Texas Capital Bancshares - 10-K annual report 2015

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The disclosures set forth in this item are qualified by Item 1A. Risk Factors and the section captioned “Forward-Looking Statements” in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this report and other cautionary statements set forth elsewhere in this report.

Texas Capital Bancshares, Inc. (“we”, “us” or the “Company”), a Delaware corporation organized in 1996, is the parent of Texas Capital Bank, National Association (the “Bank”). The Company is a registered bank holding company and a financial holding company.

The Bank is headquartered in Dallas, with primary banking offices in Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston and San Antonio, the five largest metropolitan areas of Texas. All of our business activities are conducted through the Bank. We have focused on organic growth, maintenance of credit quality and recruiting and retaining experienced bankers with strong personal and professional relationships in their communities.

We serve the needs of commercial businesses and successful professionals and entrepreneurs located in Texas as well as operate several lines of business serving a regional or national clientele of commercial borrowers. We are primarily a secured lender, with a majority of our loans being made to businesses headquartered or with operations in Texas. At the same time our national lines of business continue to provide specialized lending products to businesses throughout the United States. We have benefitted from the success of our business model since inception, producing strong loan growth and favorable loss experience amidst a challenging environment for banking nationally.

We have grown substantially in both size and profitability since our formation. The table below sets forth data regarding the growth of key areas of our business from 2011 through 2015 (in thousands):

The following table provides information about the growth of our loans held for investment ("LHI") portfolio by type of loan from 2011 through 2015 (in thousands):

The Texas market for banking services is highly competitive. Texas’ largest banking organizations are headquartered outside of Texas and are controlled by out-of-state organizations. We also compete with other providers of financial services, such as savings and loan associations, credit unions, consumer finance companies, securities firms, insurance companies, commercial finance and leasing companies, full service brokerage firms and discount brokerage firms. We believe that many middle market companies and successful professionals and entrepreneurs are interested in banking with a company headquartered in, and with decision-making authority based in, Texas and with established Texas bankers who have the expertise to act as trusted advisors to customers with regard to their banking needs.

Our banking centers in our target markets are served by experienced bankers with lending expertise in the specific industries found in their market areas and established community ties. We believe our Bank can offer customers more responsive and personalized service than our competitors. If we provide effective service to these customers, we believe we will be able to establish long-term relationships and provide multiple products to our customers, thereby enhancing our profitability.

While the Texas market continues to be central to the growth and success of our company, we have developed several lines of business, including our mortgage finance, mortgage correspondent aggregation, homebuilder finance, insurance premium finance and lender finance lines of business, that offer specialized loan and deposit products to businesses regionally and throughout the country. We believe this helps us mitigate our geographic concentration risk in Texas.

In the third quarter of 2015, we launched a correspondent lending program, mortgage correspondent aggregation ("MCA"), to complement our mortgage finance warehouse lending program. Through our MCA program we commit to purchase residential mortgage loans from independent correspondent lenders and deliver those loans into the secondary market via whole loan sales to independent third parties or in securitization transactions to government sponsored enterprises such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae.

Drawing on the business and community ties of our management and their banking experience, our strategy is to continue building an independent bank that focuses primarily on middle market business customers and successful professionals and entrepreneurs in each of the five major metropolitan markets of Texas as well as our national lines of business. To achieve this, we seek to implement the following strategies:

We offer a variety of loan, deposit account and other financial products and services to our customers.

We target our lending to middle market businesses and successful professionals and entrepreneurs that meet our credit standards. The credit standards are set by our standing Credit Policy Committee with the assistance of our Bank’s Chief Credit Officer, who is charged with ensuring that credit standards are met by loans in our portfolio. Our Credit Policy Committee is comprised of senior Bank officers including our Bank’s Chief Executive Officer and President, our Texas President/Chief Lending Officer, our Bank's Chief Risk Officer and our Bank’s Chief Credit Officer. We believe we maintain an appropriately diversified loan portfolio. Credit policies and underwriting guidelines are tailored to address the unique risks associated with each industry represented in the portfolio.

Our credit standards for commercial borrowers reference numerous criteria with respect to the borrower, including historical and projected financial information, strength of management, acceptable collateral and associated advance rates, and market conditions and trends in the borrower’s industry. In addition, prospective loans are also analyzed based on current industry concentrations in our loan portfolio to prevent an unacceptable concentration of loans in any particular industry. We believe our credit standards are consistent with achieving business objectives in the markets we serve and will generally mitigate a portion of our risk. We believe that we differentiate our Bank from its competitors by focusing on and aggressively marketing to our core customers and fitting our products to their individual needs.

We generally extend variable rate loans in which the interest rate fluctuates with a specified reference rate such as the United States prime rate or the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and frequently provide for a minimum floor rate. Our use of variable rate loans is designed to protect us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations since the rates of interest earned will automatically reflect such fluctuations.

We offer a variety of deposit products and services to our core customers upon terms, including interest rates, which are competitive with other banks. Our business deposit products include commercial checking accounts, lockbox accounts, cash concentration accounts and other treasury management services, including on-line data and server access. Our treasury management on-line system offers information services, wire transfer initiation, ACH initiation, account transfer and service integration. Our consumer deposit products include checking accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts and certificates of deposit. We also allow our consumer deposit customers to access their accounts, transfer funds, pay bills and perform other account functions over the Internet and through ATM machines.

Our wealth management and trust services include investment management, personal trust and estate services, custodial services, retirement accounts and related services. Our investment management professionals work with our clients to define objectives, goals and strategies for their investment portfolios. We assist the customer with the selection of an investment manager and work with the client to tailor the investment program accordingly. We also offer retirement products such as individual retirement accounts and administrative services for retirement vehicles such as pension and profit sharing plans.

We established a branch of our Bank in the Cayman Islands in 2003 which was closed during 2015. Deposits maintained at our Cayman Islands branch originated with our domestic U.S. customer relationships. Deposits at the branch at December 31, 2014 were $312.7 million.

The following discussion summarizes certain laws and regulations to which we and our Bank are subject. It does not address all applicable laws and regulations that affect us currently or might affect us in the future. This discussion is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full texts of the laws, regulations and policies described.

The Company’s activities are governed by the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (“BHCA”). We are subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”) pursuant to the BHCA. We file quarterly reports and other information with the Federal Reserve. We file reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and are subject to its regulation with respect to our securities, reporting and certain governance matters, including matters submitted for stockholder approval. Our securities are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, and we are subject to Nasdaq rules for listed companies.

Our Bank is organized as a national banking association under the National Bank Act, and is subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”), the FDIC and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) as well as being subject to regulation by certain other federal and state agencies. The OCC has primary supervisory responsibility for our Bank and performs a continuous program of examinations concerning safety and soundness, the quality of management and directors, information technology and compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Our Bank files quarterly reports of condition and income with the FDIC, which provides insurance for certain of our Bank’s deposits. The CFPB has regulation, supervision and examination authority over our Bank with respect to substantially all federal statutes protecting the interests of consumers of financial services.

We are not at this time exercising this authority at the parent company level. We, through our Bank, engage in traditional banking activities that are deemed financial in nature. In order for us to undertake new activities permitted by the BHCA, we and our Bank must be considered "well capitalized" (as defined below) and well managed, our Bank must have received a rating of at least satisfactory in its most recent examination under the Community Reinvestment Act and we would be required to notify the Federal Reserve within thirty days of engaging in the new activity.

Under Federal Reserve policy, now codified by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ("Dodd-Frank Act"), we are expected to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to our Bank and commit resources to its support. Such support may be required at times when, absent this Federal Reserve policy, a holding company may not be inclined to provide it. We could in certain circumstances be required to guarantee the capital plan of our Bank if it became undercapitalized.

It is the policy of the Federal Reserve that financial holding companies may pay cash dividends on common stock only out of income available over the past year and only if prospective earnings retention is consistent with the organization’s expected future needs and financial condition. The policy provides that financial holding companies may not pay cash dividends in an amount that would undermine the holding company’s ability to serve as a source of strength to its banking subsidiary.

With certain limited exceptions, the BHCA prohibits a person or company or a group of persons deemed to be “acting in concert” from, directly or indirectly, acquiring more than 10% (5% if the acquirer is a bank holding company) of any class of our voting stock or obtaining the ability to control in any manner the election of a majority of our directors or otherwise direct the management or policies of our company without prior notice or application to and the approval of the Federal Reserve.

If, in the opinion of the applicable federal bank regulatory authorities, a depository institution or holding company is engaged in or is about to engage in an unsafe or unsound practice (which could include the payment of dividends), such authority may require, generally after notice and hearing, that such institution or holding company cease and desist such practice. The federal banking agencies have indicated that paying dividends that deplete a depository institution’s or holding company’s capital base to an inadequate level would be such an unsafe or unsound banking practice. Moreover, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC have issued policy statements providing that financial holding companies and insured depository institutions generally should only pay dividends out of current operating earnings.

An organization’s capital is classified in one of two tiers, Core Capital, or Tier 1, and Supplementary Capital, or Tier 2. Tier 1 capital includes common stock, retained earnings, qualifying non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, minority interests in the equity of consolidated subsidiaries, a limited amount of qualifying trust preferred securities and qualifying cumulative perpetual preferred stock at the holding company level, less goodwill and most intangible assets. Tier 2 capital includes perpetual preferred stock and trust preferred securities not meeting the Tier 1 definition, mandatory convertible debt securities, subordinated debt, and allowances for loan and lease losses. Each category is subject to a number of regulatory definitional and qualifying requirements.

The Basel Committee in 2010 released a set of recommendations for strengthening international capital and liquidity regulation of banking organizations, known as Basel III. In July 2013, the Federal Reserve published final rules for the adoption of the Basel III regulatory capital framework (the “Basel III Capital Rules”). The Basel III Capital Rules became effective for us on January 1, 2015, with certain transition provisions phasing in over a period ending on January 1, 2019.

The Basel III Capital Rules, among other things, (i) specified a capital measure called “Common Equity Tier 1” (“CET1”), (ii) specified that Tier 1 capital consists of CET1 and “Additional Tier 1 capital” instruments meeting specified requirements, (iii) narrowed the definition of CET1 by requiring that most deductions/adjustments to regulatory capital measures be made to CET1 and not to the other components of capital and (iv) expanded the scope of the deductions/adjustments to the capital measures as compared to prior regulations. Our Series A 6.5% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock constitutes Additional Tier 1 capital and our subordinated notes constitute Tier 2 capital.

Because we had less than $15 billion in total consolidated assets as of December 31, 2009, we are allowed to continue to classify our trust preferred securities, all of which were issued prior to May 19, 2010, as Tier 1 capital. We have elected to exclude the effects of accumulated other comprehensive income items included in stockholders’ equity from the determination of capital ratios under the Basel III Capital Rules.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (“FDICIA”) sets forth five capital categories for insured depository institutions under the prompt corrective action regulations:

Federal bank regulatory agencies are required to implement arrangements for “prompt corrective action” for institutions failing to meet minimum requirements to be at least adequately capitalized. FDICIA imposes an increasingly stringent array of restrictions, requirements and prohibitions as an organization’s capital levels deteriorate. An adequately capitalized institution may not accept or roll over brokered deposits without an FDIC waiver. A significantly undercapitalized institution is subject to mandated capital raising activities, restrictions on interest rates paid and transactions with affiliates, removal of management and other restrictions. The OCC has only very limited discretion in dealing with a critically undercapitalized institution and is virtually required to appoint a receiver or conservator (the FDIC) if the capital deficiency is not corrected promptly.

Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (“FDIA”), “critically undercapitalized” banks may not, beginning 60 days after becoming critically undercapitalized, make any payment of principal or interest on their subordinated debt (subject to certain limited exceptions). In addition, under Section 18(i) of the FDIA, banks are required to obtain the advance consent of the FDIC to retire any part of their subordinated notes. Under the FDIA, a bank may not pay interest on its subordinated notes if such interest is required to be paid only out of net profits, or distribute any of its capital assets, while it remains in default on any assessment due to the FDIC.

Federal bank regulators may set capital requirements for a particular banking organization that are higher than the minimum ratios when circumstances warrant. Federal Reserve and OCC guidelines provide that banking organizations experiencing significant growth or making acquisitions will be expected to maintain strong capital positions substantially above the minimum supervisory levels, without significant reliance on intangible assets. Concentration of credit risks arising from non-traditional activities, as well as an institution’s ability to manage these risks, are important factors taken into account by regulatory agencies in assessing an organization’s overall capital adequacy.

The OCC and the Federal Reserve also use a leverage ratio as an additional tool to evaluate the capital adequacy of banking organizations. The leverage ratio is a company’s Tier 1 capital divided by its average total consolidated assets. A minimum leverage ratio of 3.0% is required for banks and bank holding companies that either have the highest supervisory rating or have implemented the appropriate federal regulatory authority’s risk-adjusted measure for market risk. All other banks and bank holding companies are required to maintain a minimum leverage ratio of 4.0%, unless a different minimum is specified by an appropriate regulatory authority. In order to be considered well capitalized the leverage ratio must be at least 5.0%.

The risk-based and leverage capital ratios established by federal banking regulators are minimum supervisory ratios generally applicable to banking organizations that meet specified criteria, assuming that they otherwise have received the highest regulatory ratings in their most recent examinations. Banking organizations not meeting these criteria are expected to operate with capital positions in excess of the minimum ratios. Regulators can, from time to time, change their policies or interpretations of banking practices to require changes in risk weights, which may require the Bank to obtain additional capital to support future growth or reduce asset balances in order to meet minimum acceptable capital ratios.

The other test, referred to as the net stable funding ratio (“NSFR”), is designed to promote more medium- and long-term funding of the assets and activities of banking entities over a one-year time horizon. These requirements are predicted to encourage the covered banking entities to increase their holdings of U.S. Treasury securities and other sovereign debt as a component of assets, and also to increase the use of long-term debt as a funding source. Regulators may change capital and liquidity requirements, including previous interpretations of practices related to risk weights, which could require an increase to the allocation of capital to assets held by our Bank. Regulators could also require us to make retroactive adjustments to financial statements and reported capital ratios to reflect such changes.

The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act also modifies other current financial laws, including laws related to financial privacy. The financial privacy provisions generally prohibit financial institutions, including us, from disclosing non-public personal financial information to non-affiliated third parties unless customers have the opportunity to “opt out” of the disclosure.

emphasis on these requirements, we will continue to expend significant staffing, technology and financial resources to maintain programs designed to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations and an effective audit function for testing our compliance with the Bank Secrecy Act on an ongoing basis.

Enforcement actions against us, our Bank and our officers and directors may include the issuance of a written directive, the issuance of a cease-and-desist order that can be judicially enforced, the imposition of civil money penalties, the issuance of directives to increase capital, the issuance of formal and informal agreements, the issuance of removal and prohibition orders against institution-affiliated parties, the imposition of restrictions and sanctions under prompt corrective action provisions, the termination of deposit insurance (in the case of our Bank) and the appointment of a conservator or receiver for our Bank. Civil money penalties can be as high as $1.0 million for each day a violation continues.

We are subject to restrictions on extensions of credit to executive officers, directors, principal stockholders and their related interests. These restrictions are contained in the Federal Reserve Act and Federal Reserve Regulation O and apply to all insured institutions as well as their subsidiaries and holding companies. These restrictions include limits on loans to one borrower and conditions that must be met before such loans can be made. There is also an aggregate limitation on all loans to insiders and their related interests, which cannot exceed the institution’s total unimpaired capital and surplus, unless the FDIC determines that a lesser amount is appropriate. Insiders are subject to enforcement actions for knowingly accepting loans in violation of applicable restrictions. Additional restrictions on transactions with affiliates and insiders are discussed in the Dodd-Frank Act section below.

The Dodd-Frank Act significantly reduces the ability of national banks to rely upon federal preemption of state consumer financial laws. Although the OCC, as the primary regulator of national banks, has the ability to make preemption determinations where certain conditions are met, the broad rollback of federal preemption has the potential to create a patchwork of federal and state compliance obligations and enforcement. This could, in turn, result in significant new regulatory

requirements applicable to us and certain of our lending activities, with potentially significant changes in our operations and increases in our compliance costs.

The Dodd-Frank Act made permanent the general $250,000 deposit insurance limit for insured deposits. Amendments to the FDIA also revised the assessment base against which an insured depository institution’s deposit insurance premiums paid to the FDIC’s deposit insurance fund (“DIF”) are calculated. The assessment base now consists of average consolidated total assets less average tangible equity. Additionally, the Dodd-Frank Act made changes to the minimum designated reserve ratio of the DIF, increasing the minimum from 1.15% to 1.35% of the estimated amount of total insured deposits, and eliminating the requirement that the FDIC pay dividends to depository institutions when the reserve ratio exceeds certain thresholds. These changes contributed to an increase in the FDIC deposit insurance premiums paid by us in 2014 and 2015 and may contribute to increasing and less predictable deposit insurance expense in future years.

The Dodd-Frank Act generally enhances the restrictions on transactions with affiliates under Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act, including an expansion of the definition of “covered transactions” and an increase in the amount of time for which collateral requirements regarding covered credit transactions must be satisfied. Insider transaction limitations are expanded through the strengthening of restrictions on loans to insiders and the expansion of the types of transactions subject to the various limits, including derivatives transactions, repurchase agreements, reverse repurchase agreements and securities lending or borrowing transactions. Restrictions are also placed on certain asset sales to and from an insider to an institution, including requirements that such sales be on market terms and, in certain circumstances, approved by the institution’s board of directors.

The Dodd-Frank Act increases the risk of “secondary actor liability” for lenders such as our Bank that provide financing or other services to customers offering financial products or services to consumers. The Act can impose liability on a service provider for knowingly or recklessly providing substantial assistance to a customer found to have engaged in unfair, deceptive or abusive practices that injure a consumer. This exposure contributes to increased compliance and other costs in connection with administration of credit extended to entities engaged in activities covered by the Dodd-Frank Act.

The Dodd-Frank Act may impact the profitability of our business activities, require changes to certain of our business practices, impose upon us more stringent compliance, capital, liquidity and leverage requirements or otherwise adversely affect our business. These developments may also require us to invest significant management attention and resources to evaluate and make changes to our business as necessary to comply with new and changing statutory and regulatory requirements.

Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, we are required to file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). You may read and copy any document filed by us with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information about the public reference room. The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. We file electronically with the SEC.

We make available, free of charge through our website, our reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K, and amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are filed with or furnished to the SEC. Additionally, we have adopted and posted on our website a code of ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. The address for our website is www.texascapitalbank.com. Any amendments to, or waivers from, our code of ethics applicable to our executive officers will be posted on our website within four days of such amendment or waiver. We will provide a printed copy of any of the aforementioned documents to any requesting stockholder.

Our business is subject to risk. The following discussion, along with management’s discussion and analysis and our financial statements and footnotes, sets forth the most significant risks and uncertainties that we believe could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Additional risks and uncertainties that management is not aware of or that management currently deems immaterial may also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. There is no assurance that this discussion covers all potential risks that we face. The occurrence of the

described risks could cause our results to differ materially from those described in our forward-looking statements included elsewhere in this report, and could have a material adverse impact on our business or results of operations.

We rely heavily on information provided by third parties when originating and monitoring loans. If this information is intentionally or negligently misrepresented and we do not detect such misrepresentations, the credit risk associated with the transaction may be increased. Although we attempt to manage our credit risk by carefully monitoring the concentration of our loans within specific loan categories and industries and through prudent loan approval and monitoring practices in all categories of our lending, we cannot assure you that our approval and monitoring procedures will reduce these lending risks. Competitive pressures could erode underwriting standards leading to a decline in general credit quality and increases in credit defaults and non-performing asset levels. If our credit administration personnel, policies and procedures are not able to adequately adapt to changes in economic, competitive or other conditions that affect customers and the quality of the loan portfolio, we may incur increased losses that could adversely affect our financial results and lead to increased regulatory scrutiny, restrictions on our lending activity or financial penalties.

Our business model makes our Bank more vulnerable to changes in underlying business credit quality than other banks with which we compete. We have a substantially larger percentage of commercial, real estate and other categories of business loans relative to total assets than most other banks in our market and our individual loans are generally larger as a percentage of our total earning assets than other banks. While we have substantially increased our liquidity over the past two years, these funds are invested in low-yielding deposits with federal agencies and other financial institutions. We have a substantially smaller portion of securities and other earning assets categories that can be less vulnerable to changes in local, regional or industry-specific economic trends, causing our potential for credit losses to be more severe than other banks. Our business model has focused on growth in various loan categories that can be more sensitive to changes in the economic trends. We believe our ability to maintain above-peer rates of growth in commercial loans is dependent on maintaining above-peer credit quality metrics. The failure to do so would have a material adverse impact on our growth and profitability.

If our assessment of inherent losses is inaccurate, or economic and market conditions or our borrowers' financial performance experience material unanticipated changes, the allowance may become inadequate, requiring larger provisions for loan losses that can materially decrease our earnings. Certain of our loans individually represent a significant percentage of our total allowance for loan losses. Adverse collection experience in a relatively small number of these loans could require an increase in the provision for loan losses. Federal regulators periodically review our allowance for loan losses and, based on their judgments, which may be different than ours, may require us to change classifications or grades of loans, increase the allowance for loan losses and recognize further loan charge-offs. Any increase in the allowance for loan losses or in the amount of loan charge-offs required by these regulatory agencies could have a negative effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We hold smaller balances of marketable securities than many of our competitors, limiting our ability to increase our liquidity by completing market sales of these assets. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale of securities and loans and other sources, including our access to capital market transactions, could have a substantial negative effect on our Bank’s liquidity. We actively manage our available sources of funds to meet our expected needs under normal and financially stressed conditions, but there is no assurance that our Bank will be able to make new loans, meet ongoing funding commitments to borrowers and replace maturing deposits and advances as necessary under all possible circumstances. Our Bank’s ability to obtain funding could be impaired by factors beyond its control, such as disruptions in financial markets, negative expectations regarding the financial services industry generally or in our markets or negative perceptions of our Bank.

Our mortgage finance business has experienced, and will likely continue to experience, highly variable usage of our funding capacity resulting from seasonal demands for credit, surges in consumer demand driven by changes in interest rates and month-end “spikes” of residential mortgage closings. These spikes could also result in our Bank having capital ratios that are below internally targeted levels or even levels that could cause our Bank to not be well-capitalized and could affect liquidity levels. At the same time managing this risk by declining to respond fully to the needs of our customers could severely impact our business. We have responded to these variable funding demands by, among other things, increasing the extent of participations sold in our mortgage loan interests and by opening an expanded borrowing relationship with the Federal Home Loan Bank in the fourth quarter of 2014. Our mortgage finance customers have in recent periods provided significant low-cost deposit balances associated with the borrower escrow accounts created at the time certain mortgage loans are funded, which have benefitted our liquidity and net interest margin. In a rising rate environment or in response to competitive pressures, we may have to pay interest on some or all of these accounts as regulations allow. Individual escrow account balances also experience significant variability during the year as principal and interest payments, as well as ad valorem taxes and insurance premiums are paid periodically. While the short average holding period of our mortgage interests of approximately 20 days will allow us, if necessitated by a funding shortfall, to rapidly decrease the size of the portfolio and its associated funding requirements, any such action might significantly damage business relationships important to that business.

Our Bank sources a significant volume of its demand deposits from financial services companies, mortgage finance customers and other commercial sources, resulting in a larger percentage of larger deposits and a smaller number of sources of deposits than would be typical of other banks in our markets, creating concentrations of deposits that carry a greater risk of unexpected material withdrawals. In recent periods over half of our total deposits have been attributable to customers whose balances exceed the $250,000 FDIC insurance limit. Many of these customers actively monitor our financial condition and results of operations and could withdraw their deposits quickly upon the occurrence of a material adverse development affecting our Bank or their businesses. In response to this risk we have substantially increased our liquidity over the past two years, but there is no assurance that we will maintain or have access to sufficient liquidity to fully mitigate this risk.

One potential source of liquidity for our Bank consists of “brokered deposits” arranged by brokers acting as intermediaries, typically larger money-center financial institutions. We receive deposits provided by certain of our customers in connection with our delivery of other financial services to them or their customers which are subject to the regulatory classification of “brokered deposits” even though we consider these to be relationship deposits and they are not subject to the typical risks or market pricing associated with conventional brokered deposits.

parties such as our depositors, lenders and debtholders. Changes in interest rates can impact our profits and the fair values of certain of our assets and liabilities. Models that we use to forecast and plan for the impact of rising and falling interest rates may be incorrect or fail to consider the impact of competition and other conditions affecting our loans and deposits.

The banking industry has experienced a prolonged period of unusually low interest rates, which have had an adverse effect on our earnings by reducing yields on loans and other earning assets. A continued low rate environment will place downward pressure on our net interest income and there is substantial uncertainty regarding the extent to which interest rates may be allowed to increase in 2016 and future periods and what the future effects of any such increases will be. Increases in market interest rates may reduce our customers' desire to borrow money from us or adversely affect their ability to repay their outstanding loans by increasing their debt service obligations through the periodic reset of adjustable interest rate loans. If our borrowers’ ability to pay their loans is impaired by increasing interest payment obligations, our level of non-performing assets would increase, producing an adverse effect on operating results. Asset values especially commercial real estate as collateral, securities or other fixed rate earning assets, can decline significantly with relatively minor changes in interest rates.

Increases in interest rates and economic conditions affecting consumer demand for housing can have a material impact on the volume of mortgage originations and refinancings, adversely affecting the profitability of our mortgage finance business. Interest rate risk can also result from mismatches between the dollar amounts of repricing or maturing assets and liabilities and from mismatches in the timing and rates at which our assets and liabilities reprice. We actively monitor and manage the balances of our maturing and repricing assets and liabilities to reduce the adverse impact of changes in interest rates, but there can be no assurance that we will be able to avoid material adverse effects on our net interest margin in all market conditions.

Federal prohibitions on the ability of financial institutions to pay interest on demand deposit accounts were repealed in 2011 by the Dodd-Frank Act. This change has had limited impact to date due to the excess of commercial liquidity and the low interest rate environment. Rising interest rates may result in our interest expense increasing, with a commensurate effect on our net interest income, particularly if we must pay interest on demand deposits to attract or retain customer deposits. There can be no assurance that we will not be materially adversely affected in the future by increases in interest rates.

Failure to effectively execute our business strategy could have a material adverse effect on our business, future prospects, financial condition or results of operations.

business or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our communications and information systems remain vulnerable to unexpected disruptions, failures and cyber attacks. The frequency and intensity of such attacks in our industry is escalating. Any failure or interruption of these systems could impair our ability to serve our customers and to operate our business and could damage our reputation, result in a loss of business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny or enforcement or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability. While we have developed extensive recovery plans, we cannot assure that those plans will be effective to prevent adverse effects upon us and our customers resulting from system failures.

We collect and store sensitive data, including personally identifiable information of our customers and employees. Computer break-ins of our systems or our customers’ systems, thefts of data and other breaches and criminal activity may result in significant costs to respond, liability for customer losses if we are at fault, damage to our customer relationships, regulatory scrutiny and enforcement and loss of future business opportunities due to reputational damage. Although we, with the help of third-party service providers, will continue to implement security technology and establish operational procedures to protect sensitive data, there can be no assurance that these measures will be effective. We advise and provide training to our customers regarding protection of their systems, but there is no assurance that our advice and training will be appropriately acted upon by our customers or effective to prevent losses. In some cases we may elect to contribute to the cost of responding to cybercrime against our customers, even when we are not at fault, in order to maintain valuable customer relationships. Successful cyber-attacks on our Bank or customers may affect the reputation of our Bank, and failure to meet customer expectations could have a material impact on our ability to attract and retain deposits as a primary source of funding.

Congress and federal regulatory agencies continually review banking laws, regulations and policies for possible changes. Changes to statutes, regulations or regulatory policies, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations or policies, could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways. Recent material changes in regulation and

requirements imposed on financial institutions, such as the Dodd-Frank Act and the Basel III Accord, result in additional costs, impose more stringent capital, liquidity and leverage requirements, limit the types of financial services and products we may offer and increase the ability of non-bank financial services providers to offer competing financial services and products, among other things. Such changes could result in new regulatory obligations which could prove difficult, expensive or competitively impractical to comply with if not equally imposed upon non-bank financial services providers with whom we compete. The Dodd-Frank Act has not yet been fully implemented and there are many additional regulations that have not been proposed, or if proposed, have not been adopted. The full impact of the Dodd-Frank Act on our business strategies is unknown at this time and cannot be predicted.

We are actively engaged in responding to stress testing requirements contained in the Dodd-Frank Act to evaluate the adequacy of our capital and liquidity planning. Uncertainties regarding how the financial models of our business created pursuant to this requirement will respond to the regulatory scenarios issued annually, and how our regulators will evaluate our report of the results obtained, subject us to increased regulatory risk in 2016 and future years as the standards for DFAST and regulatory use of our reported data continue to evolve. Any change to our practices or policies requested or required by our regulators, or any changes in interpretation of regulatory policy applicable to our businesses, may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. We increased our capital and liquidity and expanded our regulatory compliance staffing and systems during 2014 and 2015 in order to assure that we continue to satisfy regulatory expectations for high-growth institutions, which reduced our net interest margin and earnings in 2014 and 2015.  There is no assurance that our financial performance in future years will not be similarly burdened.

We expend substantial effort and incur costs to continually improve our systems, controls, accounting, operations, information security, compliance, audit effectiveness, analytical capabilities, staffing and training in order to satisfy regulatory requirements. We cannot offer assurance that these efforts will be accepted by our regulators as satisfying the legal and regulatory requirements applicable to us. Failure to comply with relevant laws, regulations or policies could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties and/or reputation damage, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent any such violations, there can be no assurance that such violations will not occur.

The FDIC has imposed higher general and special assessments on deposits or assets based on general industry conditions and as a result of changes in specific programs, as well as qualitative adjustments for individual institutions based on their risk characteristics which cannot be predicted with any certainty. There is no restriction on the amount by which the FDIC may increase deposit and asset assessments in the future. Increases in FDIC assessments, fees and taxes have adversely affected our earnings and may continue to do so in the future.

Reports from the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board’s (“PCAOB”) inspections of public accounting firms continue to outline findings and recommendations which could require our auditors to perform additional work as part of their financial statement audits, increasing our external audit and internal audit costs to respond to these added requirements as well as subjecting to the risk of adverse findings by the PCAOB relating to the work performed. As a result, we have experienced, and may continue to experience, greater internal and external compliance and audit costs to comply with these changes that could adversely affect our results of operations.

Substantial deterioration in any of the foregoing conditions can have a material adverse effect on our prospects and our results of operations and financial condition. There is no assurance that we will be able to sustain our historical rate of growth or our profitability. Our Bank's customer base is primarily commercial in nature, and our Bank does not have a significant retail branch network or retail consumer deposit base. In periods of economic downturn, business and commercial deposits may be more volatile than traditional retail consumer deposits. As a result, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected to a greater degree by these uncertainties than our competitors who have a larger retail customer base.

Our MCA business subjects us to additional interest rate risk, which may be an adverse effect on our business. The persistent low interest rate environment and expectation of future higher rates has resulted in an increase in the value of MSRs, causing other market participants and competitors who are planning to hold MSRs for a longer term to be more aggressive in their pricing of the underlying loan purchases than a participant like our Bank that does not plan to hold MSRs on a long-term basis. While we believe market and competitive conditions will improve, a prolonged low interest rate environment could affect the economics of our MCA business over a longer period of time. While lower interest rates may positively affect the volume of mortgage activity, continued unfavorable pricing for the loans purchased and lower profit on the subsequent sale of the loans could persist.

We have entered into loan purchase commitments and forward sales commitments in connection with the MCA business. While we believe that our hedging strategies will be successful in mitigating our exposure to interest rate risk associated with the purchase of mortgage loans held for sale, no hedging strategy can completely protect us. Poorly designed strategies, improperly executed transactions, or inaccurate assumptions regarding future interest rates or market conditions could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We may be required to repurchase mortgage loans or reimburse investors as a result of breaches in contractual representations and warranties under the agreements pursuant to which we purchase mortgage loans that are held for sale. While our agreements with the originators and sellers of mortgage loans provide us with legal recourse against them that may allow us to recover some or all of our losses, these companies are frequently not financially capable of paying large amounts of damages and as a result we can offer no assurance that we will not bear all of the risk of loss.

We may incur other costs and losses as a result of actual or alleged violations of regulations related to the origination and purchase of residential mortgage loans. The origination of residential mortgage loans is governed by a variety of federal and state laws and regulations, which are frequently changing. We sell residential mortgage loans that we have purchased or that we have originated to various parties, including GSEs such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae and other financial institutions that purchase mortgage loans for investment or private label securitization. We may also pool FHA-insured and VA-guaranteed mortgage loans which back securities issued by Ginnie Mae. Our accrued mortgage repurchase liability represents management’s best estimate of the probable loss that we may expect to incur for the representations and warranties in the contractual provisions of our sales of mortgage loans, but there is no assurance that our losses will not materially exceed such amounts.

Failure to meet regulatory capital standards could have a material adverse effect on our business, including damaging the confidence of customers in us, adversely impacting our reputation and competitive position and retention of key people. Any of these developments could limit our access to:

Failure to meet regulatory capital standards may also result in higher FDIC assessments. If we fall below guidelines for being deemed “adequately capitalized” the OCC or Federal Reserve could impose restrictions on our activities and a broad range of regulatory requirements in order to effect “prompt corrective action.” The capital requirements applicable to us are in a process of continuous evaluation and revision in connection with Basel III and the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. We cannot predict the final form, or the effects, of these regulations on our business, but among the possible effects are requirements that we slow our rate of growth or obtain additional capital which could reduce our earnings or dilute our existing stockholders.

If we are unable to access funds from capital transactions, or dividends or interest on loan payments from our Bank, we may be unable to satisfy our obligations to creditors or debtholders or pay dividends on our preferred stock. Changes in our Bank’s operating results or capital requirements could require us to convert subordinated notes or preferred stock of our bank held by us into common equity, reducing our cash flow available to meet our obligations.

We purchase insurance coverage to mitigate a wide range of operating risks, including general liability, errors and omissions, professional liability, business interruption, cyber-crime and property loss, for events that may be materially detrimental to our Bank or customers. There is no assurance that our insurance will be adequate to protect us against material losses in excess of our coverage limits or that insurers will perform their obligations under our policies without attempting to limit or exclude coverage. We could be required to pursue legal actions against insurers to obtain payment of amounts we are owed, and there is no assurance that such actions, if pursued, would be successful.

Our stock price can be volatile. Stock price volatility may make it more difficult for you to resell your common stock when you want and at prices you find attractive. Our stock price can fluctuate significantly in response to a variety of factors including, among other things:

General market fluctuations, industry factors and general economic and political conditions and events, such as economic slowdowns or recessions, interest rate changes or credit loss trends, could also cause our stock price to decrease regardless of operating results as evidenced by the recent volatility and disruption of capital and credit markets.

Our subordinated notes and junior subordinated notes are senior to our shares of preferred stock and common stock in right of payment of dividends and other distributions. We must be current on interest and principal payments on our indebtedness before any dividends can be paid on our preferred stock or our common stock. In the event of our bankruptcy, dissolution or liquidation, the holders of our indebtedness must be satisfied before any distributions can be made to our preferred or common stockholders. If certain conditions are met, we have the right to defer interest payments on the junior subordinated debentures (and the related trust preferred securities) at any time or from time to time for a period not to exceed 20 consecutive quarters in a deferral period, during which time no dividends may be paid to holders of our preferred stock or common stock. Because our Bank’s subordinated notes are obligations of the Bank, they would in any sale or liquidation of our Bank receive payment before any amounts would be payable to holders of our common stock, preferred stock or subordinated notes.

Our Bank’s subordinated indebtedness is unsecured and subordinate and junior in right of payment to the Bank’s obligations to its depositors, its obligations under banker’s acceptances and letters of credit, its obligations to any Federal Reserve Bank, certain obligations to the FDIC, and its obligations to its other creditors, whether now outstanding or hereafter incurred, except any obligations which expressly rank on a parity with or junior to the notes, including subordinated notes payable to the Company.

None.

Not applicable.

Our common stock is traded on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “TCBI”. On February 16, 2016, there were approximately 208 holders of record of our common stock.

No cash dividends have ever been paid by us on our common stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Our principal source of funds to pay cash dividends on our common stock would be cash dividends from our Bank. The payment of dividends by our Bank is subject to certain restrictions imposed by federal banking laws, regulations and authorities.

Certain statements and financial analysis contained in this report that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements may also be contained in our future filings with SEC, in press releases and in oral and written statements made by us or with our approval that are not statements of historical fact. These forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our future performance taking into account all information currently available to us. Words such as “believes,” “expects,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “goals,” “objectives,” “expects,” “intends,” “seeks,” “likely,” “targeted,” “continue,” “remain,” “will,” “should,” “may” and other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements but are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements.

Forward-looking statements may include, among other things, statements about the credit quality of our loan portfolio, economic conditions, including the continued impact on our customers from declines and volatility in oil and gas prices, expectations regarding rates of default or loan losses, volatility in the mortgage industry, our business strategies and our expectations about future financial performance, future growth and earnings, the appropriateness of our allowance for loan losses and provision for loan losses, the impact of increased regulatory requirements on our business, increased competition, interest rate risk, new lines of business, new product or service offerings and new technologies.

Forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties, which change over time, are based on management’s expectations and assumptions at the time the statements are made and are not guarantees of future results. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed in our forward-looking statements and from our historical financial results due to the factors discussed elsewhere in this report or disclosed in our other SEC filings. Forward-looking statements included herein speak only as of the date hereof and should not be relied upon as representing our expectations or beliefs as of any date subsequent to the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to revise any forward-looking statements contained in this report, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. The factors discussed herein are not intended to be a complete summary of all risks and uncertainties that may affect our businesses. Though we strive to monitor and mitigate risk, we cannot anticipate all potential economic, operational and financial developments that may adversely impact our operations and our financial results. Forward-looking statements should not be viewed as predictions and should not be the primary basis upon which investors evaluate an investment in our securities.

We commenced our banking operations in December 1998. An important aspect of our growth strategy has been our ability to service and manage effectively a large number of loans and deposit accounts in multiple markets in Texas, as well as several lines of business serving a regional or national clientele of commercial borrowers. Accordingly, we have created an operations infrastructure sufficient to support our lending and banking operations that we continue to build out as needed to serve a larger customer base and specialized industries.

We reported net income of $144.9 million and net income available to common stockholders of $135.1 million, or $2.91 per diluted common share, for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to net income of $136.4 million and net income available to common stockholders of $126.6 million, or $2.88 per diluted common share, for the same period in 2014. Return on average equity ("ROE") was 9.65% and return on average assets ("ROA") was 0.79% for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to 11.31% and 1.05%, respectively, for the same period in 2014. The decrease in ROE and essentially flat earnings per share for 2015 compared to 2014 reflect the dilutive effect of the fourth quarter 2014 offering of 2.5 million common shares for net proceeds of $149.6 million. The ROA decrease resulted from a combination of reduced yields on loans and a $2.3 billion increase in average liquidity assets for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period of 2014.

Net income increased $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 2014. The $8.5 million increase was primarily the result of a $79.6 million increase in net interest income and a $5.2 million increase in non-interest income, offset by a $31.3 million increase in the provision for credit losses, a $41.4 million increase in non-interest expense and a $3.6 million decrease in income tax expense.

We reported net income of $136.4 million and net income available to common stockholders of $126.6 million, or $2.88 per diluted common share, for the year ended December 31, 2014, compared to net income of $121.1 million and net income available to common stockholders of $113.7 million, or $2.72 per diluted common share, for the same period in 2013. Return on average equity ("ROE") was 11.31% and return on average assets ("ROA") was 1.05% for the year ended December 31, 2014, compared to 12.82% and 1.17%, respectively, for the same period in 2013. During 2014, we completed a $175.0 million subordinated debt offering and two equity offerings totaling 4.4 million common shares, which increased common equity by $256.2 million. These transactions had the effect of reducing ROE during 2014. The ROA decrease resulted from the subordinated debt offering and from a combination of reduced yields on loans and an increase in average liquidity assets for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the same period of 2013.

Net income increased $15.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to 2013. The $15.3 million increase was primarily the result of a $57.5 million increase in net interest income, offset by a $3.0 million increase in the provision for credit losses, a $1.5 million decrease in non-interest income, a $28.4 million increase in non-interest expense and a $9.3 million increase in income tax expense.

Net interest income was $556.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $477.0 million for the same period of 2014. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to an increase of $5.1 billion in average earning assets as compared to the same period of 2014. The increase in average earning assets included a $2.9 billion increase in average net loans and a $2.3 billion increase in liquidity assets. For the year ended December 31, 2015, average net loans, liquidity assets and securities represented 84%, 15% and less than 1%, respectively, of average earning assets compared to 96%, 4% and 1%, respectively, in 2014.

Average interest-bearing liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2015 increased $2.6 billion from the year ended December 31, 2014, which included a $1.6 billion increase in interest-bearing deposits and a $1.0 billion increase in other borrowings. For the same periods, the average balance of demand deposits increased to $6.4 billion from $4.2 billion. The average cost of total deposits and borrowed funds remained flat at 0.17% for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to the same period in the prior year. The average cost of interest-bearing liabilities decreased from 0.50% for the year ended December 31, 2014 to 0.46% for the same period of 2015.

Net interest income was $477.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $419.5 million for the same period of 2013. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to an increase of $2.7 billion in average earning assets as compared to the same period of 2013. The increase in average earning assets included a $2.4 billion increase in average net loans and a $300.6 million increase in liquidity assets. For the year ended December 31, 2014, average net loans, liquidity assets and securities represented 96%, 4% and less than 1%, respectively, of average earning assets compared to 98%, 1% and 1%, respectively, in 2013.

Average interest-bearing liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2014 increased $1.2 billion from the year ended December 31, 2013, which included a $1.3 billion increase in interest-bearing deposits and a $160.6 million increase in long-term debt as a result of the Bank's issuance of subordinated notes in January 2014, offset by a $273.4 million decrease in other borrowings. For the same periods, the average balance of demand deposits increased to $4.2 billion from $3.0 billion. The average cost of total deposits and borrowed funds remained flat at 0.17% for the year ended December 31, 2014, compared to the same period in the prior year. The total cost of interest-bearing liabilities included $8.7 million attributable to the $175.0 million in long-term subordinated debt issued in January 2014. Including the increase in long-term subordinated debt during 2014, the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased from 0.40% for the year ended December 31, 2013 to 0.50% for the same period of 2014.

The following table presents the changes (in thousands) in taxable-equivalent net interest income and identifies the changes due to differences in the average volume of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the changes due to differences in the average interest rate on those assets and liabilities.

Net interest margin, which is defined as the ratio of net interest income to average earning assets, decreased from 3.78% for 2014 to 3.14% for 2015. This 64 basis point decrease was due to the growth in loans with lower yields and the $2.3 billion increase in average balances of liquidity assets, which include Federal funds sold and deposits held principally at the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. Funding costs, including demand deposits and borrowed funds, remained at .17% for 2015 compared to .17% for 2014. The spread on total earning assets, net of the cost of deposits and borrowed funds, was 3.23% for 2015 compared to 3.91% for 2014. The decrease resulted from the reduction in yields on total loans, as well as the increased proportion of liquidity assets to total earning assets. Total funding costs, including all deposits, long-term debt and stockholders' equity decreased to .25% for 2015 compared to .29% for 2014. Average long-term debt increased by $14.4 million from 2014 and the average interest rate on long-term debt for 2015 was 4.84% compared to 4.85% for 2014.

Net interest margin decreased from 4.22% for 2013 to 3.78% for 2014. This 44 basis point decrease was due to the growth in loans with lower yields, the impact of the January 2014 subordinated note offering and the $300.6 million increase in average balances of liquidity assets, which includes Federal funds sold and deposits in other banks. Funding costs, including demand deposits and borrowed funds, remained at .17% for 2014 compared to .17% for 2013. The spread on total earning assets, net of the cost of deposits and borrowed funds, was 3.91% for 2014 compared to 4.30% for 2013. The decrease resulted from the reduction in yields on total loans, primarily due to the increased proportion of mortgage finance loans to total loans. Total funding costs, including all deposits, long-term debt and stockholders' equity increased to .29% for 2014 compared to .24% for 2013. Average long-term debt increased by $160.6 million from 2013 and the average interest rate on long-term debt for 2014 was 4.85% compared to 4.40% for 2013.