As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 27, 2017
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 20-F
(Mark One)
OR
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016
Date of event requiring this shell company report
For the transition periodfrom to
Commission file number 1-13368
POSCO
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)
POSCO Center, 440 Teheran-ro,Gangnam-gu
Seoul, Korea 06194
(Address of principal executive offices)
Kim, Jieun
POSCO Center, 440 Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu
Telephone:+82-2-3457-1462; E-mail: jieun.kim@posco.com; Facsimile:+82-2-3457-1982
(Name, telephone, e-mail and/or facsimile number and address of company contact person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.
Title of Each Class
American Depositary Shares, each representing
one-fourth of one share of common stock
Common Stock, par value Won 5,000 per share *
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.
None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.
As of December 31, 2016, there were 79,997,665 shares of common stock, par value Won 5,000 per share, outstanding
(not including 7,189,170 shares of common stock held by the company as treasury shares)
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☐ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer☐ Non-accelerated filer☐ Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing. U.S.GAAP ☐ IFRS ☒ Other ☐
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GLOSSARY
PART I
ITEM 1.
ITEM 2.
ITEM 3.
ITEM 4.
ITEM 5.
ITEM 6.
ITEM 7.
ITEM 8.
ITEM 9.
ITEM 10.
ITEM 11.
ITEM 12.
ITEM 13.
ITEM 14.
ITEM 15.
ITEM 16.
ITEM 17.
ITEM 18.
ITEM 19.
“ADR”
“ADR depositary”
“ADS”
“Australian Dollar” or “A$”
“Commercial Code”
“common stock”
“deposit agreement”
“Dollars,” “$” or “US$”
“FSCMA”
“Government”
“IASB”
“IFRS”
“Yen” or “JPY”
“Korea”
“Korean GAAP”
“Gwangyang Works”
“We”
“Pohang Works”
“POSCO Group”
“Renminbi”
“Securities Act”
“Securities Exchange Act”
“SEC”
“tons”
“U.S. GAAP”
“Won” or “￦”
Any discrepancies in any table between totals and the sums of the amounts listed are due to rounding.
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Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Managers and Advisers
Item 1.A. Directors and Senior Management
Not applicable
Item 1.B. Advisers
Item 1.C. Auditor
Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable
Item 2.A. Offer Statistics
Item 2.B. Method and Expected Timetable
Item 3. Key Information
Item 3.A. Selected Financial Data
The selected financial data presented below should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected financial data in Won as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016 were derived from our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB.
In addition to preparing financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB included in this annual report, we also prepare financial statements in accordance with Korean International Financial Reporting Standards (“K-IFRS”) as adopted by the Korean Accounting Standards Board (the “KASB”), which we are required to file with the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange under the FSCMA. English translations of such financial statements are furnished to the SEC under Form 6-K. Starting in 2012, we were required to adopt certain amendments and interpretations to K-IFRS, relating to presentation of operating profit. Additionally, under K-IFRS, revenue from the development and sale of certain real estate is recognized using the percentage of completion method. However, under IFRS as issued by the IASB, revenue from the development and sale of real estate is recognized when an individual unit of residential real estate is delivered to the buyer. As a result, our consolidated statements of comprehensive income and our consolidated statements of financial position prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB included in this annual report differ from our consolidated statements of comprehensive income and consolidated statements of financial position prepared in accordance with K-IFRS. See “Item 5.A. Operating Results — Explanatory Note Regarding Presentation of Certain Financial Information under K-IFRS.”
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The information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of the results of future operations and should be read in conjunction with “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this annual report.
Selected consolidated statement of comprehensive income data
Revenue (1)
Cost of sales (2)
Gross profit
Administrative expenses
Selling expenses
Other operating income
Other operating expenses
Operating profit
Share of loss of equity-accounted investees, net
Finance income
Finance costs
Profit before income tax
Income tax expense
Profit (loss)
Total comprehensive income (loss)
Profit (loss) for the period attributable to:
Owners of the controlling company
Non-controlling interests
Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to:
Basic and diluted earnings per share (3)
Dividends per share of common stock
Selected consolidated statements of financial position data
Working capital (4)
Total current assets
Property, plant and equipment, net
Total non-current assets
Total assets
Short-term borrowings and current installments of long-termborrowings
Long-term borrowings, excluding current installments
Total liabilities
Share capital
Total equity
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Selected consolidated statements of cash flows data
Net cash provided by operating activities
Net cash used in investing activities
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year
EXCHANGE RATE INFORMATION
The following table sets out information concerning the market average exchange rate for the periods and dates indicated.
Period
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
October
November
December
2017 (through April 26)
January
February
March
April (through April 26)
Source: Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.
Item 3.B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
Item 3.C. Reasons for Offer and Use of Proceeds
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Item 3.D. Risk Factors
You should carefully consider the risks described below.
The global economic downturn may adversely affect our business and performance. The global economic outlook for the near future remains uncertain.
Our business is affected by highly cyclical market demand for our steel products from a number of industries, including the construction, automotive, shipbuilding and electrical appliances industries as well as downstream steel processors, which are sensitive to general conditions in the global economy. Macroeconomic factors, such as the economic growth rate, employment levels, interest rates, inflation rates, exchange rates, commodity prices, demographic trends and fiscal policies of governments can have a significant effect on such industries. From time to time, these industries have experienced significant and sometimes prolonged downturns, which, in turn, have negatively impacted our steel business. The global economic outlook for the near future remains uncertain, particularly in light of the slowdown of economic growth and financial instability in China and other major emerging market economies, fluctuations in oil and commodity prices, financial difficulties affecting governments in southern Europe and Latin America, and political and social instability in various countries in the Middle East and Northern Africa, including Iraq, Syria and Egypt, as well as in Ukraine and Russia. In particular, the Chinese economy, which in recent years has been one of the main demand drivers in the global steel industry, has experienced a slowdown in growth since 2012 and continues to show signs of deterioration, despite successive fiscal and monetary stimulus measures implemented by the Chinese government.
An actual or anticipated further deterioration of global economic conditions may result in a decline in demand for our products that could have a negative impact on the prices at which they can be sold. In such a case, we will likely face pressure to reduce prices and we may need to rationalize our production capacity and reduce fixed costs. In the past, we have adjusted our crude steel production levels and sales prices in response to sluggish demand from our customers in industries adversely impacted by the deteriorating economic conditions. We produced 41.4 million tons of crude steel in 2014, 42.0 million tons in 2015 and 42.2 million tons in 2016. The average unit sales prices for our semi-finished and finished steel products were Won 936 thousand per ton in 2014, Won 798 thousand per ton in 2015 and Won 745 thousand per ton in 2016.
We expect that fluctuation in demand for our steel products and trading services to continue to prevail at least in the near future. We may decide to further adjust our future crude steel production or our sales prices on an on-going basis subject to market demand for our products, the production outlook of the global steel industry and global economic conditions in general. In addition, economic downturns in the Korean and global economies could result in market conditions characterized by weaker demand for steel products from a number of industries as well as falling prices for export and import products and reduced trade levels. Deterioration of market conditions may result in changes in assumptions underlying the carrying value of certain assets, which in turn could result in impairment of such assets, including intangible assets such as goodwill. In addition, our ability to reduce expenditures for production facilities and research and development during an industry downturn is limited because of the need to maintain our competitive position. If we are unable to reduce our expenses sufficiently to offset reductions in price and sales volume, our margins will suffer and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
Korea is our most important market, and our current business and future growth could be materially and adversely affected if economic conditions in Korea deteriorate.
We are incorporated in Korea, and a substantial portion of our operations and assets are located in Korea. Korea is our most important market, accounting for 39.4% of our total revenue from steel products produced and sold by us in 2016. Domestic demand for our products is affected by the condition of major steel consuming industries, such as construction, shipbuilding, automotive, electrical
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appliances and downstream steel processors, and the Korean economy in general. In addition, the trading operations of POSCO Daewoo Corporation (“POSCO Daewoo”) are affected by the general level of trade between Korea and other countries, which in turn tends to fluctuate based on general conditions in the Korean and global economies. As a result, we are subject to political, economic, legal and regulatory risks specific to Korea. The economic indicators in Korea in recent years have shown mixed signs, and future growth of the Korean economy is subject to many factors beyond our control, including developments in the global economy.
Due to recent liquidity and credit concerns and volatility in the global financial markets, the value of the Won relative to the Dollar and other foreign currencies and the stock prices of Korean companies have fluctuated significantly in recent years. In particular, the global financial markets continue to experience significant volatility in light of the slowdown of economic growth in China and other major emerging economies as well as concerns regarding the financial difficulties affecting many governments worldwide, including southern Europe and Latin America, and low oil prices. In addition, political and social instability in various countries in the Middle East and Northern Africa, including Iraq, Syria and Egypt, as well as in Ukraine and Russia, has resulted in an increase in volatility in the global financial markets. Accordingly, the overall prospects for the Korean and global economies in the remainder of 2017 and beyond remain uncertain. Any future deterioration of the Korean or global economy could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Developments that could have an adverse impact on Korea’s economy in the future include:
declines in consumer confidence and a slowdown in consumer spending in the Korean or global economy;
continuing adverse conditions in the economies of countries and regions that are important export markets for Korea, such as China, the United States, Europe and Japan, or in emerging market economies in Asia or elsewhere, including in the wake of a referendum in the United Kingdom in June 2016 to exit from the European Union;
adverse changes or volatility in foreign currency reserve levels, commodity prices (including oil prices), exchange rates (including fluctuation of the U.S. dollar, the Euro or the Japanese Yen exchange rates or revaluation of the Chinese Renminbi), interest rates, inflation rates or stock markets;
deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between Korea and its trading partners or allies, including deterioration resulting from territorial or trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy (such as the ongoing controversy between Korea and China, which is Korea’s largest export market, regarding the deployment of a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system in Korea by the United States in March 2017 and the ensuing economic and other retaliatory measures by China);
increased sovereign default risk in select countries and the resulting adverse effects on the global financial markets;
the ongoing political scandal in Korea involving the impeachment and dismissal of the President and the resulting social unrest, as well as related investigations of large Korean business groups and their senior management for bribery, embezzlement and other possible misconduct;
a continuing rise in the level of household debt and increasing delinquencies and credit defaults by retail and small-and medium-sized enterprise borrowers in Korea;
social and labor unrest;
decreases in the market prices of Korean real estate;
the economic impact of any pending or future free trade agreements;
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a decrease in tax revenue and a substantial increase in the Government’s expenditures for fiscal stimulus measures, unemployment compensation and other economic and social programs that, together, would lead to an increased government budget deficit;
financial problems or lack of progress in the restructuring of Korean business groups, other large troubled companies (including those in the shipbuilding and shipping sectors), their suppliers or the financial sector;
loss of investor confidence arising from corporate accounting irregularities or corporate governance issues at certain Korean companies;
increases in social expenditures to support an aging population in Korea or decreases in economic productivity due to the declining population size in Korea;
geo-political uncertainty and the risk of further attacks by terrorist groups around the world;
the occurrence of severe health epidemics in Korea or other parts of the world, such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in Korea in 2015;
natural or man-made disasters that have a significant adverse economic or other impact on Korea (such as the sinking of the Sewol ferry in 2014, which significantly dampened consumer sentiment in Korea) or its major trading partners;
political uncertainty or increasing strife among or within political parties in Korea;
hostilities or political or social tensions involving oil producing countries in the Middle East and North Africa and any material disruption in the supply of oil or sudden increase in the price of oil;
political or social tensions involving Russia and any resulting adverse effects on the global supply of oil or the global financial markets; and
an increase in the level of tensions or an outbreak of hostilities between North Korea and Korea or the United States.
We rely on export sales for a significant portion of our total sales. Adverse economic and financial developments in Asia in the future may have an adverse effect on demand for our products in Asia and increase our foreign exchange risks.
Our export sales and overseas sales to customers abroad accounted for 60.6% of our total revenue from steel products produced and sold by us in 2016. Our export sales volume to customers in Asia, including China, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia, accounted for 63.2% of our total export sales revenue from steel products produced and exported by us in 2016, and we expect our sales to these countries to remain important in the future. In particular, our export volume to China has increased in recent years and accounted for 29.0% of our total export sales revenue from steel products produced and exported by us in 2016. Accordingly, adverse economic and financial developments in these countries may have an adverse effect on demand for our products. Unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions, which can be caused, among others, by difficulties in the financial sector, corporate, political or other scandals that may reduce confidence in the markets (such as the ongoing political scandal in Korea involving the impeachment and dismissal of the President), declines in business confidence, increases in inflation, natural disasters or pandemics, outbreaks of hostilities or other geopolitical instability. Deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between Korea and its trading partners or allies, including deterioration resulting from territorial or trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy (such as the ongoing controversy between Korea and China, which is Korea’s largest export market, regarding the deployment of a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system in Korea by the United States in March 2017 and the ensuing economic and other retaliatory actions by China), or a combination of these or other factors, have, in the past adversely affected, and may in the future adversely affect, demand for our products.
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Economic weakness in Asia may also adversely affect our sales to the Korean companies that export to the region, especially companies in the construction, shipbuilding, automotive, electrical appliances and downstream steel processing industries. Weaker demand in these countries, combined with an increase in global production capacity, may also reduce export prices in Dollar terms of our principal products sold to customers in Asia. For a discussion of production over-capacity in the global steel industry, see “— We operate in the highly competitive steel, trading and construction industries, and our failure to successfully compete would adversely affect our market position and business.” We attempt to maintain and expand our export sales to generate foreign currency receipts to cover our foreign currency purchases and debt service requirements. Consequently, any decrease in our export sales could also increase our foreign exchange risks.
Depreciation of the value of the Won against the Dollar and other major foreign currencies may have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations and on the price of the ADSs.
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared from our local currency denominated financial results, assets and liabilities and our subsidiaries around the world, which are then translated into Won. A substantial proportion of our consolidated financial results is accounted for in currencies other than the Won. Accordingly, our consolidated financial results and assets and liabilities may be materially affected by changes in the exchange rates of foreign currencies. In 2016, 60.6% of our total revenue from steel products produced and sold by us was in overseas markets outside of Korea. To the extent that we incur costs in one currency and make sales in another, our profit margins may be affected by changes in the exchange rates between the two currencies. Since the currency in which sales are recorded may not be the same as the currency in which expenses are incurred, foreign exchange rate fluctuations may materially affect our results of operations. Depreciation of the Won may materially affect the results of our operations because, among other things, it causes:
an increase in the amount of Won required for us to make interest and principal payments on our foreigncurrency-denominated debt;
an increase in Won terms in the costs of raw materials and equipment that we purchase from overseas sources and a substantial portion of our freight costs, which are denominated primarily in Dollars; and
foreign exchange translation losses on liabilities, which lower our earnings for accounting purposes.
Appreciation of the Won against major currencies, on the other hand, causes:
our export products to be less competitive by raising our prices in Dollar, Yen and Renminbi terms; and
a reduction in net sales and accounts receivables in Won from export sales, which are primarily denominated in Dollars and to a lesser extent in Yen and Renminbi.
We strive to naturally offset our foreign exchange risk by matching foreign currency receivables with our foreign currency payables and our overseas subsidiaries have sought to further mitigate the adverse impact of exchange rate fluctuations by conducting business transactions in the local currency of the respective market in which the transactions occur. In particular, POSCO Daewoo’s exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates, including the Won/Dollar exchange rate, is limited because trading transactions typically involve matched purchase and sale contracts, which result in limited settlement exposure, and because POSCO Daewoo’s contracts with domestic suppliers of products for export and with domestic purchasers of imported products are generally denominated in Dollars. Although the impact of exchange rate fluctuations is partially mitigated by such strategies, we and our subsidiaries, particularly POSCO Daewoo and POSCO Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd. (“POSCO E&C”), also periodically enter into derivative contracts, primarily foreign currency swaps and forward exchange contracts, to further hedge some of our foreign exchange risks. However, our results of operations
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have historically been affected by exchange rate fluctuations and there can be no assurance that such strategies will be sufficient to reduce or eliminate the adverse impact of such fluctuations in the future. Because of the larger positive effects of the appreciation of the Won (i.e., the reverse of the negative effects caused by the depreciation of the Won, as discussed above), depreciation of the Won generally has a negative impact on our results of operations.
Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Won and the Dollar will also affect the Dollar equivalent of the Won price of the shares of our common stock on the KRX KOSPI Market and, as a result, will likely affect the market price of the ADSs. These fluctuations will also affect the Dollar conversion by the depositary for the ADRs of cash dividends, if any, paid in Won on shares of common stock represented by the ADSs.
We are dependent on imported raw materials, and significant increases in market prices of essential raw materials could adversely affect our margins and profits.
We purchase substantially all of the principal raw materials we use from sources outside Korea, including iron ore and coal. POSCO imported approximately 52.6 million dry metric tons of iron ore and 28.4 million wet metric tons of coal in 2016. Iron ore is imported primarily from Australia, Brazil and Canada. Coal is imported primarily from Australia, Canada and Russia. Although we have not experienced significant unanticipated supply disruptions in the past, supply disruptions, which could be caused by political or other events in the countries from which we import these materials, could adversely affect our operations. In addition, we are particularly exposed to increases in the prices of coal, iron ore and nickel, which represent the largest components of our cost of goods sold. The prices of our key raw materials have fluctuated significantly in recent years. For example, the average market price of coal per wet metric ton (benchmark free on board price of Peak Downs Australian premium hard coking coal) was US$126 in 2014, US$102 in 2015 and US$114 in 2016. The average market price of iron ore per dry metric ton (Iron Ore 62% Fe, CFR China index announced by Platts) was US$88 in 2014, US$51 in 2015 and US$54 in 2016.
Our long-term supply contracts generally have terms of three to ten years and provide for periodic price adjustments to the then-market prices. We typically adjust the prices on a quarterly basis and maintain approximately one month of inventory of raw materials. Such price adjustments are driven by various factors, including the global economic outlook, global market prices of raw materials and steel products, supply and demand outlook of raw materials and production costs of raw materials. In the case of coal, globally influential buyers and sellers of coal determine benchmark prices of coal, based on which other buyers and sellers negotiate their prices after taking into consideration the quality of coal and other factors. In the case of iron ore, the supplier and we typically agree on the purchase price primarily based on the spot market price periodically announced by Platts (Iron Ore 62% Fe, CFR China Index). As of December 31, 2016, 144 million tons of iron ore and 22 million tons of coal remained to be purchased under long-term supply contracts. Future increases in prices of our key raw materials and our inability to pass along such increases to our customers could adversely affect our margins and profits. Increased prices may also cause potential customers to defer purchase of steel products, while rapidly falling prices may increase loss on valuation of raw material inventory purchased when prices were higher, either of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We operate in the highly competitive steel, trading and construction industries, and our failure to successfully compete would adversely affect our market position and business.
Steel. The markets for our steel products are highly competitive and we face intense global competition. In recent years, driven in part by strong growth in steel consumption in the developing world, particularly in China, the global steel industry has experienced renewed interest in expansion of steel production capacity. China is the largest steel producing country in the world by a significant margin, with the balance between its domestic production and demand being an important factor in the
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determination of global steel prices. In addition, the global steel industry has experienced consolidation in the past, including through the merger of Mittal and Arcelor in 2006. Competition from global steel manufacturers with expanded production capacity such as ArcelorMittal S.A. and new market entrants, especially from China and India, has resulted in significant price competition and may result in declining margins and reductions in revenue. Our larger competitors may use their resources, which may be greater than ours, against us in a variety of ways, including by making additional acquisitions, investing more aggressively in product development and capacity and displacing demand for our export products.
The increased production capacity, combined with a decrease in demand due to the recent slowdown of the global economy, has resulted in production over-capacity in the global steel industry. In particular, increase in steel production in China has outpaced its domestic demand for steel products in recent years, which imbalance has been exacerbated by the recent slowdown in China’s economic growth rate. As a result, China has become an increasingly larger exporter of steel, which in turn has resulted in downward pressure on global steel prices. Production over-capacity in the global steel industry may intensify if the slowdown of the global economy is prolonged or demand from developing countries, particularly from China, continues to lag behind the growth in production capacity. Production over-capacity in the global steel industry is likely to:
reduce export prices in Dollar terms of our principal products, which in turn may reduce our sales prices in Korea;
increase competition in the Korean market as foreign producers seek to export steel products to Korea as other markets experience a slowdown;
negatively affect demand for our products abroad and our ability to expand export sales; and
affect our ability to increase steel production in general.
Steel also competes with other natural and synthetic materials that may be used as steel substitutes, such as aluminum, cement, composites, glass, plastic and wood. Government regulatory initiatives mandating the use of such materials instead of steel, whether for environmental or other reasons, as well as the development of attractive alternative substitutes for steel products, may reduce demand for steel products and increase competition in the global steel industry.
As part of our strategy to compete in this challenging landscape, we will continue to invest in developing innovative products that offer the greatest potential returns and enhance the overall quality of our products, as well as make additional investments in the development of new manufacturing technologies. However, there is no assurance that we will be able to continue to compete successfully in this economic environment or that the prolonged slowdown of the global economy or production over-capacity will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
Trading. POSCO Daewoo competes principally with six other Korean general trading companies, each of which is affiliated with a major domestic business group, as well as global trading companies based in other countries. In the domestic market, competition for export transactions on behalf of domestic suppliers and import transactions on behalf of domestic purchasers was limited, as most affiliated general trading companies of large Korean business groups generally relied on affiliate transactions for the bulk of their trading business. However, in recent years, many of these Korean general trading companies have reduced their reliance on their affiliated business group and transactions carried out on behalf of their member companies and instead have generally evolved to focus on segments of the import and export markets in which they have a competitive advantage. As a result, competition among Korean general trading companies in the area of traditional trade has become more intense.
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The overseas trading markets in which POSCO Daewoo operates are also highly competitive. POSCO Daewoo’s principal competitors in the overseas trading markets include Korean trading companies that operate in various international markets, as well as foreign trading companies, particularly those based in Japan. As POSCO Daewoo diversifies into businesses other than traditional trading such as natural resources development, it also increasingly competes with other Korean and international companies involved in these businesses. Some of POSCO Daewoo’s competitors may be more experienced and have greater financial resources and pricing flexibility than POSCO Daewoo, as well as more extensive global networks and wider access to customers. There is no assurance that POSCO Daewoo will be able to continue to compete successfully in this economic environment or that the prolonged slowdown of the global economy will not have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition.
Construction. POSCO E&C, our consolidated subsidiary, operates in the highly competitive construction industry. Competition is based primarily on price, reputation for quality, reliability, punctuality and financial strength of contractors. Intense competition among construction companies may result in, among other things, a decrease in the price POSCO E&C can charge for its services, difficulty in winning bids for construction projects, an increase in construction costs and difficulty in obtaining high-quality contractors and qualified employees.
In Korea, POSCO E&C’s main competition in the construction of residential and non-residentialbuildings, EPC (or engineering, procurement and construction) projects, urban planning and development projects and civil works projects consists of approximately ten major domestic construction companies, all of which are member companies of other large business groups in Korea and are capable of undertaking larger-scale, higher-value-added projects that offer greater potential returns. A series of measures introduced by the Government over the past few years to regulate housing prices in Korea, as well as increasing popularity of low-bid contracts in civil works project mandates, have contributed to increased competition in the Korean construction industry in recent years.
Competition for new project awards in overseas markets is also intense. In these markets, POSCO E&C faces competition from local construction companies, as well as international construction companies from other countries, including other major Korean construction companies with overseas operations. Construction companies from other developed countries may be more experienced, have greater financial resources and possess more sophisticated technology than POSCO E&C, while construction companies from developing countries often have the advantage of lower wage costs. Some of these competitors have achieved higher market penetration than POSCO E&C has in specific markets in which it competes, and POSCO E&C may need to accept lower margins in order for it to compete successfully against them. POSCO E&C’s failure to successfully compete in the domestic or overseas construction markets could adversely affect its market position and its results of operations and financial condition.
We may not be able to successfully execute our diversification strategy.
In part to prepare for the eventual maturation of the Korean steel market, we have made investments in recent years to secure new growth engines by diversifying into new businesses related to our steel operations that we believe will offer greater potential returns, such as participation in EPC projects in the steel sector and natural resources development, as well as entering into new businesses not related to our steel operations such as power generation and alternative energy solutions, and production of comprehensive materials such as lithium, nickel, magnesium and cobalt. From time to time, we may selectively acquire or invest in companies to pursue such diversification strategy.
The success of the overall diversification strategy will depend, in part, on our ability to realize the growth opportunities and anticipated synergies. The realization of the anticipated benefits depends
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on numerous factors, some of which are outside our control, including the availability of qualified personnel, establishment of new relationships and expansion of existing relationships with various customers and suppliers, procurement of necessary technology and know-how to engage in such businesses and access to investment capital at reasonable costs. The realization of the anticipated benefits may be impeded, delayed or reduced as a result of numerous factors, some of which are outside our control. These factors include:
difficulties in integrating the operations of the acquired business, including information and accounting systems, personnel, policies and procedures, and in reorganizing or reducing overlapping operations, marketing networks and administrative functions, which may require significant amounts of time, financial resources and management attention;
unforeseen contingent risks or latent liabilities relating to the acquisition that may become apparent in the future;
difficulties in managing a larger business; and
loss of key management personnel or customers.
Accordingly, we cannot assure you that our diversification strategy can be completed profitably or that the diversification efforts will not adversely affect our combined business, financial condition and results of operations.
Expansion of our production operations abroad is important to ourlong-term success, and our limited experience in the operation of our business outside Korea increases the risk that our international expansion efforts will not be successful.
We conduct international trading and construction operations abroad, and our business relies on a global trading network comprised of overseas subsidiaries, branches and representative offices. Although many of our subsidiaries and overseas branches are located in developed countries, we also operate in numerous countries with developing economies. In addition, we intend to continue to expand our steel production operations internationally by carefully seeking out promising investment opportunities, particularly in China, India, Southeast Asia and Latin America, in part to prepare for the eventual maturation of the Korean steel market. For example, in December 2013, PT. Krakatau POSCO Co., Ltd., a joint venture company in Indonesia in which we hold a 70.0% interest, completed the construction of a steel manufacturing plant with an annual capacity of 3.0 million tons of plates and slabs. We may enter into additional joint ventures with foreign steel producers that would enable us to rely on these businesses to conduct our operations, establish local networks and coordinate our sales and marketing efforts abroad. To the extent that we enter into these arrangements, our success will depend in part on the willingness of our partner companies to dedicate sufficient resources to their partnership with us.
In other situations, we may decide to establish manufacturing facilities by ourselves instead of relying on partners. The demand and market acceptance for our products produced abroad are subject to a high level of uncertainty and are substantially dependent upon the market condition of the global steel industry. We cannot assure you that our international expansion plan will be profitable or that we can recoup the costs related to such investments.
Expansion of our trading, construction and production operations abroad requires management attention and resources. In addition, we face additional risks associated with our expansion outside Korea, including:
challenges caused by distance, language and cultural differences;
higher costs associated with doing business internationally;
legal and regulatory restrictions, including foreign exchange controls that might prevent us from repatriating cash earned in countries outside Korea;
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longer payment cycles in some countries;
credit risk and higher levels of payment fraud;
currency exchange risks;
potentially adverse tax consequences;
political and economic instability; and
seasonal reductions in business activity during the summer months in some countries.
We have limited insurance coverage and may incur significant losses resulting from operating hazards, product liability claims from customers or business interruptions.
The normal operation of our manufacturing facilities may be interrupted by accidents caused by operating hazards, power supply disruptions and equipment failures, as well as natural disasters. As with other industrial companies, our operations involve the use, handling, generation, processing, storage, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials, which may result in fires, explosions, spills and other unexpected or dangerous accidents causing property damage as well as personal injuries or death. We are also exposed to risks associated with product liability claims in the event that the use of the products we sell results in injury. We maintain property insurance for our property, plant and equipment that we believe to be consistent with market practice in Korea. However, we may not have adequate resources to satisfy a judgment in excess of our insurance coverage in the event of a successful claim against us. Any occurrence of accidents or other events affecting our operations could result in potentially significant monetary damages, diversion of resources, production disruption and delay in delivery of our products, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may from time to time engage in acquisitions for which we may be required to seek additional sources of capital.
From time to time, we may selectively acquire or invest in companies or businesses that may complement our business. In order to finance these acquisitions, we intend to use cash on hand, funds from operations, issuances of equity and debt securities, and, if necessary, financings from banks and other sources as well as entering into consortiums with financial investors. However, no assurance can be given that we will be able to obtain sufficient financing for such acquisitions or investments on terms commercially acceptable to us or at all. We also cannot assure you that such financings and related debt payment obligations will not have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flow.
Further increases in, or new impositions of, anti-dumping,safeguard or countervailing duty proceedings may have an adverse impact on our export sales.
As a steel producer with global sales and operations, we are involved in trade remedy proceedings in markets worldwide, including in the United States. We proactively participate in and plan for such proceedings to minimize any adverse effects and associated risks. While there has been an increase in the number of trade cases in recent years, and an increased focus on trade issues by government officials, all such cases have been product and market-specific, and thus have been limited in scope relative to our global sales and operations. We continue to carefully monitor developments with respect to trade remedy policy in all markets in which we participate and, where necessary, vigorously defend our rights through litigation before tribunals such as the U.S. Court of International Trade. Our products that are subject to anti-dumping, safeguard or countervailing duty proceedings in the aggregate currently do not account for a material portion of our total sales, and such proceedings have not had a material adverse impact on our business and operations in recent years. However, there can be no assurance that increases in, or new impositions of, anti-dumping duties,
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safeguard duties, countervailing duties, quotas or tariffs on our exports of products abroad may not have a material adverse impact on our exports in the future. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — Item 4.B. Business Overview — Markets — Exports.”
We participate in overseas natural resources exploration, development and production projects abroad, which expose us to various risks.
As part of consortia or through acquisitions of minority interests, we engage in overseas natural resources exploration, development and production projects in various locations, including a gas field exploration project in Myanmar through POSCO Daewoo. POSCO Daewoo began recognizing revenue from the Myanmar gas field project starting in 2013. We may also selectively acquire or invest in companies or businesses that engage in such activities. As part of our efforts to diversify our operations, we intend to selectively expand our operations by carefully seeking out promising exploration, development and production opportunities abroad. To the extent that we enter into these arrangements, our success in these endeavors will depend in part on the willingness of our partner companies to dedicate sufficient resources to their partnership with us, as well as our ability to finance such investments.
The demand and market acceptance for such activities abroad are subject to a substantially higher level of uncertainty than our traditional steel business and are substantially dependent upon the market condition of the global natural resources industry as well as the political and social environment of the target countries. The performance of projects in which we participate may be adversely affected by the occurrence of military hostility, political unrest or acts of terrorism. In addition, some of our current exploration, development and production projects involve drilling exploratory wells on properties with no proven amount of natural resource reserves. Although all drilling, whether developmental or exploratory, involves risks, exploratory drilling involves greater risks of dry holes or failure to find commercial quantities of natural resources. Other risks to which such activities are subject include obtaining required regulatory approvals and licenses, securing and maintaining adequate property rights to land and natural resources, and managing local opposition to project development. A decrease in the market price of raw materials may also adversely impact the value of our investments related to natural resources projects. For example, in connection with our disposition of a minority interest in Nacional Minerios S.A., an iron ore mining company in Brazil in which we had invested in December 2008, we recognized Won 96 billion of impairment loss on assets held for sale in 2015 as well as an additional loss of Won 189 billion from our disposal of such assets in 2015. We have limited experience in this business, and we cannot assure you that our overseas natural resources exploration, development and production projects will be profitable, that we will be able to meet the financing requirements for such projects, or that we can recoup the costs related to such investments, which in turn could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may encounter problems with joint overseas natural resources exploration, development and production projects and large-scale infrastructure projects, which may materially and adversely affect our business.
We typically pursue our natural resources exploration, development and production projects jointly with consortium partners or through acquisition of minority interests in such projects, and we expect to be involved in other joint projects in the future. We sometimes hold a majority interest in the projects among the consortium partners, but we often lack a controlling interest in the joint projects. Therefore, we may not be able to require that our joint ventures sell assets or return invested capital, make additional capital contributions or take any other action without the vote of at least a majority of our consortium partners. If there are disagreements between our consortium partners and us regarding the business and operations of the joint projects, we cannot assure you that we will be able to resolve them in a manner that will be in our best interests. Certain major decisions, such as selling a stake in
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the joint project, may require the consent of all other partners. These limitations may adversely affect our ability to obtain the economic and other benefits we seek from participating in these projects.
In addition, our consortium partners may:
have economic or business interests or goals that are inconsistent with us;
take actions contrary to our instructions, requests, policies or objectives;
be unable or unwilling to fulfill their obligations;
have financial difficulties; or
have disputes with us as to their rights, responsibilities and obligations.
Any of these and other factors may have a material adverse effect on the performance of our joint projects and expose us to a number of risks, including the risk that the partners may be incapable of providing the required financial support to the partnerships and the risk that the partners may not be able to fulfill their other obligations, resulting in disputes not only between our partners and us, but also between the joint ventures and their customers. Such a material adverse effect on the performance of our joint projects may in turn materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Cyclical fluctuations based on macroeconomic factors may adversely affect POSCO E&C’s business and performance.
We engage in engineering and construction activities through POSCO E&C. The Construction Segment is highly cyclical and tends to fluctuate based on macroeconomic factors, such as consumer confidence and income, employment levels, interest rates, inflation rates, demographic trends and policies of the Government. From time to time, the construction industry has experienced significant and sometimes prolonged downturns, and our construction revenues have fluctuated in the past depending on the level of public and private sector construction activities in Korea and abroad. In addition, the performance of POSCO E&C’s domestic residential property business is highly dependent on the general condition of the real estate market in Korea. The Government has taken measures to support the Korean construction industry in recent years, including easing of regulations imposed on redevelopment of apartment buildings and resale restrictions in the metropolitan areas, as well as reductions in property taxes. Although the Korean residential real estate market has shown signs of recovery in recent years and the Government expects to moderately increase the level of the domestic public sector’s construction activities in 2017, the demand for construction activities abroad remains weak and the overall prospects for Korean construction companies in 2017 and beyond remain uncertain.
In part due to the weakening of market conditions in the domestic construction industry as well as a decrease in demand for EPC projects in Korea and abroad, the Construction Segment’s external revenue decreased by 20.5%, or Won 1,747 billion, from Won 8,516 billion in 2015 to Won 6,768 billion in 2016. In 2016, POSCO E&C and POSCO Engineering Co., Ltd., a consolidated subsidiary of POSCO E&C, also incurred restructuring expenses related to their early retirement programs as well as losses related to some of their EPC projects abroad, which contributed to an increase in loss of the Construction Segment (prior to adjusting for inter-company transactions that are eliminated during consolidation, good will and corporate fair-value adjustments, income tax expense and basis difference) by 409.2%, or Won 1,128 billion, from Won 276 billion in 2015 to Won 1,404 billion in 2016. Our Construction Segment’s revenues could decrease further in the event of a prolonged general downturn in the construction market resulting in weaker demand, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.
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Many of POSCO E&C’s domestic and overseas construction projects are on a fixed-price basis, which could result in losses for us in the event that unforeseen additional expenses arise with respect to the project.
Many of POSCO E&C’s domestic and overseas construction projects are carried out on a fixed-pricebasis according to a predetermined timetable, pursuant to the terms of a fixed-price contract. Under such fixed-price contracts, POSCO E&C retains all cost savings on completed contracts but is also liable for the full amount of all cost overruns and may be required to pay damages for late delivery. The pricing of fixed-price contracts is crucial to POSCO E&C’s profitability, as is its ability to quantify risks to be borne by it and to provide for contingencies in the contract accordingly.
POSCO E&C attempts to anticipate costs of labor, raw materials, parts and components in its bids on fixed-price contracts. However, the costs incurred and gross profits realized on a fixed-price contract may vary from its estimates due to factors such as:
unanticipated variations in labor and equipment productivity over the term of a contract;
unanticipated increases in labor, raw material, parts and components, subcontracting and overhead costs, including as a result of bad weather;
delivery delays and corrective measures for poor workmanship; and
errors in estimates and bidding.
If unforeseen additional expenses arise over the course of a construction project, such expenses are usually borne by POSCO E&C, and its profit from the project will be correspondingly reduced or eliminated. For example, we incurred loss of Won 157 billion in 2016 in connection with a delay in the construction of CSP-Companhia Siderurgia do Pecem steel plant complex in Brazil. If POSCO E&C experiences significant unforeseen additional expenses with respect to its fixed price projects, it may incur losses on such projects, which could have a material adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to environmental regulations, and our operations could expose us to substantial liabilities.
We are subject to national and local environmental laws and regulations, including increasing pressure to reduce emission of carbon dioxide relating to our manufacturing process, and our steel manufacturing and construction operations could expose us to risk of substantial liability relating to environmental or health and safety issues, such as those resulting from discharge of pollutants and carbon dioxide into the environment, the handling, storage and disposal of solid or hazardous materials or wastes and the investigation and remediation of contaminated sites. We may be responsible for the investigation and remediation of environmental conditions at currently and formerly operated manufacturing or construction sites. For example, primarily relating to contamination of land near our magnesium smelting plant located in Gangneung, Korea and gas treatment plant located in our Pohang Works, we had Won 48 billion as provisions for the restoration as of December 31, 2016 (Won 10 billion as current liabilities and Won 38 billion as non-current liabilities), which represent the present value of estimated costs for recovery outstanding as of such date. We may also be subject to associated liabilities, including liabilities for natural resource damage, third party property damage or personal injury resulting from lawsuits brought by the Government or private litigants. In the course of our operations, hazardous wastes may be generated at thirdparty-owned or operated sites, and hazardous wastes may be disposed of or treated at third party-owned or operated disposal sites. If those sites become contaminated, we could also be held responsible for the cost of investigation and remediation of such sites, for any associated natural resource damage, and for civil or criminal fines or penalties.
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Failure to protect our intellectual property rights could impair our competitiveness and harm our business and future prospects.
We believe that developing new steel manufacturing technologies that can be differentiated from those of our competitors, such as FINEX, strip casting and silicon steel manufacturing technologies, is critical to the success of our business. We take active measures to obtain protection of our intellectual property by obtaining patents and undertaking monitoring activities in our major markets. However, we cannot assure you that the measures we are taking will effectively deter competitors from improper use of our proprietary technologies. Our competitors may misappropriate our intellectual property, disputes as to ownership of intellectual property may arise and our intellectual property may otherwise become known or independently developed by our competitors. Any failure to protect our intellectual property could impair our competitiveness and harm our business and future prospects.
We rely on trade secrets and other unpatented proprietary know-how to maintain our competitive position, and unauthorized disclosure of our trade secrets or other unpatented proprietary know-how could negatively affect our business.
We rely on trade secrets and unpatented proprietary know-how and information. We enter into confidentiality agreements with each of our employees and consultants upon the commencement of an employment or consulting relationship. These agreements generally provide that all inventions, ideas, discoveries, improvements and patentable material made or conceived by the individual arising out of the employment or consulting relationship and all confidential information developed or made known to the individual during the term of the relationship is our exclusive property. We cannot assure the enforceability of these types of agreements, or that they will not be breached. We also cannot be certain that we will have adequate remedies for any breach. The disclosure of our trade secrets or otherknow-how as a result of such a breach could adversely affect our business.
We face the risk of litigation proceedings relating to infringement of intellectual property rights of third parties, which, if determined adversely to us, could cause us to lose significant rights, pay significant damage awards or suspend the sale of certain products.
Our success depends largely on our ability to develop and use our technology andknow-how in a proprietary manner without infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties. The validity and scope of claims relating to technology and patents involve complex scientific, legal and factual questions and analysis and, therefore, may be highly uncertain. In addition, because patent applications in many jurisdictions are kept confidential for an extended period before they are published, we may be unaware of other persons’ pending patent applications that relate to our products or manufacturing processes. Accordingly, we face the risk of litigation proceedings relating to infringement of intellectual property rights of third parties.
The plaintiffs in actions relating to infringement of intellectual property rights typically seek injunctions and substantial damages. Although patent and other intellectual property disputes are often settled through licensing or similar arrangements, there can be no assurance that such licenses can be obtained on acceptable terms or at all. Accordingly, regardless of the scope or validity of disputed patents or the merits of any patent infringement claims by potential or actual litigants, we may have to engage in protracted litigation. The defense and prosecution of intellectual property suits, patent opposition proceedings and related legal and administrative proceedings can be both costly and time consuming and may significantly divert the efforts and resources of our technical and management personnel. An adverse determination in any such litigation or proceedings could subject us to pay substantial damages to third parties, require us to seek licenses from third parties and pay ongoing royalties or redesign certain products, or subject us to injunctions prohibiting the manufacture and sale of our products or the use of technologies in certain jurisdictions. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.
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We may be exposed to potential claims for unpaid wages and become subject to additional labor costs arising from the Supreme Court of Korea’s interpretation of ordinary wages.
Under the Labor Standards Act, an employee is legally entitled to “ordinary wages.” Under the guidelines previously issued by the Ministry of Employment and Labor (formerly the Ministry of Labor), ordinary wages include base salary and certain fixed monthly allowances for overtime work performed during night shifts and holidays. Prior to the Supreme Court of Korea’s decision described below, we and other companies in Korea had interpreted these guidelines as excluding fixed bonuses that are paid other than on a monthly basis (such as bi-monthly, quarterly or biannually paid bonuses) from the scope of ordinary wages.
On December 18, 2013, the Supreme Court of Korea ruled that regularly paid bonuses, including those that are paid other than on a monthly basis, shall be deemed ordinary wages if these bonuses are paid “regularly” and “uniformly” on a “fixed basis” notwithstanding differential amounts based on seniority. The Supreme Court of Korea ruled that if regular bonus payments are limited to only those working for the employer on a specific date, such bonuses are not fixed and thus do not constitute part of ordinary wage. In addition, under this decision, any collective bargaining agreement or labor-management agreement that attempts to exclude such regular bonuses from ordinary wage will be deemed void for violation of the mandatory provisions of Korean law. However, the Supreme Court of Korea further ruled that an employee’s claim for underpayments under the expanded scope of ordinary wages for the past three years within the statute of limitations may be denied based on principles of good faith if (i) there is an agreement between the employer and employees that the regular bonus shall be excluded from ordinary wage in determining the total amount of wage, (ii) such claim results in further wage payments that far exceed the level of total amount of wage agreed between the employer and employees, and (iii) such claim would cause an unexpected financial burden to the employer leading to material managerial difficulty or a threat to the employer’s existence. The principles of good faith, however, do not apply to an agreement on wages entered into between the employer and employees after December 18, 2013, the date of the above decision of the Supreme Court of Korea.
In light of the Supreme Court of Korea’s decision above, the Ministry of Employment and Labor published its new guidelines (the “Guidelines”) on January 23, 2014. According to the Guidelines, the Government excludes, from ordinary wage, regular bonuses contingent on employment on a specific date. Based on the Supreme Court of Korea’s decision and the Guidelines, we believe that regular bonuses that we have paid to our employees are likely to be excluded from ordinary wage since we have paid regular bonuses to only those working for us on the initial date of payment calculation, the 15th day of each month. However, the Supreme Court decision may result in additional labor costs to us in the form of additional payments under the expanded scope of ordinary wages applicable in the past three years as well as to be incurred in the future, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Political and societal unrest surrounding the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye could adversely affect the Korean economy.
In November 2016, the Korean prosecutor’s office indicted a confidant of President Park Geun-hye who had allegedly used her ties with the President to extort donations from Korean business groups for two nonprofit foundations over which she is purported to have substantial influence, as well as a number of current and former presidential aides, on charges of, among others, abuse of power, coercion and leaking classified documents. On November 30, 2016, a special independent prosecutor was appointed to conduct an investigation of the extent of the President’s involvement, and mass weekend rallies have been held in Seoul and other cities both to protest against, and to express support for, President Park.
On December 9, 2016, the National Assembly voted in favor of impeaching President Park for a number of alleged constitutional and criminal violations, including violation of the Constitution and
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abuse of power by allowing her confidant to exert influence on state affairs and allowing senior presidential aides to aid in her extortion from companies. President Park was suspended from power immediately, with the prime minister simultaneously taking over the role of acting President. On March 10, 2017, the Constitutional Court unanimously upheld the parliamentary vote to impeach President Park, triggering her immediate dismissal. A special election to elect a new President is scheduled to be held on May 9, 2017. In connection with its investigation of former President Park, the special independent prosecutor also conducted related investigations of several large Korean business groups and members of their senior management for bribery, embezzlement and other possible misconduct, which the Korean prosecutor’s office has continued following the end of the special independent prosecutor’s term. There is no assurance that such events will not have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy.
Escalations in tensions with North Korea could have an adverse effect on us and the market value of our common shares and ADSs.
Relations between Korea and North Korea have been tense throughout Korea’s modern history. The level of tension between the two Koreas has fluctuated and may increase abruptly as a result of future events. In particular, since the death of KimJong-il in December 2011, there has been increased uncertainty with respect to the future of North Korea’s political leadership and concern regarding its implications for political and economic stability in the region. Although Kim Jong-il’s third son, Kim Jong-eun, has assumed power as his father’s designated successor, thelong-term outcome of such leadership transition remains uncertain.
In addition, there have been heightened security concerns in recent years stemming from North Korea’s nuclear weapon and long-range missile programs as well as its hostile military actions against Korea. Some of the significant incidents in recent years include the following:
From time to time, North Korea has conducted ballistic missile tests. In February 2016, North Korea launched a long-rangerocket in violation of its agreement with the United States as well as United Nations sanctions barring it from conducting launches that use ballistic missile technology. Despite international condemnation, North Korea released a statement that it intends to continue its rocket launch program and it conducted additional ballistic missile tests in June 2016, a submarine-launched ballistic missile test in August 2016 and anintermediate-range ballistic missile test in February 2017. In February 2017, the United Nations Security Council issued a unanimous statement condemning North Korea and agreeing to continue to closely monitor the situation and to take further significant measures.
North Korea renounced its obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in January 2003 and conducted three rounds of nuclear tests between October 2006 and February 2013, which increased tensions in the region and elicited strong objections worldwide. In January 2016, North Korea conducted a fourth nuclear test, claiming that the test involved its first hydrogen bomb, which claim has not been independently verified. In response to such test (as well as North Korea’s long-range rocket launch in February 2016), the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed a resolution in March 2016 condemning North Korea’s actions and significantly expanding the scope of the sanctions applicable to North Korea, while the United States and the European Union also imposed additional sanctions on North Korea. In September 2016, North Korea conducted a fifth nuclear test, claiming to have successfully detonated a nuclear warhead that could be mounted on missiles, which claim has not been independently verified.
In August 2015, two Korean soldiers were injured in a landmine explosion near the Korean demilitarized zone. Claiming the landmines were set by North Koreans, the Korean army re-initiated its propaganda program toward North Korea utilizing loudspeakers near the
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demilitarized zone. In retaliation, the North Korean army fired artillery rounds on the loudspeakers, resulting in the highest level of military readiness for both Koreas. High-ranking officials from North Korea and Korea subsequently met for discussions and entered into an agreement on August 25, 2015 intending to defuse military tensions.
In March 2010, a Korean naval vessel was destroyed by an underwater explosion, killing many of the crewmen on board. The Government formally accused North Korea of causing the sinking, while North Korea denied responsibility. Moreover, in November 2010, North Korea fired more than one hundred artillery shells that hit Korea’s Yeonpyeong Island near the Northern Limit Line, which acts as the de facto maritime boundary between Korea and North Korea on the west coast of the Korean peninsula, causing casualties and significant property damage. The Government condemned North Korea for the attack and vowed stern retaliation should there be further provocation.
North Korea’s economy also faces severe challenges that may aggravate social and political pressures within North Korea. There can be no assurance that the level of tensions affecting the Korean peninsula will not escalate in the future. Any further increase in tensions, which may occur, for example, if North Korea experiences a leadership crisis, high-level contacts between Korea and North Korea break down or military hostilities occur, could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If you surrender your ADRs to withdraw shares of our common stock, you may not be allowed to deposit the shares again to obtain ADRs.
Under the deposit agreement, holders of shares of our common stock may deposit those shares with the ADR depositary’s custodian in Korea and obtain ADRs, and holders of ADRs may surrender ADRs to the ADR depositary and receive shares of our common stock. However, under current Korean laws and regulations, the depositary bank is required to obtain our prior consent for the number of shares to be deposited in any given proposed deposit that exceeds the difference between (i) the aggregate number of shares deposited by us for the issuance of ADSs (including deposits in connection with the initial and all subsequent offerings of ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions related to these ADSs) and (ii) the number of shares on deposit with the depositary bank at the time of such proposed deposit. It is possible that we may not give the consent. As a result, if you surrender ADRs and withdraw shares of common stock, you may not be able to deposit the shares again to obtain ADRs. See “Item 10. Additional Information — Item 10.D. Exchange Controls.”
You may not be able to exercise preemptive rights for additional shares of common stock and may suffer dilution of your equity interest in us.
The Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation require us, with some exceptions, to offer shareholders the right to subscribe for new shares in proportion to their existing ownership percentage whenever new shares are issued. If we issue new shares to persons other than our shareholders (See “Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association — Preemptive Rights and Issuance of Additional Shares”), a holder of our ADSs will experience dilution of such holding. If none of these exceptions is available, we will be required to grant preemptive rights when issuing additional common shares under Korean law. Under the deposit agreement governing the ADSs, if we offer any rights to subscribe for additional shares of our common stock or any rights of any other nature, the ADR depositary, after consultation with us, may make the rights available to you or use reasonable efforts to dispose of the rights on your behalf and make the net proceeds available to you. The ADR depositary, however, is not required to make available to you any rights to purchase any additional shares unless it deems that doing so is lawful and feasible and:
a registration statement filed by us under the Securities Act is in effect with respect to those shares; or
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the offering and sale of those shares is exempt from or is not subject to the registration requirements of the Securities Act.
We are under no obligation to file any registration statement under the Securities Act to enable you to exercise preemptive rights in respect of the common shares underlying the ADSs, and we cannot assure you that any registration statement would be filed or that an exemption from the registration requirement under the Securities Act would be available. Accordingly, if a registration statement is required for you to exercise preemptive rights but is not filed by us, you will not be able to exercise your preemptive rights for additional shares and may suffer dilution of your equity interest in us.
U.S. investors may have difficulty enforcing civil liabilities against us and our directors and senior management.
We are incorporated in Korea with our principal executive offices located in Seoul. The majority of our directors and senior management are residents of jurisdictions outside the United States, and the majority of our assets and the assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, U.S. investors may find it difficult to effect service of process within the United States upon us or such persons or to enforce outside the United States judgments obtained against us or such persons in U.S. courts, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. It may also be difficult for an investor to enforce in U.S. courts judgments obtained against us or such persons in courts in jurisdictions outside the United States, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. It may also be difficult for a U.S. investor to bring an action in a Korean court predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against our directors and senior management and non-U.S. experts named in this annual report.
We expect to continue operations and investments relating to countries targeted by United States and European Union economic sanctions.
The U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or “OFAC,” enforces certain laws and regulations (“OFAC Sanctions”) that impose restrictions upon U.S. persons and, in some instances, foreign entities owned or controlled by U.S. persons, with respect to activities or transactions with certain countries, governments, entities and individuals that are the subject of OFAC Sanctions (“U.S. Sanctions Targets”). U.S. persons are also generally strictly prohibited from facilitating such activities or transactions. Similarly, the European Union enforces certain laws and regulations (“E.U. Sanctions”) that impose restrictions upon nationals of E.U. member states, persons located within E.U. member states, entities incorporated or constituted under the law of an E.U. member state, or business conducted in whole or in part in E.U. member states with respect to activities or transactions with certain countries, governments, entities and individuals that are the subject of E.U. Sanctions (“E.U. Sanctions Targets” and together with U.S. Sanctions Targets, “Sanctions Targets”). E.U. persons are also generally prohibited from activities that promote such activities or transactions.
We engage in limited business activities in countries that are deemed Sanctions Targets, including Iran and Sudan. We produce and export, typically through our sales subsidiaries, steel products to such countries, including automotive steel sheets and other steel materials to Iranian entities. Our subsidiaries also engage in limited business activities in countries that are deemed Sanctions Targets. In particular, POSCO Daewoo engages in the trading of steel, raw materials and other items with entities in countries that are deemed Sanctions Targets, including Iran and Sudan. We believe that such activities and investments do not involve any U.S. goods or services. Our activities and investments in Iran and Sudan accounted for approximately 0.2% of our consolidated revenues in 2014, 0.7% in 2015 and 0.6% in 2016.
We expect to continue to engage in business activities and make investments in countries that are deemed Sanctions Targets over the foreseeable future. Although we believe that OFAC Sanctions
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under their current terms are not applicable to our current activities, our reputation may be adversely affected, some of our U.S. investors may be required to divest their investments in us under the laws of certain U.S. states or under internal investment policies or may decide for reputational reasons to divest such investments. We are aware of initiatives by U.S. governmental entities and U.S. institutional investors, such as pension funds, to adopt or consider adopting laws, regulations or policies prohibiting transactions with or investment in, or requiring divestment from, entities doing business with countries identified as state sponsors of terrorism. We cannot assure you that the foregoing will not occur or that such occurrence will not have a material adverse effect on the value of our securities.
This annual report contains “forward-looking statements” that are subject to various risks and uncertainties.
This annual report contains “forward-looking statements” that are based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about our company and our industry. The forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Generally, these forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “project,” “should,” and similar expressions. Those statements include, among other things, the discussions of our business strategy and expectations concerning our market position, future operations, margins, profitability, liquidity and capital resources. We caution you that reliance on any forward-looking statement involves risks and uncertainties, and that although we believe that the assumptions on which our forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, any of those assumptions could prove to be inaccurate, and, as a result, theforward-looking statements based on those assumptions could be incorrect. The uncertainties in this regard include, but are not limited to, those identified in the risk factors discussed above. In light of these and other uncertainties, you should not conclude that we will necessarily achieve any plans and objectives or projected financial results referred to in any of the forward-looking statements. We do not undertake to release the results of any revisions of these forward-looking statements to reflect future events or circumstances.
Item 4. Information on the Company
Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company
We were established by the Government on April 1, 1968, under the Commercial Code, to manufacture and distribute steel rolled products and plates in the domestic and overseas markets. The Government owned more than 70% of our equity until 1988, when the Government reduced its ownership of our common stock to 35% through a public offering and listing our shares on the KRX KOSPI Market. In December 1998, the Government sold all of our common stock it owned directly, and The Korea Development Bank completed the sale of our shares that it owned in September 2000. The Government no longer holds any direct interest in us, and our outstanding common stock is currently held by individuals and institutions. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — Item 7A. Major Stockholders.”
Our legal and commercial name is POSCO. Our principal executive offices are located at POSCO Center, 440Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea 06194, and our telephone number is (822) 3457-0114.
Item 4.B. Business Overview
The Company
We are the largest fully integrated steel producer in Korea, and one of the largest steel producers in the world, based on annual crude steel production. We produced approximately
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42.2 million tons of crude steel in 2016 and approximately 42.0 million tons in 2015, a substantial portion of which was produced at Pohang Works and Gwangyang Works. As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately 47.6 million tons of annual crude steel and stainless steel production capacity, including 17.6 million tons of production capacity Pohang Works and 24.8 million tons of production capacity of Gwangyang Works. We believe Pohang Works and Gwangyang Works are two of the most technologically advanced integrated steel facilities in the world. We manufacture and sell a diversified line of steel products, including cold rolled and hot rolled products, stainless steel products, plates, wire rods and silicon steel sheets, and we are able to meet a broad range of customer needs from manufacturing industries that consume steel, including automotive, shipbuilding, home appliance, engineering and machinery industries.
We sell primarily to the Korean market. Domestic sales accounted for 39.4% of our total revenue from steel products produced and sold by us in 2016 and 40.3% in 2015. On a non-consolidated basis, we believe that we had an overall market share of approximately 41% of the total sales volume of steel products sold in Korea in 2016 as well as in 2015. Our export sales and overseas sales to customers abroad accounted for 60.6% of our total revenue from steel products produced and sold by us in 2016 and 59.7% in 2015. Our major export market is Asia, with China accounting for 29.0%, Asia other than China and Japan accounting for 23.9%, and Japan accounting for 10.4% of our total steel export revenue from steel products produced and exported by us in 2016 and Asia other than China and Japan accounting for 28.2%, China accounting for 25.3% and Japan accounting for 9.5% of our total steel export revenue from steel products produced and exported by us in 2015.
We also engage in businesses that complement our steel manufacturing operations as well as carefully seek out promising investment opportunities to diversify our businesses both vertically and horizontally, in part to prepare for the eventual maturation of the Korean steel market. POSCO E&C is one of the leading engineering and construction companies in Korea that primarily engages in the planning, design and construction of industrial plants and architectural works and civil engineering. POSCO Daewoo is a global trading company that primarily engages in trading of steel and raw materials as well as investing in energy and mineral development projects throughout the world. POSCO Energy Corporation is the largest private power generation company in Korea.
We generated revenue of Won 58,522 billion and loss of Won 116 billion in 2015, compared to revenue of Won 52,940 billion and profit of Won 1,032 billion in 2016. We had total assets of Won 80,748 billion and total equity of Won 45,013 billion as of December 31, 2015, compared to total assets of Won 80,138 billion and total equity of Won 45,765 billion as of December 31, 2016.
Business Strategy
Leveraging on our success over the past five decades, our goal is to strengthen our position as one of the leading steel producers in the world through focusing on core technologies, further solidifying our market leading position in Korea, and pursuing operational efficiencies to increase our margins in markets abroad. In order to compete effectively in the dynamic global market environment driven by emerging economies and increasing demand for more environmentally friendly products, we are committed to leveraging our competitive advantages that enable us to further enhance our leadership positions in the global steel industry as well as selectively pursue growth opportunities outside of the steel industry.
We seek to strengthen our competitiveness and pursue growth through the following four business strategies:
Maintain Technology Leadership in Steel Manufacturing and Focus on Premium Products
As part of our strategy, we have identified core premium products that we plan to further develop, such as premium automotive steel sheets, silicon steel and API grade steel, and we will
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continue to invest in developing innovative products, such as steel products with high formability or ultra-high strength, that address the evolving needs of our sophisticated customers for their next generation of products and offer the greatest potential returns. In order to increase our competitiveness and the proportion of our sales of higher margin, higher value added products, we plan to make additional investments in the development of innovative manufacturing and engineering technologies and upgrade our facilities in Korea and abroad through continued modernization and rationalization. We believe that our proprietary technologies and expertise in developing best-in-class steel production facilities, ability to independently and cost-effectively construct such facilities, and know how in their efficient operation and management enable us to develop premium products at a highly competitive cost structure.
We believe that innovation is a key element of our culture and critical to our success. We will continue our research and development efforts on developing even more environmentally friendly technologies that align with our customers’ changing needs and desires as well as addressing emerging technological trends. For example, we will continue to refine FINEX, a low cost, environmentally friendly steel manufacturing process that optimizes our production capacity by utilizing low grade iron ore fines and using coal as an energy source and a reducing agent. We believe that FINEX offers considerable environmental and economic advantages through elimination of major sources of pollution such as facilities that pretreat raw materials, as well as reducing operating and raw material costs.
Improve Profitability of Our Non-Steel Business
We have selectively explored opportunities during the past decade in growth industries that complement our core steel operations and are integral to our overall business strategy, and we have identified trading, infrastructure construction, energy and comprehensive materials as our key areas of focus. In recent years, we have pursued strategic cost cutting measures through restructuring of our subsidiaries, and management discipline has strengthened and will continue to strengthen our corporate competitiveness in our non-steel business areas. We also plan to bolster the competitiveness of these businesses by developing core capabilities that enable us to offer innovative products and services that address our evolving customers’ needs as follows:
Trading. POSCO Daewoo, a global trading company that we acquired in 2010, primarily engages in trading of steel and raw materials as well as investing in energy development projects. POSCO Daewoo plans to pursue opportunities to offer customized solutions to its trading partners in key global markets with the need for high value added products such as specialized steel products.
Infrastructure Construction. POSCO E&C is one of the leading engineering and construction companies in Korea that primarily engages in the planning, design and construction of industrial plants and architectural works and civil engineering. POSCO E&C plans to implement a front-end engineering design approach to control project expenses, and focus on construction of industrial plants that maximize production efficiency and are environmentally friendly, as well as commercial and residential complexes that utilize innovative information and technology enhancements.
Energy. POSCO Energy, Korea’s largest private power generation company, plans to pursue cost-cutting through operational and process innovations to more efficiently operate LNG combined cycle power generation facilities and improve profitability.
Comprehensive Materials. We plan to focus on the development of comprehensive materials that we believe will increase in demand, as described below. We will continue to identify new comprehensive materials and selectively seek investment opportunities that we believe will generate attractive returns.
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Pursue Future Growth in Production of Comprehensive Materials and Offer Integrated Energy Solutions
We plan to leverage our expertise in production of various steel applied materials and venture into the fast growing and high value added business of producing environmentally friendly comprehensive materials. In particular, demand for lithium ion batteries has been increasing in recent years, and we have identified lithium, along with nickel, magnesium and titanium, as our main investment areas. We have developed proprietary technology to extract lithium from its brine in approximately one month compared to twelve months through conventional production processes. Leveraging on such technology, we completed the construction of a lithium production plant in Gwangyang Works in February 2017 with an annual production capacity of approximately 2,500 tons of lithium. Subject to market conditions, we plan to further expand our production capacity of lithium and nickel in the near future, as well as invest in the development of light-weight materials such as magnesium steel used in high-end automobiles and titanium materials for the aviation industry.
We also plan to pursue strategic investments to further strengthen our capabilities in the energy industry. We believe that the energy industry is a sustainable business area that offers us attractive opportunities. Leveraging on its know-how as the largest private power generation company in Korea, POSCO Energy plans to expand its network of gas storage tanks in Northeast Asia and engage in LNG trading activities, as well as expand its independent power producing (“IPP”) business with other member companies of the POSCO Group in strategic Southeast Asian countries where POSCO already has a presence. Leveraging the expertise of various member companies of the POSCO Group, we cover all aspects of the IPP business, including project planning, power plant construction as well as operational and maintenance services. In addition, POSCO Energy plans to invest in the renewable energy business, including commercialization of micro grids for limited geographic locations as well as development of solar power-enabled infrastructure.
Integrate Information and Communications Technology to Pursue Operational and Process Innovations and Create Additional Value
We seek to achieve cost reductions as well as create additional value through integration of information and communications technology in various aspects of our operations as follows:
Steel Operations. In our steel operations, we plan to pursue modernization and rationalization of our production facilities that integrate information and communications technology to create smart factories, which will enable us to pursue additional cost reductions as well as shorten commercialization periods.
Construction Operations. In our construction operations, we plan to integrate information and communications technology to minimize design errors and improve construction quality, as well as specialize in the construction of technologically advanced buildings and other architectural works.
Energy Operations. In our energy operations, we plan to pursue modernization and rationalization of our power generation plants that integrate information and communications technology to create more efficient and safer power generation plants as well as enable us to more efficiently distribute power through the operation of a virtual power plant central controlling center.
Major Products
We manufacture and sell a broad line of steel products, including the following:
cold rolled products;
hot rolled products;
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stainless steel products;
plates;
wire rods; and
silicon steel sheets.
The table below sets out our revenue of steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers, which are recognized as external revenue of the Steel Segment, by major steel product categories for the periods indicated. Such amounts do not include steel products produced by us and sold to our consolidated subsidiaries.
Steel Products
Cold rolled products
Hot rolled products
Stainless steel products
Plates
Wire rods
Silicon steel sheets
Sub-total
Others
Total
The table below sets out our sales volume of the principal categories of steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers, which are recognized as external sales volume of the Steel Segment, by major steel product categories for the periods indicated. Such amounts do not include steel products produced by us and sold to our consolidated subsidiaries.
Total (1)
In addition to steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers, we engage our consolidated sales subsidiaries (including POSCO Daewoo) to sell our steel products produced by us. Our revenue from steel products produced by us and sold to our consolidated sales subsidiaries that in turn sold them to their external customers amounted to Won 9,176 billion in 2014, Won 8,365 billion in 2015 and Won 6,403 billion in 2016. Sales of such steel products by our consolidated sales subsidiaries to external customers are recognized as external revenue of the Trading Segment.
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Cold Rolled Products
Cold rolled coils and further refined galvanized cold rolled products are used mainly in the automotive industry to produce car body panels. Other users include the household goods, electrical appliances, engineering and metal goods industries.
Our deliveries of cold rolled products produced by us and directly sold to external customers amounted to 12.7 million tons in 2016, representing 38.7% of our total sales volume of principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers.
Cold rolled products constitute our largest product category in terms of sales volume and revenue from steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers. In 2016, our sales volume of cold rolled products produced by us and directly sold to external customers increased by 6.0% compared to our sales volume in 2015 primarily due to an increase in sales of cold rolled products manufactured and sold by POSCO Mexico S.A. de C.V.
Including sales of cold rolled products produced by us and sold through our consolidated sales subsidiaries in addition to cold rolled products produced by us and directly sold to external customers, we had a domestic market share for cold rolled products of approximately 39% on anon-consolidated basis in 2016.
Hot Rolled Products
Hot rolled coils and sheets have many different industrial applications. They are used to manufacture structural steel used in the construction of buildings, industrial pipes and tanks, and automobile chassis. Hot rolled coil is also manufactured in a wide range of widths and thickness as the feedstock for higher value-added products such as cold rolled products and silicon steel sheets.
Our deliveries of hot rolled products produced by us and directly sold to external customers amounted to 8.6 million tons in 2016, representing 26.2% of our total sales volume of principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers. The largest customers of our hot rolled products are downstream steelmakers in Korea which use the products to manufacture pipes and cold rolled products.
Hot rolled products constitute our second largest product category in terms of sales volume and third largest product category in terms of revenue from steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers. In 2016, our sales volume of hot rolled products produced by us and directly sold to external customers increased by 1.1% compared to our sales volume in 2015, primarily due to completion of rationalization of certain hot rolled product manufacturing facilities, which in turn led to increases in production and sales volume.
Including sales of hot rolled products produced by us and sold through our consolidated sales subsidiaries in addition to hot rolled products produced by us and directly sold to external customers, we had a domestic market share for hot rolled products of approximately 39% on a non-consolidated basis in 2016.
Stainless Steel Products
Stainless steel products are used to manufacture household goods and are also used by the chemical industry, paper mills, the aviation industry, the automotive industry, the construction industry and the food processing industry.
Our deliveries of stainless steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers amounted to 3.0 million tons in 2016, representing 9.2% of our total sales volume of principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers.
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Stainless steel products constitute our second largest product category in terms of revenue from steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers. Although sales of stainless steel products accounted for only 9.2% of total sales volume of the principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers in 2016, they represented 22.6% of our total revenue from steel products in 2016. In 2016, our sales volume of stainless steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers increased by 9.8% compared to our sales volume in 2015 primarily reflecting increased demand resulting from our efforts to focus more on marketing of higher margin, higher value-added products, which was in part met by an increase in our production capacity of stainless steel products, as well as a decrease in the global inventory of stainless steel products resulting from the Chinese government’s restriction of steel production in China. Production efficiency enhancements to our electric furnaces used in the production of stainless steel products also contributed to increases in production and sales volume.
Including sales of stainless steel products produced by us and sold through our consolidated sales subsidiaries in addition to stainless steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers, we had a domestic market share for stainless steel products of approximately 43% on a non-consolidated basis in 2016.
Plates are used in shipbuilding, structural steelwork, offshore oil and gas production, power generation, mining, and the manufacture of earth-moving and mechanical handling equipment, boiler and pressure vessels and other industrial machinery.
Our deliveries of plates produced by us and directly sold to external customers amounted to 4.7 million tons in 2016, representing 14.4% of our total sales volume of principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers. The Korean shipbuilding industry, which uses plates to manufacture chemical tankers, rigs, bulk carriers and containers, and the construction industry are our largest customers of plates.
In 2016, our sales volume of plates produced by us and directly sold to external customers increased by 3.5% compared to our sales volume in 2015 primarily due to an increase in sales to companies in the oil and gas industry and other industrial companies, which was offset in part by a decrease in demand from the shipbuilding industry.
Including sales of plates produced by us and sold through our consolidated sales subsidiaries in addition to plates produced by us and directly sold to external customers, we had a domestic market share for plates of approximately 38% on a non-consolidated basis in 2016.
Wire Rods
Wire rods are used mainly by manufacturers of wire, fasteners, nails, bolts, nuts and welding rods. Wire rods are also used in the manufacture of coil springs, tension bars and tire cords in the automotive industry.
Our deliveries of wire rods produced by us and directly sold to external customers amounted to 2.7 million tons in 2016, representing 8.3% of our total sales volume of principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers. The largest customers for our wire rods are manufacturers of wire ropes and fasteners.
In 2016, our sales volume of wire rods produced by us and directly sold to external customers increased by 2.6% compared to 2015.
Including sales of wire rods produced by us and sold through our consolidated sales subsidiaries in addition to wire rods produced by us and directly sold to external customers, we had a domestic market share for wire rods of approximately 54% on a non-consolidated basis in 2016.
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Silicon Steel Sheets
Silicon steel sheets are used mainly in the manufacture of power transformers and generators and rotating machines.
Our deliveries of silicon steel sheets produced by us and directly sold to external customers amounted to 1.0 million tons in 2016, representing 3.1% of our total sales volume of principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers.
In 2016, our sales volume of silicon steel sheets produced by us and directly sold to external customers increased by 0.2% compared to 2015.
Including sales of silicon steel sheets produced by us and sold through our consolidated sales subsidiaries in addition to silicon steel sheets produced by us and directly sold to external customers, we had a domestic market share for silicon steel sheets of approximately 80% on a non-consolidated basis in 2016.
Other products include lower value-added semi-finished products such as pig iron, billets, blooms and slab.
Markets
Korea is our most important market. Domestic sales represented 39.4% of our total revenue from steel products produced and sold by us in 2016. Our export sales and overseas sales to customers abroad represented 60.6% of our total revenue from steel products in 2016. Our sales strategy has been to devote our production primarily to satisfy domestic demand, while seeking export sales to utilize capacity to the fullest extent and to expand our international market presence.
Domestic Market
We primarily sell in Korea highervalue-added and other finished products to end-users and semi-finished products to other steel manufacturers for further processing. Local distribution companies and sales affiliates sell finished steel products to low-volume customers. We provide service technicians for large customers and distributors in each important product area.
The table below sets out our estimate of the market share of steel products sold in Korea for the periods indicated based on sales volume.
Source
POSCO’s sales (1)
Other domestic steel companies’ sales
Imports
Exports
Our export sales and overseas sales to customers abroad represented 60.6% of our total revenue from steel products produced and sold by us in 2016, 63.2% of which was generated from exports sales and overseas sales to customers in Asian countries. Our export sales and overseas sales to customers abroad in terms of revenue from such products decreased by 7.9% from 21,901 billion in 2015 to Won 20,163 billion in 2016.
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The tables below set out our export sales and overseas sales to customers abroad in terms of revenue from steel products produced and sold by us (including our consolidated sales subsidiaries), by geographical market and by product for the periods indicated.
Region
China
Asia (other than China and Japan)
Japan
Europe
Middle East
North America
The table below sets out the world’s apparent steel use for the periods indicated.
Apparent steel use (million metric tons)
Percentage of annual increase
Source: World Steel Association.
Recently, the general weakness of the global economy, the slowdown in growth of the Chinese economy and fluctuations in oil and commodity prices have increased the uncertainty of global economic prospects in general and have adversely affected the global and Korean economies. The World Steel Association forecasts that global apparent steel use is expected to increase by 1.3% to 1,535 million metric tons in 2017.
In recent years, driven in part by strong growth in steel consumption in emerging economies, the global steel industry has experienced renewed interest in expansion of steel production capacity. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development estimated the global crude steel production capacity to be 2,390 million metric tons in 2016. The increased production capacity, combined with weakening demand due primarily to the recent slowdown of the global economy as well as a slowdown in demand growth from China, has resulted in production over-capacity in the global steel industry. Production over-capacity in the global steel industry may intensify if the slowdown of the global economy continues or demand from developing countries that have experienced significant growth during the past decade does not meet the growth in production capacity.
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We distribute our export products mostly through Korean trading companies, including POSCO Daewoo, and our overseas sales subsidiaries. Our largest export market in 2016 was China, which accounted for 29.0% of our export revenue from steel products produced and sold by us. The principal products exported to China were cold rolled products, including continuous galvanized products. Our exports to China amounted to Won 5,541 billion in 2015 and Won 5,840 billion in 2016. Our exports to China increased by 5.4% in 2016 primarily due to an increase in sales of automotive steel sheets to the Chinese automotive industry.
Our second largest export market in 2016 was Asia (other than China and Japan), which accounted for 23.9% of our export revenue from steel products produced and sold by us. The principal products exported to Asia (other than China and Japan) were hot rolled products and cold rolled products. Our exports to Asia (other than China and Japan) decreased by 21.9% from Won 6,174 billion in 2015 to Won 4,821 billion in 2016 primarily due to a decrease in export sales to India due to implementation of certain trade barriers, including reference pricing.
Anti-Dumping, Safeguard and Countervailing Duty Proceedings
From time to time, our exporting activities have become subject to anti-dumping, safeguard and countervailing proceedings. As a steel producer with global sales and operations, we are involved in trade remedy proceedings in markets worldwide, including in the United States. We proactively participate in and plan for such proceedings to minimize any adverse effects and associated risks. While there has been an increase in the number of trade cases in recent years, and an increased focus on trade issues by government officials, all such cases have been product and market-specific, and thus have been limited in scope relative to our global sales and operations. We continue to carefully monitor developments with respect to trade remedy policy in all markets in which we participate and, where necessary, vigorously defend our rights through litigation before tribunals such as the U.S. Court of International Trade. Our products that are subject to anti-dumping, safeguard or countervailing duty proceedings in the aggregate currently do not account for a material portion of our total sales, and such proceedings have not had a material adverse impact on our business and operations in recent years.
Pricing Policy
We determine the sales price of our products based on market conditions. In setting prices, we take into account our costs, including those of raw materials, supply and demand in the Korean market, exchange rates, and conditions in the international steel market. Our prices can fluctuate considerably over time, depending on market conditions and other factors. The prices of our higher value-added steel products in the largest markets are determined considering the prices of similar products charged by our competitors.
Both our export prices and domestic sales prices decreased from 2014 to 2016, reflecting productionover-capacity in the global steel industry. We may decide to adjust our sales prices in the future subject to market demand for our products, prices of raw materials, the production outlook of the global steel industry and global economic conditions in general.
Raw Materials
Steel Production
The principal raw materials used in producing steel through the basic oxygen steelmaking method are iron ore and coal. We require approximately 1.7 tons of iron ore and 0.8 tons of coal to produce one ton of steel. We import all of the coal and virtually all of the iron ore that we use. In 2016, POSCO imported approximately 52.6 million dry metric tons of iron ore and 28.4 million wet metric tons of coal. Iron ore is imported primarily from Australia, Brazil and Canada. Coal is imported primarily from Australia, Canada and Russia.
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In 2016, we purchased a substantial portion of our iron ore and coal imports pursuant to long-term contracts. Our long-term supply contracts generally have terms of three to ten years and provide for periodic price adjustments to thethen-market prices. We typically adjust the prices on a quarterly basis and maintain approximately one month of inventory of raw materials. Such price adjustments are driven by various factors, including the global economic outlook, global market prices of raw materials and steel products, supply and demand outlook of raw materials and production costs of raw materials. In the case of coal, globally influential buyers and sellers of coal determine benchmark prices of coal, based on which other buyers and sellers negotiate their prices after taking into consideration the quality of coal and other factors. In the case of iron ore, the supplier and we typically agree on the purchase price primarily based on the spot market price periodically announced by Platts (Iron Ore 62% Fe, CFR China Index). We or the suppliers may cancel the long-term contracts only if performance under the contracts is prevented by causes beyond our or their control and these causes continue for a specified period.
We also make investments in exploration and production projects abroad to enhance our ability to meet the requirements for high-quality raw materials, either as part of a consortium or through an acquisition of a minority interest. We secured approximately 47% of our iron ore and coal imports in 2016 from foreign mines in which we have made investments. Our major investments to procure supplies of coal, iron ore and nickel are primarily located in Australia, Brazil, New Caledonia and Canada. We will continue to selectively seek opportunities to enter into additional strategic relationships that would enhance our ability to meet the requirements for principal raw materials.
The average market price of coal per wet metric ton (benchmark free on board price of Peak Downs Australian premium hard coking coal) was US$126 in 2014, US$102 in 2015 and US$114 in 2016. The average market price of iron ore per dry metric ton (Iron Ore 62% Fe, CFR China index announced by Platts) was US$88 in 2014, US$51 in 2015 and US$54 in 2016. We currently do not depend on any single country or supplier for our coal or iron ore.
Stainless Steel Production
The principal raw materials for the production of stainless steel are ferronickel, ferrochrome and stainless steel scrap. We purchase a majority of our ferronickel primarily from suppliers in Korea that procure nickel ore from New Caledonia, and the remainder primarily from leading suppliers in Japan, Indonesia and Colombia. Our primary suppliers of ferrochrome are located in South Africa, India and Kazakhstan. Our stainless steel scraps are primarily supplied by domestic and overseas suppliers in Japan and Southeast Asia. Revert scraps from the Pohang Steelworks are also used for our stainless steel production. The average market price of nickel per ton on the London Metal Exchange was US$16,871 in 2014, US$11,836 in 2015 and US$9,599 in 2016.
Transportation
In order to meet our transportation needs for iron ore and coal, we have entered into long-term contracts with shipping companies in Korea to retain a fleet of dedicated vessels. These dedicated vessels transported approximately 84% of the total requirements in 2016, and the remaining approximately 16% was transported by vessels retained through short to medium term contracts, depending on market conditions. The Asia Pacific region, including Australia, and the Atlantic region, including Brazil, are the main regions where the vessels are loaded, and they accounted for approximately 87% and 13%, respectively, of our total requirements in 2016. We plan to continue to optimize the fleet of dedicated vessels that we use by 2020 in order to cope with changes in the global shipping environment, as well as upgrade some of the existing vessels with others that utilize more energy-efficienttechnologies.
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The Steelmaking Process
Our major production facilities, Pohang Works and Gwangyang Works, produce steel by the basic oxygen steelmaking method. The stainless steel plant at Pohang Works produces stainless steel by the electric arc furnace method. Continuous casting improves product quality by imparting a homogenous structure to the steel. Pohang Works and Gwangyang Works produce all of their products through the continuous casting.
Steel — Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Method
First, molten pig iron is produced in a blast furnace from iron ore, which is the basic raw material used in steelmaking. Molten pig iron is then refined into molten steel in converters by blowing pure oxygen at high pressure to remove impurities. Different desired steel properties may also be obtained by regulating the chemical contents.
At this point, molten steel is made into semi-finished products such as slabs, blooms or billets at the continuous casting machine. Slabs, blooms and billets are produced at different standardized sizes and shapes. Slabs, blooms and billets are semi-finished lower margin products that we either use to produce our further processed products or sell to other steelmakers that produce further processed steel products.
Slabs are processed to produce hot rolled coil products at hot strip mills or to produce plates at plate mills. Hot rolled coils are an intermediate stage product that may either be sold to our customers as various finished products or be further processed by us or our customers into higher value-added products, such as cold rolled sheets and silicon steel sheets. Blooms and billets are processed into wire rods at wire rod mills.
Stainless Steel — Electric Arc Furnace Method
Stainless steel is produced from stainless steel scrap, chrome, nickel and steel scrap using an electric arc furnace. Stainless steel is then processed into higher value-added products by methods similar to those used for steel production. Stainless steel slabs are produced at a continuous casting mill. The slabs are processed at hot rolling mills into stainless steel hot coil, which can be further processed at cold strip mills to produce stainless cold rolled steel products.
Competition
We are the largest fully integrated steel producer in Korea. In hot rolled products, where we had a market share of approximately 39% on a non-consolidated basis in 2016, we face competition from a Korean steel producer that operates mini-mills and produces hot rolled coil products from slabs and from various foreign producers, primarily from China and Japan. In cold rolled products and stainless steel products, where we had a market share of approximately 39% and 43%, respectively, on a non-consolidated basis in 2016, we compete with smaller specialized domestic manufacturers and various foreign producers, primarily from China and Japan. For a discussion of domestic market shares, see “— Markets — Domestic Market.”
We may face increased competition in the future from new specialized or integrated domestic manufacturers of steel products in the Korean market. Our biggest competitor in Korea is Hyundai Steel Co., Ltd. with an annual crude steel production of approximately 21 million tons.
The Korean Government does not impose quotas on or provide subsidies to local steel producers. As a World Trade Organization signatory, Korea has also removed all steel tariffs.
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Export Markets
The competitors in our export markets include all the leading steel manufacturers of the world. In the past decade, there has been a trend toward industry consolidation among our competitors, and smaller competitors in the global steel market today may become larger competitors in the future. Competition from global steel manufacturers with significant production capacity such as ArcelorMittal S.A., and new market entrants, especially from China and India, could result in a significant increase in competition. In recent years, excess capacity from developing countries, particularly China, has resulted in downward pressure on global steel prices. Major competitive factors include range of products offered, quality, price, delivery performance and customer service. Our larger competitors may use their resources, which may be greater than ours, against us in a variety of ways, including by making additional acquisitions, investing more aggressively in product development and capacity and displacing demand for our export products.
Various export markets currently impose tariffs on different types of steel products. However, we do not believe that tariffs significantly affect our ability to compete in these markets.
Subsidiaries and Global Joint Ventures
In order to effectively implement our strategic initiatives and to solidify our leadership position in the global steel industry, we have established various subsidiaries and joint ventures around the world that engage in steel production activities.
Korea. In order to expand our sale of value-added products, we established POSCO Coated & Color Steel Co., Ltd. by merging a coated steel manufacturer and a color sheet manufacturer in March 1999. POSCO Coated & Color Steel has an aggregate annual production capacity of 600 thousand tons of galvanized and aluminized steel sheets widely used in the construction, automotive parts and home appliances industries. POSCO Coated & Color Steel also has an aggregate annual production capacity of 350 thousand tons of color sheets that are mainly used for interior and exterior materials and home appliances. In 2016, POSCO Coated & Color Steel produced 581 thousand tons of galvanized and aluminized steel sheets and 302 thousand tons of color sheets.
China. We entered into an agreement with Sagang Group Co. to establish Zhangjiagang Pohang Stainless Steel Co., Ltd., a joint venture company in China for the manufacture and sale of stainless cold rolled steel products. We have an 82.5% interest in the joint venture (including 23.9% interest held by POSCO China Holding Corporation), which commenced production of stainless cold rolled steel products in December 1998. Zhangjiagang Pohang Stainless Steel produced 1,212 thousand tons of stainless steel products in 2016. See “— Other Production Facilities Abroad — Zhangjiagang Pohang Stainless Steel.”
We established Qingdao Pohang Stainless Steel Co., Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary set up to manufacture and sell stainless cold rolled steel products in China. The plant became operational in December 2004, with an annual production capacity of 180 thousand tons of stainless cold rolled steel products. Qingdao Pohang Steel produced 219 thousand tons of such products in 2016.
In August 2003, we entered into a joint venture agreement with Benxi Iron and Steel Group in China to establish Benxi Steel POSCO Cold Rolled Sheet Co., Ltd. The cold rolling mill with an annual production capacity of 1,950 thousand tons became operational in March 2006, and the company produced 1,728 thousand tons of such products in 2016. We currently hold a 25.0% interest in this joint venture.
In June 2016, we entered into agreements with Chongqing Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. in China to establish Chongqing POSCO CISL Automotive Steel Co., Ltd. and Chongqing CISL High Strength Cold Rolling Steel Co., Ltd. We currently hold a 51.0% interest in Chongqing POSCO CISL Automotive
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Steel Co., Ltd., which is constructing a steel manufacturing plant with production capacity of 450 thousand tons of continuous galvanized steel with target completion in August 2018. In addition, we currently hold a 10.0% interest in Chongqing CISL High Strength Cold Rolling Steel Co., Ltd., which is constructing a steel manufacturing plant with production capacity of 1,800 thousand tons of cold-rolled and other related products with target completion in December 2018.
Indonesia. We entered into an agreement with PT. Krakatau Steel (Persero) Tbk. to establish PT. Krakatau POSCO Co., Ltd., a joint venture company in Indonesia for the manufacture and sale of plates and slabs. We hold a 70.0% interest in the joint venture. We completed the construction of a steel manufacturing plant in December 2013 with an annual production capacity of 3,000 thousand tons of plates and slabs. PT. Krakatau POSCO produced 2,988 thousand tons of plates and slabs in 2016. See “— Other Production Facilities Abroad — PT. Krakatau POSCO.”
Vietnam. We previously entered into an agreement with Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation to establish POSCO Vietnam Co., Ltd., a joint venture company in Vietnam for the manufacture and sale of cold rolled steel products. In March 2015, we acquired the interest owned by Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation, and we hold a 100.0% interest in the subsidiary. We completed the construction of a plant in September 2009 with an annual production capacity of 1,200 thousand tons of cold rolled products and commenced commercial production. POSCO Vietnam produced 1,071 thousand tons of such products in 2016.
We established POSCO SS VINA Co., Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary engaged in the manufacture and sale of shape steel and steel reinforcement products. The plant became operational in June 2015, with an annual production capacity of 1,100 thousand tons of shape steel and steel reinforcement products. POSCO SS VINA Co., Ltd. produced 581 thousand tons of shape steel and steel reinforcement products in 2016. See “Other Production Facilities Abroad — POSCO SS VINA.”
Thailand. In order to secure an alternative sales source for stainless cold rolled steel products and an export base for expanding into the Southeast Asia stainless steel markets, we acquired a controlling interest in Thainox Stainless Public Company Limited, a major stainless steel manufacturer in Thailand, in September 2011. We renamed the company as POSCO Thainox Public Company Limited in October 2011 and currently hold an 84.9% interest in the company. The company produced 211 thousand tons of stainless cold rolled products in 2016.
UnitedStates. We entered into a 50-50 joint venture between U.S. Steel Corporation and us called USS-POSCO Industries Corporation. We sell hot rolled products toUSS-POSCO Industries, which uses such products to manufacture cold rolled and galvanized steel products and tin-plate products for sale in the United States. USS-POSCO Industries produced 759 thousand tons of such products in 2016.
Mexico.In Mexico, POSCO Mexico S.A. de C.V. completed the construction of a plant in August 2009 with an annual production capacity of 0.4 million tons of cold rolled products and commenced commercial production to supply automotive manufacturers in Mexico, Southeastern United States and South America. POSCO Mexico expanded its annual production capacity to 900 thousand tons of galvanized steel products in December 2013, and produced 558 thousand tons of cold rolled products in 2016.
Others. In addition to the above investments, we are carefully seeking out additional promising investment opportunities abroad. In June 2005, we entered into a memorandum of understanding with Odisha State Government of India for the construction of an integrated steel mill and the development of iron ore mines in Odisha State. The Government of India reissued clearance for the construction of the steel mill in January 2014 and the Indian Supreme Court issued a final ruling in May 2013 with respect to authority of the central government to issue permission to develop iron ore mines in Odisha State. Progress on this project remains subject to further discussion with the Government of India.
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We have also established supply chain management centers around the world to provide processing and logistics services such as cutting flat steel products to smaller sizes to meet customers’ needs. In 2016, our 31 supply chain management centers recorded aggregate sales of 6,866 thousand tons of steel products.
Trading
Our trading activities consist primarily of trading activities of POSCO Daewoo. Our consolidated subsidiaries that also engage in trading activities include POSCO Asia Company Limited located in Hong Kong, POSCO Japan Co., Ltd. located in Tokyo, Japan, POSCO America Corporation located in Georgia, U.S.A. and POSCO South Asia Co., Ltd. located in Bangkok, Thailand. In March 2017, POSCO Processing & Service Co., Ltd., which primarily engaged in trading of steel products, merged into POSCO Daewoo.
POSCO Daewoo is a global trading company that primarily engages in trading of steel and raw materials as well as investing in energy and mineral development projects. It also manufactures and sells textiles. POSCO Daewoo was established in December 2000 when the international trading and construction businesses of Daewoo Corporation were spun off into three separate companies as part of a debt workout program of Daewoo Corporation.
The following table sets forth a breakdown of POSCO Daewoo’s total consolidated sales by export sales, domestic sales and third-party trades as well as product category for the periods indicated:
Product Category
Export trading sales:
Steel and metal
Chemical and commodities
Automobile and machinery parts
Electronics and miscellaneous items
Natural resources items
Domestic trading sales:
Other goods
Manufactured product sales
Third-Country Trades:
Natural resources development
Manufactured product trading
Total third-country trades
Consolidation adjustments
Total sales
Trading Activities. POSCO Daewoo’s trading activities consist of exporting and importing a wide variety of products and commodities, including iron and steel, raw materials for steel production, non-ferrous metals, chemicals, automotive parts, machinery and plant equipment, electronics products, agricultural commodities and textiles. POSCO Daewoo is also engaged in third-country trade that does not involve exports from or imports to Korea. The products are obtained from and supplied to numerous suppliers and purchasers in Korea and overseas, which are procured through a global
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trading network comprised of overseas trading subsidiaries, branches and representative offices. Such subsidiaries and offices support POSCO Daewoo’s trading activities by locating suitable local suppliers and purchasers on behalf of customers, identifying business opportunities and providing information regarding local market conditions.
In most cases, POSCO Daewoo enters into trading transactions after the underlying sale and purchase contracts have been matched, which mitigates inventory and price risks to POSCO Daewoo. POSCO Daewoo typically enters into trading transactions as a principal, and in limited cases as an import or export agent. When acting as a principal or an agent, POSCO Daewoo derives its gross trading profit from the margin between the selling price of the products and the purchase price it pays for such products. In the case of principal transactions, the selling price is recorded as sales and the purchase price is recorded as cost of sales, while only the margin is recorded as sales in the case of agency transactions in which POSCO Daewoo does not assume the risks and rewards of ownership of the goods. In the case of principal transactions, it takes an average of approximately 51 days between POSCO Daewoo’s payment of goods and its receipt of payment from its customers. In the instances in which it acts as an arranger for a third country transaction, POSCO Daewoo derives its gross trading profit from, and records as sales, the commission paid to it by the customer. The sizes of margins and commissions for POSCO Daewoo’s trading activities vary depending on a number of factors, including prevailing supply and demand conditions for the product involved, the cost of financing, insurance, storage and transport and the creditworthiness of the customer, and tends to decline as the product or market matures.
In connection with its export and import transactions, POSCO Daewoo has accounts receivable and payable in a number of currencies, but principally in Dollars. POSCO Daewoo’s exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates, including the Won/Dollar exchange rate, is limited because trading transactions typically involve matched purchase and sale contracts, which result in limited settlement exposure, and because POSCO Daewoo’s contracts with domestic suppliers of products for export and with domestic purchasers of imported products are generally denominated in Dollars. Although the impact of exchange rate fluctuations is substantially mitigated by such strategies, POSCO Daewoo also periodically enters into derivative contracts, primarily currency forward contracts, to further hedge its foreign exchange risks.
In connection with its trading activities, POSCO Daewoo arranges insurance and product transport at the request of customers, the costs of which generally become reflected in the sales price of the relevant products, and also provides financing services to its purchasers and suppliers as necessary. In the case of trading transactions involving large-scale industrial or construction projects, POSCO Daewoo also provides necessary project planning and organizing services to its customers.
Natural Resources Development Activities. POSCO Daewoo also invests in energy and mineral development projects throughout the world. In particular, POSCO Daewoo joined a consortium with Korea Gas Corporation, ONGC Videsh Ltd. and the Gas Authority of India Ltd. in November 2002, which made a successful bid in the gas exploration, development and production project in the Myanmar A-1 gas field. In October 2005, the consortium made a successful bid in the gas exploration, development and production project in the Myanmar A-3 gas field, located adjacent to the Myanmar A-1 gas field. In December 2008, the consortium entered into a sales agreement with China National United Oil Corporation to sell the gas produced from the A-1 and A-3 gas fields for a period of 30 years after the commencement of production. In August 2010, Myanmar Oil & Gas Enterprise, the national oil and gas company of Myanmar, acquired a 15.0% interest in each of the projects. POSCO Daewoo holds a 51.0% interest in each of the A-1, A-3and off-shore pipeline projects and a 25.0% interest in the on-shore pipeline project. Production of gas from these gas fields commenced in July 2013 and POSCO Daewoo recognized revenue from the Myanmar gas field project starting in November 2013. POSCO Daewoo recognized revenues of approximately Won 467 billion in 2014, Won 652 billion in 2015 and Won 530 billion in 2016 from the Myanmar gas field project.
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Such natural resources development projects, while entailing higher risks than the traditional trading business, offer higher potential returns. POSCO Daewoo intends to continue to expand its operations by carefully seeking out promising energy development projects abroad. POSCO Daewoo mitigates the risks associated with such investments through subsidies from the Special Account for Energy Related Funds that is administered, among others, by Korea National Oil Corporation and Korea Resources Corporation, government agencies that promote natural resources development activities of the fund. The fund subsidizes a portion of the investment amount in the event the investor fails to develop viable deposits. If the natural resources development activities are successful, the investor must reimburse the fund for the subsidy amount, together with accrued interest. In most instances, POSCO Daewoo is required to obtain consent from the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy prior to investing in natural resources development projects.
Competition. POSCO Daewoo competes principally with six other Korean general trading companies, each of which is affiliated with a major domestic business group, as well as global trading companies based in other countries. In the domestic market, competition for export transactions on behalf of domestic suppliers and import transactions on behalf of domestic purchasers was limited, as most affiliated general trading companies of large Korean business groups generally relied on affiliate transactions for the bulk of their trading business. However, in recent years, many of these Korean general trading companies have reduced their reliance on their affiliated business group and transactions carried out on behalf of their member companies and instead have generally evolved to focus on segments of the import and export markets in which they have a competitive advantage. As a result, competition among Korean general trading companies in the area of traditional trade has become more intense. POSCO Daewoo’s principal competitors in the overseas trading markets include Korean trading companies that operate in various international markets, as well as foreign trading companies, particularly those based in Japan. As POSCO Daewoo diversifies into businesses other than traditional trading such as natural resources development, it also increasingly competes with other Korean and international companies involved in these businesses.
Construction
POSCO E&C is one of the leading engineering and construction companies in Korea, primarily engaged in the planning, design and construction of industrial plants and architectural works and civil engineering projects. In particular, POSCO E&C has established itself as one of the premier engineering and construction companies in Korea through:
its strong and stable customer base; and
its cutting-edge technological expertise obtained from construction of advanced integrated steel plants, as well as participation in numerous modernization and rationalization projects at our Pohang Works and Gwangyang Works.
Leveraging its technical know-how and track record of building some of the leading industrial complexes in Korea, POSCO E&C has also focused on diversifying its operations into construction of high-end apartment complexes and participating in a wider range of architectural works and civil engineering projects, as well as engaging in urban planning and development projects and expanding its operations abroad. One of its landmark urban planning and development projects includes the development of a5.7 million-square meter area of Songdo International City in Incheon, which POSCO E&C is co-developing with Gale International, a respected real estate developer based in the United States. In September 2015, we completed the sale of our 38.0% interest in POSCO E&C to PIF, the sovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia, for US$1.05 billion. In connection with the sale, POSCO E&C and PIF agreed to jointly explore additional business opportunities in Saudi Arabia, including participating in various infrastructure projects sponsored by the Saudi Arabian government.
POSCO E&C also has substantial experience in the energy field obtained from the construction of various power plants for member companies of the POSCO Group, specializing primarily in
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engineering and construction of liquefied natural gas (“LNG”) and coal-fired thermal power plants. In recent years, POSCO E&C has obtained various orders for such power plants, including LNG-fired power plants in Incheon, Korea and coal-fired thermal power plants in Ventanas and Angamos, Chile. In response to increasing demand from the energy industry, POSCO E&C plans to continue to target opportunities in power plant construction, which it believes offers significant growth potential, and thereby enhance itsknow-how and profitability.
Competition. Competition in the construction industry is based primarily on price, reputation for quality, reliability, punctuality and financial strength of contractors. In Korea, POSCO E&C’s main competition in the construction of residential andnon-residential buildings, EPC projects, urban planning and development projects and civil works projects consists of approximately ten major domestic construction companies, all of which are member companies of other large business groups in Korea and are capable of undertaking larger-scale, higher-value-added projects that offer greater potential returns. A series of measures introduced by the Government over the past few years to regulate housing prices in Korea, as well as an increasing popularity of low-bid contracts in civil works project mandates, have contributed to increased competition in the Korean construction industry in recent years. In the overseas markets, POSCO E&C faces competition from local construction companies, as well as international construction companies from other countries, including other major Korean construction companies with overseas operations. Construction companies from developed countries may be more experienced, have greater financial resources and possess more sophisticated technology than POSCO E&C, while construction companies from developing countries often have the advantage of lower wage costs.
As part of our diversification efforts, we strive to identify business opportunities that supplement our steel, trading and construction segments, including power generation, LNG logistics and network and system integration.
POSCO Energy Corporation. In 2006, we acquired the largest domestic private power utility company that operates LNG combined cycle power generation facilities with total power generation capacity of 1,800 megawatts and renamed it POSCO Energy Corporation. Since our acquisition, POSCO Energy Corporation has expanded its power generation capacity by constructing additional power plants in Korea and Southeast Asia. POSCO Energy Corporation’s total power generation capacity was approximately 4,526 megawatts as of December 31, 2016. POSCO Energy Corporation is also selectively seeking opportunities to expand into solar, wind and other renewable energy businesses in order to become an integrated provider of energy solutions.
LNG Logistics. In an effort to reduce our dependency on oil, we became the first private company in Korea to import LNG in 2005, and we have steadily increased the use of natural gas for energy generation at our steel production facilities. We operate an LNG receiving terminal with an aggregate capacity to process up to 2.4 million tons of LNG annually in Gwangyang. In order to achieve maximum operational efficiency of our LNG terminal, we participate in the LNG trading and LNG ship gas trial businesses. We are in the process of building a synthetic natural gas production plant with an annual capacity of 500,000 tons in Gwangyang that will become operational during 2017. We believe that the synthetic natural gas production plant provides us with a stable supply of LNG substitutes that we can utilize to meet our growing needs for energy generation.
Others. We acquired or established several subsidiaries that address specific services to support the operations of Pohang Works and Gwangyang Works. POSCO ICT Co., Ltd., founded in 1989, provides information and technology consulting and system network integration and outsourcing services. POSCO Processing & Service Co., Ltd., founded in 1994, provides material processing and fabrication services. POSCO Chemtech Company Ltd., formerly POSCO Refractories and Environment Company, Ltd., specializes in the manufacturing of refractories and lime used in steel manufacturing processes as well as a wide range of chemical products.
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Insurance
We maintain property insurance for our property, plant and equipment that we believe to be consistent with market practice in Korea.
Item 4.C. Organizational Structure
The following table sets out the jurisdiction of incorporation and our ownership interests of our significant subsidiaries:
Name
POSCO Daewoo Corporation
POSCO Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd
POSCO Energy Corporation
Zhangjiagang Pohang Stainless Steel Co., Ltd.
POSCO ICT Co., Ltd.
Item 4.D. Property, Plants and Equipment
Our principal properties are Pohang Works, which is located at Youngil Bay on the southeastern coast of Korea, and Gwangyang Works, which is located in Gwangyang City in the southwestern region of Korea. We also maintain and operate production properties abroad, including plants operated by Zhangjiagang Pohang Stainless Steel in China, PT. Krakatau POSCO in Indonesia and POSCO SS Vina in Vietnam. We may increase our production capacity in the future when we increase our capacity as part of our facilities expansion or as a result of continued modernization and rationalization of our existing facilities. For a discussion of major items of our capital expenditures currently in progress, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Item 5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources — Liquidity — Capital Expenditures and Capital Expansion.”
Production Facilities in Korea
Pohang Works
Construction of Pohang Works began in 1970 and ended in 1983. Pohang Works currently has an annual crude steel and stainless steel production capacity of 17.6 million tons. Pohang Works produces a wide variety of steel products. Products produced at Pohang Works include hot rolled sheets, plates, wire rods and cold rolled sheets, as well as specialty steel products such as stainless steel sheets and silicon steel sheets. These products can also be customized to meet the specifications of our customers.
Situated on a site of 8.9 million square meters at Youngil Bay on the southeastern coast of Korea, Pohang Works consists of 43 plants, including iron-making, crude steelmaking and continuous casting and other rolling facilities. Pohang Works also has docking facilities capable of accommodating ships as large as 250,000 tons for unloading raw materials, storage areas for up to 34 days’ supply of raw materials and separate docking facilities for ships carrying products for export. Pohang Works consumed approximately 418 thousand tons of LNG and approximately 11,464 gigawatt hours of electricity in 2016. Pohang Works is equipped with a highly advanced computerized production-management system allowing constant monitoring and control of the production process.
Gwangyang Works
Construction of Gwangyang Works began in 1985 on a site of 13.7 million square meters reclaimed from the sea in Gwangyang City in the southwestern region of Korea. Gwangyang Works currently has an annual crude steel production capacity of 24.8 million tons. Gwangyang Works specializes in high volume production of a limited number of steel products. Products manufactured at Gwangyang Works include both hot and cold rolled types.
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Gwangyang Works is comprised of 47 plants, includingiron-making plants, steelmaking plants, continuous casting plants, hot strip mills and thin-slab hot rolling plants. The site also features docking and unloading facilities for raw materials capable of accommodating ships as large as 300,000 tons for unloading raw materials, storage areas for approximately 25 days’ supply of raw materials and separate docking facilities for ships carrying products for export. Gwangyang Works consumed approximately 317 thousand tons of LNG and approximately 13,366 gigawatt hours of electricity in 2016.
We believe Gwangyang Works is one of the most technologically advanced integrated steel facilities in the world. Gwangyang Works has a completely automated, linear production system that enables the whole production process, from iron-making to finished products, to take place without interruption. This advanced system reduces the production time for hot rolled products to only four hours. Like Pohang Works, Gwangyang Works is equipped with a highly advanced computerized production-management system allowing constant monitoring and control of the production process.
Capacity Utilization Rates
The following table sets out the capacity utilization rates of our production facilities in Korea for the periods indicated.
Crude steel and stainless steel production capacity as of end of the year (million tons per year)
Actual crude steel and stainless steel output (million tons)
Capacity utilization rate (%) (1)
Production Facilities Abroad
Our various subsidiaries and joint ventures around the world, including Zhangjiagang Pohang Stainless Steel Co., Ltd. in China, PT. Krakatau POSCO Co., Ltd. in Indonesia and POSCO SS Vina Co., Ltd. in Vietnam, engage in steel production activities. For a discussion of such operations, see “Item 4. Information of the Company — Item 4.B. Business Overview — Subsidiaries and Joint Ventures.”
Zhangjiagang Pohang Stainless Steel
The following table sets out Zhangjiagang’s capacity utilization rates for the periods indicated.
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PT. Krakatau POSCO
The following table sets out PT. Krakatau POSCO’s capacity utilization rates for the periods indicated.
Crude steel production capacity as of end of the year (million tons per year)
Actual crude steel output (million tons)
POSCO SS VINA Co., Ltd.
The following table sets out POSCO SS VINA’s capacity utilization rates for the periods indicated.
The Environment
We are vigorous in our efforts to engage in environmentally responsible management of, and to protect the environment from damage resulting from, our operations. Our levels of pollution control are higher than those mandated by Government standards. We established an on-line environmental monitoring system with real-time feedback on pollutant levels and a forecast system of pollutant concentration in surrounding areas. We also undergo periodic environmental inspection by both internal and external inspectors in accordance with ISO 14001 standards to monitor execution and maintenance of our environmental management plan. As we continue to diversify our production operations abroad and the importance of comprehensive environmental management continues to grow, we announced an integrated environmental management system in December 2010, pursuant to which all of our subsidiaries located in Korea as well as abroad acquired the ISO 14001 certification. We also operate a certification program targeting our suppliers and outsourcing partners, pursuant to which they are encouraged to establish environmental management systems of their own.
We have taken additional measures to ensure that we are appropriately addressing environmental issues. We recycle most of the by-products from the steelmaking process. A vital part of our production process requires consumption of water, and many of our operations are located on coastal sites or adjacent to major lakes and rivers. Recognizing the importance of water resources, we established mid-to-long-term water management strategies to more effectively utilize water resources, including increasing water recycling, reducing usage volume, developing substitute sources and reducing manufacturing discharge harmful to the environment. As part of our efforts to preserve biological diversity, we supply steel slag that is used in the construction of underwater facilities designed to restore marine ecosystems damaged by rising seawater temperatures. In addition, we have been developing environmentally friendly products such as chrome-free steel sheets in an effort to compete with products from the European Union, the United States and Japan and to meet
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strengthened environmental regulations. Anticipating the trend toward increasing regulation of chrome in various steel products, we introduced chrome-freesteel products meeting international environmental standards in 2006 that are used to manufacture automotive oil tanks.
We plan to continue to invest in developing more environmentally friendly steel manufacturing processes. We commenced research and development for a new steel manufacturing technology called FINEX in 1992 jointly with the Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology and VOEST Alpine, an Austrian company. We will continue to refine FINEX, a low cost, environmentally friendly steel manufacturing process that we believe optimizes our production capacity by utilizing low-grade iron ore fines and using coal as an energy source and a reducing agent. We believe that FINEX offers considerable environmental and economic advantages by eliminating major sources of pollution such as facilities that pretreat raw materials, as well as decreasing operating and raw material costs.
Our climate change response program seeks to minimize the risks from changes in climate as well as to maximize the opportunities available in such environment by enhancing the energy efficiency of our production process. We have disclosed our carbon dioxide emission levels and efforts to deal with climate changes through various channels, including participating in the Carbon Disclosure Project. The Carbon Disclosure Project is an organization based in the United Kingdom that works with major corporations around the world to disclose their greenhouse gas emission levels. We are also in compliance with the Korea Emissions Trading Scheme, which was launched by the Government in January 2015 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by limiting the total amount of allowable greenhouse gas emission by a manufacturer.
While we believe we are in compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations in all material respects, we may be responsible for the investigation and remediation of environmental conditions at currently and formerly operated manufacturing or construction sites. For example, primarily relating to contamination of land near our magnesium smelting plant located in Gangneung, Korea and gas treatment plant located in our Pohang Works, we had Won 48 billion as provisions for the restoration as of December 31, 2016 (Won 10 billion as current liabilities and Won 38 billion as non-current liabilities), which represent the present value of estimated costs for recovery outstanding as of such date.
Item 4.E. Unresolved Staff Comments
We do not have any unresolved comments from the Securities and Exchange Commission staff regarding our periodic reports under the Exchange Act of 1934.
Item 5. Operating and FinancialReview and Prospects
Item 5.A. Operating Results
The following discussion and analysis is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB. Unless otherwise noted, the amounts included in Item 5.A. are presented on a consolidated basis.
Overview
We are the largest fully integrated steel producer in Korea. We have four reportable operating segments — a steel segment, a trading segment, an engineering and construction segment and a segment that contains operations of all other entities which fall below the reporting thresholds. The steel segment includes production of steel products and sale of such products. The trading segment consists primarily of global trading activities and natural resources development activities of POSCO Daewoo. POSCO Daewoo exports and imports a wide range of steel products that are both obtained
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from and supplied to POSCO, as well as between other suppliers and purchasers in Korea and overseas. The construction segment includes planning, designing and construction of industrial plants, civil engineering projects and commercial and residential buildings, both in Korea and overseas. The “others” segment includes power generation, LNG logistics, and network and system integration. See Note 41 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
One of the major factors contributing to our historical performance has been the growth of the Korean economy, and our future performance will depend at least in part on Korea’s general economic growth and prospects. For a description of recent developments that have had and may continue to have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition, see “Item 3. Key Information — Item 3.D. Risk Factors — Korea is our most important market, and our current business and future growth could be materially and adversely affected if economic conditions in Korea deteriorate.” A number of other factors have had or are expected to have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition and capital expenditures. These factors include:
our sales volume, unit prices and product mix;
costs and production efficiency; and
exchange rate fluctuations.
As a result of these factors, our financial results in the past may not be indicative of future results or trends in those results.
Sales Volume, Prices and Product Mix
In recent years, our net sales have been affected by the following factors:
the demand for our products in the Korean market and our capacity to meet that demand;
our ability to compete for sales in the export market;
price levels; and
our ability to improve our product mix.
Domestic demand for our products is affected by the condition of major steel consuming industries, such as construction, shipbuilding, automotive, electrical appliances and downstream steel processors, and the Korean economy in general.
In 2015, unit sales prices in Won for our principal product lines of steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers, other than silicon steel sheets, decreased. The weighted average unit price for such products decreased by 14.8% from 2014 to 2015, despite a depreciation in the average value of the Won against the Dollar in 2015 that increased our export prices in Won terms. The average exchange rate of the Won against the Dollar depreciated from Won 1,053.2 to US$1.00 in 2014 to Won 1,131.5 to US$1.00 in 2015.
The unit sales price of hot rolled products, which accounted for 27.0% of total sales volume of the principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers, decreased by 20.1% in 2015. The unit sales price of wire rods, which accounted for 8.4% of total sales volume of such products, decreased by 19.5% in 2015. The unit sales price of plates, which accounted for 14.5% of total sales volume of such products, decreased by 19.3% in 2015. The unit sales price of stainless steel products, which accounted for 8.7% of total sales volume of such products, decreased by 14.4% in 2015. The unit sales price of cold rolled products, which accounted for 38.0% of total sales volume of such products, decreased by 11.2% in 2015. On the other hand, the unit sales price of silicon steel sheets, which accounted for 3.3% of total sales volume of such products, increased by 5.1% in 2015.
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In 2016, unit sales prices in Won for each of our principal product lines of steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers decreased. The weighted average unit price for such products decreased by 6.6% from 2015 to 2016, despite a depreciation in the average value of the Won against the Dollar in 2016 that increased our export prices in Won terms. The average exchange rate of the Won against the Dollar depreciated from Won 1,131.5 to US$1.00 in 2015 to Won 1,160.5 to US$1.00 in 2016.
The unit sales price of silicon steel products, which accounted for 3.1% of total sales volume of the principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers, decreased by 17.0% in 2016. The unit sales price of wire rods, which accounted for 8.3% of total sales volume of such products, decreased by 11.9% in 2016. The unit sales price of stainless steel products, which accounted for 9.2% of total sales volume of such products, decreased by 9.2% in 2016. The unit sales price of hot rolled products, which accounted for 26.2% of total sales volume of such products, decreased by 7.6% in 2016. The unit sales price of plates, which accounted for 14.4% of total sales volume of such products, decreased by 5.0% in 2016. The unit sales price of cold rolled products, which accounted for 38.7% of total sales volume of such products, decreased by 4.6% in 2016.
The table below sets out the average unit sales prices for our semi-finished and finished steel products for the periods indicated.
Products
Average (1)
Costs and Production Efficiency
Our major costs and operating expenses are raw material purchases, depreciation, labor and other purchases. The table below sets out our cost of sales and selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of our revenue as well as gross profit margin and operating profit margin for the periods indicated.
Cost of sales
Selling and administrative expenses
Gross margin
Operating profit margin
Our operating profit margin decreased from 3.9% in 2014 to 2.5% in 2015 but recovered to 4.3% in 2016, as discussed below.
We are closely monitoring changes in market conditions and we implemented the following measures in recent years to address challenges posed by the global economic downturn:
pursuing cost reduction through enhancing product designs, improving productivity and reducing fixed costs;
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focusing on marketing activities to increase the sales of higher margin, higher value-added products and to strengthen our domestic market position; and
establishing a special sales committee to more effectively respond to changes in market trends and preparing responses to various scenarios of future sales.
Production capacity represents our maximum production capacity that can be achieved with an optimal level of operations of our facilities. The table below sets out certain information regarding our production capacity and efficiency in the production of steel products for the periods indicated.
Crude steel and stainless steel production capacity (million tons per year) (1)
POSCO Specialty Steel Co., Ltd. (1)
PT. Krakatau POSCO Co., Ltd.
Actual crude steel and stainless steel output (million tons)(2)
Exchange Rate Fluctuations
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our export products to be less competitive by raising our prices in Dollar terms; and
a reduction in net sales and accounts receivables in Won from export sales, which are primarily denominated in Dollars.
We strive to naturally offset our foreign exchange risk by matching foreign currency receivables with our foreign currency payables and our overseas subsidiaries have sought to further mitigate the adverse impact of exchange rate fluctuations by conducting business transactions in the local currency of the respective market in which the transactions occur. In particular, POSCO Daewoo’s exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates, including the Won/Dollar exchange rate, is limited because trading transactions typically involve matched purchase and sale contracts, which result in limited settlement exposure, and because POSCO Daewoo’s contracts with domestic suppliers of products for export and with domestic purchasers of imported products are generally denominated in Dollars. Although the impact of exchange rate fluctuations is partially mitigated by such strategies, we and our subsidiaries, particularly POSCO Daewoo and POSCO E&C, also periodically enter into derivative contracts, primarily foreign currency swaps and forward exchange contracts, to further hedge our foreign exchange risks. However, our results of operations have historically been affected by exchange rate fluctuations and there can be no assurance that such strategies will be sufficient to reduce or eliminate the adverse impact of such fluctuations in the future. Because of the larger positive effects of the appreciation of the Won (i.e., the reverse of the negative effects caused by the depreciation of the Won, as discussed above), depreciation of the Won generally has a negative impact on our results of operations.
Inflation
Inflation in Korea, which was 1.3% in 2014, 0.7% in 2015 and 1.0% in 2016, has not had a material impact on our results of operations in recent years.
Critical Accounting Estimates
We have prepared our consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. These accounting principles require us to make certain estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts in our consolidated financial statements. Our estimates and judgments are based on historical experience, forecasted future events and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Estimates and judgments may differ under different assumptions or conditions. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We believe the critical accounting policies discussed below are the most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations. Each of them is dependent on projections of future market conditions, and they require us to make the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts for exposures in our receivable balances that represent our estimate of probable losses in our short-term and long-term receivable balances from the inability of our customers to make required payments. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate and negatively impact their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. Determining the allowance for doubtful accounts requires significant management judgment and estimates including, among others, the credit worthiness of our customers, experience of historical collection patterns, potential events and circumstances affecting future collections and the ongoing risk assessment of our customer’s ability to pay.
Trade account receivables are analyzed on a regular basis and, upon our becoming aware of a customer’s inability to meet its financial commitments to us, the value of the receivable is reduced
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through a charge to the allowance for doubtful accounts. In addition, we record a charge to the allowance for doubtful accounts upon receipt of customer claims in connection with sales that management estimates are unlikely to be collected in full. As of December 31, 2016, the percentage of allowance for doubtful accounts to trade accounts and notes receivable and other receivables was 7.45%. Our allowance for doubtful accounts decreased by 2.2%, or Won 22 billion, from Won 1,000 billion as of December 31, 2015 to Won 978 billion as of December 31, 2016. See Note 23 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Assumptions and judgments related to the allowance for doubtful accounts did not change in 2016.
Specifically, allowances for doubtful accounts are recorded when any of the following loss events occur: (i) there is objective evidence as to the uncollectability of the account observed through bankruptcy, default or involuntary dissolution of the customer; (ii) we lose a lawsuit against the customer or our right of claim gets extinguished; (iii) our costs to collect the account exceed the payments to be received; or (iv) a dispute with the customer over the collection of the account persists for more than three years.
The actual average annual uncollected percentage rate of accounts receivables resulting inwrite-offs for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016 was 0.76%. These historical results, as well as current known conditions impacting the collectability of our accounts receivable balances, are significant factors for us when we estimate the amount of the necessary allowance for doubtful accounts. Historically, losses from uncollectible accounts receivables have been within expectations and in line with the allowances established. However, unforeseen circumstances such as adverse market conditions that deviate significantly from our estimates may require us to change the timing of, and make additional allowances to, our receivable balances. In this case, our results of operations, financial condition and net worth could be materially and adversely affected.
Valuation of Financial Instruments including Debt and Equity Securities and Derivatives
We invest in various financial instruments including debt and equity securities and derivatives. Depending on the accounting treatment specific to each type of financial instrument, an estimate of fair value is required to determine the instrument’s effect on our consolidated financial statements.
If available, quoted market prices provide the best indication of fair value. We determine the fair value of our financial instruments using quoted market prices when available, including quotes from dealers trading those securities. If quoted market prices are not available, we determine the fair value based on pricing or valuation models, quoted prices of instruments with similar characteristics, or discounted cash flows. Determining the fair value of unlisted financial instruments involves a significant degree of management resources and judgment as no quoted prices exist and such securities are generally very thinly traded. Derivatives for which quoted market prices are not available are valued using valuation models such as the discounted cash flow method. The key inputs used in the valuation of such derivatives depend upon the type of derivative and the nature of the underlying instrument and include interest rate yield curves, foreign exchange rates, the spot price of the underlying instrument, volatility and correlation. The fair values based on pricing and valuation models and discounted cash flow analysis are subject to various assumptions used that, if changed, could significantly affect the fair value of the investments.
We assess at the end of each reporting period whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired. In the case of equity investments classified as available-for-sale, a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the security below its cost is also evidence that the asset is impaired. As part of this impairment review, the investee’s operating results, net asset value and future performance forecasts as well as general market conditions are taken into consideration in order to assess whether there is any objective evidence such as significant financial difficulty of the issuer.
We have estimated fair values of material non-marketable securities. We estimated these fair values based on pricing or valuation models, quoted prices of instruments with similar characteristics,
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or discounted cash flow models. The discounted cash flow model valuation technique is based on the estimated cash flow projections of the underlying investee. Key assumptions and estimates include market conditions, revenue growth rates, operating margin rates, income tax rates, depreciation and amortization rates, the level of capital expenditures, working capital amounts and the discount rates. These estimates are based on historical results of the investee and other market data. In these cash flows projections, the two most significant estimates are the discount rates and revenue growth rates. If the discount rates used in these valuations were increased by 0.5%, then the estimated fair values would have decreased by 9.0% in total. In addition, if the revenue growth rate assumptions were decreased by 0.5% in the cash flow models, then the estimated fair values would have decreased by 2.6% in total.
We recognized impairment losses on available-for-saleinvestments of Won 370 billion in 2014, Won 143 billion in 2015 and Won 248 billion in 2016. See Note 8 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Historically, our estimates and assumptions used to evaluate impairment of investments have been within expectations. However, unforeseen circumstances such as adverse market conditions that deviate significantly from our estimates may require us to recognize additional losses on impairment of investments. We base our fair value estimates on assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. The use of alternative estimates and assumptions could increase or decrease the estimated fair values of our investments and potentially result in different impacts on our results of operations.
Long-lived Assets
At each reporting date, we review the carrying amounts of our tangible and intangible assets (excluding goodwill) to determine whether there is any indication that the carrying amount of those assets may not be recoverable through continuing use. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset (or cash generating unit) is reviewed in order to determine the amount of the impairment, if any. The recoverable amount is the higher of the asset’s net selling price (fair value reduced by selling costs) and its value in use. When the book value of long-lived asset exceeds the recoverable value of the asset due to obsolescence, physical damage or a decline in market value and such amount is material, the impairment of the asset is recognized and the asset’s carrying value is reduced to its recoverable value and the resulting impairment loss is charged to current operations. Such recoverable value is based on our estimates of the future use of assets and is subject to changes in market conditions. Based on an impairment test as of December 31, 2016, we recognized impairment loss on property, plant and equipment amounting to Won 197 billion in 2016.
The depreciable lives and salvage values of our long-lived assets are estimated and reviewed each year based on industry practices and prior experience to reflect economic lives of long-livedassets. Our estimates of the useful lives and recoverable values of long-lived assets are based on historical trends adjusted to reflect our best estimate of future market and operating conditions. Also, our estimates include the expected future period in which the future cash flows are expected to be generated from continuing use of the assets that we review for impairment and cash outflows to prepare the assets for use that can be directly attributed or allocated on a reasonable and consistent basis. If applicable, estimates also include net cash flows to be received or paid for the disposal of the assets at the end of their useful lives. As a result of the impairment review, when the sum of the discounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the assets is less than the book value of the assets, we recognize impairment losses based on the recoverable value of those assets. We make a number of significant assumptions and estimates in the application of the discounted cash flow model to forecast cash flows, including business prospects, market conditions, selling prices and sales volume of products, costs of production and funding sources. The estimated cash flow forecast amounts are derived from the most recent financial budgets for the next three to five years. Beyond the
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specifically forecasted period, we extrapolate the cash flows for the remaining years based on an estimated growth rate. This estimated growth rate does not exceed the long-term average growth rate of our industry. As of December 31, 2016, for the applicable cash generating units, we estimated a discount rate of 12.4% to 14.0% and a revenue growth rate of 1.0%. However, given the current economic environment, it is likely that the estimates and assumptions will be more volatile than they have been in the past. Further impairment charges may be required if triggering events occur, such as adverse market conditions, that suggest deterioration in an asset’s recoverability or fair value. Assessment of the timing of when such declines become other than temporary and the amount of such impairment is a matter of significant judgment. Results in actual transactions could differ from those estimates used to evaluate the impairment of such long-lived assets. If our future cash flow projections are not realized, either because of an extended recessionary period or other unforeseen events, impairment charges may be required in future periods.
If the estimated discount rates used in these valuations were increased by 1%, then the estimated recoverable amount would have decreased by 4.3% to 5.2% in total. If the estimated revenue growth rate were decreased by 1%, then the estimated recoverable amount would have decreased by 2.2% to 2.3% in total. We believe that any reasonably possible negative change in the key assumptions on which the recoverable amount is based would result in impairment loss of long-lived assets.
Goodwill
Goodwill is tested for impairment annually at the level of the groups of cash generating units or whenever changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. The recoverable amounts of the groups of cash-generating units are determined from the higher of their fair value less cost to sell or their value-in-use calculations. The key assumptions for the value in use calculations are those regarding the discount rates, growth rates and expected changes to selling prices and direct costs during the period.
Our management estimates discount rates using post-tax rates that reflect current market rates for investments of similar risk. Growth rates are based on industry growth forecasts, and changes in selling prices and direct costs are based on historical experience and expectations of future changes in the market. Cash flow forecasts are derived from the most recent financial budgets for the next five years. Beyond the specifically forecasted period, we extrapolate cash flows for the remaining years based on an estimated growth rate. This rate does not exceed the average long-term growth rate for the relevant markets. Once recognized, impairment losses recognized for goodwill are not reversed.
In validating the value in use determined for the cash generating units, the sensitivity of key assumptions used in the discounted cash-flow model such as discount rates and the terminal growth rate was evaluated. If the estimated average discount rates used in these valuations were increased by 0.25%, the estimated value-in-use for the respective cash generating units would have decreased by 3.3% to 3.6% in total. If the estimated terminal growth rates were decreased by 0.25%, the estimated value-in-use for the respective cash generating units would have decreased by 0.9% to 1.9% in total. Based on an impairment test as of December 31, 2016, we recognized impairment loss on goodwill of Won 96 billion in 2016, which related primarily to impairment of goodwill of POSCO Engineering Co., Ltd. We believe that determining the existence and impairment of goodwill is a critical accounting estimate because significant management judgment is involved in the evaluation of the value of goodwill, and any reasonably possible changes in the key assumptions on which the recoverable amount is based would cause a change in impairment loss on goodwill. See Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Costs of inventories are determined using themoving-weighted average or weighted average method. Materials-in-transit are determined using the specific identification method. Amounts of inventory are written down to net realizable value due to losses occurring in the normal course of business and the allowance is reported as a contra inventory account, while the related charge is recognized in cost of goods sold.
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The net realizable value is determined based on the latest selling price available at the end of each quarter taking into account the directly attributable selling costs. The latest selling price is the base price which is the negotiated selling price based upon the recent transactions entered into with major customers. Considering that our inventory turnover is approximately two months and inventories at the balance sheet date would be sold during the following two months, we perform valuation of inventories using the base price as of the balance sheet date and adjust for significant changes in selling price occurring subsequent to the reporting date. The selling price range used for determining the net realizable value of our inventories ranged from the inventory cost amount less 20.7% of gross profit margin to the inventory cost amount plus 17.2% of gross profit margin. For inventories in which expected selling prices are less than the cost amount, the necessary adjustment to write-down the inventories to net realizable value is made. There was no recovery in 2014, 2015 and 2016. The valuation losses of inventories recognized within cost of goods sold were Won 42 billion in 2014, Won 153 billion in 2015 and Won 152 billion in 2016.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures
We hold a significant amount of investments in associates and joint ventures, which interests are accounted for using the equity method. As of December 31, 2016, the book value of our investments in associates and joint ventures was Won 3,882 billion. The carrying amounts of our investments in associates and joint ventures are reviewed at the end of the reporting period to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated.
We estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset. If it is impossible to measure the individual recoverable amount of an asset, then we estimate the recoverable amount of cash-generating unit (“CGU”), which is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. The recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. The value in use is estimated by applying a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset or CGU for which estimated future cash flows have not been adjusted, to the estimated future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or CGU. We treat individual operating entities as CGUs, and an impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or a CGU exceeds its recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss.
As part of our impairment review, the operating results, net asset value and future performance forecasts of our associates and joint ventures as well as general market conditions are taken into consideration in order to assess whether there is any objective evidence of impairment, such as significant financial difficulty of the associate or joint venture. Unforeseen circumstances such as adverse market conditions that deviate significantly from our estimates may require us to recognize additional losses on impairment of our interest in our associates and joint ventures. We base our fair value estimates on assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. The use of alternative estimates and assumptions could increase or decrease the estimated fair values used to evaluate impairment of our interest in our associates and joint ventures and potentially have different impacts on our results of operations.
Revenue Recognition for Construction Contracts
POSCO E&C, our consolidated subsidiary, engages in various construction activities, including construction of industrial plants and commercial and residential buildings, and revenue recognition are different based on types of contracts. When the outcome of a construction contract can be estimated reliably, contract revenue is recognized in profit or loss in proportion to the stage of completion of the project. Contract revenue includes the initial amount agreed in the contract plus any variation in contract work, claims and incentive payments, to the extent that it is probable that they will result in
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revenue and can be measured reliably. The stage of completion of a contract is determined based on the proportion that contract costs incurred for work performed to date bear to the estimated total contract costs. On the other hand, when the outcome of a construction contract cannot be estimated reliably, the revenue is recognized only to the extent of contract costs incurred that are likely to be recoverable. An expected loss on the construction contract is recognized as an expense immediately.
Our contract revenue recognition policy requires our management to exercise judgment in estimating the outcome of our contracts and measuring the percentage of completion and actual costs incurred in respect of our projects, which affects the amount and timing of recognition of revenues and cost of sales, provisions for estimated losses, charges against current earnings, trade account receivables and advances. For example, due to factors causing variation in costs for 2016, the estimated total contract costs were changed. Details of changes in estimated total contract costs and the impact on profit before income taxes for 2016 and future periods are as follows:
Changes in estimated total contract costs
Changes in profit before income taxes of construction contracts:
Current period
Future periods.
The effect on current and future profit is estimated based on circumstances that have occurred from the commencement date of the contract to the end of 2016. The estimation is evaluated for total contract costs and expected total contract revenue as of the end of the period. Such estimate may change in future periods.
Our ability to measure reliably the estimated total cost of a project has a significant effect on the amount and timing of recognizing our sales and cost of sales. The timing of recognition of sales we report may differ materially from the timing of actual contract payments received. In addition, to the extent that sales recognized by us exceed the amount of payments to be received by us, such amount is reflected as trade account receivables on our balance sheet. To the extent payments received by us exceed the sales recognized, such amount is reflected under advances from customers on our balance sheet. Thus our ability to measure reliably the estimated total costs and the percentage of completion also affects the amount of our trade account receivables and advances from customers. For a discussion of uncertainty of estimates related to contract revenues and costs, see Note 29(d) of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Deferred Income Taxes
Our deferred income tax assets and liabilities reflect the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which we expect, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying mount of our assets and liabilities. We recognize deferred income tax liability for all taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, except to the extent that we are able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future. We recognize deferred income tax asset for deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that the temporary difference will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which they can be utilized. However, deferred tax is not recognized for taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill or the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting profit or loss nor taxable income. The carrying amount of a deferred income tax asset is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and is reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow the benefit of part or all of that deferred tax asset to be utilized.
We believe that recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities is a significant accounting policy that requires our management’s estimates and assumptions regarding, among other things, the level of
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future taxable income, interpretation of the tax laws and tax planning. Changes in tax laws, projected levels of taxable income and tax planning could affect the effective tax rate and tax balances recorded by us in the future.
Employee Benefits
Our accounting of employee benefits for defined benefit plans involves judgments about uncertain events including, but not limited to, discount rates, life expectancy, future pay inflation and expected rate of return on plan assets. The discount rates are determined by reference to the yield at the reporting date on high quality corporate bonds that have maturity dates approximating the terms of our benefits obligations and that are denominated in the same currency in which the benefits are expected to be paid. We determine the net interest expense (income) on the net defined benefit liability (asset) for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation at the beginning of the annual period to the then-net defined benefit liability (asset), taking into account any changes in the net defined benefit liability (asset) during the period as a result of contributions and benefit payments, net interest expense, and other expenses related to defined benefit plans that are recognized in profit or loss. Due to changing market and economic conditions, the underlying key assumptions may differ from actual developments and may lead to significant changes in our defined benefit plan. We immediately recognize all actuarial gains and losses arising from defined benefit plans in retained earnings. If the estimated average discount rates by actuarial assumptions used in these valuations were increased by 1%, then the estimated provision for severance benefits would have decreased by Won 127 billion, or 7.3% in total. If the estimated future pay inflation rates were decreased by 1%, then the estimated provision for severance benefits would have decreased by Won 129 billion, or 7.5% in total.
Recent Accounting Changes
For a discussion of new standards, interpretations and amendments to existing standards that have been published, see Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
IFRS No. 9 “Financial Instruments”
IFRS No. 9, published in July 2014, is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with earlier adoption permitted. It replaces existing guidance in IAS No. 39 “Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement.” We plan to adopt IFRS No. 9 beginning on January 1, 2018.
Key features of the new standard include the following:
classification and measurement of financial assets that reflect the business model in which the assets are managed and their cash flow characteristics;
impairment methodology that reflects “expected credit loss” model for financial assets; and
expanded scope of hedged items and hedging instruments that qualify for hedge accounting and changes in assessment method for effect of hedging relationships.
IFRS No. 15 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”
IFRS No. 15 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” published in May 2014, is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with earlier adoption permitted. It replaces existing revenue recognition guidance, including IAS No. 18 “Revenue,” IAS No. 11 “Construction Contracts,” SIC No. 31 “Revenue-Barter transactions involving advertising services,” IFRIC No. 13 “Customer Loyalty Programs,” IFRIC No. 15 “Agreements for the construction of real estate,” and
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IFRIC No. 18 “Transfers of assets from customers,” We will apply this standard using one of the following two methods: (a) retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented in accordance with IAS No. 8 “Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors” but using the practical expedients for completed contracts, in which completed contracts for the earliest prior period presented are not restated; or (b) retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying this standard recognized at the date of initial application. We plan to adopt IFRS No. 15 in its consolidated financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2018, but we have not determined the transition method.
Existing IFRS standards and interpretations including IAS No. 18 provide revenue recognition guidance by transaction types such as sales of goods, rendering of services, interest income, royalty income, dividend income and construction revenue. However, under the new standard of IFRS No. 15, the five-step approach ((1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations under the contract and (5) recognize revenue when the entity satisfied a performance obligation) is applied for all types of contracts or agreements.
IFRS No. 16 “Leases”
IFRS No. 16 “Leases,” published in January 2016, replaces the existing guidance under IAS No. 17 “Leases,” IFRIC No. 4 “Determining whether an Arrangement contains a Lease,” SIC No. 15 “Operating Leases-Incentives” and SIC No. 27 “Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease.” IFRS No. 16 eliminates the classification of leases as either operating leases or finance leases for a lessee. Instead, all leases are treated in a similar way to finance leases applying IAS No. 17.
IFRS No. 16 is effective beginning on January 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for companies that also adopt IFRS No. 15. As of December 31, 2016, we have not started the evaluation of the impact on our consolidated financial statements resulting from the application of IFRS No. 16.
Explanatory Note Regarding Presentation of Certain Financial Information under K-IFRS
In addition to preparing financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB included in this annual report, we also prepare financial statements in accordance with K-IFRS as adopted by the KASB, which we are required to file with the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange under the FSCMA.
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Starting in 2012, we were required to adopt certain amendments and interpretations to K-IFRS, relating to presentation of operating profit. Additionally, under K-IFRS, revenue from the development and sale of real estate is recognized using the percentage of completion method. However, under IFRS as issued by the IASB, revenue from the development and sale of certain real estate is recognized when an individual unit of residential real estate is delivered to the buyer. As a result, our consolidated statements of comprehensive income and our consolidated statements of financial position prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB included in this annual report differ from our consolidated statements of comprehensive income and consolidated statements of financial position prepared in accordance with K-IFRS. The table below sets forth a reconciliation of our operating profit and net income or loss as presented in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB for each of the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 to our operating profit and net income or loss in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income prepared in accordance with K-IFRS, for each of the corresponding years, taking into account such differences:
Operating profit under IFRS as issued by the IASB
Additions:
Impairment loss on assets held for sale
Loss on disposals of assets held for sale
Loss on disposals of investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures
Loss on disposals of property, plant and equipment
Impairment loss on property, plant and equipment
Impairment loss on intangible assets
Other bad debt expenses
Idle tangible assets expenses
Impairment loss on other non-current assets
Other provision expenses
Donations
Deductions:
Gain on disposals of assets held for sale
Gain on disposals of investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures
Gain on disposals of property, plant and equipment
Recovery of allowance for other doubtful accounts
Rental revenues
Gain on insurance proceeds
Revenue recognition related to development and sale of real estate
Cost of sales recognition related to development and sale of real estate
Operating profit under K-IFRS
Net income (loss) under IFRS as issued by the IASB
Adjustments related to development and sale of real estate:
Revenue
Income tax
Net income (loss) under K-IFRS
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Operating Results — 2015 Compared to 2016
The following table presents our income statement information and changes therein for 2015 and 2016.
Share of loss of equity-accounted investees
Profit for the period attributable to owners of the controlling company
Loss for the period attributable to non-controlling interests
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The following table presents our revenue by segment and changes therein for 2015 and 2016.
Steel Segment:
External revenue
Internal revenue
Total revenue from Steel Segment
Trading Segment:
Total revenue from Trading Segment
Construction Segment:
Total revenue from Construction Segment
Others Segment:
Total revenue from Others Segment
Total revenue prior to consolidation adjustments and basis difference
Basis difference (1)
Our revenue decreased by 9.5%, or Won 5,582 billion, from Won 58,522 billion in 2015 to Won 52,940 billion in 2016 due to decreases in external revenues from each of our four segments. Specifically:
Steel Segment. External revenue from the Steel Segment, which does not include internal revenue from inter-company transactions that are eliminated during consolidation, decreased by 5.1%, or Won 1,449 billion, from Won 28,293 billion in 2015 to Won 26,844 billion primarily due to a decrease in the average unit sales price per ton of the principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers, which was offset in part by an increase in our sales volume of the steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers (including miscellaneous steel products not included in any of our major product categories). The weighted average unit sales price per ton of the principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers decreased by 6.6% from Won 798,217 per ton in 2015 to Won 745,476 per ton in 2016, while the overall sales volume of the steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers (including miscellaneous steel products) increased by 4.1% from 31.6 million tons in 2015 to 32.9 million tons in 2016. Such factors were principally attributable to the following:
The unit sales prices in Won of each of our major product categories decreased from 2015 to 2016. Silicon steel sheets, wire rods, stainless steel products, hot rolled products, plates and
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cold rolled products produced by us and directly sold to external customers decreased by 17.0%, 11.9%, 9.2%, 7.6%, 5.0% and 4.6%, respectively, from 2015 to 2016. For a discussion of changes in the unit sales prices of each of our principal product lines, see “— Overview — Sales Volume, Prices and Product Mix” above.
The sales volume of each of our major product categories increased from 2015 to 2016. The sales volume of stainless steel products, cold rolled products, plates, wire rods, hot rolled products and silicon steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers increased by 9.8%, 6.0%, 3.5%, 2.6%, 1.1% and 0.2%, respectively, from 2015 to 2016. For a discussion of changes in sales volume of each of our principal product lines, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview — Major Products.”
Total revenue from the Steel Segment, which includes internal revenue from inter-company transactions, decreased by 4.3%, or Won 1,931 billion, from Won 44,837 billion in 2015 to Won 42,906 billion in 2016 as internal revenue from inter-company transactions decreased by 2.9%, or Won 482 billion, from Won 16,544 billion in 2015 to Won 16,062 billion in 2016. Such decrease primarily reflected, in addition to factors discussed above, a decrease in the average unit sales price of the steel products sold to our sales subsidiaries.
Trading Segment. External revenue from the Trading Segment, which does not include internal revenue from inter-company transactions that are eliminated during consolidation, decreased by 8.4%, or Won 1,541 billion, from Won 18,315 billion in 2015 to Won 16,774 billion in 2016 primarily due to a decrease in third-country trades by POSCO Daewoo and our other trading subsidiaries from 2015 to 2016, reflecting market conditions related to the deterioration of the global economy that has been characterized by weaker demand and falling prices for export and import products, reduced trading volume and intense competition among trading companies.
Total revenue from the Trading Segment, which includes internal revenue from inter-company transactions, decreased by 2.2%, or Won 587 billion, from Won 27,008 billion in 2015 to Won 26,420 billion in 2016 as internal revenue from inter-company transactions increased by 11.0%, or Won 954 billion, from Won 8,692 billion in 2015 to Won 9,646 billion in 2016 primarily due to an increase in our steel sales activities through trading subsidiaries.
Construction Segment. External revenue from the Construction Segment, which does not include internal revenue from inter-company transactions that are eliminated during consolidation, decreased by 20.5%, or Won 1,747 billion, from Won 8,516 billion in 2015 to Won 6,768 billion in 2016 primarily due to a general decrease in POSCO E&C’s construction activities reflecting weakening of market conditions in the domestic construction industry as well as a decrease in demand for EPC projects in Korea and abroad.
Total revenue from the Construction Segment, which includes internal revenue from inter-company transactions, decreased by 24.2%, or Won 2,386 billion, from Won 9,868 billion in 2015 to Won 7,482 billion in 2016 as internal revenue from inter-company transactions decreased by 47.2%, or Won 638 billion, from Won 1,352 billion in 2015 to Won 714 billion in 2016. Such decrease in internal revenue reflected a decrease in the amount of construction activities for member companies of the POSCO Group in 2016 compared to 2015.
Others Segment. The Others Segment primarily includes power generation, LNG production, network and system integration, logistics and magnesium coil and sheet production. External revenue from the Others Segment, which does not include internal revenue from inter-company transactions that are eliminated during consolidation, decreased by 12.1%, or Won 371 billion, from Won 3,068 billion in 2015 to Won 2,697 billion in 2016 primarily due to a decrease in revenue of POSCO Energy Corporation reflecting decreases in the unit price as well as volume of electric power sold.
Total revenue from the Others Segment, which includes internal revenue from inter-company transactions, decreased by 11.9%, or Won 683 billion, from Won 5,760 billion in 2015 to
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Won 5,077 billion in 2016 as internal revenue from inter-company transactions decreased by 11.6% or Won 311 billion, from Won 2,691 billion in 2015 to Won 2,380 billion in 2016. Such decrease primarily reflected a decrease in inter-company sales related to a general reduction in investments made by the POSCO Group in 2016.
Cost of Sales
Our cost of sales decreased by 11.0%, or Won 5,747 billion, from Won 52,018 billion in 2015 to Won 46,271 billion in 2016. The decrease in cost of sales was primarily due to decreases in the average price in Won terms of key raw materials that were used to manufacture our finished goods sold, as well as a decrease in construction activities as discussed above, which were partially offset by an increase in our sales volume of steel products.
The following table presents a breakdown of our cost of sales by segment, prior to adjusting for inter-company transactions that are eliminated during consolidation and basis difference, and changes therein for 2015 and 2016.
Steel Segment
Trading Segment
Construction Segment
Others Segment
SteelSegment. The cost of sales of our Steel Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, decreased by 7.3%, or Won 2,944 billion, from Won 40,381 billion in 2015 to Won 37,437 billion in 2016 primarily due to decreases in the average price in Won terms of key raw materials that were used to manufacture our finished goods sold, the impact of which was partially offset by an increase in our sales volume of the principal steel products produced by us and sold to external and internal customers.
Trading Segment. The cost of sales of our Trading Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, decreased by 1.8%, or Won 473 billion, from Won 25,563 billion in 2015 to Won 25,090 billion in 2016 primarily due to decreases in cost of export and import products sold as well as our trading volumes, the impact of which was partially offset by an increase in the production costs related to gas produced at the Myanmar gas fields and sold to customers.
Construction Segment. The cost of sales of our Construction Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, decreased by 18.2%, or Won 1,685 billion, from Won 9,248 billion in 2015 to Won 7,564 billion in 2016 in line with the decrease in the level of construction activities described above.
Others Segment. The cost of sales of our Others Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, decreased by 12.6%, or Won 651 billion, from Won 5,158 billion in 2015 to Won 4,507 billion in 2016 primarily due to decreases in the average price in Won terms of key raw materials used to produce electricity as well as the volume of electricity produced and sold by POSCO Energy Corporation.
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Gross Profit
Our gross profit increased by 2.5%, or Won 164 billion, from Won 6,504 billion in 2015 to Won 6,668 billion in 2016 primarily due to an increase in gross profit of our Steel Segment, which was partially offset by decreases in gross profit of our Construction Segment, Trading Segment and Others Segment. Our gross margin increased from 11.1% in 2015 to 12.6% in 2016.
The following table presents our gross profit by segment, prior to adjusting for inter-company transactions that are eliminated during consolidation and basis difference, and changes therein for 2015 and 2016.
SteelSegment. The gross profit of our Steel Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, increased by 22.7%, or Won 1,013 billion, from Won 4,456 billion in 2015 to Won 5,469 billion in 2016 primarily due to a decrease in the average price in Won terms of coal and other key raw materials that were used to manufacture our finished steel products sold as well as an increase in the overall sales volume of our principal steel products, which were partially offset by a decrease in the average unit sales price per ton of the principal steel products produced by us and sold to external and internal customers, as discussed above. The gross margin of our Steel Segment, which is gross profit as a percentage of total revenue prior to consolidation adjustments, increased from 9.9% in 2015 to 12.7% in 2016, as we focused our production and marketing efforts on selling higher margin, higher value added premium products in 2016.
Trading Segment. The gross profit of our Trading Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, decreased by 7.9%, or Won 115 billion, from Won 1,445 billion in 2015 to Won 1,330 billion in 2016, reflecting a decrease in trading margins from weaker demand and falling prices for export and import products, which was partially offset by an increase in gross profit of the Myanmar gas fields. The gross margin of our Trading Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, decreased from 5.3% in 2015 to 5.0% in 2016.
Construction Segment. Our Construction Segment recorded gross profit of Won 619 billion in 2015 compared to gross loss of Won 82 billion in 2016, and the gross margin decreased from 6.3% in 2015 to (1.1)% in 2016, primarily due to losses incurred in connection with overseas construction projects, in particular a loss of Won 157 billion in 2016 related to delay in construction of the CSP-Companhia Siderurgia do Pecem steel plant complex in Brazil, as well as a decrease in the amount of relatively high-margin construction projects for member companies of the POSCO Group. Weakening of market conditions in the domestic construction industry in recent years, particularly relating to the public sector, resulted in an increase in competition.
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Others Segment. The gross profit of our Others Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, decreased by 5.3%, or Won 32 billion, from Won 601 billion in 2015 to Won 570 billion in 2016 primarily due to decreases in gross profit of POSCO Energy Corporation. Despite such decreases, gross margin increased from 10.4% in 2015 to 11.2% in 2016 due to the larger decrease in revenue as discussed above.
Selling and Administrative Expenses
The following table presents a breakdown of our selling and administrative expenses and changes therein for 2015 and 2016.
Freight and custody expenses
Sales commissions
Sales promotion
Sales insurance premium
Contract cost
Total selling expenses
Wages and salaries
Expenses related to post-employment benefits
Other employee benefits
Depreciation and amortization
Taxes and public dues
Rental
Advertising
Research and development
Service fees
Bad debt allowance
Total administrative expenses
Total selling and administrative expenses
Our selling and administrative expenses decreased by 6.8%, or Won 279 billion, from Won 4,124 billion in 2015 to Won 3,845 billion in 2016 primarily due to decreases in freight and custody expenses, wages and salaries and rental expenses, which were partially offset by an increase in expenses related to post-employment benefits. Such factors were principally attributable to the following:
Our freight and custody expenses decreased by 12.4%, or Won 190 billion, from Won 1,532 billion in 2015 to Won 1,342 billion in 2016 primarily due to a decrease in freight rates, which was offset in part by an increase in our export volume.
Our wages and salaries decreased by 5.1%, or Won 41 billion, from Won 811 billion in 2015 to Won 770 billion in 2016 primarily due to a decrease in the number of administrative personnel, including decrease related to the early retirement programs of POSCO E&C and POSCO Engineering in 2016.
Our rental expenses decreased by 31.6%, or Won 38 billion, from Won 120 billion in 2015 to Won 82 billion in 2016 primarily due to decreases in payments for data communications lease lines and lease cars.
Our expenses related to post-employment benefits increased by 130.2%, or Won 114 billion, from Won 87 billion in 2015 to Won 201 billion in 2016 primarily due to expenses related to the early retirement programs of POSCO E&C and POSCO Engineering Co., Ltd.
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Other Operating Income and Expenses
The following table presents a breakdown of our other operating income and expenses and changes therein for 2015 and 2016.
Total other operating income
Our other operating income decreased by 60.8%, or Won 334 billion, from Won 549 billion in 2015 to Won 215 billion in 2016 primarily due to decreases in gain on disposals of assets held for sale and gain on disposals of investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures. Our gain on disposals of assets held for sale decreased by 89.9%, or Won 205 billion, from Won 228 billion in 2015 to Won 23 billion in 2016. In 2015, we recognized a gain of Won 228 billion on disposals of assets held for sale primarily from the disposal of our 52.2% interest in SeAH Changwon Integrated Special Steel (formerly POSCO Specialty Steel Co., Ltd.) and our shares in POSFINE Co., Ltd. In 2016, we recognized a gain of Won 23 billion on disposal of assets held for sale primarily from the disposal of our 80.0% interest in POSCO LED Co., Ltd. Our gain on disposals of investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures decreased by 73.7%, or Won 65 billion, from Won 89 billion in 2015 to Won 23 billion in 2016 primarily due to a decrease in disposition of our interests in some of our subsidiaries and associates as part of our reorganization efforts.
Others (1)
Total other operating expenses
Our other operating expenses decreased by 47.6%, or Won 687 billion, from Won 1,442 billion in 2015 to Won 756 billion in 2016, primarily due to our recognition of lawsuit settlement expenses related to the litigation with Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation in 2015 as well as decreases
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in our loss on disposals of assets held for sale, impairment loss on assets held for sale, other bad debt expenses and impairment loss on intangible assets, which were partially offset by an increase in impairment loss on property, plant and equipment. Such factors were principally attributable to the following:
We recognized lawsuit settlement expenses of Won 299 billion in 2015 related to the litigation with Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation, compared to no such expenses in 2016.
Our loss on disposals of assets held for sale decreased by 99.9%, or Won 190 billion, from Won 190 billion in 2015 to Won 0.3 billion in 2016 primarily due to the loss related to disposal of our investment in Nacional Minerios S.A. in 2015.
Our impairment loss on assets held for sale decreased by 81.4%, or Won 109 billion, from Won 134 billion in 2015 to Won 25 billion in 2016. In 2015, our impairment loss related primarily to classification of our investment in Nacional Minerios S.A. as assets held for sale and impairment loss from the fair value of such investment less cost to sell being below the carrying amount. In 2016, our impairment loss related primarily to a decrease in value of a building in Songdo.
Our other bad debt expenses decreased by 68.2%, or Won 108 billion, from Won 158 billion in 2015 to Won 50 billion in 2016. In 2015, our other bad debt expenses primarily related to POSCO Plantec’s receivables in Iran and POSCO Daewoo’s receivables in Kazakhstan. In 2016, our other bad debt expenses related primarily to financing of the Dongtan Metapolis project of POSCO E&C.
Our impairment loss on intangible assets decreased by 20.8%, or Won 34 billion, from Won 161 billion in 2015 to Won 128 billion in 2016. In 2015, we recognized impairment losses on goodwill relating to EPC Equities LLP of Won 46 billion, POSCO Plantec Co., Ltd. of Won 38 billion and POSCO Thainox Public Company Limited of Won 16 billion. In 2016, our impairment loss on intangible assets related primarily to impairment loss on goodwill of Won 83 billion relating to POSCO Engineering Co., Ltd. In addition, we recognized full impairment loss of Won 12 billion relating to SANTOS CMI S.A.
Our impairment loss on property, plant and equipment increased by 44.5%, or Won 61 billion, from Won 136 billion in 2015 to Won 197 billion in 2016 primarily due to Won 62 billion of impairment loss in 2016 related to continuing operating loss of the fuel cell business of POSCO Energy. In addition, we recorded Won 58 billion of impairment loss in 2016 related to disposal plans of certain assets.
Operating Profit
Due to the factors described above, our operating profit increased by 53.6%, or Won 796 billion, from Won 1,486 billion in 2015 to Won 2,282 billion in 2016. Our operating margin increased from 2.5% in 2015 to 4.3% in 2016.
Share of Loss of Equity-Accounted Investees
Our share of loss ofequity-accounted investees decreased by 82.5%, or by Won 417 billion, from Won 506 billion in 2015 to Won 89 billion in 2016. In 2015, we recognized a net loss for our proportionate share of equity-accounted investees of Won 506 billion primarily due to our share of losses of Eureka Moly LLC (Won 147 billion),CSP-Compania Siderurgica do Pecem (Won 145 billion) and DMSA/AMSA (Won 138 billion), which were partially offset by our share of profits ofSouth-East Asia Gas Pipeline Company Ltd. (Won 54 billion), KOBRASCO (Won 31 billion) and AES-VCM Mong Duong Power Company Limited (Won 30 billion). In 2016, we recognized a net loss for our proportionate share of equity-accounted investees of Won 89 billion primarily due to our share of losses of POSCO Plantec Co., Ltd. (Won 172 billion) and DMSA/AMSA (Won 60 billion), which were
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partially offset by our share of profits of CSP-Compania Siderurgica do Pecem (Won 117 billion) andSouth-East Asia Gas Pipeline Company Ltd. (Won 47 billion). See Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Finance Income and Finance Costs
The following table presents a breakdown of our finance income and costs and changes therein for 2015 and 2016.
Interest income
Dividend income
Gain on foreign currency transactions
Gain on foreign currency translations
Gain on derivatives transactions
Gain on valuation of derivatives
Gain on disposals of available-for-sale financial assets
Total finance income
Interest expenses
Loss on foreign currency transactions
Loss on foreign currency translations
Loss on derivatives transactions
Loss on valuation of derivatives
Impairment loss on available-for-sale financial assets
Total finance costs
Our net loss on foreign currency translations decreased by 89.0%, or Won 223 billion, from Won 251 billion in 2015 to Won 28 billion in 2016, and our net loss on foreign currency transactions decreased by 13.1%, or Won 17 billion, from Won 132 billion in 2015 to Won 115 billion in 2016, as the Won depreciated against the Dollar in both 2015 and 2016. Such net losses were also impacted by depreciation of the Won against the Brazilian real and the Australian dollar in 2015 compared to appreciation of the Won against the Brazilian real and the Australian dollar in 2016. In terms of the market average exchange rates announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd., the Won depreciated from Won 1,099.2 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2014 to Won 1,172.0 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2015 and further depreciated, but to a lesser extent, to Won 1,208.5 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2016. Against such fluctuations, we recognized a net gain on valuation of derivatives of Won 83 billion in 2015 compared to a net loss on valuations of derivatives of Won 16 billion in 2016, as well as a net gain on transactions of derivatives of Won 23 billion in 2015 compared to a net loss on transactions of derivatives of Won 22 billion in 2016.
Our interest expenses decreased by 16.5%, or Won 130 billion, from Won 789 billion in 2015 to Won 659 billion in 2016 primarily due to a general decrease in interest rates in Korea as well as a decrease in the level of short-term borrowings.
Our impairment loss on available-for-sale financial assets increased by 74.0%, or Won 106 billion, from Won 143 billion in 2015 to Won 248 billion in 2016 primarily due to an increase in our impairment related primarily to a significant and prolonged decline in the fair value of shares of Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation below cost.
Our dividend income decreased by 77.7%, or Won 143 billion, from Won 184 billion in 2015 to Won 41 billion in 2016 primarily due to dividends of Won 146 billion in 2015 related to our interest in Nacional Minerios S.A. compared to no such dividends in 2016.
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Income Tax Expense
Our income tax expense increased by 42.4%, or Won 113 billion, from Won 267 billion in 2015 to Won 380 billion in 2016. Our effective tax rate decreased from 177.3% in 2015 to 26.9% in 2016 primarily due to the following:
a decrease in tax related to investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures from Won 440 billion in 2015 to Won 77 billion in 2016 (that resulted in a decrease in effective tax rate of 286.9%). In 2015, some of our consolidated subsidiaries incurred losses, which caused Won 212 billion of decrease in unrecognized deferred tax assets for subsidiaries and associates during such year.
a decrease in tax credits from Won 152 billion in 2015 to Won 30 billion in 2016 (that resulted in an increase in effective tax rate of 99.1%). In 2015, there was a large amount of tax credit primarily due to claim for rectification.
a decrease in over provision from prior years from Won 47 billion in 2015 to Won 12 billion in 2016 (that resulted in an increase in effective tax rate of 30.5%). In 2015, there was an increase in over provision from prior years related to a favorable ruling in a tax audit appeal.
See Note 35 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Profit (Loss)
Due to the factors described above, we recorded loss of Won 116 billion in 2015 compared to profit of Won 1,032 billion in 2016.
The following table presents our profit and loss by segment, prior to adjusting forinter-company transactions that are eliminated during consolidation, goodwill and corporate fair-value adjustments, income tax expense and basis difference, and changes therein for 2015 and 2016.
Goodwill and corporate fair value adjustments
Elimination of inter-segment profits
Basis difference (2)
Profit (loss) for the year
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Operating Results – 2014 Compared to 2015
The following table presents our income statement information and changes therein for 2014 and 2015.
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The following table presents our revenue by segment and changes therein for 2014 and 2015.
Our revenue decreased by 9.6%, or Won 6,236 billion, from Won 64,759 billion in 2014 to Won 58,522 billion in 2015 primarily due to decreases in external revenues from the Steel Segment, the Trading Segment and the Others Segment, which were offset in part by an increase in external revenues from the Construction Segment. Specifically:
SteelSegment. External revenue from the Steel Segment, which does not include internal revenue from inter-company transactions that are eliminated during consolidation, decreased by 11.1%, or Won 3,549 billion, from Won 31,842 billion in 2014 to Won 28,293 billion primarily due to a decrease in the average unit sales price per ton of the principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers, which was offset in part by an increase in our sales volume of the steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers (including miscellaneous steel products not included in any of our major product categories). The weighted average unit sales price per ton of the principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers decreased by 14.8% from Won 936,405 per ton in 2014 to Won 798,217 per ton in 2015, while the overall sales volume of the steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers
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(including miscellaneous steel products) increased by 3.9% from 30.4 million tons in 2014 to 31.6 million tons in 2015. Such factors were principally attributable to the following:
The unit sales prices in Won of hot rolled products, wire rods, plates, stainless steel products and cold rolled products produced by us and directly sold to external customers decreased by 20.1%, 19.5%, 19.3%, 14.4% and 11.2%, respectively, from 2014 to 2015. On the other hand, the unit sales prices in Won of silicon steel sheets produced by us and directly sold to external customers increased by 5.1% from 2014 to 2015. For a discussion of changes in the unit sales prices of each of our principal product lines, see “— Overview — Sales Volume, Prices and Product Mix” above.
The sales volume of wire rods, hot rolled products, stainless steel products and cold rolled products produced by us and directly sold to external customers increased by 11.2%, 9.7%, 4.1% and 1.0%, respectively, from 2014 to 2015. On the other hand, our sales volume of plates and silicon steel sheets produced by us and directly sold to external customers decreased by 1.1% and 0.7%, respectively, from 2014 to 2015. For a discussion of changes in sales volume of each of our principal product lines, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview — Major Products.”
Total revenue from the Steel Segment, which includes internal revenue from inter-company transactions, decreased by 9.6%, or Won 4,760 billion, from Won 49,597 billion in 2014 to Won 44,837 billion in 2015 as internal revenue from inter-company transactions decreased by 6.8%, or Won 1,211 billion, from Won 17,755 billion in 2014 to Won 16,543 billion in 2015. Such decrease primarily reflected a decrease in the average unit sales price of the steel products sold to our sales subsidiaries, which was offset in part by an increase in reliance on sales subsidiaries for the sale of our steel products.
TradingSegment. External revenue from the Trading Segment, which does not include internal revenue from inter-company transactions that are eliminated during consolidation, decreased by 13.5%, or Won 2,850 billion, from Won 21,166 billion in 2014 to Won 18,315 billion in 2015 primarily due to a decrease in third-country trades by POSCO Daewoo and our other trading subsidiaries from 2014 to 2015, reflecting market conditions related to the deterioration of the global economy that has been characterized by weaker demand and falling prices for export and import products, reduced trading volume and intense competition among trading companies, which were partially offset by an increase in revenue from natural resources development activities, particularly from revenue related to the gas produced at the Myanmar gas fields.
Total revenue from the Trading Segment, which includes internal revenue from inter-company transactions, decreased by 13.6%, or Won 4,253 billion, from Won 31,261 billion in 2014 to Won 27,008 billion in 2015 as internal revenue from inter-company transactions decreased by 13.9%, or Won 1,403 billion, from Won 10,095 billion in 2014 to Won 8,692 billion in 2015 primarily due to the reasons stated above.
Construction Segment. External revenue from the Construction Segment, which does not include internal revenue from inter-company transactions that are eliminated during consolidation, increased by 4.9%, or Won 397 billion, from Won 8,119 billion in 2014 to Won 8,516 billion in 2015 primarily due to an increase in POSCO E&C’s construction activities in Brazil relating to the construction of a steel plant.
Total revenue from the Construction Segment, which includes internal revenue from inter-company transactions, decreased by 4.2%, or Won 436 billion, from Won 10,304 billion in 2014 to Won 9,868 billion in 2015 as internal revenue frominter-company transactions decreased by 38.1%, or Won 832 billion, from Won 2,185 billion in 2014 to Won 1,352 billion in 2015. Such decrease primarily reflected a decrease in the amount of construction activities for member companies of the POSCO Group, which was partially offset by an increase in external revenue as discussed above.
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Others Segment. The Others Segment includes power generation, LNG production, network and system integration, logistics and magnesium coil and sheet production. External revenue from the Others Segment, which does not include internal revenue from inter-company transactions that are eliminated during consolidation, decreased by 22.7%, or Won 903 billion, from Won 3,972 billion in 2014 to Won 3,068 billion in 2015 primarily due to a decrease in revenue of POSCO Energy Corporation reflecting a decrease in the unit price of electric power sold, which was offset in part by an increase in the volume of power sold.
Total revenue from the Others Segment, which includes internal revenue from inter-company transactions, decreased by 18.5%, or Won 1,307 billion, from Won 7,066 billion in 2014 to Won 5,760 billion in 2015 as internal revenue from inter-company transactions decreased by 13.0%, or Won 403 billion, from Won 3,095 billion in 2014 to Won 2,691 billion in 2015. Such decrease primarily reflected a decrease in inter-company sales of POSCO ICT Co., Ltd. due to a general reduction in investments made by the POSCO Group in 2015, which in turn reduced demand for system network integration and outsourcing services provided by POSCO ICT Co., Ltd. In addition, inter-company sales between eNtoB Corporation and POSCO E&C related to the construction of a synthetic natural gas production plant in Gwangyang also decreased in 2015 due to the substantial completion of POSCO E&C’s construction activities during 2015.
Our cost of sales decreased by 9.5%, or Won 5,447 billion, from Won 57,465 billion in 2014 to Won 52,018 billion in 2015. The decrease in cost of sales was primarily due to decreases in the average price in Won terms of key raw materials that were used to manufacture our finished goods sold, as well as a decrease in trading activities as discussed above, which were partially offset by an increase in our sales volume of steel products.
The following table presents a breakdown of our cost of sales by segment, prior to adjusting for inter-company transactions that are eliminated during consolidation, and changes therein for 2014 and 2015.
SteelSegment. The cost of sales of our Steel Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, decreased by 9.4%, or Won 4,207 billion, from Won 44,587 billion in 2014 to Won 40,381 billion in 2015 primarily due to decreases in the average price in Won terms of key raw materials that were used to manufacture our finished goods sold, the impact of which was partially offset by an increase in our sales volume of the principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers.
Trading Segment. The cost of sales of our Trading Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, decreased by 14.5%, or Won 4,321 billion, from Won 29,884 billion in 2014 to
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Won 25,563 billion in 2015 primarily due to decreases in cost of export and import products sold as well as our trading volumes, the impact of which was partially offset by an increase in the production costs related to gas produced at the Myanmar gas fields and sold to customers.
ConstructionSegment. The cost of sales of our Construction Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, decreased by 3.2%, or Won 305 billion, from Won 9,554 billion in 2014 to Won 9,248 billion in 2015 in line with the decrease in total revenue from the Construction Segment.
Others Segment. The cost of sales of our Others Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, decreased by 19.0%, or Won 1,208 billion, from Won 6,366 billion in 2014 to Won 5,158 billion in 2015 primarily due to decreases in the average price in Won terms of key raw materials of POSCO Energy Corporation.
Our gross profit decreased by 10.8%, or Won 789 billion, from Won 7,293 billion in 2014 to Won 6,504 billion in 2015 primarily due to decreases in gross profit of our Steel Segment, Construction Segment and Others Segment, which were partially offset by an increase in gross profit of our Trading Segment. Our gross margin decreased from 11.3% in 2014 to 11.1% in 2015.
The following table presents our gross profit by segment, prior to adjusting forinter-company transactions that are eliminated during consolidation, and changes therein for 2014 and 2015.
SteelSegment. The gross profit of our Steel Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, decreased by 11.0%, or Won 553 billion, from Won 5,010 billion in 2014 to Won 4,456 billion in 2015 primarily due to a decrease in the average unit sales price per ton of the principal steel products produced by us and directly sold to external customers, which was partially offset by a decrease in the average price in Won terms of coal and other key raw materials that were used to manufacture our finished steel products sold and an increase in the overall sales volume of our principal steel products, as discussed above. The gross margin of our Steel Segment, which is gross profit as a percentage of total revenue prior to consolidation adjustments, decreased from 10.1% in 2014 to 9.9% in 2015.
TradingSegment. The gross profit of our Trading Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, increased by 4.9%, or Won 68 billion, from Won 1,376 billion in 2014 to Won 1,445 billion in 2015, reflecting POSCO Daewoo’s and our other trading subsidiaries’ efforts to streamline their trading operations to focus on higher margin trades, as well as an increase in gross profit of the Myanmar gas fields. The gross margin of our Trading Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, increased from 4.4% in 2014 to 5.3% in 2015.
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Construction Segment. The gross profit of our Construction Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, decreased by 17.4%, or Won 130 billion, from Won 750 billion in 2014 to Won 619 billion in 2015, and the gross margin decreased from 7.3% in 2014 to 6.3% in 2015 primarily due to a decrease in construction activities for member companies of the POSCO Group, as well as the weakening of market conditions in the domestic construction industry in 2015 that resulted in an increase in competition.
Others Segment. The gross profit of our Others Segment, prior to consolidation adjustments, decreased by 14.1%, or Won 99 billion, from Won 700 billion in 2014 to Won 601 billion in 2015 primarily due to decreases in gross profit of POSCO Chemtech Co., Ltd., POS-HIMetal Co., Ltd. and POSCO ICT Co., Ltd. Despite such decreases, gross margin increased from 9.9% in 2014 to 10.4% in 2015 due to the larger decrease in revenue as discussed above.
The following table presents a breakdown of our selling and administrative expenses and changes therein for 2014 and 2015.
Our selling and administrative expenses increased by 1.3%, or Won 54 billion, from Won 4,070 billion in 2014 to Won 4,124 billion in 2015 primarily due to increases in bad debt allowance, labor-related expenses and expenses related to post-employment benefits, which were partially offset by a decrease in research and development expenses and freight and custody expenses. Such factors were principally attributable to the following:
Our bad debt allowance increased by 74.1%, or Won 81 billion, from Won 109 billion in 2014 to Won 190 billion in 2015 primarily due to additional bad debt allowance recognized related to POSCO Daewoo’s outstanding receivables in Kazakhstan as well as POSCO E&C’s bad debt allowance related to pre-sales of residential apartments in Chungnam, Korea.
Our labor-related expenses included in selling and administrative expenses, which consist of wages and salaries, other employee benefits and expenses related to post-employment
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benefits, increased by 6.8%, or Won 70 billion, from Won 1,022 billion in 2014 to Won 1,092 billion in 2015 primarily due to increases in wages as well as post-employment benefits and other employee benefits related to an increase in early retirement of our employees in 2015, which were offset in part by a decrease in the number of administrative personnel.
Our research and development expenses decreased by 22.7%, or Won 40 billion, from Won 175 billion in 2014 to Won 136 billion in 2015 primarily due to a decrease in our development activities for new products.
Our freight and custody expenses decreased by 1.3%, or Won 20 billion, from Won 1,552 billion in 2014 to Won 1,532 billion in 2015 primarily due to an increase in our export volume, which was offset in part by a decrease in freight rates.
The following table presents a breakdown of our other operating income and expenses and changes therein for 2014 and 2015.
Our other operating income increased by 103.8%, or Won 280 billion, from Won 269 billion in 2014 to Won 549 billion in 2015 primarily due to increases in gain on disposals of assets held for sale and gain on disposals of investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures. Our gain on disposals of assets held for sale increased by 372.6%, or Won 180 billion, from Won 48 billion in 2014 to Won 228 billion in 2015. In 2014, we recognized a gain of Won 48 billion on disposals of assets held for sale primarily from our disposition of International Business Center Corporation shares. In 2015, we recognized a gain of Won 228 billion on disposals of assets held for sale primarily from the disposal of our 52.2% interest in SeAH Changwon Integrated Special Steel (formerly POSCO Specialty Steel Co., Ltd.) and our shares in POSFINE Co., Ltd. Our gain on disposals of investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures increased by 115.0%, or Won 47 billion, from Won 41 billion in 2014 to Won 89 billion in 2015 primarily due to disposition of our interests in some of our subsidiaries and associates as part of our reorganization efforts.
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Others (2)
Our other operating expenses increased by 47.2%, or Won 463 billion, from Won 980 billion in 2014 to Won 1,442 billion in 2015, primarily due to our recognition of lawsuit settlement expenses in 2015 related to the litigation with Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation as well as increases in our loss on disposals of assets held for sale, impairment loss on assets held for sale, impairment loss on intangible assets and impairment loss on property, plant and equipment, which were partially offset by decreases in penalty and additional tax payments and our other provision expenses. Such factors were principally attributable to the following:
We recognized lawsuit settlement expenses of Won 299 billion in 2015 related to the litigation with Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation, compared to no such expenses in 2014. See “Item 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information — Legal Proceedings.”
We recognized a loss on disposals of assets held for sale of Won 190 billion in 2015 primarily due to the disposal of our investment in Nacional Minerios S.A. In 2014, we only recognized Won 14 million of loss on disposals of assets held for sale.
Our impairment loss on assets held for sale increased by 676.2%, or Won 116 billion, from Won 17 billion in 2014 to Won 134 billion in 2015 primarily due to classification of our investment in Nacional Minerios S.A. as assets held for sale and impairment loss from the fair value of such investment less cost to sell being below the carrying amount.
Our impairment loss on intangible assets increased by 192.3%, or Won 106 billion, from Won 55 billion in 2014 to Won 161 billion in 2015 primarily due to impairment losses in goodwill in 2015 relating to EPC Equities LLP of Won 46 billion, POSCO Plantec Co., Ltd. of Won 38 billion and POSCO Thainox Public Company Limited of Won 16 billion.
Our impairment loss on property, plant and equipment increased by 110.2%, or Won 71 billion, from Won 65 billion in 2014 to Won 136 billion in 2015 primarily due to an impairment loss of Won 46 billion related to the suspension of operation of our magnesium plant in Gangneung, Korea.
Our penalty and additional tax payments decreased by 98.7%, or Won 348 billion, from Won 352 billion in 2014 to Won 5 billion in 2015 primarily due to additional tax payments of Won 272 billion resulting from Korea National tax Service’s periodic audit completed in 2014, which mostly related to value added taxes, compared to no such expenses in 2015.
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Our other provision expenses decreased by 85.5%, or Won 108 billion, from Won 127 billion in 2014 to Won 18 billion in 2015 primarily due to a decrease in our provision related to restoration costs of contaminated land near our magnesium plant in Gangneung, Korea, from Won 89 billion in 2014 to Won 37 billion in 2015.
Due to the factors described above, our operating profit decreased by 40.9%, or Won 1,027 billion, from Won 2,513 billion in 2014 to Won 1,486 billion in 2015. Our operating margin decreased from 3.9% in 2014 to 2.5% in 2015.
Our share of loss of equity-accounted investees increased by 68.7%, or by Won 206 billion, from Won 300 billion in 2014 to Won 506 billion in 2015. In 2014, we recognized a net loss for our proportionate share of equity-accounted investees of Won 300 billion primarily due to our share of loss of POSCO Plantec Co., Ltd. (Won 211 billion) and CSP-Compania Siderurgica do Pecem (Won 57 billion), which was partially offset by our share of profit of KOBRASCO (Won 30 billion) and South-East Asia Gas Pipeline Company Ltd. (Won 26 billion). In 2015, we recognized a net loss for our proportionate share ofequity-accounted investees of Won 506 billion primarily due to our share of losses of Eureka Moly LLC (Won 147 billion), CSP-Compania Siderurgica do Pecem (Won 145 billion) and DMSA/AMSA (Won 138 billion), which were partially offset by our share of profits of South-East Asia Gas Pipeline Company Ltd. (Won 54 billion), KOBRASCO (Won 31 billion) and AES-VCM Mong Duong Power Company Limited (Won 30 billion). See Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
The following table presents a breakdown of our finance income and costs and changes therein for 2014 and 2015.
We recognized a net gain on foreign currency translations of Won 25 billion in 2014 compared to a net loss on foreign currency translations of Won 251 billion in 2015, and net loss on foreign
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currency transactions increased more than ten-fold, or Won 120 billion, from Won 11 billion in 2014 to Won 132 billion in 2015, as the Won depreciated against the Dollar in both 2014 and 2015 and the Won appreciated against the Yen in 2014 while it depreciated against the Yen in 2015. In terms of the market average exchange rates announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd., the Won depreciated from Won 1,055.3 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2013 to Won 1,099.2 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2014 and depreciated further to Won 1,172.0 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2015. The Won appreciated against the Yen from Won 1,004.7 per Yen 100 as of December 31, 2013 to Won 920.1 per Yen 100 as of December 31, 2014 but depreciated to Won 972.0 per Yen 100 as of December 31, 2015. Against such fluctuations, we recognized a net loss on valuation of derivatives of Won 28 billion in 2014 compared to a net gain on valuations of derivatives of Won 83 billion in 2015, as well as a net loss on transactions of derivatives of Won 26 billion in 2014 compared to a net gain on transactions of derivatives of Won 23 billion in 2015.
Our gain on disposals of available-for-sale financial assets decreased by 41.2%, or Won 97 billion, from Won 236 billion in 2014 to Won 139 billion in 2015. Our gain in 2014 related primarily to our disposal of interest in SK Telecom Co., Ltd., and our gain in 2015 related primarily to our acquisition of, and subsequent partial disposal of, shares in Congonhas Minerios S.A., as well as our disposal of interest in Sandfire Resources NL by POSCO Australia Pty Ltd. We acquired shares in Congonhas Minerios S.A., a Brazil-based iron ore mining company, in exchange for our shares in Nacional Minerios S.A. For a discussion of our impairment loss on our investment in Nacional Minerios S.A., see “— Operating Results — 2014 Compared to 2015 — Other Operating Income and Expenses.”
Our impairment loss onavailable-for-sale financial assets decreased by 61.4%, or Won 227 billion, from Won 370 billion in 2014 to Won 143 billion in 2015 primarily due to a decrease in our impairment in recent years that related primarily to a significant and prolonged decline in the fair value of shares of Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. and Dongbu Metal Co., Ltd. below cost.
Our dividend income increased by 284.1%, or Won 136 billion, from Won 48 billion in 2014 to Won 184 billion in 2015 primarily due to the dividend we received from Nacional Minerios S.A.
Our income tax expense decreased by 67.6%, or Won 557 billion, from Won 824 billion in 2014 to Won 267 billion in 2015. Our effective tax rate increased from 59.4% in 2014 to 177.3% in 2015 primarily due to an increase in tax related to investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures from Won 372 billion in 2014 to Won 440 billion in 2015 (that resulted in an increase in effective tax rate of 265.6%), an increase in tax credits from Won 50 billion in 2014 to Won 152 billion in 2015 due to an increase in investment tax credit (that resulted in a decrease in effective tax rate of 97.6%), a decrease in tax effects due to permanent differences from Won 70 billion in 2014 to Won (26) billion in 2015 (that resulted in a decrease in effective tax rate of 22.4%), as well as an increase over provision from prior years from Won 0.5 billion in 2014 to 47 billion in 2015 (that resulted in a decrease in effective tax rate of 31.3%). See Note 35 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Profit
Due to the factors described above, we recorded profit of Won 564 billion in 2014 compared to loss of Won 116 billion in 2015.
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The following table presents our profit and loss by segment, prior to adjusting for inter-company transactions that are eliminated during consolidation, goodwill and corporate fair-value adjustments, income tax expense and basis difference, and changes therein for 2014 and 2015.
Profit (loss) for the period
Item 5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources
The following table sets forth the summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated.
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash held
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
Capital Requirements
Historically, uses of cash consisted principally of purchases of property, plant and equipment and other assets and repayments of outstanding debt and payments of dividends.
Net cash used in investing activities was Won 3,745 billion in 2014, Won 4,535 billion in 2015 and Won 3,755 billion in 2016. These amounts included acquisition of property, plant and equipment of Won Won 3,506 billion in 2014, Won 2,560 billion in 2015 Won 2,324 billion in 2016. We plan to spend approximately Won 3.5 trillion in capital expenditures in 2017, which we may adjust on an on-going basis subject to market demand for our products, the production outlook of the global steel industry and global economic conditions in general. We may delay or not implement some of our current capital expenditure plans based on our assessment of such market conditions. We had net disposals of short-term financial instruments of Won 1,539 billion in 2014 and net acquisitions of short-term financial instruments of Won 2,443 billion in 2015 and Won 1,401 billion in 2016. We also had net disposals of available-for-sale investments of Won 176 billion in 2014 and Won 220 billion in 2015 and net acquisition of available-for-sale investments of Won 48 billion in 2016.
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In our financing activities, we used cash of Won 2,802 billion in 2014, Won 3,510 billion in 2015 and Won 4,275 billion in 2016 for repayments of borrowings. We paid dividends on common stock in the amount of Won 677 billion in 2014, Won 823 billion in 2015 and Won 709 billion in 2016.
In recent years, we have also selectively considered various opportunities to acquire or invest in companies that may complement our businesses, as well as invest in overseas resources development projects. We may require additional capital for such acquisitions or entering into other strategic relationships. Other than capital required for such activities, we anticipate that capital expenditures, repayments of outstanding debt and payments of cash dividends will represent the most significant uses of funds for the next several years.
Payments of contractual obligations and commitments will also require considerable resources. In our ordinary course of business, we routinely enter into commercial commitments for various aspects of our operations, as well as issue guarantees for indebtedness of our related parties and others. For our contingent liabilities on outstanding guarantees provided by us, see Note 38(b) of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The following table sets forth the amount of long-term debt, capital lease and operating lease obligations as of December 31, 2016.
Long-term debt obligations(a)
Interest payments on long-term debt (b)
Capital lease obligations
Operating lease obligations
Purchase obligations (c)
Accrued severance benefits (d)
Capital Resources
We have traditionally met our working capital and other capital requirements principally from cash provided by operations, while raising the remainder of our requirements primarily through long-term debt and short-term borrowings. We expect that these sources will continue to be our principal sources of cash in the future. From time to time, we may also generate cash through issuance of hybrid bonds and sale of treasury shares and our holdings in available-for-salesecurities.
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Our net cash provided by operating activities increased by 122.8%, or Won 4,190 billion, from Won 3,412 billion in 2014 to Won 7,602 billion in 2015. Our gross cash flow from our sales activities decreased as discussed above. However, we managed our inventory level in 2015 in response to the continuing uncertainties in the global economy and overcapacity in the global steel industry. The inventory turnover was faster in 2015 compared to 2014 as we maintained a lower level of inventory level. Our outstanding trade accounts and notes receivable also decreased in 2015, as we shortened payment terms for some of our key customers, which in turn positively impacted our net cash provided by operating activities.
Our net cash provided by operating activities decreased by 30.7%, or Won 2,332 billion, from Won 7,602 billion in 2015 to Won 5,269 billion in 2016. Our gross cash flow from our sales activities decreased as discussed above. In addition, the overall inventory turnover was slower in 2016 compared to 2015 as our materials-in-transit increased during the year. However, we continued to actively manage our finished goods inventory level in 2016 in response to the continuing uncertainties in the global economy and overcapacity in the global steel industry. Offsetting such impact from usage of cash, our outstanding trade accounts and notes payable increased in 2016, as we lengthened payment terms of some of our key suppliers, which in turn positively impacted our net cash provided by operating activities.
We had net repayments of borrowings, after adjusting for proceeds from borrowings, of Won 280 billion in 2014, Won 1,731 billion in 2015 and Won 2,286 billion in 2016. Net proceeds from short-term borrowings, after deducting for repayments of short-term borrowings, were Won 1,038 billion in 2014. We had net repayment of short-term borrowings, after deducting for repayment of short-term borrowings, of Won 846 billion in 2015 and Won 886 billion in 2016. Long-term borrowings, excluding current installments, were Won 15,233 billion as of December 31, 2014, Won 12,849 billion as of December 31, 2015 and Won 12,510 billion as of December 31, 2016. Total short-term borrowings and current installments of long-term borrowings were Won 12,195 billion as of December 31, 2014, Won 12,371 billion as of December 31, 2015 and Won 10,195 billion as of December 31, 2016. Outstanding hybrid bonds were Won 997 billion as of December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016. Our net borrowings-to-equity ratio, which is calculated by deducting cash and cash equivalents from total borrowings and dividing the net amount with our total equity, was 45.21% as of December 31, 2015 and 44.26% as of December 31, 2016.
We periodically increase our short-term borrowings and adjust our long-term debt financing levels depending on changes in our capital requirements. We also generated cash of Won 43 billion in 2014 from the sale of our treasury shares. We believe that we have sufficient working capital for our current requirements and that we have a variety of alternatives available to us to satisfy our liquidity requirements to the extent that they are not met by funds generated by operations, including the issuance of debt and equity securities and bank borrowings denominated in Won and various foreign currencies. However, our ability to rely on some of these alternatives could be affected by factors such as the liquidity of the Korean and the global financial markets, prevailing interest rates, our credit rating and the Government’s policies regarding Won currency and foreign currency borrowings.
Liquidity
We had working capital (current assets minus current liabilities) of Won 10,833 billion as of December 31, 2014, Won 9,148 billion as of December 31, 2015 and Won 10,711 billion as of December 31, 2016. Our holdings of cash and cash equivalents (which do not include cash and cash equivalents categorized under “assets for sale”) were Won 3,811 billion as of December 31, 2014, Won 4,870 billion as of December 31, 2015 and Won 2,448 billion as of December 31, 2016. See Notes 5 and 10 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Our holding of other receivables and other short-term financial assets were Won 3,419 billion as of December 31, 2014, Won 5,590 billion as of December 31, 2015 and Won 6,765 billion as of December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2016, approximately 22% of our cash and cash equivalents, other receivables and other short-term financial
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assets were held outside of Korea, which we expect to use in our operations abroad, including capital expenditure activities. In the event that such assets are needed for our operations in Korea, such amounts are typically not restricted under local laws from being used in Korea. In addition, we believe that there are no material tax implications in the event our foreign subsidiaries elect to grant cash dividends to us. POSCO had total available credit lines of Won 2,895 billion as of December 31, 2016, Won 300 billion of which was used as of such date. We have not had, and do not believe that we will have, difficulty gaining access to short-term financing sufficient to meet our current requirements.
Our liquidity is affected by exchange rate fluctuations. See “— Overview — Exchange Rate Fluctuations.”
Capital Expenditures and Capacity Expansion
Cash used for acquisitions of property, plant and equipment was Won 3,506 billion in 2014, Won 2,560 billion in 2015, and Won 2,324 billion in 2016. We plan to spend approximately Won 3.5 trillion in capital expenditures in 2017, which we may adjust on an on-going basis subject to market demand for our products, the production outlook of the global steel industry and global economic conditions in general. We may delay or not implement some of our current capital expenditure plans based on our assessment of such market conditions.
Our current plan for capital investment in production facilities emphasizes capacity rationalization, increased production of higher value-added products and improvements in the efficiency of older facilities in order to reduce operating costs. The following table sets out the major items of our capital expenditures as of December 31, 2016:
Project
Miscellaneous capital expenditures, including rationalization and upgrading of raw materials treatment and transportation facilities
Construction of SNG plant
Rationalization of furnace no. 3 at Pohang Works
Construction of no. 7 continuous galvanizing line at Gwangyang Works
Construction of no. 1 continuous galvanizing line at POSCO (Chongqing) Automotive Processing Center Co., Ltd.
Item 5.C. Research andDevelopment, Patents and Licenses, Etc.
We maintain a research and development program to carry out basic research and applied technology development activities. As of December 31, 2016, POSCO Technical Research Laboratories employed 979 personnel, including 511 researchers. Our technology development department also works closely with the Pohang University of Science & Technology, Korea’s first research-oriented college founded by us in 1986, and the Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Korea’s first private comprehensive research institute founded by us in 1987. We also established POSCO Research Institute (POSRI) in 1994, which engages in research activities and consulting services.
We recorded research and development expenses of Won 353 billion as cost of sales in 2014, Won 356 billion in 2015 and Won 324 billion in 2016, as well as research and development expenses of Won 175 billion as selling and administrative expenses in 2014, Won 136 billion in 2015 and Won 121 billion in 2016.
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Our research and development program has filed approximately 41,500 industrial rights applications relating to steel-making technology, approximately 15,000 of which were registered as of December 31, 2016, and has successfully applied many of these to the improvement of our manufacturing process.
Item 5.D. Trend Information
These matters are discussed under Item 5.A. and Item 5.B. above where relevant.
Item 5.E. Off-balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2015 and 2016, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.
Item 5.F. Tabular Disclosureof Contractual Obligations
These matters are discussed under Item 5.B. above where relevant.
Item 5.G. Safe Harbor
See “Item 3. Key Information — Item 3.D. Risk Factors — This annual report contains “forward-looking statements” that are subject to various risks and uncertainties.
Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees
Item 6.A. Directors and Senior Management
Board of Directors
Our board of directors has the ultimate responsibility for the management of our business affairs. Our board consists of five directors who are our executive officers (“Inside Directors”) and seven directors who are outside directors (“Outside Directors”). Our shareholders elect both the Inside Directors and Outside Directors at a general meeting of shareholders. Candidates for Inside Directors are recommended to shareholders by the board of directors after the board reviews such candidates’ qualifications, and candidates for Outside Directors are recommended to the shareholders by a separate board committee consisting of three Outside Directors and one Inside Director (“Director Candidate Recommendation Committee”) after the committee reviews such candidates’ qualifications. Any shareholder holding our outstanding shares with voting rights may suggest candidates for Outside Directors to the Director Candidate Recommendation Committee.
Our board of directors maintains the following sixsub-committees:
the Director Candidate Recommendation Committee;
the Evaluation and Compensation Committee;
the Finance and Operation Committee;
the Executive Management Committee;
the Audit Committee; and
the Related Party Transactions Committee.
Our board committees are described in greater detail below under “— Item 6.C. Board Practices.”
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Under the Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation, one Chairman should be elected among the Outside Directors and several Representative Directors may be elected among the Inside Directors by our board of directors’ resolution.
Inside Directors
Our current Inside Directors are:
Kwon, Oh-Joon
Oh, In-Hwan
Choi, Jeong-Woo
Chang, In-Hwa
Yu, Seong
All Inside Directors are engaged in our business on a full-time basis.
Outside Directors
Our current Outside Directors are set out in the table below. Each of our Outside Directors meets the applicable independence standards set forth under the rules of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets of Korea (the “FSCMA”).
Bahk, Byong-Won
Shin, Chae-Chol
Lee, Myoung-Woo
Kim, Joo-Hyun
Kim, Shin-Bae
Chung, Moon-Ki
Chang, Seung-Wha
The term of office of the Directors elected in March 2017 is up to three (3) years. Each Director’s term expires at the close of the ordinary general meeting of shareholders convened in respect of the fiscal year that is the last one to end during such Director’s tenure.
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Senior Management
In addition to the Inside Directors who are also our executive officers, we have the following executive officers:
Position
Responsibility and Division
An, Tong-Il
Kim, Hag-Dong
Ko, Suk-Bum
Min, Kyung-Zoon
Jeong, Tak
Yang, Heung-Yul
Han, Sung-Hee
Kim, Hak-Yong
Lee, Duk-Lak
Kwak Jeong-Shik
Kim, Dong-Soo
Jeong, Ki-Seop
Kim, Byung-Hwi
Cho, Il-Hyun
Choi, Joo
Yoo, Byeong-Og
Kim, Kwang-Soo
Lee, Sung-Wook
Choi, Jong-Jin
Park, Young-Kwan
Nam, Soo-hi
Noh, Min-Yong
Jung, Kyu-Jin
Jung, Hae-Seong
Kim, Dong-Ho
Yun, Yang-Su
Yang, Weon-Jun
Lee, Eun-Seok
Kim, Soon-Ki
Park, Mi-Hwa
Lee, Si-Woo
Kim, Gwang-Soo
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Min, Jung-Ki
Ha, Dae-Ryong
Park, Hyeon
Lim, Seung-Kyu
Choo, Se-Don
Lee, Sang-Hyeon
Yoon, Duk-Il
Kim, Bok-Tae
Chun, Sung-Lae
Kim, Min-Chul
Chun, Myung-Sik
Kim, Jeong-Su
Choi, Hyun-Soo
Kim, Dong-Yeong
Kim, Ki-Soo
Choi, Young-Jun
Kim, Jeong-Sik
Lee, Jong-Sub
Kim, Gyo-Sung
Choi, Bong-Joo
Park, Yong-Kyu.
Yi, Sang-Ho
Kang, Seog-Beom
Won, Hyung-Il
Kim, Sun-Koo
Lee, Ki-Ho
Kim, Jong-Sang
Lee, Pil-Jong
Lee, Sang-Chun
Choi, In-Yong
Item 6.B. Compensation
Compensation of Directors and Officers
Salaries and bonuses for Inside Directors and salaries for Outside Directors are paid in accordance with standards decided by the board of directors within the limitation of directors remuneration approved by the annual general meeting of shareholders. In addition, executive officers’ compensation is paid in accordance with standards decided by the board of directors. In 2016, the aggregate compensation paid and accrued to all Directors and executive officers was approximately
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Won 42 billion and the aggregate amount set aside or accrued by us to provide pension and retirement benefits to such persons was Won 7 billion.
The compensation of our directors and executive officers who received total annual compensation exceeding Won 500 million in 2016 were as follows:
Long-term Incentive Compensation forPayment Subsequent to 2016
Kim, Jin-Il
We have also granted stock options to some of our Directors and executive officers. See “— Item 6.E. Share Ownership” for a list of stock options granted to our Directors and executive officers. At the annual shareholders’ meeting held in February 2006 our shareholders elected to terminate the stock option program. Stock options granted prior to this meeting remain valid and outstanding pursuant to the articles of incorporation in effect at the time of the issuance of the stock option.
Item 6.C. Board Practices
Director Candidate Recommendation Committee
The Director Candidate Recommendation Committee is composed of three Outside Directors, Lee, Myoung-Woo(committee chair), Kim, Shin-Bae, and Chang, Seung-Wha, and one Inside Director, Choi, Jeong-Woo. The Director Candidate Recommendation Committee reviews the qualifications of potential candidates and proposes nominees to serve on our board of directors as an Outside Director. Any shareholder holding our outstanding shares with voting rights may suggest candidates for Outside Directors to the Director Candidate Recommendation Committee.
Evaluation and Compensation Committee
The Evaluation and Compensation Committee is composed of four Outside Directors, Shin, Chae-Chol (committee chair), Kim, Joo-Hyun, Kim, Shin-Bae and Chung, Moon-Ki. The Evaluation and Compensation Committee’s primary responsibilities include establishing evaluation procedures and compensation plans for executive officers and taking necessary measures to execute such plans.
Finance and Operation Committee
The Finance and Operation Committee is composed of three Outside Directors, Lee, Myoung-Woo (committee chair), Shin, Chae-Chol, Bahk, Byong-Won and two Inside Directors, Oh, In-Hwan and Chang, In-Hwa. This committee is an operational committee that oversees decisions with respect to finance and operational matters, including making assessments with respect to potential capital investments and evaluating prospective capital-raising activities.
Executive Management Committee
The Executive Management Committee is composed of five Inside Directors, Kwon, Oh-Joon (committee chair), Oh, In-Hwan, Choi,Jeong-Woo, Chang, In-Hwa and Yu, Seong. This committee oversees decisions with respect to our operational and management matters, including review of management’s proposals of new strategic initiatives, as well as deliberation over critical internal matters related to organization structure and development of personnel.
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Audit Committee
Under Korean law and our articles of incorporation, we are required to have an Audit Committee. The Audit Committee may be composed of three or more directors; all members of the Audit Committee must be Outside Directors. Audit Committee members must also meet the applicable independence criteria set forth under the rules and regulations of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Members of the Audit Committee are elected by the shareholders at the ordinary general meeting of shareholders. We currently have an Audit Committee composed of three Outside Directors. Members of our Audit Committee are Kim, Joo-Hyun (committee chair), Chang, Seung-Wha and Chung, Moon-Ki.
The duties of the Audit Committee include:
engaging independent auditors;
approving independent audit fees;
approving audit and non-audit services;
reviewing annual financial statements;
reviewing audit results and reports, including management comments and recommendations;
reviewing our system of controls and policies, including those covering conflicts of interest and business ethics; and
examining improprieties or suspected improprieties.
In addition, in connection with general meetings of stockholders, the committee examines the agenda for, and financial statements and other reports to be submitted by, the board of directors at each general meeting of stockholders. Our internal and external auditors report directly to the Audit Committee. The committee holds regular meetings at least once each quarter, and more frequently as needed.
Related Party Transactions Committee
The Related Party Transaction Committee is composed of three Outside Directors, Kim, Joo-Hyun (committee chair), Chung, Moon-Ki and Chang, Seung-Wha. This committee reviews related party and other internal transactions and ensures compliance with the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act.
Item 6.D. Employees
As of December 31, 2016, we had 31,768 employees, including 15,184 persons employed by our subsidiaries, almost all of whom were employed within Korea. Of the total number of employees, approximately 80% are technicians and skilled laborers and 20% are administrative staff. We use subcontractors for maintenance, cleaning and transport activities. We had 34,327 employees, including 17,282 persons employed by our subsidiaries, as of December 31, 2015, and 37,225 employees, including 19,538 persons employed by our subsidiaries, as of December 31, 2014.
We consider our relations with our work force to be good. We have never experienced a work stoppage or strike. Wages of our employees are among the highest of manufacturing companies in Korea. In addition to a base monthly wage, employees receive periodic bonuses and allowances. Base wages are determined annually following consultation between the management and employee representatives, who are currently elected outside the framework of the POSCO labor union. A labor union was formed by our employees in June 1988. Union membership peaked at 19,026 employees at the beginning of 1991, but has steadily declined since then. As of December 31, 2016, only 10 of our employees were members of the POSCO labor union.
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In accordance with the National Pension Act of Korea, we contribute an amount equal to 4.5% of an employee’s standard monthly wages, and each employee contributes 4.5% of his or her standard monthly wages, into his or her personal pension account. Our employees, including executive officers as well asnon-executive employees, are subject to a pension insurance system, under which we make monthly contributions to the pension accounts of the employees, and upon retirement, such employees are paid from their pension accounts. Prior to 2011, our executive and non-executive employees were subject to a lump-sum severance payment system, under which they were entitled to receive a lump-sum severance payment upon termination of their employment, based on their length of service and salary level at the time of termination. Starting in 2011, in accordance with the Korean Employee Retirement Income Security Act, we replaced such lump-sum severance payment system with our current pension insurance system in the form of either a defined benefit plan or a defined contribution plan. Our employees have the option of choosing either the defined benefit plan or the defined contribution plan. See Note 21 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Lump-sum severance amounts previously accrued prior to our adoption of the current pension insurance system continue to remain payable. We also provide a wide range of fringe benefits to our employees, including housing, housing loans, company-providedhospitals and schools, a company-sponsored pension program, an employee welfare fund, industrial disaster insurance, and cultural and athletic facilities.
As of December 31, 2016, our employees owned, through our employee stock ownership association, approximately 1.77% of our common stock in their employee accounts.
Item 6.E. Share Ownership
Common Stock
The persons who are currently our Directors or executive officers held, as a group, 19,630 common shares as of March 31, 2017, the most recent practicable date for which this information is available. The table below shows the ownership of our common shares by our Directors and executive officers.
Park, Yong-Gyu
Kim, Kwang Soo
Lee, Pil Jong
Choi, Bong Joo
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Kwak, Jeong-Shik
Lee, Jong-Seob
Nam, Soo-Hi
Choi, Hyeon-Soo
Kim, Byung Hwi
Kim, Jong Sang
Min, Jung Ki
Choi, Yong-Jun
Kim, Kisoo
Kim, Boktae
Lee, Sangchun
Park, Mi Hwa
Won, Hyung Il
Stock Options
With respect to the options granted, we may elect either to issue shares of common stock, distribute treasury stock or to pay in cash the difference between the exercise and the market price at the date of exercise. The options may be exercised by a person who has continued employment with POSCO for two or more years from the date on which the options are granted. Expiration date of options is seven years from the date on which the options are granted. All of the stock options below relate to our common stock.
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At the annual shareholders’ meeting held in February 2006, our shareholders elected to terminate the stock option program. Stock options granted prior to this meeting remain valid and outstanding pursuant to the articles of incorporation in effect at the time of the issuance of the stock option. Currently, there are no outstanding exercisable stock options. The following table sets forth information regarding the stock options we have granted to our current Directors and executive officers.
Director
Kim, Jin-II
Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions
Item 7.A. Major Shareholders
The following table sets forth certain information relating to the shareholders of our common stock issued as of December 31, 2016.
Shareholders
National Pension Service
Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation(1)
BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A.
KB Financial Group Inc. and subsidiaries
Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency
Directors and executive officers as a group
Public (2)
POSCO (held in the form of treasury stock)
Total issued shares of common stock
As of December 31, 2016, there were 9,972,390 shares of common stock outstanding in the form of ADRs, representing 11.44% of the total issued shares of common stock.
Item 7.B. Related Party Transactions
We have issued guarantees in favor of affiliated and related companies, and we have also engaged in various transactions with our subsidiaries and affiliated companies. See Notes 37 and 38 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
As of December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, we had no loans outstanding to our executive officers and Directors.
Item 7.C. Interests of Experts and Counsel
Item 8. Financial Information
Item 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
See “Item 18. Financial Statements” and pages F-1 through F-120.
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Legal Proceedings
As a steel producer with global sales and operations, we are involved in trade remedy proceedings in markets worldwide, including in the United States. We proactively participate in and plan for such proceedings to minimize any adverse effects and associated risks. While there has been an increase in the number of trade cases in recent years, and an increased focus on trade issues by government officials, all such cases have been product and market-specific, and thus have been limited in scope relative to our global sales and operations. We continue to carefully monitor developments with respect to trade remedy policy in all markets in which we participate and, where necessary, vigorously defend our rights through litigation before tribunals such as the U.S. Court of International Trade. Our products that are subject to anti-dumping, safeguard or countervailing duty proceedings in the aggregate currently do not account for a material portion of our total sales, and such proceedings have not had a material adverse impact on our business and operations in recent years. However, there can be no assurance that increases in, or new impositions of, anti-dumping duties, safeguard duties, countervailing duties, quotas or tariffs on our exports of products abroad may not have a material adverse impact on our exports in the future. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — Item 4.B. Business Overview — Markets — Exports.”
In 2012, the Korea Fair Trade Commission imposed a total fine of Won 108.6 billion on us and POSCO Coated & Color Steel Co., Ltd. (“POSCO Coated & Color Steel”), our consolidated subsidiary, for alleged antitrust violations in Korea relating to galvanized steel sheets and color sheets. Subsequent to paying such fines, we and POSCO Coated & Color Steel each filed for judicial review of such fines in the Seoul High Court in February 2013. In July 2015, the Seoul High Court ruled in our favor for reimbursement of the fine of Won 89.3 billion imposed on us, which was subsequently appealed by the Korea Fair Trade Commission to the Supreme Court of Korea. The Supreme Court of Korea subsequently remanded the proceeding to the Seoul High Court in November 2016, which outcome is currently pending. We intend to continue to vigorously defend against such administrative action. In January 2016, the Seoul High Court ruled against POSCO Coated & Color Steel with respect to the fine of Won 19.3 billion imposed against it. POSCO Coated & Color Steel appealed with respect to Won 3.0 billion of such fine, which it lost in November 2016.
In May 2002, Industrial Development Bank of India brought a suit against POSCO Daewoo, Daewoo Motors India Ltd., Daewoo Co., Ltd. and Daewoo Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd. in the India Delhi Mumbai Court, regarding its loans to Daewoo Motors India Ltd. guaranteed by Daewoo Co., Ltd. (predecessor of POSCO Daewoo). The total claim amount is Won 77 billion, and POSCO Daewoo recorded provision of Won 23 billion relating to its portion of the guarantee. The outcome of such lawsuits remains uncertain and POSCO Daewoo’s provision is classified as a non-current liability as of December 31, 2016.
Except as described above, we are not involved in any pending or threatened legal or arbitration proceedings that may have, or have had during the last 12 months, a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position.
Dividends
The amount of dividends paid on our common stock is subject to approval at the annual general meeting of shareholders, which is typically held in February or March of the following year. In addition to our annual dividends, our board of directors is authorized to declare and distribute quarterly dividends under our articles of incorporation. If we decide to pay quarterly dividends, our articles of incorporation authorize us to pay them in cash to the shareholders of record as of the end of March, June and September of the relevant fiscal year. We may pay cash dividends out of retained earnings that have not been appropriated to statutory reserves.
The table below sets out the annual dividends declared on the outstanding common stock to shareholders of record on December 31 of the years indicated and the interim dividends (including
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quarterly dividends starting in the second half of 2016), declared on the outstanding common stock to applicable shareholders of record of the years indicated. A total of 87,186,835 shares of common stock were issued as of December 31, 2016. Of these shares and as of such date, 79,997,665 shares were outstanding and 7,189,170 shares were held by us in treasury. The annual dividends set out for each of the years below were paid in the immediately following year.
Year
Owners of the ADSs are entitled to receive any dividends payable in respect of the underlying shares of common stock.
Historically, we have paid to holders of record of our common stock an annual dividend. However, we can give no assurance that we will continue to declare and pay any dividends in the future.
Item 8.B. SignificantChanges
Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report.
Item 9. The Offer and Listing
Item 9.A. Offer and Listing Details
Market Price Information
Notes
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The principal trading market for our common stock is the KRX KOSPI Market. Our common stock, which is in registered form and has a par value of Won 5,000 per share, has been listed on the first section of the KRX KOSPI Market since June 1988 under the identifying code 005490. The table below shows the high and low trading prices and the average daily volume of trading activity on the KRX KOSPI Market for our common stock.
First Quarter
Second Quarter
Third Quarter
Fourth Quarter
2017
Second Quarter (through April 26)
ADSs
Our common stock is also listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the London Stock Exchange and the Tokyo Stock Exchange in the form of ADSs. The ADSs have been issued by Citibank, N.A. as ADR depositary and are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “PKX.” One ADS represents one-fourth of one share of common stock. As of December 31, 2016, 39,889,560 ADSs representing 9,972,390 common shares were outstanding, representing 11.44% shares of common stock.
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The table below shows the high and low trading prices and the average daily volume of trading activity on the New York Stock Exchange for our ADSs.
(Number of
ADSs)
Item 9.B. Plan of Distribution
Item 9.C. Markets
The Korean Securities Market
On January 27, 2005, the Korea Exchange was established pursuant to the Korea Securities and Futures Exchange Act by consolidating the Korea Stock Exchange, the Korea Futures Exchange, the KOSDAQ Stock Market, Inc., or the KOSDAQ, and the KOSDAQ Committee of the Korea Securities Dealers Association, which had formerly managed the KOSDAQ. There are three different markets operated by the Korea Exchange: the KRX KOSPI Market, the KRX KOSDAQ Market, and the KRX Derivatives Market. The Korea Exchange has two trading floors located in Seoul, one for the KRX KOSPI Market and one for the KRX KOSDAQ Market, and one trading floor in Busan for the KRX Derivatives Market. The Korea Exchange is a limited liability company, the shares of which are held by (i) investment brokers and investment dealers that were formerly members of the Korea Futures
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Exchange or the Korea Stock Exchange and (ii) the stockholders of the KOSDAQ. Currently, the Korea Exchange is the only stock exchange in Korea and is operated by membership, having as its members most of the Korean investment brokers and investment dealers and some Korean branches of foreign investment brokers and investment dealers.
According to data published by the Korea Exchange, as of December 31, 2016, the aggregate market value of equity securities listed on the KRX KOSPI Market and the KRX KOSDAQ Market was approximately Won 1,510 trillion, and the average daily trading volume of equity securities for 2016 was approximately 1,071 million shares with an average transaction value of Won 7,917 billion. The Korea Exchange has the power in some circumstances to suspend trading in the shares of a given company or to de-list a security pursuant to the Regulation on Listing on the Korea Exchange. The Korea Exchange also restricts share price movements. All listed companies are required to file accounting reports annually, semi-annually and quarterly and to release immediately all information that may affect trading in a security.
The Government has in the past exerted, and continues to exert, substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector business community that can have the intention or effect of depressing or boosting the market. In the past, the Government has informally both encouraged and restricted the declaration and payment of dividends, induced mergers to reduce what it considers excess capacity in a particular industry and induced private companies to offer publicly their securities.
The Korea Exchange publishes the Korea Composite Stock Price Index, or KOSPI, every ten seconds, which is an index of all equity securities listed on the Korea Exchange. On January 1, 1983, the method of computing KOSPI was changed from the Dow Jones method to the aggregate value method. In the new method, the market capitalizations of all listed companies are aggregated, subject to certain adjustments, and this aggregate is expressed as a percentage of the aggregate market capitalization of all listed companies as of the base date, January 4, 1980.
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Movements in KOSPI are set out in the following table together with the associated dividend yields and price earnings ratios.
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Source:The KRX KOSPI Market
Shares are quoted “ex-dividend” on the first trading day of the relevant company’s accounting period. Since the calendar year is the accounting period for the majority of listed companies, this may account for the drop in KOSPI between its closing level at the end of one calendar year and its opening level at the beginning of the following calendar year.
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With certain exceptions, principally to take account of a share being quoted “ex-dividend” and “ex-rights,” permitted upward and downward movements in share prices of any category of shares on any day are limited under the rules of the Korea Exchange to 30% of the previous day’s closing price of the shares, rounded down as set out below:
Previous Day’s Closing Price (Won)
Less than 1,000
1,000 to less than 5,000
5,000 to less than 10,000
10,000 to less than 50,000
50,000 to less than 100,000
100,000 to less than 500,000
500,000 or more
As a consequence, if a particular closing price is the same as the price set by the fluctuation limit, the closing price may not reflect the price at which persons would have been prepared, or would be prepared to continue, if so permitted, to buy and sell shares. Orders are executed on an auction system with priority rules to deal with competing bids and offers.
Due to deregulation of restrictions on brokerage commission rates, the brokerage commission rate on equity securities transactions may be determined by the parties, subject to commission schedules being filed with the Korea Exchange by the financial investment companies with a brokerage license. In addition, a securities transaction tax of 0.5% of the sales price will generally be imposed on the transfer of shares or certain securities representing rights to subscribe for shares if traded on the KRX KOSPI Market. An agricultural and fishery special surtax of 0.15% of the sales prices will also be imposed on transfer of these shares and securities on the Korea Exchange. See “Item 10. Additional Information — Item 10.E. Taxation — Korean Taxation.”
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The number of companies listed on the KRX KOSPI Market, the corresponding total market capitalization at the end of the periods indicated and the average daily trading volume for those periods are set forth in the following table:
Source:The Korea Exchange
The Korean securities markets are principally regulated by the Financial Services Commission and under the regulations set forth in the FSCMA. In August 2007, the National Assembly of Korea enacted the FSCMA. The FSCMA, which came into effect on February 4, 2009, comprehensively regulates the Korean capital markets, the financial investment business (including collective investment businesses and trust businesses) and financial investment products (such as securities and derivatives). The FSCMA imposes restrictions on insider trading and price manipulation, requires specified information to be made available by listed companies to investors and establishes rules regarding margin trading, proxy solicitation, takeover bids, acquisition of treasury shares and reporting requirements for shareholders holding substantial interests. The FSCMA regulates the operation and monitoring of the securities and derivatives markets.
Protection of Customer’s Interest in Case of Insolvency of Investment Brokers or Investment Dealers
Under Korean law, the relationship between a customer and an investment broker or an investment dealer in connection with a securities sell or buy order is deemed to be a consignment and
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the securities acquired by a consignment agent (i.e., the investment broker or the investment dealer) through such sell or buy order are regarded as belonging to the customer in so far as the customer and the consignment agent’s creditors are concerned. Therefore, in the event of a bankruptcy or reorganization procedure involving an investment broker or an investment dealer, the customer of the investment broker or the investment dealer is entitled to the proceeds of the securities sold by the investment broker or the investment dealer.
When a customer places a sell order with an investment broker or an investment dealer that is not a member of the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market and this investment broker or investment dealer places a sell order with another investment broker or investment dealer that is a member of the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRXKOSDAQ Market, the customer is still entitled to the proceeds of the securities sold and received by the non-member company from the member company regardless of the bankruptcy or reorganization of the non-member company.
Under the FSCMA, the Korea Exchange is obliged to indemnify any loss or damage incurred by a counterparty as a result of a breach by members of the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market. If an investment broker or an investment dealer that is a member of the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market breaches its obligation in connection with a buy order, the Korea Exchange is obliged to pay the purchase price on behalf of the breaching member. Therefore, the customer can acquire the securities that have been ordered to be purchased by the breaching member.
When a customer places a buy order with anon-member company and the non-member company places a buy order with a member company, the customer has the legal right to the securities received by the non-member company from the member company because the purchased securities are regarded as belonging to the customer in so far as the customer and the non-membercompany’s creditors are concerned.
As the cash deposited with an investment broker or an investment dealer is regarded as belonging to the investment broker or investment dealer, which is liable to return the same at the request of its customer, the customer cannot take back deposited cash from the investment broker or the investment dealer if a bankruptcy or rehabilitation procedure is instituted against the investment broker or the investment dealer and, therefore, can suffer from loss or damage as a result. However, in case of the investment broker or the investment dealer’s bankruptcy, liquidation, cancellation of investment broker or investment dealer license or other insolvency events, the Depositor Protection Act provides that the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation will, upon the request of the investors, pay each investor up to a total of Won 50 million, which shall represent both actual cash deposited and any interest accrued thereon. Pursuant to the FSCMA, as amended, investment brokers or investment dealers are required to deposit the cash received from its customers at the securities finance company established pursuant to the FSCMA. Set-off or attachment of cash deposits by investment brokers or investment dealers is prohibited. The premiums related to this insurance are paid by investment brokers or investment dealers.
Clearance and Settlement
The settlement of trades on the Korea Exchange is required to be handled by a settlement agency of the Korea Exchange. The Korea Securities Depository is the institution commissioned by the Korea Exchange to handle all such settlement of trades. The settlement of trades on the Korea Exchange takes place through a clearance and settlement procedure. The Korea Exchange has adopted the multilateral netting system and carries out the clearance of the trades by netting the sales and purchases of each Korea Securities Depository participant. The Korea Exchange is required to provide the daily net settlement results of the trades to the Korea Securities Depository one business day after the day of the sale and purchase contract. The Korea Securities Depository then handles settlement of the securities and the funds based on the information received from the Korea Exchange. The securities are settled through book-entry changes in the accounts of Korea Securities Depository
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participants and the funds are settled by transfer to an account at a bank designated by the Korea Securities Depository. Settlement of trades is generally required to take place on the third day following the day of the sale and purchase contract.
Item 9.D. SellingShareholders
Item 9.E. Dilution
Item 9.F. Expenses of theIssuer
Item 10. Additional Information
Item 10.A. Share Capital
Currently, our authorized share capital is 200,000,000 shares, which consists of shares of common stock, par value Won 5,000 per share (“Common Shares”) and shares ofnon-voting stock, par value Won 5,000 per share (“Non-Voting Preferred Shares”). Our Non-Voting Preferred Shares have a preferential right to dividend payments. Common Shares and Non-Voting Preferred Shares together are referred to as “Shares.” Under our articles of incorporation, we are authorized to issue Non-Voting Preferred Shares up to the limit prescribed by applicable law, the aggregate of which currently is one-quarter of our total issued and outstanding capital stock. As of December 31, 2016, 87,186,835 Common Shares were issued, of which 7,189,170 shares were held by us in treasury. We have never issued any Non-Voting Preferred Shares. All of the issued and outstanding Common Shares are fully-paid and non-assessable and are in registered form. We issue share certificates in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 10,000 shares.
Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articlesof Association
This section provides information relating to our capital stock, including brief summaries of material provisions of our articles of incorporation, the FSCMA, the Commercial Code and related laws, all as currently in effect. The following summaries are subject to, and are qualified in their entirety by reference to, our articles of incorporation and the applicable provisions of the FSCMA and the Commercial Code. We have filed copies of our articles of incorporation and these laws (except for the newly enacted the FSCMA) as exhibits to registration statements under the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act previously filed by us.
We distribute dividends to our shareholders in proportion to the number of shares owned by each shareholder. The Common Shares represented by the ADSs have the same dividend rights as other outstanding Common Shares.
Holders of Non-VotingPreferred Shares are entitled to receive dividends in priority to the holders of Common Shares in an amount not less than 9% of the par value of the Non-Voting Preferred Shares as determined by the board of directors at the time of their issuance. If the amount available for dividends is less than the aggregate amount of such minimum dividend, we do not have to declare dividends on the Non-Voting Preferred Shares.
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We may declare dividends annually at the annual general meeting of shareholders which is held within three months after the end of the fiscal year. We pay the annual dividend shortly after the annual general meeting to the shareholders of record as of the end of the preceding fiscal year. We may distribute the annual dividend in cash, Shares or other form of property. However, a dividend of Shares must be distributed at par value. Dividends in Shares may not exceed one-half of the annual dividend. In addition, we may declare, and distribute in cash, interim dividends pursuant to a board resolution once a fiscal year to the eligible shareholders recorded as of the end of March, June and September of the relevant fiscal year. We have no obligation to pay any annual dividend unclaimed for five years from the payment date.
Under the Commercial Code, we may pay an annual dividend only to the extent the net asset amount in our balance sheets exceeds the sum of the following: (i) our stated capital, (ii) the total amount of our capital surplus reserve and earned surplus reserve accumulated up to the end of the relevant dividend period, (iii) the legal reserve to be set aside for annual dividend, and (iv) unrealized profits determined in the Presidential Decree to the Commercial Code. We may not pay an annual dividend unless we have set aside as earned surplus reserve an amount equal to at least 10% of the cash portion of the annual dividend or unless we have accumulated earned surplus reserve of not less than one-half of our stated capital. We may not use legal reserve to pay cash dividends but may transfer amounts from legal reserve to capital stock or use legal reserve to reduce an accumulated deficit.
Distribution of Free Shares
In addition to paying dividends in Shares out of our retained or current earnings, we may also distribute to our shareholders an amount transferred from our capital surplus or legal reserve to our stated capital in the form of free shares. We must distribute such free shares to all our shareholders in proportion to their existing shareholdings.
Preemptive Rights and Issuance of Additional Shares
We may issue authorized but unissued shares at the times and, unless otherwise provided in the Commercial Code, on the terms our board of directors may determine. All our shareholders are generally entitled to subscribe for any newly issued Shares in proportion to their existing shareholdings. We must offer new Shares on uniform terms to all shareholders who have preemptive rights and are listed on our shareholders’ register as of the relevant record date. Under the Commercial Code, we may vary, without shareholders’ approval, the terms of these preemptive rights for different classes of shares. We must give public notice of the preemptive rights regarding new Shares and their transferability at least two weeks before the relevant record date. Our board of directors may determine how to distribute Shares for which preemptive rights have not been exercised or where fractions of Shares occur.
Under our articles of incorporation, we may issue new Shares pursuant to a board resolution to persons other than existing shareholders, who in these circumstances will not have preemptive rights, if the new Shares are:
offered publicly or to underwriters for underwriting pursuant to the FSCMA;
issued to members of our employee stock ownership association pursuant to the FSCMA;
represented by depositary receipts pursuant to the FSCMA;
issued in a general public offering pursuant to a board resolution in accordance with the FSCMA, the amount of which is no more than 10% of the outstanding Shares;
issued to our creditors pursuant to a debt-equity swap;
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issued to domestic or foreign corporations pursuant to a joint venture agreement, strategic coalition or technology inducement agreement when deemed necessary for management purposes; or
issued to domestic or foreign financial institutions when necessary for raising funds in emergency cases.
In addition, we may issue convertible bonds or bonds with warrants, each up to an aggregate principal amount of Won 2 trillion, to persons other than existing shareholders.
Members of our employee stock ownership association, whether or not they are our shareholders, generally have a preemptive right to subscribe for up to 20% of the Shares publicly offered pursuant to the FSCMA. This right is exercisable only to the extent that the total number of Shares so acquired and held by members of our employee stock ownership association does not exceed 20% of the total number of Shares then issued. As of December 31, 2016, our employees owned, through our employee stock ownership association, approximately 1.77% of our common stock in their employee accounts.
General Meeting of Shareholders
We hold the annual general meeting of shareholders within three months after the end of each fiscal year. The record date of the register of shareholders is December 31 of each year, and such shareholders listed on the register of shareholder as of the record date are entitled to exercise their right at the general meeting of shareholders. Subject to a board resolution or court approval, we may hold an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders:
as necessary;
at the request of holders of an aggregate of 3% or more of our outstanding Shares;
at the request of shareholders holding an aggregate of 1.5% or more of our outstanding Shares for at least six months; or
at the request of our audit committee.
Holders of Non-Voting Preferred Shares may request a general meeting of shareholders only after the Non-Voting Preferred Shares become entitled to vote or “enfranchised,” as described under “— Voting Rights” below.
We must give shareholders written notice or electronic document setting out the date, place and agenda of the meeting at least two weeks before the date of the general meeting of shareholders. However, for holders of 1% or less of the total number of issued and outstanding voting Shares, we may give notice by placing at least two public notices in at least two daily newspapers or by notices to be posted on the electronic disclosure database system maintained by the Financial Supervisory Service or the Korea Exchange at least two weeks in advance of the meeting. Currently, we use The Seoul Shinmun published in Seoul, The Maeil Shinmun published in Taegu and The Kwangju Ilbo published in Kwangju for this purpose. Shareholders not on the shareholders’ register as of the record date are not entitled to receive notice of the general meeting of shareholders or attend or vote at the meeting. Holders of Non-Voting Preferred Shares, unless enfranchised, are not entitled to receive notice of general meetings of shareholders, but may attend such meetings. Our general meetings of shareholders are held either in Pohang or Seoul.
Voting Rights
Holders of our Common Shares are entitled to one vote for each Common Share, except that voting rights of Common Shares held by us, or by a corporate shareholder that is more than 10%
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owned by us either directly or indirectly, may not be exercised. The Commercial Code permitted cumulative voting, under which voting method each shareholder would have multiple voting rights corresponding to the number of directors to be appointed in the voting and may exercise all voting rights cumulatively to elect one director.
Our shareholders may adopt resolutions at a general meeting by an affirmative majority vote of the voting Shares present or represented at the meeting, where the affirmative votes also represent at least one-fourth of our total voting Shares then issued and outstanding. However, under the Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation, the following matters, among others, require approval by the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting Shares present or represented at a meeting, where the affirmative votes also represent at least one-third of our total voting Shares then issued and outstanding:
amending our articles of incorporation;
removing a director;
effecting any dissolution, merger or consolidation of us;
transferring the whole or any significant part of our business;
acquisition of all or a part of the business of any other company that may have a material impact on our business;
issuing any new Shares at a price lower than their par value; or
approving matters required to be approved at a general meeting of shareholders, which have material effects on our assets, as determined by the Board of Directors.
In general, holders of Non-Voting Preferred Shares are not entitled to vote on any resolution or receive notice of any general meeting of shareholders. However, in the case of amendments to our articles of incorporation, or any merger or consolidation of us, or in some other cases that affect the rights or interests of the Non-Voting Preferred Shares, approval of the holders of Non-Voting Preferred Shares is required. We may obtain the approval by a resolution of holders of at leasttwo-thirds of the Non-Voting Preferred Shares present or represented at a class meeting of the holders of Non-Voting Preferred Shares, where the affirmative votes also represent at least one-third of our total issued and outstanding Non-Voting Preferred Shares.
Shareholders may exercise their voting rights by proxy. When a shareholder is a corporate entity, such shareholder may give proxies to its officers or directors.
Holders of ADRs exercise their voting rights through the ADR depositary, an agent of which is the record holder of the underlying Common Shares. Subject to the provisions of the deposit agreement, ADR holders are entitled to instruct the ADR depositary how to vote the Common Shares underlying their ADSs.
Rights of Dissenting Shareholders
In some limited circumstances, including the transfer of the whole or any significant part of our business and our merger or consolidation with another company, dissenting shareholders have the right to require us to purchase their Shares. Only the shareholders who have executed a share purchase agreement evidencing their acquisition of the relevant Shares on or prior to the day immediately following the public disclosure of the board resolutions approving any of the aforementioned transactions have the rights to require us to purchase their Shares. To exercise this right, shareholders, including holders of Non-Voting Preferred Shares, must submit to us a written notice of their intention to dissent before the general meeting of shareholders. Within 20 days after the relevant resolution is passed at a meeting, the dissenting shareholders must request us in writing to
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purchase their Shares. We are obligated to purchase the Shares of dissenting shareholders within one month after the expiration of the 20-day period. The purchase price for the Shares is required to be determined through negotiation between the dissenting shareholders and us. If we cannot agree on a price through negotiation, the purchase price will be the average of (1) the weighted average of the daily Share prices on the Korea Exchange for the two-month period before the date of the adoption of the relevant board resolution, (2) the weighted average of the daily Share price on the Korea Exchange for the one month period before the date of the adoption of the relevant resolution and (3) the weighted average of the daily Share price on the Korea Exchange for the one week period before such date of the adoption of the relevant resolution. However, the court may determine this price if we or dissenting shareholders do not accept the purchase price. Holders of ADSs will not be able to exercise dissenter’s rights unless they have withdrawn the underlying common stock and become our direct shareholders.
Register of Shareholders and Record Dates
Our transfer agent, Kookmin Bank, maintains the register of our shareholders at its office in Seoul, Korea. It registers transfers of Shares on the register of shareholders on presentation of the Share certificates.
The record date for annual dividends is December 31. For the purpose of determining the shareholders entitled to annual dividends, the register of shareholders may be closed for the period from January 1 to January 15 of each year. Further, for the purpose of determining the shareholders entitled to some other rights pertaining to the Shares, we may, on at least two weeks’ public notice, set a record date and/or close the register of shareholders for not more than three months. The trading of Shares and the delivery of share certificates may continue while the register of shareholders is closed.
Annual Report
At least one week before the annual general meeting of shareholders, we must make our annual report and audited financial statements available for inspection at our principal office and at all of our branch offices. In addition, copies of annual reports, the audited financial statements and any resolutions adopted at the general meeting of shareholders will be available to our shareholders.
Under the FSCMA, we must file with the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange (1) an annual business report within 90 days after the end of our fiscal year, (2) a half-year report within 45 days after the end of the first six months of our fiscal year, and (3) quarterly reports within 45 days after the end of the third month and the ninth month of our fiscal year. Copies of these reports are or will be available for public inspection at the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange.
Transfer of Shares
Under the Commercial Code, the transfer of Shares is effected by delivery of share certificates. However, to assert shareholders’ rights against us, the transferee must have his name and address registered on our register of shareholders. For this purpose, a shareholder is required to file his name, address and seal with our transfer agent. A non-Korean shareholder may file a specimen signature in place of a seal, unless he is a citizen of a country with a sealing system similar to that of Korea. In addition, a non-resident shareholder must appoint an agent authorized to receive notices on his behalf in Korea and file a mailing address in Korea. The above requirements do not apply to the holders of ADSs.
Under current Korean regulations, the Korea Securities Depository, foreign exchange banks (including domestic branches of foreign banks), financial investment companies with a brokerage, dealing or collective investment license and internationally recognized custodians may act as agents and provide related services for foreign shareholders. Certain foreign exchange controls and securities regulations apply to the transfer of Shares by non-residents or non-Koreans. See “Item 10. Additional Information — Item 10.D. Exchange Controls.”
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Our transfer agent is Kookmin Bank, located at 26,Gukjegeumyung-ro 8-gil, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, Korea.
Acquisition of Shares by Us
We may acquire our own Shares, subject to the approval by the general meeting of shareholders. In addition, we may acquire Shares through purchases on the Korea Exchange or through a tender offer or by acquiring the interests in a trust account holding our own Shares through agreements with trust companies and asset management companies. The aggregate purchase price for the Shares may not exceed the total amount available for distribution of dividends available at the end of the preceding fiscal year less the amount of dividends and mandatory reserves required to be set aside for that fiscal year, subject to certain procedural requirements.
In accordance with the Commercial Code, we may resell or transfer any Shares acquired by us to a third party, subject to the approval by the Board of Directors. In general, corporate entities in which we own more than 50% equity interest may not acquire our Shares. Under the FSCMA, we are subject to certain selling restrictions for the Shares acquired by us.
Liquidation Rights
In the event of our liquidation, after payment of all debts, liquidation expenses and taxes, our remaining assets will be distributed among shareholders in proportion to their shareholdings. Holders of Non-Voting Preferred Shares have no preference in liquidation.
Item 10.C. Material Contracts
None.
Item 10.D. ExchangeControls
Shares and ADSs
The Foreign Exchange Transaction Act and the Presidential Decree and regulations under that Act and Decree (collectively, “Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws”) and the Foreign Investment Promotion Law regulate investment in Korean securities by non-residents and issuance of securities outside Korea by Korean companies. Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws,non-residents may invest in Korean securities subject to procedural requirements in accordance with these laws. The Financial Services Commission has also adopted, pursuant to its authority under the FSCMA, regulations that restrict investment by foreigners in Korean securities.
Subject to certain limitations, the Ministry of Strategy and Finance has the authority to take the following actions under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws:
if the Government deems it necessary on account of war, armed conflict, natural disaster or grave and sudden and significant changes in domestic or foreign economic circumstances or similar events or circumstances, the Ministry of Strategy and Finance may temporarily suspend performance under any or all foreign exchange transactions, in whole or in part, to which the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws apply (including suspension of payment and receipt of foreign exchange) or impose an obligation to deposit, safe-keep or sell any means of payment to The Bank of Korea, a foreign exchange stabilization fund, certain other governmental agencies or financial companies; and
if the Government concludes that the international balance of payments and international financial markets are experiencing or are likely to experience significant disruption or that the movement of capital between Korea and other countries is likely to adversely affect the Won,
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exchange rates or other macroeconomic policies, the Ministry of Strategy and Finance may take action to require any person who intends to effect a capital transaction to obtain permission or to require any person who effects a capital transaction to deposit a portion of the means of payment acquired in such transactions with The Bank of Korea, a foreign exchange stabilization fund, certain other governmental agencies or financial companies.
Government Review of Issuance of ADSs
In order for us to issue shares represented by ADSs, we are required to file a prior report of the issuance with our designated foreign exchange bank or the Ministry of Strategy and Finance, depending on the issuance amount. No further Korean governmental approval is necessary for the initial offering and issuance of the ADSs.
Under current Korean laws and regulations, the depositary bank is required to obtain our prior consent for the number of shares to be deposited in any given proposed deposit which exceeds the difference between (1) the aggregate number of shares deposited by us for the issuance of ADSs (including deposits in connection with the initial and all subsequent offerings of ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions related to these ADSs) and (2) the number of shares on deposit with the depositary bank at the time of such proposed deposit. We can give no assurance that we would grant our consent, if our consent is required.
Reporting Requirements for Holders of Substantial Interests
Under the FSCMA, any person whose direct or beneficial ownership of shares with voting rights, whether in the form of shares or ADSs, certificates representing the rights to subscribe for Shares and equity-related debt securities including convertible bonds and bonds with warrants (collectively, “Equity Securities”) together with the Equity Securities beneficially owned by certain related persons or by any person acting in concert with the person accounts for 5% or more of the total outstanding Equity Securities is required to report the status and the purpose (whether or not to exert an influence on management control over the issuer) of the holdings to the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange within five business days after reaching the 5% ownership interest. In addition, any change in the purpose of holding such ownership interest or a change in the ownership interest subsequent to the report which equals or exceeds 1% of the total outstanding Equity Securities is required to be reported to the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange within five business days from the date of the change. However, the reporting deadline of such reporting requirement is extended to the tenth day of the month immediately following the month of such change in their shareholding for (1) certain professional investors, as specified under the FSCMA, or (2) persons who hold shares for purposes other than management control. Those who report the purpose of shareholding as management control of the issuer are prohibited from exercising their voting rights and acquiring additional shares for five days subsequent to their report under the FSCMA.
Violation of these reporting requirements may subject a person to criminal sanctions such as fines or imprisonment and may result in a loss of voting rights with respect to the ownership of Equity Securities exceeding 5%. Furthermore, the Financial Services Commission may issue an order to dispose of non-reported Equity Securities.
In addition to the reporting requirements described above, any person whose direct or beneficial ownership of a company’s shares accounts for 10% or more of the total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights (a “major stockholder”) must report the status of his or her shareholding to the Securities and Futures Commission and the Korea Exchange within five business days after he or she becomes a major stockholder. In addition, any change in the ownership interest subsequent to the report must be reported to the Securities and Futures Commission and the Korea Exchange by the fifth business day of any changes in his or her shareholding. Violation of these reporting requirements may subject a person to criminal sanctions such as fines or imprisonment.
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Under the KRX regulations, if a company listed on the KRX KOSPI Market has submitted public disclosure of material matters to a foreign financial investment supervisory authority pursuant to the laws of the foreign jurisdiction, then it must submit a copy of the public disclosure and a Korean translation thereof to the Korea Exchange. In addition, if a company listed on the KRX KOSPI Market is approved for listing on a foreign stock exchange or determined to be de-listed from the foreign stock exchange or actually lists on, or de-lists from, a foreign stock exchange, then it must submit to the Korea Exchange a copy, together with a Korean translation thereof, of all documents submitted to, or received from, the relevant foreign government, supervisory authority or stock exchange.
Restrictions Applicable to ADSs
No Korean governmental approval is necessary for the sale and purchase of ADSs in the secondary market outside Korea or for the withdrawal of shares underlying ADSs and the delivery inside Korea of shares in connection with the withdrawal, provided that a foreigner who intends to acquire the shares must obtain an investment registration card from the Financial Supervisory Service as described below. The acquisition of the shares by a foreigner must be immediately reported by the foreigner or his standing proxy in Korea to the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service (“Governor”).
Persons who have acquired shares as a result of the withdrawal of shares underlying the ADSs may exercise their preemptive rights for new shares, participate in free distributions and receive dividends on shares without any further governmental approval.
In addition, under the Financial Services Commission regulations, effective as of November 30, 2006, we are required to file a securities registration statement with the Financial Services Commission and such securities registration statement has to become effective pursuant to the FSCMA in order for us to issue shares represented by ADSs, except in certain limited circumstances.
Restrictions Applicable to Shares
Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws and the Financial Services Commission regulations (together, the “Investment Rules”), foreigners may invest, with limited exceptions and subject to procedural requirements, in all shares of Korean companies, whether listed on the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market, unless prohibited by specific laws. Foreign investors may trade shares listed on the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market only through the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market, except in limited circumstances, including, among others:
odd-lot trading of shares;
acquisition of shares (“Converted Shares”) by exercise of warrant, conversion right under convertible bonds or withdrawal right under depositary receipts issued outside of Korea by a Korean company;
acquisition of shares as a result of inheritance, donation, bequest or exercise of shareholders’ rights, including preemptive rights or rights to participate in free distributions and receive dividends;
over-the-counter transactions between foreigners of a class of shares for which the ceiling on aggregate acquisition by foreigners, as explained below, has been reached or exceeded with certain exceptions;
shares acquired by direct investment as defined in the Foreign Investment Promotion Law;
disposal of shares pursuant to the exercise of appraisal rights of dissenting shareholders;
disposal of shares in connection with a tender offer;
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acquisition of shares by a foreign depositary in connection with the issuance of depositary receipts;
acquisition and disposal of shares through overseas stock exchange market if such shares are simultaneously listed on the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market and such overseas stock exchange; and
arm’s length transactions between foreigners, if all of such foreigners belong to an investment group managed by the same person.
The Investment Rules require a foreign investor who wishes to invest in shares for the first time on the Korea Exchange (including Converted Shares) to register its identity with the Financial Supervisory Service prior to making any such investment; however, the registration requirement does not apply to foreign investors who acquire Converted Shares with the intention of selling such Converted Shares within three months from the date of acquisition of the Converted Shares or who acquire the shares in an over-the-countertransaction or dispose of shares where such acquisition or disposal is deemed to be a foreign direct investment pursuant to the Foreign Investment Promotion Law. Upon registration, the Financial Supervisory Service will issue to the foreign investor an investment registration card which must be presented each time the foreign investor opens a brokerage account with a financial investment company with a brokerage license or dealing license in Korea. Foreigners eligible to obtain an investment registration card include foreign nationals who are individuals residing abroad for more than six months, foreign governments, foreign municipal authorities, foreign public institutions, international financial institutions or similar international organizations, corporations incorporated under foreign laws and any person in any additional category designated by the Enforcement Decree to the FSCMA. All Korean offices of a foreign corporation as a group are treated as a separate foreigner from the offices of the corporation outside Korea. However, a foreign corporation or depositary issuing depositary receipts may obtain one or more investment registration cards in its name in certain circumstances as described in the relevant regulations.
Upon a foreign investor’s purchase of shares through the Korea Exchange, no separate report by the investor is required because the investment registration card system is designed to control and oversee foreign investment through a computer system. However, a foreign investor’s acquisition or sale of shares outside the Korea Exchange (as discussed above) must be reported by the foreign investor or his standing proxy to the Governor at the time of each such acquisition or sale; provided, however, that a foreign investor must ensure that any acquisition or sale by it of shares outside the Korea Exchange in the case of trades in connection with a tender offer, odd-lot trading of shares or trades of a class of shares for which the aggregate foreign ownership limit has been reached or exceeded, is reported to the Governor by the Korea Securities Depository, financial investment companies with a dealing or brokerage license or securities finance companies engaged to facilitate such transaction. A foreign investor must appoint one or more standing proxies from among the Korea Securities Depository, foreign exchange banks (including domestic branches of foreign banks) financial investment companies with a dealing, brokerage or collective investment license and internationally recognized custodians which will act as a standing proxy to exercise shareholders’ rights or perform any matters related to the foregoing activities if the foreign investor does not perform these activities himself. However, a foreign investor may be exempted from complying with these standing proxy rules with the approval of the Governor in cases deemed inevitable by reason of conflict between laws of Korea and those of the home country of the foreign investor.
Certificates evidencing shares of Korean companies must be kept in custody with an eligible custodian in Korea. Only foreign exchange banks (including domestic branches of foreign banks), financial investment companies with a dealing, brokerage or collective investment license, the Korea Securities Depository and internationally recognized custodians are eligible to act as a custodian of shares for a non-resident or foreign investor. A foreign investor must ensure that his custodian deposits its shares with the Korea Securities Depository. However, a foreign investor may be exempted from complying with this deposit requirement with the approval of the Governor in circumstances where
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compliance with that requirement is made impracticable, including cases where compliance would contravene the laws of the home country of such foreign investor.
Under the Investment Rules, with certain exceptions, foreign investors may acquire shares of a Korean company without being subject to any foreign investment ceiling. As one such exception, designated public corporations are subject to a 40% ceiling on the acquisition of shares by foreigners in the aggregate. Designated public corporations may set a ceiling on the acquisition of shares by a single person according to its articles of incorporation. We set this ceiling at 3% until the discontinuation of our designation as a public corporation on September 28, 2000. As a result, we currently do not have any ceiling on the acquisition of shares by a single person or by foreigners in the aggregate. Furthermore, an investment by a foreign investor of not less than 10% of the outstanding shares with voting rights of a Korean company is defined as a direct foreign investment under the Foreign Investment Promotion Law, which is, in general, subject to the report to, and acceptance by, the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy. The acquisition of shares of a Korean company by a foreign investor may also be subject to certain foreign shareholding restrictions in the event that the restrictions are prescribed in each specific law which regulates the business of the Korean company.
Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, a foreign investor who intends to acquire shares must designate a foreign exchange bank at which he must open a foreign currency account and a Won account exclusively for stock investments. No approval is required for remittance into Korea and deposit of foreign currency funds in the foreign currency account. Foreign currency funds may be transferred from the foreign currency account at the time required to place a deposit for, or settle the purchase price of, a stock purchase transaction to a Won account opened in the name of a financial investment company with a dealing, brokerage or collective investment license. Funds in the foreign currency account may be remitted abroad without any governmental approval.
Dividends on Shares are paid in Won. No governmental approval is required for foreign investors to receive dividends on, or the Won proceeds of the sale of, any shares to be paid, received and retained in Korea. Dividends paid on, and the Won proceeds of the sale of, any shares held by a non-resident of Korea must be deposited either in a Won account with the investor’s financial investment company with a dealing, brokerage or collective investment license or his Won Account. Funds in the investor’s Won Account may be transferred to his foreign currency account or withdrawn for local living expenses up to certain limitations. Funds in the Won Account may also be used for future investment in shares or for payment of the subscription price of new shares obtained through the exercise of preemptive rights.
Financial investment companies with a dealing, brokerage or collective investment license are allowed to open foreign currency accounts with foreign exchange banks exclusively for accommodating foreign investors’ stock investments in Korea. Through these accounts, these financial investment companies and asset management companies may enter into foreign exchange transactions on a limited basis, such as conversion of foreign currency funds and Won funds, as counterparty to foreign investors, without the investors having to open their own accounts with foreign exchange banks.
Item 10.E. Taxation
The following summary is based upon tax laws of the United States and Korea as in effect on the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, and is subject to any change in United States or Korean law that may come into effect after such date. Investors in the shares of common stock or ADSs are advised to consult their own tax advisers as to the United States, Korean or other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of such securities, including the effect of any foreign, state or local tax laws.
Korean Taxation
The following is a summary of the principal Korean tax consequences to owners of the common shares or ADSs, as the case may be, who are non-resident individuals or non-Korean corporations
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without a permanent establishment in Korea to which the relevant income is attributable or with which the relevant income is effectively connected(“Non-resident Holders”). The statements regarding Korean tax laws set forth below are based on the laws in force and as interpreted by the Korean taxation authorities as of the date hereof. This summary is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations which may apply to a particular investor and potential investors are advised to satisfy themselves as to the overall tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of the common shares or ADSs, including specifically the tax consequences under Korean law, the laws of the jurisdiction of which they are resident, and any tax treaty between Korea and their country of residence, by consulting their own tax advisers.
Tax on Dividends
Dividends on the common shares or ADSs paid (whether in cash or in shares) to a Non-resident Holder will be subject to Korean withholding taxes at the rate of 22% (including local income tax) or such lower rate as is applicable under a treaty between Korea and such Non-resident Holder’s country of tax residence. Free distributions of shares representing a capitalization of certain capital surplus reserves may be subject to Korean withholding taxes.
The tax is withheld by the payer of the dividend. Since the payer is required to withhold the tax, Korean law does not entitle the person who was subject to the withholding of Korean tax to recover from the Government any part of the Korean tax withheld, even if it subsequently produces evidence that it was entitled to have tax withheld at a lower rate, except in certain limited circumstances.
Tax on Capital Gains
As a general rule, capital gains earned by Non-resident Holders upon transfer of the common shares or ADSs are subject to Korean withholding tax at the lower of (i) 11% (including local income tax) of the gross proceeds realized or (ii) 22% (including local income tax) of the net realized gains (subject to the production of satisfactory evidence of the acquisition costs and certain direct transaction costs), unless exempt from Korean income taxation under the effective Korean tax treaty with the Non-resident Holder’s country of tax residence or Korean tax law.
However, a Non-resident Holder will not be subject to Korean income taxation on capital gains realized upon the sale of the common shares through the KRX KOSPI Market if the Non-resident Holder (i) has no permanent establishment in Korea and (ii) did not or has not owned (together with any shares owned by any entity with a specified special relationship with such Non-resident Holder) 25% or more of the total issued and outstanding shares of us at any time during the calendar year in which the sale occurs and during the five calendar years prior to the calendar year in which the sale occurs.
It should be noted that capital gains earned by you (regardless of whether you have a permanent establishment in Korea) from a transfer of ADSs outside Korea will generally be exempt from Korean income taxation, provided that the ADSs are deemed to have been issued overseas. If and when an owner of the underlying common shares transfers the ADSs following the conversion of the underlying shares for ADSs, such person will not be exempt from Korean income taxation.
Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax
Korean inheritance tax is imposed upon (1) all assets (wherever located) of the deceased if at the time of his death he was domiciled in Korea and (2) all property located in Korea which passes on death (irrespective of the domicile of the deceased). Gift tax is imposed in similar circumstances to the above. The taxes are imposed if the value of the relevant property is above a certain limit and the rate varies from 10% to 50% depending on the value of the property.
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Under Korean inheritance and gift tax laws, securities issued by a Korean corporation are deemed to be located in Korea irrespective of where they are physically located or by whom they are owned and consequently, the Korea inheritance and gift taxes will be imposed on transfers of the securities by inheritance or gift.
Securities Transaction Tax
Securities transaction tax is imposed on the transfer of shares issued by a Korean corporation or the right to subscribe for such shares generally at the rate of 0.5% of the sales price. In the case of the transfer of shares listed on the KRX KOSPI Market (such as the common shares), the securities transaction tax is imposed generally at the rate of (i) 0.3% of the sales price of such shares (including agricultural and fishery special surtax thereon) if traded on the KRX KOSPI Market or (ii) subject to certain exceptions, 0.5% of the sales price of such shares if traded outside the KRX KOSPI Market.
Securities transaction tax or the agricultural and fishery special surtax is not applicable if (i) the shares or rights to subscribe for shares are listed on a designated foreign stock exchange and (ii) the sale of the shares takes place on such exchange.
Securities transaction tax, if applicable, must be paid by the transferor of the shares or rights, in principle. When the transfer is effected through a securities settlement company, such settlement company is generally required to withhold and pay (to the tax authority) the tax, and when such transfer is made through a financial investment company with a brokerage license only, such company is required to withhold and pay the tax. Where the transfer is effected by a Non-resident Holder without a permanent establishment in Korea, other than through a securities settlement company or a financial investment company with a brokerage license, the transferee is required to withhold the securities transaction tax. Failure to do so will result in the imposition of penalties equal to the sum of (i) between 10% to 40% of the tax amount due, depending on the nature of the improper reporting, and (ii) 10.95% per annum on the tax amount due for the default period.
Tax Treaties
Currently, Korea has income tax treaties with a number of countries, including, inter alia, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, under which the rate of withholding tax on dividend and interest is reduced, generally to between 5% and 16.5% (including local income tax), and the tax on capital gains derived by a non-resident from the transfer of securities issued by a Korean company is often eliminated.
Each Non-resident Holder of common shares should inquire for itself whether it is entitled to the benefits of a tax treaty with Korea. It is the responsibility of the party claiming the benefits of a tax treaty in respect of interest, dividend, capital gains or “other income” to submit to us (or our agent), the purchaser or the financial investment company with a brokerage license, as the case may be, prior to or at the time of payment, such evidence of tax residence of the party claiming the treaty benefit as the Korean tax authorities may require in support of its claim for treaty protection. In the absence of sufficient proof, we (or our agent), the purchaser or the financial investment company with a brokerage license, as the case may be, must withhold tax at the normal rates.
Furthermore, in order for a non-resident of Korea to obtain the benefits of tax exemption on certain Korean source income (e.g., capital gains and interest) under an applicable tax treaty, Korean tax law requires such non-resident (or its agent) to submit to the payer of such Korean source income an application for a tax exemption along with a certificate of tax residency of such non-resident issued by a competent authority of the non-resident’s country of tax residence, subject to certain exceptions. The payer of such Korean source income, in turn, is required to submit such application to the relevant district tax office by the ninth day of the month following the date of the first payment of such income.
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For a non-resident of Korea to obtain the benefits of treaty-reduced tax rates on certain Korean source income (e.g., capital gains and interest) under an applicable tax treaty, Korean tax law requires such non-resident (or its agents) to submit to the payer of such Korean source income an application for treaty-reduced tax rates prior to receipt of such Korean source income; provided, however, that an owner of ADSs who is a non-resident of Korea is not required to submit such application, if the Korean source income on the ADSs is paid through an account opened at the Korea Securities Depository by a foreign depository.
If Korean source income is paid to a non-resident through an overseas investment vehicle, such investment vehicle must obtain an application for tax exemption or reduced tax rates from each non-resident, who is the beneficial owner of such investment vehicle and submit to the payer of such Korean source incomes an overseas investment vehicle report, together with the applications for tax exemptions or reduced tax rates prepared by the non-resident beneficial owner. An overseas investment vehicle means an organization established outside of Korea that manages funds collected through investment solicitation by way of acquiring, disposing, or otherwise investing in investment targets and then distributes the outcome of such management to investors. An application for tax exemption or reduced tax rates submitted by the non-resident remains effective for three years from submission, and if any material changes occur with respect to information provided in the application, an application reflecting such change must be newly submitted.
At present, Korea has not entered into any tax treaty relating to inheritance or gift tax.
United States Taxation
This summary describes the material U.S. federal income tax consequences for a U.S. holder (as defined below) of owning our shares of common stock or ADSs. This summary applies to you only if you hold shares of common stock or ADSs as capital assets for tax purposes. This summary does not apply to you if you are a member of a class of holders subject to special rules, such as:
a dealer in securities or currencies;
a trader in securities that elects to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for your securities holdings;
a bank;
a life insurance company;
a tax-exempt organization;
a person that holds shares of common stock or ADSs that are a hedge or that are hedged against interest rate or currency risks;
a person that holds shares of common stock or ADSs as part of a straddle or conversion transaction for tax purposes;
a person whose functional currency for tax purposes is not the Dollar;
a person that owns or is deemed to own 10% or more of any class of our stock; or
an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes that holds shares of common stock or ADSs, or an investor therein.
This summary is based on laws, treaties and regulatory interpretations in effect on the date hereof, all of which are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis.
Please consult your own tax advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local and other foreign tax consequences of purchasing, owning and disposing of shares of common stock or ADSs in your particular circumstances.
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For purposes of this summary, you are a “U.S. holder” if you are a beneficial owner of a share of common stock or ADS that is:
a citizen or resident of the United States;
a U.S. domestic corporation; or
otherwise subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis with respect to income from the share of common stock or ADS.
Shares of Common Stock and ADSs
In general, if you are the beneficial owner of ADSs, you will be treated as the beneficial owner of the shares of common stock represented by those ADSs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and no gain or loss will be recognized if you exchange an ADS for the shares of common stock represented by that ADS.
The gross amount of cash dividends that you receive (prior to deduction of Korean taxes) generally will be subject to U.S. federal income taxation as foreign source dividend income. Dividends paid in Won will be included in your income in a Dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of your (or, in the case of ADSs, the depositary’s) receipt of the dividend, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into Dollars. If such a dividend is converted into Dollars on the date of receipt, you generally should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income. U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the treatment of any foreign currency gain or loss on any Won received by U.S. holders that are converted into Dollars on a date subsequent to receipt.
Subject to certain exceptions for short-term and hedged positions, the Dollar amount of dividends received by an individual U.S. holder with respect to the ADSs and common stock will be subject to taxation at a preferential rate applicable to long-term capital gains if the dividends are “qualified dividends.” Dividends paid on the ADSs and common stock will be treated as qualified dividends if (i) we are eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States that the Internal Revenue Service has approved for the purposes of the qualified dividend rules and (ii) we were not, in the year prior to the year in which the dividend is paid, and are not, in the year in which the dividend is paid, a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”). The income tax treaty between Korea and the United States (“Treaty”) has been approved for the purposes of the qualified dividend rules, and we believe we are eligible for benefits under the Treaty. Based on our audited financial statements and relevant market and shareholder data, we believe that we were not treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes with respect to our 2015 or 2016 taxable year. In addition, based on our current expectations regarding the value and nature of our assets, the sources and nature of our income, and relevant market and shareholder data, we do not anticipate becoming a PFIC for our 2017 taxable year. You should consult your own tax advisers regarding the availability of the reduced dividend tax rate in the light of your own particular circumstances.
Distributions of additional shares in respect of shares of common stock or ADSs that are made as part of a pro-rata distribution to all of our shareholders generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.
Sales and Other Dispositions
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, you will recognize taxable gain or loss on any sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of common stock or ADSs equal to the difference, if any, between the amount realized on the sale or exchange and your adjusted tax basis in the common
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stock or ADSs. Any gain realized by a U.S. holder on the sale or other disposition of common stock or ADSs generally will be treated as U.S. source income for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. This gain or loss will be capital gain or loss, and will be long-term capital gain or loss to the extent that the shares of common stock or ADSs sold or disposed of were held for more than one year. Your ability to offset capital losses against ordinary income is limited. Long-term capital gain recognized by an individual U.S. holder generally is subject to taxation at a reduced rate.
Foreign Tax Credit Considerations
You should consult your own tax advisers to determine whether you are subject to any special rules that limit your ability to make effective use of foreign tax credits, including the possible adverse impact of failing to take advantage of benefits under the income tax treaty between the United States and Korea. If no such rules apply, you generally may claim a credit, up to any applicable reduced rates provided under the Treaty, against your U.S. federal income tax liability for Korean taxes withheld from dividends on shares of common stock or ADSs, so long as you have owned the shares of common stock or ADSs (and not entered into specified kinds of hedging transactions) for at least a 16-day period that includes the ex-dividend date. Instead of claiming a credit, you may, at your election, deduct such Korean taxes in computing your taxable income, provided that you do not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for any foreign income taxes paid or accrued for the relevant tax year and subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. tax law. Foreign tax credits will not be allowed for withholding taxes imposed in respect of certain short-term or hedged positions in securities and may not be allowed in respect of arrangements in which your expected economic profit is insubstantial. You may not be able to use the foreign tax credit associated with any Korean withholding tax imposed on a distribution of additional shares that is not subject to U.S. federal income tax unless you can use the credit against U.S. federal income tax due on other foreign-source income.
Any Korean securities transaction tax or agriculture and fishery special tax that you pay will not be creditable for foreign tax credit purposes.
The calculation of foreign tax credits and, in the case of a U.S. holder that elects to deduct foreign taxes, the availability of deductions involves the application of complex rules that depend on a U.S. holder’s particular circumstances. You should consult your own tax advisers regarding the creditability or deductibility of such taxes.
Specified Foreign Financial Assets
Certain U.S. holders that own “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate value in excess of US$50,000 are generally required to file an information statement along with their tax returns, currently on Form 8938, with respect to such assets. “Specified foreign financial assets” include any financial accounts held at anon-U.S. financial institution, as well as securities issued by a non-U.S. issuer (which would include the common stock or ADSs) that are not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions. Higher reporting thresholds apply to certain individuals living abroad and to certain married individuals. Regulations extend this reporting requirement to certain entities that are treated as formed or availed of to hold direct or indirect interests in specified foreign financial assets based on certain objective criteria. U.S. holders who fail to report the required information could be subject to substantial penalties. In addition, the statute of limitations for assessment of tax would be suspended, in whole or part. Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisors concerning the application of these rules to their investment in the common stock or ADSs, including the application of the rules to their particular circumstances.
U.S. Information Reporting and Backup Withholding Rules
Payments in respect of shares of common stock or ADSs that are made within the United States or through certainU.S.-related financial intermediaries are subject to information reporting and may be
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subject to backup withholding unless the holder (1) is a corporation or other exempt recipient and demonstrates this when required or (2) provides a taxpayer identification number and certifies that no loss of exemption from backup withholding has occurred. Holders that are not U.S. persons generally are not subject to information reporting or backup withholding. However, such a holder may be required to provide a certification of its non-U.S. status in connection with payments received within the United States or through a U.S.-related financial intermediary.
Item 10.F. Dividends and PayingAgents
See “Item 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information — Dividends” above for information concerning our dividend policies and our payment of dividends. See “Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association — Dividends” for a discussion of the process by which dividends are paid on shares of our common stock. The paying agent for payment of our dividends on ADSs in the United States is the Citibank, N.A.
Item 10.G. Statements by Experts
Item 10.H. Documents on Display
We file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, and other information with the SEC pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC that apply to foreign private issuers. You may read and copy any materials filed with the SEC at the Public Reference Rooms in Washington, D.C., New York, New York and Chicago, Illinois. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Any filings we make electronically will be available to the public over the Internet at the SEC’s web site at http://www.sec.gov.
Item 10.I.Subsidiary Information
Item 11. Quantitative and QualitativeDisclosures about Market Risk
We are exposed to foreign exchange rate and interest rate risk primarily associated with underlying liabilities, and to changes in the commodity prices of principal raw materials. Following evaluation of these positions, we selectively enter into derivative financial instruments to manage the related risk exposures, primarily with respect to foreign exchange rate and interest rate risks, which are entered into with major financial institutions in order to minimize the risk of credit loss. Our market risk management policy determines the market risk tolerance level, measuring period, controlling responsibilities, management procedures, hedging period and hedging ratio very specifically. We also prohibit all speculative hedging transactions and evaluate and manage foreign exchange exposures to receivables and payables.
None of our loss exposures related to derivative contracts are unlimited, and we do not believe that our net derivative positions could result in a material loss to our profit before income tax or total equity due to significant fluctuations of major currencies against the Korean Won. Due to the nature of our derivative contracts primarily as hedging instruments that manage foreign exchange risks, net gain or net loss on derivatives transactions and valuation of derivatives are typically offset by net loss or net gain on foreign currency transaction and translation. We recorded net loss on derivatives transactions of Won 26 billion and net loss on valuation of derivatives of Won 28 billion in 2014, net gain on valuation of derivatives of Won 83 billion and net gain on derivatives transactions of Won 23 billion in 2015 and net loss on derivatives transactions of Won 22 billion and net loss on valuation of derivatives of Won 16 billion in 2016.
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Exchange Rate Risk
Korea is our most important market and, therefore, a substantial portion of our cash flow is denominated in Won. Most of our exports are denominated in Dollars. Japan is also an important market for us, and we derive significant cash flow denominated in Yen. We are exposed to foreign exchange risk related to foreign currency denominated liabilities and anticipated foreign exchange payments. Anticipated foreign exchange payments, which represent a substantial sum and are mostly denominated in Dollars, relate primarily to imported raw material costs and freight costs. Foreign currency denominated liabilities relate primarily to foreign currency denominated debt.
We strive to naturally offset our foreign exchange risk by matching foreign currency receivables with our foreign currency payables and our overseas subsidiaries have sought to further mitigate the adverse impact of exchange rate fluctuations by conducting business transactions in the local currency of the respective market in which the transactions occur. In particular, POSCO Daewoo’s exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates, including the Won/Dollar exchange rate, is limited because trading transactions typically involve matched purchase and sale contracts, which result in limited settlement exposure, and because POSCO Daewoo’s contracts with domestic suppliers of products for export and with domestic purchasers of imported products are generally denominated in Dollars. Although the impact of exchange rate fluctuations is partially mitigated by such strategies, we and our subsidiaries, particularly POSCO Daewoo and POSCO E&C, also periodically enter into derivative contracts, primarily foreign currency swaps and forward exchange contracts, to further hedge some of our foreign exchange risks.
Our foreign currency exposure and changes in gain or loss resulting from a 10% foreign exchange rate change against the Korean Won are as follows:
US Dollars
Japanese Yen
Euro
Interest Rate Risk
We are also subject to market risk exposure arising from changing interest rates. In particular, we are exposed to interest rate risk on our existing floating rate borrowings and on additional debt financings that we may periodically undertake for various reasons, including capital expenditures and refinancing of our existing borrowings. A rise in interest rates will increase the cost of our existing variable rate borrowings. If interest rates on borrowings with floating rates had been 1% higher or lower with all other variables held constant, the impact on the gain or loss of the applicable period would be as follows:
Increase or decrease in annual profit and net equity
A reduction of interest rates also increases the fair value of our debt portfolio, which is primarily of a fixed interest nature. From time to time, we use, to a limited extent, interest rate swaps to reduce interest rate volatility on some of our debt and manage our interest expense by achieving a balanced mixture of floating and fixed rate debt.
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The following table summarizes the carrying amounts, fair values, principal cash flows by maturity date and weighted average interest rates of our short-term and long-term liabilities as of December 31, 2016 which are sensitive to exchange rates and/or interest rates. The information is presented in Won, which is our reporting currency.
Local currency:
Fixed rate
Average weighted rate (1)
Variable rate
Foreign currency, principally Dollars and Yen:
Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities
Item 12.A. Debt Securities
Item 12.B. Warrants and Rights
Item 12.C. Other Securities
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Item 12.D. American DepositaryShares
Fees and Charges
We switched our depositary from The Bank of New York Mellon to Citibank, N.A. in July 2013. Holders of our ADSs are required to pay the following service fees to the depositary:
Services
Fees
Issuance of ADSs upon deposit of shares
Delivery of deposited shares against surrender of ADSs
Distributions of cash dividends or other cash distributions
Distribution of ADSs pursuant to (i) stock dividends or other free stock distributions, or (ii) exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs
Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs
General depositary services
Holders of our ADSs are also responsible for paying certain fees and expenses incurred by the depositary such as:
fees for the transfer and registration of shares charged by the registrar and transfer agent for the shares in Korea (i.e., upon deposit and withdrawal of shares);
expenses incurred for converting foreign currency into Dollars;
expenses for cable, telex and fax transmissions and for delivery of securities;
taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges;
fees and expenses incurred in connection with compliance with exchange control regulations and other regulatory requirements; and
fees and expenses incurred in connection with the delivery or servicing of shares on deposit.
Depositary fees payable upon the issuance and surrender of ADSs are typically paid to the depositary by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) receiving the newly issued ADSs from the depositary and by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) delivering the ADSs to the depositary for surrender. The brokers in turn charge these fees to their clients. Depositary fees payable in connection with distributions of cash or securities to ADS holders and the depositary services fee are charged by the depositary to the holders of record of ADSs as of the applicable ADS record date.
The depositary fees payable for cash distributions are generally deducted from the cash being distributed. In the case of distributions other than cash (i.e., stock dividend, rights), the depositary charges the applicable fee to the ADS record date holders concurrent with the distribution. In the case of ADSs registered in the name of the investor (whether certificated or uncertificated in direct registration), the depositary sends invoices to the applicable record date ADS holders. In the case of ADSs held in brokerage and custodian accounts (via the Korea Securities Depositary, or KSD), the depositary generally collects its fees through the systems provided by KSD (whose nominee is the registered holder of the ADSs held in KSD) from the brokers and custodians holding ADSs in their KSD accounts. The brokers and custodians who hold their clients’ ADSs in KSD accounts in turn charge their clients’ accounts the amount of the fees paid to the depositary.
In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to such holder of ADSs.
The fees and charges that holders of our ADSs may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. Holders of our ADSs will receive prior notice of such changes.
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Fees and Payments from the Depositary to Us
In 2016, we received $770,000 from the depositary for reimbursement of various costs, including preparation of SEC filing and submission, listing fees, proxy process expenses (printing, postage and distribution), legal fees and contributions for our investor relations activities.
In addition, as part of its service to us, the depositary waives its fees for the standard costs associated with the administration of the ADS facility, associated operating expenses, investor relations advice and access to an internet-based tool used in our investor relations activities.
PART II
Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies
Item 14. Material Modifications tothe Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds
Item 15. Controls and Procedures
a. Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management has evaluated, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2016. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based upon our evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
b. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, and under the supervision of, our principal executive, principal operating and principal financial officers, and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable
117
assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management has completed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 based on criteria in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2016.
c. Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The report of our independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp. (“KPMG Samjong”), on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 is included in Item 18 of this Form 20-F.
d. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year covered by this annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Our adoption of Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission did not have, and is not reasonably likely to have, any material effect on our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 16. [Reserved]
Item 16.A. Audit Committee Financial Expert
The board of directors has approved the members of our audit committee. Chung, Moon-Ki is an audit committee financial expert and is independent within the meaning of applicable SEC rules.
Item 16.B. Codeof Ethics
We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics, as defined in Item 16B. of Form 20-F under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Our code of business conduct and ethics, called Code of Conduct, applies to our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as well as to our directors, other officers and employees. Our Code of Conduct is available on our web site at www.posco.com. If we amend the provisions of our Code of Conduct that apply to our chief executive officer or chief financial officer and persons performing similar functions, or if we grant any waiver of such provisions, we will disclose such amendment or waiver on our web site at the same address.
118
Item 16.C. Principal AccountantFees and Services
Audit and Non-Audit Fees
The following table sets forth the fees billed to us by our independent auditor, KPMG, in 2015 and 2016:
Audit fees
Audit-related fees
Tax fees
Other fees
Total fees
Audit fees in 2015 and 2016 as set forth in the above table are the aggregate fees billed by KPMG in connection with the audit of our annual financial statements and the annual financial statements of other related companies and review of interim financial statements.
Tax fees in 2015 and 2016 as set forth in the above table are fees billed by KPMG for our tax compliance and tax planning, as well as compliance related to transfer pricing.
Other fees in 2015 as set forth in the above table are fees billed by KPMG primarily in relation to certifications in connection with forward contracts.
Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
Our audit committee has not established pre-approval policies and procedures for the engagement of our independent auditors for services. Our audit committee expressly approves on a case-by-case basis any engagement of our independent auditors for audit and non-audit services provided to our subsidiaries or us.
Item 16.D. Exemptions from theListing Standards for Audit Committees
119
Item 16.E. Purchases ofEquity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
The following table sets forth the repurchases of common shares by us or any affiliated purchasers during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016:
January 1 to January 31
February 1 to February 29
March 1 to March 31
April 1 to April 30
May 1 to May 31
June 1 to June 30
July 1 to July 31
August 1 to August 31
September 1 to September 30
October 1 to October 31
November 1 to November 30
December 1 to December 31
Item 16.F. Change inRegistrant’s Certifying Accountant
Item 16.G. CorporateGovernance
Pursuant to the rules of the New York Stock Exchange applicable to foreign private issuers like us that are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, we are required to disclose significant differences between the New York Stock Exchange’s corporate governance standards and those that we follow under Korean law and in accordance with our own internal procedures. The following is a summary of such significant differences.
NYSE Corporate Governance Standards
POSCO’s Corporate Governance Practice
Our articles of incorporation provide that our board of directors must comprise no less than a majority of Outside Directors. Our Outside Directors must meet the criteria for outside directorship set forth under the Korean Securities and Exchange Act.
The majority of our board of directors is independent (as defined in accordance with the New York Stock Exchange’s standards), and seven out of 12 directors are Outside Directors. Under our articles of incorporation, we may have up to five Inside Directors and seven Outside Directors.
120
responsibilities and annual performance evaluation of the committee. The charter must be made available on the company’s website. In addition, in accordance with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission rules adopted pursuant to Section 952 of the Dodd-Frank Act, the New York Stock Exchange listing standards were amended to expand the factors relevant in determining whether a committee member has a relationship with the company that will materially affect that member’s duties to the compensation committee.
Additionally, the committee may obtain or retain the advice of a compensation adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to determining that adviser’s independence from management
Executive Session
Audit Committee Additional Requirements
Shareholder Approval of Equity Compensation Plan
We currently have an Employee Stock Ownership Program.
We previously provided a stock options program for officers and directors, as another equity compensation plan. However, during our annual shareholders’ meeting in February 2006, our shareholders resolved to terminate the stock option program and amended our articles of incorporation to delete the provision allowing grant of stock options to officers and directors. Consequently, since February 24, 2006, we have not granted stock options to officers and directors. Matters related to the Employee Stock Ownership Program are not subject to shareholders’ approval under Korean law.
Corporate Governance Guidelines
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
Item 16.H. Mine Safety Disclosure
121
PART III
Item 17. Financial Statements
Item 18. FinancialStatements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp., on Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp., on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2015 and 2016
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Item 19. Exhibits
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Table of Contents
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (loss)
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
F-1
The Board of Directors and Shareholders
POSCO:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of POSCO and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of POSCO’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of POSCO and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the effectiveness of POSCO’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated April 26, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of POSCO’s internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp.
Seoul, Korea
April 26, 2017
F-2
on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited POSCO’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. POSCO’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on POSCO’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, POSCO maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated statements of financial position of POSCO and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, and our report dated April 26, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
F-3
POSCO and Subsidiaries
As of December 31, 2015 and 2016
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents
Trade accounts and notes receivable, net
Other receivables, net
Other short-term financial assets
Current income tax assets
Assets held for sale
Other current assets
Long-term trade accounts and notes receivable, net
Other long-term financial assets
Investments in associates and joint ventures
Investment property, net
Intangible assets, net
Defined benefit assets, net
Deferred tax assets
Other long-term assets
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
F-4
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, Continued
Liabilities
Trade accounts and notes payable
Short-term borrowings and current installments of long-term borrowings
Other payables
Other short-term financial liabilities
Current income tax liabilities
Liabilities of disposal group held for sale
Provisions
Other current liabilities
Total current liabilities
Long-term trade accounts and notes payable
Other long-term financial liabilities
Defined benefit liabilities, net
Deferred tax liabilities
Long-term provisions
Other long-term liabilities
Total non-current liabilities
Equity
Capital surplus
Hybrid bonds
Reserves
Treasury shares
Retained earnings
Equity attributable to owners of the controlling company
Total liabilities and equity
F-5
For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016
Other operating income and expenses
Finance income and costs
Profit before income taxes
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss :
Remeasurements of defined benefit pension plans
Items that are or may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss :
Capital adjustment arising from investments in equity-method investees
Net changes in the unrealized fair value ofavailable-for-sale investments
Foreign currency translation differences
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Profit (loss) attributable to :
Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to :
Basic and diluted earnings per share (in Won)
F-6
Balance as of January 1, 2014
Comprehensive income (loss):
Remeasurements of defined benefit pension plans, net of tax
Capital adjustment arising from investmentsin equity-method investees, net of tax
Net changes in the unrealized fair value ofavailable-for-sale investments, net of tax
Foreign currency translation differences, net of tax
Transactions with owners of the controlling company,
Recognized directly in equity:
Year-end dividends
Interim dividends
Changes in subsidiaries
Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries
Interest of hybrid bonds
Disposal of treasury shares
Total transactions with owners of the controlling company
Balance as of December 31, 2014
F-7
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity, Continued
Balance as of January 1, 2015
Capital adjustment arising from investments in equity-method investees, net of tax
Transactions with owners of the controlling company, Recognized directly in equity:
Balance as of December 31, 2015
F-8
Balance as of January 1, 2016
Balance as of December 31, 2016
F-9
Cash flows from operating activities
Adjustments for:
Depreciation
Amortization
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment
Increase to provisions
Bad debt expenses
Loss on valuation of inventories
Impairment loss on goodwill and intangible assets
Gain on disposal of assets held for sale
Loss on disposal of assets held for sale
Others, net
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Interest received
Interest paid
Dividends received
Income taxes paid
Cash flows from investing activities
Acquisitions of short-term financial instruments
Proceeds from disposal of short-term financial instruments
Acquisition of long-term financial instruments
Increase in loans
Collection of loans
Acquisitions of available-for-saleinvestments
Proceeds from disposal of available-for-saleinvestments
Acquisitions of investments of equity-accounted investees
Proceeds from disposal of investments of equity-accounted investees
Acquisitions of property, plant and equipment
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment
Acquisitions of investment property
Proceeds from disposal of investment property
Acquisitions of intangible assets
Proceeds from disposal of intangible assets
Proceeds from disposal of assets held for sale
Cash received from (paid in) aquisition of business, net of cash acquired
Cash received from disposal of business, net of cash transferred
F-10
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Continued
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from borrowings
Repayment of borrowings
Proceeds from (repayment of) short-term borrowings, net
Payment of cash dividends
Payment of interest of hybrid bonds
Capital contribution from non-controlling interests and proceeds from disposal of subsidiary while maintaining control
Capital deduction from non-controlling interests and additional acquisition of interests in subsidiaries
Proceeds from disposal of treasury shares
Effect of exchange rate fluctuation on cash held
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the period
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period
F-11
As of December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016
General information about POSCO, its 38 domestic subsidiaries including POSCO ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION CO., LTD., 160 foreign subsidiaries including POSCO America Corporation (collectively “the Company”) and its 102 associates and joint ventures are as follows:
(a) The controlling company
POSCO, the controlling company, was incorporated on April 1, 1968, under the Commercial Code of the Republic of Korea to manufacture and sell steel rolled products and plates in the domestic and foreign markets.
The shares of POSCO have been listed on the Korea Exchange on June 10, 1988. POSCO owns and operates two steel plants (Pohang and Gwangyang) and one office in Korea and it also operates internationally through seven of its overseas liaison offices.
As of December 31, 2016, POSCO’s shareholders are as follows:
Shareholder’s name
Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation(*1)
BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (*1)
KB Financial Group Inc. and subsidiaries (*2)
Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority
As of December 31, 2016, the shares of POSCO are listed on the Korea Exchange, while its ADRs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
F-12
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
(b) Consolidated subsidiaries
Details of consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Principal operations
[Domestic]
POSCO ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION., LTD.
POSCO Processing & Service
POSCO COATED & COLOR STEEL Co., Ltd.
POSCO ICT
POSCO Research Institute
POSMATE
POSCO A&C
POSCO Venture Capital Co., Ltd.
eNtoB Corporation
POSCO CHEMTECH
POSCO-Terminal Co., Ltd.
POSCO M-TECH
POSCO ENERGY CO., LTD.
POSCO NIPPON STEEL RHF JOINT VENTURE. CO., Ltd.
IT Engineering CO. Ltd
MegaAsset Co., Ltd.
POSCO Engineering CO., Ltd
Future Creation Fund Postech Early Stage account
POSCO WOMAN’S FUND
POSPOWER Co., Ltd.
Songdo Posco Family housing
Posco Group University
HOTEL LAONZENA
Growth Ladder POSCO K-Growth Global Fund
2015 POSCO New technology II Fund
POCA STEM Co., Ltd
Posco e&c Songdo International Building(*1)
POSCO ES MATERIALS CO., Ltd.(*2)
F-13
Poscoene
POSCO Humans
Mapo Hibroad Parking co., Ltd.
BLUE O&M Co., Ltd.
Busan E&E Co,. Ltd.
POSCO Family Strategy Fund
POSCO DAEWOO Corporation (formerly, Daewoo International Corporation)
Pohang Scrap Recycling Distribution Center Co., Ltd.
PSC Energy Global Co., Ltd.
Suncheon Eco Trans Co., Ltd
POSCO TMC Co., Ltd.
Tamra Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd
POSCO Green Gas Technology Co., Ltd
POSCO AST
POSHIMETAL Co., Ltd.
Steel Processing and Fabricating Center Co., LTD
POSCO LED Co., Ltd.
[Foreign]
POSCO America Corporation
POSCO AUSTRALIA PTY LTD
POSCO Canada Ltd.
POSCO Asia Co., Ltd.
POSCO-CTPC Co., Ltd.
POSCO E&C Vietnam Co., Ltd.
POSCO(Guangdong) Coated Steel Co., Ltd.
POSCO (Thailand) Company Limited
Myanmar POSCO Steel Co., Ltd
POSCO-MKPC SDN BHD
Qingdao Pohang Stainless Steel Co., Ltd.
POSCO(Suzhou) Automotive Processing Center Co., Ltd.
F-14
POSEC Hawaii, Inc.
POSCO-China Qingdao Processing Center Co., Ltd.
POS-ORE PTY LTD
POSCO-China Holding Corp.
POSCO JAPAN Co., Ltd.
POS-CD PTY LTD
POS-GC PTY LTD
POSCO-India Private Limited
POSCO-India Pune Processing Center. Pvt. Ltd.
POSCO Japan PC CO., LTD (formerly, POSCO-JEPC Co., Ltd.)
POSCO-CFPC Co., Ltd.
POSCO E&C CHINA Co., Ltd.
POSCO MPPC S.A. de C.V.
Zhangjigang Pohang Port Co., Ltd.
POSCO-VIETNAM Co., Ltd.
POSCO MEXICO S.A. DE C.V.
POSCO India Delhi Steel Processing Centre Private Limited
POSCAN Elkview
POSCO-Poland Wroclaw Processing Center Sp. z o. o.
POS-NP PTY LTD
POSCO-Vietnam Processing Center Co., Ltd.
POSCO(Chongqing) Automotive Processing Center Co., Ltd.
SUZHOU POSCO-CORE TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.
POSCO-Malaysia SDN. BHD.
POS-Minerals Corporation
POSCO(Wuhu) Automotive Processing Center Co., Ltd.
POSCO Engineering and Construction India Private Limited
POSCO E&C SMART S DE RL DE CV
POSCO Philippine Manila Processing Center, Inc.
POSCO Suzhou Processing Center Co., Ltd.
POSCO Gulf SFC LLC
SANPU TRADING Co., Ltd.
F-15
Zhangjiagang BLZ Pohang International Trading
POSCO MESDC S.A. DE C.V.
POSCO ICT-China
Pos-Sea Pte Ltd
POSCO Europe Steel Distribution Center
POSCO ENGINEERING (THAILAND) CO., LTD.
POSCO VST CO., LTD.
POSCO Maharashtra Steel Private Limited
POSCO India Chennai Steel Processing Centre Pvt.Ltd.
POSCO TNPC Otomotiv Celik San. Ve Tic. A.S
POSCO VNPC(Vietnam HANOI Processing Center) Co., Ltd.
POSCO(Liaoning) Automotive Processing Center Co., Ltd.
POSCO-Indonesia Jakarta Processing Center
POSCO E&C VENEZUELA C.A.
PT.MRI
POSCO TMC INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED
POSCO-AAPC
PT PEN INDONESIA
POSCO(Yantai)Automotive Processing Center Co., Ltd.
POSCO India Steel Distribution Center Private Ltd.
POSCO China Dalian Plate Processing Center Co., Ltd.
POSCO-South Asia Company Limited
POSCO SS-VINA Co., Ltd
POSCO NCR Coal Ltd.
POSCO WA PTY LTD
POSCO Engineering and Construction - UZ
POSCO AUSTRALIA GP PTY LIMITED
POSCO YongXin Rare Earth Metal Co., Ltd.
POSCO DAEWOO POWER (PNGPOM) LTD.
POSCO DAEWOO AMERICA CORP.
F-16
POSCO DAEWOO DEUTSCHLAND GMBH
POSCO DAEWOO JAPAN Corp
POSCO DAEWOO SINGAPORE PTE LTD.
POSCO DAEWOO ITALIA S.R.L.
POSCO DAEWOO CHINA CO., LTD
Daewoo Textile LLC
POSCO DAEWOO AUSTRALIA HOLDINGS PTY. LTD.
POSCO MAURITIUS LIMITED
PT. KRAKATAU POSCO
POSCO DAEWOO MEXICO S.A. DE C.V.
Daewoo International Guangzhou Corp.
POSCO (Zhangjiagang) STS
Processing Center Co., Ltd
POSCO DAEWOO MALAYSIA SDN BHD
POSCO DAEWOO SHANGHAI CO., LTD.
PGSF, L.P.
POSCO DAEWOO INDIA PVT., LTD.
PT. POSCO E&C INDONESIA
HUME COAL PTY LTD
EPC EQUITIES LLP
SANTOS CMI CONSTRUCTION TRADING LLP
SANTOS CMI INC. USA
SANTOS CMI ENGENHARIA E CONSTRUCOES LTDA
SANTOS CMI PERU S.A.
SANTOS CMI CONSTRUCCIONES S.A.
GENTECH INTERNATIONAL INC.
SANTOS CMI S.A.
SANTOS CMI CONSTRUCCIONES DE CHILE S.A.
COMPANIADEAUTOMATIZACION &CONTROL, GENESYS S.A.
POSCO ASSAN TST STEEL INDUSTRY
HONG KONG POSCO E&C (CHINA) INVESTMENT Co., Ltd.
F-17
POSCO ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION DO BRAZIL LTDA.
POSCO Electrical Steel India Private Limited
PT.POSCO-Indonesia Inti
POSCO(Dalian) IT Center Development Co., Ltd.
Brazil Sao Paulo Steel Processing Center
DAESAN (CAMBODIA) Co., Ltd.
PT.POSCO ICT INDONESIA
PT. POSCO MTECH INDONESIA
PT. KRAKATAU POSCO ENERGY
POSCO RUS LLC
POSCO Thainox Public Company Limited
POSCO DAEWOO WAIGAIQIAO SHANGHAI CO., LTD
PT. Bio Inti Agrindo
POSCO ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION AUSTRALIA (POSCO E&C AUSTRALIA) PTY LTD
POSCO-TISCO (JILIN) PROCESSING CENTER Co., Ltd.
Hunchun Posco Hyundai Logistics
USA-SRDC
POSCO DAEWOO VIETNAM CO., LTD
PT.Krakatau Posco Chemtech Calcination
POSCO AFRICA (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED
POSCO ICT BRASIL
LA-SRDC
DONG FANG JIN HONG
POSCO AMERICA COMERCIALIZADORA S DE RL DE CV
POSCO(Guangdong) Automotive Steel Co., Ltd.
POSCO MAPC SA DE CV
PT KRAKATAU BLUE WATER
F-18
POSCO DAEWOO MYANMAR CORPORATION LIMITED
POSCO-Italy Processing Center
POSCO DAEWOO E&P CANADA CORPORATION
Yingkou Puxiang Trade Co., Ltd.
Myanmar POSCO C&C Company, Limited.
POSCO ICT VIETNAM
Daewoo Global Development. Pte., Ltd
Myanmar POSCO Engineering & Construction Company, Limited.
POSCO COATED STEEL (THAILAND) CO., LTD.
Daewoo Power and Infra (PTY) Limited
Daewoo Amara Company Limited
POSMATE-CHINA CO., LTD
Daewoo Precious Resources Co., Ltd.
POSCO-Mexico Villagran Wire-rod Processing Center
SANTOS CMI Guatemala S.A.
POSCO-CDSFC
POSCO ChengDu Processing Center
POSCO E&C HOLDINGS CO., Ltd.
POSCO E&C (THAILAND) CO., Ltd.
DAEWOO POWER PNG Ltd.
POSCO India Ahmedabad Steel Processing Center Pvt.Ltd.
COINSA INGENIERIA Y PETROQUIMICA S.R.L
PT.Krakatau Posco Social Enterprise
POSCO Vietnam Holdings Co., LTD.
Ventanas Philippines Construction Inc
POSCO E&C Mongolia
Daewoo Minerals Canada Corporation
Chongqing POSCO CISL Automotive Steel Co., Ltd.
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POSCO-JWPC Co., Ltd.
POSCO Investment Co., Ltd.
Qingdao Pos-metal Co., Ltd.
Dalian POSCO ICT-DONGFANG Engineering Co., Ltd.
POSCO MEXICO HUMAN TECH S.A. de C.V.
DAEWOO TEXTILE BUKHARA LLC
Daewoo Paper Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Tianjin Daewoo Paper Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Xenesys Inc.
POSCO FOUNDATION
EPC INGENIERIA & SERVICIOS DE COSTA RICA SA
PMM PIPE
KRAKATAU POS-CHEM DONG-SUH CHEMICAL (*3)
The equity of controlling company increased by ￦301,029 million (POSCO ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION., LTD., PT PEN INDONESIA and others) and ￦8,650 million (POSCO Processing &Service and others) in 2015 and 2016, respectively, as a result of changes in the Company’s ownership interests in subsidiaries that did not result in a loss of control.
Cash dividends paid to POSCO by subsidiaries in 2014, 2015 and 2016 amounted to ￦58,488 million,￦437,194 million and￦75,830 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2016, there are no restrictions on the ability of subsidiaries to transfer funds to the controlling company, such as in the form of cash dividends, repayment of loans or payment of advances.
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(c) Details of non-controlling interest as of and for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
1) December 31, 2014
Current assets
Non-current assets
Current liabilities
Non-current liabilities
Sales
Profit (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests
Cash flows from financing activities (before dividends to non-controlling interest)
Dividend to non-controlling interest
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2) December 31, 2015
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3) December 31, 2016
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(d) Details of associates and joint ventures
1) Associates
Details of associates as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Investee
Category of business
EQP POSCO Global NO1 Natural Resources PEF
POSCO PLANTEC Co., Ltd. (*2)
SNNC
QSONE Co.,Ltd.
Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd
Incheon-Gimpo Expressway Co., Ltd.
BLUE OCEAN Private Equity Fund
UITrans LRT Co., Ltd.
Keystone-HYUNDAI SECURITIES NO. 1. Private Equity Fund
CHUNGJU ENTERPRISE CITY DEVELOPMENT Co.,Ltd
Daesung Steel (*1)
KoFC POSCO HANWHA KB Shared Growth NO. 2. Private Equity Fund(*1)
KONES, Corp.
Gale International Korea, LLC
Pohang Techno Valley PFV Corporation
Gunggi Green Energy (*1)
Pohang Special Welding Co.,Ltd.
KC Chemicals CORP (*1)
Posco-IDV Growth Ladder IP Fund(*1)
DAEHO GLOBAL MANAGEMENT CO., LTD.
Clean Gimpo Co., Ltd.
Postech Early Stage Fund (*1)
POSCO Energy Valley Fund
Pureun Tongyeong Enviro Co., Ltd.
Posgreen Co., Ltd. (*1)
Pohang E&E Co,. Ltd.
POSTECH Social Enterprise Fund (*1)
Applied Science Corp.
Noeul Green Energy (*1)
Universal Studios Resort Asset Management Corporation
Pohang Techno Valley AMC
METAPOLIS Co.,Ltd.
New Songdo International City Development, LLC
Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit Co., Ltd.
Mokpo Deayang Industrial Corporation
Clean Iksan Co., Ltd.
Innovalley Co., Ltd.
Pure Gimpo Co., Ltd.
Garolim Tidal Power Plant Co.,Ltd
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2016 PoscoPlutus New Technology Investment Fund(*3)
Hyundai Invest Guggenheim CLO
Private Special Asset Investment Trust II (*3)
PoscoPlutus Bio Fund (*1,3)
PoscoPlutus Project Fund (*1,3)
Posco Agrifood Export Investment Fund (*3)
PoscoPlutus Project II Investment Fund (*1,3)
Posco Culture Contents Fund (*3)
SeAH Changwon Integrated Special Steel (*4)
Green Jang Ryang Co.Ltd (*4)
Daewoo Public Car Sales (Gwangju) CO.,Ltd (*4)
Synergy Private Equity Fund (*5)
Posco e&c Songdo International Building (*6)
South-East Asia Gas Pipeline Company Ltd.
AES-VCM Mong Duong Power Company Limited
7623704 Canada Inc. (*1)
Eureka Moly LLC
AMCI (WA) PTY LTD.
KOREA LNG LTD.
Nickel Mining Company SAS
NCR LLC
PT. Batutua Tembaga Raya
Zhongyue POSCO (Qinhuangdao) Tinplate Industrial Co., Ltd
PT. Wampu Electric Power
POSCO SeAH Steel Wire(Nantong) Co., Ltd.
VSC POSCO Steel Corporation
IMFA ALLOYS FINLEASE LTD.
General Medicines Company Ltd.
PT.INDONESIA POS CHEMTECH CHOSUN Ref
POSK(Pinghu) Steel Processing CenterCo., Ltd.
SHANGHAI LANSHENG DAEWOO CORP.
AN KHANH NEW CITY DEVELOPMENT J.VCO., LTD.
POS-SEAHSTEELWIRE(TIANJIN)CO., Ltd
SHANGHAI WAIGAOQIAO FREE TRADE ZONE LANSHENG DAEWOO IN’L TRADING CO., LTD.
PT. Tanggamus Electric Power (*1)
NS-Thainox Auto Co., Ltd.
Hamparan Mulya
Sebang Steel
GLOBAL KOMSCO Daewoo LLC
POSCO-Poggenamp Electrical Steel Pvt. Ltd.
Fifth Combined Heat and Power Plant LLC
KIRIN VIETNAM CO., LTD (*1)
POSCHROME (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED
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CAML RESOURCES PTY LTD.
KG Power(M) SDN. BHD
LI3 ENERGY INC
LLP POSUK Titanium
POS-SeAH Steel Wire (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (*3)
Jupiter Mines Limited (*1,3)
Chongqing CISL High Strength Cold Rolling SteelCo., Ltd.(*1,3)
KRAKATAU POS-CHEM DONG-SUHCHEMICAL (*1,7)
XG Sciences (*8)
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2) Joint ventures
Details of joint ventures as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
POSCO MITSUBISHI CARBON TECHNOLOGY
POSCO ES MATERIALS CO., LTD (*1)
Roy Hill Holdings Pty Ltd.
POSCO-NPS Niobium LLC
CSP — Compania Siderurgica do Pecem
BX STEEL POSCO Cold Rolled Sheet Co., Ltd.
KOBRASCO
DMSA/AMSA
PT. POSMI Steel Indonesia
Henan Tsingpu Ferro Alloy Co., Ltd.
VNS-DAEWOO Co., Ltd.
YULCHON MEXICO S.A. DE C.V.
POSCO-SAMSUNG-Slovakia Processing Center
Zhangjiagang Pohang Refractories Co., Ltd.
United Spiral Pipe, LLC
Korea Siberia Wood CJSC
Hyunson Engineering & Construction HYENCO
USS-POSCO Industries
POSCO E&C Saudi Arabia (*2)
TANGGANG-POSCO LED (*3)
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(e) Newly included subsidiaries
Consolidated subsidiaries acquired or newly established during the year ended December 31, 2016 are as follows:
Company
Date of addition
Reason
Posco e&c Songdo International Building
POSCO ES MATERIALS CO., LTD.
Reclassification from joint
venture
(f) Excluded subsidiaries
Subsidiaries that were excluded from consolidation during the year ended December 31, 2016 are as follows:
Date of exclusion
POSCO Green Gas Technology
KRAKATAU POS-CHEM DONG-SUH CHEMICAL
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Statement of compliance
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRSs”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
The consolidated financial statements were authorized for issue by the authorized directors on March 2, 2017.
Basis of measurement
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis, except for the following material items in the statement of financial position, as described in the accounting policy below.
Functional and presentation currency
The financial statements of POSCO and subsidiaries are prepared in functional currency of the respective operation. These consolidated financial statements are presented in Korean Won, which is POSCO’s functional currency which is the currency of the primary economic environment in which POSCO operates.
Use of estimates and judgments
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period prospectively.
Information about critical judgments in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements is included in the following notes:
Note 1 — Subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures
Note 10 — Assets held for sale
Note 11 — Investments in associates and joint ventures
Note 12 — Joint operations
Note 25 — Hybrid bonds
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Information about assumptions and estimation uncertainties that have a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment within the next fiscal year is included in the following notes:
Note 15 — Goodwill and other intangible assets, net
Note 20 — Provisions
Note 21 — Employee benefits
Note 29 — Construction contracts
Note 35 — Income taxes
Note 38 — Commitments and contingencies
The Company’s accounting policies and disclosures require the measurement of fair values, for both financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. The Company has an established control framework with respect to the measurement of fair values. This includes a valuation team that has overall responsibility for overseeing all significant fair value measurements, including Level 3 fair values, and reports directly to the financial officer.
The valuation team regularly reviews significant unobservable inputs and valuation adjustments. If third party information, such as broker quotes or pricing services, is used to measure fair values, then the valuation team assesses the evidence obtained from the third parties to support the conclusion that such valuations meet the requirements of IFRS including the level in the fair value hierarchy in which such valuation techniques should be classified.
Significant valuation issues are reported to the Company’s Audit Committee.
When measuring the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company uses market observable data as far as possible. Fair values are categorized into different levels in a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used in the valuation techniques as follows.
Level 1 — unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 — inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the assets or liability, either directly or indirectly.
Level 3 — inputs for the assets or liability that are not based on observable market data.
If the inputs used to measure the fair value of an asset or a liability might be categorized in different levels of the fair value hierarchy, then the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety in the same level of the fair value hierarchy as the lowest level input that is significant to the entire measurement. The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy at the end of the reporting period during which the change has occurred.
Information about the assumptions made in measuring fair values is included in the following note:
Note 23 — Financial instruments
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The significant accounting policies applied by the Company in preparation of its consolidated financial statements are included below. The accounting policies set out below have been applied consistently to all periods presented in these financial statements.
Basis of consolidation
The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method when control is transferred to the Company.
The consideration transferred in the acquisition is generally measured at fair value, as are the identifiable net assets acquired. Any goodwill that arises is tested annually for impairment. Any gain on bargain purchase is recognized in profit or loss immediately. Transaction costs are expensed as incurred, except if related to the issue of debt or equity securities. The consideration transferred does not include amounts related to the settlement of pre-existing relationships. Such amounts are generally recognized in profit or loss.
Any contingent consideration payable is measured at fair value at the acquisition date. If the contingent consideration is classified as equity, then it is not remeasured and settlement is accounted for within equity. Otherwise, subsequent changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration are recognized in profit or loss.
If share-based payment awards (replacement awards) are required to be exchanged for awards held by the acquiree’s employees (acquiree’s awards), then all or a portion of the amount of the acquirer’s replacement awards is included in measuring the consideration transferred in the business combination. This determination is based on the market-based measure of the replacement awards compared with the market-based measure of the acquiree’s awards and the extent to which the replacement awards relate to pre-combination service.
Non-controlling interests are measured at their proportionate share of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets at the acquisition date. Changes in the Company’s interest in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions.
Subsidiaries are entities controlled by the Company. The Company controls an entity when it is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. The financial statements of subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date on which control commences until the date on which control ceases.
When the Company loses control over a subsidiary, it derecognizes the assets and liabilities of the subsidiary, and any related non-controlling interests and other components of equity. Any resulting gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss. Any interest retained in the former subsidiary is measured at fair value when control is lost.
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The Company’s interests in equity-control investees comprise interests in associates and joint ventures. Associates are those entities in which the Company has significant influence, but not control or joint control, over the financial and operating policies. A joint venture is an arrangement in which the Company has joint control, whereby the Company has rights to the net assets of the arrangement, rather than rights to its assets and obligations for its liabilities.
Interests in associates and joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method. They are recognized initially at cost, which includes transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, the consolidated financial statements include the Company’s share of the profit or loss and other comprehensive income of equity-accounted investees, until the date on which significant influence or joint control ceases.
Intra-group balances and transactions, and any unrealized income and expenses arising from intra-group transactions, are eliminated. Unrealized gains arising from transactions with equity-accounted investees are eliminated against the investment to the extent of the Company’s interest in the investee. Unrealized losses are eliminated in the same way as unrealized gains, but only to the extent that there is no evidence of impairment.
Foreign currency transactions and translation
Foreign currency transactions are initially recorded using the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction. At the end of each reporting period, foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the original transaction. Non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date fair value was initially determined.
Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at rates different from those at which they were translated on initial recognition during the period or in previous financial statements are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise. When gains or losses on non-monetary items are recognized in other comprehensive income, exchange components of those gains or losses are recognized in other comprehensive income. Conversely, when gains or losses on non-monetary items are recognized in profit or loss, exchange components of those gains or losses are recognized in profit or loss.
If the presentation currency of the Company is different from a foreign operation’s functional currency, the financial statements of the foreign operation are translated into the presentation currency using the following methods:
The assets and liabilities of foreign operations, whose functional currency is not the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, are translated to presentation currency at
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exchange rates at the reporting date. The income and expenses of foreign operations are translated to functional currency at exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign currency differences are recognized in other comprehensive income.
Any goodwill arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising on the acquisition of that foreign operation are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation. Thus, they are expressed in the functional currency of the foreign operation and translated at the closing rate.
When a foreign operation is disposed of, the relevant amount in the translation is transferred to profit or loss as part of the profit or loss on disposal. On the partial disposal of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, the relevant proportion of such cumulative amount is reattributed to non-controlling interest. In any other partial disposal of a foreign operation, the relevant proportion is reclassified to profit or loss.
Foreign exchange gains or losses arising from a monetary item receivable from or payable to a foreign operation, the settlement of which is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future and which in substance is considered to form part of the net investment in the foreign operation, are recognized in other comprehensive income in the translation reserve.
Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand, demand deposits, and short-term investments in highly liquid securities that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash with maturities of three months or less from the acquisition date and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Equity investments are excluded from cash and cash equivalents.
Non-derivative financial assets
The Company recognizes and measures non-derivative financial assets by the following four categories: financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, held-to-maturity financial assets, loans and receivables and available-for-sale financial assets. The Company recognizes financial assets in the consolidated statement of financial position when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
Upon initial recognition, non-derivative financial assets are measured at their fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the asset’s acquisition or issuance.
(a) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Financial assets are classified at fair value through profit or loss if they are held for trading or designated as such upon initial recognition. Upon initial recognition, transaction costs are recognized in profit or loss when incurred. Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value, and changes therein are recognized in profit or loss.
(b) Held-to-maturity financial assets
A non-derivative financial asset with a fixed or determinable payment and fixed maturity, for which the Company has the positive intention and ability to hold to maturity, is classified as
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held-to-maturity. Subsequent to initial recognition, held-to-maturity financial assets are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method.
(c) Loans and receivables
Loans and receivables arenon-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. Subsequent to initial recognition, loans and receivables are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method unless the effect of discounting is immaterial.
(d) Available-for-sale financial assets
Available-for-sale financial assets are those non-derivative financial assets that are designated asavailable-for-sale or are not classified as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss,held-to-maturity financial assets or loans and receivables. Subsequent to initial recognition, they are measured at fair value, with changes in fair value, net of any tax effect, recorded in other comprehensive income in equity. Investments in equity instruments that do not have a quoted market price in an active market and whose fair value cannot be reliably measured and derivatives that are linked to and must be settled by delivery of such unquoted equity instruments are measured at cost. When a financial asset is derecognized or impairment losses are recognized, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in other comprehensive income is reclassified from equity to profit or loss. Dividends on an available-for-sale equity instrument are recognized in profit or loss when the Company’s right to receive payment is established.
(e) Derecognition of non-derivative financial assets
The Company derecognizes non-derivative financial assets when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or the Company transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows from the financial asset as well as substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset. Any interest in a transferred financial asset that is created or retained by the Company is recognized as a separate asset or liability.
If the Company retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the transferred financial assets, the Company continues to recognize the transferred financial assets and recognizes financial liabilities for the consideration received.
(f) Offsetting a financial asset and a financial liability
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is presented in the consolidated statement of financial position only when the Company currently has a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts, and there is the intention to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
Inventory costs, except materials-in-transit in which costs are determined by using specific identification method, are determined by using the moving-weighted average method. The cost of inventories comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. The allocation of fixed production overheads to the costs of finished goods or work in progress are based on the normal capacity of the production facilities.
Inventories are measured at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The amount of any write-down of inventories to net realizable value and all losses of inventories are recognized as an expense
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in the period the write-down or loss occurs. The amount of any reversal of any write-down of inventories arising from an increase in net realizable value is recognized as a reduction in the amount of inventories recognized as a cost of goods sold in the period in which the reversal occurs.
The carrying amount of those inventories is recognized as cost of goods sold in the period in which the related revenue is recognized.
Non-current assets held for sale
Non-current assets or disposal groups comprising assets and liabilities that are expected to be recovered primarily through sale rather than through continuing use are classified as held for sale. In order to be classified as held for sale, the assets or disposal groups must be available for immediate sale in their present condition and their sale must be highly probable. The assets or disposal groups that are classified as non-current assets held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less cost to sell.
The Company recognizes an impairment loss for any initial or subsequent write-down of an asset or disposal group to fair value less costs to sell, and a gain for any subsequent increase in fair value less costs to sell, up to the cumulative impairment loss previously recognized in accordance with IAS No. 36 “Impairment of Assets”.
A non-current asset that is classified as held for sale or part of a disposal group classified as held for sale is not depreciated (or amortized).
Investment property
Property held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both is classified as investment property. Investment property is measured initially at its cost. Transaction costs are included in the initial measurement. Subsequently, investment property is carried at depreciated cost less any accumulated impairment losses.
Subsequent costs are recognized in the carrying amount of investment property at cost or, if appropriate, as separate items if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized. The costs of the day-to-day servicing are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.
Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at the end of each reporting date and adjusted, if appropriate. The change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate.
Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment are initially measured at cost and after initial recognition, are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. The cost of property, plant and equipment includes expenditures arising directly from the construction or acquisition of the asset, any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management and, when the Company has an obligation to remove the asset or restore the site, an estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.
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The cost of replacing a part of an item is recognized in the carrying amount of the item of property, plant and equipment, if the following recognition criteria are met:
(a) it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company, and
(b) the cost can be measured reliably.
The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized at the time the replacement part is recognized. The costs of the day-to-day servicing of the item are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.
Items of property, plant and equipment are depreciated from the date they are available for use or, in respect of self-constructed assets, from the date that the asset is completed and ready for use. Other than land, the costs of an asset less its estimated residual value are depreciated. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment is recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis, which most closely reflects the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, over the estimated useful lives of each component of an item of property, plant and equipment. Leased assets are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and their useful lives unless it is reasonably certain that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term. Land is not depreciated.
Each part of an item of property, plant and equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item is depreciated separately.
The gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of property, plant and equipment is included in profit or loss when the item is derecognized.
The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative periods are as follows:
Buildings
Structures
Machinery and equipment
Vehicles
Tools
Furniture and fixtures
Lease assets
The estimated residual value, useful lives and the depreciation method are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the changes are accounted for as changes in accounting estimates.
Borrowing costs
The Company capitalizes borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset as part of the cost of that asset. Other borrowing costs are recognized in expense as incurred. A qualifying asset is an asset that requires a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale. Financial assets and inventories that are manufactured or otherwise produced over a short period of time are not qualifying assets. Assets that are ready for their intended use or sale when acquired are not qualifying assets.
To the extent that the Company borrows funds specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the Company determines the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalization as the actual borrowing costs incurred on that borrowing during the period less any investment income on the temporary investment of those borrowings. The Company immediately recognizes other borrowing
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costs as an expense. To the extent that the Company borrows funds generally and uses them for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the Company shall determine the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalization by applying a capitalization rate to the expenditures on that asset. The capitalization rate shall be the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the Company that are outstanding during the period, other than borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset. The amount of borrowing costs that the Company capitalizes during a period shall not exceed the amount of borrowing costs incurred during that period.
Intangible assets
Intangible assets are measured initially at cost and, subsequently, are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.
Amortization of intangible assets except for goodwill is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of intangible assets from the date that they are available for use. The residual value of intangible assets is zero. However, as there are no foreseeable limits to the periods over which club memberships are expected to be available for use, this intangible asset is determined as having an indefinite useful life and not amortized.
Intellectual property rights
Development costs
Port facilities usage rights
Other intangible assets
Amortization periods and the amortization methods for intangible assets with finite useful lives are reviewed at the end of each reporting period. The useful lives of intangible assets that are not being amortized are reviewed at the end of each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support indefinite useful life assessments for those assets. Changes are accounted for as changes in accounting estimates.
Expenditures on research activities, undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding, are recognized in profit or loss as incurred. Development expenditures are capitalized only if development costs can be measured reliably, the product or process is technically and commercially feasible, future economic benefits are probable, and the Company intends to and has sufficient resources to complete development and to use or sell the asset. Other development expenditures are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.
Subsequent expenditures are capitalized only when they increase the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which they relate. All other expenditures, including expenditures on internally generated goodwill and brands, are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.
Exploration for and evaluation of mineral resources
POSCO is engaged in exploration projects for mineral resources through subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures or other contractual arrangements. Expenditures related to the development of mineral resources are recognized as exploration or development intangible assets. The nature of these intangible assets are as follows:
Exploration and evaluation assets consist of expenditures for topographical studies, geophysical studies and trenching. These assets are reclassified as development assets when it is proved that the exploration has identified commercially viable mineral deposit.
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When proved reserves are determined and development is sanctioned, development expenditures incurred are capitalized. These expenditures include evaluation of oil fields, construction of oil/gas wells, drilling for viability and others. On completion of development and inception of extraction for commercial production of developed proved reserves, the development assets are reclassified as either property, plant and equipment or as intellectual property rights (mining rights) under intangible assets based on the nature of the capitalized expenditure.
The respective property, plant and equipment and intellectual property (mining rights) are each depreciated and amortized based on proved reserves on a unit of production basis.
Government grants
Government grants are not recognized unless there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the grant’s conditions and that the grant will be received.
Government grants whose primary condition is that the Company purchase, construct or otherwise acquire long-term assets are deducted from the carrying amount of the assets and recognized in profit or loss on a systematic and rational basis over the life of the depreciable assets.
Government grants which are intended to compensate the Company for expenses incurred are deducted from the related expenses.
Leases
The Company classifies and accounts for leases as either a finance or operating lease, depending on the terms. Leases where the Company assumes substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. All other leases are classified as operating leases.
At the commencement of the lease term, the Company recognizes as finance assets and finance liabilities the lower amount of the fair value of the leased property and the present value of the minimum lease payments, each determined at the inception of the lease. Any initial direct costs are added to the amount recognized as an asset.
Minimum lease payments are apportioned between the finance charge and the reduction of the outstanding liability. The finance charge is allocated to each period during the lease term so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Contingent rents are charged as expenses in the periods in which they are incurred.
The depreciable amount of a leased asset is allocated to each accounting period during the period of expected use on a systematic basis consistent with the depreciation policy the Company adopts for similar depreciable assets that are owned. If there is no reasonable certainty that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset is fully depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and its useful life.
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Lease obligations under operating leases are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Contingent rents are charged as expenses in the periods in which they are incurred.
Determining whether an arrangement is, or contains, a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement and requires an assessment of whether fulfillment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets (the asset) and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset.
At inception or reassessment of the arrangement, management of the Company separates payments and other consideration required by such an arrangement into those for the lease and those for other elements on the basis of their relative fair values. If management of the Company concludes for a financial lease that it is impracticable to separate the payments reliably, the Company recognizes an asset and a liability at an amount equal to the fair value of the underlying asset that was identified as the subject of the lease. Subsequently, the liability shall be reduced as payments are made and an imputed finance charge on the liability recognized using the purchaser’s incremental borrowing rate of interest.
Impairment for financial assets
A financial asset not carried at fair value through profit or loss is assessed at each reporting date to determine whether there is objective evidence that it is impaired. A financial asset is impaired if objective evidence indicates that a loss event has occurred after the initial recognition of the asset, and that the loss event had a negative effect on the estimated future cash flows of that asset that can be estimated reliably. However, losses expected as a result of future events, regardless of likelihood, are not recognized.
Objective evidence that a financial asset or group of financial assets are impaired includes:
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In addition, for an investment in an equity security, a significant or prolonged decline in its fair value below its cost is objective evidence of impairment.
If there is objective evidence that financial assets are impaired, impairment losses are measured and recognized.
An impairment loss in respect of a financial asset measured at amortized cost is calculated as the difference between its carrying amount and the present value of its estimated future cash flows discounted at the asset’s original effective interest rate. If it is not practicable to obtain the instrument’s estimated future cash flows, impairment losses would be measured by using prices from any observable current market transactions. The Company can recognize impairment losses directly or establish a provision to cover impairment losses. If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss decreases and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognized, the previously recognized impairment loss shall be reversed either directly or by adjusting an allowance account.
If there is objective evidence that an impairment loss has occurred on an unquoted equity instrument that is not carried at fair value because its fair value cannot be reliably measured, or on a derivative asset that is linked to and must be settled by delivery of such an unquoted equity instrument, the amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference between the carrying amount of the financial asset and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset. Such impairment losses are not reversed.
When a decline in the fair value of an available-for-sale financial asset has been recognized in other comprehensive income and there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired, the cumulative loss that had been recognized in other comprehensive income shall be reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment even though the financial asset has not been derecognized. Impairment losses recognized in profit or loss for an investment in an equity instrument classified as available-for-sale are not reversed through profit or loss. If, in a subsequent period, the fair value of a debt instrument classified asavailable-for-sale increases and the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognized in profit or loss, the impairment loss shall be reversed, with the amount of the reversal recognized in profit or loss.
Impairment fornon-financial assets
The carrying amounts of the Company’s non-financial assets, other than assets arising from construction contracts, employee benefits, inventories, deferred tax assets and non-current assets held for sale, are reviewed at the end of the reporting period to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated. Goodwill and intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives or that are not yet available for use, irrespective of whether there is any indication of impairment, are tested for impairment annually by comparing their recoverable amount to their carrying amount.
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Management estimates the recoverable amount of an individual asset. If it is impossible to measure the individual recoverable amount of an asset, then management estimates the recoverable amount of cash-generating unit (“CGU”). A CGU is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. The Company determined that individual operating entities are CGUs.
The recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is the greater of its value-in-use and its fair value less costs to sell. The value-in-use is estimated by applying a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset or CGU for which estimated future cash flows have not been adjusted, to the estimated future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or CGU.
An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or a CGU exceeds its recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss.
Goodwill acquired in a business combination is allocated to each CGU that is expected to benefit from the synergies arising from the goodwill acquired. Any impairment identified at the CGU level will first reduce the carrying amount of goodwill and then be used to reduce the carrying amount of the other assets in the CGU on a pro rata basis. Except for impairment losses in respect of goodwill which are never reversed, an impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized.
Derivative financial instruments and hedges
Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value. Subsequent to initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value, and changes therein are recognized in profit or loss.
Embedded derivatives are separated from the host contract and accounted for separately only if the following criteria have been met: (a) the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract and the embedded derivatives are not clearly and closely related to a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative that would meet the definition of a derivative, and (b) the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value through profit or loss. Changes in the fair value of separable embedded derivatives from the host contract are recognized immediately in profit or loss. However, convertible rights of convertible bonds are not separated from the host contract and the compound financial instruments of bonds and convertible rights are designated and measured at fair value through profit and loss.
Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is not designated as a hedging instrument are recognized immediately in profit or loss.
Non-derivative financial liabilities
The Company classifies non-derivative financial liabilities into financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss or other financial liabilities in accordance with the substance of the contractual
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arrangement and the definitions of financial liabilities. The Company recognizes financial liabilities in the consolidated statement of financial position when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the financial liability.
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading or designated as such upon initial recognition. Subsequent to initial recognition, financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value, and changes therein are recognized in profit or loss. Upon initial recognition, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.
Non-derivative financial liabilities other than financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are classified as other financial liabilities. At the date of initial recognition, other financial liabilities are measured at fair value minus transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition. Subsequent to initial recognition, other financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. The Company derecognizes a financial liability from the consolidated statement of financial position when it is extinguished (i.e. when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expires).
Construction work in progress
The gross amount due from customers for contract work is presented for all contracts in which costs incurred plus recognized profits (less recognized losses) exceed progress billings. If progress billings exceed costs incurred plus recognized profits (less recognized losses), then the gross amount due to customers for contract work is presented. Cost includes all expenditures related directly to specific projects and an allocation of fixed and variable overheads incurred in the Company’s contract activities based on normal operating capacity.
The Company recognizes advances received regarding the amount received from the ordering organization before the commencement of the construction. Also, the Company recognized trade accounts and notes receivable with respect to the amount billed to the ordering organization.
Employee benefits
Short-term employee benefits are employee benefits that are due to be settled within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service. When an employee has rendered service to the Company during an accounting period, the Company recognizes the undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service as profit or loss. If the Company has a legal or constructive obligation which can be reliably measured, the Company recognizes the amount of expected payment for profit-sharing and bonuses payable as liabilities.
Other long-term employee benefits include employee benefits that are settled beyond 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service,
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and are calculated at the present value of the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior periods, less the fair value of any related assets. Any actuarial gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise.
For defined contribution plans, when an employee has rendered service to the Company during a period, the Company recognizes the contribution payable to a defined contribution plan in exchange for that service as an accrued expense, after deducting any contributions already paid. If the contributions already paid exceed the contribution due for service before the end of the reporting period, the Company recognizes that excess as an asset (prepaid expense) to the extent that the prepayment will lead to a reduction in future payments or a cash refund.
A defined benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan other than a defined contribution plan. The Company’s net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their service in the current and prior periods; that benefit is discounted to determine its present value. The fair value of plan assets is deducted. The calculation is performed annually by an independent actuary using the projected unit credit method.
The discount rate is the yield at the reporting date on corporate bonds that have maturity dates approximating the terms of the Company’s obligations and that are denominated in the same currency in which the benefits are expected to be paid. The Company recognizes all actuarial gains and losses arising from actuarial assumption changes and experiential adjustments in other comprehensive income when incurred.
When the fair value of plan assets exceeds the present value of the defined benefit obligation, the Company recognizes an asset, to the extent of the present value of the total of cumulative any economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plan or reduction in the future contributions to the plan.
Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognized immediately in other comprehensive income. The Company determines the net interest expense (income) on the net defined benefit liability (asset) for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation at the beginning of the annual period to the then-net defined benefit liability (asset), taking into account any changes in the net defined benefit liability (asset) during the period as a result of contributions and benefit payments, net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognized in profit or loss.
When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service or the gain or loss in curtailment is recognized immediately in profit or loss. The Company recognizes gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.
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Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.
The risks and uncertainties that inevitably surround many events and circumstances are taken into account in reaching the best estimate of a provision. Where the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are determined at the present value of the expected future cash flows.
Where some or all of the expenditures required to settle a provision are expected to be reimbursed by another party, the reimbursement shall be recognized when, and only when, it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received if the entity settles the obligation. The reimbursement shall be treated as a separate asset.
Provisions are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, the provision is reversed.
A provision for warranties is recognized when the underlying products are sold. The provision is based on historical warranty.
Regarding provision for construction warranties, warranty period starts from the completion of construction in accordance with construction contracts. If the Company has an obligation for warranties, provision for warranties which are estimated based on historical warranty data are recorded as cost of construction and provision for warranties during the construction period.
A provision for restoration regarding contamination of land is recognized in accordance with the Company’s announced Environment Policy and legal requirement as needed.
A provision is used only for expenditures for which the provision was originally recognized.
Emission Rights
The Company accounts for greenhouse gases emission right and the relevant liability as follows pursuant to the Act on Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emission which became effective in Korea in 2015.
Greenhouse Gases Emission Right consists of emission allowances which are allocated from the government free of charge and those purchased from the market. The cost includes any directly attributable costs incurred during the normal course of business.
Emission rights held for the purpose of performing the obligation are classified as intangible asset and initially measured at cost and subsequently carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses. Emission rights held for short-swing profits are classified as current asset and are measured at fair value with any changes in fair value recognized as profit or loss in the respective reporting period.
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The Company derecognizes an emission right asset when the emission allowance is unusable, disposed or submitted to government when the future economic benefits are no longer expected to be probable.
Emission liability is a present obligation of submitting emission rights to the government with regard to emission of greenhouse gas. Emission liability is recognized when there is a high possibility of outflows of resources in performing the obligation and the costs required to perform the obligation are reliably estimable. Emission liability is an amount of estimated obligations for emission rights to be submitted to the government for the performing period. The emission liability is measured based on the expected quantity of emission for the performing period in excess of emission allowance in possession and the unit price for such emission rights in the market at the end of the reporting period.
Equity instruments
Common stock is classified as equity and the incremental costs arising directly attributable to the issuance of common stock less their tax effects are deducted from equity.
If the Company reacquires its own equity instruments, the amount of those instruments (“treasury shares”) are presented as a contra equity account. No gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss on the purchase, sale, issuance or cancellation of its own equity instruments. When treasury shares are sold or reissued subsequently, the amount received is recognized as an increase to equity, and the resulting surplus or deficit on the transaction is recorded in capital surplus.
Debt and equity instruments issued by the Company are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of financial liability and an equity instrument. When the Company has an unconditional right to avoid delivering cash or another financial asset to settle a contractual obligation, the instruments are classified as equity instruments.
Revenue from the sale of goods, services provided and the use of assets is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, net of returns and allowances, trade discounts and volume rebates, which are not significant for all periods presented.
Revenue from the sale of goods in the ordinary course of activities is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, net of returns, trade discounts and volume rebates. Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence exists, usually in the form of an executed sales agreement, that the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the buyer, recovery of the consideration is probable, the associated costs and possible return of goods can be estimated reliably, there is no continuing management involvement with the goods, and the amount of revenue can be
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measured reliably. The appropriate timing for transfer of risks and rewards varies depending on the individual terms and conditions of the sales contract. For international sales, this timing depends on the type of international commercial terms of the contract.
Construction contracts of the Company primarily consist of contracts for the construction of plants and infrastructure facilities, and revenue recognition for different types of contracts is as follows:
When the outcome of a construction contract can be estimated reliably, contract revenue is recognized in profit or loss in proportion to the stage of completion of the contract. The stage of completion of a contract is determined based on the proportion that contract costs incurred for work performed to date bear to the estimated total contract costs. Contract revenue includes the initial amount agreed in the contract plus any variation in contract work, claims and incentive payments, to the extent that it is probable that they will result in revenue and can be measured reliably.
When the outcome of a construction contract cannot be estimated reliably, the revenue is recognized only to the extent of contract costs incurred that it is probable will be recoverable. An expected loss on the construction contract is recognized as an expense immediately.
The Company has construction contracts in which control and the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the residential real estate are transferred to the buyer upon the delivery. Revenue and expenses from development and sale of these residential real estate are recognized when an individual unit of residential real estate is delivered to the buyer.
Revenue from services rendered is recognized in profit or loss in proportion to the stage of completion of the transaction at the reporting date. The stage of completion is assessed by reference to surveys of work performed.
Rental income from investment property, net of lease incentives granted, is recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.
Finance income and finance costs
Finance income comprises interest income on funds invested (including available-for-sale financial assets), dividend income, gains on the disposal of available-for-sale financial assets and changes in the fair value of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss. Interest income is recognized as it accrues in profit or loss, using the effective interest rate method. Dividend income is recognized in profit or loss on the date that the Company’s right to receive payment is established.
Finance costs comprise interest expense on borrowings and changes in the fair value of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss. Borrowing costs are recognized in profit or loss using the effective interest rate method.
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Income taxes
Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Current tax and deferred tax are recognized in profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to a business combination, or items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income.
Current income tax is the expected income tax payable or receivable on the taxable profit or loss for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. The taxable profit is different from the accounting profit for the period since the taxable profit is calculated excluding the temporary differences, which will be taxable or deductible in determining taxable profit of future periods, and non-taxable or non-deductible items from the accounting profit.
The measurement of deferred income tax liabilities and deferred tax assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.
The Company recognizes a deferred income tax liability for all taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures, except to the extent that the Company is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future. The Company recognizes a deferred income tax asset for deductible temporary differences arising from investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, to the extent that it is probable that the temporary difference will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary difference can be utilized. However, deferred income tax is not recognized for the following temporary differences: taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill, or the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting profit or loss nor taxable income.
The carrying amount of a deferred income tax asset is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and is reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow the benefit of part or all of that deferred tax asset to be utilized.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. The measurement of deferred income tax liabilities and deferred income tax assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are offset only if there is a legally enforceable right to offset the related current income tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority and they intend to settle current income tax liabilities and assets on a net basis.
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Earnings per share
Management calculates basic earnings per share (“EPS”) data for the Company’s ordinary shares, which is presented at the end of the statement of comprehensive income. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing profit attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period, adjusted for own shares held.
Operating segments
An operating segment is a component of the Company that : a) engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenditures, including revenues and expenses that relate to transactions with any of the Company’s other components, b) whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance and for which discrete financial information is available. Management has determined that the CODM of the Company is the CEO.
With regard to construction segment, segment profit and loss is determined in the same way that consolidated profit after tax for the period is generally determined under IFRS except that revenues and expenses from the development and sale of certain residential real estate are determined by reference to the stage of completion of the contact activity at the end of the reporting period, while in the consolidated financial statements, they are recognized when an individual unit of residential real estate is delivered to the buyer. No adjustments are made for corporate allocations to segment profit and loss. In addition, segment assets and liabilities are generally measured based on total assets and liabilities in accordance with IFRS without any adjustment for corporate allocations, except that assets and liabilities in connection with the construction and sale of residential real estate are determined by reference to the stage of completion of the contract activity at the end of each period.
For the other segments, segment profit and loss is determined the same way that consolidated net after tax profit for the period is generally determined under IFRS without any adjustment for corporate allocations. The accounting policies used by each segment are consistent with the accounting policies used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. Segment assets and liabilities are generally measured based on total assets and liabilities in accordance with IFRS without any adjustment for corporate allocations. Also, segment assets and liabilities are based on the separate financial statements of the entities instead of on consolidated basis. In addition, there are varying levels of transactions amongst the reportable segments. These transactions include sales of property, plant and assets, and rendering of construction service and so on.
Segment results that are reported to the CEO include items directly attributable to a segment and do not include allocated items. Segment capital expenditure is the total cost incurred during the period to acquire property, plant and equipment, and intangible assets other than goodwill.
New standards and interpretations not yet adopted
The following new standards, interpretations and amendments to existing standards have been published but are not mandatory for the Company for annual periods beginning on January 1, 2016, and the Company has not early adopted them.
IFRS No. 9, published in July 2014, is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with earlier adoption permitted. It replaces existing guidance in IAS No. 39
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“Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement”. The Company plans to adopt IFRS No. 9 for the year beginning on January 1, 2018.
IFRS No. 9 will generally be applied retrospectively, however the Company plans to take advantage of the exemption allowing it not to restate the comparative information for prior periods with respect to classification and measurement including impairment changes. New hedge accounting requirements will generally be applied prospectively except for certain exemptions including the accounting for the time value of options.
Key features of the new standard, IFRS No. 9, are 1) classification and measurement of financial assets that reflects the business model in which the assets are managed and their cash flow characteristics, 2) impairment methodology that reflects ‘expected credit loss’ (ECL) model for financial assets, and 3) expanded scope of hedged items and hedging instruments which qualify for hedge accounting and changes in assessment method for effect of hedging relationships.
IFRS No. 9 will require the Company to assess the financial impact from application of IFRS No. 9 and revise its accounting processes and internal controls related to financial instruments. Actual impact of adopting IFRS No. 9 will be dependent on the financial instruments the Company holds and economic conditions at that time as well as accounting policy elections and judgment that it will make in the future.
The Company has not initiated any changes related to IFRS No. 9, therefore the Company has not performed an assessment of the impact resulting from the application of IFRS No. 9. The Company will complete the analysis of financial impacts arising from applying this standard in 2017.
Expected qualitative impacts on the consolidated financial statements are generally categorized as follows:
Under IFRS No. 9, financial assets are classified into three principal categories; measured at amortized cost, fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) and fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL). The classification is determined based on the business model in which assets are managed and their cash flow characteristics, as detailed in the below table.
Business model
Contractual cash flows are
solely payments of
principal and interests
All other cases
To collect contractual cash flows
Both to collect contractual cash flows and sell financial assets
For trading, and others
The adoption of IFRS No. 9 would potentially increase the proportion of financial assets that are measured at fair value through profit or loss, which may increase volatility in the Company’s profit or loss.
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As of December 31, 2016, the Company had loans and receivables amounting to ￦19,277,709 million, held-to-maturity financial assets amounting to ￦2,470 million, available-for-salefinancial assets amounting to ￦2,514,924 million, and financial assets at fair value through profit or loss amounting to ￦147,582 million.
Under IFRS No. 9, a financial asset is measured at amortized cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at fair value through profit or loss: 1) the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and 2) the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had loans and receivables which amount to ￦19,277,709 million, and held-to-maturity financial assets which amount to ￦2,470 million, which were measured at amortized costs.
Under IFRS No. 9, a financial asset is measured at fair value through other comprehensive income if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at fair value through profit or loss: 1) the asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and 2) the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flow that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had debt instruments of ￦49,282 million classified as available-for-sale.
Under IFRS No. 9, on initial recognition of equity investment that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income, and will not reclassify the those items in other comprehensive income to profit or loss subsequently. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had equity investment that is classified as available-for-sale which amounts to￦2,392,534 million.
Under IFRS No. 9, the amount of change in the fair value attributable to the changes in the credit risk of the financial liabilities is presented in other comprehensive income, not in profit or loss, and the other comprehensive income amount will not be reclassified to profit or loss. However, if doing so creates or increase an accounting mismatch, the amount of change in the fair value is recognized in profit or loss.
As a portion of fair value change which was recognized in profit or loss under the existing standard, IAS No. 39, will be presented in other comprehensive income under IFRS No. 9, profit or loss related to valuation of financial liabilities is likely to decrease.
IFRS No. 9 replaces the incurred loss model in the existing standard with a forward-looking expected credit loss model for debt instruments, lease receivables, contractual assets, loan commitments, financial guarantee contracts.
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Under IFRS No. 9, impairment losses are likely to be recognized earlier than using the incurred loss model under the existing guidance in IAS No. 39 as loss allowances will be measured on either of the 12-month or lifetime expected credit loss based on the extent of increase in credit risk since inception as shown in the below table.
Classification (*1)
Loss allowances
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Under IFRS No. 9, financial assets of which the credit was impaired at the initial recognition, cumulative changes in lifetime expected credit loss since the initial recognition are recognized as loss allowances.
As of December 31, 2016, the Company had financial instruments measured at amortized cost amounting to ￦19,280,179 million (loans and receivables ￦19,277,709 million and held- to-maturity financial assets ￦2,470 million), debt instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income as they are classified as available for sale amounting to ￦49,282 million, and has recognized bad debt allowance of loans and receivables of ￦977,771 million as of December 31, 2016.
IFRS No. 15 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, published in May 2014, is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with earlier adoption permitted. It replaces existing revenue recognition guidance, including IAS No. 18 “Revenue”, IAS No. 11 “Construction Contracts”, SIC No. 31 “Revenue-Barter transactions involving advertising services”, IFRIC No. 13 “Customer Loyalty Programs”, IFRIC No. 15 “Agreements for the construction of real estate”, and IFRIC No. 18 “Transfers of assets from customers”. The Company shall apply this standard using one of the following two methods; (a) retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented in accordance with IAS No. 8 “Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors” but using the practical expedients for completed contracts- i.e. completed contracts for the earliest prior period presented are not restated; or (b) retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying this standard recognized at the date of initial application. The Company plans to adopt IFRS No. 15 in its consolidated financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2018, however the Company has not determined the transition method.
Existing IFRS standards and interpretations including IAS No. 18 provide revenue recognition guidance by transaction types such as sales of goods, rendering of services,
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interest income, royalty income, dividend income and construction revenue; however, under the new standard, IFRS No. 15, the five-step approach (Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer, Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract, Step 3: Determine the transaction price, Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, Step 5: Recognize revenue when the entity satisfied a performance obligation) is applied for all types of contracts or agreements.
The new standard will require the Company to revise its internal controls related to reporting revenue, and these changes are not yet initiated, and the Company has not performed an assessment of the impact resulting from the application of IFRS No. 15. The Company will complete the analysis of financial impacts arising from applying this standard in 2017.
Expected qualitative impacts on the consolidated financial statements are as follows:
Revenue generated from construction contracts for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounts to ￦6,497,723 million which represents approximately 12% of consolidated revenue. The Company enters into certain construction contracts including the purchase and installation of special equipment and proceeds over a period of one year or longer. The Company installs the specialized equipment which is procured from an external manufacturer, and the promised construction service, including the installation of the equipment, is a single performance obligation.
Under IFRS No. 15, if the promised goods and services are not distinct at inception of the contract, the Company is expected to obtain control of the goods before rendering the service related to the goods, the costs to procure the goods are significant relative to the total expected costs to completely satisfy the performance obligation and the Company is provided with the goods from third party and is not significantly involved in designing and manufacturing the goods, the Company adjusts its measure of progress by excluding the costs to procure the goods from both the measure of costs incurred and the transaction price.
Under IFRS No. 15, the Company estimates an amount of variable consideration by using the method the Company expects to better predict the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled. The Company includes an amount of variable consideration in the transaction price only to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the return period expires. The Company recognize the amounts received or receivable for which the Company does not expect to be entitled as a refund liability.
Under the new standard, the Company is required to disclose more information about its contracts with customers than is currently required under IAS No. 18 and IAS No. 11, including more disaggregated information about revenue and more information about its performance obligations remaining at the reporting date. The Company will disclose the extent of new disclosures required under the new standard upon adoption of IFRS No. 15.
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IFRS No. 16 “Leases”, published in January 2016, replaces the existing guidance in IAS No. 17 “Leases”, IFRIC No. 4 “Determining whether an Arrangement contains a Lease”, SIC No. 15 “Operating Leases-Incentives” and SIC No. 27 “Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease”. IFRS No. 16 eliminates the classification of leases as either operating leases or finance leases for a lessee. Instead all leases are treated in a similar way to finance leases applying IAS No. 17.
Leases are ‘capitalized’ by recognizing the present value of the lease payments and showing them either as lease assets (right-of-use assets) or together with property, plant and equipment. If lease payments are made over time, a company also recognizes a financial liability representing its obligation to make future lease payments.
As a lessee, the Company can either apply the standard using a: (a) Retrospective approach or (b) Modified retrospective approach with optional practical expedients. The lessee applies the election consistently to all of its leases. The Company has not yet determined which transition approach to apply.
IFRS No. 16 is effective for the accounting periods beginning on January 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for companies that also adopt IFRS No. 15. As of December 31, 2016, The Company has not started the evaluation of the impact on its consolidated financial statements resulting from the application of IFRS No. 16.
In accordance with IAS No. 7 “Statement of Cash Flows” amended in January 2016, liabilities related to the cash flows that were classified as a financing activity in the statement of cash flows or will be classified as a financing activity in the future should be disclosed as follows:
Fluctuations in financing cash flows
Changes in the acquisition or loss of control of a subsidiary or other business
Exchange rate effect
Fair value changes
Other changes
IAS No. 7 is effective for the accounting periods beginning on January 1, 2017, and the Company is not required to provide comparative information for the prior period.
In accordance with IAS No. 12 “Income Taxes” amended in January 2016, In the case of debt instruments measured at fair values, deferred tax accounting treatment is clarified. Temporary difference is calculated from the difference between the carrying amount and taxable base amount of the debt liabilities, regardless of the expected recovery method. When reviewing the feasibility of deferred tax assets, if there is sufficient evidence that it is likely to recover some part of an entity’s assets in excess of the carrying amount, the estimated amount of future taxable income would be included in the estimated future
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taxable income. In addition, future taxable income estimates are calculated as the amount before deducting the deductible (deduction) effect from deductible temporary differences.
IAS No. 12 is effective from accounting periods beginning on January 1, 2017. The Company believes that the effect of the amendments to the consolidated financial statements is not significant.
The Company has exposure to the following risks from its use of financial instruments:
credit risk
liquidity risk
market risk
capital risk
This note presents information about the Company’s exposure to each of the above risks, the Company’s objectives, policies and processes for measuring and managing risk, and the Company’s management of capital. Further quantitative disclosures are included throughout these consolidated financial statements.
The Board of Directors has overall responsibility for the establishment and oversight of the Company’s risk management framework. The Company’s risk management policies are established to identify and analyze the risks faced by the Company, to set appropriate risk limits and controls, and to monitor risks and adherence to limits. Risk management policies and systems are reviewed regularly to reflect changes in market conditions and the Company’s activities.
The Company, through its training and management standards and procedures, aims to develop a disciplined and constructive control environment in which all employees understand their roles and obligations.
Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Company if a customer or counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations, and arises principally from the Company’s receivables from customers and investment securities. In addition, credit risk arises from finance guarantees.
The Company implements a credit risk management policy under which the Company only transacts business with counterparties that have a certain level of credit rate evaluated based on financial condition, historical experience, and other factors. The Company’s exposure to credit risk is influenced mainly by the individual characteristics of each customer. The default risk of a nation or an industry in which a customer operates its business does not have a significant influence on credit risk. The Company has established a credit policy under which each new customer is analyzed individually for creditworthiness.
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The Company establishes an allowance for impairment that represents its estimate of incurred losses in respect of trade and other receivables. The main components of this allowance are a specific loss component that relates to individually significant exposures, and a collective loss component established for companies of similar assets in respect of losses that have been incurred but not yet identified. The collective loss allowance is determined based on historical data of payment statistics for similar financial assets. Debt securities are analyzed individually, and an expected loss shall be directly deducted from debt securities.
Credit risk also arises from transactions with financial institutions, and such transactions include transactions of cash and cash equivalents, various deposits, and financial instruments such as derivative contracts. The Company manages its exposure to this credit risk by only entering into transactions with banks that have high international credit ratings. The Company’s treasury department authorizes, manages, and overseas new transactions with financial institutions with whom the Company has no previous relationship.
Furthermore, the Company limits its exposure to credit risk of financial guarantee contracts by strictly evaluating their necessity based on internal decision making processes, such as the approval of the board of directors.
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will encounter difficulty in meeting the obligations associated with its financial liabilities that are settled by delivering cash or another financial asset. The Company’s approach to managing liquidity is to ensure, as far as possible, that it will always have sufficient liquidity to meet its liabilities when due, under both normal and stressed conditions, without incurring unacceptable losses or risking damage to the Company’s reputation.
The Company’s cash flow from business, borrowing or financing is sufficient to meet the cash requirements for the Company’s strategic investments. Management believes that the Company is capable of raising funds by borrowing or financing if the Company is not able to generate cash flow requirements from its operations. The Company has committed borrowing facilities from various banks.
Market risk means that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. The goal of market risk management is optimization of profit and controlling the exposure to market risk within acceptable limits.
The Company’s policy in respect of foreign currency risks is a natural hedge whereby foreign currency income is offset with foreign currency expenditures. The remaining net exposures after the natural hedge have been hedged using derivative contracts such as forward exchange contracts. In addition, the Company’s derivative transactions are limited to hedging actual foreign currency transactions and speculative hedging is not permitted. Based on this policy, the
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Company has performed currency risk management specific to various characteristics of different segments. The entities in the steel segment reduces the foreign currency exposure by repayment of foreign currency borrowings subjected to investment in overseas when its maturities come. The entities in the engineering and construction segment have hedged foreign currency risks by using forward exchange contracts. Entities in the trading segment have hedged foreign currency risks by using forward exchange contracts when the foreign currencies received and paid are different.
The Company manages the exposure to interest rate risk by adjusting of borrowing structure ratio between borrowings at fixed interest rates and variable interest rate. The Company monitors interest rate risks regularly in order to avoid exposure to interest rate risk on borrowings at variable interest rate.
Equity price risk arises from listed equity securities among available-for-sale equity securities. Management of the Company measures regularly the fair value of listed equity securities and the risk of variance in future cash flow caused by market price fluctuations. Significant investments are managed separately and all buy and sell decisions are approved by management of the Company.
The fundamental goal of capital management is the maximization of shareholders’ value by means of the stable dividend policy and the retirement of treasury shares. The capital structure of the Company consists of equity and net borrowings (after deducting cash and cash equivalents) and current financial instruments from borrowings. The Company applied the same capital risk management strategy that was applied in the previous period.
Net borrowing-to-equity ratio as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 is as follows:
Total borrowings
Less: Cash and cash equivalents
Net borrowings
Net borrowings-to-equity ratio
Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Cash
Demand deposits and checking accounts
Time deposits
Other cash equivalents (*2)
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(a) Trade accounts and notes receivable as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Current
Trade accounts and notes receivable
Finance lease receivables
Unbilled due from customers for contract work
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts
Non-current
Trade accounts and notes receivable sold to financial institutions, for which the derecognition conditions were not met, amounted to ￦390,172 million and ￦344,410 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively. The fair value of trade accounts and notes receivable approximates the carrying amounts and trade accounts and notes receivable are included in short-term borrowings from financial institutions (Note 17).
(b) Finance lease receivables are as follows:
Customer
Contents
Korea Electric Power Corporation
KC Chemicals CORP
Hystech.Co. Ltd.
(c) The gross amount and present value of minimum lease payments as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Less than 1 year
1 year – 5 years
Unrealized interest income
Present value of minimum lease payment
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7. Other Receivables
Other receivables as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Short-term loans
Other accounts receivable
Accrued income
Deposits
Less : Allowance for doubtful accounts
Long-term loans
Long-term other accounts receivable
Other financial assets as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Derivatives assets held for trading
Available-for-sale securities (bonds)
Current portion of held-to-maturitysecurities
Short-term financial instruments (*1,2)
Available-for-sale securities (equity instruments) (*3,4)
Available-for-sale securities (others)
Held-to-maturity securities
Long-term financial instruments (*2)
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(a) Inventories as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Finished goods
Merchandise
Semi-finished goods
Raw materials
Fuel and materials
Construction inventories
Materials-in-transit
Less: Allowance for inventories valuation
(b) The changes of allowance for inventories valuation for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Beginning
Realization on disposal of inventories
Ending
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Details of assets held for sale and related liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Trade accounts and notes receivable and other receivables
Other assets
Borrowings
Other liabilities
(a) Investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Investments in associates
Investments in joint ventures
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(b) Details of investments in associates as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
EQP POSCO Global NO1 Natual Resources PEF
POSCO PLANTEC Co., Ltd. (*4)
SeAH Changwon Integrated Special Steel (*1)
Chuncheon Energy Co., Ltd
Incheon-Gimpo Expressway Co., Ltd. (*2)
UITrans LRT Co., Ltd. (*2)
CHUNGJU ENTERPRISE CITY DEVELOPMENT Co.,Ltd (*2)
Daesung Steel
KoFC POSCO HANWHA KB Shared Growth NO. 2. Private Equity Fund
Others (33 companies) (*2)
AES-VCM Mong Duong Power Company Limited (*3)
7623704 Canada Inc.
AMCI (WA) PTY LTD
PT. Wampu Electric Power (*2)
Others (26 companies) (*2)
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(c) Details of investments in joint ventures as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
POSCO ES MATERIALS CO.,LTD (*1)
Roy Hill Holdings Pty Ltd (*2)
DMSA/AMSA (*3)
Others (11 companies)
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(d) The movements of investments in associates and joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
1) For the year ended December 31, 2015
POSCO PLANTEC Co., Ltd.
SeAH Changwon Integrated Special Steel
POSCO ES MATERIALS CO.,LTD
Others (30 companies)
Roy Hill Holdings Pty Ltd
CSP - Compania Siderurgica do Pecem
CAML RESOURCES PTY LTD
Others (33 companies)
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2) For the year ended December 31, 2016
Others (37 companies)
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(e) Summarized financial information of associates and joint ventures as of and for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
1) December 31, 2015
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2) December 31, 2016
Details of significant joint operations that the Company is participating in as a party to a joint arrangement as of December 31, 2016 are as follows:
Joint operations
Myanmar A-1/A-3 mine
Offshore midstream
Greenhills mine
Arctos Anthracite coal project
Mt. Thorley J/V
POSMAC J/V
CD J/V
RUM J/V
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(a) Investment property as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Land
Construction-in-progress
As of December 31, 2016, the fair value of investment property is ￦1,629,308 million, among which the Company believed the fair value of its investment property of 3 subsidiaries, including DAESAN (CAMBODIA) Co., Ltd. approximate its book value of ￦67,924 million. Also, the Company used the prior year’s fair value for some of the investment property since it is believed that the fair value has not changed significantly.
(b) Changes in the carrying amount of investment property for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
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(a) Property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Finance lease assets
(b) Changes in the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
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(c) Borrowing costs capitalized and the capitalized interest rate for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Weighted average expenditure
Borrowing costs capitalized
Capitalization rate (%)
(d) Property, plant and equipment and investment property pledged as collateral as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Collateral right holder
Land (*1)
Buildings and structures (*1)
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(a) Goodwill and other intangible assets as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Premium in rental
Development expense
Exploration and evaluation assets
Customer relationships
Power generation permit
(b) The changes in carrying amount of goodwill and other intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Premium in rental (*1)
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(c) For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to individually operating entities which are determined to be CGUs. The goodwill amounts as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Reportable segments
CGUs
Steel
E&C
Recoverable amounts of POSCO Engineering CO., Ltd are determined based on its value in use. As of December 31, 2016, value in use is estimated by applying 9.0% discount rate and 1.0% terminal growth rate within 5 years, the period for the
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Other current assets and other non-current assets as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Advance payments
Prepaid expenses
Long-term advance payments
Long-term prepaid expenses
Others (*1)
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(a) Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term borrowings as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Bank
Issuance date
Maturity date
Short-term borrowings
Bank overdrafts
Bank of America and others
January, 2016~
December, 2016
January, 2017~
December, 2017
HSBC and others
Current portion of long-term liabilities
Current portion of long-term borrowings
Export-Import Bank of Korea and others
June, 2003~
September, 2016
Current portion of foreign loan (*1)
NATIXIS
March, 2017
Current portion of debentures
Korean Development Bank and others
August, 2009~
March, 2016
March, 2017~
Less: Current portion of discount on debentures issued
(b) Long-term borrowings, excluding current portion as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Long-term borrowings
Export-Import bank of Korea and others
January, 1983~
March, 2018~
March, 2033
Less: Present value discount
Foreign loan
—
Bonds
Korea Development Bank and others
July, 2016
October, 2018~
July, 2025
Less: Discount on debentures issued
(c) Property, plant and equipment including investment property, cash equivalents, trade accounts and notes receivable, financial instruments, available-for-sale financial assets, inventories and other assets amounting to￦6,546,430 million,￦77,617 million,￦5,772 million (84 of notes receivable), ￦72,015 million, ￦9,839 million,￦66,175 million and￦151,596 million, respectively, are provided as collateral related to short-term borrowings, long-term borrowings and debentures.
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Other payables as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Accounts payable
Accrued expenses
Dividend payable
Finance lease liabilities
Withholdings
Long-term withholdings
Other financial liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Derivatives liabilities
Financial guarantee liabilities
20. Provisions
(a) Provisions as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Provision for bonus payments
Provision for construction warranties
Provision for legal contingencies and claims(*1)
Provision for the restoration (*2)
Others (*3,4)
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(b) The following are the key assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimation uncertainties at the end of the reporting period.
Key assumptions for the estimation
Provision for legal contingencies and claims
(c) Changes in provisions for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Provision for the restoration
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(a) Defined contribution plans
The expenses related to post-employment benefit plans under defined contribution plans for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Expense related to post-employment benefit under defined contribution plans
(b) Defined benefit plans
1) The amounts recognized in relation to net defined benefit liabilities in the statements of financial position as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Present value of funded obligations
Fair value of plan assets (*1)
Present value of non-funded obligations
Net defined benefit liabilities
2) Changes in present value of defined benefit obligations for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Defined benefit obligation at the beginning of period
Current service costs
Interest costs
Remeasurements :
— Gain from change in financial assumptions
— Gain from change in demographic assumptions
— Others
Benefits paid
Defined benefit obligation at the end of period
3) Changes in fair value of plan assets for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Fair value of plan assets at the beginning of period
Interest on plan assets
Remeasurement of plan assets
Contributions to plan assets (*1)
Fair value of plan assets at the end of period
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4) The fair value of plan assets as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Debt instruments
5) The amounts recognized in consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Net interest costs (*1)
The above expenses by function were as follows:
6) Accumulated actuarial gains (losses), net of tax recognized in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Current actuarial gains (losses)
7) The principal actuarial assumptions as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Discount rate
Expected future increase in salaries (*1)
All assumptions are reviewed at the end of the reporting period. Additionally, the total estimated defined benefit obligation includes actuarial assumptions associated with the long-term characteristics of the defined benefit plan.
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8) Reasonably possible changes at the reporting date to one of the relevant actuarial assumptions, holding other assumptions constant, would have affected the defined benefit obligation by the amounts shown below:
Expected future increases in salaries
9) As of December 31, 2016 the maturity of the expected benefit payments are as follows:
The maturity analysis of the defined benefit obligation was nominal amounts of defined benefit obligations using expected remaining working lives of employees.
Other liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Due to customers for contract work
Advances received
Unearned revenue
(a) Classification of financial instruments
1) Financial assets as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Available-for-sale financial assets
Held-to-maturity financial assets
Loans and receivables
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2) Financial liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
Derivatives liabilities held for trading
Financial liabilities measured at amortized cost
3) Finance income and costs by category of financial instrument for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
①December 31, 2014
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② December 31, 2015
③December 31, 2016
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(b) Credit risk
1) Credit risk exposure
The carrying amount of financial assets represents the Company’s maximum exposure to credit risk. The maximum exposure to credit risk as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Loans and other receivables
The Company provided financial guarantees for the repayment of loans of associates, joint ventures and third parties. As of December 31, 2015 and 2016, the maximum exposure to credit risk related to the financial guarantees amounted to￦4,129,825 million and￦2,995,544 million, respectively.
2) Impairment losses on financial assets
① Allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Loans
②Impairment losses on financial assets for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Bad debt expenses on trade accounts and notes receivable
Other bad debt expenses (*1)
Impairment loss on held-to-maturity financial assets
Less: Recovery of allowance for other bad debt accounts
Less: Recovery of impairment loss on held-to-maturityfinancial assets
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③ The aging and impairment losses of trade accounts and notes receivable as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Not due
Over due less than 1 month
1 month – 3 months
3 months – 12 months
Over 12 months
④The aging and impairment losses of other receivables as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
⑤Changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
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(c) Liquidity risk
1) Contractual maturities for non-derivative financial liabilities, including estimated interest, are as follows:
Financial guarantee liabilities (*1)
Other financial liabilities
2) The maturity analysis of derivative financial liabilities is as follows:
Currency forward
Currency futures
Currency swaps
Interest swaps
Other forwards
(d) Currency risk
1) The Company has exposure to the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of the changes in foreign exchange rates. The exposure to currency risk as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
USD
EUR
JPY
2) As of December 31, 2015 and 2016, provided that functional currency against foreign currencies other than functional currency hypothetically strengthens or weakens by 10%, the changes in gain or loss during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
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(e) Interest rate risk
1) The carrying amount of interest-bearing financial instruments as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Financial assets
Financial liabilities
2) Sensitivity analysis on the fair value of financial instruments with fixed interest rate
The Company does not account for any fixed rate financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, and the Company does not designate derivatives (interest rate swaps) as hedging instruments under fair value hedge accounting model. Therefore a change in interest rates at the reporting date would not affect profit or loss.
3) Sensitivity analysis on the cash flows of financial instruments with variable interest rate
As of December 31, 2015 and 2016, provided that other factors remain the same and the interest rate of borrowings with floating rates increases or decreases by 1%, the changes in interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Variable rate financial instruments
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(f) Fair value
1) Fair value and book value
The carrying amount and the fair value of financial instruments as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Assets measured at fair value
Available-for-sale financial assets (*1)
Assets measured at amortized cost (*2)
Loans and other receivables, net
Liabilities measured at fair value
Liabilities measured at amortized cost (*2)
2) The fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities by fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
a. December 31, 2015
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b. December 31, 2016
3) Financial assets and financial liabilities classified as fair value hierarchy level 2
Fair values of derivatives are measured using the derivatives instrument valuation model such as market approach method and discounted cash flow method. Inputs of the derivatives instrument valuation model include interest rate, exchange rate, spot price of underlying assets, volatility and others. It may change depending on the type of derivatives and the nature of the underlying assets.
4) Financial assets and financial liabilities classified as fair value hierarchy level 3
Effect on fair valueassessment withunobservable input
If other inputs remain constant as of December 31, 2016 and one of the significant but not observable input is changed, the effect on fair value measurement is as follows:
Input variable
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Acquisition and others
Gain (loss) on valuations of derivatives
Other comprehensive loss
Impairment loss
Disposal and others
(a) Share capital as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Authorized shares
Par value
Issued shares (*1)
Shared capital (*2)
(b) The changes in issued common stock for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
(c) Capital surplus as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Share premium
Gain on disposal of treasury shares
Other capital deficit
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(a) Hybrid bonds classified as equity as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Hybrid bond1-1(*1)
Hybrid bond1-2(*1)
Issuance cost
Hybrid bond1-1
Hybrid bond1-2
Issue price
Interest rate
Issue date ~ 2018-06-12 : 4.3%
Reset every 5 years as follows;
Issue date ~ 2023-06-12 : 4.6%
Reset every 10 years as follows;
· After 5 years : return on government bond (5 years) + 1.3%
· After 10 years : additionally +0.25% according to Step-upclauses
· After 25 years : additionally +0.75%
· After 10 years : return on government bond (10 years) + 1.4%
· After 30 years : additionally +0.75%
Interest payments
condition
The hybrid bond holders’ preference in the event of liquidation is higher than the common stock holders, but lower than other creditors. The interest accumulated but not paid on the hybrid bonds as of December 31, 2016 amounts to￦2,389 million.
(b) POSCO ENERGY Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Company, issued hybrid bonds, which are classified asnon-controlling interests in the consolidated financial statements. Hybrid bonds as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Hybrid bond 1-1(*1)
Hybrid bond 1-2(*1)
Hybrid bond 1-3(*1)
Hybrid bond 1-4(*1)
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Hybrid bond 1-2 and 1-3
Hybrid bond1-4
30 years (The Company has a right to extend the maturity date)
Issue date ~ 2018-08-29 : 4.66% reset every 5 years as follows;
· After 5 years : return on
Issue date ~ 2018-08-29 : 4.72% reset every 5 years as follows;
Issue date ~ 2018-08-29 : 5.21% reset every 10 years as follows;
· After 10 years : return on
government bond (5 years) + 1.39%
· After 10 years : additionally +0.25% according to Step-up clauses
Quarterly
government bond (5 years) + 1.45%
government bond (10 years) + 1.55%
Interest payments condition
The hybrid bond holders’ preference in the event of liquidation is higher than the common stock holders, but lower than other creditors. The interest accumulated but not paid on the hybrid bonds as of December 31, 2016 amounts to￦2,000 million.
(a) Reserves as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Accumulated comprehensive loss of investments in associates and joint ventures
Changes in the unrealized fair value of available-for-saleinvestments
Currency translation differences
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(b) Changes in the unrealized fair value of available-for-sale investments for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Beginning balance
Changes in fair value of available-for-saleinvestments
Reclassification to profit of loss upon disposal
Impairment of available-for-sale investments
Ending balance
Based on the Board of Directors’ resolution, the Company holds treasury shares for business purposes including price stabilization. The changes in treasury shares for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Details of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Sales of goods
Construction revenue
Rental income
(a) Details of in-progress construction contracts as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Aggregate amount of costs incurred
Add: Recognized profits
Less: Recognized losses
Cumulative construction revenue
Less: Progress billing
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(b) Details of due from customers for contract work and due to customers for contract work related to construction as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
(c) Due to the factors causing the variation of costs for the year ended December 31, 2016, the estimated total contract costs have changed. Details of changes in estimated total contract costs and the impact on profit before income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2016 and future periods are as follows:
Changes in profit before income taxes of construction contract:
- Current period
- Future periods
The effect on the current and future profit is estimated based on the circumstances that have occurred from the commencement date of the contract to the end of 2016. The estimation is evaluated for the total contract costs and expected total contract revenue as of the end of the period. Such estimate may change in future periods.
(d) Uncertainty of estimates
Total contract revenues are measured based on contractual amount initially agreed. However, the contract revenues can increase due to additional contract work, claims and incentive payments in the course of construction, or decrease due to penalty when the completion of contract is delayed due to the Company’s fault. Therefore, this measurement of contract revenues is affected by the uncertainty of the occurrence of future events.
Construction revenues are recognized based on the percentage of completion, which is measured on the basis of the gross amount incurred to date. Total contract costs are estimated based on estimates of future material costs, labor costs, outsourcing cost and others. There is uncertainty in future estimates due to various internal and external factors such as fluctuation of market, the risk of business partner and the experience of project performance and others. The significant assumptions including uncertainty of the estimate of total contract costs are as follows:
Method of significant assumption
Material cost
Labor cost
Outsourcing cost
Management reviews the assumptions used in estimated contract costs at each reporting period end and adjusts them, if necessary.
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(a) Administrative expenses
Administrative expenses for years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Travel
Communication
Electricity expenses
Repairs
Entertainment
Research & development
Supplies
Vehicles maintenance
Industry association fee
Conference
(b) Selling expenses
Selling expenses for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Operating expenses for distribution center
Sales advertising
Sample
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Research and development expenditures recognized as expenses for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Details of other operating income and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Gain on disposals of investment in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures
Loss on disposals of investment in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures
Idle tangible asset expenses
Others (*1,2)
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Details of finance income and costs for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Gain on valuations of derivatives
Expenses that are recorded by nature as cost of sales, selling and administrative expenses and other operating expenses in the statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows (excluding finance costs and income tax expense):
Raw material used, changes in inventories and others
Employee benefits expenses (*2)
Outsourced processing cost
Depreciation (*1)
Other expenses
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(a) Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 was as follows:
Current income taxes
Deferred income tax due to temporary differences
Items recorded directly in equity
(b) The following table reconciles the calculated income tax expense based on POSCO’s statutory rate (24.2%) to the actual amount of taxes recorded by the Company for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016.
Profit before income tax expense
Income tax expense computed at statutory rate
Adjustments:
Tax credits
Over provision from prior years
Investment in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures
Tax effects due to permanent differences
Adjustments on prior year tax from tax audit
Tax effects due to amendments to local income tax law
Effective tax rate (%)
(c) The income taxes credited (charged) directly to equity during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Net changes in the unrealized fair value ofavailable-for-sale investment
Loss (gain) on sale of treasury stock
Other capital surplus
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(d) The movements in deferred tax assets (liabilities) for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Allowance for doubtful accounts
Reserve for technology developments
PPE — Depreciation
Share of profit or loss of equity-accounted investees
Allowance for inventories valuation
PPE — Revaluation
PPE — Impairment loss
Gain or loss on foreign currency
Defined benefit obligations
Plan assets
Provision for construction losses
Provision for construction warranty
Impairment loss on AFS
Difference in acquisition costs of treasury shares
Deferred income taxes recognized directly to equity
Loss (gain) on valuation of available-for-saleinvestments
Deferred tax from tax credit
Tax credit carryforward and others
Investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures
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(e) Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
(f) As of December 31, 2016, the Company did not recognize income tax effects associated with deductible temporary differences of ￦4,612,900 million mainly relating to loss of subsidiaries and affiliates because realization is not considered probable. As of December 31, 2016, the Company did not recognize income tax effects associated with taxable temporary differences of ￦3,933,428 million (deferred tax liabilities ￦951,890 million) mainly relating to increase in retained earnings of subsidiaries since it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
F-97
Basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Profit attribute to controlling interest
Interests of hybrid bonds
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (*1)
Basic and diluted earnings per share
(shares)
Total number of common shares issued
Weighted-average number of treasury shares
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding
Since there were no potential shares of common stock which had dilutive effects as of December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, diluted earnings per share is equal to basic earnings per share.
F-98
(a) Significant transactions between the controlling company and related parties for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
1) For the year ended December 31, 2014
Subsidiaries
POSCO ICT (*3)
Associates and joint ventures
POSCO PLANTEC Co., Ltd. (*5)
Others (*4)
F-99
2) For the year ended December 31, 2015
Others (*5)
POSCO-SAMSUNG-Slovakia Processing center
Others (*6,7)
F-100
3) For the year ended December 31, 2016
Subsidiaries (*3)
POSCO Processing&Service
POSCO ICT (*4)
POSCO TMC Co., Ltd. (*5)
POSCO AST (*5)
POSCO DAEWOO Corporation (formerly, Daewoo International Corporation)(*6)
Associates and joint ventures (*3)
F-101
(b) The related account balances of significant transactions between the controlling company and related companies as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
F-102
F-103
(c) Significant transactions between the Company, excluding the controlling company, and related companies for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
AN KHANH NEW CITY DEVELOPMENT J.V CO., LTD.
SeAH Changwon integrated Special Steel
POS-SEAHSTEELWIRE(TIANJIN) CO., Ltd
F-104
Noeul Green Energy
F-105
(d) The related account balances of significant transactions between the Company, excluding the controlling company, and related companies as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2016 are as follows:
F-106
F-107
(e) Significant financial transactions between the Company, excluding the controlling company, and related companies for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
METAPOLIS Co., Ltd.
DMSA/AMSA (*1)
PT. Tanggamus Electric Power
POSK(Pinghu) Steel Processing Center Co., Ltd.
AN KHANH NEW CITYDEVELOPMENT J.V CO., LTD.
Zhongyue POSCO (Qinhuangdao)
Tinplate Industrial Co., Ltd
POS-SEAHSTEELWIRE (TIANJIN) CO., Ltd
Posco e&c Songdo International Building (*1)
DMSA/AMSA (*2)
POS-SeAH Steel Wire (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
F-108
(f) For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, details of compensation to key management officers were as follows:
Short-term benefits
Long-term benefits
Retirement benefits
Key management officers include directors (including non-standingdirectors), executive officials and fellow officials who have significant influences and responsibilities in the Company’s business and operations.
(a) Contingent liabilities
Contingent liabilities may develop in a way not initially expected. Therefore, management continuously assesses contingent liabilities to determine whether an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits has become probable. If it becomes probable that an outflow of future economic benefits will be required for an item previously dealt with as a contingent liability, a provision is recognized in the financial statements of the period in which the change in probability occurs (except in the extremely rare circumstances where no reliable estimate can be made).
Management makes estimates and assumptions that affect disclosures of commitments and contingencies. All estimates and assumptions are based on the evaluation of current circumstances and appraisals with the supports of internal specialists or external consultants.
Management regularly analyzes current information about these matters and provides for probable contingent losses including the estimate of legal expense to resolve the matters. Internal and external lawyers are used for these assessments. In making the decision regarding the need for a provision, management considers whether the Company has an obligation as a result of a past event, whether it is probable that an outflow or cash or other resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and the ability to make a reliable estimate of the amount of the obligation.
F-109
(b) Details of guarantees
Contingent liabilities on outstanding guarantees provided by the Company as of December 31, 2016 are as follows:
Guarantee limit
Guarantors
Guaranteebeneficiary
Financialinstitution
Foreign currency
[The Company]
F-110
POSCO Japan Co., Ltd.
POSCO Coated & Color Steel Co., Ltd.
[Associates and joint ventures]
F-111
[Others]
F-112
(c) POSCO ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION CO., LTD. has provided the completion guarantees for Samsung C&T Corporation amounting to ￦605,508 million while Samsung C&T Corporation has provided the construction guarantees or payment guarantees on customers’ borrowings on behalf of POSCO ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION CO., LTD. amounting to￦303,789 million as of December 31, 2016.
(d) Other commitments
Details of other commitments of the Company as of December 31, 2016, are as follows:
POSCO entered into long-term contracts to purchase iron ore, coal, nickel and others. The contracts of iron ore and coal generally have terms of more than three years and the contracts of nickel have terms of more than one year. These contracts provide for periodic price adjustments based on the market price. As of December 31, 2016, 144 million tons of iron ore and 22 million tons of coal remained to be purchased under such long-term contracts.
POSCO entered into an agreement with Tangguh Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Consortium in Indonesia to purchase 550 thousand tons of LNG annually for 20 years commencing in August 2005. The purchase price is subject to change, based on changes of the monthly standard oil price (JCC) and with a price ceiling.
As of December 31, 2016, the Company entered into commitments with Korea National Oil Corporation for long-term foreign currency borrowings, which enables the Company to borrow up to the amount of USD 6.49 million. The borrowings are related to the Company’s the exploration of gas hydrates in Western Fergana-Chinabad. The repayment of the borrowings depends on the success of the projects. The Company is not liable for the repayment of full or part of the amount borrowed if the respective projects fail. The Company has agreed to pay a certain portion of its profits under certain conditions, as defined by the borrowing agreements. As of December 31, 2016, the ending balance of the borrowing amounts to USD 4.09 million.
As of December 31, 2016, POSCO ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION., LTD. has comprehensive loan agreements of up to ￦213.5 billion and USD 218 million with Woori Bank. Also, POSCO ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION., LTD. has bank overdraft agreements of up to ￦20 billion with Woori Bank. Comprehensive loan agreements include bank overdraft up to ￦20 billion of loans on checking account during the day with Woori Bank.
As of December 31, 2016, in relation to contract enforcement, POSCO ICT was provided with￦137,237 million and￦50,483 million guaranties from Korea Software Financial Cooperative and Seoul Guarantee Insurance, respectively.
F-113
(e) Litigation in progress
As of December 31, 2016, litigations in progress that POSCO and certain subsidiaries are defendants in legal actions arising from the normal course of business are as follows:
Description
2,667
3,381
KRW
185,225
POSCO E&C CHINA CO., LTD.
TRY
BRL
102,752
38,153
313
F-114
For all the other lawsuits and claims, management does not believe the Company has any present obligations and therefore, the Company has not recognized any provisions as of December 31, 2016 for the matters.
Adjustments for operating cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Other receivables
Other non-current assets
Payments severance benefits
Other non-current liabilities
Significant non-cash investing and financing transactions for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were as follows:
Increase in borrowings due to guarantee provided to associate
Exchange of investments in available-for-salesecurities
(a) The Company’s operating businesses are organized based on the nature of markets and customers. The Company has four reportable operating segments — steel, construction, trading and others. The steel segment includes production of steel products and revenue of such products. The construction segment includes planning, designing and construction of industrial plants, civil engineering projects and commercial and residential buildings, both in Korea and overseas. The trading segment consists of exporting and importing a wide range of steel products and raw materials that are both obtained from and supplied to POSCO, as well as between other suppliers and purchasers in Korea and overseas. Other segments include power generation, liquefied natural gas production, network and system integration and logistics. The policies of classification and measurement on operating segments were the same for all periods presented.
F-115
(b) Information about reportable segments as of and for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 was as follows:
1) As of and for the year ended December 31, 2014
External revenues
Internal revenues
Including inter segment revenue
Total revenues
Impairment loss on property, plant and equipment and others
Share of profit or loss of investment in associates and JVs
Segment profit
Segment assets
Investment in associates
Acquisition of non-current assets
Segment liabilities
2) As of and for the year ended December 31, 2015
Segment profit (loss)
F-116
3) As of and for the year ended December 31, 2016
(c) Reconciliations of total segment revenues, profit or loss, assets and liabilities, and other significant items to their respective consolidated financial statement line items are as follows:
1) Revenues
Total revenue for reportable segments
Elimination of inter-segment revenue
Basis difference (*2)
2) Profit
Total profit (loss) for reportable segments
Goodwill and corporate FV adjustments
F-117
3) Assets
Total assets for reportable segments (*1)
Equity-accounted investees
Elimination of inter-segment assets
Basis difference(*2)
4) Liabilities
Total liabilities for reportable segments
Corporate FV adjustments
Elimination of inter-segment liabilities
5) Other significant items
a) December 31, 2014
Share of profit or loss of investment in associates
F-118
b) December 31, 2015
c) December 31, 2016
(d) Revenue by geographic area for years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 was as follows:
Domestic
Asia-other
Basis difference
In presenting information on the basis of geography, segment revenue is based on the geographical location of customers.
F-119
(e) Non-current assets by geographic area as of December 31, 2015 and 2016 are as follows:
Non-current assets by geographic area include investment property, property, plant and equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets.
(f) There are no customers whose revenue is 10% or more of consolidated revenue.
F-120
SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.
(Registrant)
/s/ Kwon,Oh-Joon
Name:
Title:
Date:
Exhibit Index