Ituran - 20-F annual report 2024

Revenues from our stolen vehicle recovery services, which we refer to as SVR services (“SVR”) and automatic vehicle location (“AVL”) products, which we refer to as telematics products, are primarily dependent on our relationships with insurance companies and car manufacturers. In Israel, insurance companies drive  demand for our SVR services and telematics products by encouraging and, in some cases, requiring customers to subscribe to vehicle location services and purchase vehicle location products such as ours. Our subsidiaries   enter into  agreements with insurance companies  to subscribe to our services and purchase or lease our products directly. Our inability to maintain our existing relationships or establish new relationships with insurance companies could adversely affect our revenues and growth potential. In some of the territories in which we operate, we have business relationships with car manufacturers. Our inability to maintain our existing relationships or establish new relationships with car manufacturers could adversely affect our revenues and growth potential.

We depend on insurance company practices in the markets in which we provide our SVR services and sell our telematics products. In Israel, insurance companies either mandate the use of SVR services by use of telematics products, or their equivalent, as a prerequisite for providing insurance coverage to owners of certain medium- and high-end vehicles or provide insurance premium discounts to encourage vehicle owners to subscribe to services and purchase products such as ours. For our subsidiaries in Brazil and Argentina, insurance companies mainly lease our telematics products directly and subsequently require their customers to subscribe to our SVR services.

Therefore, we rely on insurance companies’ continued practice of:

If any of these policies or practices change, revenues from sales of our SVR services and telematics products could decline, which could adversely affect our revenues and growth potential.

Demand for our SVR services and telematics products depends primarily on prevailing or expected vehicle theft rates. Vehicle theft rates may decline as a result of various reasons, such as the availability of improved security systems, implementation of improved or more effective law enforcement measures, or improved economic or political conditions in markets that have high theft rates. If vehicle theft rates in any or all of our existing markets decline, or if insurance companies or our other customers believe that vehicle theft rates have declined or are expected to decline, demand for our SVR services and telematics products may decline.

Our SVR services and telematics products are primarily used to protect vehicles and are often installed before or immediately after their initial sale. Consequently, a reduction in new vehicle sales could reduce our addressable market for SVR services and telematics products. New car sales may decline for various reasons, including an increase in new car tariffs, taxes or gas and electricity prices. A decline in vehicle production levels or labor disputes affecting the automobile industry in the markets where we operate may also impact the volume of new vehicle sales. A decline in new car sales in the markets in which we provide our SVR services or sell our telematics products could result in reduced demand for these services and products.

The markets for our services and products are highly competitive. We compete primarily on the basis of the technological innovation, quality and price of our services and products. Our most competitive market is the telematics services market and the related telematics products market, due to the existence of a wide variety of competing services and products and alternative technologies that offer various levels of protection and tracking capabilities, including global positioning systems, or GPS, satellite- or network-based cellular systems and direction-finding homing technologies. Some of these competing services and products, such as certain GPS-based products, are installed in new vehicles by vehicle manufacturers prior to their initial sale, which effectively precludes us from competing for these subscribers in the SVR market. Furthermore, providers of competing services or products may extend their offerings to the locations in which we operate, or new competitors may enter the telematics services market. Our telematics products also compete with less sophisticated theft protection devices such as standard car alarms, immobilizers, steering wheel locks and homing devices, some of which may be significantly cheaper. Some of these competing products have greater brand recognition than our telematics products.

We are engaged in businesses characterized by rapid technological change and frequent new product developments and enhancements. The number of companies developing and marketing new telematics products has expanded considerably in recent years. The development of new or improved products, systems or technologies that compete with our telematics products, for both our SVR and fleet management services, may render our products and services less competitive and we may not be able to enhance our technology in a timely manner. In addition to the competition resulting from new products, systems or technologies, our future product enhancements may not adequately meet the requirements of the marketplace and may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenues. Any of the foregoing could cause a decline in our revenues and profitability.

Our telematics products identify the location of vehicles in which our products are installed. Following a notification of an unauthorized entry, or if we receive notification of the vehicle’s theft from a subscriber, we notify the relevant law enforcement agency of the location of the subscriber’s vehicle and generally rely on local law enforcement or governmental agencies to recover the stolen vehicle. We cannot control nor predict the response time of the relevant local law enforcement or other governmental agencies responsible for recovering stolen vehicles, nor that the stolen vehicles, once located, will be recovered at all. In the past, some stolen vehicles in which our telematics products were installed were not recovered on timely manner, from the time an unauthorized entry is confirmed or reported to the time the vehicle is recovered. To the extent that the relevant agencies do not effectively and timely respond to our calls and recover stolen vehicles, our recovery rates would likely diminish, which may, in turn, negatively impact customers’ perception of the usefulness of our SVR services and telematics products, adversely affecting our revenues.

The effectiveness of our telematics products is dependent, in part, on the inability of unauthorized persons to deactivate or otherwise alter the functioning of our telematics products or the vehicle anti-theft devices that work in conjunction with our telematics products. As sales of our telematics products increase, criminals in the markets in which we operate may become increasingly aware of our telematics products and may develop methods or technologies to detect, deactivate or disable our tracking devices or the vehicle anti-theft devices that work in conjunction with our telematics products. We believe that, as is the case with any product intended to prevent vehicle theft, over time, there may be an increased ability of unauthorized persons to detect, deactivate, disable or otherwise inhibit the effectiveness of our telematics products, although it is difficult to verify this fact. An increase in the ability of unauthorized persons to detect, deactivate, disable or otherwise inhibit the effectiveness of our telematics products could adversely affect demand for our products and adversely affect our revenues.

We license from third parties some of the technology that we need in order to provide our SVR services and market and sell some of our telematics products. In the event that such licenses were to be terminated, or if such licenses were rendered unenforceable or invalid and we would not be able to license similar technology from other parties, it would require us, at a minimum, to obtain rights to a different technology and reconfigure our telematics products accordingly. In addition, some of the licenses we obtained from third parties are non-exclusive, which may enable other entities to obtain identical licenses from such third parties to operate in the places in which we conduct our business resulting in increased competition and could adversely affect our revenues. Our ability to sell some of our services and products depends upon the prior receipt and maintenance of various governmental licenses and approvals and our failure to obtain or maintain such licenses and approvals, or third-party use of the same licenses and frequencies, could result in a disruption or curtailment of our operations, a significant increase in costs and a decline in revenues.

Our SVR services business model and, consequently, our ability to provide our SVR services and sell our telematics products, relies on our ability to successfully identify markets in which:

The absence of these conditions, our inability to locate markets in which these conditions exist or the loss of any one of these conditions in markets we currently serve could adversely affect our revenues generated in existing markets and our growth potential .Since October 7^th massacre and due to the war that followed we encountered network disruptions which caused some disturbance to our stolen vehicle recovery services and Usage based insurance,(UBI).Nevertheless we sustained our rate of success in the recovery of stolen vehicles .

Our success depends upon the efforts and abilities of key management personnel, including our President and our Co-Chief Executive Officers. Loss of the services of one or more of such key personnel could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan. In addition, we believe that our future success depends in part upon our ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business. If one or more members of our management team or other key technical personnel become unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, and if additional key personnel cannot be hired and retained as needed, our business and growth prospects could be adversely affected.

We outsource the manufacturing of a significant part of our telematics products to third parties. We use manufacturers for production of our telematics products and we do not maintain significant levels of inventories to support us in the event of unexpected interruptions in the products manufacturing process. If our principal manufacturer or any of our other manufacturers is unable to or fails to manufacture our products in a timely manner, we may not be able to secure alternative manufacturing facilities without experiencing an interruption in the supply of our products or an increase in production costs. Any such interruption or increase in production costs could affect our ability to provide our telematics products in a timely and cost-effective manner, adversely impacting our revenues and profit margins.

We rely on three major suppliers to supply us with various products and software, one of them is our subsidiary. Each of these suppliers supply us with different types of products and software and acts as the single supplier of these products and services.  Termination of relations with one of our major suppliers would adversely affect our operations and revenues.

We and our third-party manufacturers use specialized quality assurance testing equipment in the production of our telematics products. The replacement of any such equipment as a result of its failure or loss could result in a disruption of our production process or an increase in costs, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

There are no established industry standards in all of the businesses in which we sell our telematics products. For example, vehicle location devices may operate by employing various technologies, including network triangulation, GPS, satellite-based or network-based cellular or direction-finding homing systems. The development of industry standards that do not incorporate the technology we use may decrease or eliminate the demand for our services or products and we may not be able to develop new services and products that are in compliance with such new industry standards on a cost-effective basis. If industry standards develop and such standards do not incorporate our telematics products and we are unable to effectively adapt to such new standards, such development could harm our results of operations.

We anticipate future growth to be attributable to our business activities in new markets, particularly in developing countries, where we may encounter additional risks and challenges, such as longer payment cycles, potentially adverse tax consequences, potential difficulties in collecting receivables and potential difficulties in enforcing agreements or other rights in foreign legal systems. The challenges and risks of entering a new market may delay or preclude our ability to generate anticipated revenues and may impede our overall growth strategy.

Part of our business relies on signals from GPS/GPRS satellites built and maintained by third parties. If GPS/GPRS satellites become unavailable to us, or if the costs associated with using GPS/GPRS technology increase such that it is no longer feasible or cost-effective for us to use such technology, we will not be able to adequately provide our services. In addition, if one or more GPS/GPRS satellites malfunction, there could be a substantial delay before such satellites are repaired or replaced, if at all. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could negatively impact our immediate and future revenues from, or growth of, our telematics services and adversely affect our results of operations.

Our telematics and SVR and cloud services, relies on the use of information technology which under a major cyber security breach, could harm our operations. We are using physical services, wireless transmitting stations, GPRS/GPS, and in lesser account cloud computing to provide our services. There are risks associated with storing and transmitting data, which due to cyber security breach may be corrupted, and the store data on remote servers may be destroyed, damaged, seized, or otherwise no longer accessible, which may temporarily decrease our ability to deliver telematics and SVR services.

We implemented cyber security controls – which consists of three pillars: prevention, detection and response (data recovery in the event of a cyber breach). We perform an ongoing review of our systems and an annual external review of our cyber security controls and their implementation. However, such cyber security controls may not be able to prevent all unexpected weaknesses. In the event of a cyber-attack, we could experience the corruption or loss of data, misappropriation of assets or sensitive information, including customer information, or operational disruption. This could result in response costs and various financial loss and may subject us to litigation and cause damage to our reputation, for which we may not be covered under our current insurance policies and may lead to substantial loss of revenues.

Some of our employees in our subsidiaries in Brazil and Argentina are members of labor unions. If a labor dispute were to develop between us and our unionized employees, such employees could go on strike and we could suffer work stoppage for a significant period of time. A labor dispute can be difficult to resolve and may require us to seek arbitration for resolution, which arbitration can be time consuming, distracting to management, expensive and difficult to predict. The occurrence of a labor dispute with our unionized employees could delay or preclude altogether our ability to generate revenues in the markets where such employees are located.

In periods of shortages impacting the semiconductor industry such as during year 2022, we have placed and may continue to place non-cancellable inventory orders in advance of our historical lead times, and pay premiums and/or provide deposits to secure future supply and capacity. For example, while we previously placed orders with approximately six months’ lead time, we have begun placing orders at least twelve months in advance. Our inventory and purchase commitments reflect our demand expectations for our future quarters and long-term supply and capacity needs. However, we may not be able to accurately predict when such periods of shortage will end, nor do we know whether those inventory orders accurately address our current and future demand needs. These actions increased some of our product costs .If this shortage will sustain we may suffer same economic extra costs in the future.

During the year 2023 and 2024 , we have encountered growing inflation rates and growing interest rates in the main territories where we operate. This has caused additional costs to our financing and operations. This environment has a potential negative impact on our results, as long as it sustains.

A regional or a global health pandemic, such as COVID-19, could severely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition due to impacts on our suppliers and customers, as well as impacts from remote work arrangements,

The provision of our SVR services depends upon adequate network coverage for accurate tracking information. In Israel, we have installed 98 base sites that provide complete communications coverage in Israel. Similarly, we have communications coverage in Sao Paulo, Brazil (124 sites) and Buenos Aires, Argentina (7 sites). The installation and operation of most of our base sites require building permits from local or regional zoning authorities as well as a number of additional permits from governmental and regulatory authorities.

Currently most of our base sites in Israel and Brazil and some of our base sites in Argentina operate without local building permits or the equivalent. Although relevant authorities in Israel, Brazil and Argentina have not historically enforced penalties for non-compliance with certain permit regulations, following ongoing press coverage and actions by various public interest groups, relevant Israeli authorities have begun seeking enforcement of permit regulations, especially with respect to antennas constructed for cellular phone operators. Some possible enforcement measures include the closure or demolition of existing base sites or the imposition of limitation on the building of new base stations. Should these enforcement measures be imposed upon us in Israel, Brazil or Argentina, the extent, quality and capacity of our network coverage and, as a result, our ability to provide SVR services, may be adversely affected. In Israel we are in process of achieving compliance with the regulation of our base stations, this process can take several years .

The valuation of our assets and liabilities, our revenues received, and the related expenses incurred are not always denominated in the same currency. This lack of correlation between revenues and expenses exposes us to risks resulting from currency fluctuations. These currency fluctuations could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, such currency fluctuations take place in several countries in which we operate which affects our operation results in these countries. In addition, fluctuations in currencies may result in valuation adjustments in our assets and liabilities which could cause our results of operations to decline.

Our headquarters are located in Israel and most our key employees, officers and directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, security, political and economic conditions in Israel directly affect our business. Over the past several decades, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its Arab neighbours. During the recent years Israel was engaged in an armed conflicts with a militant group and political party who controls the Gaza Strip. These conflicts involved missile strikes against civilian targets in various parts of Israel, including areas in which our employees and some of our consultants are located, and may negatively affect business conditions in Israel.

On October 7^th, 2023, Hamas terrorist organization has launched an horrific hostile military assault against Israel. Hamas has murdered 795 civilians, 373 soldiers, policemen and foreigners and kidnapped more than 230   into the Gaza Strip. On that day, where militant groups launched a surprise attack on southern Israel from the Gaza Strip, marking the start of a most significant military escalation in the region. After clearing Hamas militants, the Israeli retribution war actions against Hamas which started from October 8^thwith more than 250,000 Israeli soldiers recruited from reserve military retaliated by conducting an extensive aerial bombardment campaign on Hamas targets, followed by a large-scale ground military act on Gaza. The aforementioned was also coupled with military actions taken on the Northern part of Israel against the Hasbullah from Lebanon which later turned into full scale fighting. Moreover during 2024 Iran has launched   several missiles and ballistic missiles attacks against Israel to which Israel retaliated. We were not significantly affected by the aforementioned hostile and military actions. Continued or increased hostilities, future armed conflicts, political developments in other states in the region or continued or increased terrorism could make it more difficult for us to conduct our operations in Israel, which could increase our costs and adversely affect our financial results.

Furthermore, there are number of countries, primarily in the Middle East, that still restrict business with Israel or Israeli companies and as a result our company is precluded from marketing its products in these countries. Restrictive laws or policies directed toward Israel or Israeli businesses could have an adverse effect on our ability to grow our business and our results of operations.

The Israeli government during year 2023 & 2024 pursued extensive changes to Israel’s judicial system. This has sparked extensive political debate. In response to the foregoing developments, many individuals, organizations and institutions, both within and outside of Israel, have voiced concerns that the proposed changes may negatively impact the business environment in Israel, due to potential reluctance of foreign investors to invest or transact business in Israel, increased currency fluctuations, downgrades in credit rating which already occurred twice, increased interest rates, increased volatility in securities markets, and other changes in macroeconomic conditions. To the extent that any of these negative developments occur, they may have an adverse effect on our business, our results of operations, or our ability to raise additional funds.

We have been declared a monopoly under the Israeli Economy competition Law (formerly known as Restrictive Trade Practices Law, 1988) (the “Israeli Antitrust Law”), in the market for the provision of systems for the location of vehicles. Under Israeli law, a monopoly is prohibited from taking certain actions, such as predatory pricing and the provision of loyalty discounts, which prohibitions do not apply to other companies. The Israeli antitrust authority (under its new name - Competition Authority) may further declare that we have abused our position in the market. Any such declaration in any suit in which it is claimed that we engage in anti-competitive conduct would serve as prima facie evidence that we are a monopoly or that we have engaged in anti-competitive behaviour. Furthermore, we may be ordered to take or refrain from taking certain actions, such as set maximum prices, in order to protect against unfair competition. If we breach certain provisions of the Israeli Antitrust Law, including as a monopoly, the Israeli Competition authority may also impose on us in an administrative procedure, financial sanctions in an amount of up to the lower of NIS 100 million (approximately US$27.6 million, or 8% of our annual revenues for the last financial year prior to such breach. Restraints on our operations as a result of being considered a “monopoly” in Israel could adversely affect our ability to grow our business in Israel.

We are incorporated and headquartered in Israel. As a result, our executive officers and directors are non-residents of the United States and a substantial portion of our assets, and the assets of these persons are located outside of the United States. Therefore, service of process upon any of these officers or directors may be difficult to effect in the United States. Furthermore, it may be difficult to enforce a judgment issued against us in the United States or any of such persons in both United States courts and other courts abroad.

Additionally, there is doubt as to the enforceability of civil liabilities under United States federal securities laws in actions originally instituted in Israel or in actions for the enforcement of a judgment obtained in the United States on the basis of civil liabilities in Israel.

We may be subject to Israeli corporate law which regulates mergers, requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions. In addition, our articles of association contain, among other things, provisions that may make it more difficult to acquire our company, such as classified board provisions and certain restrictions on the members of our board pursuant to regulatory requirements of the Israeli Ministry of Communication. Furthermore, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transaction structures involving the acquisition of our company unappealing to us or to some of our shareholders. See Item 10.B. – “Memorandum and Articles of Association” - “Our Corporate Practices under the Israeli Companies Law” under the caption “Approval of Transactions under Israeli law” and Item 10.E. – “Taxation” under the caption “Israeli Tax Considerations” for additional discussion of some anti-takeover effects of Israeli law. These provisions of Israeli law and our articles of association may delay, prevent or otherwise encumber a merger with, or an acquisition of, our company or any of our assets, which could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of our company, even when the terms of such a transaction could be favourable to our shareholders.

We are incorporated under Israeli law. The rights and responsibilities of holders of our ordinary shares are governed by our memorandum of association, articles of association and by Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical US-based corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has a duty to act in good faith toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing his, her or its power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on certain matters., There is little case law available to assist in understanding the implications of these provisions that govern shareholders’ actions, which may be interpreted to impose additional obligations on holders of our ordinary shares that are typically not imposed on shareholders of US-based corporations.

If we or our shareholders sell substantial amounts of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the market price of our ordinary shares may decline.

The stock market in general, and the market price of our ordinary shares in particular, are subject to fluctuation, and changes in our share price may be unrelated to our operating performance. The market price of our ordinary shares may fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including:

These factors and price fluctuations may materially and adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares and result in substantial losses to our investors.

Moked Ituran Ltd. currently beneficially owns approximately 19.43% of our outstanding ordinary shares (not including treasury stock held by us). Other than applicable regulatory requirements under applicable law, Moked Ituran Ltd., is not prohibited from selling an interest in our company to a third party. In addition, our articles of association provide for a staggered board which may delay, prevent or deter a change in control. For additional information concerning our staggered board, see Item 6.A – Directors and Senior Management.

If, for any taxable year, our passive income or our assets that produce passive income exceed levels established by the Internal Revenue Code, we may be characterized as a passive foreign investment company, which we refer to as PFIC, for US federal income tax purposes. This characterization could result in adverse US tax consequences to our shareholders who are U.S. Holders. See Item 10.E. – “Taxation” under the caption “United States Tax Considerations” below, for more information about which shareholders may qualify as U.S. Holders. If we were classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder could be subject to increased tax liability upon the sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares or upon the receipt of amounts treated as “excess distributions.” Under such rules, the excess distribution and any gain would be allocated rateably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares and the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest marginal rate in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed on the resulting tax allocated to such other taxable years. In addition, U.S holders of shares in a PFIC may not receive a “step-up” in basis on shares acquired from a decedent. U.S. Holders should consult with their own U.S. tax advisors with respect to the United States tax consequences of investing in our ordinary shares as well as the specific application of the “excess distribution” and other rules discussed in this paragraph. For a discussion of how we might be characterized as a PFIC and related tax consequences, please see Item 10.E. – “Taxation” under the caption “United States Tax Considerations–Passive foreign investment company considerations”.

We may decide to raise additional funds through a public or private debt or equity financing to fund our operations or finance acquisitions. If we issue additional equity securities, the percentage of ownership of our shareholders will be reduced and the new equity securities may have rights superior to those of our ordinary shares, which may, in turn, adversely affect the value of our ordinary shares.

Current and future economic conditions could adversely affect consumer spending in the automobile industry, as such spending is often discretionary and may decline during economic downturns when consumers have less disposable income. Consequently, changes in general economic conditions resulting in a significant decrease in dealer automobile sales or in a tightening of credit in financial markets, such as the 2007 U.S. subprime mortgage crisis and resulting credit crunch, could adversely impact our future revenue and earnings. Such decreases could also affect the financial security of the automobile dealers and manufactures with whom we do business. The delayed payment from or closure of our larger dealer groups could affect our ability to collect on our receivables. Similar effects could result from local economic downturns in either one of our main markets of operations, i.e. Israel, Brazil and other regions which we operate. Given the volatile nature of the current market disruption, we may not timely anticipate or manage such existing or new risks. Our failure to do so could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our legal name is Ituran Location and Control Ltd. We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel in 1994 as a subsidiary of Tadiran Ltd., an Israeli-based designer and manufacturer of telecommunications equipment, software and defence electronic systems, whose original business purpose was to adapt military-grade technologies for the civilian market.

We are mainly engaged in the area of Telematics services, consisting of stolen vehicle recovery, fleet management services, connected cars, UBI, and other tracking services. We also provide telematics products used in connection with our Telematics services and various other applications. We currently primarily provide our services and sell and lease our products in Israel, Brazil, and other regions where we operate.  We also provide fleet management services in other countries through distributors.

In May 1998, we completed the initial public offering of our ordinary shares in Israel and our ordinary shares began trading on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange. In September 2005, we publicly offered our ordinary shares in the United States. On May 25, 2016, we voluntarily delisted our shares from the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, and our ordinary shares are currently quoted only on Nasdaq under the symbol “ITRN”.

We had capital expenditures of $ 13.6 million in 2024 of $14.2 million in 2023, and $26.5 million in 2022, primarily in Israel, Brazil and Mexico, consisting primarily of acquisitions of the operational equipment we use to provide. We financed our capital expenditures with cash flows generated from our operations.

We believe we are a leading provider of telematics services, consisting predominantly of stolen vehicle recovery, fleet management services and other tracking services as well as connected car and usage base insurance (UBI). We also provide telematics products used in connection with our telematics services. We currently primarily provide our services and sell and lease our products in Israel, Brazil, and our other regions which we operate and also other regions through our distributers. We utilize technologies that enable precise and secure high-speed data transmission and analysis. Some of the technology underlying our products was originally developed for the Israeli Defence Forces.

We generate our revenues from subscription fees paid for our telematics services and from the sale and lease of our telematics products.

We describe below the principal markets in which we compete. For a breakdown of total revenues by category of activity and geographic market for each of the last three financial years, please see Item 5.A - Operating Results under the caption “Revenues”.

In 2024, 72 % of our revenues were attributable to our telematics services. As of December 31, 2024, we provided our services in Israel, Brazil, and other countries to approximately 930,000, 725,000 and 754,000 subscribers, respectively.

We have direct agreements with three major car manufacturers and our products are embedded in their vehicles or otherwise approved by the car manufacturers. This connection requires us to meet the highest car manufacturer automotive standards.

Our stolen vehicle recovery and tracking services, which we refer to as SVR services, enable us to locate, track and recover stolen vehicles for our subscribers. Our customers include retail and commercial who subscribe to our services directly, car manufacturers and insurance companies that either require their customers to install a security system or offer their customers financial incentives to subscribe to SVR services such as ours. In certain countries, insurance companies directly subscribe to our SVR services on behalf of their customers.

Our fleet management services enable corporate and individual customers to track and manage their vehicles in real time. Our services improve appointment scheduling, route management and fleet usage tracking, thereby increasing efficiency and reducing operating costs for our customers. We market and sell our services to a broad range of vehicle fleet operators and individual vehicle owners in different geographic locations and industries. As of December 31, 2024, we provided our services to approximately 474,000 end-users through corporate customers in countries where we operate directly and through 26,000 distributers.

The locator services that we offer allow customers to protect valuable merchandise and equipment. We currently provide locator services in Israel, Brazil, and other regions which we operate. In addition, through a call center, we provide 24-hour on-demand navigation guidance, information and assistance to our customers. Such services include the provision of traffic reports, help with directions and information on the location gas stations, car repair shops, post offices, hospitals and other facilities. We offer our concierge services to our subscribers in Israel, Brazil and other regions which we operate.

"Connected Car"- The service platform includes a back-office application, a telematics device installed in the vehicle, mobile apps for both IOS and Android and an interface using the car infotainment screen. Such services include information on car service history, information on some car systems, remote communication with the car in order to detect malfunctions, and to provide pre-emptive car maintenance alerts for both mechanical failures and operational issues such as a low tire pressure alert. The system also enables booking service appointments, both from the infotainment system interface in the system and from the user's mobile app and additional related operational, and marketing services, as well as information analysis. "Connected Car" is operating in Israel, Brazil, and other regions which we operate.

“Usage Based Insurance” (UBI) – we have developed a unique product (hardware and software) that measure and analyse the driving behaviour in a verity of aspects by the driver, which enables insurance companies to offer a tailor -made and personalized insurance policy. The UBI has already been implemented and marketed by the majority of the insurance companies in Israel.

“Auto Financing” - A strong second-hand car market in many of our geographies in Latin America, and new fintech start-ups as well as banks enter this segment to provide the financing in this market. However, they need a provider of location-based and connected-car technology, such as Ituran, to monitor the car location and driver’s behaviour and thereby decrease the risk of the car loans they make in these markets.

In 2024, 28 % of our revenues were attributable to the sale of our telematics products. Our telematics products employ short - and medium-range communication between two-way wireless modems and are used for various applications, including automatic vehicle location, which we refer to as telematics products.

Our telematics products enable the location and tracking of vehicles, as well as assets, and are used by us primarily to provide SVR, fleet management services and UBI services to our customers. Each subscriber to our services has our telematics end-unit installed in their vehicle. Subscribers to services for locating equipment and merchandise use our SMART and GPS/GPRS products.

Our stolen vehicle recovery system is based on three main components: a telematics end-unit that is installed in the vehicle, a network of base stations and a 24-hour manned control center. Once the control center receives indication of an unauthorized entry into a vehicle equipped with our telematics end-unit, our operators decide whether it is a false alarm or an actual unauthorized entry. If it is determined to be an unauthorized entry, or if a notification of the vehicle’s theft is received directly from the vehicle operator, our operators transmit a signal that activates the transmitter installed in the vehicle. We then pinpoint the location of the transmitter with terrestrial network triangulation technology or GPRS technology as we communicate the location to our operations center and notify the relevant law enforcement agency. In Israel, Brazil, and the other regions which we operate, we also maintain private enforcement units, which work together with local police to recover the vehicle. In addition, we have the capability to immobilize vehicles remotely from our control centers.

We offer our customers the ability to use a comprehensive application for fleet management both by using an Internet site and workstations. Our system allows our customers 24-hour access to information on their fleets through our active control center and we are able to tailor our system to our customers’ specific needs.

Our solutions allow our subscribers to effectively manage and control their fleet, and thereby to reduce their operating costs, optimize work hours and appointment scheduling and improve their services and operations. Our system includes the following features:

Locator services. Our services allow consumers to protect valuable merchandise and equipment. We provide our locator services in Israel, Brazil, and other regions which we operate.

Concierge services and Connected car. Through a call center, we provide 24-hour on-demand navigation guidance, information and assistance to our customers. Such services include the provision of traffic reports, help with directions and information on the location of gas stations, car repair shops, post offices, hospitals and other facilities. We provide our concierge services to subscribers in Israel, Brazil and other regions which we operate.

“UBI” and "Connected Car". We provide UBI services in Israel to most of insurance companies, and Connected Car services in Israel, Brazil, and other regions which we operate. For additional information on the service, see Item 4.B. – “Information on the Company “- “Business Overview” under the caption “Telematics Services”

Our telematics products are used for various applications in the telematics markets and primarily in connection with our telematics services described above.

Our telematics products enable the location and tracking of vehicles, as well as assets or persons, and are primarily used by us in providing our telematics services. Most of our subscribers to our services have at least one of our end-units installed in his or her vehicle. Subscribers to services for locating persons or valuables will use our SMART and GPS/GPRS products. Our key telematics products for telematics applications include:

We maintain a control center in each of the countries listed above, which is operated 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The following is a short description of key operating statistics about our telematics services in the countries in which we operate:

We market and sell our products and services to a broad range of customers that vary in size, geographic location and industry. No single customer or group of related customers comprised more than 10% of our total annual revenues in the last three years.

Our selling and marketing objective is to achieve broad market penetration through targeted marketing and sales activities. As of December 31, 2024, our selling and marketing team consisted of 56 employees.

Our customers in the SVR market include insurance companies, car manufactures, retail and commercial companies. As of December 31, 2024, majority of our subscribers use SVR services.

Our marketing and sales efforts are principally focused on five target groups: insurance companies and agents, car manufacturers, dealers and importers, cooperative sales channels (mostly vehicle fleet operators and owners), private fleet subscribers, and finance Institution.

We maintain marketing and sales departments in each geographical market in which we operate. Each department is responsible for maintaining our relationships with our principal target groups. These responsibilities also include advertising and branding, sales promotions and sweepstakes.

In Israel, we focus our marketing efforts on insurance companies and agents, dealers and importers, cooperative sales channels (mostly vehicle fleet operators and owners) and private subscribers.

In Brazil and Argentina our marketing and sales efforts are principally focused in all five target groups, as described above. In the United States, we believe that insurance companies do not constitute a material influence in the marketing of SVR services or telematics products. Most of our sales in the United States are made through car dealerships and dealers for new or used vehicles and cooperative sales channels.

In Mexico, Colombia and Ecuador we focus our marketing efforts on dealers and importers, cooperative sales channels (mostly vehicle fleet operators and owners), private subscribers and car manufactures.

“Concierge Services” - Our concierge services are provided to existing SVR customers. A few thousands SMART devices were installed in valuable merchandise and equipment.

"Connected Car"- The service platform includes a back-office application, a telematics device installed in the vehicle, mobile apps for both IOS and Android and an interface using the car infotainment screen. Such services include information on car service history, information on some car systems, remote communication with the car in order to detect malfunctions, and to provide pre-emptive car maintenance alerts for both mechanical failures and operational issues such as a low tire pressure alert. The system also enables booking service appointments, both from the infotainment system interface in the system and from the user's mobile app, and additional related operational, and marketing services, as well as information analysis.” Connected Car’ is operating in regions where we operate.

“Usage Based Insurance (UBI)" – we have developed a unique product (hardware and software) that measure and analyse the driving behaviour in a verity of aspects by the driver, which enables insurance companies to offer a tailor -made and personalized insurance policy. The UBI has already been implemented and marketed by the majority of the insurance companies in Israel.

Our telematics end-units are primarily used by us in providing our telematics services, including, SVR, fleet management, "Connected Car" and value-added services, at the regions we operate.

We face strong competition for our services and products in each market in which we operate. We compete primarily on technology edge, functionality, ease of use, quality, price, service availability, geographic coverage, track record of recovery rates and response times and financial strength.

We compete with a variety of companies in each of our markets. The major technologies utilized by our competitors are GPS/cellular, network-based cellular, UBI and radio frequency-based homing systems. In addition, new competitors utilizing other technologies may continue to enter the market.

We believe that we are a leading provider of telematics services in Israel, as we are deemed a monopoly in this field; however, we are unable to provide specific market share information in the markets of our operations for various reasons, including the broad range of services and products that compete in these markets, the non-existence of trade publications with respect to the products and services we offer in such markets and the lack of meaningful or accurate market research or data available to us.

The vehicle fleet management market is highly fragmented with many corporations offering location products and services. Our major competitors are:

Our telematics system for automatic vehicle location is based on terrestrial network triangulation technology and GPS/GPRS and primarily competes with companies that use one of three main technologies: GPS/GPRS (in combination with telematics), network-based cellular communication and radio frequency-based homing.

Telematics products based on GPS, network-based cellular and homing technologies do not require the construction of a separate infrastructure of base stations as with terrestrial network triangulation systems.

 GPS receivers require line of sight to at least three satellites, which reduces their effectiveness in areas where the satellite signals are subject to interference and “noise” (such as urban areas, buildings or parking garages, forests and other enclosed or underground spaces). GPS and network-based cellular systems are also prone to jamming since the tracking signal receivers are located in the vehicle and can be easily tampered with. In addition, the satellites utilized by GPS devices are managed by the United States Department of Defence and can be subject to forced temporary outages. The main disadvantage of homing systems is that they provide only the general direction and not the precise location of the end-unit. In addition, homing systems require that the vehicle be reported stolen before the tracking signal can be activated, which may result in a delay between vehicle theft and recovery.

The GPS technology can receive and transmit a massive capacity of data which enable us to provide a better data analysis and variety of additional services.

Terrestrial network triangulation system does not require line of sight and the signals are not easily interrupted in densely populated or obstructed areas. Also, the signals are transmitted from the end-unit in the vehicle to a network of base stations. Therefore, in order to jam the system, receivers in each individual base station within range of the end-unit would have to be jammed, which is difficult to accomplish. Additionally, since the primary application of terrestrial network triangulation systems in the telematics industry is vehicle location and not continuous two-way communication, short bursts of data are sufficient for tracking purposes, which enable the network of base stations to be deployed at a much lower density in the coverage area than traditional network-based cellular base stations. Terrestrial network triangulation systems are capable of determining the precise location, and not just the general direction, of a vehicle at any moment in time. Furthermore, when connected with the existing theft protection system in the vehicle, terrestrial network triangulation systems automatically alert the control center when a vehicle is stolen and do not require that the vehicle be reported stolen, which can potentially reduce stolen vehicle recovery times to a few minutes. The main disadvantage of terrestrial network triangulation systems is the necessity to deploy a physical infrastructure, including the construction, development and deployment of a network of base stations and a control center and the need to address the various financial, legal and practical issues associated with such deployment. Any such deployment entails an investment of a sizable amount of money prior to the receipt of any revenues.

Since our telematics end-units are primarily used by us in providing our telematics services, the information provided above concerning our competition in this market is applicable to the competition in the telematics products’ market as well.

Our telematics products are manufactured and assembled by a limited number of manufacturers in Israel (including our subsidiary E.R.M) and in China. We engage with our manufacturers on a full turn-key basis, where we supply detailed production files and materials list and receive a final product that we sell directly to our clients. Other than our dependency on manufacturing suppliers, as described in Item 3D -“Risk Factors” above, we do not depend on a single manufacturer for the production of our products. Our quality assurance and testing operations are performed by our manufacturers at their facilities, while using our quality assurance and testing equipment and in accordance with the test procedures designated by us. We monitor quality with respect to key stages of the production process, including the selection of components and subassembly suppliers, warehouse procedures, assembly of goods, final testing, packaging and shipping. We are ISO 9001 certified. Some of our products are within the highest car manufacture automotive standard. We believe that our quality assurance procedures have been instrumental in achieving the high degree of reliability of our products.

Several components and subassemblies included in our products are presently obtainable from a single source or a limited group of suppliers and subcontractors. We maintain strong relationships with our manufacturers and suppliers to ensure that we receive an adequate supply of products, components and raw materials at favourable prices and to access their latest technologies and product specifications.

We seek to protect our intellectual property through patents, trademarks, contractual rights, trade secrets, know-how, technical measures and confidentiality, non-disclosure and assignment of inventions agreements and other appropriate protective measures to protect our proprietary rights in the primary markets in which we operate. The continued use of some licenses granted by third parties to use their intellectual property is material to our business. Please refer to Item 3D. – Risk Factors, under the caption “We rely on some intellectual property that we license from third parties, the loss of which could preclude us from providing our SVR services or market and sell some of our telematics products, which would adversely affect our revenues” above.

We typically enter into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with our employees and consultants. We also seek these protective agreements from some of our suppliers and subcontractors who have access to sensitive information regarding our intellectual property. These agreements provide that confidential information developed or made known during the course of a relationship with us is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties, except in specific circumstances.

Our stolen vehicle recovery system is based on three main components: (i) a telematics end-unit that is installed in the vehicle, (ii) (for RF technology based telematics units) a network of base stations that relay information between the vehicle location units and the control center, certain components of which were developed by third parties and are currently licensed to us and (iii) a 24-hour manned control center consisting of software used to manage communications and the exchange of information among the hardware components of the telematics system, certain components of which were developed by third parties and licensed to us.

“Ituran” and “Mr. Big” and the related logos are our trademarks, the former has been registered in Israel, Hong Kong and as a European Union and the latter has been registered in Israel. “Mapa” trademark and its related logos where sold as part of the sale of Mapa to an unrelated party to us.

As a global brand with material social and economic influence, we recognize that our success can only be built alongside the success of our stakeholders, including, our users, partners, and employees. We aim to achieve high ESG standards while continuing to develop our business and executing on our strategy.

We conduct our business activities and develop policies based on a firm commitment to ethical practices and corporate governance best practices. This includes the “code of business conduct and ethics” and anti-bribery/corruption area where we have a policy of zero tolerance for corruption. This also includes a “Whistle Blower” procedure whose purpose is to dissuade and to prevent illegal activity and conduct of business that may harm our good reputation. Our code of business conduct and ethics, and the Whistle Blower procedure are published in our website.

We promote and support fair social and economic opportunities in the professional services global market. We recognize that there are systemic and cultural biases, caused by age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, or ability, and we know these biases can reduce the accessibility to opportunities on a global scale. It is our mission to reduce these accessibility gaps worldwide through our services, the programs we support, and the partners with whom we work. We invest resources into data privacy and how we can protect our users by, among other things, building key infrastructures and policies to safeguard the data on our platform and the privacy of our users.

We advance fairness and transparency in our workforce and we promote and implement fair labor practices and employees' human rights throughout our organization. We respect data privacy relating to our employees. We act to prevent sexual harassment and workplace bullying. We also implement non-discriminatory hiring and promotion practices and actively pursue gender diversity in our workforce.

We value and celebrate diversity within our community. Our work environment seeks to foster an inclusive culture, where our employees feel challenged and in possession of the tools to thrive at work. We are continuously learning and looking at ways to continue to create an environment that is an inclusive place of work. Furthermore, we recognize the importance of environmental matters. In 2023 we received the "Great Place to Work" achievement.

In addition, we also have an “environmental policy”. This policy sets goals in terms of preserving the environment, raising employee's awareness and developing and promotion products that will help our customers to save fuel and as a result to reduce waste, air pollution and gas emissions greenhouse. We also adopted a “Code of conduct of Ituran's Suppliers and Agents” which sets high standards in choosing our suppliers, In terms of business honestly, ethically and quality drive. Our environmental policy and the Code of conduct of Ituran's Suppliers and Agents our both published in our website athttps://www.ituran.com/.

In order to provide our SVR services in the locations where we currently operate, we need to obtain four primary types of licenses and permits: (i) for our products utilizing the RF technology - a license that allows us to use designated frequencies for broadcasting, transmission or reception of signals and information and to provide telecommunication services to our customers, (ii) for our products utilizing the RF technology - a building permit, which permits us to erect our base sites and transmit therefrom, (iii) product specific licenses (commonly known as type approvals), which enable us to use the equipment necessary for our services, and (iv) a general commerce license, which allows us to offer our services to the public.

The telecommunication services and frequency license and general commerce licenses we require are granted by the applicable national agency regulating communications in the markets in which we operate, specifically, the Ministry of Communication, in Israel, Anatel. Agencia Nacional de Telecomunicatoes in Brazil. Modernization Ministry in Argentina and the Federal Communications Commission in USA. The product specific licenses we require are granted in Israel by the Ministry of Communication, in Brazil by IBRACE (the Instituto Brasileiro de Certificatao de Productos para Telecominicatoes), in Argentina by the Autoridad Federal de Tecnologias de la Información y las Comunicaciones, in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission, and Ministry of Information Technology and Communications and Regulatory Communications Commission in Colombia. In Mexico, the regulatory authority is the Federal Telecommunications Commission, however, because of the type of services we provide, we are not obligated entities. In Ecuador's case, the regulatory body is the Telecommunications Regulatory and Control Agency, however, we are not subject to either.

In Brazil, the general commerce licenses, such as the city permits, are granted by the local municipalities and other specific entities, depending on the licenses required.

Our frequency licenses in all of the locations where we operate are “secondary” or “joint”, which means that the government may grant another person or persons, typically a cellular operator, a primary license to the same frequencies and, to the extent our operations interfere with the operations of the other person, we would have to modify our operations to accommodate the joint use of the frequencies. All of these licenses are also subject to revocation, alteration or limitation by the respective authority granting them. While any events that would cause us to change frequencies or to modify our operations could have a material adverse effect on us, we do not believe that this is a likely event in any of the locations where we provide our SVR services.

 In Israel, frequency license following new regulations since October 2022, there is no need any more for the extension of our frequency license, and registration with a specific registrar is sufficient. Our frequency licenses in Brazil will expire in 2034.  We have options to extend all of our frequency licenses for periods ranging from three- to ten-years. A renewal application in Brazil will be submitted 6 months before the frequency license expiration date, to provide us a new license for a period of ten (10) years. In Argentina, on July 15, 1999, the SECOM (Secretary of Communication dependent of Economy Ministry) granted us a license to provide services in a Secondary Band. On December 2015, SECOM was converted into the Modernization Ministry, with ENACOM (National Communication Entity) which is a decentralized entity that works within the scope of the Modernization Ministry.

Nevertheless, our frequency is still authorized, there is a new entrant with ENACOM Authorization to provide LTE service. If this entrant starts the activity, we will face an incompatibility situation. We received the authorization from ENACOM to use a 12-month trial in Band 8 902-905/947-950 MHz bands additionally to our current frequencies. During this period, we will perform a test to obtain a definitive authorization. Due to the Covid-19 Pandemic we have not managed an extension to the trial period so as not to compromise future network development. We have decided to wait for a formal request from ENACOM to start again with this trial.

On December 9, 2016, we were informed that one of the cellular providers in Argentina, which shares some of our frequencies, intends to implement on them 4G cellular service. Such service was implemented, without causing interference that may prevent the provision of our SVR service in Argentina.

We are negotiating with ENACOM to define new frequency which we will migrate into. Subject to the applicable laws, and ENACOM decision, the migration process may take few years and will be determined by ENACOM. We have decided to continue waiting for a formal request from ENACOM to restart this trial.

In Israel and Brazil, like our competitors and most cellular operators, we are not in compliance with all relevant laws and regulations in connection with the erection of transmission antennas (our base sites). As of the date hereof, most of our base sites in Israel and Brazil are operating without local building permits. Currently, there is heightened awareness of this issue in Israel, particularly in connection with base sites of cellular providers, and possible sanctions could include fines and even the closure or demolition of these base sites. In Brazil, Brazilian authorities enforce permit requirements and impose penalties for non-compliance with such requirements. However, we do not believe this is likely. Obtaining such required permits may involve additional fees as well as payments to the Land Administration Authority.

In Israel the required permits and approvals for the erection of the base sites include:

In Brazil, very few providers of wireless telecommunications services obtain the required permits for the erection of transmission antennas due to the nature of the approval process. Currently we do not have such permits (except Anatel permits). In Brazil, we try to minimize our risk by locating most of our equipment in sub-leased sites which are already used by other telecommunication service providers, such as cellular operators.

In Brazil the required permits for the building of our base sites include:

ANATEL permits are required only for sites where we have transmission equipment, and we have obtained all the permits required with this agency. Special IBAMA permits need to be obtained only for ground sites which are located in certain preservation areas. We have few sites of this kind, most of them are collocated sites where we pay for the right of use and permits are undertaken by the landowner. Fire Department permits are required only for equipment rooms and we have not applied for any as of this date. COMAR permits are needed only for a very few of our sites, most of which are collocated.

In Argentina, the installation of an antenna support structure requires the authorization of the owner of the building or the land in which it is intended to be install. The Municipalities regulate through specific Municipal Ordinances are granting urban licenses for our base stations’ installation.

The regulation referred to the civil work of the support structure of the antenna, (masts / towers / anchors / bracing, etc.) is not the competence of ENACOM (National Communication Entity), so it cannot exercise jurisdiction over it. This situation is determined in articles 39, 40 and 41 of the National Law 19798/72, and in Resolution No. 795 CNT / 92, ratified by Resolution 302 SC / 99. Therefore, the claims and queries related to the installation, the deterioration or poor conditions or related to the support structures, should be addressed to the municipalities. It should be noted that the owner of a station in operation assumes responsibility for the works and accessory facilities that must be executed to install a radio station, attributing the technical responsibility of a civil work, to the designer and the director of the same, being this situation framed in what is established in articles 1273 and following of the Civil and Commercial Code of the Nation.

We are not in compliance with all relevant laws and regulations in connection with the erection of antennas; some of them in the past were demolished by Municipalities. As of the date hereof, most of our base sites operating without local Municipality permits, possible sanctions could include fines and even the closure of those sites. In Argentina authorities enforce permit requirements and impose penalties for non-compliance with such requirements. Obtaining such required permits may involve additional fees as well as payments to Municipality Authority.

In Colombia we have to pay 2.2% on the annual gross income generated by the provision of our services to the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications (MINTIC) for use of telecommunication spectrum (resolution 0290 MINTIC) and 0.1% to Commission Regulatory of Communications (CRC) in the same terms (resolution 5807 CRC).

In Ecuador and Mexico there are no levies imposed on our activities

We have been declared a monopoly under the Israeli Antitrust Law, 1988, in the provision of systems for the location of vehicles in Israel. This law prohibits a monopoly from abusing its market position in a manner that might reduce competition in the market or negatively affect the public. For instance, a monopoly is prohibited from engaging in predatory pricing and providing loyalty discounts, which prohibitions do not apply to other companies. The law empowers the Commissioner of Competition to instruct a monopoly abusing its market power to perform certain acts or to refrain from taking certain acts in order to prevent the abuse. Additionally, any declaration by the Israeli Competition authority that a monopoly has abused its position in the market may serve in any suit in which it is claimed that such a monopoly engages in anti-competitive conduct, as prima facie evidence that it has engaged in anti-competitive behaviour. Our declaration as a monopoly in the market of “provision of systems for the location of vehicles in Israel” was not accompanied with any instructions or special restrictions beyond the provisions of The Economic Competition Law. Although we may be ordered to take or refrain from taking certain actions, to date we have not been subject to such restrictions.

As part of our ongoing business we are engaged and encountered by many potential investments which may have correlation to our core business. The following are the main investments we have consummated during lastdecade

C.          ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

In July 1995, Moked Ituran Ltd. purchased our company and the assets used in connection with our operations from Tadiran and Tadiran Public Offerings Ltd. In September 2018, we acquired a majority of the shares of Road Track, a telematics company operating primarily in the Latin American region.

As of the date of this annual report, we own and lease the following properties: An office building of eight floors (approximately 5,356 sqm (57,651 square feet)), which was purchased by our subsidiary Ituran Sistemas de Monitoramento Ltda (Ituran Brazil) in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and was later, on December 3, 2014 sold to Ituran Location and Control Ltd, A building located in Rua Joao pessoa 450, Sao Caetano do Sul, Estado de Sao Paulo in Sao Paulo, Brazil in the area of approximately 36,936 square feet which was purchased by our subsidiary Ituran Road Track Monitoramento de Veiculos, Ltda which serve as an Operating center, A building located in Avenida del Taller No.36 Col. Transito in Mexico in the area of approximately 21,132 square feet which was purchased by our subsidiary Road Track Mexico, S.A de C.V which serve as an Operating center, a building located in Manuel Najas Oel 81 and Juan de Selis in Quito, Ecuador in the area of approximately 24,176 square feet which was purchased by our subsidiary Road Track Ecuador, S.A which serve as an Operating center, and a building located in Keren Ha' Yesod 15,

Tirat Ha'Carmel, Israel at the area of approximately 5,025 square feet which was purchased by our subsidiary E.D.T.E – Drive Technology Ltd which serve as an office space and a warehouse.

Other than the property in Brazil, Ecuador and Mexico and Israel, all of our offices, headquarters, control centers and facilities are leased in accordance with our specific needs in the areas in which we operate. Additionally, we lease space for our base sites, in order to operate the reception and transmission stations of the system, in each area in which we provide our SVR services.

In 2024 we leased an aggregate of approximately 68,270 square feet of office space in Azour and Holon, Israel. In 2024, the annual lease payments for these facilities were approximately 1,372,000. The lease ends by April 2029. These premises include our executive offices and the administrative and operational centers for our operations as well as our customer service, value-added services and technical support centers and warehouse for the Israeli market. We also lease 1,000 square feet for a warehouse in Tirat Ha’Carmel for $ 20,000 annually.

In Bogota, Colombia, we lease approximately 9,035 square feet for office space and Operating center for the amount of $79,500 annually.

In Mexico City, Mexico, through our subsidiary we own a building with area of approximately 21,000 sqf which serves as an operating center and we lease a warehouse for the amount of $3,000 annually.

We leased approximately 12,916 square feet of office space, stores and warehouse in Brazil for approximately 336,000 ($58,000) Brazilian Real annually.

In Guayaquil, Ecuador, we lease approximately 7,828 square feet for Warehouse for the amount of $ 30,000 annually. In Quito, Ecuador, we lease approximately 3,229 square feet for Warehouse for the amount of $ 11,700 annually. In Cuenca, Ecuador, we lease approximately 538 square feet for Warehouse for the amount of $ 3,521 annually. .

We leased approximately 9,260 square feet for our offices and control center in Florida for an amount of $176,000 annually, the lease term automatically extends for periods of one month from March 31, 2023, and for each additional month thereafter until the tenant provides the landlord written notice that it intends to vacate the premises with 6 months notice.

We believe that our facilities are suitable and adequate for our operations as currently conducted. In the event that additional facilities will be required, we believe that we could obtain such facilities at commercially reasonable rates.

The size of our base station sites varies from approximately 11 to 44 square feet. In Israel, we have 98 base stations and we rent most base station sites independently for a monthly rate ranging from $200 to $2,200 per site depending on the location, size and other factors; for certain sites we do not pay any rent. The typical duration of a lease agreement for our base stations in Israel is five years and we generally have a right to renew the term of the lease agreements for a period ranging between two and five years. In Brazil, we have 144 base station sites, of which 20 sites are leased from the same entity under a 15 year-contract, (commencing from 2012) for a monthly rate ranging from $500 to $1,750 per site. The remaining 124 sites are leased independently for an annual rate ranging from $200 to $550 depending on the location, size and other factors, and the typical duration for these leases is five years. In Argentina, we have 7 base station sites, all of which are leased from three entities for a monthly rate ranging from $400 to $495 per site. The duration of the lease ranges from one to two years.

We do not believe that we have a legal retirement obligation associated with the operating leases for our base sites pursuant to the relevant accounting standards, since we do not own any real property. However, we are obligated pursuant to certain of the operating leases for our base sites, mainly for base sites in Israel, Brazil and Argentina, to restore facilities or remove equipment at the end of the lease term. Since the restoration is limited to any construction or property installed on the property, which in our case is only the installed antennas, we do not believe that these obligations, individually or in the aggregate, will result in us incurring a material expense.

The information contained in this section should be read in conjunction with our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 and related notes and the information contained elsewhere in this annual report. Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under “ITEM 3.D. Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.

We sell our services and products directly and through our subsidiaries and distributors to several countries mainly Israel and Brazil.  In 2024, we experienced increased revenue and growth in most of the markets in which we provide our telematics services. These markets in which we operate, are generally characterized by high vehicle theft rates, and therefore insurance companies and car manufactures are seeking solutions to reduce their losses resulting from car theft and at the same time increasing their sales by adding additional value to the customer.  Therefore we believe the markets in which we operate, especially in Israel and      will continue to provide growth and demand for our telematics products and services.

 The following table sets forth the geographic breakdown of subscribers to our telematics services as of the dates indicated: (1)

The following table sets forth the geographic breakdown of our revenues for each of our business segments for the relevant periods indicated. ⁽¹⁾

We generate revenues from rendering our SVR, fleet management connected car, UBI and other value-added services. A majority of our revenues represent subscription fees paid to us by our customers. We recognize revenues from subscription fees on a monthly basis. Most of our customers are free to terminate their subscription at any time. In the absence of such termination, the subscription term continues automatically. We also generate subscription fees from our fleet management services. Assuming no additional growth in our subscriber base and based on our historical average churn rates of 3% per month in this segment, we can anticipate that at least 90% of our subscription fees generated in a prior quarter will recur in the following quarter.

We generate revenues from sale of our telematics products to customers in Israel, Brazil, and other regions which we operate. We currently sell or lease our telematics end-units in each of the above regions. Growth in our subscriber base is the principal driver for the sale of our telematics products. We recognize revenues from sales of our telematics products upon transfer of control to the customer (usually upon delivery).

The cost of revenues in our telematics services segment consists primarily of staffing, maintenance and operation of our control centers and base stations, costs associated with our staff and costs incurred for private enforcement, licenses, permits and royalties, as well as communication costs and costs due to depreciation of leased products and installation fees. Cost of revenues for sales of our fleet management services also includes payments to a third party who markets our services.

The cost of revenues in our telematics products segment consists primarily of the cost of unit of our manufacturers and costs associated with installation fees.

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, costs of materials and other overhead expenses, primarily in connection with the design and development of our telematics products and software solutions. We expense some of our research and development costs as incurred. Subject to certain criteria we capitalize software development costs. For further information see Note 1S to our consolidated financial statements.

Our selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of advertising, salaries, commissions and other employee expenses related to our selling and marketing team and promotional and public relations expenses.

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, bonuses, accounting and other general corporate expenses.

Operating income in our telematics services segment is primarily affected by increases in our subscriber base and our ability to increase the resulting revenues without a commensurate increase in our corresponding costs.

Operating income in our telematics products segment is primarily affected by our ability to increase sales of our telematics products.

Financing income (expenses), net ,include, inter alia ,short-term and long-term interest expenses, financial commissions, income (expenses) in respect of changes in obligation to purchase non-controlling interests ,and gains (losses) from currency fluctuations from the translation of monetary balance sheet items denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of each entity in the group, gains (losses) in respect of marketable securities and other investments, and expenses related to tax positions.

Income earned from our services and product sales is subject to tax in the country in which we provide our services or from which we sell our products.

 Our consolidated financial statements are prepared as accordance with U.S. General Accepted Principles ("GAAP") Certain of our accounting policies require us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We evaluate our estimates on a periodic basis. We base our estimates on historical experience, industry trends, authoritative pronouncements and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Such assumptions and estimates are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. On a regular basis we review the accounting policies assumptions and estimates to verify that our financial statements are in accordance with GAAP and presented fairly.

The following are our most critical accounting policies and the significant judgments and estimates affecting the application of those policies in our consolidated financial statements. For further information see Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

We and our subsidiaries generate revenue from subscriber fees for the provision of services and sales of systems and products, mainly in respect of fleet management services, stolen vehicle recovery services and other value-added services. To a lesser extent, revenues are also derived from technical support services. We and our subsidiaries sell the systems primarily through their direct sales force and indirectly through resellers.

We apply ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”).

In accordance with ASC 606, we determine revenue recognition through the following five steps:

 

A contract with a customer exists when certain criteria are met.

For each type of contract, at inception, we assess the goods or service promised in a contract with a customer and identifies the performance obligations. With respect to contracts that are determined to have multiple performance obligations, such as contracts that combine product with services (mostly SVR services) and/or rights to use assets, we allocate the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using it’s the best estimate of the relative standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract.  However, when applicable (see below), we estimate the selling prices of certain services using the residual approach. Revenues are recognized when, or as, control of services or products is transferred to the customers at a point in time or over time, as applicable to each performance obligation.

Revenues are recorded in the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for performance obligations upon transfer of control to the customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of other third parties and sales taxes.

Our credit terms to customers are, on average, between thirty and ninety days.

We do not adjust the amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component since we expect, at most contracts' inception, that the period between the time of transfer of the promised goods or services to the customer and the time the customer pays for these goods or services to be generally one year or less, based on the practical expedient.

In accordance with ASC 606, the Company’s revenues are recognized depending on the various products and services as follows:

We and our subsidiaries are involved in certain legal proceedings that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of their business and in connection with certain agreements with third parties. Except for income tax contingencies, we records accruals for contingencies to the extent that the management concludes that the occurrence is probable and that the related liabilities are estimable. Legal expenses associated with contingencies are expensed as incurred. We do not have off-balance sheet arrangements (as such term is defined in instructions to Item 5. of the Form 20-F) that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial conditions, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired in business combination transactions and is allocated to reporting units at acquisition.  Goodwill is not amortized but rather tested for impairment at least annually. Commencing fiscal 2021,the annual goodwill assessment is performed as of December 31,each year or more often.

 In accordance with GAAP, we are required to choose either to perform a qualitative assessment whether the quantitative goodwill impairment test is necessary or to proceed directly to the quantitative goodwill impairment test. Such determination is made for each reporting unit on a stand-alone basis. The qualitative assessment includes various factors such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, earnings multiples, gross margin and cash flows from operating activities and other relevant factors. When we choose to perform a qualitative assessment and determine that it is more likely than not (more than 50 percent likelihood) that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then we proceed to the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If we determine otherwise, no further evaluation is necessary.

When we decide or are required to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value and an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, if any. In the performance of the quantitative analysis, we apply assumptions that market participants would consider in determining the fair value of each reporting unit.

As of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we had four reporting units which include goodwill.

The following table sets forth for the periods indicated selected items from our consolidated statements of income as a percentage of our total revenues.

Income Tax expenses increased from $ 13.4 million in 2023, to $14.6 million in 2024 or 9.2%. As a percentage of income before tax, income tax expenses slightly decreased from 20.7% in 2023 to 20.5% in 2024 mainly due to the countries profit mixture

Income Tax expenses increased from $12.7 million in 2022, to $13.3 million in 2023 or 4.8%. As a percentage of income before tax, income tax expenses decreased from 24.1 % in 2022 to 20.7% in 2023 mainly due to the countries profit mixture.

Exchange differences upon conversion from our functional currency to dollars (presentation currency) are accumulated as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income under stockholders’ equity. In the year 2024, accumulated other comprehensive income decreased by $12.3 million. In the year 2023, accumulated other comprehensive income increased by $0.8 million. In the year 2022, accumulated other comprehensive income decreased by $4.6 million.

The fluctuation of the other currencies in which we incur our expenses or generate revenues against the dollar has had the effect of increasing or decreasing (as applicable) reported revenues, cost of revenues and operating expenses in such foreign currencies when converted into dollars from period to period. The following table illustrates the effect of the changes in exchange rates on our revenues, gross profit and operating income for the periods indicated:

Our policy remains to reduce exposure to exchange rate fluctuations by entering into foreign currency forward transactions that mainly qualify as hedging transactions under ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging”, the results of which are reflected in our income statements as revenues or cost of revenues. The result of these transactions, which are affected by fluctuations in exchange rates, could cause our revenues, cost of revenues, gross profit and operating income to fluctuate.

We fund our operations primarily from cash and cash equivalents generated from operations. As of December 31, 2022 , 2023 and 2024  we had  $27.9 million , $53.4 million and 77.4million in cash and marketable securities and  $57.7 million, $86.8 million and $109.4 million  in working capital, respectively. We hold most of our cash and cash equivalents in US dollars or the local currency of their location.

As of December 31,2024 we had a short term loans at the amount of $ 0.1million As of December 31, 2023 we had a long term loan at the amount of $0.2 million and a short term loans at the amount of $0.4 million. As of December 31, 2022 we had a long- term loan from an Israeli bank at the amount of $0.3 million and a short term loans at the amount of $11.8 million. As of December ,2022 ,2023 and 2024, we also had $1.7 million, $2.1 million and1.1million, respectively, available to us under existing lines of credit. As   of December 31,2022 we utilized $0.6 million of our credit line and, and as of December 31,2023 we utilized $ 0.6 million of our credit line. As of December 31, 2024 we utilized 0.1 million of our credit line.

In Mexico, All Mexican employers, whether individuals or entities, are required to calculate and pay mandatory profit- sharing payments to employees within 60 days following the filing of their annual Mexican tax return. The obligation for employers to make such payments is based on the legal provisions in Section IX of Article 123 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, which establishes that employees shall have the right to participate in their employer’s profits in the amount of 10% of such employer’s taxable income. As such, the following types of employees have the right to receive profit sharing payments: (a) permanent employees hired to carry out normal, long-term work for an employer, without regard to the number of days worked during the January 1 through December 31, 2019 fiscal year; (b) eventual permanent employees who have worked for an employer fewer than 60 days, whether continuously or sporadically, during the fiscal year referred to above; (c) former employees who have the right to claim profit sharing payments, when such rights have not lapsed.

On February 26, 2017 we have revised our dividend policy, which came in force starting from 2017, that our dividends will be declared and distributed on a quarterly basis in an amount of at least 5 million USD subject to the provisions of the Israeli laws concerning lawful distribution of dividends. During years 2021-2022 we reduced our quarterly dividend to $3 million due to Covid-19, but in November 2023 our Board decided to resume the same $5 million as dividend distributed quarterly and in February 2024 the board of directors approved the increase of quarterly dividend to $8 million. This latter amount of quarterly dividends was declared on February 29^th, May 28^thand November 21^st, 2024. In February 2025 the board of directors approved the increase of quarterly dividend to $10 million commencing from payment declared on April 3^rd,2025.

As part of implementation of our Board of Directors decision of 25 million USD share repurchase program, Share repurchases were funded by our wholly owned subsidiary with available cash. Repurchases of the Company’s ordinary shares were based on Rule 10b-18 terms. During the years 2019 and 2021 we purchased 227,828 and 228,725 of our shares for approximately $6 million each year. During the year 2021, we also directly purchased additional 50,995 shares for approximately $ 1.3 million not through publicly announced plans. During 2022 we purchased additional 357,362 shares for approximately $ 5 million. During 2023 we purchased additional 282,644 shares for approximately $ 6.6 million.

Our operating activities provided cash of $45.1 million in 2022, $ 77.2 million in 2023 and 74.3 million in 2024.

Cash from operating activities in 2024 decreased in an amount of approximately $ 3.0 million, this decrease was mainly due to the growth in account receivables.

Net cash used in investing activities in 2024 in an amount of approximately $ 15.9 million, included capital expenditure in the amount of 13.6 million.

Net cash used in investing activities in 2023 in an amount of approximately $17.2 million, included capital expenditure in the amount of $14.2 million.

Net cash used in investing activities in 2022 in an amount of approximately $ 27,4 million, included capital expenditure in the amount of $ 26.5 million.

Net cash used in financing activities in 2024 in an amount of approximately $31.8 million consisted primarily of a repayment of short and long term credit from financial institution in an amount of $ 0.4 million and cash dividend payment in an amount of approximately $31.3 million.

Net cash used in financing activities in 2023 in an amount of approximately $32.9 million consisted primarily of a repayment of short and long term credit from financial institution in an amount of $ 11.4 million, cash dividend payment in an amount of approximately $14.9 million and acquisition of company shares in an amount of approximately $6.6 million.

Net cash used in financing activities in 2022 in an amount of approximately $36.4 million consisted primarily of a repayment of short- and long-term credit from financial institution in an amount of $16.5 million, cash dividend payment in an amount of approximately $11.5 million and acquisition of company shares in an amount of approximately $8.5 million.

Most of our research and development activities take place in Israel, Mexico, Colombia and Ecuador. Our Research and Design department is constantly working on upgrading the service infrastructure and improving our fleet management applications, including by introducing new services and uses of the system, while utilizing both internal development staff and outsourcing such activities to third parties, as well as developing new service platforms for cellular/GPS based devices.

Expenditures for research and development activities undertaken by us were approximately $18.1 million in 2024, $17.0 million in 2023, $16.8 million in 2022.

The COVID-19 pandemic had no impact on our business during year 2024. Nevertheless, in case this pandemic or similar in effect will erupt this may have an adverse effect on our business.

Please see Item 4.A. – History and Development of the Company and Item 4.B. – Business Overview above for trend information.

The following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers, key employees and directors as of the date of this annual report:

Izzy Sheratzky is a co-founder of our company and its President. He has previously served as the Chairman of our Board of Directors, which in our company constitutes both an officer and director positions, ever since our company was acquired from Tadiran in 1995. Until 2003, Mr. Sheratzky also served as our Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Sheratzky also serves as the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Moked (1973) Investigations Company Ltd., Moked Services, Information and Investments Ltd., and Moked Ituran. He also serves as a director in Tikal Document Collection Ltd. Mr. Sheratzky is the father of Eyal, Nir and Gil Sheratzky, Brother of Efraim Sheratzky and uncle of Tal Sheratzky-Jaffa.

Yehuda Kahane is a co-founder of our company and has served on our board since 1995. Professor Kahane is an entrepreneur in both the academic and business arenas. He is a Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science. He received the 2011 highest international award for his lasting contribution to the theory, practice and education in insurance and risk management, as well as a lifetime achievements award by the Israeli Insurance industry. He is a co-founder and chairperson of the YK Center for Preparing for the New Economy. Kahane is a Professor (Emeritus) from the Collar Business, Tel Aviv University where he headed the Institute for Business and the Environment. He taught at many business schools around the world, including the Wharton School, the University of Texas (Austin), the University of Toronto and the University of Florida, and has founded and served as the first Dean of the Israeli Academic School of Insurance. Professor Kahane chairs and is a major owner of Capital Point Ltd., and is active in the formation, seed investment and management of start-up companies and technological incubators, unrelated to our company. He chairs the association for the visually impaired people in Herzliya and Sharon district, and a board member of the Center for Blind People in Israel (The Umbrella organization). He is an honorary member of the Israel-Brazil Chamber of Commerce. Professor Kahane holds a BA degree in Economics and Statistics, an MA degree in Business Administration and a PhD in Finance from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and is a Fellow of the Israeli Association of Actuaries. He specializes in insurance, risk management, environmental issues and technological forecasting. He is the father of Yoav Kahane.

Zeev Koren has served as a director of our company since 2006 and since 2011 serves as the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Company. In 1988 Brigadier Gen. (Res) Koren retired from the Israel Defence Forces after a career of 25 years, where in his final position he served as the head of human resources planning for the general staff division. Since then he has served in a senior capacity in companies in the fields of international forwarding and medical services. During the past ten years he has also served as the general manager of a Provident Management Company. He holds a B.A. in Political Science and Criminology from Bar Ilan University.

Efraim Sheratzky was appointed to the board on February 9, 2015, to replace Mr. Amos Kurz, as a Class A Director. Efraim Sheratzky studied insurance in the Israeli Insurance College. Efraim Sheratzky owns together with Yigal Shani, Tzivtit Insurance Agency (1998) Ltd. Efraim Sheratzky served as our director from 1999 and until 2005. Efraim Sheratzky is the brother of Izzy Sheratzky and the uncle of Eyal, Nir and Gil Sheratzky and father of Ms. Tal Sheratzky-Jaffa. Mr. Efraim Sheratzky was elected, on December 14, 2022, in annual general shareholders meeting, to serve as a director in Class A for additional period until third succeeding Annual General meeting, thereafter.

Eyal Sheratzky has served as a director of our company since its acquisition from Tadiran in 1995 and currently serves as a Co-Chief Executive Officer since 2003. Prior to 2003, he served as Vice President of Business Development during the years 1999 through 2002. Mr. Sheratzky also serves as a director of Moked Ituran and certain of our other subsidiaries, including Ituran Network. From 1994 to 1999, he served as the Chief Executive Officer of Moked Services, Information and Investments and as legal advisor to several of our affiliated companies. Mr. Sheratzky holds LLB and LLM degrees from Tel Aviv University School of Law and an Executive MBA degree from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University, USA. Mr. Sheratzky is the son of Izzy Sheratzky and the brother of Nir and Gil Sheratzky and nephew of Effraim Sheratzky. Mr. Eyal Sheratzky was elected, on December 14, 2022, in annual general shareholders meeting, to serve as a director in Class A for additional period until third succeeding Annual General meeting, thereafter.

Nir Sheratzky has served as a director of our company since its acquisition from Tadiran in 1995 and currently serves as a Co-Chief Executive Officer since 2003. Prior to 2003, Mr. Sheratzky served as an Executive Officer in our company from 1995 to 2003. Mr. Sheratzky is also a director in Moked Ituran. He holds BA and MA degrees in Economics from Tel Aviv University. Nir is the son of Izzy Sheratzky and the brother of Eyal and Gil Sheratzky and nephew of Effraim Sheratzky.

Gil Sheratzky serves as a director of our company and since 2013 as our International Activity and Business Development Officer. Mr. Sheratzky has been serving since January 23, 2007 as the Chief Executive Officer of our subsidiary, E-Com Global Electronic Commerce Ltd. From 2003 and until 2013 Mr. Sheratzky served as our marketing communication officer. During the years 2000 - 2001 Gil worked in our control center, and during the years 2001 - 2002 he worked in an advertising agency. Mr. Sheratzky holds a BA in Business Administration from the Herzliya Interdisciplinary Center, and an MBA degree from the Booth School of Business at Chicago University, USA. Gil serves also as director in  Bringg and chairman of Mapa GIS (a subsidiary of Ituran). Gil Sheratzky is the son of Izzy Sheratzky and the brother of Eyal Sheratzky and Nir Sheratzky and nephew of Effraim Sheratzky

Yoav Kahane (Director and an Independent Director, and also a member of audit committee and a member of compensation committee) has served as director of our company since 1998. Mr. Kahane is serving as the Chief Executive Officer of Vizo Specs Ltd,a startup company he co-founded that develop a non-invasive technology for immediate enhancement of attention and the treatment of ADHD. During 2020 he served as CBO of PrintCB ,developer and manufacturer of advanced copper materials for car electrification. a. During 2006-2014, Mr. Kahane has worked for Enzymotec in various managerial positions including Director of Business Development, VP Sales & Marketing, Infant Nutrition Business Unit Manager, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Advanced Lipids AB, a joint venture of AAK AB and Enzymotec, specializing in nutritional ingredients to the infant nutrition industry. During the years 2004-2005, Mr. Kahane served as Vice President of Sales and Marketing in Elbit Vision Systems Ltd. During the years 2001 and 2002, he served as Manager of Business Development in Denver Holdings and Investments Ltd. In 2000, Mr. Kahane established Ituran Florida Corp. and served as its Chief Executive Officer until 2001. Mr. Kahane holds a BA degree in Life Sciences from Tel-Aviv University, a BA degree in Insurance and an MBA degree from the University of Haifa. Yoav Kahane is the son of Professor Yehuda Kahane. Mr. Kahane. Mr. Kahane was elected, on December 14, 2022, in annual general shareholders meeting, to serve as an Independent Director in Class A for additional period until third succeeding Annual General meeting, thereafter.

Yigal Shani has served as a director of our company since its acquisition from Tadiran in 1995. Mr. Shani is an insurance agent and a partner in the insurance agency Tzivtit Insurance Agency (1998) Ltd. together with Efraim Sheratzky, which provides insurance services to our company. Mr. Shani has resigned on March 13, 2014 in order to allow compliance with the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law, which require that the board of directors to include at least one female and was reappointed on February 9, 2015 to replace Mr. Avner Kurz, as a Class B Director.

Israel Baron has been serving as an external director of our company since 2003 and is the Chairman of our board’s committees. Mr. Baron served as a director in Poalim Trust Services Ltd., a fully owned subsidiary of Bank Hapoalim Ltd from 2009 until 2017. In addition, Mr. Baron has been serving as Chief Executive Officer of several public sector employee retirement and saving plans since 2003. Prior to 2003, Mr. Baron managed an organizational consulting firm, served as an investment manager in the Isaac Tshuva group during the years 1999 to 2001 and as Chief Executive Officer of Gmulot Investment Company Ltd.during the years 1994-1999. Mr. Baron serves as a director of Quality Baron Management Services Ltd. and since August 2022 he serves as a director of Brill Shoe Industries Ltd. Mr. Baron is a certified CPA and holds a BA degree in Economics and Accounting from the Bar-Ilan University in Ramat-Gan, Israel. Israel Baron was re-elected on Noveember 30, 2023 for additional 3-year term to serve as external director.

Gidon Kotler is an external director of our company. He was nominated on April 30, 2014. Prior to his retirement on 2016, Mr. Kotler has been serving as the assets manager of Strauss-Group Ltd., one of Israel’s largest public companies, since 1997. Prior to that, Mr. Kotler has served for 3 years as the chief executive officer of the Tel-Aviv New Central Bus Station, and for 14 years as the chief executive officer of the Dizengof Center’s management company. Mr. Kotler has served as an external director of Elran Real Estate Ltd. from 2007 until 2010. On December 28, 2016, an annual general shareholders meeting approved the extension of the term of Mr. Gideon Kotler, our external director, for additional three years (beginning April 30, 2017). On December 12, 2019, an annual general shareholder meeting beginning April 30, 2020), which was extended for an additional three years (beginning April 30, 2023), in an annual shareholder's general meeting held on December 14, 2022.

Ms. Sheratzki – Jaffa was elected, on December 14, 2022, in annual general shareholders meeting, to serve as director in Class A for additional period until third succeeding Annual General meeting, thereafter .

Ami Saranga has been serving as the Deputy Chief Executive Officer of our company since 2011. Prior to that Mr. Saranga served as our VP Marketing since 2008. Prior to 2008, Mr. Saranga managed the SME division of Pelephone Communications Ltd., one of Israel’s largest telecommunication network operators. Mr. Saranga holds a BA degree in Business Administration from Ruppin Academic Center, Israel.

Eli Kamer has served as Executive Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer of our company since 1999, after serving as its Finance Department Manager since 1997. Prior such date, Mr. Kamer worked as an accountant in Fahn Kanne & Co., our independent registered public accountant. Mr. Kamer is a CPA and holds a BA degree in Business Administration from the Israel College of Management and an MBA degree in business administration from Bar Ilan University.

Guy Aharonov has served as our in-house legal counsel since 1999. Prior to joining our company, he has worked as an attorney in Cohen Lahat & Co. Mr. Aharonov holds LLB and LLM degrees from Tel Aviv University.

Udi Mizrahi has served as our VP Finance since 2000. On his current position Mr. Mizrahi serve as a Deputy Chief Executive Officer International Operation and VP of Finance. Mr. Mizrahi is a CPA and holds a BA degree in accounting and economics from Ruppin Academic Center, Israel.

Our articles of association provide for staggered three-year terms for all our directors (except our external directors, who are elected in accordance with the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law). The directors on our board (excluding the external directors) are divided into three classes, and each class of directors serves for a term of three years, as follows: Izzy Sheratzky, Gil Sheratzky and Zeev Koren (class C), who were re-elected on November 12, 2024; Nir Sheratzky, Yigal Shani and Yehuda  Kahane (class B), who were re-elected on November 30, 2023; and Eyal Sheratzky, Efraim Sheratzky, Tal Sheratzky-Jaffa and Yoav Kahane (class A), who were re-elected on December 14, 2022. This classification of the board of directors may delay or prevent a change of control of our company.

On December 28, 2016, an annual general shareholders meeting approved the extension of the term of Mr. Gideon Kotler, our external director, for additional three years (beginning April 30, 2017), which was extended to additional term of three years.  On November 30, 2023, an annual general and special shareholders meeting approved the re-election of Mr. Israel Baron, our external director, for additional three years.

Pursuant to Moked Ituran Ltd's articles of association and agreement (as amended) between its shareholders, there is a mechanism in place with regard to directors to be designated and voted for election by Moked Ituran Ltd in each of our annual shareholders meeting for the relevant class of directors (four directors in class A and B and three in class C). This arrangement for the election of directors is only effective for as long as Moked Ituran Ltd. holds at least 15% of our issued and outstanding share capital.

During 2024, we set aside $630,000 for the benefit of our officers for pension, retirement or similar benefits. We do not set aside any funds for the benefit of our directors who are not employees for any pension, retirement or similar benefits.

All numbers in this section are rounded to the nearest thousand.

For further details concerning such terms of service, please see Item 7.B – Related Parties Transactions under the caption “Transactions with our directors and principal officers.”

In 2006, our compensation committee has devised a bonus scheme pursuant to which some of our officers and employees received shares of our profit before tax on a consolidated basis, based on their seniority, level of global and domestic involvement, contribution to our operations and other criteria set by the compensation committee. In 2010, our compensation committee resolved that additional managers shall be entitled to receive bonuses under this bonus scheme and that some of the grantees should continue to receive a bonus based on our consolidated results and some should receive a bonus based only on our solo financial statements. During 2024, we paid a total of $1,312,000 to our officers and employees pursuant to the above bonus schemes.

In December 2012, amendment no. 20 to the Israeli Companies Law became effective. Among other things, this amendment requires Israeli public companies to set forth their policy regarding their office holders’ terms of office, including fixed compensation, target-based incentives, equity awards, severance and other benefits. The amendments also set forth the considerations that should be applied when devising a compensation policy for office holders.

The term “office holder” is defined in the Israeli Companies Law, to mean the chief executive officer, chief business officer, deputy chief executive officer, vice chief executive officer, any other person fulfilling such position even if his title is different, as well as a director or a manager directly subordinate to the chief executive officer.

The compensation policy must be approved every three years by the board of directors, after considering the recommendations of the compensation committee; and generally requires the approval of the company’s general meeting of shareholders by a special majority of shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and who do not have a personal interest in the approval of the policy; or, alternatively, that the non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the matter who are present and vote against the policy hold two percent or less of the voting power of the company.

The compensation policy does not intend to amend any officer’s existing terms of office; nor to bestow any officer with a right to receive the compensation, or any element thereof set forth therein. However, generally, once the compensation policy is approved, all future terms of service of office holders should conform to its provisions. The specific terms of office of each officer shall be separately determined in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Israeli Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

Our general shareholders meeting approved our compensation policy for office holders on October 31, 2013, and on November 7, 2016, and later on December 14, 2022 approved a renewal of the compensation policy. The policy applies to office holders of the Company (see definition above), who serve as the Company’s President, Chief Executive Officer(s) and other executives who are deemed office holders of the Company, as well as office holders of the Company’s Israeli wholly owned subsidiaries, provided they report to the chief executive officer. The policy also applies to directors of the Company.

Our compensation policy for office holders was formulated in view of our belief that our business success is the result of the excellence of our human resources and their devotion to the achievement of our company’s goals. Therefore, it is aimed at offering our officers with a competitive compensation package that will align their incentives with those of our company and our shareholders, and at motivating them to achieve the goals of our company, while avoiding undue pressure to take excessive risks. Among other factors, our compensation committee and board of directors have considered, as required by amendment no. 20 to the Israeli Companies Law and as reflected in the policy: (a) the advancement of the company’s goals, its business plan and its policy with a long-term view; (b) the creation of appropriate incentives for office holders, considering the company’s risk management policy; (c) the size of the company and the nature of its business; (d) with respect to variable components of the terms of office – the contribution of the office holders to the achievement of the company’s goals and to the maximization of its profits, with a long-term view and in accordance with the position of the office holder.

The compensation policy incorporates all matters required to be included in a compensation policy as mandated by amendment 20 to the Israeli Companies Law, including (without limitation): (a) the requirement to consider the office holders’ education, skills, professional experience, expertise, position and past compensation agreements; (b) consideration of the ratios between overall compensation of the officers and the average and median salary of the other employees of the Company; (c) the board’s right to reduce variable compensation; (d) the determination of a maximum period for advanced and transition periods upon termination of services; (e) basing variable components of compensation on key performance indicators and on measurable criteria; (f) determining the ratio between fixed and variable components of compensation and setting forth caps on the amount of variable compensation payable; and (g) a claw-back provision with respect to restatements of financial statements.

Pursuant to our articles of association as presently in effect, our board of directors generally consists of twelve directors, including at least three independent directors in accordance with the listing rules of Nasdaq concerning the composition of audit committees, of whom two directors are external directors as required by Israeli law. Our independent directors, as such term is defined under the Nasdaq listing rules, are Mr. Baron, Mr. Kotler, Mr. Koren, Mr. Yoav Kahane and Ms. Tal Sheratzky - Jaffa, Pursuant to our articles of association, other than the external directors, for whom special election requirements apply (see “External directors” below), our directors are elected, by majority of our shareholders and may be removed by special majority. However, see Item 6.A – Directors and Senior Management for a description of our staggered board and the shareholders agreement and articles of association of Moked Ituran Ltd. Our board of directors may at any time and from time to time appoint any other person as a director to fill a vacancy until the general meeting of shareholders in which the term of service of the replaced director was scheduled to expire.

Pursuant to the Israeli Companies Law, our chairman convenes and presides over the meetings of the board. In addition, any two directors may convene a meeting of the board of directors, as well as a director who becomes aware of a company’s matter that allegedly involves a breach of the law or an improper business conduct. A quorum consists of a majority of the members of the board, and decisions are taken by a vote of the majority of the members present. Our articles of association provide that such quorum will in no event be less than two directors.

We are incorporated in Israel and are therefore subject to the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law, including certain corporate governance provisions. Our ordinary shares are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (Our shares were delisted from the Tel Aviv stock exchange on May 25, 2016, for additional information see Item 9.A – Price History of Our Shares), and we are therefore subject to certain provisions of the Israeli securities laws, the U.S. securities laws and the Nasdaq listing rules. See also Item 16.G. – Corporate Governance below for additional information concerning our compliance with the Nasdaq listing rules and exemptions therefrom.

According to our Articles of Association, some of our officers and employees (including the chairman of our board and at least one third member of the Board) should be citizens and residents of Israel and receive clearance approval from the Israeli General Security Service. All the members of our board comply with these requirements.

On February 26, 2017 our board has adopted an Internal Compliance policy, which following review of our internal process included a comprehensive update of our internal regulations and codification of our internal regulations, all pursuant to the applicable Israeli laws.On August 28,2022 our board adopted a revised internal compliance policy.

Under Israeli law, the board of directors of companies whose shares are publicly traded are required to include at least two members who qualify as external directors. External directors are to be elected by a majority vote at a shareholders’ meeting, provided that either:

External directors are generally elected to serve an initial term of three years and may be re-elected to serve in that capacity for two additional three-year terms; however, companies whose securities are listed on recognized foreign exchanges, such as Nasdaq, may extend the service terms of their external directors for additional unlimited terms, each of no more of than three years , subject to the approval of the audit committee and the board of directors that such extension is for the benefit of the company in view of the directors’ expertise and special contribution to the operation of the board and its committees and these reasons together with the term served by the external director were presented to the shareholders prior to their approval (see the Israeli Companies Regulations (Allowances for Companies with Securities Listed on an Exchange Outside Israel), 2000-5760). The appointment of an external director for additional terms may be brought for the approval of the shareholders either by the board of directors or by a shareholder that holds at least 1% of the company’s voting rights, provided that the nominee is not a related or competing shareholder (as defined below) or a relative thereof, at the time of the appointment, and does not have an affinity to such shareholder (as defined below) at the time of the appointment or the two years preceding such appointment. The term “related or competing shareholder” means the shareholder who proposed the appointment or a 5% shareholder of the company if, at the time of the appointment, his controlling person or a company controlled by either of them, has business relations with the company, or if he, his controlling person or a company controlled by either of them are competitors of the company. The term “affinity” means the on-going existence of work relationship, business or professional relationship or control and the service as an officer.

External directors may generally be removed from office by the same majority of shareholders required for their election or by a court, in each case, only under limited circumstances, including if they cease to meet the statutory qualification for their appointment or violate the duty of loyalty to the company.

If at the time of the appointment of an external director, all directors who are not controlling persons or their relatives are of the same gender, then the elected external director must be of the other gender.

Each committee of the board of directors that is vested with an authority of the board must include at least one external director, except that the audit committee and compensation committee must include all external directors then serving on the board of directors. The Israeli Companies Law prohibits external directors from receiving, directly or indirectly, any compensation other than for services as an external director pursuant to the provisions and limitations set forth in the applicable regulations promulgated under the Israeli Companies Law.

Israeli law provides that a person is not qualified to serve as an external director if he is a relative (as defined in the Israeli Companies Law) of the company’s controlling person, or if, at the time of his/her appointment and/or at any time during the two years preceding his or her appointment, that person, a relative, partner or employer of that person, or any entity under that person’s control, has or has had an affinity (as defined above) to the company, its controlling person or its relative or to any entity that, as of the date of appointment, or at any time during the two years preceding that date, is controlled by the company or by its controlling person. In addition, no person may serve as an external director if that person’s professional activities create, or may create, a conflict of interest with that person’s responsibilities as a director or otherwise interfere with that person’s ability to serve as a director; and, a person already serving as a director of one company may not be appointed as an external director of the company if at that time a director of the company is serving as an external director of the first company. In addition, a company, controlling shareholder and any other entity controlled by the controlling shareholder may not grant to such external director, its spouse or child, any benefits, directly or indirectly, and the external director, its spouse or child may not be appointed to serve in any position, may not be employed by and may not, directly or indirectly, render any professional services to the company, such controlling shareholder or any other entity controlled by the controlling shareholder, during the first two years following such external director’s termination of tenure of office, and with respect to a relative who is not the external director’s spouse or child – during the first year following such termination.

Mr. Israel Baron is now serving his seventh term as an external director of the Company, who was re-elected on of November 30, 2023 for a term of 3 years. Mr. Gideon Kotler was appointed on April 30, 2014 by an extraordinary shareholders meeting as our new external director, following the death of our former external director, Dr. Orna Ophir, in January 2014 and was re-elected by our general shareholders meeting on December 28, 2016, for his second term, of additional 3 years term starting from April 30, 2017, which was later extended for additional term of three years beginning ,April 30 , 2023.

Under Israeli law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint an audit committee. The audit committee must comprise of at least three directors, including all of the external directors and the chairman of the audit committee must be an external director. In addition, the majority of the members of the audit committee must be independent directors. Under the Israeli Companies Law, a director is considered “independent” if he/she is an external director or if he/she meets the qualifications of an external director, has not served as a director of the company for over 9 consecutive years, and has been classified as such. Under Israeli regulations a director who serves more than 9 consecutive years as a director may still be deemed as "independent director" provided the Audit committee and thereafter the board of directors resolved that his-her tenure as a director for an extend term is for the benefit of the company based on his/her expertise and unique contribution to the board and its committees. Our Audit committee and board of directors so resolved with regard to Messrs. Israel Baron Gidon Kotler. The audit committee may not include the chairman of the board, any director who is employed by the company or regularly provides services to the company (other than as a board member), a controlling shareholder or any relative of such person. All audit committee decisions must be approved by a majority of the committee members of which the majority of members present are independent directors. Furthermore, a person who is not eligible to serve on the audit committee is restricted from participating in its meetings and votes, unless the chairman of the audit committee determines that such person’s presence is necessary in order to present a certain matter, provided however, that the company employees who are not controlling shareholders or relatives of such shareholders may be present in the meetings but not in the actual votes and likewise, company counsel and secretary who are not controlling shareholders or relatives of such shareholders may be present in meetings and decisions of such present is requested by the audit committee.

Our audit committee must also meet the requirements of the Nasdaq listing rules concerning audit committees.

Our board of directors has formed an audit committee that is empowered, among other things, to exercise the powers of the board of directors concerning our accounting, reporting and financial control practices. Our audit committee operates in accordance with a charter, which complies with the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law and the Nasdaq listing rules. The members of the audit committee are currently Messrs. Israel Baron, Gidon Kotler and Yoav Kahane, all of whom are independent as required of members of the audit committee under the Nasdaq listing rules. Mr. Gidon Kotler was appointed on April 30, 2014 to replace Dr. Orna Ophir who passed away in January 2014. Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Israel Baron possesses financial sophistication as required by Rule 5605(c)(2) under the Nasdaq listing rules, and that both Mr. Baron and Mr. Kotler possess accounting and financial expertise as defined by Israeli regulations.

Pursuant to the Israeli Companies Regulations (Provisions and Conditions regarding the Financial Statements’ Authorization Process), 2010, a reporting entity, except for a reporting entity that is subject to Chapter E(3) of the Israeli Securities Act, is required to establish a committee of the board of directors for the examination of financial statements. Since we are a reporting entity under Chapter E(3), we are not obliged to constitute a committee for the examination of financial statements; and therefore, commencing with the financial statements for the first quarter of 2013, we ceased holding meetings of the examination of financial statements committee; and instead, our audit committee considers the financial statements prior to their approval by the board.

Pursuant to the 22^nd amendment in the Israeli Company law, which was set to define new rules to approve transaction of the public company with its controlling shareholders, or the transaction in which the controlling shareholder has interest. The law requires from our Audit committee to set up rules to define the criteria for classification of transactions, which are neither Insignificant Transactions nor extraordinary transactions, and their procedures of approval that will be determined per each year in advance. In addition, the law requires from the Audit Committee to set methods of examining transactions with the controlling shareholders, in order to enable their classification and their comparison to the conditions in the free market. The Audit Committee resolved on September 29, 2014 as follows:

The Israeli Companies Law mandates the appointment of a compensation committee comprising of at least three directors. The compensation committee must include all of the external directors, who shall constitute the majority of the members thereof, and its remaining members shall be directors whose terms of service comply with the provisions promulgated concerning the remuneration of external directors. The chairman of the committee must be an external director. The members of the Compensation committee are currently Israel Baron, Gideon Kotler and Yoav Kahane. Mr. Gidon Kotler was appointed on April 30, 2014 to replace Dr. Orna Ophir who passed away in January 2014. All members of our compensation committee are independent directors as defined by the Nasdaq listing rules, and all of whom meet the composition requirements under the Israeli Companies Law. Since February 2016, the Israeli Companies Law permits that Audit Committee can serve also as a Compensation committee, provided that it will comply with requirements of the Compensation Committee as explained above.

Under the Israeli Companies Law, the compensation committee is responsible for: (i) making recommendations to the board of directors with respect to the approval of the compensation policy for office holders and any extensions thereto; (ii) periodically reviewing the implementation of the compensation policy and providing the board of directors with recommendations with respect to any amendments or updates thereto; (iii) reviewing and resolving whether or not to approve arrangements with respect to the terms of office of office holders; and (iv) determining whether or not to exempt a transaction with a candidate for chief executive officer from shareholders' approval.

Furthermore, our compensation committee oversees, on behalf of the Board, the management of Ituran’s compensation and other human resources-related issues and otherwise carries out on behalf of the Board its responsibilities relating to these issues. The committee is responsible for establishing annual and long-term performance goals and objectives for our executive officers. In addition, as required under the Nasdaq listing rules, our compensation committee is responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of the work of any compensation consultant, legal counsel and other adviser retained by the committee; and may retain such advice only after taking into account the considerations set forth in the Nasdaq listing rules in this respect. Our compensation committee operates in accordance with a charter, which complies with the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law and the Nasdaq listing rules.

According to our compensation committee charter, the compensation committee, among its other duties, is responsible on reviewing the disclosure in this form which concerns the Compensation Policy and the sections describing the Terms of Service of Officers, controlling persons and their relatives.

Under the Israeli Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint an internal auditor nominated by the audit committee. An internal auditor may not be:

The role of the internal auditor is to examine, among other things, the compliance of the company’s conduct with applicable law and orderly business procedures. Our internal auditor in 2020 was Shimon Yarel, CPA, who has served as our internal auditor since January 1999. On March 2, 2021, the audit committee and the board of directors approved the appointment of Ms. Alexandra Meron Yarel as an internal auditor instead of Mr Shimon Yarel, and that is due to his retirement.

The following table sets forth the total number of our employees at the end of each of the past three years, and a breakdown of such employees by main category of activity and by geographic location:

We consider our relations with our employees to be satisfactory and have no ongoing major labor disputes or material labor-related litigation. Our employees are subject to local labor laws and regulations, which in some countries are more stringent than others. Some of our senior executives also have employment agreements that may grant them rights in excess of those provided by the applicable laws.

Our employees in Israel are subject to Israeli labor laws and regulations and employment customs. The applicable labor laws and regulations principally concern matters such as paid annual vacation, paid sick days, length of the workday, payment for overtime and severance pay. Israeli law generally requires severance pay equal to one month’s salary for each year of employment upon retirement or death of an employee or termination of employment without cause. Furthermore, Israeli employees and employers are required to pay predetermined sums to the National Insurance Institute, which is similar to the United States Social Security Administration. Since January 1, 1995, these amounts also include payments for national health insurance.

Israeli labor laws impose on employers increased liability, including monetary sanctions and criminal liability, in cases of violations of certain labor laws and certain violations by contractors providing maintenance, security and cleaning services.

Our employment agreements in Brazil are subject to Brazilian labor laws and regulations, to collective labor agreements or bargaining arrangements with unions and contract. The laws and regulations in Brazil govern almost all aspects of an employment relationship and do not leave much room to be negotiated with the employee. Still, employment contracts create obligations to the parties if they are in compliance with the law. The Labor Code mainly governs the employees’ right to paid annual vacation, paid sick days, the maximum length of a workday, minimum payment for overtime and statutory severance pay. Brazilian law generally requires severance pay equal to 40% of the balance of the employee’s FGTS account (a mandatory fund to guarantee severance and unemployment). The FGTS can also be withdrawn when the employee retires, dies or his employment is terminated without cause, among others. Brazilian employers are required to purchase health insurance for employees only in the event it is set forth by the applicable collective labor agreement, contract or company policy, and are required to cover employees’ food and travel costs whenever a business trip is required, and to make deposits into a Guarantee Severance Fund (the so-called “FGTS”). Furthermore, Brazilian employees and employers are required to make contributions to the National Insurance Institute (“INSS”), similar to the United States Social Security Administration. Our collections to the National Insurance Institute amount to 34.8% to 39.8% of the payrolls, out of which 8% to 11% (limited to R$7,087.22 of individual salary) corresponds to contributions by the employees deducted from salaries and 26.8% is the fixed part we pay. Our contribution of 26.8% includes mandatory contribution to the Public Insurance for Labor Accidents and Diseases (SAT). According to Decree Law 6957/2009 such portion, which varies from 1% to 3% of payroll, should be multiplied by another factor (FAP) from 0.5 to 2 in order to reduce or increase our burden to reflect statistics of occupational accidents and diseases in our business.

All of our employees in Brazil, excluding the chief executive officer, some directors (VPs) and some IT providers are represented by a labor union and the employees’ mandatory contributions to their union are paid by us. The law no. 13.467/2017, which entered into force on November 11, 2017, made the labor union contribution optional (i.e., discounted only upon the employees’ consent).

Our employees in Argentina are subject to Argentine labor laws and regulations and other special practices and employment customs. The laws and regulations in Argentina control all aspects of labor relations and designate a general Employment Contract with which all employees and employers must comply. This general Employment Contract adopts by reference the provisions of the Labor Law which principally concerns matters such as paid annual vacation, paid sick days, the length of the workday, and payment for overtime and severance pay.

Argentine law generally requires severance pay equal to one month per year of service upon the termination of employment without a justified cause.

Argentine employers are also required to contribute for the following items: (a) Pension funds 20.70 % (b) health insurance for employees 6% (c) occupational accident insurance 2.03% for January to February 2024 and 1,72% from March to December 2024; and (d) Retirement fund insurance 2.5% (only this item is for Union Employees). All the rates should be applied on the gross salary.

Our employees in Argentina, excluding the chief executive officer and several other employees, are members of a labor union and the employee member fees are paid by them.

We have no collective bargaining agreements with any of our employees in the United States and none of our employees are members of a union.

The hiring of employees in Mexico is subject to the regulations of the Federal Labor Law, the Social Security Law, the Infonavit Law, the Income Tax Law, Afore, and Infonacot In these laws both workers and employers have obligations and rights; the percentage corresponding to the employer is 40% in Payroll and Employee Tax depending on their level of income. The working relationship between employer and employee is regulated by the Individual work contract In Mexico we have several modalities of types of Labor Contract, according to the permanence and type of contract, example: Contract for a Determined Time, Permanent Contract, and Contract for Determined Work. In these Contracts the conditions of the work are specified. Within our company we also have working relationships through outsourcing, where our employees have the same rights and obligations and adhere to the same internal and legal guidelines. Contract terminations without cause by the employer require the payment of 3 months' salary as a concept of damages.

Our employees in Ecuador are subject by the Ecuadorian Labor Code. The Labor Code provides for a 40-hour work week, 15 calendar days of annual paid vacation, restrictions and sanctions for those who employ child labor, general protection of worker health and safety, minimum wages and bonuses, maternity and paternity leave, and employer-provided benefits. The 2008 Constitution bans child labor, requires hiring workers with disabilities, and unpaid internships are not permitted in Ecuador. The law also mandates that employees’ thirteenth and fourteenth month bonuses, which are required by law, be paid in instalments throughout the year instead of in lump sums. Employees have the option to opt out of this change and continue to receive the payments in lump sums. The law eliminates fixed-term employee contracts and replaced them with indefinite contracts, which shortens the allowable trial period for employees to 90 days. The Law for Labor Justice and Recognition of Work in the Home, which included several changes related to labor and social security, took effect in April 2015. Workers in the private sector have the constitutional right to form trade unions and local law allows for unionization of any company with more than 30 employees. Private employers are required to engage in collective bargaining with recognized unions. The Labor Code provides for resolution of union´s conflicts through a tripartite arbitration and conciliation board process. The Code also prohibits discrimination against union members and requires that employers provide space for union activities.

Our employees in Colombia are subject to Colombian labor laws and regulations. All employees have an indefinite term employment contract and the law determines a minimum monthly salary (SMM), which is increased annually by the government and used to calculate labor obligations. 48 hours are the maximum hours for a week. All employees are affiliated with the Social Security System (Health, Pension and Occupational Risks), a percentage is paid by the company and the other by the employee, the calculation depends on the salary. The law determines additional benefits called social benefits payable by the company: Holidays: 15 working days for each year worked; Premium corresponds to the payment of 15 days of salary per semester worked or fraction; Unemployment corresponds to the payment of 30 days of salary per year worked or fraction; Unemployment interest corresponds to 12% of severance pay; Employees who earn less than 2 SMM must be given 3 times a year clothing and footwear or equivalent in bonuses. Termination of employment relationship by the company without a justified reason, is coupled with compensation to the employee. Additionally, for every 20 employees, the company must hire an apprentice who will receive financial support from 1 SMM, and who will be employed for a period of 6 months. Currently the company doesn't have any unionized employee. For year 2025, Income Tax remainss  35%, as a result of tax reform approved by Colombia congress on 2021 (2021 income tax rate was 31%).

The following table sets forth share ownership information for our directors and executive officers listed in Item 6.A above as of April 2, 2025. All of the information with respect to beneficial ownership by our directors and executive officers has been furnished by the respective director or executive officer, as the case may be.