ASE Group - 20-F annual report 2017

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION 

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

OR

OR

OR

Commission file number: 001-16125

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc.

(Translation of Registrant’s Name into English)

REPUBLIC OF CHINA 

(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

26 Chin Third Road 

Nantze Export Processing Zone 

Nantze, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Republic of China 

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Joseph Tung

Room 1901, No. 333, Section 1 Keelung Rd. 

Taipei, Taiwan, 110 

Republic of China 

Tel: 886-2-6636-5678 

Fax: 882-2-2757-6121 

Email: ir@aseglobal.com

 (Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

*Traded in the form of American Depositary Receipts evidencing American Depositary Shares (the “ADSs”), each
representing five common shares of Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc.  

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

8,737,306,664 Common Shares, par value NT$10 each**

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.                                      ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

** As a result of the exercise of employee stock options subsequent to December 31, 2017, as of January 31, 2018, we had 8,739,734,964 shares outstanding.

table of contents

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USE OF CERTAIN TERMS

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report to:

We publish our financial statements in New Taiwan dollars, the lawful currency of the ROC. In this annual report, references to “United States dollars,” “U.S. dollars” and “US$” are to the currency of the United States; references to “New Taiwan dollars,” “NT dollars” and “NT$” are to the currency of the ROC; references to “RMB” are to the currency of the PRC; references to “JP¥” are to the currency of Japan; references to “MYR” are to the currency of Malaysia; references to “SGD” are to the currency of Republic of Singapore; references to “KRW” are to the currency of Republic of Korea; and references to “EUR” are to the currency of the European Union. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from NT dollars to U.S. dollars were made at the exchange rate as set forth in the H.10 weekly statistical release of the Federal Reserve System of the United States (the “Federal Reserve Board”) as of December 29, 2017, which was NT$29.64=US$1.00, and all translations from RMB to U.S. dollars were made at the exchange rate as set forth in the H.10 weekly statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board as of December 29, 2017, which was RMB6.5063=US$1.00. All amounts translated into U.S. dollars in this annual report are provided solely for your convenience and no representation is made that the NT dollar, RMB or U.S. dollar amounts referred to herein could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or NT dollars/RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. On March 16, 2018, the exchange rate between NT dollars and U.S. dollars as set forth in the H.10 weekly statistical release by the Federal Reserve Board was NT$29.13=US$1.00. On March 16, 2018, the exchange rate between RMB and U.S. dollars as set forth in the H.10 weekly statistical release by the Federal Reserve Board was RMB6.3300=US$1.00.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 20-F contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Although these forward-looking statements, which may include statements regarding our future results of operations, financial condition or business prospects, are based on our own information and information from other sources we believe to be reliable, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which apply only as of the date of this annual report. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan” and similar expressions, as they relate to us, are intended to identify these forward-looking statements in this annual report. Our actual results of operations, financial condition or business prospects may differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements for a variety of reasons, including risks associated with cyclicality and market conditions in the semiconductor or electronics industry; changes in our regulatory environment, including our ability to comply with new or stricter environmental regulations and to resolve environmental liabilities; demand for the outsourced semiconductor packaging, testing and electronic manufacturing services we offer and for such outsourced services generally; the highly competitive semiconductor or manufacturing industry we are involved in; our ability to introduce new technologies in order to remain competitive; international business activities; our business strategy; our future expansion plans and capital expenditures; the uncertainties as to whether we can complete the share exchange contemplated by the Joint Share Exchange Agreement between us and SPIL; the strained relationship between the ROC and the PRC; general economic and political conditions; the recent global economic crisis; possible disruptions in commercial activities caused by natural or human-induced disasters; fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; and other factors. For a discussion of these risks and other factors, see “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors.”

PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The selected consolidated statements of comprehensive income data and cash flow data for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2016 and 2017 set forth below are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report and should be read in conjunction with, and are qualified in their entirety by reference to, these consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto. The selected consolidated statements of comprehensive income data and cash flow data for the year ended December 31, 2013 and 2014 and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 set forth below are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included herein.

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared and presented in accordance with IFRS.

Following our adoption of IFRS for SEC filing purposes, pursuant to the rule amendments adopted by the SEC that became effective on March 4, 2008, we were no longer required to reconcile our consolidated financial statements with U.S. GAAP.

Exchange Rates

Fluctuations in the exchange rate between NT dollars and U.S. dollars will affect the U.S. dollar equivalent of the NT dollar price of our common shares on the TWSE and, as a result, will likely affect the market price of the ADSs. Fluctuations will also affect the U.S. dollar conversion by the depositary under our ADS deposit agreement referred to below of cash dividends paid in NT dollars on, and the NT dollar proceeds received by the depositary from any sale of, common shares represented by ADSs, in each case, according to the terms of the deposit agreement dated September 29, 2000 and as amended and supplemented from time to time among us, Citibank N.A., as depositary, and the holders and beneficial owners from time to time of the ADSs, which we refer to as the deposit agreement.

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, information concerning the number of NT dollars for which one U.S. dollar could be exchanged. The exchange rates reflect the exchange rates set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board.

Note: 

On March 16, 2018, the exchange rate as set forth in the H.10 weekly statistical release by the Federal Reserve Board was NT$29.13=US$1.00.

CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS

Not applicable.

REASON FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not applicable.

RISK FACTORS

Risks Relating to Our Business

Since we are dependent on the highly cyclical semiconductor and electronics industries and conditions in the markets for the end-use applications of our products, our revenues and net income may fluctuate significantly.

Our business is affected by market conditions in the highly cyclical semiconductor and electronics industries. Most of our customers operate in this industry, and variations in order levels from our customers and service fee rates may result in volatility in our revenues and net income. From time to time, the semiconductor and electronics industries have experienced significant, and sometimes prolonged, downturns. As our business is, and will continue to be, dependent on the requirements for independent packaging, testing and electronic manufacturing services, any future downturn in the industry would reduce demand for our services. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2008, the global economic crisis resulted in a significant deterioration in demand for our customers’ products, which in turn affected demand for our services and adversely affected our operating results. Although demand has recovered, we expect there to be continued downward pressure on our average selling prices and continued volatility with respect to our sales volumes in the future. If we cannot reduce our costs or adjust our product mix to sufficiently offset any decline in sales volumes, our profitability will suffer, and we may incur losses.

Market conditions in the semiconductor and electronics industries depend to a large degree on conditions in the markets for the end-use applications of various products, such as communications, computing and consumer electronics products. Any deterioration of conditions in the markets for the end-use applications would reduce demand for our services, and would likely have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In 2017, approximately 48.9%, 11.5% and 39.6% of our operating revenues from packaging and testing were attributed to the packaging and testing of semiconductors used in communications, computing and consumer electronics/industrial/automotive/other applications, respectively. In the same year, approximately 45.5%, 15.0%, 25.9%, 7.3% and 5.6% of our operating revenues from electronic manufacturing services were attributed to the communications, computing and storage, consumer electronics applications, industrial and automotive applications, respectively. Across end-use applications, our customers face intense competition and significant shifts in demand, which could put pricing pressure on our services and may adversely affect our revenues and net income.

A reversal or slowdown in the outsourcing trend for semiconductor packaging and testing services and electronic manufacturing services could adversely affect our growth prospects and profitability.

Semiconductor manufacturers that have their own in-house packaging and testing capabilities, known as integrated device manufacturers and original equipment manufacturers, have increasingly outsourced stages of the production process, including packaging, testing, electronic manufacturing and assembly, to independent companies in order to reduce costs, eliminate product complexity and meet fast-to-market requirements. In addition, the availability of advanced independent semiconductor manufacturing services has also enabled the growth of so-called “fabless” semiconductor companies that focus exclusively on design and marketing and outsource their manufacturing, packaging and testing requirements to independent companies. We cannot assure you that these manufacturers and companies will continue to outsource their packaging, testing and manufacturing requirements to third parties like us. Furthermore, during an economic downturn, these integrated device manufacturers typically rely more on their own in-house packaging and testing capabilities, therefore decreasing their need to outsource. A reversal of, or a slowdown in, this outsourcing trend could result in reduced demand for our services and adversely affect our growth prospects and profitability.

Any global economic downturn could adversely affect the demand for our products and services, and a protracted global economic crisis would have a material adverse effect on us.

The global financial markets experienced significant disruptions in 2008 and the United States, Europe and other economies went into recession. The recovery from the lows of 2008 and 2009 was uneven and it is facing new challenges, including a European sovereign debt crisis that began in 2011, a referendum in the United Kingdom in June 2016, in which the majority of voters voted in favor of an exit from the European Union (“Brexit”), and continuing high unemployment rates in much of the world. It is unclear what the long-term impact of the European sovereign debt crisis will be and uncertainty remains over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies that have been adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies. There are also increased uncertainty in the wake of Brexit, which has resulted in downgrade of the credit ratings of the United Kingdom and an increase in volatility in the global financial markets. Any economic downturn or crisis may cause our customers to do the following:

Any uncertainty or significant volatility in global economic conditions may also make it difficult for our customers to accurately forecast and plan future business activities and may have a material adverse effect on us.

If we are unable to compete favorably in the highly competitive markets of semiconductor packaging and testing and electronic manufacturing services, our revenues and net income may decrease.

The markets of semiconductor packaging and testing and electronic manufacturing services are very competitive. We face competition from a number of sources, including other independent semiconductor packaging and testing companies, integrated device manufacturers, and other electronic manufacturing services providers with large-scale manufacturing capabilities who can quickly react to market changes. We believe that the principal competitive factors in our industry are:

We face increasing competition, as most of our customers obtain services from more than one source. Rapid technological advances and aggressive pricing strategies by our competitors may continue to increase competition. Our ability to compete depends on factors both within and outside of our control and may be constrained by the distinct characteristics and production requirements of individual products. We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to improve production efficiency and maintain reasonable profit for all of our products.

In addition, some of our competitors may have superior financial, marketing, manufacturing, research and development and technological resources than we do. For example, the central government of the PRC as well as provincial and municipal governments have provided various incentives to domestic companies in the semiconductor industry, including major semiconductor testing and packaging providers, such as Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology Co., Ltd. Similarly, our customers may face competition from their competitors in the PRC, and such competitors may also receive significant subsidies from the PRC government. As we are downstream suppliers, the impact of such government policies on competition and price pressure of our customers may negatively impact our own business. Increasing competition may lead to declines in product prices and profitability and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.

Our profitability depends on our ability to respond to rapid technological changes in the semiconductor industry.

The semiconductor industry is characterized by rapid increases in the diversity and complexity of semiconductors. As a result, we expect that we will need to constantly offer more sophisticated packaging and testing technologies and processes in order to respond to competitive industry conditions and customer requirements. We have successfully combined our packaging, testing and materials technologies with the expertise of electronic manufacturing services at the systems level to develop our SiP business. Success of a new product depends on a number of factors such as product acceptance by the market. New products are developed in anticipation of future demand. We cannot assure you that the launch of any new product will be successful, or that we will be able to produce sufficient quantities of these products to meet market demand. If we fail to develop, or obtain access to, advances in packaging or testing technologies or processes, we may become less competitive and less profitable. In addition, advances in technology typically lead to declining average selling prices for semiconductors packaged or tested with older technologies or processes. As a result, if we cannot reduce the costs associated with our services, the profitability of a given service and our overall profitability may decrease over time.

Our operating results are subject to significant fluctuations, which could adversely affect the market value of your investment.

Our operating results have varied significantly from period to period and may continue to vary in the future. Downward fluctuations in our operating results may result in decreases in the market price of our common shares and the ADSs. Among the more important factors affecting our quarterly and annual operating results are the following: 

Due to the factors listed above, our future operating results or growth rates may be below the expectations of research analysts and investors. If so, the market price of our common shares and the ADSs, and thus the market value of your investment, may fall.

Due to our high percentage of fixed costs, we may be unable to maintain our gross margin at past levels if we are unable to achieve relatively high capacity utilization rates. 

Our operations, in particular our testing operations, are characterized by relatively high fixed costs. We expect to continue to incur substantial depreciation and other expenses in connection with our acquisitions of equipment and facilities. Our profitability depends not only on the pricing levels for our services or products, but also on utilization rates for our machinery and equipment, commonly referred to as “capacity utilization rates.” In particular, increases or decreases in our capacity utilization rates can significantly affect gross margins since the unit cost generally decreases as fixed costs are allocated over a larger number of units. In periods of low demand, we experience relatively low capacity utilization rates in our operations, which leads to reduced margins. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2008, we experienced lower than anticipated utilization rates in our operations due to a significant decline in worldwide demand for our packaging and testing services, which resulted in reduced margins during that period. Although capacity utilization rates have recovered since 2009, we cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain or surpass our past gross margin levels if we cannot consistently achieve or maintain relatively high capacity utilization rates.

If we are unable to manage our expansion or investments effectively, our growth prospects may be limited and our future profitability and core business operations may be adversely affected.

We have significantly expanded our operations through both organic growth and acquisitions in recent years. For example, we acquired the controlling interest of Universal Scientific in 2010 to expand our product offering scope to electronic manufacturing services; we also entered into a joint venture agreement with TDK Corporation in May 2015 to further expand our business in embedded substrates; in June 2016, we entered into the Joint Share Exchange Agreement with SPIL to take advantage of the synergy effect of business combination between SPIL and us; furthermore, we entered into a joint venture agreement with Qualcomm Incorporated in February 2018 to expand our SiP business. We expect that we will continue to expand our operations in the future. The purpose of our expansion is mainly to provide total solutions to existing customers or to attract new customers and broaden our product range for a variety of end-use applications. However, rapid expansion may place a strain on our managerial, technical, financial, operational and other resources. As a result of our expansion, we have implemented and will continue to implement additional operational and financial controls and hire and train additional personnel. Any failure to manage our growth effectively could lead to inefficiencies and redundancies and result in reduced growth prospects and profitability.

In addition, we have recently made investments in real estate development businesses mostly in China. The PRC property market is volatile and may experience undersupply or oversupply and property price fluctuations. The central and local governments frequently adjust monetary and other fiscal policies to prevent and curtail the overheating of the economy. Such policies may lead to changes in market conditions, including price instability and imbalance of supply and demand in respect of office, residential, retail, entertainment, cultural and intellectual properties. We may continue to make investments in this area in the future and our diversification in this industry may put pressure on our managerial, financial, operational and other resources. Our exposure to risks related to real estate development may also increase over time as a result of our expansion into such a business. There can be no assurance that our investments in such a business will yield the anticipated returns and that our expansion into such a business, including the resulting diversion of management’s attention, will not adversely affect our core business operations.

We may not be successful in pursuing mergers and acquisitions. Any mergers or acquisitions we make may lead to a diversion of management resources.

Our future success may depend on acquiring businesses and technologies, making investments or forming joint ventures that complement, enhance or expand our current product offerings or otherwise offer us growth opportunities. In pursuing such acquisitions, we may face competition from other companies in the semiconductor industry. Our ability to acquire or invest in suitable targets may be limited by applicable laws and regulations in Taiwan, the United States and other jurisdictions where we do business. Even if we are successful in making such acquisitions or investments, we may have to expend substantial amounts of cash, incur debt, assume loss-making divisions and incur other types of expenses. We may also face challenges in successfully integrating any acquired companies into our existing organization or in creating the anticipated cost synergies. Each of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The financial performance of our equity method investments could adversely affect our results of operations.

As part of our business strategy, we have and may continue to pursue acquisitions of businesses and assets, strategic alliances and joint ventures. We currently have equity investments in certain entities and the accounting treatment applied for these investments varies depending on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our percentage ownership and the level of influence we have over the relevant entity. Any losses experienced by these entities could adversely affect our results of operations and the value of our investment. In addition, if these entities were to fail and cease operations, we may lose the entire value of our investment and the stream of any shared profits.

For example, on September 22, 2015, upon the expiration of the Initial SPIL Tender Offer period, we acquired 779,000,000 common shares (including those represented by American depositary shares) of SPIL through the Initial SPIL Tender Offer. We subsequently acquired an additional 258,300,000 common shares of SPIL (including those represented by American depositary shares) through open market purchases in March and April 2016. On January 16, 2018, we converted 9,690,452 American depositary shares of SPIL we owned into 48,452,260 common shares. As of March 16, 2018, we beneficially own 1,037,300,000 common shares of SPIL, representing 33.29% of the issued and outstanding share capital of SPIL (calculated based on 3,116,361,139 common shares of SPIL (including those represented by American depositary shares) outstanding as of February 28, 2018 as reported in SPIL’s annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2017). See “Item 4. Information on the Company— History and Development of the Company—Acquisition of Common Shares and American Depositary Shares of SPIL.” Although we are currently a 33.29% shareholder of SPIL, we currently do not control SPIL and do not have the power to direct SPIL or its management. As the investment in SPIL is accounted for using the equity method, to the extent that SPIL has net losses, our financial results will be adversely affected to the extent of our pro rata portion of these losses.

In addition, as we currently do not control SPIL and do not have the power to direct SPIL or its management, we do not have access to SPIL’s books and records and may not be able to obtain SPIL’s financial information on a timely basis. SPIL’s reporting time for its financial statements may affect our ability to timely report our own financial statements or meet scheduled announcements for earnings releases.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain or enhance the value or performance of our investee companies or that we will achieve the returns or benefits sought from such investments. If our interests differ from those of other investors in our investee companies, we may not be able to enjoy synergies with the investee and it may adversely affect our financial results or financial condition.

We may not be successful in our acquisition of 100% of SPIL shares not otherwise owned by us.

On September 22, 2015, upon the expiration of the Initial SPIL Tender Offer period, we acquired 779,000,000 common shares (including those represented by American depositary shares) of SPIL through the Initial SPIL Tender Offer. In December 2015, following an announcement by SPIL that it plans to issue 1,033 million shares, if approved by SPIL shareholders, to a third party pursuant to a share placement agreement, we submitted a written proposal to SPIL’s Board proposing to acquire all SPIL shares not otherwise owned by ASE, contingent upon the termination of the share purchase agreement, and later launched the Second SPIL Tender Offer on December 29, 2015 to offer to purchase up to 770,000,000 common shares of SPIL (including those represented by American depositary shares). On March 17, 2016, we announced that the Second SPIL Tender Offer was unsuccessful because the Taiwan Fair Trade Commission (the “TFTC”) did not render its decision before the expiration of the Second SPIL Tender Offer. The TFTC subsequently suspended its review on March 23, 2016. Notwithstanding the failure of the Second SPIL Tender Offer, we continued to seek control of SPIL, with the purpose of effecting an acquisition of 100% of the common shares and American depositary shares of SPIL. Under the Joint Share Exchange Agreement, a holding company in Taiwan will be established that would hold 100% of the equity interests of both ASE and SPIL such that ASE and SPIL would be wholly owned subsidiaries of such holding company, which would maintain all current operations of ASE and SPIL. See “Item 4. Information on the Company— History and Development of the Company—Acquisition of Common Shares and American Depositary Shares of SPIL.”

The successful consummation of the SPIL Acquisition is subject to a number of factors, including, among other things, obtaining all necessary antitrust or other regulatory approvals in Taiwan, the United States, the PRC and other jurisdictions where we do business. We received a no objection letter in respect of the Share Exchange from the TFTC on November 16, 2016. On May 15, 2017, we received a letter from the FTC confirming that the non-public investigation on the Share Exchange has been closed. On November 24, 2017, we received approval from the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China (“MOFCOM”) for the Share Exchange under the condition that ASE and SPIL maintain independent operations, among other conditions, for 24 months. In the event these conditions cannot be satisfied, we may re-evaluate our interest in SPIL and may consider, among other legally permissible alternatives, to dispose our SPIL shares at a loss, which may significantly affect our financial position. Notwithstanding the above, even if we are successful in consummating the SPIL Acquisition, we will be subject to regulatory restrictions requiring us to maintain separate operation of SPIL for a period of time, and we may face challenges in successfully integrating SPIL into our existing organization or in realizing anticipated benefits and cost synergies afterwards. Each of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations, including our relationship with customers, suppliers, employees and other constituencies, or otherwise adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

There may be risks associated with the proposed holding company structure of SPIL Acquisition.

We entered into the Joint Share Exchange Agreement with SPIL in June 2016, pursuant to which ASE Holding, a holding company in Taiwan, will hold 100% of the equity interests in both ASE and SPIL such that ASE and SPIL will become wholly owned subsidiaries of ASE Holding. The proposed holding company will maintain all current operations of ASE and SPIL in Taiwan. The common shares of ASE and SPIL will be delisted from the TWSE. The ADSs of ASE and SPIL will be delisted from NYSE and NASDAQ, respectively, and will become eligible for deregistration under the Exchange Act. Subsequently, the common shares of ASE Holding will be listed on the TWSE, and the ADSs of ASE Holding will be listed on the NYSE. The implementation of such corporate structure restructuring plan may result in unforeseen contingent risks, including increase in tax liabilities or trading discounts relating to a holding company discount that may become apparent in the future.

The packaging and testing businesses are capital intensive. If we cannot obtain additional capital when we need it, our growth prospects and future profitability may be adversely affected.

The packaging and testing business is capital intensive. We will need capital to fund the expansion of our facilities as well as fund our research and development activities in order to remain competitive. We believe that our existing cash, marketable securities, expected cash flow from operations and existing credit lines under our loan facilities will be sufficient to meet our capital expenditures, working capital, cash obligations under our existing debt and lease arrangements, and other requirements for at least the next twelve months. However, future capacity expansions or market or other developments may cause us to require additional funds. Our ability to obtain external financing in the future is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including:

If we are unable to obtain funding in a timely manner or on acceptable terms, our results of operations and financial conditions may be materially and adversely affected.

Restrictive covenants and broad default provisions in our existing debt agreements may materially restrict our operations as well as adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

We are a party to numerous loans and other agreements relating to the incurrence of debt, which may include restrictive covenants and broad default provisions. In general, covenants in the agreements governing our existing debt, and debt we may incur in the future, may materially restrict our operations, including our ability to incur debt, pay dividends, make certain investments and payments, other than in connection with restructurings of consolidated entities, and encumber or dispose of assets. In addition, any global economic deterioration or ineffective expansion may cause us to incur significant net losses or force us to assume considerable liabilities. We cannot assure you that we will be able to remain in compliance with our financial covenants, which, as a result, may lead to a default. This may thereby restrict our ability to access unutilized credit facilities or the global capital markets to meet our liquidity needs. Furthermore, a default under any agreement by us or our subsidiaries may trigger cross-defaults under our other agreements. In the event of default, we may not be able to cure the default or obtain a waiver on a timely basis. An event of default under any agreement timely governing our existing or future debt, if not cured or waived, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

We have on occasion failed to comply with certain financial covenants in some of our loan agreements. Such non-compliance may also have, through broadly worded cross-default provisions, resulted in default under some of the agreements governing our other existing debt. For example, we failed to comply with certain financial covenants in some of our loan agreements as a result of our acquisition of the controlling interest of Universal Scientific in February 2010, for which we have timely obtained waivers from our counterparties. If we are unable to timely remedy any of our non-compliance under such loan agreements or obtain applicable waivers or amendments, we would breach our financial covenants and our financial condition would be adversely affected. As of December 31, 2017, we were not in breach of any of the financial covenants under our existing loan agreements, although we cannot provide any assurance that we will not breach any of such financial covenants in the future.

We depend on select personnel and could be affected by the loss of their services.

We depend on the continued service of our executive officers and skilled technical personnel. Our business could suffer if we lose the services of any of these personnel and cannot adequately replace them. Although some of these management personnel have entered into employment agreements with us, they may nevertheless leave before the expiration of these agreements. We are not insured against the loss of the services of any of our personnel. In addition, these proceedings may divert these and other employees’ attention from our business operations.

In addition, we may be required to increase substantially the number of these employees in connection with our expansion plans, and there is intense competition for their services in this industry. We may not be able to either retain our present personnel or attract additional qualified personnel as and when needed. In addition, we may need to increase employee compensation levels in order to attract and retain our existing officers and employees and the additional personnel that we expect to require. Furthermore, a portion of the workforce at our facilities in Taiwan are foreign workers employed under work permits, which are subject to government regulations on renewal and other terms. Consequently, our business could also suffer if the Taiwan regulations relating to the employment of foreign workers were to become significantly more restrictive or if we are otherwise unable to attract or retain these workers at a reasonable cost.

If we are unable to obtain additional packaging and testing equipment or facilities in a timely manner and at a reasonable cost, our competitiveness and future profitability may be adversely affected.

The semiconductor packaging and testing businesses are capital intensive and require significant investment in expensive equipment manufactured by a limited number of suppliers. The market for semiconductor packaging and testing equipment is characterized, from time to time, by intense demand, limited supply and long delivery cycles. Our operations and expansion plans depend on our ability to obtain a significant amount of such equipment from a limited number of suppliers. From time to time we have also leased certain equipment. We have no binding supply agreements with any of our suppliers and acquire our packaging and testing equipment on a purchase order basis, which exposes us to changing market conditions and other substantial risks. For example, shortages of capital equipment could result in an increase in the price of equipment and longer delivery times. Semiconductor packaging and testing also require us to operate sizeable facilities. If we are unable to obtain equipment or facilities in a timely manner, we may be unable to fulfill our customers’ orders, which could adversely affect our growth prospects as well as financial condition and results of operations. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Equipment.”

Fluctuations in exchange rates could result in foreign exchange losses.

Currently, the majority of our revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars, with a portion denominated in NT dollars and Japanese yen. Our operating costs and operating expenses, on the other hand, are incurred in several currencies, primarily NT dollars, U.S. dollars, RMB, Japanese yen, Korean won, as well as, to a lesser extent, Singapore dollars and Malaysian ringgit. In addition, a substantial portion of our capital expenditures, primarily for the purchase of packaging and testing equipment, has been, and is expected to continue to be, denominated in U.S. dollars, with the remainder in Japanese yen. Fluctuations in exchange rates, primarily among the U.S. dollar against the NT dollar, the Japanese yen and RMB, will affect our costs and operating margins. In addition, these fluctuations could result in exchange losses and increased costs in NT dollar and other local currency terms. Despite hedging and mitigating techniques implemented by us, fluctuations in exchange rates have affected, and may continue to affect, our financial condition and results of operations. We recognized net foreign exchange losses of NT$713.2 million in 2015, net foreign exchange gains of NT$1,928.4 million in 2016 and net foreign exchange gains of NT$3,502.6 million (US$118.2 million) in 2017. We cannot assure you that we will achieve foreign exchange gains in the future. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Market Risk—Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk.”

The loss of a large customer or disruption of our strategic alliance or other commercial arrangements with semiconductor foundries and providers of other complementary semiconductor manufacturing services may result in a decline in our revenues and profitability.

Although we have a large customer base, we have derived and expect to continue to derive a large portion of our revenues from a small group of customers during any particular period due in part to the concentration of market share in the semiconductor and electronics industries. Our five largest customers together accounted for approximately 48.2%, 42.0% and 46.4% of our operating revenues in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. One customer accounted for more than 10.0% of our operating revenues in 2015, 2016 and 2017. The demand for our services from a customer is directly dependent upon that customer’s level of business activity, which could vary significantly from year to year. Our key customers typically operate in the cyclical semiconductor and electronic business and, in the past, have varied, and may vary in the future, order levels significantly from period to period. Some of these companies are relatively small, have limited operating histories and financial resources, and are highly exposed to the cyclicality of the industry. We cannot assure you that these customers or any other customers will continue to place orders with us in the future at the same levels as in past periods. The loss of one or more of our significant customers, or reduced orders by any one of them, and our inability to replace these customers or make up for such orders, could adversely affect our revenues and profitability. In addition, we have in the past reduced, and may in the future be requested to reduce, our prices to limit the level of order cancellations. Any price reduction would likely reduce our margins and profitability.

Since 1997, we have maintained a strategic alliance with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited, or TSMC, one of the world’s largest dedicated semiconductor foundries. TSMC designates us as their non-exclusive preferred provider of packaging and testing services for semiconductors manufactured by TSMC. In May 2015, we entered into a joint venture agreement with TDK Corporation to further expand our business in embedded substrates. Furthermore, we entered into a joint venture agreement with Qualcomm Incorporated to expand our SiP business in February 2018. Such strategic alliances, as well as our other commercial arrangements with providers of other complementary semiconductor manufacturing services, enable us to offer total semiconductor manufacturing solutions to our customers. These strategic alliances and other commercial arrangements may not achieve their anticipated commercial benefits and may be terminated at any time. Any failure in successfully maintaining such alliances, any termination of such alliances or our failure to enter into substantially similar strategic alliances or commercial arrangements may adversely affect our competitiveness and our revenues and profitability.

We rely on a limited number of key customers in certain products for our revenues, and our results of operations may be adversely affected by a reduction of business from our key customers.

Our results of operations also depends on the performance and business of our key customers. Accordingly, risks that could seriously harm our key customers could harm us as well, including:

The launch and market acceptance of our individual key customers’ products could significantly impact our product and customer mix, resulting in significant volatility in the demand for the solutions we offer and our results of operations. It is also possible that a key customer’s market share with respect to its product may decline as its competitors introduce new products, which could adversely affect our results of operations, particularly if we are unable to sell our solutions to such competitors. Furthermore, sales of our key customers’ products are subject to seasonal fluctuation.

Our revenues and profitability may decline if we are unable to obtain adequate supplies of raw materials in a timely manner and at a reasonable price.

Our operations, such as packaging operations, substrate operations and electronic manufacturing services, require that we obtain adequate supplies of raw materials on a timely basis. Shortages in the supply of raw materials have in the past resulted in occasional price increases and delivery delays. In addition, the operations of some of our suppliers are vulnerable to natural disasters, such as earthquakes and typhoons, the occurrences of which may deteriorate and prolong the shortage or increase the uncertainty of the supply of raw materials. For example, on March 11, 2011, a major earthquake occurred off the coast of Japan resulting in a large tsunami and radiation leak at the Fukushima nuclear power plant. We experienced a disruption to the supply of raw materials from Japan for about three to four weeks due to the fear of radiation contamination and the reduction or postponement in production by some of our Japanese suppliers. Although the purchase of supplies from Japan has been restored to the previous level, we cannot assure you that we will not suffer long-term from the impact of the earthquake and the tsunami. In addition, further earthquakes, aftershocks thereof or other disasters in Japan or other regions in which we operate may cause a decline in our sales. Any of the above events or developments may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. 

Raw materials such as IC substrates are prone to supply shortages since such materials are produced by a limited number of suppliers, such as Kinsus Interconnect Technology Corporation, Nanya Printed Circuit Board Corporation, Unimicron Technology Corp. and LG Innotek Co., Ltd. Our operations conducted through our wholly owned subsidiaries ASE Electronics and ASE Shanghai have improved our ability to obtain IC substrates on a timely basis and at a reasonable cost. In 2017, our interconnect materials operations supplied approximately 25.9% of our consolidated substrate requirements by value. We do not expect that our internal interconnect materials operations will be able to meet all of our interconnect materials requirements. Consequently, we will remain dependent on market supply and demand for our raw materials. In addition, recent fluctuations in prices of precious metals, such as gold, have also affected the price at which we have been able to purchase the principal raw materials we use in our packaging processes. We cannot guarantee that we will not experience shortages in the near future or that we will be able to obtain adequate supplies of raw materials in a timely manner or at a reasonable price. Our revenues and net income could decline if we are unable to obtain adequate supplies of high quality raw materials in a timely manner or if there are significant increases in the costs of raw materials that we cannot pass on to our customers.

Regulations related to conflict minerals could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act contains provisions to improve transparency and accountability concerning the supply of certain minerals, known as conflict minerals, which are defined as cassiterite, columbite-tantalite, gold, wolframite or their derivatives and other minerals determined by the U.S. government to be financing conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries. As a result, in August 2012 the SEC adopted annual disclosure and reporting requirements for those companies who use conflict minerals in their products. These rules require companies that manufacture or contract to manufacture products for which conflict minerals are necessary to the functionality or production to begin scrutinizing the origin of conflict minerals in their products starting from January 1, 2013, and file a new form, Form SD, containing the conflict minerals disclosure by May 31 for the prior calendar year, beginning May 31, 2014. We filed a specialized disclosure report on Form SD for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 on May 30, 2014, June 1, 2015, May 31, 2016 and May 31, 2017, respectively. Pursuant to the SEC rules governing conflict minerals disclosures, we have engaged an independent auditing firm to conduct audits on our due diligence framework to provide a private sector report for our specialized disclosure report on Form SD for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. As a result, there will be costs associated with complying with these disclosure requirements, including costs for diligence to determine the sources of conflict minerals used in our products and other potential changes to products, processes or sources of supply as a consequence of such verification activities. The implementation of these rules could adversely affect the sourcing, supply and pricing of materials used in our products.

As there may be only a limited number of suppliers offering “conflict free” minerals, we cannot be sure that we will be able to obtain necessary “conflict free” minerals from such suppliers in sufficient quantities or at competitive prices. Also, we may face adverse effects to our reputation if we determine that certain of our products contain minerals not determined to be conflict free or if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins for all conflict minerals used in our products through the procedures we may implement.

System security risks, data protection breaches or unexpected system outage or failures could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of complex information technology applications, systems and networks to operate our business. Our systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, terrorist attacks, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunications failures, cyber-attacks, computer viruses, computer denial of service attacks or other attempts to harm our system, and similar events. In recent years, the risks that we face from cyber-attacks have increased significantly. Some of these attacks may originate from well-organized, highly skilled organizations. Although there have not been reported major cyber-attacks against our systems in the recent years, any such attack or system or network disruption could result in a loss of our intellectual property, the release of commercially sensitive information, customer or employee personal data. Failures to protect the privacy of customer and employee confidential data against breaches of network security could result in damage to our reputation. 

Furthermore, some of our data centers are located in areas with a high risk of major earthquakes. Our data centers are also subject to break-ins, sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism, and to potential disruptions if the operators of these facilities have financial difficulties. Some of our systems are not fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. The occurrence of a natural disaster, a decision to close a facility we are using without adequate notice for financial reasons or other unanticipated problems at our data centers could result in loss of production capabilities and lengthy interruptions in our service. Any damage to or failure of our systems could result in interruptions in our service. Interruptions in our service could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any environmental claims or failure to comply with any present or future environmental regulations, as well as any fire or other industrial accident, may require us to spend additional funds and may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to various laws and regulations relating to the use, storage, discharge and disposal of chemical by-products of, and water used in, our packaging and interconnect materials production processes, and the emission of volatile organic compounds and the discharge and disposal of solid industrial wastes from electronic manufacturing services operations. In the recent years, we have been subject to environmental administrative actions and judicial proceedings related to certain wastewater discharge incidents that occurred at our facilities. As a result of these proceedings, we have been subject to monetary fines as well as sanctions, including orders to suspend or limit our operations and criminal charges against us.

On December 20, 2013, the Kaohsiung Environmental Protection Bureau imposed a fine of NT$102.0 million (the “Administrative Fine”) upon us for alleged violations of the Water Pollution Control Act. We filed an administrative appeal to nullify the Administrative Fine, which was dismissed by the Kaohsiung City Government. In August 2014, we appealed to the Kaohsiung High Administrative Court seeking to (i) revoke Kaohsiung City Government’s decision, (ii) lift the administrative penalty imposed on us and (iii) demand a refund of the Administrative Fine. On March 22, 2016, the Kaohsiung High Administrative Court revoked Kaohsiung City Government’s decision and lifted the administrative penalty. Our demand for a refund of the Administrative Fine was dismissed. We appealed to the Supreme Administrative Court on April 14, 2016 against the Kaohsiung High Administrative Court’s unfavorable ruling in dismissing a refund. On June 8, 2017, the Supreme Administrative Court overturned Kaohsiung High Administrative Court’s decision and ordered Kaohsiung Environmental Protection Bureau to refund the Administrative Fine paid by us.

In connection with the same alleged violations at our K7 plant, in October 2014, the Kaohsiung District Court ruled that we were in violation of the ROC Waste Disposal Act and imposed on us a criminal penalty of NT$3.0 million. We appealed the case to the Taiwan High Court Kaohsiung District Branch in November 2014. On September 29, 2015, the Taiwan High Court Kaohsiung District Branch overturned the decision made by Kaohsiung District Court and found us not guilty and repealed the criminal penalty imposed on us. The verdict was final and not appealable. For additional details of these administrative actions and judicial proceedings related to our K7 Plant see “Item 4. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Environmental Matters,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—Property, Plants and Equipment” and “Item 8. Financial Information—Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” Defending against any of these pending or future actions will likely be costly and time-consuming and could significantly divert management’s efforts and resources. Any penalties, fines, damages or settlements made in connection with any criminal, civil, and/or administrative investigations and/or lawsuits may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and future prospects.

We have made, and expect to continue to make, expenditures to maintain strict compliance with such environmental laws and regulations. For example, in order to demonstrate our commitment to environmental protection, in December 2013, our board of directors approved contributions to environmental protection efforts in Taiwan in a total amount of not less than NT$3,000.0 million, to be made in the next 30 years. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, we have made contributions in the amount of NT$100.0 million (US$3.4 million) each, respectively, through ASE Cultural and Educational Foundation to fund various environmental projects, and our board of directors have resolved in a resolution in January 2018 to contribute NT$100.0 million (US$3.4 million) through ASE Cultural and Educational Foundation in environmental projects in 2018. The costs of current and future compliance with environmental laws and regulations could require us to acquire costly equipment or to incur other significant expenses that may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Negative publicity may adversely affect our brand and reputation, which may result in a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and prospects and cause fluctuations in the price of our common shares and ADSs.

Any negative publicity may damage our brand and reputation, harm our ability to attract and retain customers and result in a material adverse impact on our results of operations and prospects as well as cause fluctuations in the trading price of our common shares and ADSs. In addition, any change in policy or directions in which we carry out our corporate social responsibility or corporate sustainability activities may also have an adverse effect on our reputation. Furthermore, in recent years, we have experienced and may continue to experience negative publicity in connection with administrative penalties and criminal charges related to alleged violations of environmental regulations and laws. For further details, see “—Any environmental claims or failure to comply with any present or future environmental regulations, as well as any fire or other industrial accident, may require us to spend additional funds and may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Environmental Matters,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—Property, Plants and Equipment” and “Item 8. Financial Information—Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”

Climate change and other environmental concerns may negatively affect our business.

There is increasing concern that climate change is occurring and may have dramatic effects on human activity without aggressive remediation steps. A modest change in temperature would result in increased coastal flooding, changing precipitation patterns and increasing risk of extinction for the world’s species. Public expectations for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions could result in increased energy, transportation and raw material costs. Scientific examination of, political attention to and rules and regulations on issues surrounding the existence and extent of climate change may result in an increase in the cost of production due to increase in the prices of energy and introduction of energy or carbon tax. Various regulatory developments have been introduced that focus on restricting or managing emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases. Enterprises may need to purchase at higher costs emission credits, new equipment or raw materials with lower carbon footprints. These developments and further legislation that is likely to be enacted could negatively affect our operations. Changes in environmental regulations, such as those on the use of perfluorinated compounds, could increase our production costs, which could adversely affect our results of operation and financial condition.

In addition, more frequent droughts and floods, extreme weather conditions and rising sea levels could occur due to climate change. The impact of such changes could be significant as most of our factories are located in islands including Taiwan, Singapore, Korea and Malaysia. For example, transportation suspension caused by extreme weather conditions could harm the distribution of our products. Similarly, our operations depend upon adequate supplies of water, and extended or serious droughts may affect our ability to obtain adequate supplies of water and threaten our production. We cannot predict the economic impact, if any, of disasters or climate change.

Furthermore, increasing climate change and environmental concerns could affect the results of our operations if any of our customers request that we exceed any standards set for environmentally compliant products and services, or if raw materials and/or products are required to meet strict inspection standards with respect to any radioactive contamination as a result of concerns arising from radiation leaking incidents, such as the radiation leak occurred in March 2011 in Japan. If we are unable to offer products that are in compliance with relevant environmental standards, or such products become less reliable due to the lack of reasonably available alternative technologies, it may harm our results of operations.

We may be subject to intellectual property rights disputes, which could materially adversely affect our business.

Our ability to compete successfully and achieve future growth depends, in part, on our ability to develop and protect our proprietary technologies and to secure on commercially acceptable terms certain technologies that we do not own. We cannot assure you that we will be able to independently develop, obtain patents for, protect or secure from any third party, the technologies required. Our failure to successfully obtain such technology may seriously harm our competitive position.

Our ability to compete successfully also depends, in part, on our ability to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others. We have no means of knowing what patent applications have been filed in the United States or elsewhere until they are granted or published. In particular, the semiconductor and electronics industries are characterized by frequent litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. It is common for patent owners to assert their patents against semiconductor manufacturers. We have received from time to time communication from third parties asserting patents that cover certain of our technologies and alleging infringement of intellectual property rights of others, and we may continue receiving such communication in the future. In the event that any third party makes a valid claim against us or against our customers, we could be required to:

Any one of these developments could place substantial financial and administrative burden on us and hinder our business. In February 2006, Tessera filed a suit against us and others alleging patent infringement. In February 2014, ASE Inc. and our U.S. subsidiary, ASE (U.S.) Inc. reached a term sheet agreement with Tessera to fully resolve the remaining legal proceedings between each other, under which we would pay a total of US$30.0 million to Tessera (which was fully recognized by us in the fourth quarter of 2013) and both Tessera and we would dismiss all pending claims against each other. The final settlement agreement was entered into among the parties in October 2014 and the final settlement amount was reduced to US$27.0 million. In October 2014, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California dismissed all claims between Tessera and us. We have fully paid the settlement amount in January 2015 and reversed the settlement amount of US$3.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2014.

Any litigation, whether as plaintiff or defendant and regardless of the outcome, is costly and diverts company resources. Any of the foregoing could harm our competitive position and render us unable to provide some of our services operations.

Our major shareholders may take actions that are not in, or may conflict with, our public shareholders’ best interest.

Members of the Chang family own, directly or indirectly, a significant interest in our outstanding common shares. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Major Shareholders.” Accordingly, these shareholders will continue to have the ability to exercise a significant influence over our business, including matters relating to:

Members of the Chang family may take actions that you may not agree with or that are not in our or our public shareholders’ best interests.

We are an ROC company and, because the rights of shareholders under ROC law differ from those under U.S. law and the laws of certain other countries, you may have difficulty protecting your shareholder rights.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our Articles of Incorporation and by the laws governing corporations incorporated in the ROC. The rights of shareholders and the responsibilities of management and the members of the board of directors under ROC law are different from those applicable to a corporation incorporated in the United States and certain other countries. As a result, public shareholders of ROC companies may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in connection with actions taken by management or members of the board of directors than they would as public shareholders of a corporation in the United States or certain other countries.

We have made investments in, and are exploring the possibility of expanding our businesses and operations to, or making additional investments in, the PRC, which may expose us to additional political, regulatory, economic and foreign investment risks.

We currently maintain packaging and testing facilities and electronic manufacturing services sites in the PRC. We also made substantial investments in PRC real estate development through our subsidiaries in the PRC. Under PRC laws and regulations, foreign investment projects, such as our subsidiaries, must obtain certain approvals from the relevant governmental authorities in the provinces or special economic zones in which they are located and, in some circumstances, from the relevant authorities in the PRC’s central government. Foreign investment projects must also comply with certain regulatory requirements. However, PRC laws and regulations are often subject to varying interpretations and means of enforcement, and additional approvals from the relevant governmental authorities may be required for the operations of our PRC subsidiaries. If required, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain these approvals in a timely manner, if at all. Because the PRC government holds significant discretion in determining matters relating to foreign investment, we cannot assure you that the relevant governmental authorities will not take action that is materially adverse to our PRC operations.

In addition, the PRC stock market is subject to extreme price and volume fluctuations. We are the controlling shareholder of Universal Scientific Shanghai, which is an entity currently listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. The PRC securities markets have recently experienced, and may experience in the future, significant volatility. Any volatility may have a significant effect on Universal Scientific Shanghai’s share price and may indirectly affect the market price of our common shares and ADSs.

Our global manufacturing and sales activities subject us to risks associated with legal, political, economic or other conditions or developments in various jurisdictions, including in particular the ROC and the PRC, which could negatively affect our business and financial status and therefore the market value of your investment.

Our principal executive office and our principal production facilities are located in the ROC, and a substantial majority of our net revenues are derived from our operations in the ROC and the PRC. In addition, we have operations worldwide and a significant percentage of our revenue comes from sales to locations outside the ROC or the PRC. Operating in the ROC, PRC and other overseas locations exposes us to changes in policies and laws, including environmental regulations, as well as the general political and economic conditions, security risks, health conditions and possible disruptions in transportation networks, in the various countries in which we operate, which could result in an adverse effect on our business operations in such countries. If any of our global operations are affected by the legal, political, economic or other conditions in the jurisdiction we operate, our results of operations as well as market price and the liquidity of our ADSs and common shares may be materially and adversely affected.

Any impairment charges may have a material adverse effect on our net income.

Under IFRS, we are required to evaluate our assets, such as property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, including goodwill, and investments in financial instruments, for possible impairment at least annually or whenever there is an indication of impairment. If certain criteria are met, we are required to record an impairment charge.

With respect to assets, we recognized impairment charges of NT$258.1 million, NT$980.1 million and NT$764.9 million (US$25.8 million) in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively, primarily as a result of an impairment charge related to buildings and improvement, and impaired equipment and investment. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results and Trend Information—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Impairment of Tangible and Intangible Assets Other Than Goodwill,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results and Trend Information—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Valuation of Investments” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results and Trend Information—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Goodwill.”

We are unable to estimate the extent and timing of any impairment charges for future years and we cannot give any assurance that impairment charges will not be required in periods subsequent to December 31, 2017. Any impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on our net income. The determination of an impairment charge at any given time is based significantly on our expected results of operations over a number of years in the future. As a result, an impairment charge is more likely to occur during a period in which our operating results and outlook are otherwise already depressed.

Any failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We are subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The SEC as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 adopted rules requiring every public company to include a management report on the effectiveness of such company’s internal control over financial reporting in its annual report. In addition, an independent registered public accounting firm must report on such company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017 and our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report concluding that our internal control over financial reporting was effective in all material aspects. As effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and is important to help prevent fraud, any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could harm our business and result in a loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could negatively impact the trading price of our common shares and ADSs. Furthermore, we may need to incur additional costs and use additional management and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other requirements going forward.

Our insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all of our business risks.

Although we seek to obtain insurance for some of our main operational risks, the amount of our insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover all potential claims or liabilities, and we may be forced to bear substantial costs resulting from risks and uncertainties of our business. There is also no guarantee that we will be able to obtain insurance coverage when desired or that insurance will be available on commercially attractive terms. Any failure to obtain adequate insurance coverage on terms favorable to us, or at all, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We could potentially face tax uncertainties arising from the decisions, activities, and operations undertaken by us.

There are many business activities that may give rise to tax issues in our daily operations, ranging from procurement, research and development activities, manufacturing to product storage and distribution, among other activities. Additional tax liabilities such as double taxation, inapplicability of tax incentives, tax adjustment and related interest and penalties may arise if all these tax issues are not dealt with properly. The development and evolution of tax laws and regulations present considerable uncertainties in interpretation and enforcement, which could call for more onerous compliance measures and tax audits in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Failure to comply with any change in tax laws could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Uncertainty under United States corporate income tax reform legislation could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

The United States recently enacted tax reform legislation (the “Tax Reform Legislation”) that, among other things, reduced the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% and imposes an alternative “base erosion and anti-abuse tax” (“BEAT”) on U.S. corporations that make deductible payments to foreign related persons in excess of specified amounts. The reduction in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate is expected to be beneficial to us in future years in which our consolidated U.S. subsidiaries have net income subject to U.S. tax.

There are a number of uncertainties and ambiguities as to the interpretation and application of many of the provisions in the Tax Reform Legislation, including the provisions relating to the BEAT. In the absence of guidance on these issues, we will use what we believe are reasonable interpretations and assumptions in interpreting and applying the Tax Reform Legislation for purposes of determining our income tax payable and results of operations, which may change as we receive additional clarification and implementation guidance. It is also possible that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service could issue subsequent guidance or take positions on audit that differ from the interpretations and assumptions that we previously made, which could have a material adverse effect on our cash tax liabilities, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Relating to Taiwan, ROC

Strained relations between the ROC and the PRC and disruptions in Taiwan’s political environment caused by domestic political events could negatively affect our business and the market value of your investment.

Our principal executive offices and our principal facilities are located in Taiwan and approximately 46.9%, 48.6% and 47.6% of our operating revenues in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively, were derived from our operations in Taiwan. Accordingly, our business and financial condition may be affected by changes in local governmental policies and political and social instability.

The ROC has a unique international political status. The government of the PRC asserts sovereignty over all of China, including Taiwan, and does not recognize the legitimacy of the ROC government. Although significant economic and cultural relations have been established in recent years between the ROC and the PRC, relations have often been strained. Any major change in the Taiwanese political environment, including the outcome of presidential or municipal elections, or potential shifts in government policy, may affect the direction of economic and political developments and negatively impact the economic and political environment in Taiwan. Past developments related to the interaction between the ROC and the PRC, domestic political events or election results have on occasion depressed the market prices of the securities of Taiwanese or Taiwan-related companies, including our own. Relations between the ROC and the PRC and other factors affecting the political or economic conditions in Taiwan could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, as well as the market price and the liquidity of our common shares and ADSs.

Currently, we manufacture interconnect materials in the PRC through our wholly owned subsidiary, ASE Shanghai. We also provide packaging and testing services in the PRC through some of our subsidiaries. In addition, we engage in the PRC in real estate development and the manufacture of computer peripherals and electronic components through our subsidiaries in the PRC. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Organizational Structure—Our Consolidated Subsidiaries.” In the past, ROC companies, including ourselves, were prohibited from investing in facilities for the packaging and testing of semiconductors in the PRC. Although the prohibitions have been relaxed since February 2010, the ROC government currently still restricts certain types of investments by ROC companies, including ourselves, in the PRC. We do not know when or if such laws and policies governing investment in the PRC will be amended, and we cannot assure you that such ROC investment laws and policies will permit us to make further investments of certain types in the PRC in the future that we consider beneficial to us. Our growth prospects and profitability may be adversely affected if we are restricted from making certain additional investments in the PRC and are not able to fully capitalize on the growth of the semiconductor industry in the PRC.

As a substantial portion of our business and operations is located in Taiwan, we are vulnerable to earthquakes, typhoons, drought and other natural disasters, as well as power outages and other industrial incidents, which could severely disrupt the normal operation of our business and adversely affect our results of operations.

Taiwan is susceptible to earthquakes and has experienced severe earthquakes which caused significant property damage and loss of life, particularly in the central and eastern parts of Taiwan. Earthquakes have damaged production facilities and adversely affected the operations of many companies involved in the semiconductor and other industries. For example, in February 2016, an earthquake measuring 6.4 on the Richter magnitude scale occurred in Kaohsiung caused several death and property damages. However, the earthquake did not have a material impact on our operations. We have never experienced structural damage to our facilities or damage to our machinery and equipment as a result of these earthquakes. In the past, however, we have experienced interruptions to our production schedule primarily as a result of power outages caused by earthquakes.

Taiwan is also susceptible to typhoons, which may cause damage and business interruptions to companies with facilities located in Taiwan. For example, on September 14, 2016, Taiwan experienced severe damage from typhoon Meranti that caused severe flooding, extensive property damage and loss of electricity for thousands of households. Taiwan has experienced severe droughts in the past. Although we have not been directly affected by droughts, we are dependent upon water for our packaging and substrates operations and a drought could interrupt such operations. In addition, a drought could interrupt the manufacturing process of the foundries located in Taiwan, in turn disrupting some of our customers’ production, which could result in a decline in the demand for our services. In addition, the supply of electrical power in Taiwan, which is primarily provided by Taiwan Power Company, the state-owned electric utility, is susceptible to disruption that could be prolonged and frequent, caused by overload as a result of high demand or other reasons.

Kaohsiung is one of the major industrial cities in Taiwan. Our testing and packaging businesses have been founded in Kaohsiung and currently our primary testing and packaging operations are located in Kaohsiung. In July 2014, following leaks from underground propene pipes, a series of propene pipeline explosions occurred in the Cian-Jhen and Ling-Ya districts of Kaohsiung. 32 people were killed and 321 others were injured from this incident. Although we have not been directly affected by the explosion, future industrial incidents could negatively affect our operation and result in interruption or delay of our operation or production capacity.

On August 15, 2017, Taiwan suffered a massive power blackout, which left millions of homes, offices and factories without power. Although the power blackout did not have a material impact on our operations, future power blackout may disrupt our business operations and adversely affect our results of operations.

Our production facilities as well as many of our suppliers and customers and providers of complementary semiconductor manufacturing services, including wafer foundries, are located in Taiwan. If our customers are affected by an earthquake, a typhoon, a drought or any other natural disasters, or power outage or other industrial incidents, it could result in a decline in the demand for our services. If our suppliers or providers of complementary semiconductor manufacturing services are affected, our production schedule could be interrupted or delayed. As a result, a major earthquake, typhoon, drought or other natural disaster in Taiwan, or a power outage or other industrial incident could severely disrupt the normal operation of our business and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We face risks related to health epidemics and outbreaks of contagious diseases, including H5N1 influenza, H7N9 influenza, H9N2 influenza, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS, Ebola virus and Zika virus.

There have been reports of outbreaks of a highly pathogenic influenza caused by the H5N1, H7N9 and H9N2 viruses, in certain regions of Asia and other parts of the world. In recent years, Ebola virus disease broke out in West Africa, with a number of people having died of the disease in countries such as Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. There are also cases of patients diagnosed with Ebola in the United States and Europe. In addition, Zika virus disease broke out in the Americas in 2015 and is currently ongoing, infecting people throughout South America, Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean. The disease is strongly linked to cases of microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome in Brazil. An outbreak of such contagious diseases in the human population could result in a widespread health crisis that could adversely affect the economies and financial markets of many countries. Additionally, a recurrence of SARS, a highly contagious form of atypical pneumonia, similar to the occurrence in 2003, which affected the PRC, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Vietnam and certain other countries, and MERS, a viral respiratory infection which affected South Korea in 2015, would also have similar adverse effects. Since most of our operations and customers and suppliers are based in Asia (mainly in Taiwan and the PRC), an outbreak of H5N1 influenza, H7N9 influenza, H9N2 influenza, SARS, MERS, Ebola, Zika virus or other contagious diseases in Asia or elsewhere, or the perception that such an outbreak could occur, and the measures taken by the governments of countries affected, including the ROC and the PRC, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Escalation of tensions between South Korea and North Korea could have an adverse effect on our operations in South Korea and the market value of our shares.

Relationship between South Korea and North Korea have been tense throughout Korea’s modern history. The level of tension between the two Koreas has fluctuated and may increase abruptly as a result of current and future events. In recent years, there have been heighted security concerns stemming from North Korea’s nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs and increased uncertainty regarding North Korea’s actions and possible responses from the international community.

Although we do not derive any revenue from, nor sell any products in, North Korea, any further increase in tensions between South Korea and North Korea that may occur, for example, if North Korea experiences a leadership crisis, high-level contacts between South Korea and North Korea break down, or military hostilities occur, could have a material adverse effect on the South Korea economy and on our South Korea subsidiary, our business, financial condition, results of operations and the market value of our common stock.

Any attempt by the U.S. government to withdraw from or materially modify existing international trade agreements could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The United States is undergoing major political changes, which has created uncertainty regarding future U.S. trade policies. President Trump has made comments suggesting that he is not supportive of certain existing international trade agreements, such as the North America Free Trade Agreement. Shortly after his inauguration, President Trump signed executive orders to withdraw the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership. At this time, it remains unclear what actions, if any, President Trump will take with respect to other existing international trade agreements. If the United States were to withdraw from or materially modify certain international trade agreements to which it is a party, or if tariffs were raised on foreign-sourced goods imported to the U.S., our U.S. customers may seek new suppliers in the U.S. or other countries, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

A cybersecurity breach could interfere with our business operations, compromise confidential information, result in adverse impact to our reputation and operating results and potentially lead to litigation and other liabilities.

Cybersecurity threats continue to expand and evolve globally. While we actively manage information technology security risks, there can be no assurance that such actions will be sufficient to mitigate all potential risks to our system, networks and data.

A failure or breach in security could expose us and our customers, dealers and suppliers to risks of unauthorized access to information technology systems, misuse and compromise of confidential information, manipulation and destruction of data, which could potentially result in disruption of our business operations and adversely affect our reputation, competitive position, financial condition and results of operations. Security breaches could also result in litigation with third parties, regulatory actions and higher costs of implementing additional data protection measures.

Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Shares and the ADSs

The market for our common shares and the ADSs may not be liquid.

Active, liquid trading markets generally result in lower price volatility and more efficient execution of buy and sell orders for investors, compared to less active and less liquid markets. Liquidity of a securities market is often a function of the volume of the underlying shares that are publicly held by unrelated parties.

There has been no trading market outside the ROC for our common shares and the only trading market for our common shares is the TWSE. The outstanding ADSs are listed on the NYSE. There is no assurance that the market for our common shares or the ADSs will be active or liquid.

Although ADS holders are entitled to withdraw our common shares underlying the ADSs from the depositary at any time, ROC law requires that our common shares be held in an account in the ROC or sold for the benefit of the holder on the TWSE. In connection with any withdrawal of common shares from our ADS facility, the ADSs evidencing these common shares will be cancelled. Unless additional ADSs are issued, the effect of withdrawals will be to reduce the number of outstanding ADSs. If a significant number of withdrawals are effected, the liquidity of our ADSs will be substantially reduced. We cannot assure you that the ADS depositary will be able to arrange for a sale of deposited shares in a timely manner or at a specified price, particularly during periods of illiquidity or volatility.

The ongoing proceeding involving Dr. Tien Wu may have an adverse impact on our business and cause our common shares and ADS price to decline.

Dr. Tien Wu, ASE’s director and Chief Operating Officer, is currently undergoing a criminal proceeding brought by the Kaohsiung Prosecutor’s Office. The indictment alleges that Dr. Tien Wu violated Article 157-1 of the ROC Securities and Exchange Act for insider trading activities involving SPIL common shares conducted during the period when the Initial SPIL Tender Offers, the Second SPIL Tender Offers and negotiations of the memorandum of understanding in relation to SPIL Acquisition took place. Dr. Tien Wu is accused of tipping off a friend about the aforementioned tender offers and negotiation ahead of the public announcements. No judicial conclusion has been reached yet for this proceeding. Further development of this proceeding may result in regulatory scrutiny from the TWSE or other regulators on a discretionary basis. If Dr. Tien Wu is sentenced due to the alleged violations, investor confidence in our company could be impaired and our business capacity to retain or attract clients could be negatively affected. Although no ASE directors are expected to become party to any current or future litigation related to Dr. Tien Wu, there is no assurance that there will not be similar or related litigation in the future.

On February 2, 2018, the ROC Securities and Futures Investors Protection Center filed a civil lawsuit against Dr. Tien Wu and ASE, requesting the court to remove him from ASE’s board based on Article 10-1 of the Securities Investor and Futures Trader Protection Act. There is no assurance that this proceeding or the further scrutiny from regulators will not generate publicity or media attention. Any negative publicity in connection to this legal proceeding may adversely affect ASE’s brand and reputation and result in a material adverse impact on their business operations and prospects. As ASE depends on the continued service of its executive officers and is not insured against the loss of service of any of their personnel, ASE’s business operations could suffer if it loses the service of any executive officers, including Dr. Tien Wu, and cannot adequately replace them.

If a non-ROC holder of ADSs withdraws and holds common shares, such holder of ADSs will be required to appoint a tax guarantor, local agent and custodian in the ROC and register with the TWSE or the Taipei Exchange in order to buy and sell securities on the TWSE.

When a non-ROC holder of ADSs elects to withdraw and hold common shares represented by ADSs, such holder of the ADSs will be required to appoint an agent for filing tax returns and making tax payments in the ROC. Such agent will be required to meet the qualifications set by the ROC Ministry of Finance and, upon appointment, becomes the guarantor of the withdrawing holder’s tax payment obligations. Evidence of the appointment of a tax guarantor, the approval of such appointment by the ROC tax authorities and tax clearance certificates or evidentiary documents issued by such tax guarantor may be required as conditions to such holder repatriating the profits derived from the sale of common shares. We cannot assure you that a withdrawing holder will be able to appoint, and obtain approval for, a tax guarantor in a timely manner.

In addition, under current ROC law, such withdrawing holder is required to register with the TWSE or the Taipei Exchange and appoint a local agent in the ROC to, among other things, open a bank account and open a securities trading account with a local securities brokerage firm, pay taxes, remit funds and exercise such holder’s rights as a shareholder. Furthermore, such withdrawing holder must appoint a local bank or a local securities firm to act as custodian for confirmation and settlement of trades, safekeeping of securities and cash proceeds and reporting and declaration of information. Without satisfying these requirements, non-ROC withdrawing holders of ADSs would not be able to hold or otherwise subsequently sell our common shares on the TWSE or otherwise.

Pursuant to Mainland Investors Regulations, only QDIIs or persons that have otherwise obtained the approval from the MOEAIC and registered with the TWSE are permitted to withdraw and hold our shares from a depositary receipt facility. In order to hold our shares, such QDIIs are required to appoint an agent and custodian as required by the Mainland Investors Regulations. If the aggregate amount of our shares held by any QDII or shares received by any QDII upon a single withdrawal or in the aggregate accounts for 10.0% of our total issued and outstanding shares, such QDII must obtain the prior approval from the MOEAIC. We cannot assure you that such approval would be granted.

The market value of your investment may fluctuate due to the volatility of the ROC securities market.

The trading price of our ADSs may be affected by the trading price of our common shares on the TWSE. The ROC securities market is smaller and more volatile than the securities markets in the United States and in many European countries. The TWSE has experienced substantial fluctuations in the prices and volumes of sales of listed securities and there are currently limits on the range of daily price movements on the TWSE. The TWSE Index peaked at 12,495.3 in February 1990, and subsequently fell to a low of 2,560.5 in October 1990. On March 13, 2000, the Taiwan Stock Exchange Index experienced a 617-point drop, which represented the single largest decrease in the Taiwan Stock Exchange Index in its history. During the period from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017, the Taiwan Stock Exchange Index peaked at 10,854.57 on November 23, 2017, and reached a low of 9,272.88 on January 3, 2017. Over the same period, the trading price of our common shares ranged from NT$42.35 per share to NT$32.60 per share. On March 16, 2018, the Taiwan Stock Exchange Index closed at 11,027.7, and the closing value of our common shares was NT$41.75 per share.

The TWSE is particularly volatile during times of political instability, including when relations between Taiwan and the PRC are strained. Several investment funds affiliated with the ROC government have also from time to time purchased securities from the TWSE to support the trading level of the TWSE. Moreover, the TWSE has experienced problems such as market manipulation, insider trading and settlement defaults. The recurrence of these or similar problems could have an adverse effect on the market price and liquidity of the securities of ROC companies, including our common shares and ADSs, in both the domestic and international markets.

We may not continue to declare cash dividends in any particular amount.

We intend to continue to pay dividends. However, future dividends may be affected by, among other things, the best interests of our company and our shareholders, our results of operations, cash balances and future cash requirements, financial condition, investments and acquisitions, legal risks, and other factors that the board of directors may consider relevant. Our dividend payments may change from time to time, and we cannot assure that we will continue to declare dividends in any particular amounts. A reduction in, a delay of, or elimination of our dividend payments could adversely affect our share price.

Holders of common shares and ADSs may experience dilution if we issue stock bonuses and stock options to employees or sell additional equity or equity-linked securities.

Similar to other ROC technology companies, we issue bonuses from time to time in the form of common shares. Prior to 2009, bonuses issued in the form of our common shares were valued at par. Beginning in 2009, bonuses in the form of our common shares are valued at the closing price of our common shares on the day prior to our shareholders’ meeting. In addition, under the ROC Company Law we may, upon approval from our board of directors and the ROC Securities and Futures Bureau of the FSC, establish employee stock option plans provided that shareholders’ approval is required if the exercise price of an option would be less than the closing price of our common shares on the TWSE on the grant date of the option. ASE Inc. currently maintains two employee stock option plans pursuant to which our full-time employees, including our domestic and foreign subsidiaries, are eligible to receive stock option grants. As of December 31, 2017, 135,961,000 options granted by ASE Inc. were outstanding. Our board of directors and the FSC approved the 5^th employee share option plans in December 2014 and April 2015, respectively, under which 94,270,000 options were granted in September 2015. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation—ASE Inc. Employee Bonus and Stock Option Plans.” The issuance of our common shares pursuant to stock bonuses or stock options may have a dilutive effect on the holders of outstanding common shares and ADSs.

In addition, the sale of additional equity or equity-linked securities may result in additional dilution to our shareholders. In September 2013, we issued 2018 Convertible Bonds to fund procurement of raw materials from overseas. The bonds are convertible by holders at any time on or after October 16, 2013 and up to (and including) August 26, 2018. The initial conversion price was NT$33.085 per common share, subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events, such as the 2013 Capital Increase, the 2017 Capital Increase and cash dividend distribution. Any conversion of bonds, in full or in part, would dilute the ownership interest of our existing shareholders and our earnings per share and could adversely affect the market price of our ADSs. As of the date of this annual report, the bondholders have exercised conversion rights to convert 2018 Convertible Bonds of US$399.6 million into 424,258,000 common shares at conversion prices ranging from NT$27.95 (US$0.9) to NT$28.96 (US$1.0) per common share. The converted common shares represented 5% of our outstanding shares as of December 31, 2017. In the third quarter of 2017, the closing price of our common shares (translated into U.S. dollars at the prevailing rates) for a period of 20 consecutive trading days was higher than 130% of the conversion price in U.S. dollar translated at the fixed exchange rate of US$1 to NT$29.956 determined on pricing date per common share. As a result, we redeemed the outstanding 2018 Convertible Bonds of US$0.4 million in September 2017.

In September 2013, we issued 130,000,000 common shares for public subscription, which was effected by way of an increase in our authorized share capital in the amount of NT$1,300.0 million. Moreover, in March 2017, we granted rights to the record holders of our existing common shares to subscribe for an aggregate of 240,000,000 of our common shares, par value NT$10.0 per share (the “Rights Offering”). Substantially concurrently with the Rights Offering, we also offered 30,000,000 of our common shares to our employees (the “Employee Offering”) and offered 30,000,000 of our common shares to the public in Taiwan (the “Taiwan Public Offering”, together with the Rights Offering and the Employee Offering, the “2017 Capital Increase”). The issuance of additional equity or equity-linked securities could cause dilution to our ADS holders.

Restrictions on the ability to deposit our common shares into our ADS facility may adversely affect the liquidity and price of our ADSs.

The ability to deposit common shares into our ADS facility is restricted by ROC law. A significant number of withdrawals of common shares underlying our ADSs would reduce the liquidity of the ADSs by reducing the number of ADSs outstanding. As a result, the prevailing market price of our ADSs may differ from the prevailing market price of our common shares on the TWSE. Under current ROC law, no person or entity, including you and us, may deposit our common shares in our ADS facility without specific approval of the FSC, unless:

With respect to item (4) above, the depositary may issue ADSs against the deposit of those common shares only if the total number of ADSs outstanding following the deposit will not exceed the number of ADSs previously approved by the FSC, plus any ADSs issued pursuant to the events described in items (1), (2) and (3) above.

In addition, in the case of a deposit of our common shares requested under item (4) above, the depositary will refuse to accept deposit of our common shares if such deposit is not permitted under any legal, regulatory or other restrictions notified by us to the depositary from time to time, which restrictions may include blackout periods during which deposits may not be made, minimum and maximum amounts and frequency of deposits.

The depositary will not offer holders of ADSs preemptive rights unless the distribution of both the rights and the underlying common shares to our ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act.

Holders of ADSs will not have the same voting rights as our shareholders, which may affect the value of their ADSs.

The voting rights of a holder of ADSs as to our common shares represented by its ADSs are governed by the deposit agreement. Holders of ADSs will not be able to exercise voting rights on an individual basis. If holders representing at least 51% of the ADSs outstanding at the relevant record date instruct the depositary to vote in the same manner regarding a resolution, including the election of directors, the depositary will cause all common shares represented by the ADSs to be voted in that manner. If the depositary does not receive timely instructions representing at least 51% of the ADSs outstanding at the relevant record date to vote in the same manner for any resolution, including the election of directors, holders of ADSs will be deemed to have instructed the depositary or its nominee to authorize all our common shares represented by the ADSs to be voted at the discretion of our chairman or his designee, which may not be in the interest of holders of ADSs. Moreover, while shareholders who own 1% or more of our outstanding shares are entitled to submit one proposal to be considered at our annual general meetings of shareholders, only holders representing at least 51% of our ADSs outstanding at the relevant record date are entitled to submit one proposal to be considered at our annual general meetings of shareholders. Hence, only one proposal may be submitted on behalf of all ADS holders.

The right of holders of ADSs to participate in our rights offerings is limited, which could cause dilution to your holdings.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not offer holders of ADSs those rights unless both the distribution of the rights and the underlying securities to all our ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. Although we may be eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions under the Securities Act available to certain foreign issuers for rights offerings, we can give no assurances that we will be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement for any of these rights. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings.

If the depositary is unable to sell rights that are not exercised or not distributed or if the sale is not lawful or reasonably practicable, it will allow the rights to lapse, in which case holders of ADSs will receive no value for these rights.

For example, in March 2017, we granted rights to the record holders of our existing common shares to subscribe for an aggregate of 240,000,000 of our common shares (the “New Shares”), while the holders of ADSs were not given rights to subscribe for new ADSs and do not have the right to instruct the depositary to subscribe for the New Shares on their behalf. If a holder of ADSs wants the rights corresponding to the common shares underlying such ADSs to be exercised, such holder needs to surrender the ADSs to the depositary and instruct the depositary to deliver the underlying common shares to a securities brokerage account in Taiwan specified by such holder.

Changes in exchange controls, which restrict your ability to convert proceeds received from your ownership of ADSs, may have an adverse effect on the value of your investment.

Under current ROC law, the depositary, without obtaining approvals from the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) or any other governmental authority or agency of the ROC, may convert NT dollars into other currencies, including U.S. dollars, for:

In addition, the depositary may also convert into NT dollars incoming payments for purchases of common shares for deposit in the ADS facility against the creation of additional ADSs. The depositary may be required to obtain foreign exchange approval from the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) on a payment-by-payment basis for conversion from NT dollars into foreign currencies of the proceeds from the sale of subscription rights for new common shares. Although it is expected that the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) will grant this approval as a routine matter, we cannot assure you that in the future any approval will be obtained in a timely manner, or at all.

Under the ROC Foreign Exchange Control Law, the Executive Yuan of the ROC government may, without prior notice but subject to subsequent legislative approval, impose foreign exchange controls in the event of, among other things, a material change in international economic conditions. We cannot assure you that foreign exchange controls or other restrictions will not be introduced in the future.

The value of your investment may be reduced by possible future sales of common shares or ADSs by us or our shareholders.

While we are not aware of any plans by any major shareholders to dispose of significant numbers of common shares, we cannot assure you that one or more existing shareholders or owners of securities convertible or exchangeable into or exercisable for our common shares or ADSs will not dispose of significant numbers of common shares or ADSs. In addition, several of our subsidiaries and affiliates hold common shares, depositary shares representing common shares and options to purchase common shares or ADSs. They may decide to sell those securities in the future. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Major Shareholders” for a description of our significant shareholders and affiliates that hold our common shares.

We cannot predict the effect, if any, that future sales of common shares or ADSs, or the availability of common shares or ADSs for future sale, will have on the market price of our common shares or the ADSs prevailing from time to time. Sales of substantial numbers of common shares or ADSs in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could depress the prevailing market prices of our common shares or the ADSs.

Item 4. Information on the Company

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY

Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc. was incorporated on March 23, 1984 as a company limited by shares under the ROC Company Law, with facilities in the Nantze Export Processing Zone located in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Our principal executive offices are located at 26 Chin Third Road, Nantze Export Processing Zone, Nantze, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC and our telephone number at the above address is (886) 7-361-7131. Our common shares have been listed on the TWSE under the symbol “2311” since July 1989, and ADSs representing our common shares have been listed on the NYSE under the symbol “ASX” since September 2000.

Acquisition of Common Shares and American Depositary Shares of SPIL

In August 2015, we announced an offer to purchase 779,000,000 common shares (including those represented by American depositary shares) of SPIL through concurrent tender offers in the ROC and the U.S., at a price of NT$45 per SPIL common share and NT$225 per SPIL American depositary share. The Initial SPIL Tender Offer expired on September 22, 2015, with 1,147,898,165 common shares (including those represented by American depositary shares) validly tendered and not validly withdrawn, exceeding the offer cap, and as a result, after proration, 725,749,060 SPIL common shares and 10,650,188 SPIL American depositary shares were accepted for purchase. On October 1, 2015, we became a shareholder holding approximately 24.99% of the issued and outstanding share capital in SPIL.

In December 2015, following an announcement by SPIL that it plans to issue 1,033 million shares, if approved by SPIL shareholders, to a third party pursuant to a share placement agreement, we submitted a written proposal to SPIL’s Board proposing to acquire all SPIL shares not otherwise owned by ASE, contingent upon the termination of the share placement agreement. The board of directors of SPIL did not respond to our acquisition proposal. Subsequently, we launched an offer to purchase 770,000,000 common shares (including those represented by American depositary shares) of SPIL through concurrent tender offers in the ROC and the U.S., at a price of NT$55 per SPIL common share and NT$275 per SPIL American depositary share. The Second SPIL Tender Offer expired on March 17, 2016. Because the TFTC did not render a decision before the expiration of the Second SPIL Tender Offer, resulting in the failure to satisfy one of the tender offer conditions, the Second SPIL Tender Offer was not successful. The TFTC subsequently suspended its review on March 23, 2016.

Notwithstanding the failure of the Second SPIL Tender Offer, we continued to seek control of SPIL, with the purpose of effecting an acquisition of 100% of the common shares and American depositary shares of SPIL. Simultaneously with the acquisition of SPIL, we planned to establish a holding company in Taiwan that would hold 100% of the equity interests of both ASE and SPIL such that ASE and SPIL would be wholly owned subsidiaries of such holding company, which would maintain all current operations of ASE and SPIL in Taiwan.

In March and April 2016, we acquired an additional 258,300,000 common shares of SPIL (including those represented by American depositary shares) through open market purchases.

In June 2016, we entered into the Joint Share Exchange Agreement with SPIL, pursuant to which a holding company, ASE Holding will be formed by means of a statutory share exchange pursuant to the laws of the Republic of China, and ASE Holding will (i) acquire all issued shares of ASE in exchange for shares of ASE Holding, and (ii) acquire all issued shares of SPIL using cash consideration (the “Share Exchange”). Upon the consummation of the Share Exchange, ASE and SPIL will become privately held and wholly owned subsidiaries of ASE Holding concurrently. Subject to the Share Exchange, the Joint Share Exchange Agreement and the other transactions contemplated thereby being approved by shareholders of ASE and SPIL, and upon the satisfaction of the other conditions for completing the Share Exchange, ASE Holding will be formed. The common shares of ASE will be delisted from the TWSE and the ADSs will be delisted from NYSE and will become eligible for deregistration under the Exchange Act. The common shares of ASE Holding will be listed on the TWSE and begin trading in Taiwan during TWSE trading hours on the effective date of the Share Exchange (the “Effective Date”), and the ADSs of ASE Holding will be listed on the NYSE and begin trading in the U.S. during NYSE trading hours on the Effective Date.

Since the description of the attributes of common shares in the share capital provisions of the Articles of Incorporation of ASE and ASE Holding will be substantially similar, there are no material differences between the rights of holders of the common shares of ASE and ASE Holding from a legal perspective. However, the common shares and ADSs of ASE will be suspended from trading on the TWSE and NYSE, respectively, starting from the eighth ROC Trading Day before the Effective Date. The holders of the common shares and ADSs of ASE will not be able to trade those shares or ADSs, or the common shares and ADSs of ASE Holding they will be entitled to receive from the date of such suspension to the Effective Date. Accordingly, these holders will be subject to the risk of not being able to liquidate their shares during this trading gap period.

On January 16, 2018, we converted 9,690,452 American depositary shares of SPIL we owned into 48,452,260 common shares. As of January 31, 2018, SPIL had an aggregate of 3,116,361,139 common shares, including 188,916,960 common shares represented by American depositary shares, issued and outstanding, and we beneficially owned 1,037,300,000 common shares of SPIL. There were no public takeover offers by third parties of ASE’s shares which occurred in 2016.

USI Group Restructuring

In April 2015, our subsidiary Universal Scientific completed a spin-off of its subsidiaries to USI Inc. As a result of such spin-off, as of April 1, 2015, ASE Inc. held approximately 99.01% of Universal Scientific and approximately 99.17% of USI Inc.

Universal Scientific, USI Inc. and USI Inc.’s directly and indirectly held subsidiaries (collectively, the “USI Group”) primarily engage in electronic manufacturing services in relation to computers, consumer electronics, communications, industrial and automotive, among other services and businesses. As part of our corporate reorganization to align each business function to different legal entity groups, the board of directors of ASE Inc. passed a resolution on September 24, 2015 and approved the sale of all ASE Inc.’s shareholding in Universal Scientific to UGTW, an indirectly held subsidiary of USI Inc., which will result in USI Inc. indirectly holding Universal Scientific (the “Universal Scientific Share Transfer”). The Universal Scientific Share Transfer was approved by the Investment Commission of MOEA on February 3, 2016. The majority of ASE Inc.’s shares in Universal Scientific were transferred to UGTW in March 2016, and the remaining shares were transferred in May 2016.

Capital Expenditures

Our principal capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 have been for machinery and equipment procurements and investments in buildings and improvement in connection with the expansion of our capacity expansion, for which we spent NT$28,280.8 million, NT$27,680.9 million and NT$23,677.7 million (US$798.8 million), respectively. We had commitments for capital expenditures of approximately NT$7,019.4 million (US$236.8 million), of which NT$294.2 million (US$9.9 million) had been paid as of December 31, 2017, mainly in connection with the expansion of our packaging and testing services operations primarily in the ROC and the PRC. Any future expansion of our operating activities could result in additional capital expenditures. We anticipate our capital expenditures in 2018 will be financed through our existing cash, marketable securities, expected cash flow from operations and existing credit lines under our loan facilities and will consist of, among other things, additional machinery and equipment procurements for our capacity expansions. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources” for more information. Other than the acquisition of common shares and American depositary shares of SPIL by way of the Initial SPIL Tender Offer, the Share Exchange and through open market purchases, there were no significant financial investments or divestitures in 2015, 2016 and 2017. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company—Acquisition of Common Shares and American Depositary Shares of SPIL” for information.

For more information on our history and development, see “—Organizational Structure.”

BUSINESS OVERVIEW

ASE is among the world’s leading companies in semiconductor packaging and testing sector. Our services include semiconductor packaging, production of interconnect materials, front-end engineering testing, wafer probing and final testing services, as well as integrated solutions for electronic manufacturing services in relation to computers, peripherals, communications, industrial, automotive, and storage and server applications. We believe that, as a result of the following strengths, we are able to compete effectively to meet customers’ requirements across a wide range of end-use applications:

We believe that it is still the trend for semiconductor companies to outsource their packaging, testing and manufacturing requirements as semiconductor companies rely on independent providers of foundry, packaging and testing and electronic manufacturing services. In response to the increased pace of new product development and shortened product life and production cycles, semiconductor companies are increasingly seeking both independent packaging and testing companies that can provide turnkey services in order to reduce time-to-market and electronic manufacturing companies with proactive original design capabilities that can provide large-scale production. We believe that our technological expertise and scale and our ability to integrate our broad range of solutions into turnkey services and electronic manufacturing services allow us to benefit from the accelerated outsourcing trend and better serve our existing and potential customers.

We believe that we have benefited, and will continue to benefit, from our geographic location in Taiwan. Taiwan is currently the largest center for outsourced semiconductor manufacturing in the world and has a high concentration of electronic manufacturing service providers. Our close proximity to foundries and other providers of complementary semiconductor manufacturing services is attractive to our customers who wish to take advantage of the efficiencies of a total semiconductor manufacturing solution by outsourcing several stages of their manufacturing requirements. We believe that, as a result, we are well positioned to meet the advanced semiconductor engineering and manufacturing requirements of our customers.

Industry Background

General

Semiconductors are the basic building blocks used to create an increasing variety of electronic products and systems. Continuous improvements in semiconductor process and design technologies have led to smaller, more complex and more reliable semiconductors at a lower cost per function. These improvements have resulted in significant performance and price benefits to manufacturers of electronic products. As a result, semiconductor demand has grown substantially in our primary end-user markets for communications, computing and consumer electronics, and has experienced increased growth in other markets such as automotive products and industrial automation and control systems.

The semiconductor industry is characterized by strong long-term growth, with periodic and sometimes severe cyclical downturns. The Semiconductor Industry Association reported that worldwide sales of semiconductors increased from approximately US$51.0 billion in 1990 to approximately US$412.2 billion in 2017. We believe that overall growth and cyclical fluctuations will continue over the long-term in the semiconductor industry.

Electronic Manufacturing Services

Electronic manufacturing service providers typically achieve large economies of scale in manufacturing by pooling together product design techniques and also provide value-added services such as warranties and repairs. Companies who do not need to manufacture a constant supply of products have increasingly outsourced their manufacturing to these service providers so that they can respond quickly and efficiently to sudden spikes in demand without having to maintain large inventories of products.

Electronic manufacturing services are sought by companies in a wide range of industries including, among others, information, communications, consumer electronics, automotive electronics, medical treatment, industrial applications, aviation, navigation, national defense and transportation. Although affected by global economic fluctuations, we expect the electronic manufacturing services industry to continue to grow in the long-term, and we have enhanced our presence in the industry since 2010 through our acquisition of a controlling interest in Universal Scientific.

Outsourcing Trends in Semiconductor Manufacturing

Historically, semiconductor companies designed, manufactured, packaged and tested semiconductors primarily within their own facilities. However, there is a clear trend in the industry to outsource the manufacturing process. Virtually every significant stage of the manufacturing process can be outsourced. Wafer foundry services, semiconductor packaging and testing services, and electronic manufacturing services are currently the largest segments of the independent semiconductor manufacturing services market.

The availability of technologically advanced independent manufacturing services has also enabled the growth of “fabless” semiconductor companies that focus on semiconductor design and marketing, while outsourcing their wafer fabrication, packaging and testing requirements to independent companies. We believe that the growth in the number and scale of fabless semiconductor companies that rely solely on independent companies to meet their manufacturing requirements will continue to be a driver of growth for us. Similarly, the availability of technologically advanced independent manufacturing services has encouraged integrated device manufacturers, which traditionally have relied on in-house semiconductor manufacturing capacity, to increasingly outsource their manufacturing requirements to independent semiconductor manufacturing companies.

We believe the outsourcing of semiconductor manufacturing services will increase in the future for many reasons, including the following:

Some semiconductor companies with in-house operations are under increasing pressure to rationalize these operations by relocating to locations with lower costs or better infrastructure, in order to lower manufacturing costs and shorten production cycle time. We expect semiconductor companies to increasingly outsource their requirements to take advantage of the advanced technology and scale of operations of independent packaging and testing companies and electronic manufacturing services providers.

Trends of Mergers and Acquisitions in the Semiconductor Industry

The global semiconductor industry is highly competitive, and such competitive landscape is changing as a result of a trend toward consolidation within the industry. In particular, packaging and testing service providers in the semiconductor industry have engaged in cross-border mergers and acquisitions in recent years as part of their expansion strategy, which has gradually changed the ecosystem of the semiconductor industry. Examples of mergers and acquisitions in recent years include mergers and acquisitions by and among semiconductor design companies or integrated device manufacturers, including Intel Corporation’s acquisition of Altera Corporation, ON Semiconductor Corporation’s acquisition of Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc., NXP Semiconductors N.V.’s acquisition of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Avago Technologies Ltd.’s acquisition of Broadcom Corporation and several acquisitions of semiconductor design companies by MediaTek, Inc., and mergers and acquisitions by and among semiconductor packaging and testing companies, including Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology Co., Ltd.’s acquisition of STATS ChipPAC Ltd., Nantong Fujitsu Microelectronics Co., Ltd.’s acquisition of the packaging and testing factory of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. and Amkor Technology, Inc.’s acquisition of J-Devices Corporation.

As a result of the aforementioned mergers and acquisitions, our competitors were able to further strengthen their competitive position by expanding their product offerings and combining their financial resources. We expect this consolidation trend to continue in 2018.

Overview of Semiconductor Manufacturing Process

The manufacturing of semiconductors is a complex process that requires increasingly sophisticated engineering and manufacturing expertise. The manufacturing process can be generally divided into the following stages:

We are involved in all stages of the semiconductor manufacturing process except circuit design and wafer fabrication.

Strategy

Our objective is to provide integrated solutions that set industry standards, including packaging, testing services, interconnect materials design and production capabilities, and to lead and facilitate the industry trend toward outsourcing semiconductor manufacturing requirements. The principal elements of our strategy are to:

Grow Our Packaging Services and Expand Our Range of Offerings

We believe that an important factor to attract leading semiconductor companies as our customers has been our ability to fulfill demand for a broad range of packaging solutions on a large scale. We intend to continue to develop process and product technologies to meet the packaging requirements of clients. Our expertise in packaging technology has enabled us to develop sophisticated solutions such as flip-chip packaging, bump chip carrier packaging, stacked die packaging and fine-pitch wire bonding. We are continuously investing in research and development in response to and in anticipation of migrations in technology and intend to continue to acquire access to new technologies through strategic alliances and licensing arrangements.

The increasing miniaturization of semiconductors and the growing complexity of interconnect technology have also resulted in the convergence of assembly processes at different levels of integration: chip, module, board and system. In response to this miniaturization and growing complexity, we have focused on providing module assembly services and, in addition, our subsidiary Universal Scientific has provided us with access to process and product technologies at the levels of module, board and system assembly and testing, which helps us to better anticipate industry trends and take advantage of potential growth opportunities. We expect to continue to combine our packaging, testing and materials technologies with the expertise of Universal Scientific at the systems level to develop our SiP business.

Strategically Expand and Streamline Production Capacity

To capitalize on the growing demand for packaging and testing services, we intend to strategically expand our production capacity, both through internal growth and selective acquisitions and joint ventures, with a focus on providing cost competitive and innovative packaging and testing services.

We intend to invest in trends that are essential to the development of the industry. We plan to expand our capacity with respect to, but not limited to, 12-inch wafer process, bumping, FC-CSP and SiP products to meet demand for smaller form factors, higher performance and higher packaging density.

In addition, we intend to promote our copper wire solutions to our customers in addition to gold wire. Gold wire is a significant raw material for us. Gold prices, however, are subject to intense fluctuations and have in the past impacted our profitability. We believe that replacing gold wire in some of our packages with copper wire technology will not only improve our profitability but will also enable us to provide more value to our customers by providing lower cost solutions, which could enhance our competitiveness and market share. We are currently the industry leader in terms of copper wire capacity. We thus plan to capitalize on the overall industry trend of copper conversion by maintaining our leadership and focusing on integrating copper wire into a wider range of traditional leadframe-based packages and higher end substrate-based packages.

We expect to focus our packaging and testing on providing cost competitive services through better management of capacity utilization and efficiency improvements and offer our services on a large scale with the intention of driving more integrated device manufacturer outsourcing in the long-run.

We evaluate acquisition and joint venture opportunities on the basis of access to new markets and technology, the enhancement of our production capacity, improvement of research and development capabilities, economies of scale and management resources, and closer proximity to existing and potential customers. For example, we acquired controlling interests in Universal Scientific in 2010 to broaden our offerings to include integrated solutions for electronic manufacturing services in relation to computers, peripherals, communications, industrial, automotive, and storage and server applications. In May 2015, we entered into a joint venture agreement with TDK Corporation to invest in ASEEE to further expand our business in embedded substrates. We acquired 779,000,000 common shares (including common shares represented by American depositary shares) of SPIL through the Initial SPIL Tender Offer in September 2015 and additional 258,300,000 common shares of SPIL (including those represented by American depositary shares) in March and April 2016 through open market purchases. We entered into the Joint Share Exchange Agreement with SPIL in June 2016, and upon the consummation of the Share Exchange, which is subject to shareholders’ approval of both companies and the satisfaction of other conditions, ASE and SPIL will become wholly owned subsidiaries of ASE Holding concurrently. Furthermore, we entered into a joint venture agreement with Qualcomm Incorporated in February 2018 to expand our SiP business.

Continue to Leverage Our Presence in Key Centers of Semiconductor and Electronics Manufacturing

We intend to continue leveraging our presence in key centers of semiconductor and electronics manufacturing to further grow our business. We have significant packaging, testing and electronic manufacturing services operations in Taiwan, currently one of the leading centers for outsourced semiconductor and electronics manufacturing in the world. This presence enables our engineers to work closely with our customers as well as wafer foundries and other providers of complementary semiconductor and electronic manufacturing services early in the design process, enhances our responsiveness to the requirements of our customers and shortens production cycles. In addition, as a turnkey service provider, we are able to offer our products to our customers and complementary service providers within relatively close geographic proximity. Besides our current operations in Taiwan, we intend to expand our operations in our other subsidiaries.

We have primary operations in the following locations besides our locations in Taiwan:

Strengthen and Develop Strategic Relationships with Our Customers and Providers of Complementary Semiconductor Manufacturing Services

We intend to strengthen existing and develop new strategic relationships with our customers and providers of other complementary semiconductor manufacturing services, such as wafer foundries, as well as equipment vendors, raw material suppliers and technology research institutes, in order to offer our customers total semiconductor manufacturing solutions covering all stages of the manufacturing of their products from design to shipment. In addition, we are working with our customers to co-develop new packaging technologies and designs.

Since 1997, we have maintained a strategic alliance with TSMC, currently one of the world’s largest dedicated semiconductor foundries, which designates us as their non-exclusive preferred provider of packaging and testing services for semiconductors manufactured by TSMC. Through our strategic alliance with and close geographic proximity to TSMC, we are able to offer our customers a total semiconductor manufacturing solution that includes access to foundry services in addition to our packaging, testing and direct shipment services.

Principal Products and Services

We offer a broad range of semiconductor packaging and testing services. In addition, we have provided electronic manufacturing services since our acquisition of a controlling interest in Universal Scientific in February 2010. Our package types generally employ either leadframes or substrates as interconnect materials. The semiconductors we package are used in a wide range of end-use applications, including communications, computing, consumer electronics, industrial, automotive and other applications. Our testing services include front-end engineering testing, which is performed during and following the initial circuit design stage of the semiconductor manufacturing process, wafer probe, final testing and other related semiconductor testing services. We focus on packaging and testing semiconductors. We offer our customers turnkey services, which consist of packaging, testing and direct shipment of semiconductors to end users designated by our customers. Our electronic manufacturing services are used in a wide range of end-use applications, including, but not limited to, computers, peripherals, communications, industrial applications, automotive electronics, and storage and server applications. In 2017, our revenues generated from packaging, testing and electronic manufacturing services accounted for 43.5%, 9.0% and 46.1% of our operating revenues, respectively.

Packaging Services

We offer a broad range of package types to meet the requirements of our customers, including flip-chip BGA, flip-chip CSP, aCSP (advanced chip scale packages), quad flat packages (QFP), thin quad flat packages (TQFP), bump chip carrier (BCC), quad flat no-lead (QFN) packages, aQFN (advanced QFN) and Plastic BGA. In addition, we provide 3D chip packages, such as MAP POP (package on package), aMAP POP (advanced, laser ablation type), which enable our customers to mount packages more easily, and HB PoP (High-Band package on Package) for higher performance orientation and marketing requirement. We also offer other forms of stacked die solutions in different package types, e.g., stacked die QFN, hybrid BGAs containing stacked wire bond and FC die. Meanwhile, we are developing the cost-effective solutions to 3D packages, such 2.1D (substrate layer modification) and 2.5D (substrate interposer) to fulfill current low cost and high performance requirement in parallel with 3D packages with TSV (Through Silicon Via) technology. Our first product has been a CMOS image sensor with TSV to minimize the form factor. In addition, to meet current trends toward low cost solutions, we provide copper wire bonding solutions which can be applied to current gold wire products. We also provide high volume manufacturing experience with silver wire bonding for FCCSP Hybrid packages. Furthermore, we are one of the key providers of IoT (Internet of Things), server and automotive services. We believe we are among the leaders in such packaging processes and technologies and are well positioned to lead the technology migration in the semiconductor packaging industry.

We have also been engaging in the production of module-based solutions, including Wi-Fi modules and RF modules, for a number of years. We provide customized module services with SiP solutions to meet customer needs and complex marketing requirements.

Advanced Packages. The semiconductor packaging industry has evolved to meet the requirements of high-performance electronics products. We believe that there will continue to be growing demand for packaging solutions with increased input/output density, smaller size and better heat dissipation characteristic.

We have focused on developing our capabilities in certain packaging solutions, such as aCSP (wafer-level chip scale package), flip-chip BGA, Heat-Spreader FCBGA, flip-chip CSP, Hybrid FCCSP (Flip-Chip + W/B), Flip-Chip PiP (Package in Package), Flip-Chip PoP (Package on Package), aS 3™ (Advanced Single Sided Substrate), HB POP (High-Bandwidth POP), Fan-Out Wafer Level Packaging, SESUB and 2.5D. Flip-chip BGA technology replaces wire bonding with wafer bumping for interconnections within the package. Wafer bumping involves the placing of tiny solder balls, instead of wires, on top of dies for connection to substrates. As compared with more traditional packages, which allow input/output connection only on the boundaries of the dies, flip-chip or wafer-level package solutions significantly enhance the input/output flow by allowing input/output connections over the entire surface of the dies.

Chip scale packages typically have an area no greater than 120% of the silicon die. For wafer level package, the electrical connections are plated or printed directly onto the wafer itself, resulting in a package very close to the size of the silicon die. Wafer-level packages do not include an interposer so they are unlike substrate-based packages, where the die is usually mounted on an interposer which contains electrical connections in the form of small bumps or balls.

aEASI (Advance Embedded Assembly Substrate Integration) is a technology which allows the embedding thin chips into substrate build-up layers. aEASI can be used in various technologies tailored to clients’ demand, such as package solution of miniaturization, and has also been proven to have better electrical/thermal performance. It also provides flexibility in design (such as for MicroSiP) and the electrical contacts to the chips are realized by laser-drilled and metallized micro-vias to replace traditional wire bonding process. aEASI are mainly used in power management applications.

WL MEMs (Wafer-Level MEMs) is advanced assembly for MEMs in wafer-level type instead of current LGA or leadframe types and to use TSV or chip to wafer technology. WL MEMs are mainly used in applications such as pressure, temperature, humidity and gyroscope sensors, among others.

FOWLP (Fan-Out Wafer-Level Packages) provides an extended solution and package type to integrate different functional chips or packages and to have good reduction in resistance and inductance over FCCSP, better thermal performance and smaller form factors of packages. FOWLP can be applied for different stack and SiP solutions.

We provide numerous technologies to meet various customer demands. The following table sets forth our principal advanced packages.

IC Wirebonding. We provide IC wirebonding, including leadframe-based packages and substrate-based packages. Leadframe-based packages are packaged by connecting the die, using wire bonders, to the leadframe with gold wire or copper wire. As packaging technology improves, the number of leads per package increases. In addition, improvements in leadframe-based packages have reduced the footprint of the package on the circuit board and improved the electrical performance of the package. To have higher interconnected density and better electrical performance, semiconductor packages have evolved from leadframe-based packages to substrate-based packages. The key differences of these package types are: the size of the package; the density of electrical connections the package can support; flexibility at lower costs; the thermal and electrical characteristics of the package; and environmentally conscious designs. Substrate-based packages generally employ the BGA design. Whereas traditional leadframe technology places the electrical connection around the perimeter of the package, the BGA package type places the electrical connection at the bottom of the package surface in the form of small bumps or balls. These small bumps or balls are typically distributed evenly across the bottom surface of the package, allowing greater distance between individual leads and higher pin-counts. Our expertise in BGA packages also includes capabilities in stacked-die BGA, which assembles multiple dies into a single package.

3D packaging has recently gained a lot of publicity because of the advent of TSV (Through Silicon Via) based chip stacking. Chip stacking has been implemented for many years, albeit without TSVs. Wire bond die is routinely stacked on leadframes as well as BGA substrates. A more recent implementation is the stacking of packages as package on package (PoP) and the more specialized package in package (PiP). ASE has advanced PoP by the invention of aMAPPoP which provides the package interconnects by exposing a molded in solder ball with a laser via. Aside from being cost effective due to block molding, this PoP also has much lower warpage, greatly improving the stacking yield.

The following table sets forth our principal IC wirebonding packages.

SiP and Modules. We assemble SiP products, which involve the integration of more than one chip into the same package. As miniaturization requirements for electronic devices increase, smaller and lighter SiPs are garnering much attention within the industry. Wafer level integration-passive device technology has become increasingly important. Passive devices such as inductors, capacitors, resistors, filters and diplexers are those components occupying the largest area in printed circuit boards; therefore, miniaturization and integration is key to SiPs. This can be achieved through integrating passive components on an individual substrate using a thin film process known as MCM-D or IPD (Integrated Passive Device). The IPD can then be used as a package substrate or interposer for SiP. This manufacturing method will enhance product performance and also reduce overall costs. The extension of our current RDL (Redistribution) process can be used to build high quality factor (Q) inductor and RF circuits on top of CMOS (Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor) wafers. IPD is an enabling technology for SiP. It can be used in the following three approaches to enhance product performance: several solutions to replace discrete components such as Balun and Filter, or to integrate certain passive components and act as interposer, or to replace PWB and act as a substrate of the module. We have the ability to offer any of the packaging methodologies related to the above technologies. In addition, we also leverage some of our SMT-based technologies, such as compartment shielding, double sided module and antenna integration.

We also offer module assembly services, which combine one or more packaged semiconductors with other components in an integrated module to enable increased functionality, typically using automated SMT machines and other machinery and equipment for system-level assembly. End-use applications for modules include cellular phones, wireless LAN applications, Bluetooth applications, camera modules, automotive applications, toys, networking, storage, and power management.

Automotive Electronics. We assemble automotive electronic products based on our leading technology, good quality systems and automation. We provide a variety of products, such as leadframe base, substrate base, Flip-Chip and Wafer-Level packages. We also provide robust package solutions to customers and end-users, including most types of industrial package solutions together with tailor-made solutions to meet customers’ and end-users’ requirements on automotive specifications.

Having accumulated production experience in using gold wire for automotive devices over several years, we collaborate with certain customers to develop and release copper wire for advanced wafer process (65nm for QFP and 40 nm for BGA) development that will fulfill criteria in AEC-G100 and in the early development of the 28 nm wafer process with hybrid packaging structure (FC bonding + wirebonding). In addition, we offer the FOWLP solution for radar products according to requests from some tier 1 customers.

Interconnect Materials. Interconnect materials connect the input/output on the semiconductor dies to the printed circuit board. Interconnect materials include substrate, which is a multi-layer miniature printed circuit board, and is an important element of the electrical characteristics and overall performance of semiconductors. We produce substrates for use in our packaging operations.

The demand for higher performance semiconductors in smaller packages will continue to spur the development of IC substrates that can support the advancement in circuit design and fabrication. As a result, we believe that the market for substrates will grow and the cost of substrates as a percentage of the total packaging process will increase. In the past, substrates we designed for our customers were produced by independent substrate manufacturers. Since 1997, we have been designing and producing a portion of our interconnect materials in-house. In 2017, our interconnect materials operations supplied approximately 25.91% of our consolidated substrate requirements by value.

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the percentage of our packaging revenues accounted for by each principal type of packaging products or services.

Testing Services

We provide a complete range of semiconductor testing services, including front-end engineering testing, wafer probing, final testing of logic/mixed-signal/RF/(2.5D/3D) module and SiP/ MEMS/Discrete and other test-related services.

The testing of semiconductors requires technical expertise and knowledge of the specific applications and functions of the semiconductors tested as well as the testing equipment utilized. We believe that our testing services employ technology and expertise which are among the most sophisticated in the semiconductor industry. In addition to maintaining different types of testing equipment, which enables us to test a variety of semiconductor functions, we work closely with our customers to design effective testing solutions on multiple equipment platforms for particular semiconductors.

In recent years, complex, high-performance logic/mixed-signal/RF/(2.5D/3D) module and SiP/MEMS semiconductors have accounted for an increasing portion of our testing revenues.

Front-End Engineering Testing. We provide front-end engineering testing services, including customized software development, electrical design validation, and reliability and failure analysis.

Wafer Probing. Wafer probing is the step immediately before the packaging of semiconductors and involves visual inspection and electrical testing of the processed wafer for defects to ensure that it meets our customers’ specifications. Wafer probing services require expertise and testing equipment similar to that used in final testing, and most of our testers can also be used for wafer probing.

Logic/Mixed-signal/RF/(2.5D/3D) module and SiP/Discrete Final Testing. We conduct final tests of a wide variety of logic/mixed-signal/RF/(2.5D/3D) module and SiP/ MEMS /discrete semiconductors, with the number of leads or bumps ranging from the single digits to over ten thousand and operating frequencies of over 12 Gbps for digital semiconductors and mmWave for radio frequency semiconductors, which are at the high end of the range for the industry. The products we test include semiconductors used for wired, wireless and mobile communications, automotive, home entertainment, personal computer, artificial intelligence, and high performance computing applications, as well as a variety of consumer and application-specific integrated circuits for various specialized applications.

Other Test-Related Services. We provide a broad range of additional test-related services, such as:

Drop Shipment Services. We offer drop shipment services for shipment of semiconductors directly to end users designated by our customers. Drop shipment services are provided mostly in conjunction with logic/mixed-signal/RF/3D IC/discrete testing. We provide drop shipment services to a significant percentage of our testing customers. A substantial portion of our customers at each of our facilities have qualified these facilities for drop shipment services. Since drop shipment eliminates the additional step of inspection by the customer before shipment to the end user, quality of service is a key consideration. We believe that our ability to successfully execute our full range of services, including drop shipment services, is an important factor in maintaining existing customers as well as attracting new customers.

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the percentage of our testing revenues accounted for by each type of testing service.

Electronic Manufacturing Services. Since our acquisition of a controlling interest in Universal Scientific in February 2010, we also provide integrated solutions for electronic manufacturing services in relation to computers, peripherals, communications, industrial, automotive, and storage and server applications. The key products and services we offer to our customers, for instance, include:

Seasonality

See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results and Trend Information—Quarterly Operating Revenues, Gross Profit and Gross Margin.”

Sales and Marketing

Sales and Marketing Presence

We maintain sales and marketing offices in Taiwan, the United States, Belgium, Singapore, the PRC, Korea, Malaysia, Japan and a number of other countries. We also have sales representatives operating in certain other countries in which we do not have offices. Our sales and marketing offices in Taiwan are located in Hsinchu and Kaohsiung. We conduct marketing research through our customer service personnel and through our relationships with our customers and suppliers to keep abreast of market trends and developments. We also provide advice in the area of production process technology to our major customers planning the introduction of new products. In placing orders with us, our customers specify which of our facilities these orders will go to. Our customers conduct separate qualification and correlation processes for each of our facilities that they use. See “—Qualification and Correlation by Customers.”

Customers

Our five largest customers together accounted for approximately 48.2%, 42.0% and 46.4% of our operating revenues in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. One customer accounted for more than 10.0% of our operating revenues in 2015, 2016 and 2017.

We package and test for our customers a wide range of products with end-use applications in the communications, computing, and consumer electronics/industrial/automotive sectors. The following table sets forth a breakdown of the percentage of our operating revenues generated from our packaging and testing services, for the periods indicated, by the principal end-use applications of the products that we packaged and tested.

In addition, we have provided electronic manufacturing services since our acquisition of the controlling interest of Universal Scientific in February 2010. Our electronic manufacturing services provide a wide range of products with end-use applications. The following table sets forth a breakdown of the percentage of our operating revenues generated from our electronic manufacturing services for the periods indicated by the principal end-use applications.

We categorize our operating revenues geographically based on the country in which the customer is headquartered. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the percentage breakdown by geographic regions of our operating revenues.

Qualification and Correlation by Customers

Customers generally require that our facilities undergo a stringent qualification process during which the customer evaluates our operations and production processes, including engineering, delivery control and testing capabilities. The qualification process typically takes up to several weeks, but can take longer depending on the requirements of the customer. In the case of our testing operations, after we have been qualified by a customer and before the customer delivers semiconductors to us for testing in volume, a process known as correlation is undertaken. During the correlation process, the customer provides us with sample semiconductors to be tested and either provides us with the test program or requests that we develop a conversion program. In some cases, the customer also provides us with a data log of results of any testing of the semiconductors that the customer may have conducted previously. The correlation process typically takes up to two weeks, but can take longer depending on the requirements of the customer. We believe our ability to provide turnkey services reduces the amount of time spent by our customers in the qualification and correlation process. As a result, customers utilizing our turnkey services are able to achieve shorter production cycles.

Pricing

We price our packaging services and electronic manufacturing services, taking into account the actual costs, with reference to prevailing market prices. We price our testing services primarily on the basis of the amount of time, measured in central processing unit seconds, taken by the automated testing equipment to execute the test programs specific to the products being tested, as well as the cost of the equipment, with reference to prevailing market prices. Prices for our packaging, testing and electronic manufacturing services are confirmed at the time orders are received from customers, which is typically several weeks before delivery.

Raw Materials and Suppliers

Packaging

The principal raw materials used in our packaging processes are interconnect materials such as leadframes and substrates, gold wire and molding compound. The silicon die, which is the functional unit of the semiconductor to be packaged, is supplied in the form of silicon wafers. Each silicon wafer contains a number of identical dies. We receive the wafers from the customers or the foundries on a consignment basis. Consequently, we generally do not incur inventory costs relating to the silicon wafers used in our packaging process.

We do not maintain large inventories of leadframes, substrates, gold wire or molding compound, but generally maintain sufficient stock of each principal raw material based on blanket orders and rolling forecasts of near-term requirements received from customers. In addition, several of our principal suppliers dedicate portions of their inventories as reserves to meet our production requirements. However, shortages in the supply of materials experienced by the semiconductor industry have in the past resulted in occasional price adjustments and delivery delays. For example, in the first half of 2000, the industry experienced a shortage in the supply of IC substrates used in BGA packages, which, at the time, were only available from a limited number of suppliers located primarily in Japan. In order to reduce the adverse impact caused by the price fluctuations of raw materials, we have developed substitute raw materials, such as copper, the cost of which is much cheaper than that of gold. However, we cannot guarantee that we will not experience shortages or price increase in the near future or that we will be able to obtain adequate supplies of raw materials in a timely manner and at a reasonable price or to develop any substitute raw materials. In the event of a shortage and/or price increase, we generally inform our customers and work together to accommodate changes in delivery schedules and/or the price increase of raw materials.

We produce substrates for use in our packaging operations. In 2017, our interconnect materials operations supplied approximately 25.9% of our consolidated substrate requirements by value. See “—Principal Products and Services—Interconnect Materials.”

As a result of the “Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment,” or RoHS, which became effective on July 1, 2006, we have adjusted our purchases of raw materials and our production processes in order to use raw materials that comply with this legislation for part of our production. This legislation restricts the use in the European Union, or EU, of certain substances the EU deems harmful to consumers, which includes certain grades of molding compounds, solder and other raw materials that are used in our products. Manufacturers of electrical and electronic equipment must comply with this legislation in order to sell their products in an EU member state. Any failure by us to comply with regulatory environmental standards such as Directive 2002/95/EC may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Testing

For the functional and burn-in testing of semiconductors, no other raw materials are needed. However, we often design and outsource the manufacturing of test interface products such as load boards, probe cards and burn-in boards.

Electronic Manufacturing Services

Our manufacturing processes use many raw materials in our electronic manufacturing services. For 2017, raw materials costs accounted for 79.3% of our operating revenues from electronic manufacturing services. Our principal raw materials include, among others, printed circuit boards, integrated chips, ink, semiconductor devices, computer peripherals and related accessories and electronic components. Our principal raw materials varied in the past, depending on the end-use products we provided.

To ensure quality, on-time delivery and pricing competitiveness, we have established both a standardized supplier assessment system and an evaluation mechanism, continued to maintain close working relationships with our suppliers and jointly created a stable and sustainable supply chain. In addition, we adjusted the procurement strategy in line with industry trends as well as the nature of raw materials and decentralized the sources of raw materials to lower our supply concentration risk. However, we cannot assure you that we will not experience any shortages or price increases in the near future. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business—Our revenues and profitability may decline if we are unable to obtain adequate supplies of raw materials in a timely manner and at a reasonable price.”

Equipment

Packaging

Wire bonding process is important for routing signal out of die to the system for the IC wire-bonding solutions. Thus, wire bonder is the important equipment used for such process. As products become finer and finer pitch, bumping process will replace wire bonding process for the signal routing purpose. Thus, sputter and plater will be the crucial equipment for this type of process.

Wire bonders connect the input/output terminals on the silicon die using extremely fine gold or copper wire to leads on leadframes or substrates. Typically, a wire bonder may be used, with minor modifications, for the packaging of different products. As of January 31, 2018, we operated an aggregate of 16,075 wire bonders, of which 16,027 were fine-pitch wire bonders. As of the same date, 22 of the wire bonders operated by us were consigned by customers and none were leased under operating leases. For the packaging of certain types of substrate-based packages, die bonders are used in place of wire bonders. The number of bonders at a given facility is commonly used as a measure of the packaging capacity of the facility. In addition to bonders, we maintain a variety of other types of packaging equipment, such as wafer grind, wafer mount, wafer saw, automated molding machines, laser markers, solder plate, pad printers, dejunkers, trimmers, formers, substrate saws and scanners. We purchase our packaging equipment from major international manufactures, including Disco Corporation, BE Semiconductor Industries N.V., Kulicke & Soffa Pte Ltd., Tokyo Electron Limited, TOWA Corporation and ASM Pacific Technology.

Testing

Testing equipment is the most capital intensive component of the testing process. We generally seek to purchase testers from different suppliers with similar functionality and the ability to test a variety of different semiconductors. We purchase testers from major international manufacturers, including Teradyne, Inc., Advantest Ltd., LTX-Credence Corporation, Hontech and Tokyo Electron Limited. Upon acquisition of new testers, we install, configure, calibrate, perform burn-in diagnostic tests on and establish parameters for the testers based on the anticipated requirements of existing and potential customers and considerations relating to market trends. As of January 31, 2018, we operated an aggregate of 3,755 testers, of which 1,250 were consigned by customers and 53 were leased under operating leases. In addition to testers, we maintain a variety of other types of testing equipment, such as automated handlers and probers (special handlers for wafer probing), scanners, reformers and computer workstations for use in software development. Each tester may be attached to a handler or prober. Handlers attach to testers and transport individual packaged semiconductor to the tester interface. Probers similarly attach to the tester and align each individual die on a wafer with the interface to the tester.

For the majority of our testing equipment, we often base our purchases on prior discussions with our customers about their forecast requirements. The balance consists of testing equipment on consignment from customers and which are dedicated exclusively to the testing of these customers’ specific products.

Test programs, which consist of the software that drives the testing of specific semiconductors, are written for a specific testing platform. We sometimes perform test program conversions that enable us to test semiconductors on multiple test platforms. This portability between testers enables us to allocate semiconductors tested across our available test capabilities and thereby improve capacity utilization rates. In cases where a customer requires the testing of a semiconductor product that is not yet fully developed, the customer may provide computer workstations to us to test specific functions. In cases where a customer has specified testing equipment that was not widely applicable to other products that we test, we have required the customer to furnish the equipment on a consignment basis.

Electronic Manufacturing Services

The SMT assembly line is the key facility of our electronic manufacturing operations, and generally includes a printer and one or two high-speed mounters and/or a multi-function mounter. The SMT assembly process primarily consists of the following three manufacturing steps: (i) solder paste stencil printing, (ii) component placement and (iii) solder reflow. High-speed SMT assembly systems offer both economic and technical advantages that may reduce both production cost and time while meeting quality requirements. Thus, SMT has become the most popular assembly method for sophisticated electronic devices. We had 122 SMT lines as of January 31, 2018.

Intellectual Property

As of January 31, 2018, we held 1,654 Taiwan patents, 981 U.S. patents, 1,042 PRC patents and 16 patents in other countries related to various semiconductor packaging technologies and invention, utility and design on our electronic manufacturing services. In addition, we also filed several trademarks applications in Taiwan, the United States, China and the European Union. For example, “ASE”, “aCSP”, “ a-EASI”, “a-fcCSP”, “aQFN” “a-QFN”, “a-TiV”, “iSiP”, “iWLP” and “aSiM” have been registered in Taiwan.

We have also entered into various non-exclusive technology license agreements with other companies involved in the semiconductor manufacturing process, including Fujitsu Limited, Flip Chip International, L.L.C., Mitsui High-Tec, Inc., Infineon Technologies AG, TDK Corporation and Deca Technologies Inc. The technology we license from these companies includes solder bumping, redistribution, ultra CSP assembly, advanced QFN assembly, wafer level packaging and other technologies used in the production of package types, such as BCC, flip-chip BGA, film BGA, aQFN and chip embedding. Our license agreements with Flip Chip International, L.L.C. and SPIL will not expire until the expiration of the patents licensed by the agreement. Our license agreement with Infineon Technologies AG will expire on November 5, 2018. Our license agreement with Mitsui High-Tec, Inc. renews automatically each year, and our license agreement with Fujitsu Limited renews automatically each year unless the parties to the agreement agree otherwise. Our license agreement with TDK Corporation will remain in effect until expiration of the TDK’s patents licensed by the agreement. Our license agreement with Deca Technologies Inc. will expire on January 13, 2026. Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain, maintain and protect our patents, licenses and other intellectual property rights, including rights under our license agreements with third parties.

Quality Control

We believe that our process technology and reputation for high quality and reliable services have been important factors in attracting and retaining leading international semiconductor companies as customers for our services and/or products. We maintain a quality control staff at each of our facilities. Our quality control staff typically includes engineers, technicians and other employees who monitor the processes in order to ensure high quality. Our quality assurance systems impose strict process controls, statistical in-line monitors, supplier control, data review and management, quality controls and corrective action systems. Our quality control employees operate quality control stations along production lines, monitor clean room environments and follow up on quality through outgoing product inspection and interaction with customer service staff. We have established quality control systems that are designed to ensure high quality products/service to customers, high testing reliability and high production yields at our facilities. We also have established an environmental management system in order to ensure that we can comply with the environmental standards of our customers and the countries within which they operate. See “—Raw Materials and Suppliers—Packaging.” In addition, our facilities have been qualified by all of our major customers after satisfying stringent quality standards prescribed by these customers.

Our packaging and testing operations are undertaken in clean rooms where air purity, temperature and humidity are controlled. To ensure stability and integrity of our operations, we maintain clean rooms at our facilities that meet U.S. Federal Standard 209E class 1,000, 10,000 and 100,000 standards.

ISE Labs’ testing facilities in Fremont, California, are considered suitably equipped by the Defense Logistics Agency to perform the MIL-STD-883 tests on monolithic microcircuits in accordance with the requirements of military specification MIL-PRF-38535.

We have also obtained many certifications on our packaging, testing and interconnect materials facilities. Some of these certifications are required by some semiconductor manufacturers as a threshold indicator of company’s quality control standards or needed by many countries in connection with sales of industrial products. The table below sets forth the certifications we have for our packaging, testing and interconnect materials.

Since our acquisition of a controlling interest in Universal Scientific in February 2010, we began providing electronic manufacturing services, for which we also have strict process controls. The table below sets forth the certifications we have obtained for our electronic manufacturing services facilities.

In addition, we have received various vendor awards from our customers for the quality of our products and services.

Competition

The global market for semiconductor packaging and testing markets is highly competitive. We face competition from a number of sources and integrated device manufacturers with in-house packaging and testing capabilities and fabless semiconductor design companies with their own in-house testing capabilities. Some of these integrated device manufacturers have commenced, or may commence, in-house packaging and testing operations in Asia. Substantially all of packaging and testing companies that compete with us have established operations in Taiwan and across the region.

Integrated device manufacturers that use our services continuously evaluate our performance against their own in-house packaging and testing capabilities. These integrated device manufacturers may have access to more sophisticated technologies and greater financial and other resources than we do. We believe, however, that we can offer greater efficiency at lower cost while maintaining equivalent or higher quality for several reasons. First, as we benefit from specialization and economies of scale by providing services to a large base of customers across a wide range of products, we are better able to reduce costs and shorten production cycles through high capacity utilization and process expertise. Second, as a result of our customer base and product offerings, our equipment generally has a longer useful life. Third, as a result of the continuing reduction of investments in in-house packaging and testing capacity and technology at integrated device manufacturers, we are better positioned to meet their packaging and testing requirements on a large scale.

Our packaging and testing business also faces actual and potential competition from companies at other levels of the supply chain, which have the financial resources and technical capabilities to enter and compete effectively with us. For example, TSMC has launched integrated fan-out (“InFO”) technology, which is scheduled to be put into mass production in 2016. InFO is expected to further intensify the competition in the packaging and testing industry.

Our electronic manufacturing services business, operated by our subsidiary Universal Scientific, faces significant competition from other electronic manufacturing services providers, such as Hon Hai Precision Ind. Co., Ltd., with comprehensive integration, wide geographic coverage and large production capabilities that enable them to achieve economies of scale. We believe, however, that we can still achieve satisfactory performance in the market given that we have been able to provide products with high quality and we are capable of designing new products by cooperating with our customers.

Environmental Matters

Our operations of packaging, interconnect materials and electronic manufacturing services generate environmental wastes, including gaseous chemical, liquid and solid industrial wastes. We have installed various types of anti-pollution equipment for the treatment of liquid and gaseous chemical waste generated at our facilities. We believe that we have adopted adequate anti-pollution measures for the effective maintenance of environmental protection standards that are consistent with industry practice in the countries in which our facilities are located. In addition, we believe we are in compliance in all material respects with present environmental laws and regulations applicable to our operations and facilities.

Furthermore, in order to demonstrate our commitment to environmental protection, in December 2013, our board of directors approved contributions to environmental protection efforts in Taiwan in a total amount of not less than NT$3,000.0 million, to be made in the following 30 years. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, we have made contributions in the amount of NT$100.0 million (US$3.4 million) each, respectively, through ASE Cultural and Educational Foundation to fund various environmental projects, and our board of directors have resolved in a resolution in January 2018 to contribute NT$100.0 million (US$3.4 million) through ASE Cultural and Educational Foundation in environmental projects in 2018. Our estimated environmental capital expenditures for 2018 will be approximately US$13.3 million, of which 3.9% will be used in climate change adaptation.

ASE Inc. Kaohsiung facility

Our operations involving wafer-level process and require wastewater treatment at our K7 Plant have been subject to scrutiny by the Kaohsiung City Environmental Protection Bureau and the Kaohsiung District Prosecutors office as a result of alleged wastewater disposal violations that occurred on October 1, 2013.

On December 20, 2013, the Kaohsiung Environmental Protection Bureau imposed a fine of NT$102.0 million (the “Administrative Fine”) upon us for alleged violations of the Water Pollution Control Act. We filed an administrative appeal to nullify the Administrative Fine, which was dismissed by the Kaohsiung City Government. In August 2014, we appealed to the Kaohsiung High Administrative Court seeking to (i) revoke Kaohsiung City Government’s decision, (ii) lift the administrative penalty imposed on us and (iii) demand a refund of the Administrative Fine. On March 22, 2016, the Kaohsiung High Administrative Court revoked Kaohsiung City Government’s decision and lifted the administrative penalty. Our demand for a refund of the Administrative Fine was dismissed. We appealed to the Supreme Administrative Court on April 14, 2016 against the Kaohsiung High Administrative Court’s unfavorable ruling in dismissing a refund. On June 8, 2017, the Supreme Administrative Court overturned Kaohsiung High Administrative Court’s decision and ordered Kaohsiung Environmental Protection Bureau to refund the Administrative Fine paid by us.

In connection with the same alleged violations at our K7 plant, in October 2014, the Kaohsiung District Court ruled that we were in violation of the ROC Waste Disposal Act and imposed on us a criminal penalty of NT$3.0 million. We appealed the case to the Taiwan High Court Kaohsiung District Branch in November 2014. On September 29, 2015, the Taiwan High Court Kaohsiung District Branch overturned the decision made by Kaohsiung District Court and found us not guilty and repealed the criminal penalty imposed on us. The verdict was final and not appealable. For additional details of these administrative actions and judicial proceedings related to our K7 Plant see “Item 4. Information on the Company—Property, Plants and Equipment” and see “Item 8. Financial Information—Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” Defending against any of these pending or future actions will likely be costly and time-consuming and could significantly divert management’s efforts and resources.

Any future suspension of operations at K7 Plant or our other facilities may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business—Any environmental claims or failure to comply with any present or future environmental regulations, as well as any fire or other industrial accident, may require us to spend additional funds and may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.”

Climate Change Management

Climate change management is key to our corporate sustainability. We have established a clear focus on low-carbon development in response to climate change and fluctuating energy supply. We are committed to taking firm actions to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases throughout our business operations. We aim to address and integrate climate change with our development strategies by (i) establishing an overall carbon management system to implement low-carbon strategies and policies in accordance with our three major guiding principles – “energy saving,” “green energy” and “energy storage”; (ii) investing in renewable energy; (iii) innovating and promoting low-carbon products and services; (iv) identifying our vulnerabilities to climate change and developing adaptation strategies; and (v) cultivating a “green” corporate culture and becoming a leading low-carbon solution provider. We have set up a Corporate Sustainability Committee (CSC) and adopted internal policies in our domestic and oversea subsidiaries to fulfill our commitment to sustainable development.

We believe that there are opportunities associated with climate change related risks and have implemented the following strategies to evaluate the risks and take advantage of the opportunities:

Along with an increasing awareness of climate change crisis, energy saving and carbon reduction have become a mainstream concept for products or services, especially required by our customers. To meet the needs of customers and greenhouse gas mitigation, we continuously strive to provide high efficiency products as well as invest in the research and development for eco-friendly design. From the initial product design stage, we conscientiously incorporate the use of green materials and cleaner production as well as the construction of green buildings and the upgrading of existing ones. For instance, we have maintained a multi-site certification for ISO 14001 and ISO 50001, which regularly examines the effectiveness of our environment and energy management systems and helps to improve our resource efficiency and reduce waste.

Since 2012, we have incorporated green design standards and building concepts into the construction of our facilities. Starting in 2014, we have committed to constructing all new manufacturing facilities and office buildings in Taiwan following the most up-to-date green building standards, such as US LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and Taiwan EEWH (Ecology, Energy Saving, Waste Reduction and Health) standards. We have also adopted the green building concept to improve environmental performance of our existing buildings. In addition, we further promote "Green Factory Label Certification” by implementing the green building concept and cleaner production mechanism.

Insurance

We have insurance policies covering property damage and damage to our production facilities, buildings and machinery. In addition, we have liability insurance policies, including but not limited to general liability insurance policies, product liability insurance policies for specified clients and products and directors’ and officers’ insurance policies. Significant damage to any of our production facilities would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We are not insured against the loss of key personnel.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The following chart illustrates our corporate structure including our principal manufacturing subsidiaries as of January 31, 2018. The following chart does not include wholly owned intermediate holding companies, internal trading companies and those companies without active operations.

Our Consolidated Subsidiaries

ASE Test Taiwan

ASE Test Taiwan, which was acquired in 1990, is our wholly owned subsidiary. It is incorporated in Taiwan and is engaged in the testing of integrated circuits.

ASE Test Malaysia

ASE Test Malaysia, which was established in 1991, is our wholly owned subsidiary. It is incorporated in Malaysia and is engaged in the packaging and testing of integrated circuits.

ISE Labs

ISE Labs is our wholly owned subsidiary. It is a semiconductor company specializing in front-end engineering testing that is incorporated in the United States and has its principal facilities located in Fremont, California. We acquired 70.0% of the outstanding shares of ISE Labs in 1999 through ASE Test, and increased our holding to 100.0% through purchases made in 2000 and 2002.

ASE Singapore Pte. Ltd.

ASE Singapore Pte. Ltd., our wholly owned subsidiary, is incorporated in Singapore and provides packaging and testing services. We acquired ASE Singapore Pte. Ltd., which was wholly owned by ISE Lab, through our acquisition of ISE Lab in 1999. In January 2011, ASE Singapore II Pte. Ltd. (formerly, EEMS Test Singapore) merged into ASE Singapore Pte. Ltd. after we acquired ASE Singapore II Pte. Ltd. in August 2010.

ASE Electronics

ASE Material was established in 1997 as an ROC company for the production of interconnect materials, such as substrates, used in the packaging of semiconductors. We initially held a majority stake in ASE Material, but acquired the remaining equity by means of a merger of ASE Material with and into us in August 2004. In August 2006, we spun off the operations originally conducted through ASE Material into our wholly owned subsidiary ASE Electronics. ASE Electronics currently supplies our packaging operations with a substantial portion of our substrate requirements. The facilities of ASE Electronics are primarily located in the Nantze Export Processing Zone near our packaging and testing facilities in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 

ASE Chung Li and ASE Korea

In July 1999, we purchased Motorola’s Semiconductor Products Sector operations in Chung Li, Taiwan and Paju, South Korea for the packaging and testing of semiconductors, thereby forming ASE Chung Li and ASE Korea. In August 2004, we acquired the remaining outstanding shares of ASE Chung Li that we did not already own and merged ASE Chung Li into us.

ASE Japan

ASE Japan, which we acquired from NEC Electronics Corporation in May 2004, is our wholly owned subsidiary. It is incorporated in Japan and is engaged in the packaging and testing of semiconductors.

ASE Shanghai

ASE Shanghai was established in 2001 as a wholly owned subsidiary of ASE Inc. and began operations in June 2004. ASE Shanghai primarily manufactures and supplies interconnect materials for our packaging operations.

ASESH AT

We acquired 100% equity interest in GAPT, now known as ASESH AT, in January 2007 for a purchase price of US$60.0 million. ASESH AT is a PRC company based in Shanghai, China that provides packaging and testing services for a wide range of semiconductors.

ASEN

In September 2007, we acquired 60.0% equity interest in ASEN, formerly known as NXP Semiconductors Suzhou Ltd., from NXP Semiconductors for a purchase price of US$21.6 million. In March 2018, our board of directors approved to acquire the remaining 40.0% equity interest in ASEN for a purchase price of US$127.1 million. ASEN is based in Suzhou, China and is engaged in semiconductor packaging and testing.

ASEWH

In May 2008, we acquired 100.0% of the shares of ASEWH from Aimhigh Global Corp. and TCC Steel. ASEWH is based in Weihai, Shandong, China and is engaged in semiconductor packaging and testing.

ASEKS

ASEKS was set up in 2004 and began operating in 2010. ASEKS is based in Kunshan, China and is engaged in semiconductor packaging and testing.

Wuxi Tongzhi

In May 2013, we, through our subsidiary ASESH AT, acquired 100.0% of the shares of Wuxi Tongzhi from Toshiba Semiconductor (Wuxi) Co, Ltd. Wuxi Tongzhi is based in Wuxi, China and is engaged in semiconductor packaging and testing.

USI Group

USI Group engages primarily in electronic manufacturing services in relation to computers, consumer electronics, communications, industrial and automotive, among other services and businesses. We purchased 22.6% of the outstanding shares of Universal Scientific in 1999. We subsequently increased our holding to 23.3% in 2000. As of December 31, 2009, we held approximately 18.1% of Universal Scientific’s outstanding equity shares, which allowed us to exercise significant influence over Universal Scientific and therefore accounted for this investment by the equity method. In February 2010, we, along with our two subsidiaries, J&R Holding Limited and ASE Test, through a cash and stock tender offer, acquired 641,669,316 common shares of Universal Scientific at NT$21 per share, amounting to NT$13,475.1 million in total, resulting in our controlling ownership over Universal Scientific.

As a result, Universal Scientific became our subsidiary. The shares of Universal Scientific were delisted from the TWSE on June 17, 2010, which were previously listed under the symbol “2350.” In August 2010, we acquired additional 222,243,661 shares of Universal Scientific through another tender offer at NT$21 per share, amounting to NT$4,667.1 million in total. In September 2012, as part of our internal business restructuring, our subsidiaries transferred their shareholdings in Universal Scientific to ASE Inc.

In February 2012, Universal Scientific Shanghai completed its IPO on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. The total proceeds from the IPO was approximately RMB811.7 million prior to deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. In November 2014, Universal Scientific Shanghai completed its capital increase by way of domestic private placements through a bidding process, raising a total of RMB2,063.0 million prior to deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. The issue price per share was RMB27.06. As of January 31, 2018, we indirectly held 75.8% of the total outstanding shares of Universal Scientific Shanghai through our subsidiaries USI Inc. and ASE Shanghai.

On February 2, 2015, Universal Scientific’s shareholders passed a resolution at the shareholders’ meeting to spin-off and assign Universal Scientific’s investment businesses with a then-estimated value of NT$35,537.8 million to USI Inc. In April 2015, Universal Scientific completed a spin-off of its subsidiaries to USI Inc., a company incorporated under ROC law. As part of our business realignment effort, we acquired 990.1 million shares in USI Inc. on the spin-off record date, which resulted in us holding 99.2% of the total then outstanding shares of USI Inc. Following Universal Scientific’s spin-off of its investment businesses to USI Inc., Universal Scientific carried out a capital reduction plan reducing its capital from NT$16,413.0 million to NT$400.0 million. As a result of such spin-off, as of April 1, 2015, we held approximately 99.0% of the outstanding common shares of Universal Scientific.

On September 24, 2015, as part of our corporate reorganization to align each business function to different legal entity groups, the board of directors of ASE Inc. passed a resolution to announce our intention to carry out the Universal Scientific Share Transfer. The Universal Scientific Share Transfer was approved by the Investment Commission of MOEA on February 3, 2016. The majority of shares were transferred in March 2016, and the remaining shares were transferred in May 2016. Following the completion of the Universal Scientific Share Transfer, USI Group will operate under the legal entities directly and indirectly held under USI Inc. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company—USI Group Restructuring” for more information.

In January 2017, Universal Scientific completed a cash capital increase of NT$1,000 million (US$33.7 million) and our shareholdings of Universal Scientific increased to 75.7%.

As of January 31, 2018, ASE Inc. indirectly held 75.7% of Universal Scientific.

PROPERTY, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT

We operate a number of packaging, testing and electronic manufacturing facilities in Asia and the United States. Our facilities provide varying types or levels of services with respect to different end-product focus, customers, technologies and geographic locations. With our diverse facilities we are able to tailor our packaging, testing and electronic manufacturing solutions closely to our customers’ needs. The following table sets forth the location, commencement of operation, primary use, approximate floor space and ownership of our principal facilities as of January 31, 2018.

Our major leased property in Kaohsiung consists primarily of leases of land in the Kaohsiung Nantze Export Processing Zone between ASE Inc. and ASE Test Taiwan, as the lessees, and the Export Processing Zones Administration (the “EPZA”), under the Ministry of Economic Affairs. The leases have ten-year or twenty-year terms that will expire through June 2035. No sublease or lending of the land is allowed. The EPZA has the right to adjust the rental price in the event the government revalues the land. The leases are typically renewable with three-month notice prior to the termination date.

ASE Inc. Kaohsiung Facility

On December 20, 2013, the Kaohsiung Environmental Protection Bureau imposed a fine of NT$102.0 million (“the Administrative Fine”) upon us for the violation of the Water Pollution Control Act. We filed an administrative appeal to nullify the Administrative Fine, which was dismissed by the Kaohsiung City Government. In August 2014, we appealed to the Kaohsiung High Administrative Court seeking to (i) revoke Kaohsiung City Government’s decision, (ii) lift the administrative penalty imposed on us and (iii) demand a refund of the Administrative Fine. On March 22, 2016, the Kaohsiung High Administrative Court revoked Kaohsiung City Government’s decision and lifted the administrative penalty. Our demand for a refund of the Administrative Fine was dismissed. We appealed to the Supreme Administrative Court on April 14, 2016 against the Kaohsiung High Administrative Court’s unfavorable ruling in dismissing a refund. On June 8, 2017, the Supreme Administrative Court overturned Kaohsiung High Administrative Court’s decision and ordered Kaohsiung Environmental Protection Bureau to refund the Administrative Fine paid by us.

In connection with the same alleged violations at our K7 plant, in October 2014, the Kaohsiung District Court ruled that we were in violation of the ROC Waste Disposal Act and imposed on us a criminal penalty of NT$3.0 million. We appealed the case to the Taiwan High Court Kaohsiung District Branch in November 2014. On September 29, 2015, the Taiwan High Court Kaohsiung District Branch overturned the decision made by Kaohsiung District Court and found us not guilty and repealed the criminal penalty imposed on us. The verdict was final and not appealable. For additional details of these administrative actions and judicial proceedings related to our K7 Plant see “—Environmental Matters” and “Item 8. Financial Information—Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”

Any future suspension of operations at K7 Plant or our other facilities may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business—Any environmental claims or failure to comply with any present or future environmental regulations, as well as any fire or other industrial accident, may require us to spend additional funds and may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.”

We currently do not have plans for significant expansion, but will re-evaluate our need for future expansion based on market condition and future demand requirements to meet our expected future growth. For information on the aggregate capacity of our facilities we operate, see “—Business Overview—Equipment.”

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

OPERATING RESULTS AND TREND INFORMATION

The following discussion of our business, financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of any number of factors, such as those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

We offer a broad range of semiconductor packaging and testing services and we also offer electronic manufacturing services since our acquisition of a controlling interest in Universal Scientific in February 2010. In addition to offering each service separately, we also offer turnkey services, which includes integrated packaging, testing and direct shipment of semiconductors to end users designated by our customers and solution-based proactive original design manufacturing, with our customers. In addition, we started generating revenues from our real estate business since 2010. Our operating revenues increased from NT$283,302.5 million in 2015 to NT$274,884.1 million in 2016 and NT$290,441.2 million (US$9,799.0 million) in 2017.

Discussed below are several factors that have had a significant influence on our financial results in recent years.

Pricing and Revenue Mix

We price our services taking into account the actual costs involved in providing these services, with reference to prevailing market prices. The majority of our prices and revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars. Any significant fluctuation in exchange rates, especially between NT dollars and U.S. dollars, will affect our costs and, in turn, our revenues.

In the case of semiconductor packaging, the cost of the silicon die, typically the most costly component of the packaged semiconductor, is usually not reflected in our costs (or revenues) since it is generally supplied by our customers on a consignment basis.

The semiconductor industry is characterized by a general trend toward declining prices for products and services of a given technology over time. In addition, during periods of intense competition and adverse conditions in the semiconductor industry, the pace of this decline may be more rapid than in other years. The average selling prices of our packaging and testing services have experienced sharp declines during such periods as a result of intense price competition from other market participants that attempt to maintain high capacity utilization levels in the face of reduced demand.

Declines in average selling prices have been partially offset historically by changes in our revenue mix, and typically the selling price is largely dependable on the complexity of the services. In particular, revenues derived from more advanced package types, such as flip-chip BGA, higher density packages with finer lead-to-lead spacing, or pitch, and testing of more complex, high-performance semiconductors have increased as a percentage of total revenues. We intend to continue to focus on package types such as bumping, flip-chip BGA and SiP, developing and offering new technologies in packaging and testing services and expanding our capacity to achieve economies of scale, as well as improving production efficiencies for older technologies, in order to mitigate the effects of declining average selling prices on our profitability.

Our profitability for a specific package type does not depend linearly on its average selling price. Some of our more traditional package types, which typically have low average selling prices, may well command steadier and sometimes higher margins than more advanced package types with higher average selling prices.

High Fixed Costs

Our operations, in particular our testing operations, are characterized by relatively high fixed costs. We expect to continue to incur substantial depreciation and other expenses especially from our acquisitions of packaging and testing equipment and facilities. Our profitability depends in part not only on absolute pricing levels for our products/services, but also on utilization rates on equipment, commonly referred to as “capacity utilization rates.” In particular, increases or decreases in our capacity utilization rates could have a significant effect on gross margins since the unit cost of our products and/or services generally decreases as fixed costs are allocated over a larger number of units. The capacity utilization rates of the machinery and equipment installed at our production facilities typically depend on factors such as the volume and variety of products, the efficiency of our operations in terms of the loading and adjustment of machinery and equipment for different products, the complexity of the different products to be packaged or tested, the amount of time set aside for the maintenance and repair of the machinery and equipment, and the experience and schedule of work shifts of operators.

In 2015, 2016 and 2017, our depreciation, amortization and rental expense included in operating costs as a percentage of operating revenues was 10.0%, 10.3% and 9.5%, respectively. The decrease in depreciation, amortization and rental expense as a percentage of operating revenues in 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily a result of an increase in our electronic manufacturing services revenues. We begin depreciating our equipment when the machinery is placed into service. There may sometimes be a time lag between when our equipment is available for use and when it achieves high levels of utilization. In periods of depressed industry conditions, such as the fourth quarter of 2008, we experienced lower than expected demand from customers, resulting in an increase in depreciation relative to operating revenues. In particular, the capacity utilization rates for our testing equipment are more severely affected during an industry downturn as a result of a decrease in outsourcing demand from integrated device manufacturers, which typically maintain larger in-house testing capacity than in-house packaging capacity.

In addition to purchasing testers, we also lease a portion of our testers, which we believe allows us to better manage our capacity utilization rates and cash flow. Since leased testers can be replaced with more advanced testers upon the expiration of the lease, we believe that these operating leases have enabled us to improve our capacity utilization rates by allowing us to better align our capacity with changes in equipment technology and the needs of our customers. For more information about our testers, including the number of testers under lease, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Equipment—Testing.”

Raw Material Costs

Substantially all of our raw material costs are accounted for by packaging, the production of interconnect materials and electronic manufacturing services. In particular, our electronic manufacturing services acquired in 2010 require more significant quantities of raw materials than our packaging and production of interconnect materials. In 2017, raw material costs accounted for 79.3% of our operating revenues from electronic manufacturing services, and our revenues generated from electronic manufacturing services contributed to 46.1% of our operating revenues. In 2015, 2016 and 2017, raw material cost as a percentage of our operating revenues was 50.0%, 45.5% and 49.2%, respectively.

We have developed copper wire to gradually replace gold wire in the packaging processes in order to benefit from the lower material cost of copper. However, gold wire is still and will continue to be one of the principal raw materials for us in our packaging processes. It may be difficult for us to adjust our average selling prices to account for fluctuations in the price of gold. Thus we expect our raw material costs to continue to be affected by fluctuations in the price of gold.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adopted standards for current period

In the current year, we have applied the following new, revised or amended standards and interpretations that have been issued and effective: Amendments to IFRSs Annual Improvements to IFRSs: 2014-2016 Cycle, Amendments to IAS 7 Disclosure Initiative and Amendments to IAS 12 Recognition of Deferred Tax Assets for Unrealized Losses. Except for the adoption of Amendments to IAS 7 which can be referred to note 34e to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, the adoption of aforementioned standards or interpretations did not have a significant effect on our accounting policies. Please refer to note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report for more information.

Standards not yet adopted

Among the new, revised or amended standards and interpretations that have been issued but are not yet effective, except for the adoption of IFRS 9, IFRS 15 and IFRS 16, we believe that the adoption of the following standards and interpretations will not have a material effect on our accounting policies: Amendments to IFRSs Annual Improvements to IFRSs: 2015-2017 Cycle, Amendments to IFRS 2 Classification and Measurement of Share-based Payment Transactions, IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7 Mandatory Effective Date of IFRS 9 and Transition Disclosures, Amendments to IFRS 9 Prepayment Features with Negative Compensation, Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28 Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture, IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Amendments to IFRS 15 Clarifications to IFRS15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, IFRS 16 Leases, Amendments to IAS 19 Plan Amendment, Curtailment or Settlement, Amendments to IAS 40 Transfers of investment property, IFRIC 22 Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration, Amendments to IAS 28 Long-term Interests in Associate and Joint Venture and IFRIC 23 Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments. Please refer to note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report for the impact on our financial position and operating results as a result of the initial adoption of the following standards and interpretations: IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, IFRS 16 Leases and Amendments to IAS 19 Plan Amendment, Curtailment or Settlement.

IFRS 15 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” and related amendments

IFRS 15 establishes principles for recognizing revenue that apply to all contracts with customers, and will supersede IAS 18 “Revenue”, IAS 11 “Construction Contracts” and a number of revenue-related interpretations.

Presented below is the process we have utilized for the adoption of IFRS 15 and related amendments and the significant implementation matters addressed:

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments in applying our critical accounting policies that have a significant impact on the results we report in our consolidated financial statements. Our principal accounting policies and critical accounting judgments and key sources of estimation uncertainty are set forth in detail in note 4 and note 5, respectively, to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions. Significant accounting policies are summarized as follows.

Revenue Recognition. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable take into account of estimated customer returns, rebates and other similar allowances. Revenue from the sale of goods and real estate properties is recognized when the goods and real estate properties are delivered and titles have passed, at the time all the following conditions are satisfied:

Service income is recognized when services are rendered.

Our customers bear the title and risk of loss for those bare semiconductor wafers that we receive and package into finished semiconductors and/or those packaged semiconductors that we receive and test for performance specifications. Accordingly, the cost of customer-supplied semiconductor materials is not included in our consolidated financial statements.

A sales discount and return allowance is recognized in the period during which the sale is recognized, and is estimated based on historical experience, the management’s judgment and relevant factors.

Inventories. Inventories are recorded at cost when acquired and stated at the lower of cost or net realizable values. Inventories are written down to net realizable value item by item, except for those that may be appropriate to group items of similar or related inventories. Materials received from customers for processing, mainly of semiconductor wafers, are excluded from inventories, as title and risk of loss remains with the customers. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices of inventories less all estimated costs of completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale. An allowance for loss on decline in market value and obsolescence is provided based on the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated market value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. Due to rapid technology advancements, we estimate the net realizable value of inventory for obsolete and unmarketable items at the balance sheet date and then write down the cost of inventories to net realizable value.

Realization of Deferred Tax Assets. Tax benefits arising from deductible temporary differences, unused tax credits and unused loss carry-forwards are recognized as deferred tax assets to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences can be utilized. We have considered future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the deferred tax assets. The carrying amounts of deferred tax assets are reviewed at each balance sheet date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of deferred tax assets to be utilized. A previously unrecognized deferred tax asset is also reviewed at each balance sheet date and recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profit will allow the deferred tax asset to be utilized. The realizability of deferred tax assets mainly depends on whether sufficient future profits or taxable temporary differences will be available. In cases where the actual future profits generated are less than expected, a material reversal of deferred tax assets may arise, which would be recognized in profit or loss for the period in which such a reversal takes place.

Impairment of Tangible and Intangible Assets Other than Goodwill. At each balance sheet date, we review the carrying amounts of the tangible and intangible assets, excluding goodwill, to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss. Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. If the recoverable amount of an asset or cash-generating unit is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset or cash-generating unit is reduced to its recoverable amount. The process of evaluating the potential impairment of tangible and intangible assets other than goodwill requires significant judgment. We are required to make subjective judgments in determining the independent cash flows, useful lives, expected future revenue and expenses related to a specific asset group, taking its usage patterns and the nature of the semiconductor industry into consideration. Any changes in our estimates caused by changing economic conditions or business strategies could result in significant impairment charges in future periods.

In 2015, 2016 and 2017, we recognized impairment losses of NT$258.1 million, NT$888.2 million and NT$289.6 million (US$9.8 million), respectively, on property, plant and equipment. See note 14 to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Business Combinations and Acquisition of Material Associate. When we acquire businesses, goodwill is measured as the excess of the sum of the consideration transferred, the amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree, and the fair value of the acquirer’s previously held equity interest in the acquiree (if any) over the net of the acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. The allocation of the purchase price requires management to make significant estimates in determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, especially with respect to intangible assets. These estimates are based on historical experience, information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and independent external service providers’ reports. These estimates can include, but are not limited to, the cash flows that an asset is expected to generate in the future, the appropriate weighted-average cost of capital, and the synergistic benefits expected to be derived from the acquired business. These estimates are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. In addition, unanticipated events and circumstances may occur, which may affect the accuracy or validity of such estimates.

For the associate accounted for using the equity method, goodwill is included within the carrying amount of the investment as of each investment date as the excess of cost of investments over the share acquired of the net fair value of the associate’s identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the respective investment dates. It involves critical accounting judgment and estimates when determining aforementioned fair values. We engaged independent external appraiser to identify and evaluate the associate’s identifiable tangible assets, intangible assets and liabilities. The scope of such evaluation includes assumptions as current replacement cost of tangible assets, the categories of intangible assets and their expected economic benefits, growth rates for operating revenue and discount rates used in cash flow analysis. The amounts of differences between fair value of identified tangible and intangible assets and the carrying amount at each respective investment dates are depreciated or amortized over their remaining useful lives or expected future economic benefit lives and recognized immediately in profit or loss.

For example, we acquired shareholdings of a subsidiary and its associates in 2016 and identified the differences between the cost of the investment and our share of the net fair value of a subsidiary and its associates’ identifiable assets and liabilities in 2017. We retrospectively adjusted the comparative financial statement for the year ended December 31, 2016. See note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Goodwill. Goodwill is allocated to each cash-generating unit and tested for impairment annually, and we test for impairment more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate that the cash-generating unit may be impaired. Determining whether goodwill is impaired requires an estimation of the recoverable amounts of the cash-generating units to which goodwill has been allocated. Recoverable amounts are assessed by value in use which requires management to estimate the future cash flows expected to arise from cash-generating units and suitable discount rates in order to calculate its present value. When the actual future cash flows are less than expected, a material impairment loss may arise. In conducting the future cash flow valuation, we make assumptions about future operating cash flows, the discount rate used to determine present value of future cash flows, and capital expenditures. Future operating cash flows assumptions include sales growth assumptions, which are based on our historical trends and industry trends, and gross margin and operating expense growth assumptions, which are based on the historical relationship of those measures compared to sales and certain cost cutting initiatives. An impairment charge is incurred to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount. We did not recognize any impairment loss in 2015 and 2016. In 2017, we recognized an impairment loss of NT$425.1 million (US$14.3 million) due to the lower-than-expected actual revenue growth of cash flows from segments other than packaging segment, testing segment and EMS segment, which led to the recoverable amount lower than the carrying amount. As of December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, we had goodwill of NT$10,506.5 million, NT$10,490.3 million and NT$9,934.5 million (US$335.2 million), respectively. Our conclusion could, however, change in the future if actual results differ from our estimates and judgments under different assumptions and conditions. See note 16 to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Valuation of Investments. We hold investments in the shareholdings of public and non-public entities. We evaluate these investments periodically for impairment based on market prices, if available, the financial condition of the investees and economic conditions in the industry and estimate of future cash inflows from disposal (net of transaction cost). These assessments usually require a significant amount of judgment, as a significant decline in the market price may be a short-term drop and may not be the best indicator of impairment. Whenever triggering events or changes in circumstances indicate that an investment may be impaired and carrying amount may not be recoverable, we measure the impairment based on the market prices, if available, or using market approach based on the financial result of the investments and estimate of future cash inflows from disposal (net of transaction cost). Several of the investments held by us are recognized as the equity method investments or available-for-sale financial assets. Any significant decline in the estimated future cash flows of the investments or financial assets could affect the value of the investment and indicate that an impairment charge may occur. In 2015, 2016 and 2017, we recognized impairment losses of nil, NT$91.9 million and NT$50.2 million (US$1.7 million), respectively, on our investments. See note 24 to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, financial data from our consolidated statements of comprehensive income, expressed as a percentage of operating revenues.

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the gross margins for our packaging, testing services and electronic manufacturing services and our total gross margin. Gross margin is calculated by dividing gross profits by operating revenues.

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, a breakdown of our total operating costs and operating expenses, expressed as a percentage of operating revenues.

Year ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016

Operating Revenues. Operating revenues increased 5.7% to NT$290,441.2 million (US$9,799.0 million) in 2017 from NT$274,884.1 million in 2016, primarily due to an increase in revenue from our electronic manufacturing services business. Packaging revenues increased 0.8% to NT$126,225.1 million (US$4,258.6 million) in 2017 from NT$125,282.8 million in 2016, primarily due to an increase in demand of Bumping, Flip Chip, WLP & SiP products. Testing revenues decreased 3.2% to NT$26,157.3 million (US$882.5 million) in 2017 from NT$27,031.8 million in 2016, primarily due to the soft demand in end-application market. Revenues from our electronic manufacturing services business increased 16.1% to NT$133,948.0 million (US$4,519.2 million) in 2017 from NT$115,395.1 million in 2016, primarily due to an increase in outsourced orders for consumer products and communications products.

Gross Profit. Gross profit decreased 0.9% to NT$52,732.3 million (US$1,779.1 million) in 2017 from NT$53,187.2 million (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016. Our gross profit as a percentage of operating revenues, or gross margin, was 18.2% in 2017 compared to 19.3% in 2016. The decrease was primarily due to an increase in our electronic manufacturing services business, which had a lower gross margin. Raw material costs in 2017 were NT$142,934.4 million (US$4,822.3 million) compared to NT$125,133.8 million in 2016. As a percentage of operating revenues, raw material costs increased to 49.2% in 2017 from 45.5% in 2016 primarily due to an increase in orders in our electronic manufacturing services business, which had relatively higher raw material costs compared to our other businesses. Labor cost in 2017 was NT$35,978.4 million (US$1,213.8 million) compared to NT$35,588.5 million in 2016. As a percentage of operating revenues, labor cost decreased to 12.4% in 2017 from 13.0% in 2016 primarily due to the growth of our operating revenues. Depreciation, amortization and rental expenses were NT$27,703.1 million (US$934.7 million) in 2017 compared to NT$28,124.6 million (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016. As a percentage of operating revenues, depreciation, amortization and rental expenses decreased to 9.5% in 2017 from 10.3% in 2016. Our gross margin for our packaging business was 22.8% in both 2017 and 2016. Our gross margin for our testing business decreased to 35.6% in 2017 from 36.9% in 2016 primarily due to the decline of our testing revenues. Our gross margin for our electronic manufacturing services business increased to 10.1% in 2017 from 9.7% in 2016 primarily due to a decrease in the sale of products with lower gross margins.

Profit from Operations. Profit from operations decreased 2.1% to NT$25,327.2 million (US$854.5 million) in 2017 compared to NT$25,860.1 million (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016. Our profit from operations as a percentage of operating revenues, or operating margin, decreased to 8.7% in 2017 from 9.4% in 2016 primarily due to a decrease in gross margin. Operating expenses increased 3.7% to NT$27,513.7 million (US$928.3 million) in 2017 compared to NT$26,526.8 million (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016. The increase in operating expenses was primarily due to an increase in general and administrative expense as well as research and development expense. General and administrative expense increased 6.8% to NT$12,458.1 million (US$420.3 million) in 2017 from NT$11,662.1 million in 2016, primarily due to an increase in salary expenses in connection with higher employee and directors bonus accrued, which were caused by our higher net profit and an increase in professional fee. General and administrative expense as a percentage of our operating revenues was 4.3% in 2017, compared to 4.2% in 2016. Research and development expense increased 3.1% to NT$11,746.6 million (US$396.3 million), accounting for 4.0% of operating revenues in 2017, compared to NT$11,391.1 million, accounting for 4.1% of operating revenues in 2016. This increase in the research and development expense was primarily due to an increase in salary expenses. Selling expense decreased 4.7% to NT$3,309.0 million (US$111.6 million) in 2017 from NT$3,473.6 million (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in salary expenses and amortization expenses in connection with intangible assets fully amortized. Selling expense as a percentage of operating revenues was 1.1% in 2017, compared to 1.3% in 2016. We had a net other operating income of NT$108.6 million (US$3.7 million) in 2017 compared to a net other operating expense of NT$800.3 million in 2016. The increase in net other operating income was primarily due to a gain of NT$367.1 million (US$12.4 million) from the disposal of property, plant and equipment and other assets.

Non-Operating Income and Expenses.We had a net non-operating income of NT$5,693.5 million (US$192.1 million) in 2017 compared to a net non-operating income of NT$2,108.6 million (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016. This increase was primarily due to an increase in non-operating income due to a gain of NT$5,589.5 million (US$188.6 million) from the disposal of subsidiaries, partially offset by a decrease in non-operating income due to the change in the net loss on valuation of financial assets and liabilities and net foreign exchange gain which resulted in a decrease in net gain from NT$2,375.9 million in 2016 to NT$718.7 million (US$24.2 million) in 2017.

Net Profit. Net profit, excluding non-controlling interests, increased 7.0% to NT$22,819.1 million (US$769.9 million) in 2017 compared to NT$21,324.4 million (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016. Our diluted earnings per ADS increased to NT$12.98 (US$0.44) in 2017 compared to diluted earnings per ADS of NT$11.64 (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016. Our income tax expense increased 21.0% to NT$6,523.6 million (US$220.1 million) in 2017 compared to NT$5,390.8 million in 2016, primarily due to an increase in profit before income tax and an increase in income tax on unappropriated earnings.

Year ended December 31, 2016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2015

Operating Revenues. Operating revenues decreased 3.0% to NT$274,884.1 million in 2016 from NT$283,302.5 million in 2015, primarily due to a decrease in revenues from our electronic manufacturing services business. Packaging revenues increased 7.4% to NT$125,282.8 million in 2016 from NT$116,607.3 million in 2015, primarily due to an increase in demand for our Bumping, Flip Chip, WLP & Sip and IC wirebonding products. Testing revenues increased 7.3% to NT$27,031.8 million in 2016 from NT$25,191.9 million in 2015, primarily due to an increase in sales volume of our testing business. Revenues from our electronic manufacturing services business decreased 16.5% to NT$115,395.1 million in 2016 from NT$138,242.1 million in 2015, primarily due to a decrease in the outsourced orders for communications and consumer products.

Gross Profit. Gross profit increased 6.1% to NT$53,187.2 million (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016 from NT$50,135.2 million in 2015. Our gross profit as a percentage of operating revenues, or gross margin, was 19.3% (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016 compared to 17.7% in 2015. The increase was primarily due to a decline of our electronic manufacturing services business with a lower gross margin. Raw material costs in 2016 were NT$125,133.8 million compared to NT$141,778.8 million in 2015. As a percentage of operating revenues, raw material costs decreased to 45.5% in 2016 from 50.0% in 2015 primarily due to a decrease in orders in our electronic manufacturing services business, which required relatively higher raw material costs compared to our other businesses. Labor cost in 2016 was NT$35,588.5 million compared to NT$34,720.4 million in 2015. As a percentage of operating revenues, labor cost increased to 13.0% in 2016 from 12.3% in 2015 primarily due to the decline of our operating revenues. Depreciation, amortization and rental expenses were NT$28,124.6 million (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016 compared to NT$28,191.8 million in 2015. As a percentage of operating revenues, depreciation, amortization and rental expenses increased to 10.2% (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016 from 10.0% in 2015. Our gross margin for our packaging business decreased to 22.8% in 2016 from 26.0% in 2015, primarily due to a decrease in the sale of products with higher gross margins. Our gross margin for our testing business increased to 36.9% in 2016 from 35.8% in 2015 primarily due to a decrease in depreciation expenses as a percentage of testing revenues. Our gross margin for our electronic manufacturing services business increased to 9.7% in 2016 from 6.8% in 2015 primarily due to a decrease in the sale of products with lower gross margins.

Profit from Operations. Profit from operations increased 5.0% to NT$25,860.1 million (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016 compared to NT$24,633.1 million in 2015. Our profit from operations as a percentage of operating revenues, or operating margin, increased to 9.4% (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016 from 8.7% in 2015 primarily due to an increase in gross margin. Operating expenses increased 5.1% to NT$26,526.8 million (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016 compared to NT$25,250.6 million in 2015. The increase in operating expenses was primarily due to an increase in general and administrative expense, as well as research and development expense. General and administrative expense increased 8.7% to NT$11,662.1 million in 2016 from NT$10,724.6 million in 2015, primarily due to an increase in our professional fees incurred in relation to various investment strategies and an increase in salary expenses in connection with the cost related to stock options granted in the fourth quarter of 2015 and recognized in 2016. General and administrative expense as a percentage of our operating revenues was 4.2% in 2016, compared to 3.8% in 2015. Research and development expense increased 4.1% to NT$11,391.1 million, accounting for 4.1% of operating revenues in 2016, compared to NT$10,937.5 million, accounting for 3.8% of operating revenues in 2015. This increase in the research and development expense was primarily due to an increase in salary expenses in relation to stock options granted in the fourth quarter of 2015 and recognized in 2016. Selling expense decreased 3.2% (retrospectively adjusted) to NT$3,473.6 million (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016 from NT$3,588.5 million in 2015. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in amortization expenses in connection with intangible assets acquired in prior mergers. Selling expense as a percentage of operating revenues was 1.3% in both 2016 and 2015. We had a net other operating expense of NT$800.3 million in 2016 compared to a net other operating expense of NT$251.5 million in 2015. The increase in net other operating expense was primarily due to an increase in impairment loss on property, plant and equipment.

Non-Operating Expense, Net.We had a net non-operating income of NT$2,108.6 million (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016 compared to a net non-operating income of NT$378.7 million in 2015. This increase was primarily due to (i) an increase in non-operating income due to the change in the net loss on valuation of financial assets and liabilities and net foreign exchange loss which resulted in an increase in net gain from NT$1,759.6 million in 2015 to NT$2,375.9 million in 2016 and (ii) an increase in non-operating income due to the increase in the income earned from equity method investments from the profit of NT$126.3 million in 2015 to the profit of NT$1,503.9 million (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016, partially offset by a decrease in non-operating income due to a decrease in dividends income from NT$397.0 million in 2015 to NT$26.4 million in 2016.

Net Profit. Net profit, excluding non-controlling interests, increased 8.1% (retrospectively adjusted) to NT$21,324.4 million (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016 compared to NT$19,732.1 million in 2015. Our diluted earnings per ADS decreased to NT$11.64 (retrospectively adjusted) in 2016 compared to diluted earnings per ADS of NT$12.38 in 2015. Our income tax expense increased 25% to NT$5,390.8 million in 2016 compared to NT$4,311.1 million in 2015, primarily due to an increase in income tax on undistributed earnings and an increase in income tax of our real estate business which generated more operating revenues in 2016.

Quarterly Operating Revenues, Gross Profit and Gross Margin

The following table sets forth our unaudited consolidated operating revenues, gross profit and gross margin for the quarterly periods indicated. The unaudited quarterly results reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the amounts, on a basis consistent with the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. You should read the following table in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. Our operating revenues, gross profit and gross margin for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of the results for any future period. Our quarterly operating revenues, gross profit and gross margin may fluctuate significantly.