September 30, 2016, an increase of $20.6 million from December 31, 2015. The increase in our cash was primarily due to cash generated through operations and, to a lesser extent, proceeds from exercises of stock options and purchases through our employee stock purchase plan, which were partially offset by investing activity.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Cash flows from operating activities were $56.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and primarily consisted of net income of $33.3 million, adjusted for certain non-cash items, including depreciation and amortization of $12.8 million, stock-based compensation expense of $5.3 million, deferred taxes of $0.5 million, loss on impairment of assets of $0.5 million and amortization of held-to-maturity securities of $0.9 million, which were partially offset by excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation expense of $2.0 million and other adjustments of $1.3 million. Cash flows from operating activities increased $14.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 primarily due to increases in depreciation and amortization of $2.4 million driven by an increase in capital investments, stock-based compensation expense of $0.8 million driven by an increase in equity activity, loss on impairment of assets of $0.5 million driven by the decision to exit certain product lines, a decrease in excess tax benefits of $3.2 million, an increase in deferred taxes of $0.8 million and changes in operating assets and liabilities of $9.8 million driven by general growth of the business. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in net income of $1.2 million, as well as other adjustments of $1.4 million primarily related to unrealized gains on the translation of foreign currency denominated cash.

Cash flows from operating activities of $41.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2015 primarily consisted of net income of $34.5 million, adjusted for certain non-cash items, including depreciation and amortization of $10.4 million, stock-based compensation expense of $4.5 million and amortization of held-to-maturity securities of $0.9 million, which were partially offset by deferred taxes of $0.3 million and excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation expense of $5.2 million.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $41.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, consisting of $31.0 million for the purchases of property and equipment and $56.2 million for the purchases of marketable securities, which were partially offset by $45.9 million in proceeds from maturities of marketable securities.

Cash used in investing activities was $29.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2015 consisting of $27.2 million for the purchases of property and equipment and $42.7 million for the purchases of marketable securities, which were partially offset by $40.9 million in proceeds from maturities and call redemptions of marketable securities.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities was $5.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, consisting of proceeds from exercises of stock options of $4.1 million and $2.0 million in excess tax benefit on stock-based compensation, which were partially offset by $0.4 million for acquisition-related contingent consideration payments.

Cash provided by financing activities was $8.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2015, consisting of proceeds from exercises of stock options of $5.2 million and $5.2 million in excess tax benefit on stock-based compensation, which were partially offset by $1.4 million for payments of acquisition-related contingent consideration and $0.1 million for payments of debt.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Since our inception, we have not engaged in any off-balance sheet arrangements, including the use of structured finance, special purpose entities or variable interest entities.

Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

We have adopted various accounting policies to prepare the consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP). Our significant accounting policies are disclosed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. There were no material changes in our significant accounting policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2016.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For information on recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements appearing in Part I, Item 1 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Foreign Currency Risk

As a result of our foreign operations, we have revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies. We generate revenue and incur production costs and operating expenses in British Pounds, Euros and Japanese Yen.

Our operating results and cash flows are adversely impacted when the United States dollar appreciates relative to other foreign currencies. Additionally, our operating results and cash flows are adversely impacted when the British Pound appreciates relative to the Euro. As we expand internationally, our results of operations and cash flows will become increasingly subject to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

We have not used forward contracts or currency borrowings to hedge our exposure to foreign currency risk. Foreign currency risk can be assessed by estimating the change in results of operations or financial position resulting from a hypothetical 10% adverse change in foreign exchange rates. We believe such a change would generally not have a material impact on our financial position, but could have a material impact on our results of operations. We recognized foreign currency gains of $0.4 million and $1.6 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. We recognized foreign currency gains of $0.4 million and foreign currency losses of $0.4 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, respectively.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective and provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported accurately and within the time frames specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business activities. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, as of the date of these financial statements, we do not believe we are party to any litigation the outcome of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate be reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on our business. 

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes from the risk factors we previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, except as disclosed in Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended June 30, 2016.  The information disclosed in such 10-Q updates, and should be read in conjunction with, the risk factors and information disclosed in our Form 10-K. Except as presented in such 10-Q, there have been no material changes from the risk factors described in our Form 10-K.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

No matters to disclose.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

No matters to disclose.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

No matters to disclose.

Item 5. Other Information

No matters to disclose.

Item 6. Exhibits

The following documents are filed as part of this report:

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.