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Redfin
RDFN
#5307
Rank
$1.43 B
Marketcap
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ United States
Country
$11.19
Share price
0.00%
Change (1 day)
18.41%
Change (1 year)
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Categories
  1. Redfin
  2. Quarterly Reports (10-Q)
  3. Financial Year FY2022 Q3

Redfin - 10-Q quarterly report FY2022 Q3


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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022
or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ___ to ___
Commission file number 001-38160
Redfin Corporation
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware
74-3064240
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1099 Stewart Street
Suite 600
Seattle
WA
98101
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
(Zip Code)
(206)
576-8610
Registrant's telephone number, including area code
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading SymbolName of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per shareRDFNThe Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
☒
Yes
☐
 No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
☒
Yes
☐
 No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer
☒
Accelerated filer
☐
Non-accelerated filer  
☐
Smaller reporting company
☐
Emerging growth company
☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
☐


Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
☐
 Yes
☒
 No

The registrant had 108,748,718 shares of common stock outstanding as of October 27, 2022.


Redfin Corporation

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2022

Table of Contents
PART I
Page
Item 1.
Financial Statements (unaudited)
1
Consolidated Balance Sheets
1
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss
2
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
3
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Mezzanine Equity and Stockholders’ Equity
4
Index to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
5
Item 2.
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
31
Item 3.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
56
Item 4.
Controls and Procedures
57
Item 5.
60
PART II
Item 1
58
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
58
Item 6.
Exhibits
61
Signatures


As used in this quarterly report, the terms "Redfin," "we," "us," and "our" refer to Redfin Corporation and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, unless otherwise noted or unless the context indicates otherwise. However, when referencing (i) the 2023 notes, the 2025 notes, and the 2027 notes, the terms “we,” “us,” and “our” refer only to Redfin Corporation and not to Redfin Corporation and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, (ii) the secured revolving credit facility, the terms "we," "us," and "our" refer only to RedfinNow Borrower LLC, and (iii) each warehouse credit facility, the terms "we," "us," and "our" refer to Redfin Mortgage, LLC or Bay Equity LLC, as the context dictates.

Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This quarterly report contains forward-looking statements. All statements contained in this report other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, our market growth and trends, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” "hope,” “potentially,” “preliminary,” “likely,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described under Item 1A of our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2021, as supplemented by Part II, Item 1A of this report. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the effect of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this report may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. Accordingly, you should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, performance, or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. We undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this report or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations.

Note Regarding Industry and Market Data

This quarterly report contains information using industry publications. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding the information from these industry publications, we have not independently verified any of the data from third-party sources nor have we ascertained the underlying economic assumptions relied on therein.
i
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

Redfin Corporation and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unaudited)

September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents$359,724 $591,003 
Restricted cash43,992 127,278 
Short-term investments110,316 33,737 
Accounts receivable, net of allowances for credit losses of $1,979 and $1,298
96,343 69,594 
Inventory301,231 358,221 
Loans held for sale256,339 35,759 
Prepaid expenses27,361 22,948 
Other current assets26,738 7,524 
Total current assets1,222,044 1,246,064 
Property and equipment, net59,238 58,671 
Right-of-use assets, net45,647 54,200 
Mortgage servicing rights, at fair value36,914 — 
Long-term investments41,677 54,828 
Goodwill461,349 409,382 
Intangible assets, net172,019 185,929 
Other assets, noncurrent12,054 12,898 
Total assets$2,050,942 $2,021,972 
Liabilities, mezzanine equity, and stockholders' equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable$12,422 $12,546 
Accrued and other liabilities133,885 118,122 
Warehouse credit facilities252,529 33,043 
Secured revolving credit facility202,416 199,781 
Convertible senior notes, net23,393 23,280 
Lease liabilities21,094 15,040 
Total current liabilities645,739 401,812 
Lease liabilities, noncurrent39,803 55,222 
Convertible senior notes, net, noncurrent1,217,768 1,214,017 
Deferred tax liabilities344 1,201 
Total liabilities1,903,654 1,672,252 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Series A convertible preferred stock—par value $0.001 per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized; 40,000 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively
39,902 39,868 
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock—par value $0.001 per share; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 108,716,990 and 106,308,767 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively
109 106 
Additional paid-in capital739,689 682,084 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(1,051)(174)
Accumulated deficit(631,361)(372,164)
Total stockholders’ equity107,386 309,852 
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity, and stockholders’ equity$2,050,942 $2,021,972 

See Notes to the consolidated financial statements.
1
Redfin Corporation and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unaudited)

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
Revenue
Service$300,854 $301,657 $862,756 $776,120 
Product299,663 238,417 942,022 503,588 
Total revenue600,517 540,074 1,804,778 1,279,708 
Cost of revenue
Service210,189 174,267 608,884 486,880 
Product332,251 238,505 947,277 497,032 
Total cost of revenue542,440 412,772 1,556,161 983,912 
Gross profit58,077 127,302 248,617 295,796 
Operating expenses
Technology and development48,063 43,658 149,209 112,824 
Marketing33,748 49,143 133,832 116,343 
General and administrative61,005 54,395 191,704 151,352 
Restructuring and reorganization284 — 18,670 — 
Total operating expenses143,100 147,196 493,415 380,519 
Loss from operations(85,023)(19,894)(244,798)(84,723)
Interest income1,174 178 1,948 472 
Interest expense(5,359)(3,672)(12,841)(7,822)
Income tax (expense) benefit(132)311 (425)5,363 
Other (expense) income, net(905)4,128 (3,081)4,099 
Net loss$(90,245)$(18,949)$(259,197)$(82,611)
Non-cash dividends on convertible preferred stock(272)(1,662)(1,416)(5,875)
Net loss attributable to common stock—basic and diluted$(90,517)$(20,611)$(260,613)$(88,486)
Net loss per share attributable to common stock—basic and diluted$(0.83)$(0.20)$(2.42)$(0.85)
Weighted-average shares to compute net loss per share attributable to common stock—basic and diluted108,618,491 105,144,872 107,566,894 104,327,614 
Net loss$(90,245)$(18,949)$(259,197)$(82,611)
Other comprehensive income
Foreign currency translation adjustments27 3 65 3 
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale debt securities34 27 812 161 
Comprehensive loss$(90,184)$(18,919)$(258,320)$(82,447)

See Notes to the consolidated financial statements.

2
Redfin Corporation and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands, unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30,
20222021
Operating Activities
Net loss
$(259,197)$(82,611)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization47,438 32,303 
Stock-based compensation51,672 39,438 
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs4,358 3,583 
Non-cash lease expense11,313 8,510 
Impairment costs913 — 
Net loss on IRLCs, forward sales commitments, and loans held for sale4,228 342 
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights, net(1,472)— 
Other3,254 (3,847)
Change in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net(17,052)(29,487)
Inventory56,990 (385,986)
Prepaid expenses and other assets(2,721)(9,532)
Accounts payable(1,875)616 
Accrued and other liabilities, deferred tax liabilities, and payroll tax liabilities, noncurrent(24,202)23,011 
Lease liabilities (12,435)(9,644)
Origination of mortgage servicing rights (2,774)— 
Proceeds from sale of mortgage servicing rights 1,314 — 
Origination of loans held for sale(3,091,099)(745,703)
Proceeds from sale of loans originated as held for sale3,082,858 744,886 
Net cash used in operating activities(148,489)(414,121)
Investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment(17,496)(20,575)
Purchases of investments(145,273)(129,277)
Sales of investments12,946 98,687 
Maturities of investments66,055 96,303 
Cash paid for acquisition, net of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash acquired(97,341)(608,000)
Net cash used in investing activities(181,109)(562,862)
Financing activities
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock pursuant to employee equity plans9,679 14,194 
Tax payments related to net share settlements on restricted stock units(6,650)(21,088)
Borrowings from warehouse credit facilities3,080,606 710,535 
Repayments to warehouse credit facilities(3,069,728)(709,739)
Borrowings from secured revolving credit facility552,051 431,717 
Repayments to secured revolving credit facility(549,416)(256,039)
Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net of issuance costs— 561,529 
Purchases of capped calls related to convertible senior notes— (62,647)
Payments for repurchases and conversions of convertible senior notes— (2,159)
Other financing payables— 3,161 
Principal payments under finance lease obligations(680)(567)
Cash paid for secured revolving credit facility issuance costs(764)(485)
Net cash provided by financing activities15,098 668,412 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash(65)(3)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash(314,565)(308,574)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash:
Beginning of period718,281 945,820 
End of period
$403,716 $637,246 
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest
$12,887 $5,539 
Non-cash transactions
Stock-based compensation capitalized in property and equipment2,983 2,745 
Property and equipment additions in accounts payable and accrued liabilities28 — 
Leasehold improvements paid directly by lessor77 1,334 
As of September 30,
20222021
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
Cash and cash equivalents$359,724 $562,714 
Restricted cash43,992 74,532 
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash$403,716 $637,246 

See Notes to the consolidated financial statements.
3
Redfin Corporation and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Mezzanine Equity and Stockholders’ Equity
(in thousands, except share amounts, unaudited)

Series A Convertible Preferred StockCommon StockAdditional Paid-in CapitalAccumulated DeficitAccumulated Other Comprehensive LossTotal Stockholders' Equity
SharesAmountSharesAmount
Balance, June 30, 2022
40,000 $39,891 108,415,939 $108 $723,251 $(541,116)$(990)$181,253 
Issuance of convertible preferred stock, net— 11 — — — — — — 
Issuance of common stock as dividend on convertible preferred stock— — 30,640 — — — — — 
Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options— — 50,585 — 344 — — 344 
Issuance of common stock pursuant to settlement of restricted stock units— — 305,603 1 — — — 1 
Common stock surrendered for employees' tax liability upon settlement of restricted stock units— — (85,777)— (2,906)— — (2,906)
Stock-based compensation— — — — 19,000 — — 19,000 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — — — (61)(61)
Net loss— — — — — (90,245)— (90,245)
Balance, September 30, 2022
40,000 $39,902 108,716,990 $109 $739,689 $(631,361)$(1,051)$107,386 
Balance, December 31, 2021
40,000 $39,868 106,308,767 $106 $682,084 $(372,164)$(174)$309,852 
Issuance of convertible preferred stock, net— 34 — — — — — — 
Issuance of common stock as dividend on convertible preferred stock— — 91,920 — — — — — 
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase program— — 661,054 1 4,629 — — 4,630 
Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options— — 695,705 1 4,971 — — 4,972 
Issuance of common stock pursuant to settlement of restricted stock units— — 1,362,071 1 (1)— — — 
Common stock surrendered for employees' tax liability upon settlement of restricted stock units— — (402,527)— (6,649)— — (6,649)
Stock-based compensation— — — — 54,655 — — 54,655 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — — — (877)(877)
Net loss— — — — — (259,197)— (259,197)
Balance, September 30, 2022
40,000 $39,902 108,716,990 $109 $739,689 $(631,361)$(1,051)$107,386 

Series A Convertible Preferred StockCommon StockAdditional Paid-in CapitalAccumulated DeficitAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Total Stockholders' Equity
SharesAmountSharesAmount
Balance, June 30, 2021
40,000 $39,846 104,838,095 $105 $651,627 $(326,213)$77 $325,596 
Issuance of convertible preferred stock, net— 11 — — — — — — 
Issuance of common stock as dividend on convertible preferred stock— — 30,640 — — — — — 
Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options— — 264,875 — 1,696 — — 1,696 
Issuance of common stock pursuant to settlement of restricted stock units— — 334,283 — — — — — 
Common stock surrendered for employees' tax liability upon settlement of restricted stock units— — (95,122)— (4,558)— — (4,558)
Issuance of common stock in connection with conversion of convertible senior notes— — 3,164 — (10)— — (10)
Stock-based compensation— — — — 14,139 — — 14,139 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — — — (30)(30)
Net loss— — — — — (18,949)— (18,949)
Balance, September 30, 2021
40,000 $39,857 105,375,935 $105 $662,894 $(345,162)$47 $317,884 
Balance, December 31, 2020
40,000 $39,823 103,000,594 $103 $860,556 $(270,313)$211 $590,557 
Issuance of convertible preferred stock, net— 34 — — — — — — 
Issuance of common stock as dividend on convertible preferred stock— — 91,920 — — — — — 
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase program— — 135,426 — 7,299 — — 7,299 
Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options— — 1,354,078 1 6,895 — — 6,896 
Issuance of common stock pursuant to settlement of restricted stock units— — 1,072,378 1 (1)— — — 
Common stock surrendered for employees' tax liability upon settlement of restricted stock units— — (319,229)— (21,088)— — (21,088)
Cumulative-effect adjustment from accounting changes — — — — (170,240)7,762 — (162,478)
Purchases of capped calls related to convertible senior notes— — — — (62,647)— — (62,647)
Issuance of common stock in connection with conversion of convertible senior notes— — 40,768 — (63)— — (63)
Stock-based compensation— — — — 42,183 — — 42,183 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — — — (164)(164)
Net loss— — — — — (82,611)— (82,611)
Balance, September 30, 2021
40,000 $39,857 105,375,935 $105 $662,894 $(345,162)$47 $317,884 

See Notes to the consolidated financial statements.
4
Index to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1:
6
Note 2:
7
Note 3:
9
Note 4:
11
Note 5:
15
Note 6:
16
Note 7:
16
Note 8:
17
Note 9:
19
Note 10:
20
Note 11:
20
Note 12:
21
Note 13:
24
Note 14:
25
Note 15:
25
Note 16:
29
5
Redfin Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts, unaudited)

Note 1: Summary of Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation—The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

The financial information as of December 31, 2021 that is included in this quarterly report is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements and notes for the year ended December 31, 2021 included in Item 8 in our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such financial information should be read in conjunction with the notes and management’s discussion and analysis of the consolidated financial statements included in our annual report.

The unaudited consolidated interim financial statements, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly our financial position as of September 30, 2022, our statements of comprehensive loss, and statements of changes in mezzanine equity and stockholders’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, as well as our statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. The results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2022 or for any interim period or for any other future year.

Principles of Consolidation—The unaudited consolidated interim financial statements include the accounts of Redfin Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiaries, including those entities in which we have a variable interest and of which we are the primary beneficiary. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates—The preparation of consolidated financial statements, in conformity with GAAP, requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and results of operations during the respective periods. Our estimates include, but are not limited to, valuation of deferred income taxes, stock-based compensation, net realizable value of inventory, capitalization of website and software development costs, the incremental borrowing rate for the determination of the present value of lease payments, recoverability of intangible assets with finite lives, fair value of our mortgage loans held for sale (“LHFS”) and mortgage servicing rights, estimated useful life of intangible assets, fair value of reporting units for purposes of allocating and evaluating goodwill for impairment, and current expected credit losses on certain financial assets. The amounts ultimately realized from the affected assets or ultimately recognized as liabilities will depend on, among other factors, general business conditions and could differ materially in the near term from the carrying amounts reflected in the consolidated financial statements.

Restructuring and Reorganization—Restructuring and reorganization expenses primarily consist of employee termination costs (including severance, retention, benefits, and payroll taxes) associated with the restructuring and reorganization activities from our acquisitions of Bay Equity LLC (“Bay Equity”), our mortgage business, and Rent Group Inc. (“Rent.”), our rentals business, and from our June 2022 workforce reduction. Restructuring and reorganization expenses will also include additional expenses throughout 2022 and into 2023 related to our November 9, 2022 workforce reduction and wind-down of our RedfinNow operations. These expenses are included in restructuring and reorganization in our consolidated statements of comprehensive loss and in accrued and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. See Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements for more information on our November 9, 2022 workforce reduction and wind-down of our RedfinNow operations. We expect to complete our restructuring and reorganization activities by the end of 2023.

Mortgage Servicing Rights (“MSRs”)—We determine the fair value of MSRs using a valuation model that calculates the net present value of estimated future cash flows. Key estimates of future cash flows include prepayment speeds, default rates, discount rates, cost of servicing, objective portfolio characteristics, and others factors. Changes in these estimates could materially change the estimated fair value.

6
Lease Impairment—During the third quarter of 2022 we recognized an impairment loss of $913 due to subleasing one of our operating leases.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements—On October 28, 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2021-08—Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which amends ASC 805 to “require acquiring entities to apply Topic 606 to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination.” Under current GAAP, an acquirer generally recognizes such items at fair value on the acquisition date. As a result of the amendments made by ASU 2021-08, it is expected that an acquirer will generally recognize and measure acquired contract assets and contract liabilities in a manner consistent with how the acquiree recognized and measured them in its pre-acquisition financial statements. The amendments made by ASU 2021-08 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including in interim periods, for any financial statements that have not yet been issued. We elected to early adopt this standard in the second quarter of 2022, and there was not any material impact on our financial statements as a result of adopting ASU 2021-08.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements—None applicable.

Note 2: Business Combinations

On April 1, 2022, we acquired, for $139,671 in cash, all of the equity interests of Bay Equity, and Bay Equity became one of our wholly owned subsidiaries. We acquired Bay Equity to expand our mortgage business.

The results of operations and the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed have been included in our consolidated financial statements since the date of acquisition. The revenue from Bay Equity is reported in our mortgage segment in Note 3. The goodwill recognized in connection with our acquisition of Bay Equity is primarily attributable to the anticipated synergies from future growth of the combined business and is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. We assigned the recognized goodwill of $51,967 to the mortgage segment.
7

The following table summarizes the preliminary fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as a result of the Bay Equity acquisition and is subject to revision as more detailed analyses are completed and additional information about the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed becomes available:

Cash and cash equivalents$39,963 
Restricted cash2,367 
Accounts receivable9,697 
Prepaid expenses1,222 
Other current assets19,262 
Property and equipment, net897 
Operating lease right-of-use assets4,995 
Loans held for sale213,891 
Mortgage servicing rights, at fair value33,982 
Other assets, noncurrent294 
Intangible assets14,510 
Goodwill51,967 
Total assets acquired393,047 
Accounts payable1,747 
Accrued and other liabilities38,026 
Lease liabilities2,848 
Lease liabilities and deposits, noncurrent2,147 
Warehouse credit facilities208,608 
Total liabilities assumed253,376 
Total purchase consideration$139,671 

Acquisition-related costs consisted of external fees for advisory, legal, and other professional services and totaled approximately $13 and $2,437 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. These costs were expensed as incurred and recorded in general and administrative costs in our consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

Identifiable Intangible Assets—The following table provides the preliminary fair values of the Bay Equity intangible assets, along with their estimated useful lives:

Estimated Fair ValueEstimated Useful Life (in years)
Trade names$11,650 5
Developed technology2,860 3
Total$14,510 

The identifiable intangible assets include trade names and developed technology. Trade names primarily relate to the Bay Equity brand. Developed technology primarily relates to website functionality around data consolidation and optimization which helps drive efficiencies in loan origination and processing. The fair values of trade names and developed technology are derived by applying the relief from royalty method and replacement cost method, respectively. Critical estimates in valuing the intangible assets include revenue growth rate, royalty rate, discount rate, and number of months to recreate the underlying application.

Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information—The following table presents unaudited pro forma financial information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. The pro forma financial information combines our results of operations with that of Bay Equity as though the companies had been combined as of January 1, 2021. The pro forma information is presented for informational purposes only and is not indicative of the results of operations that would have been achieved if the Bay Equity acquisition had taken place at such time. The pro forma financial information presented below includes adjustments for depreciation and amortization, restructuring costs, and transaction costs:
8

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
Revenue$600,126 $621,555 $1,860,255 $1,563,545 
Net loss(90,272)(8,544)(255,832)(41,329)

There were no material non-recurring adjustments made in the pro forma financial information disclosed above.

Note 3: Segment Reporting and Revenue

In its operation of our business, our management, including our chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), who is also our chief executive officer, evaluates the performance of our operating segments based on our statement of operations results, inclusive of net loss. We do not analyze discrete segment balance sheet information related to long-term assets, substantially all of which are located in the United States. We have six operating segments and four reportable segments, real estate services, properties, rentals, and mortgage. As a result of our decision to wind-down RedfinNow operations, we plan to report our properties segment as a discontinued operation beginning with the period during which we complete wind-down of the business.

We generate revenue primarily from commissions and fees charged on each real estate services transaction closed by our lead agents or partner agents, from the sale of RedfinNow homes, from subscription-based product offerings for our rentals business, and from the origination, sales, and servicing of mortgages. Our key revenue components are brokerage revenue, partner revenue, properties revenue, rentals revenue, mortgage revenue, and other revenue.

Information on each of the reportable and other segments and reconciliation to consolidated net loss is presented in the table below. We have assigned certain previously reported expenses to each segment to conform to the way we internally manage and monitor our business. We allocated indirect costs to each segment based on a reasonable allocation methodology, when such costs are significant to the performance measures of the segments.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Real estate servicesPropertiesRentalsMortgageOtherCorporate Overhead and Intercompany EliminationsTotal
Revenue$211,540 $299,663 $38,686 $48,469 $7,079 $(4,920)$600,517 
Cost of revenue156,632 332,251 8,676 43,783 6,018 (4,920)542,440 
Gross profit54,908 (32,588)30,010 4,686 1,061 — 58,077 
Operating expenses
Technology and development25,709 4,728 15,385 985 751 505 48,063 
Marketing18,772 506 12,678 1,653 48 91 33,748 
General and administrative20,244 3,029 22,722 7,073 784 7,153 61,005 
Restructuring and reorganization— — — — — 284 284 
Total operating expenses64,725 8,263 50,785 9,711 1,583 8,033 143,100 
Loss from operations(9,817)(40,851)(20,775)(5,025)(522)(8,033)(85,023)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax expense, and other expense, net— (2,814)397 (129)40 (2,716)(5,222)
Net loss$(9,817)$(43,665)$(20,378)$(5,154)$(482)$(10,749)$(90,245)
9

Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
Real estate servicesPropertiesRentalsMortgageOtherCorporate Overhead and Intercompany EliminationsTotal
Revenue$257,795 $238,417 $40,406 $5,013 $3,193 $(4,750)$540,074 
Cost of revenue161,449 238,397 7,395 6,705 3,576 (4,750)412,772 
Gross profit96,346 20 33,011 (1,692)(383)— 127,302 
Operating expenses
Technology and development20,732 3,602 13,849 2,910 586 1,979 43,658 
Marketing33,894 645 14,113 149 42 300 49,143 
General and administrative18,383 2,258 23,264 2,334 533 7,623 54,395 
Total operating expenses73,009 6,505 51,226 5,393 1,161 9,902 147,196 
Income (loss) from operations23,337 (6,485)(18,215)(7,085)(1,544)(9,902)(19,894)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax expense, and other expense, net(56)(1,456)311 1 1 2,144 945 
Net income (loss)$23,281 $(7,941)$(17,904)$(7,084)$(1,543)$(7,758)$(18,949)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Real estate servicesPropertiesRentalsMortgageOtherCorporate Overhead and Intercompany EliminationsTotal
Revenue$640,835 $942,022 $114,979 $104,484 $17,341 $(14,883)$1,804,778 
Cost of revenue488,114 946,955 23,769 95,616 16,590 (14,883)1,556,161 
Gross profit152,721 (4,933)91,210 8,868 751 — 248,617 
Operating expenses
Technology and development80,144 13,531 44,539 5,236 2,975 2,784 149,209 
Marketing90,380 2,480 36,806 3,525 173 468 133,832 
General and administrative67,578 9,064 68,738 18,047 2,346 25,931 191,704 
Restructuring and reorganization— — — — — 18,670 18,670 
Total operating expenses238,102 25,075 150,083 26,808 5,494 47,853 493,415 
Loss from operations(85,381)(30,008)(58,873)(17,940)(4,743)(47,853)(244,798)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax expense, and other expense, net(123)(5,682)1,098 (164)51 (9,579)(14,399)
Net loss$(85,504)$(35,690)$(57,775)$(18,104)$(4,692)$(57,432)$(259,197)
10

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Real estate servicesPropertiesRentalsMortgageOtherCorporate Overhead and Intercompany EliminationsTotal
Revenue$678,602 $503,588 $82,954 $15,823 $10,261 $(11,520)$1,279,708 
Cost of revenue453,790 496,948 14,965 19,406 10,323 (11,520)983,912 
Gross profit224,812 6,640 67,989 (3,583)(62)— 295,796 
Operating expenses
Technology and development60,862 9,512 27,616 7,814 1,538 5,482 112,824 
Marketing86,823 1,423 26,724 413 105 855 116,343 
General and administrative60,813 6,765 46,413 5,686 1,466 30,209 151,352 
Total operating expenses208,498 17,700 100,753 13,913 3,109 36,546 380,519 
Income (loss) from operations16,314 (11,060)(32,764)(17,496)(3,171)(36,546)(84,723)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax expense, and other expense, net(87)(2,538)523 2 2 4,210 2,112 
Net income (loss)$16,227 $(13,598)$(32,241)$(17,494)$(3,169)$(32,336)$(82,611)

Note 4: Financial Instruments

Derivatives

Our primary market exposure is to interest rate risk, specifically U.S. treasury and mortgage interest rates, due to their impact on mortgage-related assets and commitments. We use forward sales commitments on whole loans and mortgage-backed securities to manage and reduce this risk. We do not have any derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments.

Forward Sales Commitments—We are exposed to interest rate and price risk on loans held for sale from the funding date until the date the loan is sold. Forward sales commitments on whole loans and mortgage-backed securities are used to fix the forward sales price that will be realized at the sale of each loan.

Interest Rate Lock Commitments—Interest rate lock commitments ("IRLCs") represent an agreement to extend credit to a mortgage loan applicant. We commit (subject to loan approval) to fund the loan at the specified rate, regardless of changes in market interest rates between the commitment date and the funding date. Outstanding IRLCs are subject to interest rate risk and related price risk during the period from the date of commitment through the loan funding date or expiration date. Loan commitments generally range between 30 and 90 days and the borrower is not obligated to obtain the loan. Therefore, IRLCs are subject to fallout risk, which occurs when approved borrowers choose not to close on the underlying loans. We review our commitment-to-closing ratio ("pull-through rate") as part of an estimate of the number of mortgage loans that will fund according to the IRLCs.

Notional AmountsSeptember 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Forward sales commitments$476,903 $70,550 
IRLCs390,091 67,485 

11
The locations and amounts of gains (losses) recognized in income related to our derivatives are as follows:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
InstrumentClassification2022202120222021
Forward sales commitmentsService revenue$11,602 $859 $1,757 $938 
IRLCsService revenue(8,462)(888)(4,433)(687)

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

A summary of assets and liabilities related to our financial instruments, measured at fair value on a recurring basis and as reflected in our consolidated balance sheets, is set forth below:

Balance at September 30, 2022Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets
Cash equivalents
Money market funds$294,396 $294,396 $— $— 
Total cash equivalents294,396 294,396 — — 
Short-term investments
U.S. treasury securities87,313 87,313 — — 
Agency bonds23,003 23,003 — — 
Total short-term investments110,316 110,316 — — 
Loans held for sale256,339 — 256,339 — 
Other current assets
Forward sales commitments13,153 — 13,153 — 
IRLCs5,764 — — 5,764 
Total other current assets18,917 — 13,153 5,764 
Mortgage servicing rights, at fair value36,914 — — 36,914 
Long-term investments
U.S. treasury securities41,677 41,677 — — 
Total assets$758,559 $446,389 $269,492 $42,678 
Liabilities
Accrued and other liabilities
Forward sales commitments$263 $— $263 $— 
IRLCs4,716 — — 4,716 
Total liabilities$4,979 $— $263 $4,716 

12
Balance at December 31, 2021Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets
Cash equivalents
        Money market funds$509,971 $509,971 $— $— 
Total cash equivalents509,971 509,971 — — 
Short-term investments
   U.S. treasury securities16,718 16,718 — — 
Agency bonds11,906 11,906 — — 
Equity securities5,113 5,113 — — 
Loans held for sale35,759 — 35,759 — 
Other current assets
Forward sales commitments138 — 138 — 
IRLCs1,191 — — 1,191 
Total other current assets1,329 — 138 1,191 
Long-term investments
U.S. treasury securities54,828 54,828 — — 
Total assets$635,624 $598,536 $35,897 $1,191 
Liabilities
Accrued liabilities
Forward sales commitments$93 $— $93 $— 
IRLCs60 — — 60 
Total liabilities$153 $— $93 $60 

There were no transfers into or out of Level 3 financial instruments during the periods presented.

The significant unobservable inputs used to determine the fair value of IRLCs and MSRs that could result in a significant change in fair value measurement were as follows:

September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Key InputsValuation TechniqueRangeWeighted-AverageRangeWeighted-Average
IRLCs
Pull-through rate
Market pricing
58.0% - 100.0%
91.7%71.1%71.1%
MSRs
Prepayment speedDiscounted cash flow
6.0% - 14.2%
6.5%N/AN/A
Default ratesDiscounted cash flow
0.0% - 0.5%
0.1%N/AN/A
Discount rateDiscounted cash flow
9.5% - 12.4%
9.6%N/AN/A

The following is a summary of changes in the fair value of IRLCs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
Balance, net—beginning of period$9,510 $1,972 $1,155 $1,771 
IRLCs acquired in business combination— — 4,326 — 
Issuances of IRLCs20,440 3,849 40,740 14,523 
Settlements of IRLCs(23,494)(4,248)(40,762)(14,956)
Fair value changes recognized in earnings(5,408)(489)(4,411)(254)
Balance, net—end of period$1,048 $1,084 $1,048 $1,084 

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The following is a summary of changes in the fair value of MSRs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
Balance—beginning of period$35,050 $— $— $— 
MSRs acquired in business combination— — 33,982 — 
MSRs originated1,811 — 2,774 — 
MSRs sales(541)— (1,314)— 
Fair value changes recognized in earnings594 — 1,472 — 
Balance, net—end of period$36,914 $— $36,914 $— 

The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our convertible senior notes that are not recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets:

September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
IssuanceNet Carrying AmountEstimated Fair ValueNet Carrying AmountEstimated Fair Value
2023 notes$23,393 $21,634 $23,280 $34,487 
2025 notes652,854 385,985 650,783 593,366 
2027 notes564,914 285,511 563,234 467,814 

The difference between the principal amounts of our 2023 notes, our 2025 notes, and our 2027 notes, which were $23,512, $661,250, and $575,000, respectively, and the net carrying amounts of the notes represents the unamortized debt issuance costs. The estimated fair value of each tranche of convertible senior notes is based on the closing trading price of the notes on the last day of trading for the period, and is classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy due to the limited trading activity of the notes. Based on the closing price of our common stock of $5.84 on September 30, 2022, the if-converted values of all three convertible notes were less than the principal amounts, respectively. See Note 15 for additional details on our convertible senior notes.

See Note 11 for the carrying amount of our convertible preferred stock.

Assets and liabilities recognized or disclosed at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include items such as property and equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets, and other assets. These assets are remeasured at fair value if determined to be impaired.

The cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair market value of our cash, money market funds, restricted cash, available-for-sale investments, and equity securities were as follows:

September 30, 2022
Cost or Amortized CostUnrealized GainsUnrealized LossesEstimated Fair ValueCash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted CashShort-term InvestmentsLong-term Investments
Cash$65,328 $— $— $65,328 $65,328 $— $— 
Money markets funds294,396 — — 294,396 294,396 — — 
Restricted cash43,992 — — 43,992 43,992 — — 
U.S. treasury securities130,002 26 (1,038)128,990 — 87,313 41,677 
Agency bonds23,000 3 — 23,003 — 23,003 — 
Total$556,718 $29 $(1,038)$555,709 $403,716 $110,316 $41,677 

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December 31, 2021
Cost or Amortized CostUnrealized GainsUnrealized LossesEstimated Fair ValueCash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted CashShort-term InvestmentsLong-term Investments
Cash$81,032 $— $— $81,032 $81,032 $— $— 
Money markets funds509,971 — — 509,971 509,971 — — 
Restricted cash127,278 — — 127,278 127,278 — — 
U.S. treasury securities71,749 1 (204)71,546 — 16,718 54,828 
Agency bonds11,900 6 — 11,906 — 11,906 — 
Equity securities500 4,613 — 5,113 — 5,113 — 
Total$802,430 $4,620 $(204)$806,846 $718,281 $33,737 $54,828 

We have evaluated our portfolio of available-for-sale debt securities based on credit quality indicators for expected credit losses and do not believe there are any expected credit losses. Our portfolio consists of U.S. government securities, all with a high quality credit rating issued by various credit agencies.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had accrued interest of $363 and $86, respectively, on our available-for-sale investments, of which we have recorded no expected credit losses. Accrued interest receivable is recorded in other current assets in our consolidated balance sheets.

Note 5: Inventory

The components of inventory were as follows:

September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Finished goods
Properties for sale$147,993 $36,302 
Properties under contract for sale86,985 83,108 
Work in progress
Properties not available for sale9,002 16,377 
Properties under improvement57,251 222,434 
Inventory$301,231 $358,221 

Inventory includes direct home purchase costs and any capitalized improvements, net of inventory reserves, which reflect the lower of cost or net realizable value write-downs applied on a specific home basis. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, lower of cost or net realizable value write-downs were $18,274 and $2,364, respectively. These write-downs are included within the changes in inventory in net cash used in operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we purchased 1,438 homes with an inventory value of $746,248 and sold 1,570 homes with an inventory value of $786,483. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we purchased 1,528 homes with an inventory value of $790,738 and sold 851 homes with an inventory value of $415,110.

Homes that are under contract to purchase through our properties business, but that have not closed, are excluded from inventory and represent commitments at the end of the period. As of September 30, 2022, the aggregate purchase price of these homes was $41,540.

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Note 6: Property and Equipment

The components of property and equipment were as follows:

Useful Lives (Years)September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Leasehold improvementsShorter of lease term or economic life$32,496 $33,455 
Website and software development costs
2 - 3
61,903 50,439 
Computer and office equipment
3 - 5
18,331 14,216 
Software31,871 1,871 
Furniture77,816 8,091 
Property and equipment, gross122,417 108,072 
Accumulated depreciation and amortization(72,932)(59,766)
Construction in progress9,753 10,365 
Property and equipment, net$59,238 $58,671 

Depreciation and amortization expense for property and equipment amounted to $6,552 and $5,399 for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $19,018 and $14,369 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We capitalized website and software development costs, including stock-based compensation, of $5,031 and $4,727 for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $16,042 and $13,137 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Note 7: Leases

We lease office space under noncancelable operating leases with original terms ranging from one to 11 years and vehicles under noncancelable finance leases with terms of four years. Generally, the operating leases require a fixed minimum rent with contractual minimum rent increases over the lease term. The components of lease expense were as follows:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
Lease CostClassification2022202120222021
Operating lease cost
Operating lease cost(1)
Cost of revenue$3,599 $2,400 $9,682 $7,105 
Operating lease cost(1)
Operating expenses2,056 1,727 5,542 4,440 
Total operating lease cost$5,655 $4,127 $15,224 $11,545 
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use assetsCost of revenue$209 $139 $576 $335 
Interest on lease liabilitiesCost of revenue26 21 74 51 
Total finance lease cost$235 $160 $650 $386 
(1) Includes lease expense with initial terms of twelve months or less of $1,459 and $430 for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $2,882 and $1,156 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.


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Lease LiabilitiesOther LeasesTotal Lease Obligations
Maturity of Lease LiabilitiesOperatingFinancingOperating
2022, excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2022
$6,674 $196 $738 $7,608 
202319,823 772 1,012 21,607 
202413,911 686 615 15,212 
20259,846 362 579 10,787 
20268,396 78 160 8,634 
Thereafter5,248 — 155 5,403 
Total lease payments$63,898 $2,094 $3,259 $69,251 
Less: Interest(1)
4,945 150 
Present value of lease liabilities$58,953 $1,944 
(1) Includes interest on operating leases of $2,109 and financing lease of $85 within the next twelve months.

Lease Term and Discount RateSeptember 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Weighted-average remaining operating lease term (years)
3.74.8
Weighted-average remaining finance lease term (years)
2.93.2
Weighted-average discount rate for operating leases
4.5 %4.4 %
Weighted-average discount rate for finance leases
5.4 %5.4 %

Nine Months Ended September 30,
Supplemental Cash Flow Information20222021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases$14,758 $12,006 
Operating cash flows from finance leases74 64 
Financing cash flows from finance leases442 226 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities
Operating leases(1)
$(2,257)$6,544 
Finance leases934 987 
(1) The nine months ended September 30, 2022 include a $5,119 right-of-use asset reduction from the exercise of an early termination option in one of our operating leases.

Note 8: Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

Below is a discussion of our material, pending legal proceedings. We cannot estimate a range of reasonably possible losses given the preliminary stage of these proceedings and the claims and issues presented. In addition to the matters discussed below, from time to time, we are involved in litigation, claims, and other proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. Except for the matters discussed below, we do not believe that any of our pending litigation, claims, and other proceedings are material to our business.

Lawsuit by David Eraker—On May 11, 2020, David Eraker, our co-founder and former chief executive officer who departed Redfin in 2006, filed a complaint through Appliance Computing III, Inc. (d/b/a Surefield) ("Surefield"), which is a company that Mr. Eraker founded and that we believe he controls, in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas, Waco Division. The complaint alleged that we were infringing four patents claimed to be owned by Surefield without its authorization or license. Surefield sought an unspecified amount of damages and an injunction against us offering products and services that allegedly infringe the patents at issue. On May 17, 2022, the jury returned a verdict in our favor, finding that we did not infringe any of the asserted claims of the patents claimed to be owned by Surefield, and accordingly, we do not owe any damages to Surefield. The jury also found that all asserted claims of Surefield’s claimed patents were invalid. The court entered final judgment on August 15, 2022. On September 12, 2022, Surefield filed a motion for judgment as a matter of law and a motion for a new trial. In the motions, Surefield asserts that no jury could have found non-infringement based on the trial record, among other things. We filed oppositions to the motions on October 3, 2022 and Surefield filed replies on October 21, 2022.
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Lawsuit Alleging Violations of the Fair Housing Act—On October 28, 2020, a group of ten organizations filed a complaint against us in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington. The organizations are the National Fair Housing Alliance, the Fair Housing Center of Metropolitan Detroit, the Fair Housing Justice Center, the Fair Housing Rights Center in Southeastern Pennsylvania, the HOPE Fair Housing Center, the Lexington Fair Housing Council, the Long Island Housing Services, the Metropolitan Milwaukee Fair Housing Council, Open Communities, and the South Suburban Housing Center. The complaint alleged that certain of our business policies and practices violate certain provisions of the Fair Housing Act (the “FHA”). The plaintiffs alleged that these policies and practices (i) have the effect of our services being unavailable in predominantly non-white communities on a more frequent basis than predominantly white communities and (ii) are unnecessary to achieve a valid interest or legitimate objective. The complaint focused on the following policies and practices, as alleged by the plaintiffs: (i) a home's price must exceed a certain dollar amount before we offer service through one of our lead agents or partner agents and (ii) our services and pricing structures are available only for homes serviced by one of our lead agents and those same services and pricing structures may not be offered by one of our partner agents. The plaintiffs sought (i) a declaration that our alleged policies and practices violate the FHA, (ii) an order enjoining us from further alleged violations, (iii) an unspecified amount of monetary damages, and (iv) payment of plaintiffs’ attorneys' fees and costs.

On April 29, 2022, we settled this lawsuit. As part of the settlement, we paid an aggregate of $3,000 to the ten organizations on May 25, 2022 and will pay an additional aggregate of $1,000 to the ten organizations by April 29, 2023. The latter payment will be dedicated to fund programs devoted to expanding home ownership opportunities. In addition to the financial payments, we also agreed to certain changes to our business practices, including expanding our brokerage services to lower-priced homes in certain markets, designating a fair housing compliance officer, revamping our fair housing training, and expanding our diversity recruiting efforts.

Lawsuits Alleging Misclassification—On August 28, 2019, Devin Cook, who was one of our former independent contractor licensed sales associates, whom we call associate agents, filed a complaint against us in the Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco. The plaintiff initially pled the complaint as a class action and alleged that we misclassified her as an independent contractor instead of an employee. The plaintiff also sought unspecified penalties pursuant to representative claims under California’s Private Attorney General Act ("PAGA"). On January 30, 2020, the plaintiff filed a first amended complaint dismissing her class action claim and asserting only claims under PAGA.

On November 20, 2020, Jason Bell, who was one of our former lead agents as well as a former associate agent, filed a complaint against us in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California. The complaint was pled as a class action and alleges that, (1) during the time he served as an associate agent, we misclassified him as an independent contractor instead of an employee and (2) during the time he served as a lead agent, we misclassified him as an employee who was exempt from minimum wage and overtime laws. The plaintiff also asserted representative claims under PAGA. The plaintiff sought unspecified amounts of unpaid overtime wages, regular wages, meal and rest period compensation, waiting time and other penalties, injunctive and other equitable relief, and plaintiff's attorneys' fees and costs.

On May 23, 2022, pursuant to a combined mediation, we settled the lawsuits brought by Ms. Cook and Mr. Bell for an aggregate of $3,000. This amount is subject to adjustment if our actual number of associate agents, lead agents, or their respective workweeks differs from the number that we represented to the plaintiffs. This settlement is subject to each court’s approval.

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On March 24, 2021, Anthony Bush, who is one our former lead agents as well as a former associate agent, filed a complaint against us in the Superior Court of California, County of Alameda. The original complaint alleges that, during the time he served as an associate agent, we misclassified him as an independent contractor instead of an employee. The plaintiff also asserts representative claims under PAGA. The plaintiff is seeking unspecified amounts of unpaid overtime wages, regular wages, meal and rest period compensation, penalties, injunctive, and other equitable relief, and plaintiff's attorneys' fees and costs. On September 27, 2021, the court granted our motion to stay the plaintiff’s action pending resolution of the PAGA claims brought against us by Devin Cook described above. The plaintiff subsequently filed an arbitration demand. In arbitration, the plaintiff alleged that (i) during the time he served as an associate agent, we misclassified him as an independent contractor instead of an employee and (ii) during the time he served as a lead agent, we misclassified him as an exempt employee. We settled the lawsuit on August 24, 2022 for an immaterial amount.

Other Commitments

Our title and settlement business and our mortgage business each holds cash in escrow at third-party financial institutions on behalf of homebuyers and home sellers. As of September 30, 2022, we held $31,338 in escrow and did not record this amount on our consolidated balance sheets. We may be held contingently liable for the disposition of the cash we hold in escrow. See Note 5 for our commitments related to inventory under contract but not closed.

Note 9: Acquired Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Acquired Intangible Assets—The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of intangible assets were as follows:

September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Weighted-Average Useful Lives (Years)GrossAccumulated AmortizationNetGrossAccumulated AmortizationNet
Trade names
9.3
$82,690 $(12,497)$70,193 $71,040 $(6,004)$65,036 
Developed technology
3.3
66,340 (33,111)33,229 63,480 (17,285)46,195 
Customer relationships1081,360 (12,763)68,597 81,360 (6,662)74,698 
Total$230,390 $(58,371)$172,019 $215,880 $(29,951)$185,929 

Amortization expense amounted to $9,747 and $8,926 for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $28,420 and $17,974 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Our estimate of remaining amortization expense for intangible assets that existed as of September 30, 2022 is as follows:

2022, excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2022
$9,747 
202338,988 
202423,741 
202517,618 
202617,380 
Thereafter64,545 
Estimated remaining amortization expense$172,019 

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Goodwill—The carrying amounts of goodwill by reportable segment were as follows:

Real Estate ServicesRentalsMortgageTotal
Balance as of December 31, 2021
$250,231 $159,151 $— $409,382 
Goodwill resulting from acquisition— — 51,967 51,967 
Balance as of September 30, 2022
$250,231 $159,151 $51,967 $461,349 

Note 10: Accrued and Other Liabilities

The components of accrued and other liabilities were as follows:

September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Accrued compensation and benefits
$84,259 $78,437 
Miscellaneous accrued liabilities
34,679 25,217 
Payroll tax liability deferred by the CARES Act7,760 7,760 
Customer contract liabilities7,187 6,708 
Total accrued and other liabilities
$133,885 $118,122 

Note 11: Mezzanine Equity

On April 1, 2020, we issued 4,484,305 shares of our common stock, at a price of $15.61 per share, and 40,000 shares of our preferred stock, at a price of $1,000 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $110,000. We designated this preferred stock as Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (our "convertible preferred stock"). Our convertible preferred stock is classified as mezzanine equity in our consolidated financial statements as the substantive conversion features at the option of the holder precludes liability classification. We have determined there are no material embedded features that require recognition as a derivative asset or liability.

We allocated the gross proceeds of $110,000 to the common stock issuance and the convertible preferred stock issuance based on the standalone fair value of the issuances, resulting in a fair valuation of $40,000 for the preferred stock, which is also the value of the mandatory redemption amount.

As of September 30, 2022, the carrying value of our convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs, is $39,902, and holders have earned unpaid stock dividends in the amount of 30,640 shares of common stock. This stock dividend was issued on April 1, 2022. These shares are included in basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stock in Note 13. As of September 30, 2022, no shares of the preferred stock have been converted, and the preferred stock was not redeemable, nor probable to become redeemable in the future as there is a more than remote chance the shares will be automatically converted prior to the mandatory redemption date. The number of shares of common stock reserved for future issuance resulting from dividends, conversion, or redemption with respect to the preferred stock was 2,622,177 as of the issuance date.

Dividends—The holders of our convertible preferred stock are entitled to dividends. Dividends accrue daily based on a 360 day fiscal year at a rate of 5.5% per annum based on the issue price and are payable quarterly in arrears on the first business day following the end of each calendar quarter. Assuming we satisfy certain conditions, we will pay dividends in shares of common stock at a rate of the dividend payable divided by $17.95. If we do not satisfy such conditions, we will pay dividends in a cash amount equal to (i) the dividend shares otherwise issuable on the dividends multiplied by (ii) the volume-weighted average closing price of our common stock for the ten trading days preceding the date the dividends are payable.

Participation Rights—Holders of our convertible preferred stock are entitled to dividends paid and distributions made to holders of our common stock to the same extent as if such preferred stockholders had converted their shares of preferred stock into common stock and held such shares on the record date for such dividends and distributions.

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Conversion—Holders may convert their convertible preferred stock into common stock at any time at a rate per share of preferred stock equal to the issue price divided by $19.51 (the "conversion price"). A holder that converts will also receive any dividend shares resulting from accrued dividends.

Our convertible preferred stock may also be automatically converted to shares of our common stock. If the closing price of our common stock exceeds $27.32 per share (i) for each day of the 30 consecutive trading days immediately preceding April 1, 2023 or (ii) following April 1, 2023 until 30 trading days prior to November 30, 2024, for each day of any 30 consecutive trading days, then each outstanding share of preferred stock will automatically convert into a number of shares of our common stock at a rate per share of preferred stock equal to the issue price divided by the conversion price. Upon an automatic conversion, a holder will also receive any dividend shares resulting from accrued dividends.

Redemption—On November 30, 2024, we will be required to redeem any outstanding shares of our convertible preferred stock, and each holder may elect to receive cash, shares of common stock, or a combination of cash and shares. If a holder elects to receive cash, we will pay, for each share of preferred stock, an amount equal to the issue price plus any accrued dividends. If a holder elects to receive shares, we will issue, for each share of preferred stock, a number of shares of common stock at a rate of the issue price divided by the conversion price plus any dividend shares resulting from accrued dividends.

A holder of our convertible preferred stock has the right to require us to redeem up to all shares of preferred stock it holds following certain events outlined in the document governing the preferred stock. If a holder redeems as the result of such events, such holder may elect to receive cash or shares of common stock, as calculated in the same manner as the mandatory redemption described above. Additionally, such holder will also receive, in cash or shares of common stock as elected by the holder, an amount equal to all scheduled dividend payments on the preferred stock for all remaining dividend periods from the date the holder gives its notice of redemption.

Liquidation Rights—Upon our liquidation, dissolution, or winding up, holders of our convertible preferred stock will be entitled to receive cash out of our assets prior to holders of the common stock.

Note 12: Equity and Equity Compensation Plans

Common Stock—As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorized us to issue 500,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $0.001 per share.

Preferred Stock—As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorized us to issue 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.001 per share.

Amended and Restated 2004 Equity Incentive Plan—We granted options under our 2004 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (our "2004 Plan"), until July 26, 2017, when we terminated it in connection with our initial public offering. Accordingly, no shares are available for future issuance under our 2004 Plan. Our 2004 Plan continues to govern outstanding equity awards granted thereunder. The term of each stock option under the plan is no more than 10 years, and each stock option generally vests over a four-year period.

2017 Equity Incentive Plan—Our 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (our "2017 EIP") became effective on July 26, 2017, and provides for the issuance of incentive and nonqualified common stock options and restricted stock units to employees, directors, and consultants. The number of shares of common stock initially reserved for issuance under our 2017 EIP was 7,898,159. The number of shares reserved for issuance under our 2017 EIP will increase automatically on January 1 of each calendar year beginning on January 1, 2018, and continuing through January 1, 2028, by the number of shares equal to the lesser of 5% of the total outstanding shares of our common stock as of the immediately preceding December 31 or an amount determined by our board of directors. The term of each stock option and restricted stock unit under the plan will not exceed 10 years, and each award generally vests between two and four years.

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We have reserved shares of common stock for future issuance under our 2017 EIP as follows:

September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Stock options issued and outstanding3,309,305 4,019,011 
Restricted stock units outstanding11,322,125 4,617,425 
Shares available for future equity grants12,774,103 15,205,854 
Total shares reserved for future issuance27,405,533 23,842,290 

2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan—Our 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (our "ESPP") was approved by our board of directors on July 27, 2017 and enables eligible employees to purchase shares of our common stock at a discount. Purchases will be accomplished through participation in discrete offering periods. We initially reserved 1,600,000 shares of common stock for issuance under our ESPP. The number of shares reserved for issuance under our ESPP will increase automatically on January 1 of each calendar year beginning after the first offering date and continuing through January 1, 2028, by the number of shares equal to the lesser of 1% of the total outstanding shares of our common stock as of the immediately preceding December 31 or an amount determined by our board of directors. On each purchase date, eligible employees will purchase our common stock at a price per share equal to 85% of the lesser of (i) the fair market value of our common stock on the first trading day of the offering period and (ii) the fair market value of our common stock on the purchase date.

We have reserved shares of common stock for future issuance under our ESPP as follows:

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022Year Ended December 31, 2021
Shares available for issuance at beginning of period4,768,5064,039,667
Shares issued during the period(661,054)(334,248)
Total shares available for future issuance at end of period4,107,4523,705,419

Stock Options—Option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was as follows:

Number of OptionsWeighted-Average Exercise PriceWeighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2022(1)
4,019,011$8.02 3.73$122,038 
PSOs earned(1)
150,00027.50 
Options exercised(695,705)6.96 
Options expired(164,001)9.06 
Outstanding as of September 30, 2022
3,309,3059.08 3.182,405 
Options exercisable as of September 30, 2022
3,309,3059.08 3.182,405 
(1) We granted stock options subject to performance conditions (“PSOs”) to our chief executive officer in 2019. We previously reported the target achievement level of these PSOs - 150,000 PSOs - within our outstanding stock options. During the first quarter of 2022, our board of directors determined that our chief executive officer earned his PSOs at the maximum achievement level. Accordingly, we are reporting an additional 150,000 PSOs as being earned during the first quarter of 2022.

The grant date fair value of our stock options was recorded as stock-based compensation over the stock options' vesting period. All outstanding options were fully vested as of September 30, 2022. We did not recognize any option-related expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. With respect to our PSOs, we had previously expensed the PSOs based on their maximum achievement level. During the first quarter of 2022, our board of directors certified our maximum achievement of the PSOs.

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Restricted Stock Units—Restricted stock unit activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was as follows:

Restricted Stock UnitsWeighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 20224,617,425 $37.13 
Granted9,866,403 10.53 
Vested(1,362,071)28.05 
Forfeited or canceled(1,799,632)25.94 
Outstanding or deferred as of September 30, 2022(1)
11,322,125 16.82 
(1) Starting with the restricted stock units granted to them in June 2019, our non-employee directors have the option to defer the issuance of common stock receivable upon vesting of such restricted stock units until 60 days following the day they are no longer providing services to us or, if earlier, upon a change in control transaction. The amount reported as vested excludes restricted stock units that have vested but whose settlement into shares has been deferred. The amount reported as outstanding or deferred as of September 30, 2022 includes these restricted stock units. As no further conditions exist to prevent the issuance of the shares of common stock underlying these restricted stock units, the shares are included in basic and diluted weighted shares outstanding used to calculate net loss per share attributable to common stock. The amount of shares whose issuance have been deferred is not considered material and is not reported separately from stock-based compensation in our consolidated statements of changes in mezzanine equity and stockholders’ equity.

The grant date fair value of restricted stock units is recorded as stock-based compensation over the vesting period. As of September 30, 2022, there was $153,216 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock units, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.11 years.

As of September 30, 2022, there were 1,119,236 restricted stock units subject to performance and market conditions ("PSUs") at 100% of the target level. Depending on our achievement of the performance and market conditions, the actual number of shares of common stock issuable upon vesting of PSUs will range from 0% to 200% of the target amount. For each PSU recipient, the awards will vest only if the recipient is continuing to provide service to us upon our board of directors, or its compensation committee, certifying that we have achieved the PSU's related performance or market conditions. Stock-based compensation expense for PSUs with performance conditions is recognized when it is probable that the performance conditions will be achieved. For PSUs with market conditions, the market condition is reflected in the grant-date fair value of the award and the expense is recognized over the life of the award. Stock-based compensation expense associated with the PSUs is as follows:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
PSU expense$1,867 $1,844 $3,536 $4,465 
Expense due to reassessment of achievement related to prior periods(815)— (815)— 
Total expense$1,052 $1,844 $2,721 $4,465 

Compensation Cost—The following table details, for each period indicated, our stock-based compensation, net of forfeitures, and the amount capitalized in website and software development costs, each as included in our consolidated statements of comprehensive loss:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
Cost of revenue$4,387 $3,283 $11,644 $10,019 
Technology and development(1)
7,371 5,455 23,036 16,987 
Marketing1,028 537 3,024 1,615 
General and administrative5,284 3,835 13,968 10,817 
Total stock-based compensation$18,070 $13,110 $51,672 $39,438 
(1) Net of $930 and $1,028 of stock-based compensation that was capitalized in the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $2,983 and $2,745 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Note 13: Net Loss per Share Attributable to Common Stock

Net loss per share attributable to common stock is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stock by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. We have outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, options to purchase shares under our ESPP, convertible preferred stock, and convertible senior notes, which are considered in the calculation of diluted net loss per share whenever doing so would be dilutive.

We calculate basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stock in conformity with the two-class method required for companies with participating securities. We consider our convertible preferred stock to be participating securities. Under the two-class method, net loss attributable to common stock is not allocated to the preferred stock as its holders do not have a contractual obligation to share in losses, as discussed in Note 12.

The calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stock was as follows:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
Numerator:
Net loss$(90,245)$(18,949)$(259,197)$(82,611)
Non-cash dividends on convertible preferred stock(272)(1,662)(1,416)(5,875)
Net loss attributable to common stock—basic and diluted$(90,517)$(20,611)$(260,613)$(88,486)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares—basic and diluted(1)
108,618,491 105,144,872 107,566,894 104,327,614 
Net loss per share attributable to common stock—basic and diluted$(0.83)$(0.20)$(2.42)$(0.85)
(1) Basic and diluted weighted-average shares outstanding include (i) common stock earned but not yet issued related to share-based dividends on our convertible preferred stock, and (ii) restricted stock units that have vested but whose settlement into common stock were deferred at the option of certain non-employee directors.

The following outstanding shares of common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of the diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because their effect would have been anti-dilutive:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
2023 notes as if converted769,623 769,623 769,623 769,623 
2025 notes as if converted9,119,960 9,119,960 9,119,960 9,119,960 
2027 notes as if converted6,147,900 6,147,900 6,147,900 6,147,900 
Convertible preferred stock as if converted2,040,000 2,040,000 2,040,000 2,040,000 
Stock options outstanding3,309,305 4,374,257 3,309,305 4,374,257 
Restricted stock units outstanding(1)(2)
11,300,717 3,424,733 11,300,717 3,424,733 
Employee stock purchase plan775,579 153,208 775,579 153,208 
Total33,463,084 26,029,681 33,463,084 26,029,681 
(1) Excludes 1,119,236 incremental PSUs that could vest, assuming applicable performance criteria and market conditions are achieved at 200% of target, which is the maximum achievement level. See Note 12 for additional information regarding PSUs.
(2) Excludes 21,408 restricted stock units that have vested but whose settlement into common stock were deferred at the option of certain non-employee directors as of September 30, 2022.

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Note 14: Income Taxes

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recorded income tax expense of $425, resulting in an effective tax rate of (0.16)%, which is primarily a result of current state income taxes. Our current income tax expense was partially offset by a deferred tax benefit resulting from a reduction to deferred tax liabilities originally created through our April 2021 acquisition of Rent. Our September 30, 2021 effective tax rate of 6.10% was primarily a result of our deferred tax liability created through our April 2021 acquisition of Rent in which we realized certain deferred tax assets against which we had previously recorded a full valuation allowance.

In determining the realizability of the net U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets, we consider numerous factors including historical profitability, estimated future taxable income, prudent and feasible tax planning strategies, and the industry in which we operate. Management reassesses the realization of the deferred tax assets each reporting period, which resulted in a valuation allowance against the full amount of our U.S. deferred tax assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. To the extent that the financial results of our U.S. operations improve in the future and the deferred tax assets become realizable, we will reduce the valuation allowance through earnings.

Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, substantial changes in our ownership may limit the amount of net operating loss ("NOL") and income tax credit carryforwards that could be utilized annually in the future to offset taxable income and income tax liabilities. Any such annual limitation may significantly reduce the utilization of the NOLs and income tax credits before they expire. A Section 382 limitation study performed as of March 31, 2017 determined that we experienced an ownership change in 2006 with $1,506 of the 2006 NOL and $32 of the 2006 research and development tax credit unavailable for future use. Furthermore, in connection with our acquisition of Rent., Rent. experienced an ownership change that triggered Section 382. As of September 30, 2021, Rent. completed a Section 382 limitation study and, based on this analysis, we do not expect a reduction in our ability to fully utilize Rent.'s pre-change NOLs.

As of December 31, 2021, we had accumulated approximately $611,296 of federal net operating losses, approximately $18,777 (tax effected) of state net operating losses, and approximately $3,213 of foreign net operating losses. Federal net operating losses are available to offset federal taxable income and begin to expire in 2025, with net operating loss carryforwards of $320,123 generated after 2017 available to offset future U.S. federal taxable income over an indefinite period.

Net research and development credit carryforwards of $18,828 are available as of December 31, 2021 to reduce future liabilities. The research and development credit carryforwards begin to expire in 2026.

Deductible but limited federal business interest expense carryforwards of $149,710 are available as of December 31, 2021 to offset future U.S. federal taxable income over an indefinite period.

Our material income tax jurisdiction is the United States (federal) and Canada (foreign). As a result of NOL carryforwards, we are subject to audit for all tax years for federal purposes. All tax years remain subject to examination in various other jurisdictions that are not material to our consolidated financial statements.

Note 15: Debt

Warehouse Credit Facilities—To provide capital for the mortgage loans that it originates, our mortgage segment utilizes warehouse credit facilities that are classified as current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Borrowings under each warehouse credit facility are secured by the related mortgage loan and rights and income associated with the loan. The following table summarizes borrowings under these facilities as of the periods presented:
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September 30, 2022
LenderBorrowing CapacityOutstanding BorrowingsWeighted-Average Interest Rate on Outstanding BorrowingsMaturity Date
City National Bank$100,000 $36,010 4.43 %11/24/2022
Comerica Bank75,000 29,599 5.14 Upon lender demand
Origin Bank75,000 33,572 4.82 9/29/2023
M&T Bank50,000 21,068 4.91 10/13/2023
Prosperity Bank150,000 59,578 4.93 10/30/2023
Republic Bank & Trust Company75,000 29,171 4.38 8/16/2023
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.100,000 43,531 5.12 As determined by lender
Total$625,000 $252,529 

December 31, 2021
LenderBorrowing CapacityOutstanding BorrowingsWeighted-Average Interest Rate on Outstanding Borrowings
Western Alliance Bank$50,000 $17,089 3.00 %
Texas Capital Bank, N.A.40,000 11,852 3.01 
Flagstar Bank, FSB
25,000 4,102 3.00 
Total$115,000 $33,043 

Secured Revolving Credit Facility—To provide capital for the homes that it purchases, RedfinNow has, through a special purpose entity called RedfinNow Borrower, entered into a secured revolving credit facility with Goldman Sachs Bank, N.A. ("Goldman Sachs"). Borrowings under the facility are secured by RedfinNow Borrower's assets, including the financed homes, as well as the equity interests in RedfinNow Borrower. Under the facility, RedfinNow Borrower and certain other Redfin entities have ongoing obligations, including Redfin Corporation’s compliance with financial covenants based on its net worth, liquidity, and leverage ratio, each measured on a quarterly basis. The following table summarizes borrowings under this facility as of the periods presented:

September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
LenderBorrowing CapacityOutstanding BorrowingsWeighted-Average Interest Rate on Outstanding BorrowingsBorrowing CapacityOutstanding BorrowingsWeighted-Average Interest Rate on Outstanding Borrowings
Goldman Sachs Bank USA$400,000 $202,416 6.10 %$200,000 $199,781 3.30 %

The facility matures on August 9, 2023, but we may extend the maturity date for an additional six months to repay outstanding borrowings. Goldman Sachs may, at its sole option, finance a portion of RedfinNow Borrower's acquisition costs of qualified homes that have been purchased. The portion financed is based, in part, on how long the qualifying home has been owned by a Redfin entity. Beginning on January 1, 2022, all outstanding borrowings generally bear interest at a rate equal to (i) the USD-SOFR-Compound rate plus (ii) 11.448 basis points (subject to a floor of 0.30%) plus (iii) 3.00%. Outstanding borrowings before January 1, 2022 generally bore interest at a rate of one-month LIBOR (subject to a floor of 0.30%) plus 3.00%.

RedfinNow Borrower must repay all borrowings and accrued interest upon the termination of the facility, and it has the option to repay the borrowings, and the related interest, with respect to a specific financed home upon the sale of such home. In certain situations involving a financed home remaining unsold after a certain time period or becoming ineligible for financing under the facility, RedfinNow Borrower may be obligated to repay all or a portion of the borrowings, and related interest, with respect to such home prior to the sale of such home. In instances involving "bad acts," Redfin Corporation has guaranteed repayment of amounts owed under the facility, in some situations, and indemnification of certain expenses incurred, in other situations.

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As of September 30, 2022, RedfinNow Borrower had $419,269 of total assets, of which $297,469 related to inventory and $72,914 in cash and cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2021, RedfinNow Borrower had $567,128 of total assets, of which $337,630 related to inventory and $101,064 in cash and equivalents.

For the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we amortized $95 and $81 of debt issuance costs, respectively, and recognized $2,980 and $1,375 of interest expense, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we amortized $280 and $217 of debt issuance costs, respectively, and recognized $5,731 and $2,328 of interest expense, respectively.

Convertible Senior Notes—We have issued convertible senior notes with the following characteristics:

IssuanceMaturity DateStated Cash Interest RateEffective Interest RateFirst Interest Payment DateSemi-Annual Interest Payment DatesConversion Rate
2023 notesJuly 15, 20231.75 %2.45 %January 15, 2019January 15; July 1532.7332
2025 notesOctober 15, 2025— 0.42 ——13.7920
2027 notesApril 1, 20270.50 0.90 October 1, 2021April 1; October 110.6920

We issued our 2023 notes on July 23, 2018, with an aggregate principal amount of $143,750. Subsequent to the issuance date, we repurchased or settled conversions of an aggregate of $120,238 of our 2023 notes. On July 20, 2021, our 2023 notes became redeemable by us, but we did not exercise our redemption right during the three months ended September 30, 2022.

We issued our 2025 notes on October 20, 2020, with an aggregate principal amount of $661,250.

We issued our 2027 notes on March 25, 2021 and April 5, 2021, with an aggregate principal amount of $575,000.

The components of our convertible senior notes were as follows:

September 30, 2022
IssuanceAggregate Principal AmountUnamortized Debt Discount Unamortized Debt Issuance CostsNet Carrying Amount
2023 notes$23,512 $— $119 $23,393 
2025 notes661,250 — 8,396 652,854 
2027 notes575,000 — 10,086 564,914 

December 31, 2021
IssuanceAggregate Principal AmountUnamortized Debt DiscountUnamortized Debt Issuance CostsNet Carrying Amount
2023 notes$23,512 $— $232 $23,280 
2025 notes661,250 — 10,467 650,783 
2027 notes575,000 — 11,766 563,234 

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Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
2023 notes
Contractual interest expense$103 $103 $309 $311 
Amortization of debt discount— — — — 
Amortization of debt issuance costs38 41 113 151 
Total interest expense$141 $144 $422 $462 
2025 notes
Contractual interest expense— — — — 
Amortization of debt discount— — — — 
Amortization of debt issuance costs690 690 2,070 2,070 
Total interest expense$690 $690 $2,070 $2,070 
2027 notes
Contractual interest expense719 719 2,156 1,468 
Amortization of debt discount— — — — 
Amortization of debt issuance costs560 560 1,680 1,145 
Total interest expense$1,279 $1,279 $3,836 $2,613 
Total
Contractual interest expense822 822 2,465 1,779 
Amortization of debt discount— — — — 
Amortization of debt issuance costs1,288 1,291 3,863 3,366 
Total interest expense$2,110 $2,113 $6,328 $5,145 

Conversion of Our Convertible Senior Notes

Prior to the free conversion date, a holder of each tranche of our convertible senior notes may convert its notes in multiples of $1,000 principal amount only if one or more of the conditions described below is satisfied. On or after the free conversion date, a holder may convert its notes in such multiples without any conditions. The free conversion date is April 15, 2023 for our 2023 notes, July 15, 2025 for our 2025 notes, and January 1, 2027 for our 2027 notes.

The conditions are:
•during any calendar quarter (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of our common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the applicable conversion price on each applicable trading day;
•during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of the applicable notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock and the applicable conversion rate on each such trading day;
•if we call any or all of the applicable notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day prior to the redemption date; or
•upon the occurrence of specified corporate events.

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We intend to settle any future conversions of our convertible senior notes by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election. We apply the if-converted method to calculate diluted earnings per share when applicable. Under the if-converted method, the denominator of the diluted earnings per share calculation is adjusted to reflect the full number of common shares issuable upon conversion, while the numerator is adjusted to add back interest expense for the period.

Classification of Our Convertible Senior Notes

Historically, we had separated our 2023 notes and our 2025 notes into liability and equity components. With our adoption of ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2021, using the modified retrospective approach, this accounting treatment is no longer applicable. All of our convertible senior notes are now accounted for wholly as liabilities. The difference between the principal amount of the notes and the net carrying amount represents the unamortized debt discount, which we record as a deduction from the debt liability in our consolidated balance sheets. This discount is amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the notes.

See Note 4 for fair value information related to our convertible senior notes.

2027 Capped Calls—In connection with the pricing of our 2027 notes, we entered into capped call transactions with certain counterparties (the “2027 capped calls”). The 2027 capped calls have initial strike prices of $93.53 per share and initial cap prices of $138.56 per share, in each case subject to certain adjustments. Conditions that cause adjustments to the initial strike price and initial cap price of the 2027 capped calls are similar to the conditions that result in corresponding adjustments to the conversion rate for our 2027 notes. The 2027 capped calls cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, 6,147,900 shares of our common stock and are generally intended to reduce or offset the potential dilution to our common stock upon any conversion of the 2027 notes, with such reduction or offset, as the case may be, subject to a cap based on the cap price. The 2027 capped calls are separate transactions, and not part of the terms of our 2027 notes. As these instruments meet certain accounting criteria, the 2027 capped calls are recorded in stockholders’ equity and are not accounted for as derivatives. The cost of $62,647 incurred in connection with the 2027 capped calls was recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital.

Note 16: Subsequent Events

Wind-Down of RedfinNow and Workforce Reduction—On November 7, 2022, we decided to wind-down RedfinNow and to reduce our number of employees by approximately 862, which represents 13 percent of our total employees. Of these, 264 job eliminations are directly related to the wind-down of RedfinNow. In addition, approximately 218 employees will have their current role eliminated, but are being offered a new role within the company.

Winding down RedfinNow is a strategic decision we made in order to focus our resources on our core business in the face of the rising cost of capital.

The remaining workforce reductions are primarily among our real estate services and headquarters employees in response to macroeconomic conditions. This workforce reduction will reduce our number of lead agents by approximately 197, which represents 9 percent of total lead agents. This action comes in the wake of our June workforce reduction, which was a response to slowing 2022 home sales. Since June, mortgage interest rates have continued to climb and expectations for home sales have come down even further. Today’s workforce reduction assumes a housing downturn that lasts at least through 2023. Since April 2022, through involuntary reductions and attrition, we have reduced our total number of employees by 27 percent, including a reduction in lead agents of 28 percent.

We expect to complete the liquidation of our RedfinNow inventory in the second quarter of 2023. While the bulk of the workforce reduction is occurring today, we expect to complete this workforce reduction and wind-down of RedfinNow promptly after selling the remaining properties currently in inventory, likely into 2023.

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In connection with the preparation of our financial statements for the third quarter of 2022, we recorded an $18,274 write-down of inventory associated with RedfinNow as a result of purchasing homes during 2022 at higher prices than RedfinNow’s current estimates of the values if we were to sell the homes as of September 30, 2022, net of selling costs.

Amendment of Secured Revolving Credit Facility—In connection with our decision to close RedfinNow, on November 4, 2022 we amended our secured revolving credit facility to wind it down in an orderly manner. This amendment:
•provides that no further advances may be made under the credit agreement,
•amends certain financial covenants to ensure compliance throughout the wind-down period,
•requires us to apply cash available for distribution to the repayment of outstanding principal amounts until all outstanding amounts are repaid before distributing cash to Redfin, and
•requires us to terminate and pay off the remainder of the facility on the earlier of January 30, 2023 or when the facility’s credit balance reaches $30,000.


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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements, the accompanying notes, and other information included in this quarterly report and our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2021. In particular, the disclosure contained in Item 1A in our annual report, as updated by Part II, Item 1A in this quarterly report, may reflect trends, demands, commitments, events, or uncertainties that could materially impact our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources.

The following discussion contains forward-looking statements, such as statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, our market growth and trends, and our objectives for future operations. Please see "Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" for more information about relying on these forward-looking statements. The following discussion also contains information using industry publications. Please see "Note Regarding Industry and Market Data" for more information about relying on these industry publications.

When we use the term "basis points" in the following discussion, we refer to units of one-hundredth of one percent.

Overview

We help people buy and sell homes. Representing customers in over 100 markets in the United States and Canada, we are a residential real estate brokerage. We pair our own agents with our own technology to create a service that is faster, better, and costs less. We meet customers through our listings-search website and mobile application.

We use the same combination of technology and local service to originate and service mortgage loans and offer title and settlement services. We also buy homes directly from homeowners who want an immediate sale, taking responsibility for selling the home while the original owner moves on. Beginning in April 2021, we started using digital platforms to connect consumers with available apartments and houses for rent.

Our mission is to redefine real estate in the consumer’s favor.

Adverse Macroeconomic Conditions and Our Associated Actions

On November 7, 2022, we decided to wind-down RedfinNow and to reduce our number of employees by approximately 862, which represents 13 percent of our total employees. Of these, 264 job eliminations are directly related to the wind-down of RedfinNow. In addition, approximately 218 employees will have their current role eliminated, but are being offered a new role within the company.

Winding down RedfinNow is a strategic decision we made in order to focus our resources on our core business in the face of the rising cost of capital.

The remaining workforce reductions are primarily among our real estate services and headquarters employees in response to macroeconomic conditions. This workforce reduction will reduce our number of lead agents by approximately 197, which represents 9 percent of total lead agents. This action comes in the wake of our June workforce reduction, which was a response to slowing 2022 home sales. Since June, mortgage interest rates have continued to climb and expectations for home sales have come down even further. Today’s workforce reduction assumes a housing downturn that lasts at least through 2023. Since April 2022, through involuntary reductions and attrition, we have reduced our total number of employees by 27 percent, including a reduction in lead agents of 28 percent.

See Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements for more information on this workforce reduction and wind-down of our RedfinNow operations.

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Key Business Metrics

In addition to the measures presented in our consolidated financial statements, we use the following key metrics to evaluate our business, develop financial forecasts, and make strategic decisions.

Three Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2022Jun. 30, 2022Mar. 31, 2022Dec. 31, 2021Sep. 30, 2021Jun. 30, 2021Mar. 31, 2021Dec. 31, 2020Sep. 30 2020
Monthly average visitors (in thousands)50,785 52,698 51,287 44,665 49,147 48,437 46,202 44,135 49,258 
Real estate services transactions
Brokerage18,245 20,565 15,001 19,428 21,929 21,006 14,317 16,951 18,980 
Partner3,507 3,983 3,417 4,603 4,755 4,597 3,944 4,940 5,180 
Total21,752 24,548 18,418 24,031 26,684 25,603 18,261 21,891 24,160 
Real estate services revenue per transaction
Brokerage$11,103 $11,692 $11,191 $10,900 $11,107 $11,307 $10,927 $10,751 $10,241 
Partner2,556 2,851 2,814 2,819 2,990 3,195 3,084 3,123 2,988 
Aggregate9,725 10,258 9,637 9,352 9,661 9,850 9,233 9,030 8,686 
U.S. market share by units(1)
0.80 %0.82 %0.79 %0.78 %0.78 %0.77 %0.75 %0.68 %0.70 %
Revenue from top-10 Redfin markets as a percentage of real estate services revenue58 %59 %57 %61 %62 %64 %62 %63 %63 %
Average number of lead agents
2,293 2,640 2,750 2,485 2,370 2,456 2,277 1,981 1,820 
RedfinNow homes sold530 423 617 600 388 292 171 83 37 
Revenue per RedfinNow home sold (in ones)$550,903 $604,120 $608,851 $622,519 $599,963 $571,670 $525,765 $471,895 $504,730 
Mortgage originations by dollars (in millions)$1,557 $1,565 $159 $242 $258 $261 $227 $206 $185 
Mortgage originations by units (in ones)3,720 3,860 414 591 671 749 632 570 539 
(1) Prior to the second quarter of 2022, we reported our U.S. market share based on the aggregate home value of our real estate services transactions, relative to the aggregate value of all U.S. home sales, which we computed based on the mean sale price of U.S. homes provided by the National Association of REALTORS® (“NAR”). Beginning in the second quarter of 2022, NAR (1) revised its methodology of computing the mean sale price, (2) restated its previously reported mean sale price beginning from January 2020 (and indicated that previously reported mean sale price prior to January 2020 is not comparable), and (3) discontinued publication of the mean sale price as part of its primary data set. Due to these changes, as of the second quarter of 2022, we report our U.S. market share based on the number of homes sold, rather than the dollar value of homes sold. Our market share by number of homes sold has historically been lower than our market share by dollar value of homes sold. We also stopped reporting the aggregate home value of our real estate services transactions.

Monthly Average Visitors

The number of, and growth in, visitors to our website and mobile application are important leading indicators of our business activity because these channels are the primary ways we meet customers. The number of visitors is influenced by, among other things, market conditions that affect interest in buying or selling homes, the level and success of our marketing programs, seasonality, and how our website appears in search results. We believe we can continue to increase visitors, which helps our growth, including through adding rental properties to our website and mobile application.

Given the lengthy process to buy or sell a home, a visitor during one month may not convert to a revenue-generating customer until many months later, if at all.

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When we refer to "monthly average visitors" for a particular period, we are referring to the average number of unique visitors to our website and our mobile applications for each of the months in that period, as measured by Google Analytics, a product that provides digital marketing intelligence. Google Analytics tracks visitors using cookies, with a unique cookie being assigned to each browser or mobile application on a device. For any given month, Google Analytics counts all of the unique cookies that visited our website and mobile applications during that month. Google Analytics considers each unique cookie as a unique visitor. Due to third-party technological limitations, user software settings, or user behavior, it is possible that Google Analytics may assign a unique cookie to different visits by the same person to our website or mobile application. In such instances, Google Analytics would count different visits by the same person as separate visits by unique visitors. Accordingly, reliance on the number of unique cookies counted by Google Analytics may overstate the actual number of unique persons who visit our website or our mobile applications for a given month.

Our monthly average visitors exclude visitors to the websites and mobile applications of Bay Equity, our mortgage business, and Rent., our rental business.

Real Estate Services Transactions

We record a brokerage real estate services transaction when one of our lead agents represented the homebuyer or home seller in the purchase or sale, respectively, of a home. We record a partner real estate services transaction (i) when one of our partner agents represented the homebuyer or home seller in the purchase or sale, respectively, of a home or (ii) when a Redfin customer sold his or her home to a third-party institutional buyer following our introduction of that customer to the buyer. We include a single transaction twice when our lead agents or our partner agents serve both the homebuyer and the home seller of the transaction. Additionally, when one of our lead agents represents RedfinNow in its sale of a home, we include that transaction as a brokerage real estate services transaction.

Increasing the number of real estate services transactions is critical to increasing our revenue and, in turn, to achieving profitability. Real estate services transaction volume is influenced by, among other things, the pricing and quality of our services as well as market conditions that affect home sales, such as local inventory levels and mortgage interest rates. Real estate services transaction volume is also affected by seasonality and macroeconomic factors.

Real Estate Services Revenue per Transaction

Real estate services revenue per transaction, together with the number of real estate services transactions, is a factor in evaluating revenue growth. We also use this metric to evaluate pricing changes. Changes in real estate services revenue per transaction can be affected by, among other things, our pricing, the mix of transactions from homebuyers and home sellers, changes in the value of homes in the markets we serve, the geographic mix of our transactions, and the transactions we refer to partner agents and any third-party institutional buyer. We calculate real estate services revenue per transaction by dividing brokerage, partner, or aggregate revenue, as applicable, by the corresponding number of real estate services transactions in any period.

We generally generate more real estate services revenue per transaction from representing homebuyers than home sellers. However, we believe that representing home sellers has unique strategic value, including the marketing power of yard signs and other campaigns, and the market effect of controlling listing inventory.

Prior to July 2022, homebuyers who purchased their home using our brokerage services would receive a commission refund in a substantial majority of our markets. In July 2022, we began a pilot program in certain of those markets to eliminate our commission refund. If this pilot is successful, we intend to eliminate our commission refund in all markets as early as December 2022. We expect that elimination of our commission refund in all markets will increase our real estate services revenue per transaction.

U.S. Market Share by Units

Increasing our U.S. market share by units is critical to our ability to grow our business and achieve profitability over the long term. We believe there is a significant opportunity to increase our share in the markets we currently serve.

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We calculate our market share by aggregating the number of brokerage and partner real estate services transactions. We then divide that number by two times the aggregate number of U.S. home sales, in order to account for both the sell- and buy-side components of each home sale. We obtain the aggregate number of U.S. home sales from the National Association of REALTORS® ("NAR"). NAR data for the most recent period is preliminary and may subsequently be updated by NAR.

Revenue from Top-10 Markets as a Percentage of Real Estate Services Revenue

Our top-10 markets by real estate services revenue are the metropolitan areas of Boston, Chicago, Denver (including Boulder and Colorado Springs), Los Angeles (including Santa Barbara), Maryland, Northern Virginia, Portland (including Bend), San Diego, San Francisco, and Seattle. This metric is an indicator of the geographic concentration of our real estate services segment. We expect our revenue from top-10 markets to decline as a percentage of our total real estate services revenue over time.

Average Number of Lead Agents

The average number of lead agents, in combination with our other key metrics such as the number of brokerage transactions, is a basis for calculating agent productivity and is one indicator of the potential future growth of our business. We systematically evaluate traffic to our website and mobile application and customer activity to anticipate changes in customer demand, helping determine when and where to hire lead agents.

We calculate the average number of lead agents by taking the average of the number of lead agents at the end of each month included in the period.

RedfinNow Homes Sold

The number of homes sold by RedfinNow is an indicator for investors to understand the underlying transaction volume growth of our RedfinNow business. This number is influenced by, among other things, the level and quality of our homes available for sale inventory and market conditions that affect home sales, such as local inventory levels and mortgage interest rates.

Revenue per RedfinNow Home Sold

Revenue per RedfinNow home sold, together with the number of RedfinNow homes sold, is a factor in evaluating revenue growth. Changes in revenue per RedfinNow home sold can be affected by, among other things, the geographic mix of home sales, the types and sizes of homes that it had previously purchased, pricing of homes listed for sale, and changes in the value of homes in the markets it serves. For any period, we calculate revenue per RedfinNow home sold by dividing revenue from sales of homes by RedfinNow, including any revenue from leasebacks, by the number of homes sold by RedfinNow during that period.

Mortgage Originations

Mortgage originations is the volume of mortgage loans originated by our mortgage business, measured by both dollar value of loans and number of loans. This volume is an indicator for the growth of our mortgage business. Mortgage originations is affected by mortgage interest rates, the ability of our mortgage loan officers to close loans, and the number of our homebuyer customers who use our mortgage business for a mortgage loan, among other factors.

Prior to April 1, 2022, our mortgage business consisted solely of Redfin Mortgage, LLC. From April 1, 2022 through June 30, 2022, our mortgage business consisted of both Bay Equity LLC and Redfin Mortgage, LLC. We dissolved Redfin Mortgage, LLC on June 30, 2022, and since that time, our mortgage business has consisted solely of Bay Equity LLC.

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Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

We generate revenue primarily from commissions and fees charged on each real estate services transaction closed by our lead agents or partner agents, from the sale of RedfinNow homes, from subscription-based product offerings for our rentals business, and from the origination, sales, and servicing of mortgages.

Real Estate Services Revenue

Brokerage Revenue—Brokerage revenue includes our offer and listing services, where our lead agents represent homebuyers and home sellers. We recognize commission-based brokerage revenue upon closing of a brokerage transaction, less the amount of any commission refunds, closing-cost reductions, or promotional offers that may result in a material right. Brokerage revenue is affected by the number of brokerage transactions we close, the mix of brokerage transactions, home-sale prices, commission rates, and the amount we give to customers.

Partner Revenue—Partner revenue consists of fees paid to us from partner agents or under other referral agreements, less the amount of any payments we make to homebuyers and home sellers. We recognize these fees as revenue on the closing of a transaction. Partner revenue is affected by the number of partner transactions closed, home-sale prices, commission rates, and the amount we refund to customers. If the portion of customers we introduce to our own lead agents increases, we expect the portion of revenue closed by partner agents to decrease.

Properties Revenue

Properties Revenue—Properties revenue consists of revenues earned when we sell homes that we previously bought directly from homeowners and when we perform maintenance on customers' homes. Properties revenue is recorded at closing on a gross basis, representing the sales price of the home or maintenance performed.

Rentals Revenue

Rentals Revenue—Rentals revenue is primarily composed of subscription-based product offerings for internet listing services, as well as lead management and digital marketing solutions.

Mortgage Revenue

Mortgage Revenue—Mortgage revenue includes fees from the origination and subsequent sale of loans, loan servicing income, interest income on loans held for sale, origination of IRLCs, and the changes in fair value of our IRLCs, forward sales commitments, loans held for sale, and MSRs.

Other Revenue

Other Revenue—Other services revenue includes fees earned from title settlement services, Walk Score data services, and advertising. Substantially all fees and revenue from other services are recognized when the service is provided.

Intercompany Eliminations

Intercompany Eliminations—Revenue earned from transactions between operating segments are eliminated in consolidating our financial statements. Intercompany transactions primarily consist of services performed from our real estate services segment for our properties segment.

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Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin

Cost of revenue consists primarily of personnel costs (including base pay, benefits, and stock-based compensation), transaction bonuses, home-touring and field expenses, listing expenses, home costs related to our properties segment, customer fulfillment costs related to our rentals segment, office and occupancy expenses, and depreciation and amortization related to fixed assets and acquired intangible assets. Home costs related to our properties segment include home purchase costs, capitalized improvements, selling expenses directly attributable to the transaction, and home maintenance expenses.

Gross profit is revenue less cost of revenue. Gross margin is gross profit expressed as a percentage of revenue. Our gross margin has and will continue to be affected by a number of factors, but the most important are the mix of revenue from our relatively higher-gross-margin real estate services segment and our relatively lower-gross-margin properties segment, real estate services revenue per transaction, agent and support-staff productivity, personnel costs and transaction bonuses, and, for properties, the home purchase costs.

Operating Expenses

Technology and Development

Our primary technology and development expenses are building software for our customers, lead agents, and support staff to work together on a transaction, and building a website and mobile application to meet customers looking to move. These expenses primarily include personnel costs (including base pay, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation), data licenses, software and equipment, and infrastructure such as for data centers and hosted services. The expenses also include amortization of capitalized internal-use software and website and mobile application development costs as well as amortization of acquired intangible assets. We expense research and development costs as incurred and record them in technology and development expenses.

Marketing

Marketing expenses consist primarily of media costs for online and offline advertising, as well as personnel costs (including base pay, benefits, and stock-based compensation).

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs (including base pay, benefits, and stock-based compensation), facilities costs and related expenses for our executive, finance, human resources, and legal organizations, depreciation related to our fixed assets, and fees for outside services. Outside services are principally comprised of external legal, audit, and tax services. For our rentals business, personnel costs include employees in the sales department. These employees are responsible for attracting potential rental properties and agreeing to contract terms, but they are not responsible for delivering a service to the rental property.

Restructuring and Reorganization

Restructuring and reorganization expenses primarily consist of employee termination costs (including severance, retention, benefits, and payroll taxes) associated with the restructuring and reorganization activities from our acquisitions of Bay Equity and Rent. and from our June 2022 workforce reduction.

Interest Income, Interest Expense, Income Tax Expense, and Other (Expense) Income, Net

Interest Income

Interest income consists primarily of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents, and investments, and interest income related to originated mortgage loans.

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Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of any interest payable on our convertible senior notes and, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the amortization of debt discounts and issuance cost related to our convertible senior notes. See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements for information regarding interest on our convertible senior notes.

Interest expense also includes interest on borrowings and the amortization of debt issuance costs related to our secured revolving credit facility and our warehouse credit facilities. See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements for information regarding interest for the facility.

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit

Income tax (expense) benefit relates to the partial release of our valuation allowance as a result of the intangible assets we acquired in connection with acquiring Rent. and certain state income taxes.

Other (Expense) Income, Net

Other (expense) income, net consists primarily of realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments and other assets. See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements for information regarding unrealized gains and losses on our investments.

Results of Operations

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented and as a percentage of our revenue for those periods. As a result of our decision to wind-down RedfinNow operations, we expect the portion of intercompany revenue and cost of revenue related to services performed from our real estate services and other segments for our properties segment will decrease throughout 2022 and eventually decline to zero in 2023. Given the remaining uncertainty surrounding our plans to wind-down our RedfinNow business, financial performance for prior and current periods may not be indicative of future performance.

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
(in thousands)
Revenue$600,517 $540,074 $1,804,778 $1,279,708 
Cost of revenue(1)
542,440 412,772 1,556,161 983,912 
Gross profit58,077 127,302 248,617 295,796 
Operating expenses
Technology and development(1)
48,063 43,658 149,209 112,824 
Marketing(1)
33,748 49,143 133,832 116,343 
General and administrative(1)
61,005 54,395 191,704 151,352 
Restructuring and reorganization284 — 18,670 — 
Total operating expenses
143,100 147,196 493,415 380,519 
Loss from operations(85,023)(19,894)(244,798)(84,723)
Interest income
1,174 178 1,948 472 
Interest expense
(5,359)(3,672)(12,841)(7,822)
Income tax (expense) benefit(132)311 (425)5,363 
Other (expense) income, net(905)4,128 (3,081)4,099 
Net loss$(90,245)$(18,949)$(259,197)$(82,611)
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(1) Includes stock-based compensation as follows:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue$4,387 $3,283 $11,644 $10,019 
Technology and development7,371 5,455 23,036 16,987 
Marketing1,028 537 3,024 1,615 
General and administrative5,284 3,835 13,968 10,817 
Total stock-based compensation$18,070 $13,110 $51,672 $39,438 


Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
(as a percentage of revenue)
Revenue100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %
Cost of revenue(1)
90.3 76.4 86.2 76.9 
Gross profit9.7 23.6 13.8 23.1 
Operating expenses
Technology and development(1)
8.0 8.1 8.3 8.8 
Marketing(1)
5.6 9.1 7.4 9.1 
General and administrative(1)
10.2 10.1 10.6 11.8 
Restructuring and reorganization0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 
Total operating expenses23.8 27.3 27.3 29.7 
Loss from operations(14.2)(3.7)(13.6)(6.6)
Interest income
0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 
Interest expense
(0.9)(0.7)(0.7)(0.6)
Income tax (expense) benefit0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 
Other expense, net(0.2)0.8 (0.2)0.3 
Net loss(15.0)%(3.5)%(14.4)%(6.5)%

(1) Includes stock-based compensation as follows:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
(as a percentage of revenue)
Cost of revenue0.7 %0.6 %0.6 %0.8 %
Technology and development1.2 1.0 1.3 1.4 
Marketing0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 
General and administrative0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 
Total3.0 %2.4 %2.9 %3.1 %
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Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

Revenue

Three Months Ended September 30,Change
20222021DollarsPercentage
(in thousands, except percentages)
Real estate services
Brokerage$202,578 $243,575 $(40,997)(17)%
Partner8,962 14,220 (5,258)(37)
Total real estate services211,540 257,795 (46,255)(18)
Properties299,663 238,417 61,246 26 
Rentals38,686 40,406 (1,720)(4)
Mortgage48,469 5,013 43,456 867 
Other7,079 3,193 3,886 122 
Intercompany elimination(4,920)(4,750)(170)4 
Total revenue$600,517 $540,074 $60,443 11 
Percentage of revenue
Real estate services
Brokerage33.7 %45.1 %
Partner1.5 2.6 
Total real estate services35.2 47.7 
Properties49.9 44.1 
Rentals6.4 7.5 
Mortgage8.1 1.0 
Other1.2 0.6 
Intercompany elimination(0.8)(0.9)
Total revenue100.0 %100.0 %

In the three months ended September 30, 2022, revenue increased by $60.4 million, or 11%, as compared with the same period in 2021. Included in the increase was $48.5 million resulting from our acquisition of Bay Equity, and there were no such revenues in the three months ended September 30, 2021. Excluding these revenues from Bay Equity, this increase in revenue was primarily attributable to a $61.2 million increase in properties revenue. Properties revenue increased 26%, primarily driven by a 37% increase in RedfinNow homes sold. This was partially offset by an 8% decrease in revenue per RedfinNow home sold. These increases are largely due to our properties business's expansion. Brokerage revenue decreased by $41.0 million, and partner revenue decreased by $5.3 million. Brokerage revenue decreased 17% during the period, driven by no change in brokerage revenue per transaction and a 17% decrease in brokerage transactions.

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Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin

Three Months Ended September 30,
Change
20222021
Dollars
Percentage
(in thousands, except percentages)
Cost of revenue
Real estate services$156,632 $161,449 $(4,817)(3)%
Properties332,251 238,397 93,854 39 
Rentals8,676 7,395 1,281 17 
Mortgage43,783 6,705 37,078 553 
Other6,018 3,576 2,442 68 
Intercompany elimination(4,920)(4,750)(170)4 
Total cost of revenue$542,440 $412,772 $129,668 31 
Gross profit
Real estate services$54,908 $96,346 $(41,438)(43)%
Properties(32,588)20 (32,608)(163,040)
Rentals30,010 33,011 (3,001)(9)
Mortgage4,686 (1,692)6,378 (377)
Other1,061 (383)1,444 (377)
Total gross profit$58,077 $127,302 $(69,225)(54)
Gross margin (percentage of revenue)
Real estate services26.0 %37.4 %
Properties(10.9)0.0 
Rentals77.6 81.7 
Mortgage9.7 (33.8)
Other15.0 (12.0)
Total gross margin9.7 23.6 

In the three months ended September 30, 2022, total cost of revenue increased by $129.7 million, or 31%, as compared with the same period in 2021. Included in the increase was $43.2 million resulting from our acquisition of Bay Equity, and there were no such expenses in the three months ended September 30, 2021. Excluding these expenses from Bay Equity, this increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributable to an $88.2 million increase in home purchase costs and related capitalized improvements by our properties business, due to more RedfinNow homes being sold. This was partially offset by a $1.4 million decrease in personnel costs and transaction bonuses, due to decreased brokerage transactions.

In the three months ended September 30, 2022, total gross margin decreased 1,390 basis points as compared with the same period in 2021, driven primarily by the relative growth of our properties business compared to our real estate services and other businesses, and the decreases in properties and real estate services gross margin. This was partially offset by the increases in mortgage and other gross margin.

In the three months ended September 30, 2022, real estate services gross margin decreased 1,140 basis points as compared with the same period in 2021. This was primarily attributable to a 970 basis point increase in personnel costs and transaction bonuses as a percentage of revenue.

In the three months ended September 30, 2022, properties gross margin decreased 1,090 basis points as compared with the same period in 2021. This was primarily attributable to a 1,110 basis point increase in home purchase and related capitalized improvements, including our lower of cost or net realizable value write-downs, as a percentage of revenue.

In the three months ended September 30, 2022, rentals gross margin decreased 410 basis points as compared with the same period in 2021. This was primarily attributable to a 230 basis point increase in personnel costs and transaction bonuses as a percentage of revenue due to expanded services.
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In the three months ended September 30, 2022, mortgage gross margin increased 4,350 basis points as compared with the same period in 2021. This was primarily attributable to a 3,680 basis point decrease in personnel costs and transaction bonuses as a percentage of revenue, driven by the performance of Bay Equity as compared to our prior mortgage business.

In the three months ended September 30, 2022, other gross margin increased 2,700 basis points. This was primarily attributable to a 1,690 basis point decrease in personnel costs and transaction bonuses as a percentage of revenue.

Operating Expenses

Three Months Ended September 30,
Change
20222021DollarsPercentage
(in thousands, except percentages)
Technology and development$48,063 $43,658 $4,405 10 %
Marketing33,748 49,143 (15,395)(31)
General and administrative61,005 54,395 6,610 12 
Restructuring and reorganization284 — 284 n/a
Total operating expenses$143,100 $147,196 $(4,096)(3)
Percentage of revenue
Technology and development8.0 %8.1 %
Marketing5.6 9.1 
General and administrative10.2 10.1 
Restructuring and reorganization0.0 — 
Total operating expenses23.8 %27.3 %

In the three months ended September 30, 2022, technology and development expenses increased by $4.4 million, or 10%, as compared with the same period in 2021. Included in the increase was $0.6 million resulting from our acquisition of Bay Equity, and there were no such expenses in the three months ended September 30, 2021. Excluding these expenses from Bay Equity, the increase was primarily attributable to an $3.0 million increase in personnel costs.

In the three months ended September 30, 2022, marketing expenses decreased by $15.4 million, or 31%, as compared with the same period in 2021. Included in the increase was $1.6 million resulting from our acquisition of Bay Equity, and there were no such expenses in the three months ended September 30, 2021. Excluding these expenses from Bay Equity, the decrease was primarily attributable to a $17.7 million decrease in marketing media as we reduced advertising.

In the three months ended September 30, 2022, general and administrative expenses increased by $6.6 million, or 12%, as compared with the same period in 2021. Included in the increase was $6.8 million resulting from our acquisition of Bay Equity, and there were no such expenses in the three months ended September 30, 2021.

In the three months ended September 30, 2022, restructuring and reorganization expenses increased by $0.3 million, and there were no such expenses in the three months ended September 30, 2021. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for more information on our restructuring and reorganization costs.

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Interest Income, Interest Expense, Income Tax (Expense) Benefit, and Other (Expense) Income, Net

Three Months Ended September 30,Change
20222021DollarsPercentage
(in thousands, except percentages)
Interest income$1,174 $178 $996 560 %
Interest expense(5,359)(3,672)(1,687)46 
Income tax (expense) benefit(132)311 (443)(142)
Other (expense) income, net(905)4,128 (5,033)(122)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax (expense) benefit, and other (expense) income, net$(5,222)$945 $(6,167)(653)
Percentage of revenue
Interest income0.2 %0.0 %
Interest expense(0.9)(0.7)
Income tax (expense) benefit0.0 0.1 
Other (expense) income, net(0.2)0.8 
Interest income, interest expense, income tax (expense) benefit, and other (expense) income, net(0.9)%0.2 %

In the three months ended September 30, 2022, interest income, interest expense, income tax (expense) benefit, and other (expense) income, net decreased by $6.2 million as compared to the same period in 2021.

Interest expense increased by $1.7 million due primarily to use of our secured revolving credit facility and interest on our 2027 convertible senior notes. See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

We had an income tax expense rather than benefit, with a net decrease of $0.4 million. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

Other (expense) income, net decreased $5.0 million. In the three months ended September 30, 2021, we recorded the fair value of one of our investments, and had no such activity in the three months ended September 30, 2022.
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Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

Revenue

Nine Months Ended September 30,Change
20222021DollarsPercentage
(in thousands, except percentages)
Real estate services
Brokerage$610,904 $637,532 $(26,628)(4)%
Partner29,931 41,070 (11,139)(27)
Total real estate services640,835 678,602 (37,767)(6)
Properties942,022 503,588 438,434 87 
Rentals114,979 82,954 32,025 39 
Mortgage104,484 15,823 88,661 560 
Other17,341 10,261 7,080 69 
Intercompany elimination(14,883)(11,520)(3,363)29 
Total revenue$1,804,778 $1,279,708 $525,070 41 
Percentage of revenue
Real estate services
Brokerage33.8 %49.8 %
Partner1.7 3.2 
Total real estate services35.5 53.0 
Properties52.2 39.4 
Rentals6.4 6.5 
Mortgage5.8 1.2 
Other0.9 0.8 
Intercompany elimination(0.8)(0.9)
Total revenue100.0 %100.0 %

In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, revenue increased by $525.1 million, or 41%, as compared with the same period in 2021. Included in the increase was $115.0 million resulting from our acquisition of Rent., and there was $83.0 million of such revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Also included in the increase was $101.8 million resulting from our acquisition of Bay Equity, and there were no such revenues in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Excluding these revenues from Rent. and Bay Equity, this increase in revenue was primarily attributable to a $438.4 million increase in properties revenue. Properties revenue increased 87%, primarily driven by a 84% increase in RedfinNow homes sold and a 4% increase in revenue per RedfinNow home sold. These increases are largely due to our properties business's expansion. Brokerage revenue decreased by $26.6 million, and partner revenue decreased by $11.1 million. Brokerage revenue decreased 4% during the period, driven by a 6% decrease in brokerage transactions. This was partially offset by a 2% increase in brokerage revenue per transaction.

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Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin

Nine Months Ended September 30,
Change
20222021
Dollars
Percentage
(in thousands, except percentages)
Cost of revenue
Real estate services$488,114 $453,790 $34,324 8 %
Properties946,955 496,948 450,007 91 
Rentals23,769 14,965 8,804 59 
Mortgage95,616 19,406 76,210 393 
Other16,590 10,323 6,267 61 
Intercompany elimination(14,883)(11,520)(3,363)29 
Total cost of revenue$1,556,161 $983,912 $572,249 58 
Gross profit
Real estate services$152,721 $224,812 $(72,091)(32)%
Properties(4,933)6,640 (11,573)(174)
Rentals91,210 67,989 23,221 34 
Mortgage8,868 (3,583)12,451 (348)
Other751 (62)813 (1,311)
Total gross profit$248,617 $295,796 $(47,179)(16)
Gross margin (percentage of revenue)
Real estate services23.8 %33.1 %
Properties(0.5)1.3 
Rentals79.3 82.0 
Mortgage8.5 (22.6)
Other4.3 (0.6)
Total gross margin13.8 23.1 

In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, total cost of revenue increased by $572.2 million, or 58%, as compared with the same period in 2021. Included in the increase was $23.8 million resulting from our acquisition of Rent., and there were $15.0 million of such expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Also included in the increase was $87.3 million from our acquisition of Bay Equity, and there were no such expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Excluding these expenses from Rent. and Bay Equity, this increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributable to (1) a $415.6 million increase in home purchase costs and related capitalized improvements by our properties business, due to more RedfinNow homes being sold, and (2) a $44.1 million increase in personnel costs and transaction bonuses, due to increased headcount and increased brokerage transactions, respectively.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, total gross margin decreased 930 basis points as compared with the same period in 2021, driven primarily by the relative growth of our properties business compared to our real estate services and other businesses, and decreases in real estate services and properties gross margin. This was partially offset by the increase in mortgage and other gross margin.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, real estate services gross margin decreased 930 basis points as compared with the same period in 2021. This was primarily attributable to a 900 basis point increase in personnel costs and transaction bonuses as a percentage of revenue.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, properties gross margin decreased 180 basis points as compared with the same period in 2021. This was primarily attributable to a 310 basis point increase in home purchase and related capitalized improvements, including our lower of cost or net realizable value write-downs, as a percentage of revenue. This was partially offset by a 100 basis point decrease in personnel costs and transaction bonuses.

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In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, rentals gross margin decreased 270 basis points as compared with the same period in 2021. This was primarily attributable to a 200 basis point increase in personnel costs as a percentage of revenue due to expanded services.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, mortgage gross margin increased 3,110 basis points as compared with the same period in 2021. This was primarily attributable to a 2,500 basis point decrease in personnel costs and transaction bonuses as a percentage of revenue, driven by the performance of Bay Equity as compared to our prior mortgage business.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, other gross margin increased 490 basis points. This was primarily attributable to a 180 basis point decrease in outside services, and a 130 basis point decrease in office and occupancy expenses.

Operating Expenses

Nine Months Ended September 30,
Change
20222021DollarsPercentage
(in thousands, except percentages)
Technology and development$149,209 $112,824 $36,385 32 %
Marketing133,832 116,343 17,489 15 
General and administrative191,704 151,352 40,352 27 
Restructuring and reorganization18,670 — 18,670 n/a
Total operating expenses$493,415 $380,519 $112,896 30 
Percentage of revenue
Technology and development8.3 %8.8 %
Marketing7.4 9.1 
General and administrative10.6 11.8 
Restructuring and reorganization1.0 — 
Total operating expenses27.3 %29.7 %

In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, technology and development expenses increased by $36.4 million, or 32%, as compared with the same period in 2021. Included in the increase was $39.1 million resulting from our acquisition of Rent., and there were $26.1 million such expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Also included in the increase was $1.3 million resulting from our acquisition of Bay Equity, and there were no such expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Excluding these expenses from Rent. and Bay Equity, the increase was primarily attributable to a $16.6 million increase in personnel costs due to increased headcount.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, marketing expenses increased by $17.5 million, or 15%, as compared with the same period in 2021. Included in the increase was $36.8 million resulting from our acquisition of Rent., and there were $26.7 million such expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Also included in the increase was $3.4 million resulting from our acquisition of Bay Equity, and there were no such expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Excluding these expenses from Rent. and Bay Equity, the increase was primarily attributable to a $2.6 million increase in personnel costs due to increased headcount.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, general and administrative expenses increased by $40.4 million, or 27%, as compared with the same period in 2021. Included in the increase was $66.9 million resulting from our acquisition of Rent., and there were $46.1 million such expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Also included in the increase was $15.2 million resulting from our acquisition of Bay Equity, and there were no such expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Excluding these expenses from Rent. and Bay Equity, the increase was primarily attributable to a $9.0 million increase in personnel costs due to increased headcount, and a $4.1 million increase in internet-based software services. This was partially offset by a $6.4 million decrease in advertising campaign and contractor expenses for recruiting employees, and a $5.4 million decrease in acquisition transaction expenses.

45
In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, restructuring and reorganization expenses increased by $18.7 million, and there were no such expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. These expenses were attributable to $10.6 million in severance and other costs associated with our June 2022 workforce reduction, and $6.5 million in severance and other costs associated with our mortgage restructuring, and $1.5 million in severance costs associated with our rentals restructuring. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for more information on our restructuring and reorganization costs.

Interest Income, Interest Expense, Income Tax (Expense) Benefit, and Other (Expense) Income, Net

Nine Months Ended September 30,Change
20222021DollarsPercentage
(in thousands, except percentages)
Interest income$1,948 $472 $1,476 313 %
Interest expense(12,841)(7,822)(5,019)64 
Income tax (expense) benefit(425)5,363 (5,788)(108)
Other (expense) income, net(3,081)4,099 (7,180)(175)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax benefit, and other (expense) income, net$(14,399)$2,112 $(16,511)(782)
Percentage of revenue
Interest income0.1 %0.0 %
Interest expense(0.7)(0.6)
Income tax (expense) benefit0.0 0.4 
Other (expense) income, net(0.2)0.3 
Interest income, interest expense, income tax benefit, and other (expense) income, net(0.8)%0.2 %

In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, interest income, interest expense, income tax (expense) benefit, and other (expense) income, net decreased by $16.5 million as compared to the same period in 2021.

Interest expense increased by $5.0 million due primarily to use of our secured revolving credit facility and interest on our 2027 convertible senior notes. See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements for more information on these.

We had an income tax expense rather than benefit, with a net decrease of $5.8 million. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

Other (expense) income, net decreased $7.2 million. In the three months ended September 30, 2021, we recorded the fair value of one of our investments, and had no such activity in the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Segment Financial Information

The tables below present, for each of our reportable and other segments, financial information on a GAAP basis and adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our GAAP segment reporting.
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To supplement our consolidated financial statements that are prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP, we also compute and present adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe adjusted EBITDA is useful for investors because it enhances period-to-period comparability of our financial statements on a consistent basis and provides investors with useful insight into the underlying trends of the business. The presentation of this financial measure is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute of, or superior to, our financial information prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP. Our calculation of adjusted EBITDA may be different from adjusted EBITDA or similar non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies, limiting its usefulness for comparison purposes. Our adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 is presented below, along with a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net loss.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Real estate servicesPropertiesRentalsMortgageOtherCorporate Overhead and Intercompany EliminationsTotal
Revenue$211,540 $299,663 $38,686 $48,469 $7,079 $(4,920)$600,517 
Cost of revenue156,632 332,251 8,676 43,783 6,018 (4,920)542,440 
Gross profit54,908 (32,588)30,010 4,686 1,061 — 58,077 
Operating expenses
Technology and development25,709 4,728 15,385 985 751 505 48,063 
Marketing18,772 506 12,678 1,653 48 91 33,748 
General and administrative20,244 3,029 22,722 7,073 784 7,153 61,005 
Restructuring and reorganization— — — — — 284 284 
Total operating expenses64,725 8,263 50,785 9,711 1,583 8,033 143,100 
Loss from operations(9,817)(40,851)(20,775)(5,025)(522)(8,033)(85,023)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax expense, and other expense, net— (2,814)397 (129)40 (2,716)(5,222)
Net loss$(9,817)$(43,665)$(20,378)$(5,154)$(482)$(10,749)$(90,245)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Real estate servicesPropertiesRentalsMortgageOtherCorporate Overhead and Intercompany EliminationsTotal
Net loss$(9,817)$(43,665)$(20,378)$(5,154)$(482)$(10,749)$(90,245)
Interest income(1)
— (330)— (4,049)(42)(786)(5,207)
Interest expense(2)
— 3,140 — 3,364 — 2,215 8,719 
Income tax expense— — (355)141 — 346 132 
Depreciation and amortization4,388 642 9,683 1,053 241 291 16,298 
Stock-based compensation(3)
9,834 1,646 3,632 1,209 341 1,408 18,070 
Acquisition-related costs(4)
— — — — — 13 13 
Restructuring and reorganization(5)
— — — — — 284 284 
Impairment(6)
— — — — — 913 913 
Adjusted EBITDA$4,405 $(38,567)$(7,418)$(3,436)$58 $(6,065)$(51,023)

(1) Interest income includes $4.0 million of interest income related to originated mortgage loans for the three months ended September 30, 2022.
(2) Interest expense includes $3.4 million of interest expense related to our warehouse credit facilities for the three months ended September 30, 2022.
(3) Stock-based compensation consists of expenses related to stock options, restricted stock units, and our employee stock purchase program. See Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements for more information.
(4) Acquisition-related costs consist of fees for external advisory, legal, and other professional services incurred in connection with our acquisition of other companies.
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(5) Restructuring and reorganization expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs associated with employee terminations, furloughs, or retention due to the restructuring and reorganization activities from our acquisitions of Bay Equity and Rent., and from our June 2022 workforce reduction.
(6) Impairment consists of an impairment loss due to subleasing one of our operating leases.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
Real estate servicesPropertiesRentalsMortgageOtherCorporate Overhead and Intercompany EliminationsTotal
Revenue$257,795 $238,417 $40,406 $5,013 $3,193 $(4,750)$540,074 
Cost of revenue161,449 238,397 7,395 6,705 3,576 (4,750)412,772 
Gross profit96,346 20 33,011 (1,692)(383)— 127,302 
Operating expenses
Technology and development20,732 3,602 13,849 2,910 586 1,979 43,658 
Marketing33,894 645 14,113 149 42 300 49,143 
General and administrative18,383 2,258 23,264 2,334 533 7,623 54,395 
Total operating expenses73,009 6,505 51,226 5,393 1,161 9,902 147,196 
Income (loss) from operations23,337 (6,485)(18,215)(7,085)(1,544)(9,902)(19,894)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax expense, and other expense, net(56)(1,456)311 1 1 2,144 945 
Net income (loss)$23,281 $(7,941)$(17,904)$(7,084)$(1,543)$(7,758)$(18,949)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
Real estate servicesPropertiesRentalsMortgageOtherCorporate Overhead and Intercompany EliminationsTotal
Net income (loss)$23,281 $(7,941)$(17,904)$(7,084)$(1,543)$(7,758)$(18,949)
Interest income(1)
— (1)— (402)(1)(176)(580)
Interest expense(2)
— 1,456 — 399 — 2,216 4,071 
Income tax expense— — (311)— — — (311)
Depreciation and amortization3,470 530 9,189 427 181 488 14,285 
Stock-based compensation(3)
8,138 1,312 143 721 167 2,629 13,110 
Acquisition-related costs(4)
— — — — — 202 202 
Restructuring and reorganization(5)
— — — — — — — 
Adjusted EBITDA$34,889 $(4,644)$(8,883)$(5,939)$(1,196)$(2,399)$11,828 

(1) Interest income includes $0.4 million of interest income related to originated mortgage loans for the three months ended September 30, 2021.
(2) Interest expense includes $0.4 million of interest expense related to our warehouse credit facilities for the three months ended September 30, 2021.
(3) Stock-based compensation consists of expenses related to stock options, restricted stock units, and our employee stock purchase program. See Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements for more information.
(4) Acquisition-related costs consist of fees for external advisory, legal, and other professional services incurred in connection with our acquisition of other companies.
(5) Restructuring and reorganization expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs associated with employee terminations, furloughs, or retention due to the restructuring and reorganization activities from our acquisitions of Bay Equity and Rent., and from our June 2022 workforce reduction.


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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Real estate servicesPropertiesRentalsMortgageOtherCorporate Overhead and Intercompany EliminationsTotal
Revenue$640,835 $942,022 $114,979 $104,484 $17,341 $(14,883)$1,804,778 
Cost of revenue488,114 946,955 23,769 95,616 16,590 (14,883)1,556,161 
Gross profit152,721 (4,933)91,210 8,868 751 — 248,617 
Operating expenses
Technology and development80,144 13,531 44,539 5,236 2,975 2,784 149,209 
Marketing90,380 2,480 36,806 3,525 173 468 133,832 
General and administrative67,578 9,064 68,738 18,047 2,346 25,931 191,704 
Restructuring and reorganization— — — — — 18,670 18,670 
Total operating expenses238,102 25,075 150,083 26,808 5,494 47,853 493,415 
(Loss) income from operations(85,381)(30,008)(58,873)(17,940)(4,743)(47,853)(244,798)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax expense, and other expense, net(123)(5,682)1,098 (164)51 (9,579)(14,399)
Net (loss) income$(85,504)$(35,690)$(57,775)$(18,104)$(4,692)$(57,432)$(259,197)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Real estate servicesPropertiesRentalsMortgageOtherCorporate Overhead and Intercompany EliminationsTotal
Net loss$(85,504)$(35,690)$(57,775)$(18,104)$(4,692)$(57,432)$(259,197)
Interest income(1)
— (514)(1)(7,296)(55)(1,361)(9,227)
Interest expense(2)
— 6,192 — 5,599 — 6,642 18,433 
Income tax expense— — (789)174 — 1,040 425 
Depreciation and amortization12,957 1,783 28,550 2,425 814 909 47,438 
Stock-based compensation(3)
29,644 4,710 8,611 2,590 1,151 4,966 51,672 
Acquisition-related costs(4)
— — — — — 2,437 2,437 
Restructuring and reorganization(5)
— — — — — 18,670 18,670 
Impairment(6)
— — — — — 913 913 
Adjusted EBITDA$(42,903)$(23,519)$(21,404)$(14,612)$(2,782)$(23,216)$(128,436)

(1) Interest income includes $7.3 million of interest income related to originated mortgage loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
(2) Interest expense includes $5.6 million of interest expense related to our warehouse credit facilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
(3) Stock-based compensation consists of expenses related to stock options, restricted stock units, and our employee stock purchase program. See Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements for more information.
(4) Acquisition-related costs consist of fees for external advisory, legal, and other professional services incurred in connection with our acquisition of other companies.
(5) Restructuring and reorganization expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs associated with employee terminations, furloughs, or retention due to the restructuring and reorganization activities from our acquisitions of Bay Equity and Rent., and from our June 2022 workforce reduction.
(6) Impairment consists of an impairment loss due to subleasing one of our operating leases.
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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Real estate servicesPropertiesRentalsMortgageOtherCorporate Overhead and Intercompany EliminationsTotal
Revenue$678,602 $503,588 $82,954 $15,823 $10,261 $(11,520)$1,279,708 
Cost of revenue453,790 496,948 14,965 19,406 10,323 (11,520)983,912 
Gross profit224,812 6,640 67,989 (3,583)(62)— 295,796 
Operating expenses
Technology and development60,862 9,512 27,616 7,814 1,538 5,482 112,824 
Marketing86,823 1,423 26,724 413 105 855 116,343 
General and administrative60,813 6,765 46,413 5,686 1,466 30,209 151,352 
Total operating expenses208,498 17,700 100,753 13,913 3,109 36,546 380,519 
Loss from operations16,314 (11,060)(32,764)(17,496)(3,171)(36,546)(84,723)
Interest income, interest expense, income tax expense, and other expense, net(87)(2,538)523 2 2 4,210 2,112 
Net loss$16,227 $(13,598)$(32,241)$(17,494)$(3,169)$(32,336)$(82,611)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Real estate servicesPropertiesRentalsMortgageOtherCorporate Overhead and Intercompany EliminationsTotal
Net income (loss)$16,227 $(13,598)$(32,241)$(17,494)$(3,169)$(32,336)$(82,611)
Interest income(1)
— (8)— (1,174)(2)(459)(1,643)
Interest expense(2)
— 2,546 — 1,235 — 5,277 9,058 
Income tax expense— — (523)— — (4,840)(5,363)
Depreciation and amortization9,700 1,333 18,299 1,019 514 1,438 32,303 
Stock-based compensation(3)
25,699 3,686 317 2,165 508 7,063 39,438 
Acquisition-related costs(4)
— — — — — 7,925 7,925 
Restructuring and reorganization(5)
— — — — — — — 
Adjusted EBITDA$51,626 $(6,041)$(14,148)$(14,249)$(2,149)$(15,932)$(893)

(1) Interest income includes $1.2 million of interest income related to originated mortgage loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
(2) Interest expense includes $1.2 million of interest expense related to our warehouse credit facilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
(3) Stock-based compensation consists of expenses related to stock options, restricted stock units, and our employee stock purchase program. See Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements for more information.
(4) Acquisition-related costs consist of fees for external advisory, legal, and other professional services incurred in connection with our acquisition of other companies.
(5) Restructuring and reorganization expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs associated with employee terminations, furloughs, or retention due to the restructuring and reorganization activities from our acquisitions of Bay Equity and Rent., and from our June 2022 workforce reduction.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of September 30, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $359.7 million and investments of $152.0 million, which consist primarily of operating cash on deposit with financial institutions, money market instruments, U.S. treasury securities, and agency bonds.

Also as of September 30, 2022, we had $1,259.8 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes outstanding across three issuances maturing between July 15, 2023 and April 1, 2027. See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements for our obligations to pay semi-annual interest and to repay any outstanding amounts at the notes' maturity.

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Also as of September 30, 2022, we had 40,000 shares of convertible preferred stock outstanding. See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements for our obligations to pay quarterly interest and to redeem any outstanding shares on November 30, 2024.

With respect to the cash outlay for our properties business, for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, we relied on (i) a combination of our cash on hand and borrowings from a secured revolving credit facility to fund home purchase prices and (ii) solely on our cash on hand to fund capitalized improvement costs and home maintenance expenses. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements for more information on our home purchases during the quarter ended September 30, 2022 and our home purchase commitments as of September 30, 2022. See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements for more information regarding the secured revolving credit facility and the section titled "Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A in this quarterly report for a discussion of additional risks related to the secured revolving credit facility.

Our mortgage business has significant cash requirements due to the period of time between its origination of a mortgage loan and the sale of that loan. We have relied on warehouse credit facilities with different lenders to fund substantially the entire portion of the mortgage loans that our mortgage business originates. Once our mortgage business sells a loan in the secondary mortgage market, we use the proceeds to reduce the outstanding balance under the related facility. See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our warehouse credit facilities and the section titled "Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A in this quarterly report for a discussion of additional risks related to our warehouse credit facilities.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and investments, together with cash we expect to generate from future operations, and borrowings from our secured revolving credit facility (if available) and our warehouse credit facilities, will provide sufficient liquidity to meet our operational needs, repay all outstanding borrowings under our secured revolving credit facility in the event of a termination, satisfy commitments by our properties business to purchase homes, and fulfill our payment obligations with respect to our convertible senior notes and convertible preferred stock. However, our liquidity assumptions may change or prove to be incorrect, and we could exhaust our available financial resources sooner than we currently expect. As a result, we may seek new sources of credit financing or elect to raise additional funds through equity, equity-linked, or debt financing arrangements. We cannot assure you that any additional financing will be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

Our title and settlement business and our mortgage business each holds cash in escrow that we do not record on our consolidated balance sheets. See Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements for more information regarding these amounts.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

Nine Months Ended September 30,
20222021
(in thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities$(148,489)$(414,121)
Net cash used in investing activities(181,109)(562,862)
Net cash provided by financing activities15,098 668,412 

Net Cash Used In Operating Activities

Our operating cash flows result primarily from cash generated by commissions paid to us from our real estate services business, sales of homes from our properties business, and subscription-based product offerings from our rentals business. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities include payments for personnel-related costs, including employee benefits and bonus programs, marketing and advertising activities, purchases of homes for our properties business, office and occupancy costs, and outside services costs. Additionally, our mortgage business generates a significant amount operating cash flow activity from the origination and sale of loans held for sale.

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Net cash used in operating activities was $148.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily attributable to (i) our net loss of $259.2 million, (ii) $121.7 million of non-cash items related to stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, amortization of debt discounts and issuances costs, lease expense related to right-of-use assets, impairment costs, and other non-cash items, and (iii) changes in assets and liabilities, which decreased cash provided by operating activities by $11.0 million. The primary uses of cash related to changes in our assets and liabilities were a $57.0 million decrease in inventory related to our properties business and a $26.1 million decrease in accounts payable and accrued and other liabilities related to the timing of vendor payments and payroll related expenses.

Net cash used in operating activities was $414.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, primarily attributable to a net loss of $82.6 million, offset by $80.3 million of non-cash items related to stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, amortization of debt discounts and issuances costs, lease expense related to right-of-use assets, and other non-cash items. Changes in assets and liabilities decreased cash provided by operating activities by $411.8 million. The primary sources of cash related to changes in our assets and liabilities were a $23.6 million increase in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities related to the timing of vendor payments and payroll related expenses. The primary use of cash related to changes in our assets and liabilities was a $386.0 million increase in inventory related to our properties business. The increase in inventory was largely due to our properties business’s expansion.

Net Cash Used In Investing Activities

Our primary investing activities include the purchase, sale, and maturity of investments and purchases of property and equipment, primarily related to capitalized software development expenses and computer equipment and software.

Net cash used in investing activities was $181.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily attributable to the net cash paid for our acquisition of Bay Equity of $97.3 million, $66.3 million in net investments in U.S. government securities, and $13.1 million of capitalized software development expenses.

Net cash used in investing activities was $562.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, primarily attributable to cash paid for our acquisition of Rent. of $608.0 million, $65.7 million in net investments in U.S. government securities, and $10.4 million of capitalized software development expenses.

Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities

Our primary financing activities have come from (i) our initial public offering in August 2017, (ii) sales of our common stock and 2023 notes in July 2018, our common stock and convertible preferred stock in April 2020, our 2025 notes in October 2020, and our 2027 notes in March 2021, and (iii) the sale of our common stock pursuant to stock option exercises and our ESPP. Additionally, we generate a significant amount of financing cash flow activity due to borrowings from and repayments to our warehouse credit facilities and our secured revolving credit facility.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $15.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, attributable to a $2.6 million increase in net borrowings under our secured revolving credit facility and a $10.9 million increase in net borrowings under our warehouse credit facilities.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $668.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, primarily attributable to $498.9 million in net proceeds from the issuance of our 2027 notes offering including the purchase of capped calls related to those notes, and a $175.7 million increase in net borrowings under our secured revolving credit facility.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, revenue, and expenses at the date of the financial statements. Generally, we base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions in accordance with GAAP that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Critical accounting policies and estimates are those that we consider the most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations because they require our most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Based on this definition, we have identified the critical accounting policies and estimates addressed below. In addition, we have other key accounting policies and estimates that are described in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Our key revenue components are brokerage revenue, partner revenue, properties revenue, rentals revenue, mortgage revenue, and other revenue. Of these, we consider the most critical of our revenue recognition policies to be those related to commissions and fees charged on brokerage transactions closed by our lead agents, and from the sale of homes. We recognize commission-based brokerage revenue upon closing of a brokerage transaction, less the amount of any commission refunds, closing-cost reductions, or promotional offers that may result in a material right. We determined that brokerage revenue primarily contains a single performance obligation that is satisfied upon the closing of a transaction, at which point the entire transaction price is earned. We evaluate our brokerage contracts and promotional pricing to determine if there are any additional material rights and allocate the transaction price based on standalone selling prices.

Properties revenue is earned when we sell homes that were previously bought directly from homeowners. Our contracts with customers contain a single performance obligation that is satisfied upon a transaction closing. Properties revenue is recorded at closing on a gross basis, representing the sales price of the home.

Rentals revenue is primarily recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract, which is generally less than one year. Revenue is presented net of sales allowances, which are not material.

Mortgage revenue is recognized (1) when an interest rate lock commitment is made to a customer, adjusted for a pull-through percentage, (2) for origination fees, when the purchase or refinance of a loan is complete, and (3) when the fair value of our interest rate lock commitments, forward sale commitments, and loans held for sale are recorded at current market quotes.

We have utilized the practical expedient in ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and elected not to capitalize contract costs for contracts with customers with durations less than one year. We do not have significant remaining performance obligations or contract balances.

See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our revenue recognition policy.

Acquired Intangible Assets and Goodwill

We recognize separately identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Determining the fair value of the intangible assets acquired requires management’s judgment, often utilizes third-party valuation specialists, and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions with respect to the timing and amounts of future cash flows, discount rates, replacement costs, and asset lives, among other estimates.

The judgments made in the determination of the estimated fair value assigned to the intangible assets acquired and the estimated useful life of each asset could significantly impact our consolidated financial statements in periods after the acquisition, such as through depreciation and amortization expense.

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We evaluate intangible assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that they may not be recoverable. We measure recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of an asset group to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to impairment testing. We assess the impairment of goodwill on an annual basis, during the fourth quarter, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. We assess goodwill for possible impairment by performing a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we qualitatively determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then no additional impairment steps are necessary.

See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for a summary of our valuation of the Bay Equity intangible assets, along with their estimated useful lives.

Inventory

Our inventory represents homes purchased with the intent of resale and are accounted for under the specific identification method. Direct home acquisition and improvement costs are capitalized and tracked directly with each specific home. Homes are stated in inventory at cost and are reviewed on a home by home basis. When evidence exists that the net realizable value of a home is lower than its cost, we recognize the difference as a loss in the period in which it occurs. In determining net realizable value, management must use judgment and estimates, including assessment of readily available market value indicators such as the Redfin Estimate and other third-party home value indicators, assessment of a current listing or pending offer price if either are available, and the value of any improvements made to the home. If a home's estimated market value is less than the inventory cost then the home is written down to net realizable value. As of September 30, 2022, we wrote down our inventory by $18.3 million, described in further detail in Note 16, and further material adjustments may be required in the future due to changing market conditions, natural disasters, or other forces outside of our control.

See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements for a summary of our inventory categories and any write-downs.

Business Combinations

The results of businesses acquired in a business combination are included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. We record assets and liabilities of an acquired business at their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. Any excess consideration over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill.

The purchase price allocation process requires our management to make significant estimates and assumptions. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates made are reasonable, they are inherently uncertain and based in part on experience, market conditions, projections of future performance, and information obtained from legacy management of acquired companies. Critical estimates include but are not limited to:
•future revenue, cost of revenue and operating margin projections,
•discount rates,
•terminal growth rate; and
•market data of comparable guideline companies.

See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for a summary of our business combinations activities.

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Recent Accounting Standards

For information on recent accounting standards, see Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements.
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Item 3. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Our primary operations are within the United States and Canada. We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks primarily consist of fluctuations in interest rates.

Interest Rate Risk

Our investment policy allows us to maintain a portfolio of cash equivalents and investments in a variety of securities, including U.S. treasury and agency issues, bank certificates of deposit that are 100% insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and SEC-registered money market funds that consist of a minimum of $1 billion in assets and meet the above requirements. The goals of our investment policy are liquidity and capital preservation. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.

As of September 30, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $359.7 million and investments of $152.0 million. Our investments are comprised of available-for-sale securities that consist primarily of U.S. treasury securities with maturities of two years or less. We believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of these assets as a result of changes in interest rates due to the relatively short-term nature and risk profile of our portfolio. Declines in interest rates, however, would reduce future investment income. Assuming no change in our outstanding cash, cash equivalents, and investments during the third quarter of 2022, a hypothetical 10% change in interest rates, occurring during and sustained throughout that quarter, would not have a material impact on our financial results for that quarter.

We are exposed to interest rate risk on our mortgage loans held for sale and IRLCs associated with our mortgage loan origination services. We manage this interest rate risk through the use of forward sales commitments on both a best effort whole loans basis and on a mandatory basis. Forward sales commitments entered into on a mandatory basis are done through the use of commitments to sell mortgage-backed securities. We do not enter into or hold derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. The fair value of our IRLCs and forward sales commitments are reflected in other current assets and accrued liabilities, as applicable, with changes in the fair value of these commitments recognized as revenue. The net fair value change for the periods presented were not material. See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements for a summary of the fair value of our forward sales commitments and our IRLCs as of September 30, 2022.

We are subject to interest rate risk on borrowings under our secured revolving credit facility. See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements for a description of this facility. Changes in the market interest rate will increase or decrease our interest expense. Assuming no change in the outstanding borrowings under the facility during the third quarter of 2022, a hypothetical 10% change in interest rates, occurring during and sustained throughout that quarter, would not have a material impact on our financial results for that quarter.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

As our operations in Canada have been limited, and we do not maintain a significant balance of foreign currency, we do not currently face significant foreign currency exchange rate risk.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive and principal financial officers, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive and principal financial officers have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level described below.

Changes in Internal Control

In connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2022 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

See "Legal Proceedings" under Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our material, pending legal proceedings.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Except as discussed below, there have not been any material changes from the risk factors included in Item 1A of our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2021. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all other information in this quarterly report, before investing in any of our securities. The occurrence of any single risk or any combination of risks could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, liquidity, or competitive position, and consequently, the value of our securities. The material adverse effects include, but are not limited to, not growing our revenue or market share at the pace that they have grown historically or at all, our revenue and market share fluctuating on a quarterly and annual basis, an extension of our history of losses and a failure to become profitable, not achieving the revenue and net income (loss) guidance that we provide, and harm to our reputation and brand.

Our wind-down plan for our RedfinNow operations may adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial performance, and reputation.

There are risks and uncertainties inherent to the wind-down of RedfinNow operations that could adversely impact our overall business, results of operations, financial performance, and reputation, including, but not limited to:
•Our ability to operate RedfinNow during the wind-down period, including our ability to complete the purchase of homes we are contractually obligated to purchase and renovate, and to market and close on the sale of homes in inventory, may be adversely impacted by disruptions in relationships with customers, suppliers, vendors, broker partners, contractors, utility providers, employees, lenders, real estate investment trusts, and consumers, which may lead to longer hold times for homes in inventory, increased holding, renovation, and transactions costs, lower sales prices, and an overall decrease in profitability.
•Our financial projections and financial performance may be adversely impacted by, among other things, the accuracy of the estimates and assumptions related to the wind-down of RedfinNow operations on which our projections are based; other facts we discover that could require us to incur additional expense and record additional charges that may be materially different from our initial expectations about the financial performance of the business and the costs of the wind-down; and unanticipated changes to management’s estimates (including, but not limited to, the accounting for the estimated net realizable value of inventory), reserves, or allowances and future costs we incur, such as those related to warranty or consumer claims.
•Our wind-down of RedfinNow may create unintended staffing challenges, including impacting workforce morale, impacting our ability to recruit going forward, and result in failure to retain key employees, partners, and critical functions during the wind-down period and beyond. This could, among other things, negatively impact our ability to operate other non-RedfinNow business lines, corporate functions, or critical technology systems, and our ability to maintain necessary state broker or entity-level licenses and manage renovations, transactions, and closings and support other critical functions necessary to maintain RedfinNow operations through the wind-down period and the broader company going forward.
•Our decision to wind-down our RedfinNow operations may have unintended impacts on our other business lines by, among other things, limiting our ability to meet new potential homebuyers and home sellers through marketing cash offers fulfilled by RedfinNow, limiting, and ultimately eliminating, the sale of RedfinNow-owned homes through our real estate services segment, and similarly impacting our title and settlement operations.
•We primarily utilize our secured revolving credit facility to finance the purchase of homes through RedfinNow. Our wind-down of RedfinNow operations may adversely impact our access to and the ongoing availability of financing on acceptable terms, which could require us to utilize cash and current investments to finance the purchase of homes we are contractually obligated to purchase.

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The extent to which the wind-down will impact our operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. Any of these risks could delay our wind-down of RedfinNow operations, increase costs and charges associated with the wind-down and disrupt the operations of our other businesses, any of which may adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial performance, and reputation.

A disruption in the secondary mortgage loan market or if Bay Equity becomes unable to sell the mortgage loans that it originates could adversely affect our business.

Demand in the secondary market for mortgage loans, and Bay Equity’s ability to sell the mortgage loans that it originates on favorable terms and in a timely manner, can be hindered by many factors, including changes in regulatory requirements, the willingness of the agencies, aggregators, or other investors to provide funding for and purchase mortgage loans, and general economic conditions. If Bay Equity cannot continue to sell mortgage loans that it originates on favorable terms to government-sponsored enterprises or other loan purchasers, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

A substantial portion of our mortgage business’s assets are measured at fair value. If our estimates of fair value are inaccurate, we may be required to record a significant write down of our assets.

Bay Equity’s MSRs, interest rate lock commitments, and mortgage loans held for sale are recorded at fair value on our balance sheet. Fair value determinations require many assumptions and complex analyses, and we cannot control many of the underlying factors. If our estimates are incorrect, we could be required to write down the value of these assets, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

In particular, our estimates of the fair value of Bay Equity’s MSRs are based on the cash flows projected to result from the servicing of the related mortgage loans and continually fluctuate due to a number of factors, including estimated discount rate, the cost of servicing, objective portfolio characteristics, contractual service fees, default rates, prepayment rates and other market conditions that affect the number of loans that ultimately become delinquent or are repaid or refinanced. These estimates are calculated by a third party using financial models that account for a high number of variables that drive cash flows associated with MSRs and anticipate changes in those variables over the life of the MSR. The accuracy of our estimates of the fair value of our MSRs are dependent on the reasonableness of the results of such models and the variables and assumptions that are built into them. If prepayment speeds or loan delinquencies are higher than anticipated, or other factors perform worse than modeled, the recorded value of certain of our MSRs may decrease, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Bay Equity relies on its warehouse credit facilities to fund the mortgage loans that it originates. If one or more of those facilities were to become unavailable, Bay Equity may be unable to find replacement financing on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and this could adversely affect its ability to originate additional mortgage loans.

Bay Equity relies on borrowings from warehouse credit facilities to fund substantially all of the mortgage loans that it originates. To grow its business, Bay Equity depends, in part, on having sufficient borrowing capacity under its current facilities or obtaining additional borrowing capacity under new facilities. A current facility may become unavailable if Bay Equity fails to comply with its ongoing obligations under the facility, including failing to satisfy applicable financial covenants, or if it cannot agree with the lender on terms to renew the facility. New facilities may not be available on terms acceptable to us. If Bay Equity were unable to secure sufficient borrowing capacity through its warehouse credit facilities, then it may need to rely on our cash on hand to originate mortgage loans. If this cash were unavailable, then Bay Equity may be unable to maintain or increase the amount of mortgage loans that it originates, which will adversely affect its growth.


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Item 5. Other Information.

On October 17, 2022, our board of directors authorized spending up to a maximum amount of $250 million to repurchase and retire a portion of our convertible notes for cash through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, block trades, or 10b5-1 plans. Whether to make any repurchases, and the timing, volume, and nature of any such repurchases will be determined by our management on an opportunistic basis related to the market price of the notes, the capital needs of the business, market conditions, and other factors. The repurchase program has no expiration date and will continue until otherwise suspended, terminated, or modified at any time for any reason by our board of directors. We currently expect to fund the repurchase program from our existing cash balance and future cash flows from operations.



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Table of Contents
Item 6. Exhibits.

The exhibits required to be filed or furnished as part of this Quarterly Report are listed below. Notwithstanding any language to the contrary, exhibits 32.1, 32.2, 101, and 104 shall not be deemed to be filed as part of this Quarterly Report for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number
Exhibit DescriptionFormExhibitFiling DateFiled or Furnished Herewith
10.1X
31.1X
31.2X
32.1X
32.2X
101Interactive data filesX
104Cover page interactive data file, submitted using inline XBRL (contained in Exhibit 101)X
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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Redfin Corporation
(Registrant)
November 9, 2022
/s/ Glenn Kelman
(Date)
Glenn Kelman
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Duly Authorized Officer)
November 9, 2022
/s/ Chris Nielsen
(Date)
Chris Nielsen
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

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