Bright Horizons - 10-Q quarterly report FY2019 Q3

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 10-Q

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☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019



☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the transition period from to

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BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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Delaware	001-35780	80-0188269
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)	(Commission File Number)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)



200 Talcott Avenue
Watertown,	Massachusetts	02472
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (617) 673-8000

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share	BFAM	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has (1) filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large Accelerated Filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of October 25, 2019, the Company had 58,181,832 shares of common stock outstanding.

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BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In thousands, except share data) (Unaudited)

	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	48,529		$	15,450
Accounts receivable — net	117,573			131,178
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	62,027			47,263
Total current assets	228,129			193,891
Fixed assets — net	601,168			597,141
Goodwill	1,371,905			1,347,611
Other intangibles — net	305,918			323,035
Operating lease right-of-use assets	658,134			—
Other assets	45,972			62,628
Total assets	$	3,211,226		$	2,524,306
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term debt	$	10,750		$	10,750
Borrowings under revolving credit facility	—			118,200
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	180,577			154,195
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	80,905			—
Deferred revenue	175,163			170,416
Other current liabilities	22,596			30,224
Total current liabilities	469,991			483,785
Long-term debt — net	1,030,254			1,036,870
Operating lease liabilities	643,089			71,817
Other long-term liabilities	94,308			75,368
Deferred revenue	5,258			5,683
Deferred income taxes	73,831			71,306
Total liabilities	2,316,731			1,744,829
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized and no shares issued or outstanding at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018	—			—
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 475,000,000 shares authorized; 57,917,567 and 57,494,468 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively	58			57
Additional paid-in capital	663,227			648,651
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(94,537		)	(62,355		)
Retained earnings	325,747			193,124
Total stockholders’ equity	894,495			779,477
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	3,211,226		$	2,524,306

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (In thousands, except share data) (Unaudited)

	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Revenue	$	511,584		$	471,585		$	1,541,402		$	1,424,941
Cost of services	386,364			358,545			1,149,614			1,072,320
Gross profit	125,220			113,040			391,788			352,621
Selling, general and administrative expenses	53,964			49,427			166,330			152,776
Amortization of intangible assets	8,627			8,153			25,086			24,477
Income from operations	62,629			55,460			200,372			175,368
Interest expense — net	(10,955		)	(11,795		)	(34,626		)	(35,459		)
Income before income tax	51,674			43,665			165,746			139,909
Income tax expense	(10,420		)	(10,065		)	(33,123		)	(28,585		)
Net income	$	41,254		$	33,600		$	132,623		$	111,324

Earnings per common share:
Common stock — basic	$	0.71		$	0.58		$	2.28		$	1.91
Common stock — diluted	$	0.69		$	0.57		$	2.24		$	1.88

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Common stock — basic	57,935,118			57,719,730			57,820,596			57,841,382
Common stock — diluted	59,132,689			58,924,423			58,941,612			59,044,561

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (In thousands) (Unaudited)

	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Net income	$	41,254		$	33,600		$	132,623		$	111,324
Other comprehensive loss:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(20,157		)	(9,914		)	(23,975		)	(23,602		)
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swaps and investments, net of tax	(1,037		)	935			(8,207		)	7,923
Total other comprehensive loss	(21,194		)	(8,979		)	(32,182		)	(15,679		)
Comprehensive income	$	20,060		$	24,621		$	100,441		$	95,645

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (In thousands, except share data) (Unaudited)

	Three months ended September 30, 2019
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in Capital			Treasury Stock, at Cost			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Retained Earnings		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Treasury Stock, at Cost			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Retained Earnings		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at July 1, 2019	57,898,902		$	58	$	667,154		$	—		$	(73,343	)	$	284,493	$	878,362
Stock-based compensation expense					4,721											4,721
Issuance of common stock under the Equity Incentive Plan	100,462		—		4,128											4,128
Shares received in net share settlement of stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock	(6,296	)	—		(991		)									(991		)
Purchase of treasury stock								(11,785		)						(11,785		)
Retirement of treasury stock	(75,501	)	—		(11,785		)	11,785								—
Other comprehensive loss											(21,194		)			(21,194		)
Net income														41,254		41,254
Balance at September 30, 2019	57,917,567		$	58	$	663,227		$	—		$	(94,537	)	$	325,747	$	894,495



	Three months ended September 30, 2018
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in Capital			Treasury Stock, at Cost		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Retained Earnings		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Treasury Stock, at Cost		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Retained Earnings		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at July 1, 2018	57,660,575		$	58	$	676,093		$	—	$	(39,996	)	$	112,867	$	749,022
Stock-based compensation expense					3,715										3,715
Issuance of common stock under the Equity Incentive Plan	119,517		—		3,233										3,233
Shares received in net share settlement of stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock	(3,410	)	—		(378		)								(378		)
Other comprehensive loss										(8,979		)			(8,979		)
Net income													33,600		33,600
Balance at September 30, 2018	57,776,682		$	58	$	682,663		$	—	$	(48,975	)	$	146,467	$	780,213

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (In thousands, except share data) (Unaudited)

	Nine months ended September 30, 2019
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in Capital			Treasury Stock, at Cost			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Retained Earnings		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Treasury Stock, at Cost			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Retained Earnings		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at January 1, 2019	57,494,468		$	57	$	648,651		$	—		$	(62,355	)	$	193,124	$	779,477
Stock-based compensation expense					12,339											12,339
Issuance of common stock under the Equity Incentive Plan	554,758		1		21,183											21,184
Shares received in net share settlement of stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock	(51,658	)	—		(6,531		)									(6,531		)
Purchase of treasury stock								(12,415		)						(12,415		)
Retirement of treasury stock	(80,001	)	—		(12,415		)	12,415								—
Other comprehensive loss											(32,182		)			(32,182		)
Net income														132,623		132,623
Balance at September 30, 2019	57,917,567		$	58	$	663,227		$	—		$	(94,537	)	$	325,747	$	894,495



	Nine months ended September 30, 2018
	Common Stock					Additional Paid-in Capital			Treasury Stock, at Cost			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Retained Earnings		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares		Amount			Additional Paid-in Capital			Treasury Stock, at Cost			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Retained Earnings		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at January 1, 2018	58,013,144		$	58		$	747,155		$	—		$	(33,296	)	$	35,143	$	749,060
Stock-based compensation expense						10,304											10,304
Issuance of common stock under the Equity Incentive Plan	680,344		1			18,380											18,381
Shares received in net share settlement of stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock	(76,954	)	—			(7,452		)									(7,452		)
Purchase of treasury stock									(85,725		)						(85,725		)
Retirement of treasury stock	(839,852	)	(1		)	(85,724		)	85,725								—
Other comprehensive loss												(15,679		)			(15,679		)
Net income															111,324		111,324
Balance at September 30, 2018	57,776,682		$	58		$	682,663		$	—		$	(48,975	)	$	146,467	$	780,213

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In thousands) (Unaudited)

	Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$	132,623		$	111,324
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	80,427			75,146
Stock-based compensation expense	12,339			10,304
Deferred income taxes	4,085			(3,719		)
Other non-cash adjustments — net	66			3,286
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	14,789			11,672
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(11,343		)	6,261
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	22,695			25,151
Deferred revenue	4,046			(1,282		)
Leases	9,565			2,592
Other assets	(344		)	(4,808		)
Other current and long-term liabilities	3,482			3,769
Net cash provided by operating activities	272,430			239,696
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of fixed assets	(74,492		)	(62,861		)
Proceeds from the disposal of fixed assets	4,331			312
Purchases of debt securities and other investments	(20,090		)	—
Purchase of equity method investment	(5,772		)	—
Payments and settlements for acquisitions — net of cash acquired	(30,841		)	(51,744		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(126,864		)	(114,293		)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Borrowings under revolving credit facility	172,874			493,100
Payments under revolving credit facility	(290,732		)	(526,200		)
Principal payments of long-term debt	(8,063		)	(8,063		)
Payments for debt issuance costs	—			(292		)
Purchase of treasury stock	(12,023		)	(85,725		)
Taxes paid related to the net share settlement of stock options and restricted stock	(6,531		)	(7,452		)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of options	17,607			14,893
Proceeds from issuance of restricted stock	3,899			4,457
Payments of deferred and contingent consideration for acquisitions	(4,200		)	(2,965		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(127,169		)	(118,247		)
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	34			(271		)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	18,431			6,885
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — beginning of period	38,478			36,570
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — end of period	$	56,909		$	43,455

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED) (In thousands) (Unaudited)

	Nine months ended September 30,
	2019		2018
RECONCILIATION OF CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH TO THE CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	48,529	$	21,304
Restricted cash and cash equivalents, included in prepaid expenses and other current assets	8,380		7,770
Restricted cash and cash equivalents, included in other assets	—		14,381
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — end of period	$	56,909	$	43,455

SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash payments of interest	$	33,053	$	34,197
Cash payments of income taxes	$	40,691	$	28,939
NON-CASH TRANSACTIONS:
Fixed asset purchases recorded in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	5,519	$	5,100
Contingent consideration issued in business combinations	$	16,621	$	—

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Organization — Bright Horizons Family Solutions Inc. (“Bright Horizons” or the “Company”) provides center-based child care and early education, back-up child and elder care, tuition reimbursement program management, educational advisory services, and other support services for employers and families in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Puerto Rico, Canada, and India. The Company provides services designed to help employers, families and adult learners better address the challenges of work and family life primarily under multi-year contracts with employers who offer child care and other dependent care solutions, as well as educational advisory services, as part of their employee benefits packages in an effort to improve employee engagement.

Basis of Presentation — The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2019 and the condensed consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the interim periods ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP” or “GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required in accordance with U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

In the opinion of the Company’s management, the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2019 and the condensed consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the interim periods ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal and recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the results of the interim periods presented. The operating results for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year.

Stockholders’ Equity — The board of directors of the Company authorized a share repurchase program of up to $300 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock effective June 12, 2018. The share repurchase program has no expiration date. The shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions at prevailing market prices, in privately negotiated transactions, under Rule 10b5-1 plans, or by other means in accordance with federal securities laws. At September 30, 2019, $246.6 million remained available under the repurchase program.

Recently Adopted Pronouncements — On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases (“ASC 842”), which requires lease assets and lease liabilities to be recognized on the balance sheet for the rights and obligations created by lease arrangements. The Company adopted the new lease guidance using the modified retrospective approach and the transition method available in accordance with ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, which provides the option to use the effective date as the date of initial application of the guidance. As a result, the comparative information for prior periods has not been adjusted and continues to be reported in accordance with the accounting standards in effect for those periods under the previously applicable guidance.

The Company evaluated its identified leases and applied the new lease guidance as further discussed in Note 3, Leases. The Company elected the package of practical expedients available under the transition guidance within ASC 842, which eliminates the requirements to reassess prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification, and initial direct costs.

The adoption of ASC 842 as of January 1, 2019 resulted in the recognition of lease liabilities of $705.7 million, which consisted of current operating lease liabilities of $81.1 million and long-term operating lease liabilities of $624.6 million, and operating lease right-of-use assets (“ROUA” or “lease assets”) of $644.3 million. Upon adoption of ASC 842, lease obligations associated with deferred rent and lease incentives recorded under previous guidance were reclassified from other current liabilities and operating lease liabilities to the lease assets. The new lease guidance did not impact the consolidated statement of income or cash flows, or earnings per common share.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging: Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities (Topic 815), which expands and refines hedge accounting for both non-financial and financial risk components and aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedging instrument and the hedged item in the financial statements. The guidance also makes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance and ease the administrative burden of hedge documentation requirements and assessing hedge effectiveness. The Company adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2019. The new guidance with respect to cash flow and net investment hedge relationships existing on the date of adoption is applied on a modified retrospective basis, and the new presentation and disclosure requirements are applied on a prospective basis. There was no impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures from the adoption of this guidance.

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Recently Issued Pronouncements — In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which amends the existing guidance on the accounting for credit losses of certain financial instruments. This guidance requires entities to recognize the expected credit loss over the lifetime of certain financial instruments and modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. This standard is applied by recording a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings upon adoption. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

2. REVENUE RECOGNITION

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers into segments and geographical regions. Revenue disaggregated by segment and geographical region was as follows (in thousands):



	Full service center-based child care		Back-up care		Educational advisory services		Total
Three months ended September 30, 2019
North America	$	298,770	$	75,245	$	20,736	$	394,751
Europe	112,019		4,814		—		116,833
	$	410,789	$	80,059	$	20,736	$	511,584
Three months ended September 30, 2018
North America	$	279,324	$	64,860	$	18,053	$	362,237
Europe	107,724		1,624		—		109,348
	$	387,048	$	66,484	$	18,053	$	471,585



	Full service center-based child care		Back-up care		Educational advisory services		Total
Nine months ended September 30, 2019
North America	$	920,113	$	203,155	$	58,911	$	1,182,179
Europe	347,576		11,647		—		359,223
	$	1,267,689	$	214,802	$	58,911	$	1,541,402
Nine months ended September 30, 2018
North America	$	858,035	$	175,671	$	51,162	$	1,084,868
Europe	335,759		4,314		—		340,073
	$	1,193,794	$	179,985	$	51,162	$	1,424,941

The classification “North America” is comprised of the Company’s United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico operations and the classification “Europe” includes the United Kingdom, Netherlands, and India operations.

Deferred Revenue

The Company records deferred revenue when payments are received in advance of the Company’s performance under the contract, which are recognized as revenue as the performance obligation is satisfied. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, $155.1 million was recognized as revenue related to the deferred revenue balance recorded at December 31, 2018. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, $143.6 million was recognized as revenue related to the deferred revenue balance recorded at December 31, 2017.

Remaining Performance Obligations

The transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations relates to services that are paid or invoiced in advance. The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original contract term of one year or less, or for variable consideration allocated to the unsatisfied performance obligation of a series of services. The Company’s remaining performance obligations not subject to the practical expedients are not material.

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3. LEASES

On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASC 842, Leases, which requires lease assets and lease liabilities to be recognized on the balance sheet for the rights and obligations created by lease arrangements. The Company adopted the new guidance using the modified retrospective transition method. Results for periods beginning on January 1, 2019, the effective date, are presented under the updated guidance, while comparative information for prior periods has not been adjusted and continues to be reported in accordance with the previous guidance under ASC 840, Leases.

The Company has operating leases for certain of its full service and back-up child care and early education centers, corporate offices, call centers, and to a lesser extent, various office equipment, in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Canada. Most of the leases expire within 10 years to 15 years and many contain renewal options and/or termination provisions. The Company does not have any finance leases as of September 30, 2019.

At contract inception, the Company reviews the terms to determine if an arrangement is a lease, and whether those lease obligations are operating or finance leases. At lease commencement, lease assets and lease liabilities are recognized on the consolidated balance sheet based on the present value of the unpaid lease payments, calculated using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Lease commencement occurs on the date the Company takes possession or control of the property or equipment. Leases may contain fixed and variable payment arrangements. Variable lease payments may be based on an index or rate, such as consumer price indices, and include rent escalations or market adjustment provisions. Lease payments used to measure lease liabilities include fixed lease payments as well as variable payments that depend on an index or rate based on the applicable index or rate at the lease commencement date. Lease assets are initially measured as the amount of the initial lease liability, adjusted for initial direct costs, lease payments made at or before the commencement date, and reduced by lease incentives received, such as tenant improvement allowances. The Company does not include options to renew or terminate the lease in the determination of lease assets and lease liabilities until it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised based on management's assessment of various relevant factors including economic, entity-specific, and market-based factors, among others. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments, including those related to changes in the commencement date index or rate, are expensed as incurred. Lease expense is recognized to cost of services and selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of income.

The Company’s leases generally do not provide an implicit interest rate. Therefore, the Company uses an estimate of its incremental borrowing rate, based on the lease terms and economic environment at commencement date, in determining the present value of future payments.

The Company has real estate leases that contain lease and non-lease components and has elected to account for lease and non-lease components in a contract as a single lease component. The non-lease components typically consist of common-area maintenance and utility costs. Fixed payments for non-lease components are considered part of the single lease component and included in the determination of the lease assets and lease liabilities, and variable payments are expensed as incurred. Additionally, lease contracts typically include other costs that do not transfer a separate good or service, such as reimbursement for real estate taxes and insurance, which are expensed as incurred as variable lease costs.

For leases with a term of one year or less (“short-term leases”), the Company elected to not recognize the arrangements on the balance sheet and the lease payments are recognized in the consolidated statement of income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company subleases certain properties that are not used in its operations. Sublease income was not significant for any of the periods presented. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain material restrictive covenants.

Lease Expense

The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):



	Three months ended September 30, 2019		Nine months ended September 30, 2019
Operating lease expense ⁽¹⁾	$	34,166	$	95,555
Variable lease expense ⁽¹⁾	8,752		25,738
Total lease expense	$	42,918	$	121,293

(1) Excludes short-term lease expense and sublease income, which were immaterial for the periods presented.

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Other Information

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in thousands):



	Nine months ended September 30, 2019
Operating Cash Flows:
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$	94,775
Non-cash Transactions:
Operating right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities — net	$	83,772

The weighted average remaining lease term and the weighted average discount rate as of September 30, 2019 were as follows:



	Operating Leases
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)	11
Weighted average discount rate	6.4%

Maturity of Lease Liabilities

The following table summarizes the maturity of lease liabilities as of September 30, 2019 (in thousands):



	Operating Leases
Remainder of 2019	$	22,288
2020	123,309
2021	112,001
2022	106,257
2023	97,811
Thereafter	541,596
Total lease payments	1,003,262
Less imputed interest	(279,268		)
Present value of lease liabilities	723,994
Less current portion of operating lease liabilities	(80,905		)
Long-term operating lease liabilities	$	643,089

As of September 30, 2019, the Company had entered into additional operating leases that have not yet commenced with total fixed payment obligations of $119.7 million, inclusive of a new corporate office lease. The leases are expected to commence between the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019 and the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, with the new corporate office lease expected to commence in the first quarter of 2020, and have initial lease terms of generally 10 years to 15 years.

Prior Period Disclosures

As of December 31, 2018, future payments under operating leases were as follows as determined in accordance with the previous guidance under ASC 840 and as previously disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (in thousands):



	Operating Leases
2019	$	120,352
2020	114,628
2021	101,710
2022	95,529
2023	87,530
Thereafter	476,861
Total future minimum lease payments	$	996,610

Rent expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $32.1 million and $94.8 million, respectively, as determined under ASC 840.

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4. ACQUISITIONS

The Company’s growth strategy includes expansion through strategic and synergistic acquisitions. The goodwill resulting from these acquisitions arises largely from synergies expected from combining the operations of the businesses acquired with our existing operations, as well as from benefits derived from gaining the related assembled workforce.

2019 Acquisitions and Investments

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company acquired two centers in the United States, four centers in the Netherlands, and one back-up care provider in the United Kingdom, in six separate business acquisitions, which were each accounted for as business combinations. These businesses were acquired for cash consideration of $30.7 million, net of cash acquired of $0.9 million, and consideration payable of $0.7 million. Additionally, contingent consideration of up to $20.0 million may be payable over the next four years if certain future performance targets are met. The Company recorded a preliminary fair value estimate of the contingent consideration of $16.6 million, as disclosed in Note 9, Fair Value Measurements. The Company recorded goodwill of $28.1 million related to the back-up care segment, which will not be deductible for tax purposes, and $12.6 million related to the full service center-based child care segment, of which $3.9 million will be deductible for tax purposes. In addition, the Company recorded intangible assets of $9.3 million, primarily consisting of client relationships that will be amortized over five years, as well as fixed assets and technology of $1.9 million, and deferred tax liabilities of $1.8 million in relation to these acquisitions.

The allocation of purchase price consideration is based on preliminary estimates of fair value; such estimates and assumptions are subject to change within the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date). As of September 30, 2019, the purchase price allocations for these acquisitions remain open as the Company gathers additional information regarding the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, and finalizes its determination of the estimated fair value of the contingent consideration at the date of acquisition. The operating results for the acquired businesses are included in the consolidated results of operations from the date of acquisition, which were not material to the Company’s financial results.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company paid $4.2 million for deferred and contingent consideration, which were accrued at acquisition. Of this settlement, $3.5 million was for deferred consideration payable related to an acquisition completed in 2018, and $0.7 million was the final installment for contingent consideration related to an acquisition completed in 2016.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company invested $5.8 million for a 20% interest in a provider of full service center-based child care and back-up care services in Germany, which is accounted for using the equity method. The equity method investment is included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and, as of September 30, 2019, the investment balance was $5.8 million. The equity in earnings (losses) of the investee through September 30, 2019 were immaterial.

Subsequent to September 30, 2019, the Company acquired the tuition program management services division of another organization for $20.1 million in the United States.

2018 Acquisitions

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company acquired ten centers in the Netherlands, six centers in the United States, and 20 centers in the United Kingdom in seven separate business acquisitions, which were each accounted for as business combinations. The centers were acquired for cash consideration of $66.8 million, net of cash acquired of $4.2 million, and consideration payable of $5.4 million. The Company recorded goodwill of $60.3 million related to the full service center-based child care segment, of which $13.9 million will be deductible for tax purposes. In addition, the Company recorded intangible assets of $8.6 million, consisting of trademarks and customer relationships that will be amortized over two years to five years, as well as fixed assets of $8.3 million, working capital of $1.1 million, and deferred tax liabilities of $1.9 million in relation to these acquisitions.

The allocation of purchase price consideration is based on preliminary estimates of fair value; such estimates and assumptions are subject to change within the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date). As of September 30, 2019, the purchase price allocations for two of the 2018 acquisitions remain open as the Company gathers additional information regarding the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. The operating results for the acquired businesses are included in the consolidated results of operations from the date of acquisition, which were not material to the Company’s financial results.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company paid $3.1 million for the settlement of a portion of the contingent consideration related to an acquisition completed in 2016, of which $3.0 million was accrued contingent consideration at acquisition with the remaining balance recorded to the income statement.

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5. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill were as follows (in thousands):



	Full service center-based child care			Back-up care			Educational advisory services		Total
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	1,114,886		$	168,105		$	23,801	$	1,306,792
Additions from acquisitions	60,266			—			—		60,266
Effect of foreign currency translation	(19,447		)	—			—		(19,447		)
Balance at December 31, 2018	1,155,705			168,105			23,801		1,347,611
Additions from acquisitions	12,611			28,100			—		40,711
Effect of foreign currency translation	(14,701		)	(1,716		)	—		(16,417		)
Balance at September 30, 2019	$	1,153,615		$	194,489		$	23,801	$	1,371,905

The Company also has intangible assets, which consisted of the following at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):



September 30, 2019	Weighted average amortization period	Cost		Accumulated amortization			Net carrying amount
Definite-lived intangibles:
Customer relationships	14 years	$	398,331	$	(276,023	)	$	122,308
Trade names	6 years	9,994		(6,950		)	3,044
		408,325		(282,973		)	125,352
Indefinite-lived intangibles:
Trade names	N/A	180,566		—			180,566
		$	588,891	$	(282,973	)	$	305,918



December 31, 2018	Weighted average amortization period	Cost		Accumulated amortization			Net carrying amount
Definite-lived intangibles:
Customer relationships	15 years	$	391,220	$	(253,588	)	$	137,632
Trade names	7 years	10,183		(5,609		)	4,574
		401,403		(259,197		)	142,206
Indefinite-lived intangibles:
Trade names	N/A	180,829		—			180,829
		$	582,232	$	(259,197	)	$	323,035

The Company estimates that it will record amortization expense related to intangible assets existing as of September 30, 2019 as follows (in thousands):



	Intangible asset amortization
Remainder of 2019	$	8,033
2020	$	29,919
2021	$	26,890
2022	$	24,626
2023	$	23,790

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6. CREDIT ARRANGEMENTS AND DEBT OBLIGATIONS

Senior Secured Credit Facilities

The Company’s $1.3 billion senior secured credit facilities consist of a $1.1 billion secured term loan facility (“term loan facility”) and a $225 million multi-currency revolving credit facility (“revolving credit facility”). The term loans mature on November 7, 2023 and require quarterly principal payments of $2.7 million, with the remaining principal balance due on November 7, 2023.

Outstanding term loan borrowings were as follows (in thousands):



	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Term loans	$	1,048,125		$	1,056,188
Deferred financing costs and original issue discount	(7,121		)	(8,568		)
Total debt	1,041,004			1,047,620
Less current maturities	10,750			10,750
Long-term debt	$	1,030,254		$	1,036,870

The revolving credit facility matures on July 31, 2022. There were no borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility at September 30, 2019. Borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility were $118.2 million at December 31, 2018.

All borrowings under the credit agreement are subject to variable interest. On May 31, 2018, the Company amended its existing senior credit facilities to, among other changes, reduce the applicable interest rates of the term loan facility and the revolving credit facility. Effective as of May 31, 2018, borrowings under the term loan facility bear interest at a rate per annum of 0.75% over the base rate, or 1.75% over the eurocurrency rate, which is the one, two, three or six month LIBOR rate or, with applicable lender approval, the twelve month or less than one month LIBOR rate. With respect to the term loan facility, the base rate is subject to an interest rate floor of 1.75% and the eurocurrency rate is subject to an interest rate floor of 0.75%. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility bear interest at a rate per annum ranging from 0.50% to 0.75% over the base rate, or 1.50% to 1.75% over the eurocurrency rate.

The effective interest rate for the term loans was 3.79% and 4.27% at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and the weighted average interest rate was 4.16% and 3.76% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, prior to the effects of any interest rate swap arrangements. The effective interest rate for the revolving credit facility was 4.76% at December 31, 2018. The weighted average interest rate for the revolving credit facility was 3.86% and 3.97% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Certain financing fees and original issue discount costs are capitalized and are being amortized over the terms of the related debt instruments and amortization expense is included in interest expense. Amortization expense of deferred financing costs were $0.4 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, and were $1.2 million and $1.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Amortization expense of original issue discount costs were $0.1 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 and were $0.3 million for both the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.

All obligations under the senior secured credit facilities are secured by substantially all the assets of the Company’s U.S. subsidiaries. The senior secured credit facilities contain a number of covenants that, among other things and subject to certain exceptions, may restrict the ability of Bright Horizons Family Solutions LLC, our wholly-owned subsidiary, and its restricted subsidiaries, to: incur certain liens; make investments, loans, advances and acquisitions; incur additional indebtedness or guarantees; pay dividends on capital stock or redeem, repurchase or retire capital stock or subordinated indebtedness; engage in transactions with affiliates; sell assets, including capital stock of our subsidiaries; alter the business conducted; enter into agreements restricting our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; and consolidate or merge.

In addition, the credit agreement governing the senior secured credit facilities requires Bright Horizons Capital Corp., our direct subsidiary, to be a passive holding company, subject to certain exceptions. The revolving credit facility requires Bright Horizons Family Solutions LLC, the borrower, and its restricted subsidiaries, to comply with a maximum consolidated first lien net leverage ratio that is a quarterly maintenance based financial covenant. A breach of this covenant is subject to certain equity cure rights.

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The future principal payments under the term loans at September 30, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):



	Term Loans
Remainder of 2019	$	2,687
2020	10,750
2021	10,750
2022	10,750
2023	1,013,188
	$	1,048,125

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

The Company is subject to interest rate risk as all borrowings under the senior secured credit facilities are subject to variable interest. In 2017, the Company entered into variable-to-fixed interest rate swap agreements to mitigate the exposure to variable interest arrangements on $500 million notional amount of the outstanding term loan borrowings. These swap agreements, designated and accounted for as cash flow hedges from inception, are scheduled to mature on October 31, 2021. The Company is required to make monthly payments on the notional amount at a fixed average interest rate, plus the applicable rate for eurocurrency loans. Effective as of May 31, 2018, the notional amount has been subject to an interest rate of approximately 3.65%. In exchange, the Company receives interest on the notional amount at a variable rate based on the one-month LIBOR rate, subject to a 0.75% floor.

The interest rate swaps are recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at fair value and classified based on the instruments’ maturity dates. The Company records gains or losses resulting from changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps to other comprehensive income or loss. These gains or losses are subsequently reclassified into earnings and recognized to interest expense in the Company’s consolidated statement of income in the period that the hedged interest expense on the term loan facility is recognized.

As of September 30, 2019, the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements was a liability of $3.4 million, which was recorded in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2018, the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements was an asset of $7.9 million, which was recorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.

For the three months ended September 30, 2019, the effect of the interest rate swap agreements on other comprehensive income was as follows (in thousands):



Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments	Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income			Consolidated statement of income classification	Amount of net gain (loss) reclassified into earnings			Total effect on other comprehensive income (loss)
Interest rate swaps	$	(960	)	Interest expense — net	$	443		$	(1,403	)
Income tax effect	258			Income tax expense	(119		)	377
Net of income taxes	$	(702	)		$	324		$	(1,026	)

For the three months ended September 30, 2018, the effect of the interest rate swap agreements on other comprehensive income was as follows (in thousands):



Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments	Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income			Consolidated statement of income classification	Amount of net gain (loss) reclassified into earnings			Total effect on other comprehensive income (loss)
Interest rate swaps	$	1,525		Interest expense — net	$	240		$	1,285
Income tax effect	(415		)	Income tax expense	(65		)	(350		)
Net of income taxes	$	1,110			$	175		$	935

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For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the effect of the interest rate swap agreements on other comprehensive income was as follows (in thousands):



Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments	Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income			Consolidated statement of income classification	Amount of net gain (loss) reclassified into earnings			Total effect on other comprehensive income (loss)
Interest rate swaps	$	(9,409	)	Interest expense—net	$	1,923		$	(11,332	)
Income tax effect	2,531			Income tax expense	(517		)	3,048
Net of income taxes	$	(6,878	)		$	1,406		$	(8,284	)

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the effect of the interest rate swap agreements on other comprehensive income was as follows (in thousands):



Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments	Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income			Consolidated statement of income classification	Amount of net gain (loss) reclassified into earnings			Total effect on other comprehensive income (loss)
Interest rate swaps	$	10,788		Interest expense — net	$	(95	)	$	10,883
Income tax effect	(2,934		)	Income tax expense	26			(2,960		)
Net of income taxes	$	7,854			$	(69	)	$	7,923

During the next twelve months, the Company estimates that a net loss of $1.3 million, pre-tax, will be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss and recorded to interest expense, related to these interest rate swap agreements.

7. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following tables set forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share using the two-class method (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):



Basic earnings per share:	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Net income	$	41,254	$	33,600	$	132,623	$	111,324
Allocation of net income to common stockholders:
Common stock	$	41,055	$	33,409	$	131,988	$	110,705
Unvested participating shares	199		191		635		619
	$	41,254	$	33,600	$	132,623	$	111,324

Weighted average number of common shares:
Common stock	57,935,118		57,719,730		57,820,596		57,841,382
Unvested participating shares	280,711		330,089		277,750		323,689
Earnings per common share:
Common stock	$	0.71	$	0.58	$	2.28	$	1.91

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Diluted earnings per share:	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Earnings allocated to common stock	$	41,055		$	33,409		$	131,988		$	110,705
Earnings allocated to unvested participating shares	199			191			635			619
Adjusted earnings allocated to unvested participating shares	(195		)	(187		)	(622		)	(607		)
Earnings allocated to common stock	$	41,059		$	33,413		$	132,001		$	110,717

Weighted average number of common shares:
Common stock	57,935,118			57,719,730			57,820,596			57,841,382
Effect of dilutive securities	1,197,571			1,204,693			1,121,016			1,203,179
	59,132,689			58,924,423			58,941,612			59,044,561
Earnings per common share:
Common stock	$	0.69		$	0.57		$	2.24		$	1.88

Options outstanding to purchase 37,250 and 0.4 million shares of common stock were excluded from diluted earnings per share for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, since their effect was anti-dilutive. Options outstanding to purchase 0.5 million shares of common stock were excluded from diluted earnings per share since their effect was anti-dilutive for both the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. These options may become dilutive in the future.

8. INCOME TAXES

The Company’s effective income tax rates were 20.2% and 23.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and 20.0% and 20.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The effective income tax rate is based upon estimated income before income tax for the year, by jurisdiction, and estimated permanent and discrete tax adjustments. The effective income tax rate may fluctuate from quarter to quarter for various reasons, including jurisdictional income tax rate changes, as well as discrete items such as the settlement of foreign, federal and state tax issues and the effects of excess tax benefits associated with the exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock, which is included as a reduction of tax expense. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation expense decreased tax expense by $2.8 million and $10.2 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation expense decreased tax expense by $2.4 million and $10.6 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, prior to the inclusion of the excess tax benefit, the effective income tax rates approximated 26%. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, prior to the inclusion of the excess tax benefit, the effective income tax rates approximated 28%.

The Company’s unrecognized tax benefits were $5.6 million at September 30, 2019 and $5.4 million at December 31, 2018. The Company expects the unrecognized tax benefits to change over the next twelve months if certain tax matters settle with the applicable taxing jurisdiction during this time frame, or, if the applicable statute of limitations lapses. The impact of the amount of such changes to previously recorded uncertain tax positions could range from zero to $3.5 million, exclusive of interest and penalties.

The Company and its domestic subsidiaries are subject to audit for U.S. federal income tax as well as multiple state jurisdictions. U.S. federal income tax returns are typically subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and have a statute of limitations of three years. The Company's filings for the tax years 2016 through 2018 are subject to audit based upon the federal statute of limitations. State income tax returns are generally subject to examination for a period of three years to four years after filing of the respective return. The state impact of any federal changes remains subject to examination by various states for a period of up to one year after formal notification to the states. As of September 30, 2019, there was one state audit in process and the tax years from 2014 to 2018 are subject to audit.

The Company is also subject to corporate income tax at its subsidiaries located in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, India, Canada, Ireland, and Puerto Rico. The tax returns for the Company’s subsidiaries located in foreign jurisdictions are subject to examination for periods ranging from one year to five years.

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9. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are classified using a three-level hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to observable inputs such as unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The Company uses observable inputs where relevant and whenever possible. The three levels of the hierarchy are defined as follows:

Level 1 — Fair value is derived using quoted prices from active markets for identical investments.

Level 2 — Fair value is derived using quoted prices for similar instruments from active markets or for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; or, fair value is based on model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable from active markets.

Level 3 — Fair value is derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value and determine the fair value hierarchy classification of each class of financial measurement.

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, and borrowings under the revolving credit facility approximates their fair value because of their short-term nature.

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist mainly of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. There were no significant changes to the Company’s exposure to credit risk during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Long-term Debt — The Company’s long-term debt is recorded at adjusted cost, net of original issue discounts and deferred financing costs. The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt is based on current bid prices, which approximates carrying value. As such, the Company’s long-term debt was classified as Level 1, as defined under U.S. GAAP. As of September 30, 2019, the carrying value and estimated fair value of long-term debt was $1.0 billion. As of December 31, 2018, the carrying value and estimated fair value of long-term debt was $1.1 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements — The Company’s interest rate swap agreements are recorded at fair value, which were estimated using market-standard valuation models. Such models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs. Additionally, the fair value of the interest rate swaps included consideration of credit risk. The Company used a potential future exposure model to estimate this credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”). The inputs to the CVA were largely based on observable market data, with the exception of certain assumptions regarding credit worthiness. As the magnitude of the CVA was not a significant component of the fair value of the interest rate swaps, it was not considered a significant input. The fair value of the interest rate swaps is classified as Level 2, as defined under U.S. GAAP. As of September 30, 2019, the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements was a liability of $3.4 million, which was recorded in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2018, the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements was an asset of $7.9 million, which was recorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.

Debt Securities — During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company purchased marketable debt securities, which were classified as available-for-sale. These securities were purchased by the Company's wholly-owned captive insurance company with restricted cash and are not available to fund operations. The Company’s investments in debt securities consist of U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities, and are recorded at fair value. These securities are valued using quoted prices available in active markets. As such, the Company’s debt securities are classified as Level 1, as defined under U.S. GAAP. As of September 30, 2019, the fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities was $20.0 million and was classified based on the instruments' maturity dates, with $12.0 million included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and $8.0 million in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. At September 30, 2019, the amortized cost was $19.9 million. The debt securities held at September 30, 2019 had remaining maturities ranging from less than one year to approximately 1.25 years. Unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, on available-for-sale debt securities are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss, which were immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. The Company did not realize any gains or losses on its debt securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. The Company regularly reviews its available-for-sale debt securities for other-than-temporary impairment.

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Liabilities for Contingent Consideration — The Company is subject to contingent consideration arrangements in connection with certain business combinations as disclosed in Note 4, Acquisitions. Liabilities for contingent consideration are measured at fair value each reporting period, with the acquisition-date fair value included as part of the consideration payable for the related business combination and subsequent changes in fair value recorded to selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The fair value of the contingent consideration recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was calculated using a real options model based on probability-weighted outcomes of meeting certain future performance targets. The key inputs to the valuation are the projections of future financial results in relation to the business. The Company classified the contingent consideration liability as a Level 3 fair value measurement due to the lack of observable inputs used in the model.

The following table provides a roll forward of the fair value of recurring Level 3 fair value measurements (in thousands):



	Nine months ended September 30, 2019
Balance at January 1, 2019	$	1,930
Issuance of contingent consideration in connection with acquisitions	16,621
Settlements of contingent consideration liabilities	(650		)
Changes in fair value	540
Foreign currency translation	(1,067		)
Balance at September 30, 2019	$	17,374

10. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), which is included as a component of stockholders’ equity, is comprised of foreign currency translation adjustments and unrealized gains or losses from interest rate swaps and investments, net of tax. The reclassification of other comprehensive income (loss) items into earnings is limited to net gains or losses on interest rate swaps that are discussed in Note 6, Credit Arrangements and Debt Obligations.

The changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component were as follows (in thousands):



	Nine months ended September 30, 2019
	Foreign currency translation adjustments			Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swaps			Unrealized gain (loss) on investments		Total
Balance at January 1, 2019	$	(67,648	)	$	5,293		$	—	$	(62,355	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax	(23,975		)	(6,878		)	77		(30,776		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax	—			(1,406		)	—		(1,406		)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	(23,975		)	(8,284		)	77		(32,182		)
Balance at September 30, 2019	$	(91,623	)	$	(2,991	)	$	77	$	(94,537	)



	Nine months ended September 30, 2018
	Foreign currency translation adjustments			Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swaps		Total
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	(35,556	)	$	2,260	$	(33,296	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax	(23,602		)	7,854		(15,748		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax	—			69		69
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	(23,602		)	7,923		(15,679		)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	(59,158	)	$	10,183	$	(48,975	)

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11. SEGMENT INFORMATION

Bright Horizons’ services are comprised of full service center-based child care, back-up care, and educational advisory services. As such, the Company has determined that it has three operating segments, which are also its reportable segments. The full service center-based child care segment includes the traditional center-based child care, preschool, and elementary education, which have similar operating characteristics and meet the criteria for aggregation. The Company’s back-up care segment consists of center-based back-up child care and in-home child and adult/elder dependent care. The Company’s educational advisory services segment consists of tuition reimbursement program management and related educational consulting services, and college admissions advisory services, which have similar operating characteristics and meet the criteria for aggregation. The Company and its chief operating decision makers evaluate performance based on revenues and income from operations. The assets and liabilities of the Company are managed centrally and are reported internally in the same manner as the consolidated financial statements; therefore, no additional information is produced or included herein.

Revenue and income from operations by reportable segment were as follows (in thousands):



	Full service center-based child care		Back-up care		Educational advisory services		Total
Three months ended September 30, 2019
Revenue	$	410,789	$	80,059	$	20,736	$	511,584
Income from operations⁽¹⁾	36,961		19,711		5,957		62,629

Three months ended September 30, 2018
Revenue	$	387,048	$	66,484	$	18,053	$	471,585
Income from operations	34,006		16,941		4,513		55,460

(1) For the three months ended September 30, 2019, income from operations included $0.2 million of expenses related to completed acquisitions, which have been allocated to the full service center-based child care segment.



	Full service center-based child care		Back-up care		Educational advisory services		Total
Nine months ended September 30, 2019
Revenue	$	1,267,689	$	214,802	$	58,911	$	1,541,402
Income from operations ⁽¹⁾	130,318		55,262		14,792		200,372

Nine months ended September 30, 2018
Revenue	$	1,193,794	$	179,985	$	51,162	$	1,424,941
Income from operations ⁽²⁾	115,857		47,207		12,304		175,368

(1) For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, income from operations included $0.6 million of expenses related to completed acquisitions, which have been allocated to the full service center-based child care and back-up care segments.

(2) For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, income from operations included $1.9 million of expenses related to the May 2018 amendment to the credit agreement, the March 2018 secondary offering, and completed acquisitions, which have been allocated to the full service center-based child care segment.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes statements that express our opinions, expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or projections regarding future events or future results and therefore are, or may be deemed to be, “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”). The following cautionary statements are being made pursuant to the provisions of the Act and with the intention of obtaining the benefits of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Act. These forward-looking statements can generally be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the terms “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “projects,” “approximately,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates” or “anticipates,” or, in each case, their negatives or other variations or comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include all matters that are not historical facts. They appear in a number of places throughout this Quarterly Report and include statements regarding our intentions, beliefs or current expectations concerning, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, growth, strategies, the industries in which we and our partners operate, demand for services, the impact of accounting principles, pronouncements and policies, including, but not limited to, the new lease standard, timing of commencement of leases, statements regarding acquisitions and the subsequent integration and expected synergies, our fair value estimates, goodwill from business combinations, the vesting of Company equity, estimates and impact of equity transactions, unrecognized tax benefits and the impact of uncertain tax positions, our effective tax rate, the outcome of tax audits, settlements and tax liabilities, future impact of excess tax benefits, estimates and adjustments, amortization expense, the impact of foreign currency exchange rates, our credit risk, the impact of seasonality on results of operations, our share repurchase program, the outcome of litigation, legal proceedings and our insurance coverage, debt securities, our interest rate swap, interest rates and projections, interest expense, the use of derivatives or other market risk sensitive instruments, our indebtedness, borrowings under our senior credit facility, the need for additional debt or equity financings and our ability to obtain such financing, our sources and uses of cash flow, our ability to fund operations, make capital expenditures and payments, and complete share repurchases with cash and cash equivalents and borrowings, and our ability to meet financial obligations and comply with covenants of our senior credit facility.

By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. We believe that these risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 and other factors disclosed from time to time in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Although we base these forward-looking statements on assumptions that we believe are reasonable when made, we caution that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate, are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods.

Given these risks and uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement that we make in this Quarterly Report speaks only as of the date of such statement, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements or to publicly announce the results of any revisions to any of those statements to reflect future events or developments, except as required by law.

Introduction and Overview

The following is a discussion of the significant factors affecting the consolidated operating results, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows of Bright Horizons Family Solutions Inc. (“we” or the “Company”) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. This discussion should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and Notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

We are a leading provider of high-quality child care and early education, as well as other services that are designed to help employers, families and adult learners better address the challenges of work and family life. We are organized into three operating and reporting segments: full service center-based child care, back-up care, and educational advisory services.

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We provide services primarily under multi-year contracts with employers who offer child care, as well as other dependent care solutions and educational advisory services, as part of their employee benefits packages to improve employee engagement, productivity, recruitment and retention. As of September 30, 2019, we had more than 1,100 client relationships with employers across a diverse array of industries, including more than 150 Fortune 500 companies and more than 80 of Working Mother magazine’s 2019 “100 Best Companies.” At September 30, 2019, we operated 1,083 child care and early education centers, compared to 1,071 centers at September 30, 2018, and had the capacity to serve approximately 120,000 children and their families in the United States, as well as in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Canada and India.

Our business is subject to seasonal and quarterly fluctuations. Demand for child care and early education and elementary school services has historically decreased during the summer months when school is not in session, at which time families are often on vacation or have alternative child care arrangements. In addition, our enrollment declines as older children transition to elementary schools. Demand for our services generally increases in September and October coinciding with the beginning of the new school year and remains relatively stable throughout the rest of the school year. In addition, use of our back-up care services tends to be higher when schools are not in session and during holiday periods, which can increase the operating costs of the program and impact the results of operations. Our educational advisory services have limited seasonal fluctuations. Results of operations may also fluctuate from quarter to quarter as a result of, among other things, the performance of existing centers, including enrollment and staffing fluctuations, the number and timing of new center openings, acquisitions and management transitions, the timing of new client launches in our back-up and educational advisory services, the length of time required for new centers to achieve profitability, center closings, refurbishment or relocation, the contract model mix (profit and loss versus cost-plus) of new and existing centers, the timing and level of sponsorship payments, competitive factors and general economic conditions.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth statement of income data as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands, except percentages):



	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2019			%		2018			%
Revenue	$	511,584		100.0	%	$	471,585		100.0	%
Cost of services	386,364			75.5	%	358,545			76.0	%
Gross profit	125,220			24.5	%	113,040			24.0	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses	53,964			10.5	%	49,427			10.5	%
Amortization of intangible assets	8,627			1.8	%	8,153			1.7	%
Income from operations	62,629			12.2	%	55,460			11.8	%
Interest expense — net	(10,955		)	(2.1	)%	(11,795		)	(2.5	)%
Income before income tax	51,674			10.1	%	43,665			9.3	%
Income tax expense	(10,420		)	(2.0	)%	(10,065		)	(2.2	)%
Net income	$	41,254		8.1	%	$	33,600		7.1	%

Adjusted EBITDA ⁽¹⁾	$	94,759		18.5	%	$	85,217		18.1	%
Adjusted income from operations ⁽¹⁾	$	62,822		12.3	%	$	55,460		11.8	%
Adjusted net income ⁽¹⁾	$	50,848		9.9	%	$	42,899		9.1	%

The following table sets forth statement of income data as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands, except percentages):



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			%		2018			%
Revenue	$	1,541,402		100.0	%	$	1,424,941		100.0	%
Cost of services	1,149,614			74.6	%	1,072,320			75.3	%
Gross profit	391,788			25.4	%	352,621			24.7	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses	166,330			10.8	%	152,776			10.7	%
Amortization of intangible assets	25,086			1.6	%	24,477			1.7	%
Income from operations	200,372			13.0	%	175,368			12.3	%
Interest expense — net	(34,626		)	(2.2	)%	(35,459		)	(2.5	)%
Income before income tax	165,746			10.8	%	139,909			9.8	%
Income tax expense	(33,123		)	(2.2	)%	(28,585		)	(2.0	)%
Net income	$	132,623		8.6	%	$	111,324		7.8	%

Adjusted EBITDA ⁽¹⁾	$	294,482		19.1	%	$	263,788		18.5	%
Adjusted income from operations ⁽¹⁾	$	200,998		13.0	%	$	177,283		12.4	%
Adjusted net income ⁽¹⁾	$	157,118		10.2	%	$	136,384		9.6	%


(1)	Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations and adjusted net income are non-GAAP measures, which are reconciled to net income below under “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliation.”

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Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared to the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018

Revenue. Revenue increased $40.0 million, or 8%, to $511.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from $471.6 million for the same period in 2018. Revenue growth is primarily attributable to contributions from new and ramping child care and early education centers, expanded sales of our back-up care and educational advisory services, and typical annual tuition and price increases in the range of 3% to 4%. Revenue generated by the full service center-based child care segment in the three months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $23.7 million, or 6%, when compared to the same period in 2018. The increase is due in part to overall enrollment increases of approximately 4%, partially offset by the effect of lower foreign currency exchange rates for our United Kingdom and Netherlands operations, which had the effect of decreasing revenue in the full service segment by approximately 1.5% during the three months ended September 30, 2019.

Revenue generated by the back-up care segment in the three months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $13.6 million, or 20%, when compared to the same period in 2018. Revenue growth in the back-up care segment is primarily attributable to expanded sales, increased utilization and contributions from a recent acquisition. Additionally, revenue generated by educational advisory services in the three months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $2.7 million, or 15%, when compared to the same period in the prior year. Revenue growth in the educational advisory services segment is primarily attributable to expanded sales and utilization.

Cost of Services. Cost of services increased $27.8 million, or 8%, to $386.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from $358.5 million for the same period in 2018. Cost of services in the full service center-based child care segment increased $19.7 million, or 6%, to $329.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019 when compared to the same period in 2018. Personnel costs, which typically represent approximately 70% of total cost of services for this segment, increased 6% as a result of the enrollment growth at new and existing centers, routine wage and benefit cost increases, and labor costs associated with centers we have added since September 30, 2018 that are in the ramping stage. In addition, program supplies, materials, food and facilities costs, which typically represent approximately 30% of total costs of services for this segment, increased 8% in connection with the enrollment growth, certain technology expenses for programs and services, and the incremental occupancy costs associated with centers that have been added since September 30, 2018. Cost of services in the back-up care segment increased $7.7 million, or 19%, to $48.0 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, primarily due to personnel and increased care provider fees associated with the services provided to the expanding customer base, as well as marketing and technology spending which supports our customer user experience, service delivery and operating efficiency. Cost of services in the educational advisory services segment increased $0.4 million, or 5%, to $9.1 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019 due to personnel and technology costs related to delivering services to the expanding customer base, as well as ongoing spending for systems to support the long-term growth of the segment.

Gross Profit. Gross profit increased $12.2 million, or 11%, to $125.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from $113.0 million for the same period in 2018. Gross profit margin as a percentage of revenue was 25% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, and increased approximately 1% from the three months ended September 30, 2018. The increase in gross profit is primarily due to contributions from new and acquired centers, increased enrollment in our mature and ramping profit and loss centers, effective operating cost management, and expanded back-up care and educational advisory services.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (“SGA”). SGA increased $4.5 million, or 9%, to $53.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to $49.4 million for the same period in 2018. SGA was 11% of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2019, which is consistent with the same period in 2018. SGA increased over the comparable 2018 period primarily due to increases in personnel costs, including annual wage increases, and continued technology spending.

Amortization. Amortization expense on intangible assets of $8.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 increased from $8.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 due to the acquisitions completed in 2018 and 2019, offset by decreases from certain intangibles becoming fully amortized during the period.

Income from Operations. Income from operations increased by $7.2 million, to $62.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 when compared to the same period in 2018. Income from operations was 12% of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2019, which is consistent with the three months ended September 30, 2018. The increase in income from operations was due to the following:

•

Income from operations for the full service center-based child care segment increased $3.0 million, or 9%, in the three months ended September 30, 2019 when compared to the same period in 2018 due to tuition increases and enrollment gains over the prior year, contributions from new centers that have been added since September 30, 2018, and effective cost management, partially offset by the costs incurred during the pre-opening and ramp-up of certain new lease/consortium centers opened during 2018 and 2019. In addition, lower foreign currency exchange rates for our United Kingdom and Netherlands operations decreased income from operations in the full service segment by approximately 1% during the three months ended September 30, 2019.

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•

Income from operations for the back-up care segment increased $2.8 million, or 16%, in the three months ended September 30, 2019 when compared to the same period in 2018 due to the expanding revenue base, partially offset by spending for technology to support our customer user experience, service delivery and operating efficiency, and increased care provider fees associated with the incremental revenue.


•	Income from operations for the educational advisory services segment increased $1.4 million, or 32%, in the three months ended September 30, 2019 when compared with the same period in 2018 due to contributions from the expanding revenue base.

Net Interest Expense. Net interest expense decreased to $11.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from $11.8 million for the same period in 2018. The decrease in interest expense relates to decreased average borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Including the effects of the interest rate swap arrangements, the weighted average interest rate for the term loans and revolving credit facility was 3.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. Based on our current projections of interest rates, we estimate that our overall weighted average interest rate will approximate 4.0% for the remainder of 2019.

Income Tax Expense. We recorded income tax expense of $10.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2019, at an effective income tax rate of 20%, compared to income tax expense of $10.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2018, at an effective income tax rate of 23%. The difference in the effective income tax rates as compared to the statutory income tax rates is primarily due to the effects of excess tax benefits associated with the exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock. During the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the excess tax benefit decreased income tax expense by $2.8 million and $2.4 million, respectively. The effective income tax rate would have approximated 26% and 28% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, prior to the inclusion of the excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation expense.

Based upon our current estimates of projected excess tax benefits from the exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock, we expect the annual effective income tax rate in 2019 to approximate 20% to 22%. This estimate could be impacted by the volume and timing of equity transactions and by the mix of international earnings.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Income from Operations. Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted income from operations increased $9.5 million, or 11%, and $7.4 million, or 13%, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2019 over the comparable period in 2018 primarily as a result of the increase in gross profit due to additional contributions from full-service centers, including the impact of new and acquired centers, as well as the growth in back-up care and educational advisory services.

Adjusted Net Income. Adjusted net income increased $7.9 million, or 19%, for the three months ended September 30, 2019 when compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to the expanded income from operations.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018

Revenue. Revenue increased $116.4 million, or 8%, to $1.5 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from $1.4 billion for the same period in 2018. Revenue growth is primarily attributable to contributions from new and ramping full service child care and early education centers, expanded sales of our back-up care and educational advisory services, and typical annual tuition and price increases in the range of 3% to 4%. Revenue generated by the full service center-based child care segment in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $73.9 million, or 6%, when compared to the same period in 2018, due in part to overall enrollment increases of 5%, partially offset by the effect of lower foreign currency exchange rates for our United Kingdom and Netherlands operations, which decreased revenue in the full service segment by approximately 1.5% for the nine month period.

Revenue generated by back-up care services in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $34.8 million, or 19%, when compared to the same period in 2018. Revenue growth in the back-up care segment is primarily attributable to expanded sales, increased utilization and contributions from a recent acquisition. Additionally, revenue generated by educational advisory services in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased by $7.7 million, or 15%, when compared to the same period in the prior year. Revenue growth in the educational advisory services segment is primarily attributable to expanded sales and utilization.

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Cost of Services. Cost of services increased $77.3 million, or 7%, to $1.1 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from the same period in 2018. Cost of services in the full service center-based child care segment increased $56.4 million, or 6%, to $996.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 when compared to the same period in 2018. Personnel costs increased 6% as a result of the enrollment growth at new and existing centers, routine wage and benefit cost increases, and labor costs associated with centers we have added since September 30, 2018 that are in the ramping stage. In addition, program supplies, materials, food and facilities costs increased 6% in connection with the enrollment growth, certain technology investments in programs and services, and the incremental occupancy costs associated with centers that have been added since September 30, 2018. Cost of services in the back-up care segment increased $18.4 million, or 17%, to $126.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, primarily due to personnel and increased care provider fees associated with the services provided to the expanding customer base as well as marketing and technology spending which supports our customer user experience, service delivery and operating efficiency. Cost of services in the educational advisory services segment increased by $2.5 million, or 10%, to $27.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 due to personnel and technology costs related to delivering services to the expanding customer base, as well as ongoing spending for systems to support the long-term growth of the segment.

Gross Profit. Gross profit increased $39.2 million, or 11%, to $391.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from $352.6 million for the same period in 2018. Gross profit margin was 25% of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, and increased approximately 1% compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase in gross profit is primarily due to contributions from new and acquired centers, increased enrollment in our mature and ramping profit and loss centers, effective operating cost management, and expanded back-up care and educational advisory services.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. SGA increased $13.6 million, or 9%, to $166.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to $152.8 million for the same period in 2018. SGA was 11% of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, which is consistent with the same period in 2018. SGA increased over the comparable 2018 period due to increases in personnel costs including annual wage increases, and continued technology spending.

Amortization. Amortization expense on intangible assets of $25.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased from $24.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due to the acquisitions completed in 2018 and 2019, partially offset by decreases from certain intangible assets becoming fully amortized during the period.

Income from Operations. Income from operations increased by $25.0 million, or 14%, to $200.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 when compared to the same period in 2018. Income from operations was 13% of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of approximately 1% compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase in income from operations was due to the following:

•

Income from operations for the full service center-based child care segment increased $14.5 million, or 12%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 when compared to the same period in 2018. Results for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 included $1.3 million of transaction costs associated with an amendment to our credit agreement and secondary offering. After taking these charges into account, income from operations increased approximately 11% over the comparable 2018 period due to tuition increases and enrollment gains over the prior year, contributions from new centers that have been added since September 30, 2018, and effective cost management, partially offset by the costs incurred during the pre-opening and ramp-up of certain new lease/consortium centers opened during 2018 and 2019, and the incremental costs associated with technology investments in our centers. In addition, lower foreign currency exchange rates for our United Kingdom and Netherlands operations decreased income from operations in the full service segment by approximately 1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

•

Income from operations for the back-up care segment increased $8.0 million, or 17%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 when compared to the same period in 2018 due to the expanding revenue base partially offset by investments in technology to support our customer user experience, service delivery and operating efficiency, and increased care provider fees associated with the incremental revenue.


•	Income from operations for the educational advisory services segment increased $2.5 million, or 20%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 when compared to the same period in 2018 due to contributions from the expanding revenue base.

Net Interest Expense. Net interest expense decreased to $34.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from $35.5 million for the same period in 2018. The decrease in interest expense relates to decreased average borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Including the effects of the interest rate swap arrangements, the weighted average interest rate for the term loans and revolving credit facility was 3.9% and 3.8% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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Income Tax Expense. We recorded income tax expense of $33.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, at an effective income tax rate of 20%, compared to income tax expense of $28.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, at an effective income tax rate of 20%. The difference between the effective income tax rates as compared to the statutory income tax rates is primarily due to the effects of excess tax benefits associated with the exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 the excess tax benefit decreased income tax expense by $10.2 million and $10.6 million, respectively. The effective income tax rate would have approximated 26% and 28% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, prior to the inclusion of the excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation expense.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Income from Operations. Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted income from operations increased $30.7 million, or 12%, and $23.7 million, or 13%, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 over the comparable period in 2018 primarily as a result of the increase in gross profit due to additional contributions from full-service centers, including the impact of new and acquired centers, as well as the growth in back-up care and educational advisory services.

Adjusted Net Income. Adjusted net income increased $20.7 million, or 15%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 when compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to the expanded income from operations.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliation

In our quarterly and annual reports, earnings press releases and conference calls, we discuss key financial measures that are not calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP” or “U.S. GAAP”) to supplement our consolidated financial statements presented on a GAAP basis. These non-GAAP financial measures of adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations, adjusted net income and diluted adjusted earnings per common share are reconciled from their respective measures determined under GAAP as follows (in thousands, except share data):



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Net income	$	41,254		$	33,600		$	132,623		$	111,324
Interest expense — net	10,955			11,795			34,626			35,459
Income tax expense	10,420			10,065			33,123			28,585
Depreciation	18,453			17,060			55,341			50,669
Amortization of intangible assets^(a)	8,627			8,153			25,086			24,477
EBITDA	89,709			80,673			280,799			250,514
Additional Adjustments:
Non-cash operating lease expense ^(b)	136			829			718			1,055
Stock-based compensation expense ^(c)	4,721			3,715			12,339			10,304
Transaction costs ^(d)	193			—			626			1,915
Total adjustments	5,050			4,544			13,683			13,274
Adjusted EBITDA	$	94,759		$	85,217		$	294,482		$	263,788

Income from operations	$	62,629		$	55,460		$	200,372		$	175,368
Transaction costs ^(d)	193			—			626			1,915
Adjusted income from operations	$	62,822		$	55,460		$	200,998		$	177,283

Net income	$	41,254		$	33,600		$	132,623		$	111,324
Income tax expense	10,420			10,065			33,123			28,585
Income before income tax	51,674			43,665			165,746			139,909
Stock-based compensation expense ^(c)	4,721			3,715			12,339			10,304
Amortization of intangible assets ^(a)	8,627			8,153			25,086			24,477
Transaction costs ^(d)	193			—			626			1,915
Adjusted income before income tax	65,215			55,533			203,797			176,605
Adjusted income tax expense ^(e)	(14,367		)	(12,634		)	(46,679		)	(40,221		)
Adjusted net income	$	50,848		$	42,899		$	157,118		$	136,384

Weighted average number of common shares — diluted	59,132,689			58,924,423			58,941,612			59,044,561
Diluted adjusted earnings per common share	$	0.86		$	0.73		$	2.67		$	2.31


(a)	Represents amortization of intangible assets, including approximately $4.8 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, and approximately $14.2 million for both the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, associated with intangible assets recorded in connection with our going private transaction in May 2008.


(b)	Represents the excess of lease expense over cash lease expense.


(c)	Represents non-cash stock-based compensation expense in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation.


(d)	Represents transaction costs incurred in connection with completed acquisitions, the March 2018 secondary offering and the May 2018 amendment to the credit agreement.

(e)

Represents income tax expense calculated on adjusted income before income tax at an effective tax rate of approximately 23% for both 2019 and 2018. The tax rate for 2019 represents a tax rate of approximately 26% applied to the expected adjusted income before income tax for the full year, less the estimated effect of excess tax benefits related to equity transactions for the full year 2019. However, the timing and volume of the tax benefits associated with such future equity activity will affect these estimates and the estimated effective tax rate for the year.

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Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations, adjusted net income and diluted adjusted earnings per common share (collectively referred to as the “non-GAAP financial measures”) are not presentations made in accordance with GAAP, and the use of the terms adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations, adjusted net income and diluted adjusted earnings per common share may differ from similar measures reported by other companies. We believe the non-GAAP financial measures provide investors with useful information with respect to our historical operations. We present the non-GAAP financial measures as supplemental performance measures because we believe they facilitate a comparative assessment of our operating performance relative to our performance based on our results under GAAP, while isolating the effects of some items that vary from period to period. Specifically, adjusted EBITDA allows for an assessment of our operating performance and of our ability to service or incur indebtedness without the effect of interest, taxes, and non-cash charges, such as depreciation, amortization, the excess of lease expense over cash lease expense and stock-based compensation expense, as well as the expenses related to secondary offerings, debt financing transactions, dispositions and acquisitions. In addition, adjusted income from operations, adjusted net income and diluted adjusted earnings per common share allow us to assess our performance without the impact of the specifically identified items that we believe do not directly reflect our core operations. These non-GAAP financial measures also function as key performance indicators used to evaluate our operating performance internally, and they are used in connection with the determination of incentive compensation for management, including executive officers. Adjusted EBITDA is also used in connection with the determination of certain ratio requirements under our credit agreement. Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations, adjusted net income and diluted adjusted earnings per common share are not measurements of our financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to income before income tax, net income, diluted earnings per common share, net cash provided by (used in) operating, investing or financing activities or any other financial statement data presented as indicators of financial performance or liquidity, each as presented in accordance with GAAP. Consequently, our non-GAAP financial measures should not be evaluated in isolation or supplant comparable GAAP measures, but rather, should be considered together with our consolidated financial statements, which are prepared in accordance with GAAP and included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The Company understands that although adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations, adjusted net income and diluted adjusted earnings per common share are frequently used by securities analysts, lenders and others in their evaluation of companies, they have limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider them in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:


•	adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations and adjusted net income do not fully reflect the Company’s cash expenditures, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;


•	adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations and adjusted net income do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, the Company’s working capital needs;


•	adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the significant interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on debt;


•	although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future; and adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations and adjusted net income do not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements.

Because of these limitations, adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations and adjusted net income should not be considered as discretionary cash available to us to reinvest in the growth of our business or as measures of cash that will be available to us to meet our obligations.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary cash requirements are for the ongoing operations of our existing child care centers, back-up care and educational advisory services, the addition of new centers through development or acquisition, and debt financing obligations. Our primary sources of liquidity are our cash flows from operations and borrowings available under our revolving credit facility. Our revolving credit facility is part of our $1.3 billion senior secured credit facilities, which consist of a $1.1 billion secured term loan facility and a $225 million revolving credit facility. There were no borrowings outstanding on our revolving credit facility at September 30, 2019, and $118.2 million borrowings were outstanding at December 31, 2018.

We had $48.5 million in cash ($56.9 million including restricted cash) at September 30, 2019, of which $13.3 million was held in foreign jurisdictions. Operations outside of North America accounted for 23% of the Company’s consolidated revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The net impact on our liquidity from changes in foreign currency exchange rates was not material for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, and the Company does not currently expect that the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates will have a material net impact on the Company’s liquidity, capital resources or results from operations for the remainder of 2019.

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We had a working capital deficit of $241.9 million and $289.9 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Our working capital deficit has primarily arisen from using cash generated from operations to make long-term investments in fixed assets and acquisitions, and from share repurchases. We anticipate that we will continue to generate positive cash flows from operating activities and that the cash generated will be used principally to fund ongoing operations of our new and existing full service child care centers and expanded operations in the back-up care and educational advisory segments, as well as to make scheduled principal and interest payments on debt and for share repurchases.

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Codification No. 842, Leases (ASC 842), effective January 1, 2019. Upon adoption, the Company recognized operating lease right-of-use assets, as well as the related short-term and long-term liabilities, for the rights and obligations created by leases with lease terms longer than twelve months. The Company's working capital deficit increased as a result of the adoption due to the additional short-term liabilities recorded. The Company adopted ASC 842 using the modified retrospective method, electing to use the effective date as the date of initial application. Therefore, comparative information for prior periods has not been adjusted. Refer to the recently adopted pronouncements section of Note 1, Organization and Basis of Presentation, and Note 3, Leases, in our condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the adoption of the new lease standard.

The board of directors of the Company authorized a share repurchase program of up to $300 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock effective June 12, 2018. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company repurchased 80,001 shares for $12.4 million, and at September 30, 2019, $246.6 million remained available under the repurchase program. All repurchased shares have been retired.

We believe that funds provided by operations, our existing cash balances and borrowings available under our revolving credit facility will be adequate to meet planned operating and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months under current operating conditions. However, if we were to undertake any significant acquisitions or investments in the purchase of facilities for new or existing child care and early education centers, which requires financing beyond our existing borrowing capacity, it may be necessary for us to obtain additional debt or equity financing. We may not be able to obtain such financing on reasonable terms, or at all.



Cash Flows	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018
	(In thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	272,430		$	239,696
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(126,864	)	$	(114,293	)
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(127,169	)	$	(118,247	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — beginning of period	$	38,478		$	36,570
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — end of period	$	56,909		$	43,455

Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities was $272.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $239.7 million for the same period in 2018. The increase in cash provided by operating activities primarily resulted from the $21.3 million increase in net income and from changes in working capital arising from the timing of billings and payments when compared to the prior year.

Cash Used in Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $126.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to $114.3 million for the same period in 2018 and was related to fixed asset additions, acquisitions, and other investments. The increase in cash used in investing activities was primarily related to an increase in fixed asset purchases for new child care centers, maintenance and refurbishments in our existing centers, and continued investments in technology, equipment and furnishings. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company invested $19.8 million in debt securities, which were purchased by our wholly-owned captive insurance company using restricted cash, and acquired a 20% interest in a provider of full service center-based child care and back-up care services in Germany for $5.8 million. Additionally, the Company used $30.7 million to acquire one back-up care provider and six centers in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $51.7 million used to acquire 28 centers in the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

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Cash Used in Financing Activities

The Company used $127.2 million in financing activities in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to $118.2 million for the same period in 2018. Cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily for repayments of $117.9 million, net of borrowings, on the revolving credit facility, share repurchases of $12.0 million, payments of debt principal of $8.1 million, and taxes paid related to the net share settlement of stock awards totaling $6.5 million. These uses of cash were offset by proceeds primarily from the exercise of stock options of $17.6 million, and from the issuance and sale of restricted stock of $3.9 million. Cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 consisted principally of share repurchases of $85.7 million, repayments of $33.1 million, net of borrowings, on the revolving credit facility, payments of debt principal of $8.1 million, and taxes paid related to the net share settlement of stock awards totaling $7.5 million. These uses of cash were offset by proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $14.9 million, and from the issuance and sale of restricted stock of $4.5 million.

Debt

As of September 30, 2019, the Company’s $1.3 billion senior secured credit facilities consisted of a $1.1 billion secured term loan facility and a $225 million revolving credit facility. The term loans mature on November 7, 2023 and require quarterly principal payments of $2.7 million, with the remaining principal balance due on November 7, 2023.

Outstanding term loan borrowings were as follows (in thousands):



	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Term loans	$	1,048,125		$	1,056,188
Deferred financing costs and original issue discount	(7,121		)	(8,568		)
Total debt	1,041,004			1,047,620
Less current maturities	10,750			10,750
Long-term debt	$	1,030,254		$	1,036,870

There were no borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility at September 30, 2019, with the full line available for borrowings. Borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility were $118.2 million at December 31, 2018, with $106.8 million of the revolving credit facility available for borrowings. The revolving credit facility matures on July 31, 2022.

Borrowings under the credit agreement are subject to variable interest rates. The Company mitigates its interest rate exposure with variable-to-fixed interest rate swap agreements with an underlying fixed notional amount of $500 million. These swap agreements, designated and accounted for as cash flow hedges from inception, are scheduled to mature on October 31, 2021.

The credit agreement governing the senior secured credit facilities contains certain customary affirmative covenants and events of default. We were in compliance with our financial covenants at September 30, 2019. Refer to Note 6, Credit Arrangements and Debt Obligations, in our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information on our debt and credit arrangements.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of September 30, 2019, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements.

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Critical Accounting Policies

For a discussion of our “Critical Accounting Policies,” refer to Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. Other than changes to the accounting policy for leases as a result of the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), there have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies since December 31, 2018. Refer to the recently adopted pronouncements section of Note 1, Organization and Basis of Presentation, and Note 3, Leases, in our condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the adoption of the new lease standard and our accounting policies.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, our wholly-owned captive insurance entity purchased $19.8 million of marketable debt securities, which were classified as available-for-sale. The Company's investments in debt securities consist of U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities and carry a fixed coupon rate. As of September 30, 2019, a hypothetical increase in interest rates of 100 basis points would not have a material adverse impact on the fair value of our investment portfolio. Any unrealized gains or losses are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss and are realized only if we sold the underlying debt securities prior to maturity.

Other than the purchases of the marketable debt securities, there have been no material changes in the Company's exposure to interest rate or foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations since December 31, 2018. See Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 for further information regarding market risk.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of September 30, 2019, the Company conducted an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, respectively), regarding the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). The term “disclosure controls and procedures” means controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the requisite time periods and that such disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act are accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) were effective as of September 30, 2019.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are, from time to time, subject to claims, suits and matters arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which have not been fully adjudicated. Such claims have in the past generally been covered by insurance. We believe the resolution of such legal matters will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, although we cannot predict the ultimate outcome of any such actions. There can be no assurance that our insurance will be adequate to cover all liabilities that may arise out of claims or matters brought against us.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. There have been no material changes to our risk factors since our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The table below sets forth information regarding purchases of our common stock during the quarter ended September 30, 2019:



Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (In thousands) (1)
July 1, 2019 to July 31, 2019	—	$	—	—	$	258,364
August 1, 2019 to August 31, 2019 ⁽¹⁾	25,401	$	158.56	25,401	$	254,336
September 1, 2019 to September 30, 2019 ⁽¹⁾	50,100	$	154.82	50,100	$	246,580
	75,501			75,501


(1)	The board of directors of the Company authorized a share repurchase program of up to $300 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock effective June 12, 2018. The share repurchase program has no expiration date. All repurchased shares have been retired.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Not applicable.

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Item 6. Exhibits

(a) Exhibits:



Exhibit Number		Exhibit Title
31.1*		Principal Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*		Principal Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1**		Principal Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2**		Principal Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS*		Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibits 101)



*	Exhibits filed herewith.
**	Exhibits furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.
Date:	November 6, 2019	By:	/s/ Elizabeth Boland
			Elizabeth Boland
			Chief Financial Officer
			(Duly Authorized Officer)

Bright Horizons - 10-Q quarterly report FY2019 Q3

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION		Page
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	34
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	34
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	35
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	35
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	35
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	35
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	35
Item 5.	Other Information	35
Item 6.	Exhibits	36
Signatures		37