Forrester Research - 10-Q quarterly report FY2016 Q1

FORM 10-Q

(MARK ONE)

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED March 31, 2016

OR

COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 000-21433

FORRESTER RESEARCH, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (617) 613-6000

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x     No  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  x     No  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  o     No  x

As of May 4, 2016 17,827,000 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.

FORRESTER RESEARCH, INC.

INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FORRESTER RESEARCH, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except per share data, unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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FORRESTER RESEARCH, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (LOSS)

(In thousands, except per share data, unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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FORRESTER RESEARCH, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(In thousands, unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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FORRESTER RESEARCH, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands, unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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FORRESTER RESEARCH, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

Note 1 — Interim Consolidated Financial Statements

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for reporting on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures required for complete financial statements are not included herein. The year-end balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. It is recommended that these financial statements be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes that appear in the Forrester Research, Inc. (“Forrester”) Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair statement of the financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss) and cash flows as of the dates and for the periods presented have been included. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2016 may not be indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2016, or any other period.

Fair Value Measurements

The carrying amounts reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities. See Note 3 – Marketable Investments for the fair value of the Company’s marketable investments.

Note 2 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows (in thousands):

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Note 3 — Marketable Investments

The following table summarizes the Company’s marketable investments (in thousands):

Realized gains and losses on securities are included in earnings and are determined using the specific identification method. Realized gains or losses on the sale of the Company’s corporate obligations were not material in the three months ended March 31, 2016 or 2015.

The following table summarizes the maturity periods of the marketable securities in the Company’s portfolio as of March 31, 2016 (in thousands).

The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and market value of Forrester’s available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses that are not deemed to be other-than-temporary, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):

Fair Value

The Company measures certain financial assets at fair value on a recurring basis, including cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities. The fair values of these financial assets have been classified as Level 1, 2 or 3 within the fair value hierarchy as described in the accounting standards for fair value measurements.

Level 1 — Fair value based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 — Fair value based on inputs other than Level 1 inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 — Fair value based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and such inputs are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

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The following table represents the Company’s fair value hierarchy for its financial assets (cash equivalents and investments) measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

Level 2 assets consist of the Company’s entire portfolio of corporate bonds. Level 2 assets have been initially valued at the transaction price and subsequently valued, at the end of each reporting period, typically utilizing third party pricing services or other market observable data. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation methods, including both income and market based approaches and observable market inputs to determine value. These observable market inputs include reportable trades, benchmark yields, credit spreads, broker/dealer quotes, bids, offers, current spot rates and other industry and economic events.

Note 4 — Non-Marketable Investments

At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the carrying value of the Company’s non-marketable investments, which were composed primarily of interests in technology-related private equity funds, was $3.6 million and is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

One of the Company’s investments, with a book value of $0.4 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, is being accounted for using the cost method and, accordingly, is valued at cost unless an other-than-temporary impairment in its value occurs. The other investments are being accounted for using the equity method as the investments are limited partnerships and the Company has an ownership interest in excess of 5% and, accordingly, the Company records its share of the investee’s operating results each period. Gains and losses from non-marketable investments were insignificant during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, and are included in losses on investments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss). During the three months ended March 31, 2016 no distributions were received from the funds. During the three months ended March 31, 2015, gross distributions of $0.1 million were received from the funds.

Note 5 — Reorganization

In the first quarter of 2016, the Company implemented a reduction in its workforce of approximately 2% of its employees across various geographies and functions. The Company recorded $1.0 million of severance and related costs for this action during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and expects to incur an additional $0.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2016. All costs under this plan are expected to be paid during 2016.

In the first quarter of 2015, the Company implemented a reduction in its workforce of approximately 4% of its employees across various geographies and functions, in order to reallocate investment in 2015 to planned sales expansion and to delivery areas seeing the greatest client demand. The Company recorded $3.4 million of severance and related costs for this action during the three months ended March 31, 2015.

The following table rolls forward the activity in the reorganization accrual for the three months ended March 31, 2016 (in thousands):

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Note 6 — Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

Basic net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the diluted weighted average number of common shares and common equivalent shares outstanding during the period. The weighted average number of common equivalent shares outstanding has been determined in accordance with the treasury-stock method. Common equivalent shares consist of common stock issuable on the exercise of outstanding options and vesting of restricted stock units when dilutive.

Basic and diluted weighted average common shares are as follows (in thousands):

Note 7 — Stockholders’ Equity

Equity Plans

Stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2016 is presented below (in thousands, except per share data and contractual term):

Restricted stock unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2016 is presented below (in thousands, except per share data):

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Stock-Based Compensation

Forrester recognizes the fair value of stock-based compensation in net income (loss) over the requisite service period of the individual grantee, which generally equals the vesting period. Stock-based compensation was recorded in the following expense categories (in thousands):

Forrester utilizes the Black-Scholes valuation model for estimating the fair value of stock options. Options granted under the equity incentive plans and shares subject to purchase under the employee stock purchase plan were valued using the following assumptions:

Dividends

In the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company declared and paid a dividend of $0.18 per share or $3.2 million in the aggregate. In the three months ended March 31, 2015, the Company declared and paid a dividend of $0.17 per share or $3.1 million in the aggregate. In April 2016, the Company declared a dividend of $0.18 per share payable on June 22, 2016 to shareholders of record as of June 8, 2016.

Treasury Stock

As of March 31, 2016 Forrester’s Board of Directors had authorized an aggregate $460.0 million to purchase common stock under its stock repurchase program. The shares repurchased may be used, among other things, in connection with Forrester’s employee and director equity incentive and purchase plans. The Company did not repurchase shares of common stock in the three months ended March 31, 2016. In the three months ended March 31, 2015, the Company repurchased 0.2 million shares of common stock at an aggregate cost of $5.7 million. From the inception of the program through March 31, 2016, Forrester repurchased 15.0 million shares of common stock at an aggregate cost of $423.1 million.

Note 8 — Income Taxes

Forrester provides for income taxes on an interim basis according to management’s estimate of the effective tax rate expected to be applicable for the full fiscal year. Certain items such as changes in tax rates and tax benefits related to disqualifying dispositions of incentive stock options are treated as discrete items and are recorded in the period in which they arise.

Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2016 was $1.1 million resulting in an effective tax rate of 46% for the period. Income tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2015 was $0.2 million resulting from losses of $0.5 million in the period. Income tax expense increased by $1.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the prior year period due primarily to a $2.8 million increase in income before taxes during the current year period. Due to the low amount of income before taxes during the three months ended March 31, 2016, the effective tax rate is not considered meaningful or representative of the full year effective tax rate. For the full year 2016 the Company anticipates that its effective tax rate will be approximately 40%.

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Note 9 — Operating Segments

The Research segment includes the costs of the Company’s research personnel who are responsible for writing the research and performing the webinars and inquiries for the Company’s Research and Connect products. In addition, the research personnel deliver advisory services (such as workshops, speeches and advisory days) and a portion of the Company’s project consulting services. Revenue in this segment includes only revenue from advisory services and project consulting services that are delivered by the research personnel in this segment.

The Product segment includes the costs of the product management organization that is responsible for product pricing and packaging and the launch of new products. In addition, this segment includes the costs of the Company’s Data, Connect and Events organizations. Revenue in this segment includes all revenue for the Company (including Research and Connect) except for revenue from advisory services and project consulting services that are delivered by personnel in the Research and Project Consulting segments.

The Project Consulting segment includes the costs of the consultants that deliver the majority of the Company’s project consulting services. Revenue in this segment includes the project consulting revenue delivered by the consultants in this segment.

The Company evaluates reportable segment performance and allocates resources based on segment revenues and expenses. Segment expenses include the direct expenses of each segment organization and exclude selling and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses, stock-based compensation expense, depreciation expense, adjustments to incentive bonus compensation from target amounts, amortization of intangible assets, reorganization costs, other income (expense), and gains (losses) on investments. The accounting policies used by the segments are the same as those used in the consolidated financial statements.

Note 10 — Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014 the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which supersedes all existing revenue recognition requirements, including most industry-specific guidance. The new standard requires a company to recognize revenue when it transfers goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the company expects to receive for those goods or services. The new standard will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning

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after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period, with early adoption permitted for the first interim period within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The two permitted transition methods under the new standard are the full retrospective method, in which case the standard would be applied to each prior reporting period presented, or the modified retrospective method, in which case the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of initial application. The Company has not yet selected a transition method; however it has determined that it will not elect to adopt the standard early. The Company is currently evaluating the potential changes from this standard to its future financial reporting and disclosures.

In February 2016 the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. The new standard requires that all lessees recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from leases on the balance sheet and disclose qualitative and quantitative information about its leasing arrangements. The new standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. The adoption of this standard is expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact that this standard may have on its results of operations.

In March 2016 the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The new standard involves several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification on the statement of cash flows. The new standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2017. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact that this standard may have on its financial reporting and disclosures.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “expects,” “believes,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” or similar expressions are intended to identify these forward-looking statements. Reference is made in particular to our statements about our plans for anticipated increases in, and productivity of, our sales force and headcount, future growth rates, future dividends, future share repurchases and the adequacy of our cash, marketable investments and cash flows to satisfy our working capital and capital expenditures. These statements are based on our current plans and expectations and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual future activities and results of operations to be materially different from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual future activities and results to differ include, among others, our ability to retain and enrich memberships for our research, data and leadership board products and services, our ability to fulfill existing or generate new project consulting engagements, technology spending, the risks and challenges inherent in international business activities, our ability to offer new products and services, our dependence on key personnel, our ability to realize anticipated benefits from internal reorganizations, the ability to attract and retain qualified professional staff, our ability to respond to business and economic conditions and market trends, the possibility of network disruptions and security breaches, competition and industry consolidation, our ability to enforce and protect our intellectual property rights, compliance with privacy laws, and possible variations in our quarterly operating results. These risks are described more completely in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

We derive revenues from licensing memberships to, and sales of, our Research, Connect and Data products and services, performing advisory services and consulting projects, and hosting events. We offer contracts for our Research, Connect and Data products that are typically renewable annually and payable in advance. Membership revenues are recognized as revenue ratably over the term of the contract. Accordingly, a substantial portion of our billings are initially recorded as deferred revenue. Clients purchase advisory services independently and/or to supplement their memberships to our subscription-based products. Billings attributable to advisory services and consulting projects are initially recorded as deferred revenue. Advisory service revenues, such as workshops, speeches and advisory days, are recognized when the customer receives the agreed upon deliverable. Consulting project revenues, which generally are short-term in nature and based upon fixed-fee agreements, are recognized as the services are provided. Event billings are also initially recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue upon completion of each event.

Our primary operating expenses consist of cost of services and fulfillment, selling and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses. Cost of services and fulfillment represents the costs associated with the production and delivery of our products and services, including salaries, bonuses, employee benefits and stock-based compensation expense for all personnel that produce and deliver our products and services including all associated editorial, travel, and support services. Selling and marketing expenses include salaries, sales commissions, bonuses, employee benefits, stock-based compensation expense, travel expenses, promotional costs and other costs incurred in marketing and selling our products and services. General and administrative expenses include the costs of the technology, operations, finance, and human resources groups and our other administrative functions, including salaries, bonuses, employee benefits, and stock-based compensation expense. Overhead costs such as facilities and annual fees for cloud-based information technology systems are allocated to these categories according to the number of employees in each group.

Deferred revenue, agreement value, client retention, dollar retention, enrichment and number of clients are metrics we believe are important to understanding our business. We believe that the amount of deferred revenue, along with the agreement value of contracts to purchase research and advisory services, provide a significant measure of our business activity. We define these metrics as follows:

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Client retention, dollar retention, and enrichment are not necessarily indicative of the rate of future retention of our revenue base. A summary of our key metrics is as follows (dollars in millions):

Deferred revenue at March 31, 2016 increased 3% compared to the prior year. The increase in deferred revenue is reflective of the fact that contract bookings have exceeded revenue growth on a trailing twelve month (constant currency) basis. Agreement value increased 3% at March 31, 2016 compared to the prior year and on a constant currency basis increased 5%.  The increase in agreement value is due to increased demand for our products and services. Client retention and dollar retention rates, while essentially consistent with the period ending December 31, 2015, have declined since their recent highs achieved during 2015.  Enrichment rates have remained essentially consistent during the past two years.

Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our policies and estimates, including but not limited to, those related to our revenue recognition, stock-based compensation, non-marketable investments, goodwill and other intangible assets, and income taxes. Management bases its estimates on historical experience, data available at the time the estimates are made and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Our other critical accounting policies and estimates are described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Results of Operations

The financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2016 included in this report differ from those included in our earnings release issued April 27, 2016 in that the financial results in this report reflect lower  operating expenses in the amount of $450,000 ($275,000 after tax).  On May 6, 2016 we received updated information from the management company at our Cambridge, MA facility indicating that the operating expenses at the facility for the year ended December 31, 2015 had changed from their prior estimate.  This resulted in (1) an increase in income from operations from the previously announced $2,262,000 to $2,712,000, (2) an increase in income tax provision from the previously announced $920,000 to $1,095,000, and (3) an increase in net income from the previously announced $1,014,000 to $1,289,000 and a corresponding increase in basic and diluted net income per share from the previously announced $0.06 to $0.07.  This change had the same effect on our pro forma income from operations and our pro forma diluted net income per share.

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The following table sets forth our statement of income as a percentage of total revenues for the periods indicated:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015

Revenues

Total revenues increased 3% during the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the prior year period and increased 4% on a constant currency basis. Revenues from customers outside of the U.S. increased 4% compared to the prior year period, however after adjusting for the effect of foreign currency fluctuations, revenues from customers outside of the U.S. increased 9% and represented 24% of total revenues. On a constant currency basis, revenue growth in the Asia Pacific region and Europe was partially offset by a decline in Canada.

Research services revenues are recognized as revenue primarily on a ratable basis over the term of the contracts, which are generally twelve-month periods. Research services revenues increased 3% during the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the prior year period and on a constant currency basis increased 4%, reflecting growth in our Research products, essentially flat revenues in our Data products and a decline in our Connect products.

Revenues from advisory services and events increased 4% during the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the prior year period and the fluctuation in currency rates did not significantly affect the revenue growth rate for the period. The increase in advisory services and events revenues for the three months March 31, 2016 was due to an increase in both Advisory and Consulting revenues

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which were partially offset by a decrease in Events revenues.  The decrease in Events revenues was due to a shift in the timing of our events in 2016 such that no events were held during the first quarter of 2016 compared to two events held in the first quarter of 2015.

Please refer to the “Segments Results” section below for a discussion of revenues and expenses by segment.

Cost of Services and Fulfillment

Cost of services and fulfillment expenses increased 1% during the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the prior year period and on a constant currency basis increased 2%. The increase in dollars was primarily due to a $0.7 million increase in professional services costs related to outsourced fees and a $0.3 million increase in compensation and benefit costs compared to the prior year period. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in event expenses of $0.4 million due to no events being held in the first quarter of 2016 compared to two events held during the prior year period.

Selling and Marketing

Selling and marketing expenses increased 3% during the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the prior year period and increased 4% on a constant currency basis. The increase in dollars during the three months ended March 31, 2016 was primarily due to (1) a $0.6 million increase in compensation and benefit costs resulting from an increase in sales employees and annual merit increases compared to the prior year period and (2) an increase in travel and entertainment costs.

Subject to the business environment, we intend to expand our quota carrying sales force by approximately 1% to 3% in 2016 as compared to 2015 as we anticipate productivity improvements in 2016.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses increased 2% during the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the prior year period and on a constant currency basis increased 3%.  The increase in dollars was primarily due to higher professional services fees partially offset by a decrease in compensation and benefits costs.

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Depreciation

Depreciation expense remained essentially consistent during the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the prior year period.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

Amortization expense remained essentially consistent during the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the prior year period.

Reorganization Costs

During the three months ended March 31, 2016 we incurred $1.0 million of severance and related benefits for a reduction in our workforce of approximately 2% of employees across various geographies and functions. We expect to incur an additional $0.1 million of severance and related costs in the second quarter of 2016 related to this plan. All costs under this plan are expected to be paid during 2016.

During the three months ended March 31, 2015 we incurred $3.4 million of severance and related costs from our reorganization in the first quarter of 2015 that included the termination of 50 employees, or approximately 4% of our workforce across various geographies and functions, in order to reallocate investment in 2015 to planned sales expansion and to delivery areas seeing the greatest client demand.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net primarily consists of interest income on our investments as well as gains and losses on foreign currency. The decrease in other income (expense), net during the three months ended March 31, 2016 is due to foreign currency losses of approximately $0.5 million during the current year quarter versus foreign currency gains of $0.2 million during the prior year quarter.

Losses on Investments, Net

Gains (losses) on investments, net primarily represents our share of equity method investment gains and losses from our technology-related investment funds. Activity within the funds was insignificant during the 2016 and 2015 periods.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

Income tax expense increased by $1.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the prior year period due primarily to a $2.8 million increase in income before taxes during the current year period.  Due to the low amount of income (loss) before taxes during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, the effective tax rate is not considered meaningful or representative of the full year effective tax rate.  For the full year 2016 we anticipate that our effective tax rate will be approximately 40%.

Segment Results

The Research segment includes the costs of our research personnel who are responsible for writing the research and performing the webinars and inquiries for our Research and Connect products. In addition, the research personnel deliver advisory services (such as workshops, speeches and advisory days) and a portion of our project consulting services. Revenue in this segment includes only revenue from advisory services and project consulting services that are delivered by the research personnel in this segment.

The Product segment includes the costs of the product management organization that is responsible for pricing, packaging and the launch of new products. In addition, this segment includes the costs of our Data, Connect and Events organizations. Revenue in this segment includes all of our revenue (including Research and Connect) except for revenue from advisory services and project consulting services that are delivered by personnel in the Research and Project Consulting segments.

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The Project Consulting segment includes the costs of the consultants that deliver the majority of our project consulting services. Revenue in this segment includes the project consulting revenue delivered by the consultants in this segment.

The Company evaluates reportable segment performance and allocates resources based on segment revenues and expenses. Segment expenses include the direct expenses of each segment organization and exclude selling and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses, stock-based compensation expense, depreciation expense, adjustments to incentive bonus compensation from target amounts, amortization of intangible assets, reorganization costs, other income (expense), and gains (losses) on investments. The accounting policies used by the segments are the same as those used in the consolidated financial statements.