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JPMorgan Chase
JPM
#15
Rank
$823.62 B
Marketcap
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ United States
Country
$302.55
Share price
-0.03%
Change (1 day)
10.59%
Change (1 year)
๐Ÿฆ Banks๐Ÿ’ณ Financial services๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Dow jones
Categories
  1. JPMorgan Chase
  2. Quarterly Reports (10-Q)
  3. Financial Year FY2025 Q1

JPMorgan Chase - 10-Q quarterly report FY2025 Q1


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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period endedCommission file
March 31, 2025number1-5805
JPMorgan Chase & Co.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware13-2624428
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. employer
identification no.)
383 Madison Avenue,
New York,New York10179
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (212) 270-6000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stockJPMThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 5.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series DD
JPM PR DThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 6.00% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series EE
JPM PR CThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 4.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series GG
JPM PR JThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 4.55% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series JJJPM PR KThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 4.625% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series LL
JPM PR L
The New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 4.20% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series MMJPM PR MThe New York Stock Exchange
Guarantee of Callable Fixed Rate Notes due June 10, 2032 of JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC
JPM/32The New York Stock Exchange
Guarantee of Alerian MLP Index ETNs due January 28, 2044 of JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLCAMJBNYSE Arca, Inc.
Guarantee of Inverse VIX Short-Term Futures ETNs due March 22, 2045 of JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLCVYLDNYSE Arca, Inc.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No
Number of shares of common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2025: 2,779,094,488


FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Item 1.
Consolidated Financial Statements – JPMorgan Chase & Co.:
Consolidated statements of income (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024
78
Consolidated statements of comprehensive income (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024
79
Consolidated balance sheets (unaudited) at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024
80
Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders' equity (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024
81
Consolidated statements of cash flows (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024
82
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Note 1 - Basis of presentation
83
Note 2 - Fair value measurement
84
Note 3 - Fair value option
96
Note 4 - Derivative instruments
99
Note 5 - Noninterest revenue and noninterest expense
112
Note 6 - Interest income and interest expense
114
Note 7 - Pension and other postretirement employee benefit plans
115
Note 8 - Employee share-based incentives
116
Note 9 - Investment securities
117
Note 10 - Securities financing activities
121
Note 11 - Loans
123
Note 12 - Allowance for credit losses
139
Note 13 - Variable interest entities
142
Note 14 - Goodwill and mortgage servicing rights
149
Note 15 - Deposits
153
Note 16 - Leases
153
Note 17 - Preferred stock
154
Note 18 - Earnings per share
155
Note 19 - Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
156
Note 20 - Restricted cash and other restricted assets
157
Note 21 - Regulatory capital
158
Note 22 - Off-balance sheet lending-related financial instruments, guarantees, and other commitments
160
Note 23 - Pledged assets and collateral
163
Note 24 - Litigation
164
Note 25 - Business segments & Corporate
168
Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
170
Consolidated Average Balance Sheets, Interest and Rates (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024
171
Glossary of Terms and Acronyms and Line of Business Metrics
172
Item 2.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Consolidated Financial Highlights
3
Introduction
4
Executive Overview
5
Consolidated Results of Operations
9
Consolidated Balance Sheets and Cash Flows Analysis
12
Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
15
Business Segment & Corporate Results
17
Firmwide Risk Management
32
Capital Risk Management
33
Liquidity Risk Management
40
Consumer Credit Portfolio
49
Wholesale Credit Portfolio
52
Allowance for Credit Losses
61
Investment Portfolio Risk Management
64
Market Risk Management
65
Country Risk Management
71
Critical Accounting Estimates Used by the Firm
72
Accounting and Reporting Developments
76
Forward-Looking Statements
77
Item 3.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
181
Item 4.
181
Item 1.
181
Item 1A.
181
Item 2.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
181
Item 3.
182
Item 4.
182
Item 5.
182
Item 6.
183
2

JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated financial highlights (unaudited)
As of or for the period ended, (in millions, except per share, ratio, employee data and where otherwise noted)
1Q254Q243Q242Q241Q24
Selected income statement data
Total net revenue$45,310 $42,768 $42,654 $50,200 
(e)
$41,934 
Total noninterest expense23,597 22,762 22,565 23,713 
(e)
22,757 
Pre-provision profit(a)
21,713 20,006 20,089 26,487 19,177 
Provision for credit losses3,305 2,631 3,111 3,052 1,884 
Income before income tax expense18,408 17,375 16,978 23,435 17,293 
Income tax expense3,765 3,370 4,080 5,286 3,874 
Net income
$14,643 $14,005 $12,898 $18,149 $13,419 
Earnings per share data
Net income:     Basic
$5.08 $4.82 $4.38 $6.13 $4.45 
             Diluted5.07 4.81 4.37 6.12 4.44 
Average shares: Basic2,819.4 2,836.9 2,860.6 2,889.8 2,908.3 
             Diluted2,824.3 2,842.4 2,865.9 2,894.9 2,912.8 
Market and per common share data
Market capitalization681,712 670,618 593,643 575,463 575,195 
Common shares at period-end2,779.1 2,797.6 2,815.3 2,845.1 2,871.6 
Book value per share119.24 116.07 115.15 111.29 106.81 
Tangible book value per share (“TBVPS”)(a)
100.36 97.30 96.42 92.77 88.43 
Cash dividends declared per share1.40 1.25 1.25 1.15 1.15 
Selected ratios and metrics
Return on common equity (“ROE”)(b)
18 %17 %16 %23 %17 %
Return on tangible common equity (“ROTCE”)(a)(b)
21 21 19 28 21 
Return on assets(b)
1.40 1.35 1.23 1.79 1.36 
Overhead ratio52 53 53 47 54 
Loans-to-deposits ratio54 56 55 55 54 
Firm Liquidity coverage ratio (“LCR”) (average)113 113 114 112 112 
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. LCR (average)124 124 121 125 129 
Common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital ratio(c)(d)
15.4 15.7 15.3 15.3 15.0 
Tier 1 capital ratio(c)(d)
16.5 16.8 16.4 16.7 16.4 
Total capital ratio(c)(d)
18.2 18.5 18.2 18.5 18.2 
Tier 1 leverage ratio(c)
7.2 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.2 
Supplementary leverage ratio (“SLR”)(c)
6.0 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.1 
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)
Trading assets$875,203 $637,784 $787,489 $733,882 $754,409 
Investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses664,447 681,320 634,502 589,998 570,679 
Loans1,355,695 1,347,988 1,340,011 1,320,700 1,309,616 
Total assets4,357,856 4,002,814 4,210,048 4,143,003 4,090,727 
Deposits2,495,877 2,406,032 2,430,772 2,396,530 2,428,409 
Long-term debt407,224 401,418 410,157 394,028 395,872 
Common stockholders’ equity331,375 324,708 324,186 316,652 306,737 
Total stockholders’ equity351,420 344,758 345,836 340,552 336,637 
Employees
318,477 317,233 316,043 313,206 311,921 
Credit quality metrics
Allowances for credit losses$27,835 $26,866 $26,543 $25,514 $24,695 
Allowance for loan losses to total retained loans1.94 %1.87 %1.86 %1.81 %1.77 %
Nonperforming assets$9,105 $9,300 $8,628 $8,423 $8,265 
Net charge-offs2,332 2,364 2,087 2,231 1,956 
Net charge-off rate0.74 %0.73 %0.65 %0.71 %0.62 %
(a)Pre-provision profit, TBVPS and ROTCE are each non-GAAP financial measures. Tangible common equity (“TCE”) is also a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 15-16 for a further discussion of these measures.
(b)Ratios are based upon annualized amounts.
(c)As of January 1, 2025, the benefit from the Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) capital transition provision had been fully phased out. For the periods ended December 31, 2024, September 30, 2024, June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024, the ratios reflected the CECL capital transition provisions. Refer to Note 21 of this Form 10-Q and Note 27 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.
(d)Reflects the Firm’s ratios under the Basel III Standardized approach. Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 33-39 for additional information.
(e)Total net revenue included a $7.9 billion net gain related to Visa shares, and total noninterest expense included a $1.0 billion contribution of Visa shares to the JPMorgan Chase Foundation. Refer to Executive Overview on pages 54–58, and Notes 2 and 6 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on the exchange offer for Visa Class B-1 common stock.
3

INTRODUCTION
The following is Management’s discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations (“MD&A”) of JPMorgan Chase & Co. (“JPMorganChase” or the “Firm”) for the first quarter of 2025.
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the first quarter of 2025 (“Form 10-Q”) should be read together with JPMorganChase’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (“2024 Form 10-K”). Refer to the Glossary of terms and acronyms and line of business metrics on pages 172–180 for definitions of terms and acronyms used throughout this Form 10-Q.
This Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are based on the current beliefs and expectations of JPMorganChase’s management, speak only as of the date of this Form 10-Q and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Refer to Forward-looking Statements on page 77 of this Form 10-Q and Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors on pages 10–37 of the 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of certain of those risks and uncertainties and the factors that could cause JPMorganChase’s actual results to differ materially because of those risks and uncertainties. There is no assurance that actual results will be in line with any outlook information set forth herein, and the Firm does not undertake to update any forward-looking statements.
JPMorgan Chase & Co. (NYSE: JPM), a financial holding company incorporated under Delaware law in 1968, is a leading financial services firm based in the United States of America (“U.S.”), with operations worldwide. JPMorganChase had $4.4 trillion in assets and $351.4 billion in stockholders’ equity as of March 31, 2025. The Firm is a leader in investment banking, financial services for consumers and small businesses, commercial banking, financial transaction processing and asset management. Under the J.P. Morgan and Chase brands, the Firm serves millions of customers, predominantly in the U.S., and many of the world’s most prominent corporate, institutional and government clients globally.
JPMorganChase’s principal bank subsidiary is JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association (“JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.”), a national banking association with U.S. branches in 48 states and Washington, D.C. JPMorganChase’s principal non-bank subsidiary is J.P. Morgan Securities LLC (“J.P. Morgan Securities”), a U.S. broker-dealer. The bank and non-bank subsidiaries of JPMorganChase operate nationally as well as through overseas branches and subsidiaries, representative offices and subsidiary foreign banks. The Firm’s principal operating subsidiaries outside the U.S. are J.P. Morgan Securities
plc and J.P. Morgan SE (“JPMSE”), which are subsidiaries of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and are based in the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and Germany, respectively.
For management reporting purposes, the Firm has three reportable business segments – Consumer & Community Banking (“CCB”), Commercial & Investment Bank (“CIB”) and Asset & Wealth Management (“AWM”) – with the remaining activities in Corporate. The Firm's consumer business segment is CCB, and the Firm's wholesale business segments are CIB and AWM. Refer to Business Segment & Corporate Results on pages 17-31 and Note 25 of this Form 10-Q, and Note 32 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K, for a description of the Firm’s reportable business segments and the products and services they provide to their respective client bases, as well as a description of Corporate activities.
The Firm's website is www.jpmorganchase.com. JPMorganChase makes available on its website, free of charge, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as soon as reasonably practicable after it electronically files or furnishes such material to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) at www.sec.gov. JPMorganChase makes new and important information about the Firm available on its website at https://www.jpmorganchase.com, including on the Investor Relations section of its website at https://www.jpmorganchase.com/ir. Information on the Firm's website, including documents on the website that are referenced in this Form 10-Q, is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-Q or the Firm’s other filings with the SEC.
4

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW
This executive overview of the MD&A highlights selected information and does not contain all of the information that is important to readers of this Form 10-Q. For a complete description of the trends and uncertainties, as well as the risks and critical accounting estimates affecting the Firm, this Form 10-Q and the 2024 Form 10-K should be read together and in their entirety.
Financial performance of JPMorganChase
(unaudited)
As of or for the period ended,
(in millions, except per share data and ratios)
Three months ended March 31,
20252024Change
Selected income statement data
Noninterest revenue$22,037 $18,852 17 %
Net interest income23,273 23,082 1 
Total net revenue45,310 41,934 8 
Total noninterest expense23,597 22,757 4 
Pre-provision profit21,713 19,177 13 
Provision for credit losses3,305 1,884 75 
Net income14,643 13,419 9 
Diluted earnings per share5.07 4.44 14 
Selected ratios and metrics
Return on common equity18 %17 %
Return on tangible common equity
21 21 
Book value per share$119.24 $106.81 12 
Tangible book value per share100.36 88.43 13 
Capital ratios(a)(b)
CET1 capital15.4 %15.0 %
Tier 1 capital16.5 16.4 
Total capital18.2 18.2 
Memo:
NII excluding Markets(c)
$22,590 $23,020 (2)
NIR excluding Markets(c)
13,761 11,515 20 
Markets(d)
9,663 8,013 21 
Total net revenue - managed basis$46,014 $42,548 8 
(a)As of January 1, 2025, the benefit from the CECL capital transition provision had been fully phased out. For the period ended March 31, 2024, the ratios reflected the CECL capital transition provisions. Refer to Note 21 of this Form 10-Q and Note 27 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.
(b)Reflects the Firm’s ratios under the Basel III Standardized approach. Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 33-39 for additional information.
(c)NII and NIR refer to net interest income and noninterest revenue, respectively.
(d)Markets consists of CIB's Fixed Income Markets and Equity Markets businesses. The Firm assesses the performance of its Markets business on a total net revenue basis, as revenues in NII generally have offsets across other revenue lines, primarily Principal transactions revenue.



First Republic-related gain: On January 17, 2025, the Firm reached an agreement with the FDIC with respect to certain outstanding items related to the First Republic acquisition. As a result of the agreement, the Firm made a payment of $609 million to the FDIC on January 31, 2025 and reduced its additional payable to the FDIC, which resulted in a gain of $588 million recorded in other income in the first quarter of 2025. Refer to Note 5 of this Form 10-Q and Note 34 on pages 319-321 of the Firm’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.
Comparisons noted in the sections below are for the first quarter of 2025 versus the first quarter of 2024, unless otherwise specified.
Firmwide overview
For the first quarter of 2025, JPMorganChase reported net income of $14.6 billion, up 9%, earnings per share of $5.07, ROE of 18% and ROTCE of 21%. The Firm's results included a $588 million First Republic-related gain in Corporate.
•Total net revenue was $45.3 billion, up 8%, reflecting:
–Net interest income ("NII") of $23.3 billion, up 1%, driven by higher Markets net interest income, higher revolving balances in Card Services, the impact of securities activity including from prior quarters, and higher wholesale deposit balances. These factors were predominantly offset by the impact of lower rates and deposit margin compression, as well as lower average deposit balances in CCB. NII excluding Markets was $22.6 billion, down 2%.
–Noninterest revenue ("NIR") was $22.0 billion, up 17%, predominantly driven by higher Markets noninterest revenue, a $588 million First Republic-related gain, higher asset management fees in AWM and CCB, lower net investment securities losses in Treasury and CIO, and higher investment banking fees.
•Noninterest expense was $23.6 billion, up 4%, driven by higher compensation expense, including higher revenue-related compensation and growth in the number of employees. The increase in expense was also driven by higher brokerage expense and distribution fees, and continued investments in technology and marketing, as well as the absence of a legal benefit from the prior year. These factors were largely offset by the impact of an FDIC special assessment accrual release of $323 million compared with an accrual increase of $725 million in the prior year.
•The provision for credit losses was $3.3 billion. Net charge-offs were $2.3 billion, up $376 million, predominantly driven by Card Services, reflecting
5

the seasoning of vintages originated in recent years. The net addition to the allowance for credit losses was $973 million and included $549 million in wholesale and $441 million in consumer, and was largely driven by changes in the weighted-average macroeconomic outlook.
In the prior year, the provision was $1.9 billion, net charge-offs were $2.0 billion and the net reduction in the allowance for credit losses was $72 million.
•The total allowance for credit losses was $27.8 billion at March 31, 2025. The Firm had an allowance for loan losses to retained loans coverage ratio of 1.94%, compared with 1.77% in the prior year.
Refer to Consolidated Results of Operations and Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis on pages 9-11 and pages 12-13, respectively, for a further discussion of the Firm's results, including the provision for credit losses.
Pre-provision profit, ROTCE, TCE, TBVPS, NII and NIR excluding Markets, and total net revenue on a managed basis are non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 15-16 for a further discussion of each of these measures.
•The Firm’s nonperforming assets totaled $9.1 billion at March 31, 2025, up 10%, driven by higher wholesale nonaccrual loans, largely in Real Estate, concentrated in Multifamily and Lodging, reflecting downgrades, partially offset by lower consumer nonaccrual loans, which included loan sales. Refer to Wholesale Credit Portfolio and Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 52-60 and pages 49-51, respectively, for additional information.
•Firmwide average loans of $1.3 trillion were up 2%, predominantly driven by higher loans in CIB and AWM.
•Firmwide average deposits of $2.4 trillion were up 2%, reflecting:
–net inflows in Payments and Securities Services, and
–growth in balances in new and existing client accounts in AWM,
partially offset by
–a decline in CCB primarily driven by a decrease in balances in existing accounts due to migration into higher-yielding investments and increased customer spending.
Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 40-46 for additional information.


Selected capital and other metrics
•CET1 capital was $280 billion, and the Standardized and Advanced CET1 ratios were 15.4% and 15.6%, respectively.
•SLR was 6.0%.
•TBVPS grew 13%, ending the first quarter of 2025 at $100.36.
•As of March 31, 2025, the Firm had eligible end-of-period High Quality Liquid Assets (“HQLA”) of approximately $881 billion and unencumbered marketable securities with a fair value of approximately $635 billion, resulting in approximately $1.5 trillion of liquidity sources. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 40-46 for additional information.
6

Business segment highlights
Selected business metrics for each of the Firm’s lines of business ("LOB") are presented below for the first quarter of 2025.
CCB
ROE 31%
•Average deposits down 2%; client investment assets up 7%
•Average loans up 1%; Card Services net charge-off rate of 3.58%
•Debit and credit card sales volume(a) up 7%
•Active mobile customers(b) up 8%
CIB
ROE 18%
•Investment Banking fees up 12%; #1 ranking for Global Investment Banking fees with 9.0% wallet share in 1Q25
•Markets revenue up 21%, with Fixed Income Markets up 8% and Equity Markets up 48%
•Average Banking & Payments loans(c) down 3%; average client deposits(d) up 11%
AWM
ROE 39%
•Assets under management ("AUM") of $4.1 trillion, up 15%
•Average loans up 5% YoY; average deposits up 7%
(a)Excludes Commercial Card.
(b)Users of all mobile platforms who have logged in within the past 90 days.
(c)On January 1, 2025, $5.6 billion of loans were realigned from Global Corporate Banking to Fixed Income Markets.
(d)Represents client deposits and other third-party liabilities pertaining to the Payments and Securities Services businesses.
Refer to the Business Segment & Corporate Results on pages 17-31 for a detailed discussion of results by business segment.

Credit provided and capital raised
JPMorganChase continues to support consumers, businesses and communities around the globe. The Firm provided new and renewed credit and raised capital for wholesale and consumer clients during the first three months of 2025, consisting of approximately:
$840
billion
Total credit provided and capital raised (including loans and commitments)
$60
billion
Credit for consumers
$10
billion
Credit for U.S. small businesses
$760
billion
Credit and capital for corporations and non-U.S. government entities(a)
$10
 billion
Credit and capital for nonprofit and U.S. government entities(b)
(a)Includes Individuals and Individual Entities primarily consisting of Global Private Bank clients within AWM.
(b)Includes states, municipalities, hospitals and universities.

7

Outlook
These current expectations are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements are based on the current beliefs and expectations of JPMorganChase’s management, speak only as of the date of this Form 10-Q, and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Refer to Forward-Looking Statements on page 77 of this Form 10-Q and Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors on pages 10–37 of the 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion of certain of those risks and uncertainties and the other factors that could cause JPMorganChase’s actual results to differ materially because of those risks and uncertainties. There is no assurance that actual results in 2025 will be in line with the outlook information set forth below, and the Firm does not undertake to update any forward-looking statements.
JPMorganChase’s current outlook for full-year 2025 should be viewed against the backdrop of the global and U.S. economies, financial markets activity, the geopolitical environment, the competitive environment, client and customer activity levels, and regulatory and legislative developments in the U.S. and other countries where the Firm does business. Each of these factors will affect the performance of the Firm. The Firm will continue to make appropriate adjustments to its businesses and operations in response to ongoing developments in the business, economic, regulatory and legal environments in which it operates.
Full-year 2025
•Management expects net interest income to be approximately $94.5 billion and net interest income excluding Markets to be approximately $90.0 billion, market dependent.
•Management expects adjusted expense to be approximately $95.0 billion, market dependent.
•Management expects the net charge-off rate in Card Services to be approximately 3.60%.
Net interest income excluding Markets and adjusted expense are non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 15-16.


Business Developments
Regulatory developments
In April 2025, a Texas federal district court granted a joint request by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB") and trade organizations to vacate the CFPB Late Fee Rule. Also in April 2025, Congress passed a resolution of disapproval overturning the CFPB Overdraft Rule that is expected to be signed into law by the President.
Refer to the Supervision and regulation section on pages 2–7 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on the CFPB Late Fee Rule and the CFPB Overdraft Rule.
8

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This section provides a comparative discussion of JPMorganChase’s Consolidated Results of Operations on a reported basis for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, unless otherwise specified. Factors that relate primarily to a single business segment or Corporate are discussed in more detail in the results of that segment or Corporate. Refer to pages 72–75 of this Form 10-Q and pages 161–164 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Critical Accounting Estimates Used by the Firm that affect the Consolidated Results of Operations.
Revenue
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024Change
Investment banking fees$2,178 $1,954 11 %
Principal transactions7,614 6,790 12 
Lending- and deposit-related fees2,132 1,902 12 
Asset management fees4,700 4,146 13 
Commissions and other fees2,033 1,805 13 
Investment securities losses(37)(366)90 
Mortgage fees and related income278 275 1 
Card income1,216 1,218 — 
Other income(a)
1,923 1,128 70 
Noninterest revenue22,037 18,852 17 
Net interest income23,273 23,082 1 
Total net revenue$45,310 $41,934 8 %
(a)    Included operating lease income of $829 million and $672 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Refer to Note 5 for additional information.
Quarterly results
Investment banking fees increased, reflecting in CIB:
•higher debt underwriting fees predominantly driven by elevated refinancing activity, particularly in leveraged finance, and
•higher advisory fees predominantly driven by the closing of deals announced in 2024,
partially offset by
•lower equity underwriting fees as challenging market conditions resulted in lower fees.
Refer to CIB segment results on pages 22-26 and Note 5 for additional information.
Principal transactions revenue increased, reflecting in CIB:
•higher Equity Markets revenue, particularly in Equity Derivatives, and
•higher Fixed Income Markets revenue, reflecting higher revenue in Rates, predominantly offset by lower revenue in Currencies & Emerging Markets, and Securitized Products.
Principal transactions revenue in CIB generally has offsets across other revenue lines, including net interest income. The Firm assesses the performance of its Markets business on a total net revenue basis.
Refer to CIB segment results on pages 22-26 and Note 5 for additional information.
Lending- and deposit-related fees increased due to:
•a reduction in client credits applied to deposit-related fees as well as increased volumes resulting in higher cash management fees in Payments,
partially offset by
•a decline in the amortization of the fair value discount on certain acquired lending-related commitments associated with First Republic, primarily in AWM, as certain of the commitments have expired.
Refer to CIB and AWM segment results on pages 22-26 and pages 27-29, respectively, and Note 5 for additional information.
Asset management fees increased as a result of net inflows in AWM and higher average market levels in AWM and CCB. Refer to CCB and AWM segment results on pages 19-21 and pages 27-29, respectively, and Note 5 for additional information.
Commissions and other fees increased, largely due to higher brokerage commissions and fees on higher volume, in both CIB and AWM. Refer to CIB and AWM segment results on pages 22-26 and pages 27-29, respectively, and Note 5 for additional information.
Investment securities losses decreased, reflecting lower net losses compared to the prior year, which included sales of securities, primarily U.S. GSE and government agency MBS and U.S. Treasuries, associated with repositioning the investment securities portfolio in Treasury and CIO. Refer to Corporate results on pages 30-31 and Note 9 for additional information.
Mortgage fees and related income: refer to Note 14 for additional information.
Card income was flat, reflecting, primarily in CCB, lower net interchange income and an increase in amortization related to new account origination costs, offset by higher annual fees. Refer to CCB segment results on pages 19-21 and Note 5 for additional information.
9

Other income increased, reflecting:
•a $588 million First Republic-related gain in Corporate, and
•higher auto operating lease income due to an increase in origination volume in CCB.
Refer to CCB and Corporate results on pages 19-21 and pages 30-31, respectively, for additional information; and Note 5 for additional information on the First Republic-related gain.
Net interest income increased driven by higher Markets net interest income, higher revolving balances in Card Services, the impact of securities activity including from prior quarters, and higher wholesale deposit balances. These factors were predominantly offset by the impact of lower rates and deposit margin compression, as well as lower average deposit balances in CCB.
The Firm’s average interest-earning assets were $3.7 trillion, up $223 billion, and the yield was 5.19%, down 36 basis points (“bps”). The net yield on these assets, on an FTE basis, was 2.58%, a decrease of 13 bps. The net yield excluding Markets was 3.80%, down 3 bps.
Refer to the Consolidated average balance sheets, interest and rates schedule on page 171 for additional information. Net yield excluding Markets is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 15-16 for an additional discussion of net yield excluding Markets.

Provision for credit losses
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024Change
Consumer, excluding credit card$204 $77 165 %
Credit card2,382 1,837 30 
Total consumer2,586 1,914 35 
Wholesale736 (56)NM
Investment securities(17)26 NM
Total provision for credit losses$3,305 $1,884 75 %
Quarterly results
The provision for credit losses was $3.3 billion. Net charge-offs were $2.3 billion and the net addition to the allowance for credit losses was $973 million.
Net charge-offs included $2.1 billion in consumer, predominantly driven by Card Services, reflecting the seasoning of vintages originated in recent years, and $187 million in wholesale.
The net addition to the allowance for credit losses was largely driven by changes in the weighted-average macroeconomic outlook, and consisted of:
•$549 million in wholesale, which also reflected changes in credit quality on client-specific exposures and the impact of new lending-related commitments, and
•$441 million in consumer, predominantly driven by Card Services.
In the prior year, the provision was $1.9 billion, net charge-offs were $2.0 billion and the net reduction in the allowance for credit losses was $72 million.
Refer to CCB, CIB and AWM segment and Corporate results on pages 19-21, pages 22-26, pages 27-29, and pages 30-31, respectively; Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 61-63; Critical Accounting Estimates Used by the Firm on pages 72–75; and Notes 11 and 12 for additional information on the credit portfolio and the allowance for credit losses.
10

Noninterest expense
(in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20252024Change
Compensation expense
$14,093 $13,118 7 %
Noncompensation expense:
Occupancy1,302 1,211 8 
Technology, communications and equipment(a)
2,578 2,421 6 
Professional and outside services2,839 2,548 11 
Marketing1,304 1,160 12 
Other expense
1,481 2,299 (36)
Total noncompensation expense9,504 9,639 (1)
Total noninterest expense
$23,597 $22,757 4 %
Certain components of other expense(b)
FDIC-related expense$(11)$973 
Operating losses386 299 
(a)Includes depreciation expense associated with auto operating lease assets. Refer to Note 16 for additional information.
(b)Refer to Note 5 for additional information.
Quarterly results
Compensation expense increased driven by:
•higher revenue-related compensation, particularly in CIB and AWM, and
•growth in the number of employees across the LOBs and Corporate, primarily in front office and technology.
Noncompensation expense decreased as a result of:
•lower FDIC-related expense, which included the impact of an FDIC special assessment accrual release of $323 million in Corporate, compared with an accrual increase of $725 million in the prior year, and
•the absence of restructuring and integration costs associated with First Republic recorded in the prior year,
offset by
•higher legal expense, particularly in CIB, largely due to the absence of a legal benefit from the prior year,
•higher brokerage expense in CIB and higher distribution fees in AWM,
•higher investments in marketing, predominantly in CCB, as well as in technology across the Firm; and to a lesser extent,
•higher occupancy expense, higher operating losses, largely in CCB, and higher depreciation expense on higher auto lease assets.
Refer to Note 5 for additional information on other expense.
Income tax expense
(in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20252024Change
Income before income tax expense$18,408 $17,293 6 %
Income tax expense3,765 3,874 (3)
Effective tax rate20.5 %22.4 %
Quarterly results
The effective tax rate decreased predominantly driven by higher benefits related to the vesting of employee share-based awards in the current period as a result of the Firm’s higher share price, and changes in the mix of income and expenses subject to U.S. federal, state and local taxes.
11

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AND CASH FLOWS ANALYSIS
Consolidated balance sheets analysis
The following is a discussion of the significant changes between March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Refer to pages 161–164 for a discussion of the Critical Accounting Estimates Used by the Firm that affect the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Selected Consolidated balance sheets data
(in millions)March 31,
2025		December 31,
2024		Change
Assets
Cash and due from banks$22,066 $23,372 (6)%
Deposits with banks403,837 445,945 (9)
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements429,506 295,001 46 
Securities borrowed238,702 219,546 9 
Trading assets875,203 637,784 37 
Available-for-sale securities399,363 406,852 (2)
Held-to-maturity securities265,084 274,468 (3)
Investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses664,447 681,320 (2)
Loans1,355,695 1,347,988 1 
Allowance for loan losses(25,208)(24,345)4 
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses1,330,487 1,323,643 1 
Accrued interest and accounts receivable117,845 101,223 16 
Premises and equipment32,811 32,223 2 
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangible assets64,525 64,560 — 
Other assets178,427 178,197 — 
Total assets$4,357,856 $4,002,814 9 %
Cash and due from banks and deposits with banks decreased driven by Markets activities in CIB and cash deployment in Treasury and CIO, largely offset by the impact of higher deposits.
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements increased driven by Markets, reflecting higher client-driven market-making activities and the impact of lower levels of netting, as well as when compared with seasonally lower levels at year-end.
Securities borrowed increased driven by Markets, reflecting higher client-driven activities.
Refer to Note 10 for additional information on securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowed.
Trading assets increased due to higher levels of debt and equity instruments in Markets related to client-driven market-making activities, as well as when compared with seasonally lower levels at year-end. Refer to Notes 2 and 4 for additional information.
Investment securities decreased due to lower available-for-sale ("AFS") and held-to-maturity ("HTM") securities driven by maturities and paydowns. Refer to Corporate results on pages 30-31, Investment Portfolio Risk Management on page 64, and Notes 2 and 9 for additional information.

Loans increased, reflecting:
•higher wholesale loans, predominantly in Markets, associated with higher client demand,
largely offset by
•a reduction in Card Services due to the impact of seasonality, and
•a decline in Home Lending as loan sales and paydowns outpaced originations.
The allowance for loan losses increased, reflecting a net addition to the allowance for loan losses of $863 million, largely driven by changes in the weighted-average macroeconomic outlook, and consisted of:
•$451 million in consumer, predominantly driven by Card Services, and
•$412 million in wholesale, which also reflected changes in credit quality on client-specific exposures.
There was also a $125 million net addition to the allowance for lending-related commitments recognized in other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets.
Refer to Consolidated Results of Operations and Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 9-11 and pages 47-64, respectively, Critical Accounting Estimates Used by the Firm on pages 72–75, and
12

Notes 2, 3, 11 and 12 for additional information on loans and the total allowance for credit losses.
Accrued interest and accounts receivable increased primarily due to higher client receivables related to client-driven activities in CIB.
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangible assets: refer to Note 14 for additional information.
Selected Consolidated balance sheets data (continued)
(in millions)March 31,
2025		December 31,
2024		Change
Liabilities
Deposits$2,495,877 $2,406,032 4 %
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements533,046 296,835 80 
Short-term borrowings64,980 52,893 23 
Trading liabilities187,103 192,883 (3)
Accounts payable and other liabilities293,538 280,672 5 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”)24,668 27,323 (10)
Long-term debt407,224 401,418 1 
Total liabilities4,006,436 3,658,056 10 
Stockholders’ equity351,420 344,758 2 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$4,357,856 $4,002,814 9 %
Deposits increased, reflecting the impact of:
•an increase in CIB predominantly due to net inflows related to client-driven activities in Securities Services and Payments,
•an increase in CCB primarily driven by new accounts, and
•an increase in AWM as a result of growth in balances in new and existing client accounts, reflecting the impact of higher-yielding product offerings, predominantly offset by continued migration into other investments.
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements increased driven by Markets, reflecting higher client-driven market-making activities, higher secured financing of trading assets and the impact of lower levels of netting, as well as when compared with seasonally lower levels at year-end.
Short-term borrowings increased driven by higher financing requirements in Markets.
Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 40-46 for additional information on deposits, federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements, and short-term borrowings; and Notes 2 and 15 for deposits; and Note 10 for federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements.

Trading liabilities: refer to Notes 2 and 4 for additional information.
Accounts payable and other liabilities increased due to higher client payables related to client-driven activities in CIB.
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs decreased largely driven by lower levels of outstanding commercial paper as a result of a decrease in loan balances in the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits in CIB. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 40-46 and Notes 13 and 22 for additional information, specifically Firm-sponsored VIEs and loan securitization trusts.
Long-term debt: refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 40-46 for additional information.
Stockholders’ equity increased reflecting net income and lower unrealized losses in AOCI, predominantly driven by the impact of lower interest rates on cash flow hedges and on the AFS portfolio in Treasury and CIO, largely offset by the impact of capital actions, including net repurchases of common shares and common and preferred stock dividend payments. Refer to Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity on page 81, Capital Actions on page 37, and Note 19 for additional information.

13

Consolidated cash flows analysis
The following is a discussion of cash flow activities during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
(in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20252024
Net cash provided by/(used in)
Operating activities$(251,839)$(154,158)
Investing activities(118,076)(43,379)
Financing activities
318,059 141,168 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash8,442 (5,666)
Net decrease in cash and due from banks and deposits with banks
$(43,414)$(62,035)
Operating activities
•In 2025, cash used resulted from higher trading assets, higher securities borrowed, higher accrued interest and accounts receivable and lower trading liabilities.
•In 2024, cash used resulted from higher trading assets and higher accrued interest and accounts receivable, partially offset by higher trading liabilities, accounts payable and other liabilities, and lower other assets.
Investing activities
•In 2025, cash used resulted from higher securities purchased under resale agreements, partially offset by net proceeds from investment securities.
•In 2024, cash used resulted from higher securities purchased under resale agreements, partially offset by proceeds from sales and securitizations of loans held-for-investment.
Financing activities
•In 2025, cash provided reflected higher securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements, higher deposits, and net proceeds from long-and short-term borrowings.
•In 2024, cash provided reflected higher securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements, higher deposits, net proceeds from long- and short-term borrowings and proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock.
•For both periods, cash was used for repurchases of common stock and cash dividends on common and preferred stock.
* * *
Refer to Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis on pages 12-13, Capital Risk Management on pages 33-39, and Liquidity Risk Management on pages 40-46, and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows on page 82 of this Form 10-Q, and pages 108–115 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the activities affecting the Firm’s cash flows.
14

EXPLANATION AND RECONCILIATION OF THE FIRM’S USE OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
The Firm prepares its Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and this presentation is referred to as “reported” basis; these financial statements appear on pages 78–82.
In addition to analyzing the Firm’s results on a reported basis, the Firm also reviews and uses certain non-GAAP financial measures at the Firmwide and segment level. These non-GAAP measures include:
•Firmwide “managed” basis results, including the overhead ratio, which include certain reclassifications to present total net revenue from investments that receive tax credits and tax-exempt securities on a basis comparable to taxable investments and securities (“FTE” basis). The corresponding income tax impact related to tax-exempt items is recorded within income tax
expense. These adjustments have no impact on net income as reported by the Firm as a whole or by the LOBs;
•Pre-provision profit, which represents total net revenue less total noninterest expense;
•Net interest income, net yield, and noninterest revenue excluding Markets;
•TCE, ROTCE, and TBVPS; and
•Adjusted expense, which represents noninterest expense excluding Firmwide legal expense.
Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 67–69 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion of management’s use of non-GAAP financial measures.
The following summary table provides a reconciliation from the Firm’s reported U.S. GAAP results to managed basis.
Three months ended March 31,
20252024
(in millions, except ratios)Reported
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments(a)
Managed
basis		Reported
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments(a)
Managed
basis
Other income$1,923 $602 $2,525 $1,128 $493 $1,621 
Total noninterest revenue22,037 602 22,639 18,852 493 19,345 
Net interest income23,273 102 23,375 23,082 121 23,203 
Total net revenue45,310 704 46,014 41,934 614 42,548 
Total noninterest expense23,597 NA23,597 22,757 NA22,757 
Pre-provision profit21,713 704 22,417 19,177 614 19,791 
Provision for credit losses3,305 NA3,305 1,884 NA1,884 
Income before income tax expense18,408 704 19,112 17,293 614 17,907 
Income tax expense3,765 704 4,469 3,874 614 4,488 
Net income$14,643 NA$14,643 $13,419 NA$13,419 
Overhead ratio52 %NM51 %54 %NM53 %
(a)Predominantly recognized in CIB and Corporate.

15

The following table provides information on net interest income, net yield, and noninterest revenue excluding Markets.

(in millions, except rates)		Three months ended March 31,
20252024Change
Net interest income – reported(a)
$23,273 $23,082 1 %
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments
102 121 (16)
Net interest income – managed basis$23,375 $23,203 1 
Less: Markets net interest income(b)
785 183 329 
Net interest income excluding Markets$22,590 $23,020 (2)
Average interest-earning assets(a)
$3,668,384 $3,445,515 6 
Less: Average Markets interest-earning assets(b)
1,255,149 1,031,075 22 
Average interest-earning assets excluding Markets$2,413,235 $2,414,440 — 
Net yield on average interest-earning assets – managed basis2.58 %2.71 %
Net yield on average Markets interest-earning assets(b)
0.25 0.07 
Net yield on average interest-earning assets excluding Markets3.80 %3.83 %
Noninterest revenue – reported$22,037 $18,852 17 
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments602 493 22 
Noninterest revenue – managed basis$22,639 $19,345 17 
Less: Markets noninterest revenue(b)(c)
8,878 7,830 13 
Noninterest revenue excluding Markets$13,761 $11,515 20 
Memo: Total Markets net revenue(b)
$9,663 $8,013 21 
(a)Interest includes the effect of related hedges. Taxable-equivalent amounts are used where applicable. Refer to Note 5 of the Firm’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on hedge accounting.
(b)Refer to page 25 for further information on Markets.
(c)Includes the market-related revenues of the former Commercial Banking business segment. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Refer to Business Segment & Corporate Results on page 70 of the Firm’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.
The following summary table provides a reconciliation from the Firm’s common stockholders’ equity to TCE.
Period-endAverage
(in millions, except per share and ratio data)Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024		Three months ended March 31,
20252024
Common stockholders’ equity
$331,375 $324,708 $324,345 $300,277 
Less: Goodwill52,621 52,565 52,581 52,614 
Less: Other intangible assets
2,777 2,874 2,830 3,157 
Add: Certain deferred tax liabilities(a)
2,928 2,943 2,938 2,988 
Tangible common equity$278,905 $272,212 $271,872 $247,494 
Return on tangible common equityNANA21 %21 %
Tangible book value per share$100.36 $97.30 NANA
(a)Represents deferred tax liabilities related to tax-deductible goodwill and to identifiable intangibles created in nontaxable transactions, which are netted against goodwill and other intangibles when calculating TCE.
16

BUSINESS SEGMENT & CORPORATE RESULTS
The Firm is managed on an LOB basis. There are three reportable business segments – Consumer & Community Banking, Commercial & Investment Bank, and Asset & Wealth Management – with the remaining activities in Corporate.
The business segments are determined based on the products and services provided, or the type of customer served, and they reflect the manner in which financial information is evaluated by the Firm’s Operating Committee, whose members act collectively as the Firm’s chief operating decision maker. Segment results are presented on a managed basis. Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 15-16 for a definition of managed basis.
Description of business segment reporting methodology
Results of the reportable business segments are intended to present each segment as if it were a stand-alone business. The management reporting process that derives business segment results includes the allocation of certain income and expense items. The Firm periodically assesses the assumptions, methodologies and reporting classifications used for segment reporting, and therefore further refinements may be implemented in future periods. The Firm also assesses the level of capital required for each LOB on at least an annual basis. The Firm’s LOBs also provide various business metrics which are utilized by the Firm and its investors and analysts in assessing performance.
Revenue sharing
When business segments or businesses within each segment join efforts to sell products and services to the Firm’s clients and customers, the participating businesses may agree to share revenue from those transactions. Revenue is generally recognized in the segment responsible for the related product or service, with allocations to the other segments or businesses involved in the transaction. The segment and business results reflect these revenue-sharing agreements.

Funds transfer pricing
Funds transfer pricing (“FTP”) is the process by which the Firm allocates interest income and expense to the LOBs and Other Corporate and transfers the primary interest rate risk and liquidity risk to Treasury and CIO.
The funds transfer pricing process considers the interest rate and liquidity risk characteristics of assets and liabilities and off-balance sheet products. Periodically, the methodology and assumptions utilized in the FTP process are adjusted to reflect economic conditions and other factors, which may impact the allocation of net interest income to the segments. Effective in the fourth quarter of 2024, the Firm updated its FTP with respect to consumer deposits, which resulted in an increase in the funding benefit reflected within CCB’s net interest income that is fully offset in Corporate, with no effect on the Firm’s net interest income.
As a result of lower average interest rates in the current period, the cost of funding for assets and the funding benefit earned for liabilities generally decreased compared with the prior year.
Foreign exchange risk
Foreign exchange risk is transferred from the LOBs and Other Corporate to Treasury and CIO for certain revenues and expenses. Treasury and CIO manages these risks centrally and reports the impact of foreign exchange rate movements related to the transferred risk in its results. Refer to Market Risk Management on pages 65-70 for additional information.
Capital allocation
The amount of capital assigned to each LOB and Corporate is referred to as equity. At least annually, the assumptions, judgments and methodologies used to allocate capital are reassessed and, as a result, the capital allocated to the LOBs and Corporate may change. Refer to Line of business and Corporate equity on page 36, and page 104 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on capital allocation.
Refer to Business Segment & Corporate Results – Description of business segment reporting methodology on pages 70–90 and Note 32 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion of those methodologies.
17

Segment & Corporate Results – Managed basis
The following tables summarize the Firm’s results by business segments and Corporate for the periods indicated.
Three months ended March 31,Consumer & Community Banking
Commercial & Investment Bank
Asset & Wealth Management
(in millions, except ratios)20252024Change20252024Change20252024Change
Total net revenue$18,313 $17,653 4 %$19,666 $17,584 12 %$5,731 $5,109 12 %
Total noninterest expense9,857 9,297 6 9,842 8,724 13 3,713 3,460 7 
Pre-provision profit
8,456 8,356 1 9,824 8,860 11 2,018 1,649 22 
Provision for credit losses2,629 1,913 37 705 1 NM(10)(57)82 
Net income
4,425 4,831 (8)6,942 6,622 5 1,583 1,290 23 
Return on equity (“ROE”)31 %35 %18 %20 %39 %33 %
Three months ended March 31,CorporateTotal
(in millions, except ratios)20252024Change20252024Change
Total net revenue$2,304$2,2025 %$46,014 $42,548 8 %
Total noninterest expense1851,276(86)23,597 22,757 4 
Pre-provision profit
2,119926129 22,417 19,791 13 
Provision for credit losses(19)27NM3,305 1,884 75 
Net income
1,693676150 14,643 13,419 9 
ROENMNM18 %17 %
Refer to Note 25 for further details on total net revenue and total noninterest expense.
The following sections provide a comparative discussion of the Firm’s results by business segments and Corporate as of or for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, unless otherwise specified.
18

CONSUMER & COMMUNITY BANKING
Refer to pages 73–76 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K and Line of Business Metrics on page 179 for a discussion of the business profile of CCB.
Selected income statement data
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratios)
20252024Change
Revenue
Lending- and deposit-related fees$839 $822 2 %
Asset management fees1,093 947 

15 
Mortgage fees and related income263 274 (4)
Card income653 682 (4)
All other income(a)
1,323 1,220 8 
Noninterest revenue4,171 3,945 6 
Net interest income14,142 13,708 3 
Total net revenue18,313 17,653 4 
Provision for credit losses2,629 1,913 37 
Noninterest expense
Compensation expense4,448 4,229 5 
Noncompensation expense(b)
5,409 5,068 7 
Total noninterest expense9,857 9,297 6 
Income before income tax expense5,827 6,443 (10)
Income tax expense1,402 1,612 (13)
Net income$4,425 $4,831 (8)
Revenue by business
Banking & Wealth Management$10,254 $10,324 (1)
Home Lending1,207 1,186 2 
Card Services & Auto6,852 6,143 12 
Mortgage fees and related income details:
Production revenue110 130 (15)
Net mortgage servicing revenue(c)
153 144 6 
Mortgage fees and related income
$263 $274 (4)%
Financial ratios
Return on equity31 %35 %
Overhead ratio54 53 
(a)Primarily includes operating lease income and commissions and other fees. Operating lease income was $824 million and $665 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
(b)Included depreciation expense on leased assets of $499 million and $427 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
(c)Included MSR risk management results of $9 million and $(1) million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Quarterly results
Net income was $4.4 billion, down 8%.
Net revenue was $18.3 billion, up 4%.
Net interest income was $14.1 billion, up 3%, driven by:
•higher Card Services NII, predominantly driven by higher revolving balances,
partially offset by
•lower NII in Banking & Wealth Management ("BWM"), driven by lower average deposit balances.
Noninterest revenue was $4.2 billion, up 6%, driven by:
•higher auto operating lease income as a result of higher lease origination volume, and
•higher asset management fees reflecting higher average market levels,
partially offset by
•in BWM, the absence of other service fees associated with First Republic recorded in the prior year, as well as
•lower card income, driven by lower net interchange and an increase in amortization related to new account origination costs, largely offset by higher annual fees. The net interchange decreased as the impact of increased debit and credit card sales volume was more than offset by higher rewards costs and partner payments.
Refer to Note 5 for additional information on card income, asset management fees and commissions and other fees; and Critical Accounting Estimates on pages 72–75 for additional information on the credit card rewards liability.
Noninterest expense was $9.9 billion, up 6%, reflecting:
•higher noncompensation expense, predominantly driven by marketing, higher auto lease depreciation on higher auto lease assets, and higher operating losses, as well as
•higher compensation expense, predominantly driven by an increase in the number of employees, primarily bankers and advisors and employees in technology, as well as higher revenue-related compensation for advisors.
The provision for credit losses was $2.6 billion. Net charge-offs were $2.2 billion, up $275 million, predominantly in Card Services, reflecting the seasoning of vintages originated in recent years. The net addition to the allowance for credit losses of $475 million was predominantly driven by changes in the weighted-average macroeconomic outlook.
19

In the prior year, the provision was $1.9 billion, net charge-offs were $1.9 billion and the net addition to the allowance for credit losses was $34 million.
Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 47-64 and Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 61-63 for a further discussion of the credit portfolios and the allowance for credit losses.
Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except employees)20252024Change
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)
Total assets$636,105 $629,122 1 %
Loans:
Banking & Wealth Management33,098 31,266 6 
Home Lending(a)
241,427 254,243 (5)
Card Services223,517 206,823 8 
Auto 72,116 76,508 (6)
Total loans570,158 568,840 — 
Deposits
1,080,138 1,105,583 (2)
Equity56,000 54,500 3 
Selected balance sheet data (average)
Total assets$639,664 $627,862 2 
Loans:
Banking & Wealth Management33,160 31,241 6 
Home Lending(b)
244,282 257,866 (5)
Card Services224,493 204,701 10 
Auto 72,462 77,268 (6)
Total loans574,397 571,076 1 
Deposits1,053,677 1,079,243 (2)
Equity56,000 54,500 3 
Employees145,530 
(c)
142,758 2 %
(a)At March 31, 2025 and 2024, Home Lending loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value were $6.4 billion and $4.8 billion, respectively.
(b)Average Home Lending loans held-for sale and loans at fair value were $7.5 billion and $4.7 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
(c)In the first quarter of 2025, 419 employees were transferred to Corporate as a result of the centralization of certain functions.



20

Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratio data)20252024Change
Credit data and quality statistics
Nonaccrual loans(a)
$3,266 $3,647 (10)%
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)
Banking & Wealth Management97 79 23 
Home Lending(26)(7)(271)
Card Services1,983 1,688 17 
Auto100 119 (16)
Total net charge-offs/(recoveries)$2,154 $1,879 15 
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate
Banking & Wealth Management1.19 %1.02 %
Home Lending(0.04)(0.01)
Card Services3.58 3.32 
Auto0.56 0.62 
Total net charge-off/(recovery) rate1.54 %1.33 %
30+ day delinquency rate
Home Lending(b)
1.04 %0.70 %
Card Services2.21 2.23 
Auto 1.20 1.03 
90+ day delinquency rate - Card Services1.16 %1.16 %
Allowance for loan losses
Banking & Wealth Management$794 $706 12 
Home Lending557 432 29 
Card Services15,008 12,606 19 
Auto 637 742 (14)
Total allowance for loan losses$16,996 $14,486 17 %
(a)Excludes mortgage loans past due and insured by U.S. government agencies, which are primarily 90 or more days past due. These loans have been excluded based upon the government guarantee. At March 31, 2025 and 2024, mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies were $81 million and $107 million, respectively. In addition, the Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status as permitted by regulatory guidance.
(b)At March 31, 2025 and 2024, excluded mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies of $114 million and $147 million, respectively, that are 30 or more days past due. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.



Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in billions, except ratios and where otherwise noted)
20252024Change
Business Metrics
Number of branches4,972 4,907 1 %
Active digital customers (in thousands)(a)
72,480 68,496 6 
Active mobile customers (in thousands)(b)
59,036 54,674 8 
Debit and credit card sales volume
$448.7 $420.7 7 
Total payments transaction volume (in trillions)(c)
1.6 1.5 7 
Banking & Wealth Management
Average deposits
$1,039.0 $1,065.6 (2)
Deposit margin
2.69 %2.71 %
Business Banking average loans$19.5 $19.4 — 
Business banking origination volume0.8 1.1 (28)
Client investment assets(d)
1,079.8 1,010.3 7 
Number of client advisors5,860 5,571 5 
Home Lending
Mortgage origination volume by channel
Retail
$5.5 $4.4 25 
Correspondent
3.9 2.2 77 
Total mortgage origination volume(e)
$9.4 $6.6 42 
Third-party mortgage loans serviced (period-end)
$661.6 $626.2 6 
MSR carrying value (period-end)
9.1 8.6 6 
Card Services
Sales volume, excluding commercial card$310.6 $291.0 7 
Net revenue rate10.38 %10.09 %
Net yield on average loans10.31 9.90 
Auto
Loan and lease origination volume
$10.7 $8.9 20 
Average auto operating lease assets
13.6 10.4 31 %
(a)Users of all web and/or mobile platforms who have logged in within the past 90 days.
(b)Users of all mobile platforms who have logged in within the past 90 days.
(c)Total payments transaction volume includes debit and credit card sales volume and gross outflows of ACH, ATM, teller, wires, BillPay, PayChase, Zelle, person-to-person and checks.
(d)Includes assets invested in managed accounts and J.P. Morgan mutual funds where AWM is the investment manager. Refer to AWM segment results on pages 27-29 for additional information.
(e)Firmwide mortgage origination volume was $11.2 billion and $7.6 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
21

COMMERCIAL & INVESTMENT BANK
Refer to pages 77–83 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K and Line of Business Metrics on page 179 for a discussion of the business profile of CIB.
Selected income statement data
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratios)20252024Change
Revenue
Investment banking fees$2,248 $2,014 12 %
Principal transactions7,608 6,634 15 
Lending- and deposit-related fees1,230 973 26 
Commissions and other fees1,437 1,272 13 
Card income551 525 5 
All other income748 743 1 
Noninterest revenue13,822 12,161 14 
Net interest income5,844 5,423 8 
Total net revenue(a)
19,666 17,584 12 
Provision for credit losses705 1 NM
Noninterest expense
Compensation expense5,330 4,896 9 
Noncompensation expense4,512 3,828 18 
Total noninterest expense9,842 8,724 13 
Income before income tax expense
9,119 8,859 3 
Income tax expense2,177 2,237 (3)
Net income$6,942 $6,622 5 %
Financial ratios
Return on equity18 %20 %
Overhead ratio50 50 
Compensation expense as percentage of total net revenue
27 28 
(a)Included tax equivalent adjustments primarily from income tax credits from investments in alternative energy, affordable housing and new markets, income from tax-exempt securities and loans, and the related amortization and other tax benefits of the investments in alternative energy and affordable housing of $658 million and $557 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Selected income statement data
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024Change
Revenue by business
Investment Banking
$2,268 $2,216 2 %
Payments4,565 4,466 2 
Lending1,915 1,724 11 
Other
6 (3)NM
Total Banking & Payments8,754 8,403 4 
Fixed Income Markets5,849 5,428 8 
Equity Markets3,814 2,585 48 
Securities Services1,269 1,183 7 
Credit Adjustments & Other(a)
(20)(15)(33)
Total Markets & Securities Services
10,912 9,181 19 
Total net revenue$19,666 $17,584 12 %
(a)Consists primarily of centrally-managed credit valuation adjustments (“CVA”), funding valuation adjustments (“FVA”) on derivatives, other valuation adjustments, and certain components of fair value option elected liabilities, which are primarily reported in principal transactions revenue. Results are presented net of associated hedging activities and net of CVA and FVA amounts allocated to Fixed Income Markets and Equity Markets. Refer to Notes 2, 3 and 19 for additional information.
Selected income statement data
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024Change
Banking & Payments revenue by client coverage segment(a)
Global Corporate Banking & Global Investment Banking$5,969 $5,820 3 %
Commercial Banking
2,825 2,837 — 
Middle Market Banking1,956 1,927 2 
Commercial Real Estate Banking869 910 (5)
Other
(40)(254)84 
Total Banking & Payments revenue$8,754 $8,403 4 %
(a)Refer to Line of Business Metrics on page 179 for a description of each of the client coverage segments.
22

Quarterly results
Net income was $6.9 billion, up 5%.
Net revenue was $19.7 billion, up 12%.
Banking & Payments revenue was $8.8 billion, up 4%.
•Investment Banking revenue was $2.3 billion, up 2%. Investment Banking fees were up 12%, driven by higher debt underwriting and advisory fees, partially offset by lower equity underwriting fees. The Firm ranked #1 for Global Investment Banking fees, according to Dealogic.
–Advisory fees were $694 million, up 16%, predominantly driven by the closing of deals announced in 2024.
–Debt underwriting fees were $1.2 billion, up 16%, predominantly driven by elevated refinancing activity, particularly in leveraged finance.
–Equity underwriting fees were $324 million, down 9%, as challenging market conditions resulted in lower fees.
•Payments revenue was $4.6 billion, up 2%. Excluding the net impact of equity investments, revenue was up 3%, driven by higher average deposits and fee growth, predominantly offset by deposit margin compression.
•Lending revenue was $1.9 billion, up 11%, driven by lower fair value losses on credit protection purchased against certain retained loans and lending-related commitments, partially offset by lower loan balances.
Markets & Securities Services revenue was $10.9 billion, up 19%. Markets revenue was $9.7 billion, up 21%.
•Equity Markets revenue was $3.8 billion, up 48%, driven by higher revenue across products, with a particularly strong performance in Equity Derivatives amid elevated levels of volatility.
•Fixed Income Markets revenue was $5.8 billion, up 8%, predominantly driven by higher revenue in Rates and Commodities.
•Securities Services revenue was $1.3 billion, up 7%, driven by fee growth on higher client activity and market levels as well as higher average deposits, partially offset by deposit margin compression.
•Credit Adjustments & Other was a loss of $20 million, compared with a loss of $15 million in the prior year.
Noninterest expense was $9.8 billion, up 13%, predominantly driven by higher compensation, including higher revenue-related compensation and an increase in the number of employees, as well as higher brokerage expense and higher legal expense, largely due to the absence of a legal benefit from the prior year.
The provision for credit losses was $705 million, predominantly driven by changes in credit quality on client-specific exposures, changes in the weighted-average macroeconomic outlook, and the impact of new lending-related commitments. The net addition to the allowance for credit losses was $528 million and net charge-offs were $177 million.
In the prior year, the provision was $1 million, net charge-offs were $69 million and the net reduction in the allowance for credit losses was $68 million.
Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 47-64, Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 61-63, and Critical Accounting Estimates on pages 72–75 for a further discussion of the credit portfolios and the allowance for credit losses.
23

Selected metrics
(in millions, except employees)As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
20252024Change
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)
Total assets
$2,174,123 $1,898,251 15 %
Loans:
Loans retained497,657 475,454 5 
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(a)
48,201 40,746 18 
Total loans545,858 516,200 6 
Equity149,500 132,000 13 
Banking & Payments loans by client coverage segment (period-end)(b)
Global Corporate Banking & Global Investment Banking$121,516 
(c)
$129,179 (6)%
Commercial Banking219,220 223,474 (2)
Middle Market Banking74,334 79,207 (6)
Commercial Real Estate Banking144,886 144,267 — 
Other260 588 (56)
Total Banking & Payments loans340,996 353,241 (3)
Selected balance sheet data (average)
Total assets
$2,045,105 $1,794,118 14 
Trading assets-debt and equity instruments685,039 580,899 18 
Trading assets-derivative receivables58,987 57,268 3 
Loans:
Loans retained$482,304 $471,187 2 
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(a)
46,422 43,537 7 
Total loans$528,726 $514,724 3 
Deposits1,106,158 1,045,788 6 
Equity149,500 132,000 13 
Banking & Payments loans by client coverage segment (average)(b)
Global Corporate Banking & Global Investment Banking$121,147 
(c)
$127,403 (5)%
Commercial Banking218,560 222,323 (2)
Middle Market Banking73,629 78,364 (6)
Commercial Real Estate Banking144,931 143,959 1 
Other240 590 (59)
Total Banking & Payments loans$339,947 $350,316 (3)
Employees92,755 
(d)
92,478 — %
(a)Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value primarily reflect lending-related positions originated and purchased in Markets, including loans held for securitization.
(b)Refer to Line of Business Metrics on page 179 for a description of each of the client coverage segments.
(c)On January 1, 2025, $5.6 billion of loans were realigned from Global Corporate Banking to Fixed Income Markets.
(d)In the first quarter of 2025, 219 employees were transferred to Corporate as a result of the centralization of certain functions.
Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratios)
20252024Change
Credit data and quality statistics
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)
$177 $69 157 %
Nonperforming assets:
Nonaccrual loans:
Nonaccrual loans retained(a)
$3,413 $2,146 59 
Nonaccrual loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(b)
1,255 1,093 15 
Total nonaccrual loans4,668 3,239 44 
Derivative receivables169 293 (42)
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions
211 159 33 
Total nonperforming assets$5,048 $3,691 37 
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for loan losses$7,680 $7,291 5 
Allowance for lending-related commitments2,113 1,785 18 
Total allowance for credit losses
$9,793 $9,076 8 %
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate(c)
0.15 %0.06 %
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans retained1.54 1.53 
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans retained(a)
225 340 
Nonaccrual loans to total period-end loans0.86 %0.63 %
(a)Allowance for loan losses of $566 million and $375 million were held against these nonaccrual loans at March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
(b)Excludes mortgage loans past due and insured by U.S. government agencies, which are primarily 90 or more days past due. These loans have been excluded based upon the government guarantee. At March 31, 2025 and 2024, mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies were $36 million and $50 million, respectively.
(c)Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value were excluded when calculating the net charge-off/(recovery) rate.
Investment banking fees
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)
20252024Change
Advisory
$694 $598 16 %
Equity underwriting
324 355 (9)
Debt underwriting(a)
1,230 1,061 16 
Total investment banking fees
$2,248 $2,014 12 %
(a)Represents long-term debt and loan syndications.


24

League table results – wallet share
Three months ended March 31,Full-year 2024
20252024
RankShareRankShareRankShare
Based on fees(a)
M&A(b)
Global#2 8.8 %#2 9.1 %#1 9.3 %
U.S.2 8.5 2 10.2 2 11.2 
Equity and equity-related(c)
Global1 10.3 2 9.3 1 11.0 
U.S.1 13.6 1 12.7 1 14.6 
Long-term debt(d)
Global1 7.7 1 7.7 1 7.5 
U.S.1 10.9 1 11.4 1 11.4 
Loan syndications
Global1 11.8 1 12.1 1 10.3 
U.S.1 13.2 1 14.6 1 12.0 
Global investment banking fees(e)
#1 9.0 %#1 9.0 %#1 9.2 %
(a)Source: Dealogic as of April 1, 2025. Reflects the ranking of revenue wallet and market share.
(b)Global M&A excludes any withdrawn transactions. U.S. M&A revenue wallet represents wallet from client parents based in the U.S.
(c)Global equity and equity-related ranking includes rights offerings and Chinese A-Shares.
(d)Long-term debt rankings include investment-grade, high-yield, supranationals, sovereigns, agencies, covered bonds, asset-backed securities (“ABS”) and mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”); and exclude money market, short-term debt and U.S. municipal securities.
(e)Global investment banking fees exclude money market, short-term debt and shelf securities.
Markets revenue
The following table summarizes selected income statement data for the Markets businesses. Markets includes both Fixed Income Markets and Equity Markets. Markets revenue consists of principal transactions, fees, commissions and other income, as well as net interest income. The Firm assesses its Markets business performance on a total revenue basis, as offsets generally occur across revenue line items. For example, securities that generate net interest income may be risk-managed by derivatives
that are reflected at fair value in principal transactions revenue. Refer to Notes 5 and 6 for a description of the composition of these income statement line items. Refer to Markets revenue on page 81 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further information.
For the periods presented below, the primary source of principal transactions revenue was the amount recognized upon executing new transactions.
Three months ended March 31,Three months ended March 31,
20252024

(in millions)		Fixed Income MarketsEquity
Markets		Total
Markets
Fixed Income Markets
Equity
Markets
Total
Markets
Principal transactions
$3,422 $4,174 $7,596 $3,275 $3,342 $6,617 
Lending- and deposit-related fees
110 33 143 122 18 140 
Commissions and other fees161 606 767 159 514 673 
All other income383 (11)372 422 (22)400 
Noninterest revenue4,076 4,802 8,878 3,978 3,852 7,830 
Net interest income
1,773 (988)785 1,450 (1,267)183 
Total net revenue$5,849 $3,814 $9,663 $5,428 $2,585 $8,013 
25

Selected metrics
(in millions, except where otherwise noted)
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
20252024Change
Assets under custody (“AUC”) by asset class (period-end)
(in billions):
Fixed Income$16,943 $15,739 8 %
Equity14,615 13,908 5 
Other(a)
4,120 4,338 (5)
Total AUC$35,678 $33,985 5 
Client deposits and other third-party liabilities (average)(b)
$1,034,382 $931,603 11 %
(a)Consists of mutual funds, unit investment trusts, currencies, annuities, insurance contracts, options and other contracts.
(b)Client deposits and other third-party liabilities pertain to the Payments and Securities Services businesses.

International metrics
(in millions, except where otherwise noted)As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
20252024Change
Total net revenue(a)
Europe/Middle East/Africa$4,542 $4,172 9 %
Asia-Pacific2,619 2,141 22 
Latin America/Caribbean545 723 (25)
Total international net revenue
7,706 7,036 10 
North America11,960 10,548 13 
Total net revenue$19,666 $17,584 12 
Loans retained (period-end)(a)
Europe/Middle East/Africa$48,681 $44,355 10 
Asia-Pacific17,231 15,391 12 
Latin America/Caribbean10,401 7,877 32 
Total international loans76,313 67,623 13 
North America421,344 407,831 3 
Total loans retained$497,657 $475,454 5 
Client deposits and other third-party liabilities (average)(b)
Europe/Middle East/Africa$281,119 $261,453 8 
Asia-Pacific152,609 137,245 11 
Latin America/Caribbean44,037 41,268 7 
Total international$477,765 $439,966 9 
North America556,617 491,637 13 
Total client deposits and other third-party liabilities
$1,034,382 $931,603 11 
AUC (period-end)(b)
(in billions)
North America$23,753 $22,991 3 
All other regions11,925 10,994 8 
Total AUC$35,678 $33,985 5 %
(a)Total net revenue and loans retained (excluding loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value) are based on the location of the trading desk, booking location, or domicile of the client, as applicable.
(b)Client deposits and other third-party liabilities pertaining to the Payments and Securities Services businesses, and AUC, are based on the domicile of the client or booking location, as applicable.
26

ASSET & WEALTH MANAGEMENT
Refer to pages 84–87 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K and Line of Business Metrics on page 180 for a discussion of the business profile of AWM.
Selected income statement data
(in millions, except ratios)
Three months ended March 31,
20252024Change
Revenue
Asset management fees$3,595 $3,170 13 %
Commissions and other fees273 193 41 
All other income(a)
125 151 (17)
Noninterest revenue3,993 3,514 14 
Net interest income1,738 1,595 9 
Total net revenue5,731 5,109 12 
Provision for credit losses(10)(57)82 
Noninterest expense
Compensation expense2,096 1,972 6 
Noncompensation expense1,617 1,488 9 
Total noninterest expense3,713 3,460 7 
Income before income tax expense2,028 1,706 19 
Income tax expense445 416 7 
Net income$1,583 $1,290 23 
Revenue by line of business
Asset Management$2,671 $2,326 15 
Global Private Bank3,060 2,783 10 
Total net revenue$5,731 $5,109 12 %
Financial ratios
Return on equity39 %33 %
Overhead ratio65 68 
Pre-tax margin ratio:
Asset Management32 28 
Global Private Bank38 38 
Asset & Wealth Management35 33 
(a)Includes the amortization of the fair value discount on certain acquired lending-related commitments associated with First Republic. The discount, which is deferred in other liabilities and recognized on a straight-line basis over the commitment period, continues to decline as commitments expire.

Quarterly results
Net income was $1.6 billion, up 23%.
Net revenue was $5.7 billion, up 12%. Net interest income was $1.7 billion, up 9%. Noninterest revenue was $4.0 billion, up 14%.
Revenue from Asset Management was $2.7 billion, up 15%, predominantly driven by higher asset management fees reflecting strong net inflows and higher average market levels.
Revenue from Global Private Bank was $3.1 billion, up 10%, driven by:
•higher noninterest revenue as a result of:
–higher management fees due to strong net inflows and higher brokerage fees,
partially offset by
–a decline in the amortization of the fair value discount on certain acquired lending-related commitments associated with First Republic that have expired, and
•higher net interest income, largely driven by higher average deposits.
Noninterest expense was $3.7 billion, up 7%, largely driven by:
•higher compensation, primarily revenue-related compensation and continued growth in private banking advisor teams, as well as
•higher distribution fees.
The provision for credit losses was a net benefit of $10 million, compared with a net benefit of $57 million in the prior year.
Refer to Note 5 for additional information on lending related fees.
Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 47-64 and Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 61-63 for further discussions of the credit portfolios and the allowance for credit losses.






27

Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except ranking data, ratios and employees)
20252024Change
% of JPM mutual fund assets and ETFs rated as 4- or 5-star(a)
67 %69 %
% of JPM mutual fund assets and ETFs ranked in 1st or 2nd quartile:(b)
1 year71 54 
3 years73 70 
5 years73 73 
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)(c)
Total assets$258,354 $240,555 7 %
Loans237,201 222,472 7 
Deposits
250,219 230,413 9 
Equity16,000 15,500 3 
Selected balance sheet data (average)(c)
Total assets$253,372 $241,384 5 
Loans233,937 223,429 5 
Deposits
244,107 227,723 7 
Equity16,000 15,500 3 
Employees29,516 
(d)
28,670 3 
Number of Global Private Bank client advisors3,781 3,536 7 
Credit data and quality statistics(c)
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)$1 $8 (88)
Nonaccrual loans675 
(e)
769 (12)
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for loan losses$530 $571 (7)
Allowance for lending-related commitments
33 27 22 
Total allowance for credit losses
$563 $598 (6)
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate— %0.01 %
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans
0.22 
(e)
0.26 
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans
93 
(e)
74 
Nonaccrual loans to period-end loans
0.28 0.35 
(a)Represents the Morningstar Rating for all domiciled funds except for Japan domiciled funds which use Nomura. Includes only Asset Management retail active open-ended mutual funds and active ETFs that have a rating. Excludes money market funds, Undiscovered Managers Fund, and Brazil domiciled funds.
(b)Quartile ranking sourced from Morningstar, Lipper and Nomura based on country of domicile. Includes only Asset Management
retail active open-ended mutual funds and active ETFs that are ranked by the aforementioned sources. Excludes money market funds, Undiscovered Managers Fund, and Brazil domiciled funds.
(c)Loans, deposits and related credit data and quality statistics relate to the Global Private Bank business.
(d)In the first quarter of 2025, 130 employees were transferred to Corporate as a result of the centralization of certain functions.
(e)Includes $107 million of nonaccrual loans held-for-sale at March 31, 2025, which are excluded from the allowance coverage ratio calculations.
Client assets
Assets under management of $4.1 trillion and client assets of $6.0 trillion were each up 15%, driven by continued net inflows and higher market levels.
As of March 31,
(in billions)20252024Change
Assets by asset class
Liquidity$1,120 $927 21 %
Fixed income879 762 15 
Equity1,128 964 17 
Multi-asset764 711 7 
Alternatives222 200 11 
Total assets under management4,113 3,564 15 
Custody/brokerage/administration/deposits
1,889 1,655 14 
Total client assets(a)
$6,002 $5,219 15 
Assets by client segment
Private Banking(b)
$1,201 $995 21 
Global Institutional1,705 1,494 14 
Global Funds(b)
1,207 1,075 12 
Total assets under management$4,113 $3,564 15 
Private Banking(b)
$2,949 $2,542 16 
Global Institutional1,828 1,595 15 
Global Funds(b)
1,225 1,082 13 
Total client assets(a)
$6,002 $5,219 15 %
(a)Includes CCB client investment assets invested in managed accounts and J.P. Morgan mutual funds where AWM is the investment manager.
(b)In the first quarter of 2025, the Firm realigned certain client assets from Private Banking to Global Funds to reflect them in the client segment where the assets are invested. Prior period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
28

Client assets (continued)

Three months ended March 31,
(in billions)20252024
Assets under management rollforward
Beginning balance$4,045 $3,422 
Net asset flows:
Liquidity36 (4)
Fixed income11 14 
Equity
37 21 
Multi-asset3 (2)
Alternatives3 1 
Market/performance/other impacts
(22)112 
Ending balance, March 31$4,113 $3,564 
Client assets rollforward
Beginning balance$5,932 $5,012 
Net asset flows120 43 
Market/performance/other impacts
(50)164 
Ending balance, March 31$6,002 $5,219 
Selected Firmwide Metrics - Wealth Management
As of March 31,
20252024Change
Firmwide Wealth Management
Client assets (in billions)(a)
$3,791 $3,360 13 %
Number of client advisors9,641 9,107 6 
Stock Plan Administration(b)
Number of stock plan participants (in thousands)1,500 1,038 45 
Client assets (in billions)$281 $233 21 %
(a)    Consists of Global Private Bank in AWM and client investment assets in J.P. Morgan Wealth Management in CCB.
(b)    Relates to an equity plan administration business which was acquired in 2022 with the Firm’s purchase of Global Shares. The increase in 2025 includes the impact of onboarding participants in the Firm’s employee stock plans during the fourth quarter of 2024.

International
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)
20252024Change
Total net revenue(a)
Europe/Middle East/Africa$922 $853 8 %
Asia-Pacific550 471 17 
Latin America/Caribbean286 261 10 
Total international net revenue
1,758 1,585 11 
North America3,973 3,524 13 
Total net revenue(a)
$5,731 $5,109 12 %
(a)Regional revenue is based on the domicile of the client.
As of March 31,
(in billions)
20252024Change
Assets under management
Europe/Middle East/Africa$616 $552 12 %
Asia-Pacific321 270 19 
Latin America/Caribbean110 90 22 
Total international assets under management
1,047 912 15 
North America3,066 2,652 16 
Total assets under management
$4,113 $3,564 15 
Client assets
Europe/Middle East/Africa$867 $749 16 
Asia-Pacific509 415 23 
Latin America/Caribbean259 241 7 
Total international client assets
1,635 1,405 16 
North America4,367 3,814 14 
Total client assets$6,002 $5,219 15 %
29

CORPORATE
Refer to pages 88–90 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of Corporate.
Selected income statement and balance sheet data
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except employees)20252024Change
Revenue
Principal transactions$(87)$65 NM
Investment securities losses(37)(366)90 %
All other income777 26 NM
Noninterest revenue653 (275)NM
Net interest income1,651 2,477 (33)
Total net revenue(a)
2,304 2,202 5 
Provision for credit losses(19)27 NM
Noninterest expense185 
(c)
1,276 
(c)
(86)
Income before income tax expense
2,138 899 138 
Income tax expense
445 223 100 
Net income
$1,693 $676 

150 
Total net revenue
Treasury and CIO$1,564 $2,317 (32)
Other Corporate740 (115)NM
Total net revenue$2,304 $2,202 5 
Net income/(loss)
Treasury and CIO$1,158 $1,641 (29)
Other Corporate535 
(c)
(965)
(c)
NM
Total net income
$1,693 $676 

150 
Total assets (period-end)$1,289,274 $1,322,799 (3)
Loans (period-end)2,478 2,104 18 
Deposits (period-end)(b)
25,064 

22,515 11 
Employees
50,676 
(d)
48,015 6 %
(a)Included tax-equivalent adjustments, predominantly driven by tax-exempt income from municipal bonds, of $36 million and $49 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
(b)Predominantly relates to the Firm's international consumer initiatives.
(c)Included an FDIC special assessment accrual release of $323 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and an accrual increase of $725 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
(d)In the first quarter of 2025, 768 employees were transferred from the LOBs to Corporate as a result of the centralization of certain functions.
Quarterly results
Net income was $1.7 billion, compared with $676 million in the prior year.
Net revenue was $2.3 billion, compared with $2.2 billion in the prior year.
Net interest income was $1.7 billion, down 33%, driven by the impact of lower rates and changes in the FTP for consumer deposits, partially offset by the impact of securities activity including from prior quarters.
Refer to Business Segment & Corporate Results on page 17 for additional information on FTP.
Noninterest revenue was $653 million, compared with a loss of $275 million in the prior year, driven by:
•a $588 million First Republic-related gain, and
•lower net investment securities losses compared to the prior year, which included sales of securities, primarily U.S. GSE and government agency MBS and U.S. Treasuries, associated with repositioning the investment securities portfolio in Treasury and CIO.
Refer to Note 5 for additional information on the First Republic-related gain, and Note 9 and Note 12 for additional information on the investment securities portfolio and the allowance for credit losses.
Noninterest expense was $185 million, down 86%, predominantly driven by:
•the impact of an FDIC special assessment accrual release of $323 million, compared with an accrual increase of $725 million in the prior year, and
•the absence of restructuring and integration costs associated with First Republic recorded in the prior year.
The provision for credit losses was a net benefit of $19 million. In the prior year, the provision was $27 million.
The current period income tax expense was predominantly driven by changes in the level and mix of income and expenses subject to U.S. federal, state and local taxes.
Other Corporate includes the Firm's international consumer initiatives, which primarily consists of Chase U.K., Nutmeg, and an ownership stake in C6 Bank.

30

Treasury and CIO overview
At March 31, 2025, the average credit rating of the Treasury and CIO investment securities comprising the portfolio in the table below was AA+ (based upon external ratings where available and, where not available, based primarily upon internal risk ratings). Refer to Note 9 for further information on the Firm’s investment securities portfolio and internal risk ratings.
Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 40-46 for further information on liquidity and funding risk. Refer to Market Risk Management on pages 65-70 for information on interest rate and foreign exchange risks.
Selected income statement and balance sheet data
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024Change
Investment securities losses$(37)$(366)90 %
Available-for-sale securities (average)
$391,997 $222,943 76 
Held-to-maturity securities (average)
269,906 354,759 (24)
Investment securities portfolio (average)$661,903 $577,702 15 
Available-for-sale securities (period-end)$396,316 

$233,770 70 
Held-to-maturity securities (period-end)
265,084 334,527 (21)
Investment securities portfolio, net of allowance for credit losses (period-end)(a)
$661,400 $568,297 16 %
(a)As of March 31, 2025 and 2024, the allowance for credit losses on investment securities was $85 million and $120 million, respectively.

31

FIRMWIDE RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk is an inherent part of JPMorganChase’s business activities. When the Firm extends a consumer or wholesale loan, advises customers and clients on their investment decisions, makes markets in securities, or offers other products or services, the Firm takes on some degree of risk. The Firm’s overall objective is to manage its business, and the associated risks, in a manner that balances serving the interests of its clients, customers and investors, and protecting the safety and soundness of the Firm.
The Firm believes that effective risk management requires, among other things:
•Acceptance of responsibility, including identification and escalation of risks by all individuals within the Firm;
•Ownership of risk identification, assessment, data and management within each of the LOBs and Corporate; and
•A Firmwide risk governance and oversight structure.
The Firm follows a disciplined and balanced compensation framework with strong internal governance and independent oversight by the Board of Directors (the “Board”). The impact of risk and control issues is carefully considered in the Firm’s performance evaluation and incentive compensation processes.
Risk governance framework
The Firm’s risk governance framework involves understanding drivers of risks, types of risks, and impacts of risks.
25_Risk Drivers_02B.jpg
Refer to pages 91–95 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion of Firmwide risk management governance and oversight.
Risk governance and oversight functions
The following sections of this Form 10-Q and the 2024 Form 10-K discuss the risk governance and oversight functions in place to oversee the risks inherent in the Firm’s business activities.
Risk governance and oversight functions Form 10-Q page referenceForm 10-K page reference
Strategic Risk96
Capital Risk33–3997-107
Liquidity Risk40–46108-115
Reputation Risk116
Consumer Credit Risk49–51120-125
Wholesale Credit Risk52–60126-136
Investment Portfolio Risk64140
Market Risk65–70141-149
Country Risk71150-151
Climate Risk152
Operational Risk 153-156
Compliance Risk157
Conduct Risk158
Legal Risk159
Estimations and Model Risk160

32

CAPITAL RISK MANAGEMENT
Capital risk is the risk that the Firm has an insufficient level or composition of capital to support the Firm’s business activities and associated risks during normal economic environments and under stressed conditions.
Refer to pages 97–107 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K, Note 21 of this Form 10-Q and the Firm’s Pillar 3 Regulatory Capital Disclosures reports, which are available on the Firm’s website, for a further discussion of the Firm’s capital risk management.
Basel III Overview
The capital rules under Basel III establish minimum capital ratios and overall capital adequacy standards for large and internationally active U.S. Bank Holding Companies (“BHCs”) and banks, including the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. The minimum amount of regulatory capital that must be held by BHCs and banks is determined by calculating risk-weighted assets ("RWA"), which are on-balance sheet assets and off-balance sheet exposures, weighted according to risk. Under the rules currently in effect, two comprehensive approaches are prescribed for calculating RWA: a standardized approach (“Basel III Standardized”), and an advanced approach (“Basel III Advanced”).
For each of these risk-based capital ratios, the capital adequacy of the Firm is evaluated against the lower of the Standardized or Advanced approaches compared to their respective regulatory capital ratio requirements.
As of March 31, 2025, the Firm’s Basel III Standardized risk-based ratios continue to be more binding than the Basel III Advanced risk-based ratios.
Additionally, Basel III requires that Advanced Approaches banking organizations, including the Firm, calculate their SLRs.
Refer to page 36 of this Form 10-Q and page 104 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on SLR.

Key Regulatory Developments
In April 2025, the Federal Reserve proposed changes to the calculation of the Stress Capital Buffer (“SCB”) for large bank holding companies, including the Firm. The proposal aims to reduce SCB volatility by using the average of supervisory stress results from the previous two annual stress tests to calculate the SCB. The proposal would also modify the annual effective date of the SCB from October 1 to January 1 and make targeted changes to reporting requirements to streamline data collection. The proposal would be effective January 1, 2026.
Refer to page 99 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K for information on other Key Regulatory Developments.
33

Selected capital and RWA data
The following tables present the Firm’s risk-based capital metrics under both the Basel III Standardized and Advanced approaches and leverage-based capital metrics. Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 97–107 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion of these capital metrics. Refer to Note 21 for JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s risk-based and leverage-based capital metrics.
StandardizedAdvanced
(in millions, except ratios)
March 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
Capital ratio requirements(b)
March 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
Capital ratio requirements(b)
Risk-based capital metrics:(a)
CET1 capital$279,791 $275,513 $279,791 $275,513 
Tier 1 capital299,132 294,881 299,132 294,881 
Total capital330,533 325,589 316,529 
(c)
311,898 
(c)
Risk-weighted assets1,815,045 1,757,460 1,799,055 
(c)
1,740,429 
(c)
CET1 capital ratio15.4 %15.7 %12.3 %15.6 %15.8 %11.5 %
Tier 1 capital ratio16.5 16.8 13.8 16.6 16.9 13.0 
Total capital ratio18.2 18.5 15.8 17.6 17.9 15.0 
(a)As of January 1, 2025, the benefit from the CECL capital transition provision had been fully phased out. For the period ended December 31, 2024, CET1 capital reflected a $720 million benefit. Refer to Note 21 for additional information.
(b)Represents minimum requirements and regulatory buffers applicable to the Firm. Refer to Note 21 for additional information.
(c)Includes the impacts of certain assets associated with First Republic to which the Standardized approach has been applied as permitted by the transition provisions in the U.S. capital rules. Refer to page 102 and Note 34 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on First Republic.
Three months ended
(in millions, except ratios)
March 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
Capital ratio requirements(c)
Leverage-based capital metrics:(a)
Adjusted average assets(b)
$4,180,147 $4,070,499 
Tier 1 leverage ratio7.2 %7.2 %4.0 %
Total leverage exposure$4,953,480 $4,837,568 
SLR6.0 %6.1 %5.0 %
(a)As of January 1, 2025, the benefit from the CECL capital transition provision had been fully phased out. The capital metrics for the period ended December 31, 2024 reflected the CECL capital transition provisions. Refer to Note 21 for additional information.
(b)Adjusted average assets, for purposes of calculating the leverage ratios, includes quarterly average assets adjusted for on-balance sheet assets that are subject to deduction from Tier 1 capital, predominantly goodwill, inclusive of estimated equity method goodwill, and other intangible assets.
(c)Represents minimum requirements and regulatory buffers applicable to the Firm. Refer to Note 21 for additional information.
34

Capital components
The following table presents reconciliations of total stockholders’ equity to Basel III CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital and Total capital as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
(in millions)March 31,
2025		December 31,
2024
Total stockholders’ equity$351,420 $344,758 
Less: Preferred stock20,045 20,050 
Common stockholders’ equity331,375 324,708 
Add:
Certain deferred tax liabilities(a)
2,928 2,943 
Other CET1 capital adjustments(b)
2,180 4,499 
Less:
Goodwill(c)
53,915 53,763 
Other intangible assets2,777 2,874 
Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital
$279,791 $275,513 
Add: Preferred stock20,045 20,050 
Less: Other Tier 1 adjustments704 

682 
Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital
$299,132 $294,881 
Long-term debt and other instruments qualifying as Tier 2 capital
$10,473 $10,312 
Qualifying allowance for credit losses(d)
21,537 20,992 
Other
(609)(596)
Standardized Tier 2 capital
$31,401 $30,708 
Standardized Total capital
$330,533 $325,589 
Adjustment in qualifying allowance for credit losses for Advanced Tier 2 capital(e)(f)
(14,004)

(13,691)
Advanced Tier 2 capital
$17,397 $17,017 
Advanced Total capital
$316,529 $311,898 
(a)Represents deferred tax liabilities related to tax-deductible goodwill and to identifiable intangibles created in nontaxable transactions, which are netted against goodwill and other intangibles when calculating CET1 capital.
(b)As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, included a net benefit associated with cash flow hedges and debit valuation adjustments ("DVA") related to structured notes recorded in AOCI of $3.3 billion and $5.2 billion. As of January 1, 2025, the benefit from the CECL capital transition provision had been fully phased out. The period ended December 31, 2024 included benefit from the CECL capital transition provisions of $720 million.
(c)Goodwill deducted from capital includes goodwill associated with equity method investments in nonconsolidated financial institutions based on regulatory requirements. Refer to page 64 for additional information on principal investment risk.
(d)Represents the allowance for credit losses eligible for inclusion in Tier 2 capital up to 1.25% of credit risk RWA. As of January 1, 2025, the benefit from the CECL capital transition provision had been fully phased out. The period ended December 31, 2024 included the impact of the CECL capital transition provision with any excess deducted from RWA. Refer to Note 21 for additional information on the CECL capital transition.
(e)Represents an adjustment to qualifying allowance for credit losses for the excess of eligible credit reserves over expected credit losses up to 0.6% of credit risk RWA. As of January 1, 2025, the benefit from the CECL capital transition provision had been fully phased out. The period ended December 31, 2024 included the impact of the CECL capital transition provision with any excess deducted from RWA.
(f)As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, included an incremental $527 million and $541 million allowance for credit losses, respectively, on certain assets associated with First Republic to which the Standardized approach has been applied, as permitted by the transition provisions in the U.S. capital rules.
Capital rollforward
The following table presents the changes in Basel III CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital and Tier 2 capital for the three months ended March 31, 2025.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)		2025
Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital at December 31, 2024$275,513 
Net income applicable to common equity14,388 
Dividends declared on common stock(3,938)
Net purchase of treasury stock
(6,440)
Changes in additional paid-in capital
(688)
Changes related to AOCI applicable to capital:
Unrealized gains/(losses) on investment securities953 
Translation adjustments, net of hedges(a)
489 
Fair value hedges28 
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement employee benefit (“OPEB”) plans(16)
Changes related to other CET1 capital adjustments(b)
(498)
Change in Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital4,278 
Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital at March 31, 2025
$279,791 
Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital at December 31, 2024$294,881 
Change in CET1 capital(b)
4,278 
Net redemptions of noncumulative perpetual preferred stock(5)
Other(22)
Change in Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital4,251 
Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital at March 31, 2025
$299,132 
Standardized Tier 2 capital at December 31, 2024$30,708 
Change in long-term debt and other instruments qualifying as Tier 2
161 
Change in qualifying allowance for credit losses(b)
545 
Other
(13)
Change in Standardized Tier 2 capital
693 
Standardized Tier 2 capital at March 31, 2025
$31,401 
Standardized Total capital at March 31, 2025
$330,533 
Advanced Tier 2 capital at December 31, 2024$17,017 
Change in long-term debt and other instruments qualifying as Tier 2
161 
Change in qualifying allowance for credit losses(b)(c)
232 
Other
(13)
Change in Advanced Tier 2 capital
380 
Advanced Tier 2 capital at March 31, 2025
$17,397 
Advanced Total capital at March 31, 2025
$316,529 
(a)Includes foreign currency translation adjustments and the impact of related derivatives.
(b)Reflects the final phase out of the CECL benefit. Refer to Note 21 for additional information on the CECL capital transition.
(c)As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, included an incremental $527 million and $541 million allowance for credit losses, respectively, on certain assets associated with First Republic to which the Standardized approach has been applied, as permitted by the transition provisions in the U.S. capital rules.
35

RWA rollforward
The following table presents changes in the components of RWA under Basel III Standardized and Advanced approaches for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The amounts in the rollforward categories are estimates, based on the predominant driver of the change.
StandardizedAdvanced
Three months ended
March 31, 2025
(in millions)
Credit risk RWA(c)
Market risk RWATotal RWA
Credit risk RWA(c)(d)
Market risk RWAOperational risk
RWA		Total RWA
December 31, 2024$1,672,763 $84,697 $1,757,460 $1,218,005 $85,132 $437,292 $1,740,429 
Model & data changes(a)
(17)— (17)(17)— — (17)
Movement in portfolio levels(b)
42,854 14,748 57,602 38,996 14,832 4,815 58,643 
Changes in RWA42,837 14,748 57,585 38,979 14,832 4,815 58,626 
March 31, 2025$1,715,600 $99,445 $1,815,045 $1,256,984 $99,964 $442,107 $1,799,055 
(a)Model & data changes refer to material movements in levels of RWA as a result of revised methodologies and/or treatment per regulatory guidance (exclusive of rule changes).
(b)Movement in portfolio levels (inclusive of rule changes) refers to: for Credit risk RWA, changes in book size, changes in composition and credit quality, market movements, and deductions for excess eligible allowances for credit losses not eligible for inclusion in Tier 2 capital; for Market risk RWA, changes in position and market movements; and for Operational risk RWA, updates to cumulative losses and macroeconomic model inputs.
(c)As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Basel III Standardized Credit risk RWA included wholesale and retail off balance-sheet RWA of $213.0 billion and $208.0 billion, respectively; and the Basel III Advanced Credit risk RWA included wholesale and retail off balance-sheet RWA of $200.7 billion and $192.1 billion, respectively.
(d)As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Credit risk RWA reflected approximately $42.1 billion and $43.3 billion, respectively, of RWA calculated under the Standardized approach for certain assets associated with First Republic as permitted by the transition provisions in the U.S. capital rules.
Refer to the Firm’s Pillar 3 Regulatory Capital Disclosures reports, which are available on the Firm’s website, for further information on Credit risk RWA, Market risk RWA and Operational risk RWA.
Supplementary leverage ratio
Refer to Supplementary Leverage Ratio on page 104 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.
The following table presents the components of the Firm’s SLR.
Three months ended
(in millions, except ratio)		March 31,
2025		December 31,
2024
Tier 1 capital
$299,132 $294,881 
Total average assets4,235,314 4,125,167 
Less: Regulatory capital adjustments(a)
55,167 54,668 
Total adjusted average assets(b)
4,180,147 4,070,499 
Add: Off-balance sheet exposures(c)
773,333 767,069 
Total leverage exposure$4,953,480 $4,837,568 
SLR6.0 %6.1 %
(a)For purposes of calculating the SLR, includes quarterly average assets adjusted for on-balance sheet assets that are subject to deduction from Tier 1 capital, predominantly goodwill, inclusive of estimated equity method goodwill, other intangible assets. As of January 1, 2025, the benefit from the CECL capital transition provision had been fully phased out. The period ended December 31, 2024 included adjustments for the CECL capital transition provisions. Refer to Note 21 for additional information on the CECL capital transition.
(b)Adjusted average assets used for the calculation of Tier 1 leverage ratio.
(c)Off-balance sheet exposures are calculated as the average of the three month-end spot balances on applicable regulatory exposures during the reporting quarter. Refer to the Firm’s Pillar 3 Regulatory Capital Disclosures reports for additional information.
Line of business and Corporate equity
Each LOB and Corporate is allocated capital by taking into consideration a variety of factors including capital levels of similarly rated peers and applicable regulatory capital requirements. Refer to Line of business and Corporate equity on page 104 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on capital allocation.
The following table presents the capital allocated to each LOB and Corporate.

(in billions)		March 31,
2025		December 31,
2024
Consumer & Community Banking$56.0 $54.5 
Commercial & Investment Bank
149.5 132.0 
Asset & Wealth Management16.0 15.5 
Corporate109.9 122.7 
Total common stockholders’ equity$331.4 $324.7 

36

Capital actions
Common stock dividends
The Firm’s common stock dividends are planned as part of the Capital Management governance framework in line with the Firm’s capital management objectives.
On March 18, 2025, the Firm announced that its Board of Directors had declared a quarterly common stock dividend of $1.40 per share, payable on April 30, 2025, an increase from the prior dividend of $1.25 per share. The Firm’s dividends are subject to approval by the Board of Directors on a quarterly basis.
Common stock
On June 28, 2024, the Firm announced that its Board of Directors had authorized a new $30 billion common share repurchase program, effective July 1, 2024. Through June 30, 2024, the Firm was authorized to purchase up to $30 billion of common shares under its previously-approved common share repurchase program that was announced on April 13, 2022.
The following table sets forth the Firm’s repurchases of common stock for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)2025
2024
Total number of shares of common stock repurchased30.0 15.9 
Aggregate purchase price of common stock repurchases(a)
$7,563 $2,849 
(a)Excludes excise tax and commissions.
The Board of Directors’ authorization to repurchase common shares is utilized at management’s discretion. The $30 billion common share repurchase program approved by the Board of Directors does not establish specific price targets or timetables. Management determines the amount and timing of common share repurchases based on various factors, including market conditions; legal and regulatory considerations affecting the amount and timing of repurchase activity; the Firm’s capital position (taking into account goodwill and intangibles); organic capital generation; current and proposed future capital requirements; and other investment opportunities. The amount of common shares that the Firm repurchases in any period may be substantially more or less than the amounts estimated or actually repurchased in prior periods, reflecting the dynamic nature of the decision-making process. The Firm’s common share repurchases may be suspended by management at any time.
Refer to Capital actions on page 105 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.

Refer to Part II, Item 2: Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds and Part II, Item 5: Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities on pages 181–182 of this Form 10-Q and page 39 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K, respectively, for additional information regarding repurchases of the Firm’s equity securities.
Preferred stock
Preferred stock dividends were $255 million and $397 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Firm issued and redeemed certain series of non-cumulative preferred stock. Refer to Note 17 of this Form 10-Q and Note 21 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on the Firm’s preferred stock, including the issuance and redemption of preferred stock.
Subordinated Debt
Refer to Long-term funding on page 45 of this Form 10-Q and Note 20 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on the Firm’s subordinated debt.






















37

Capital planning and stress testing
Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review
On April 7, 2025, the Firm submitted its 2025 Capital Plan to the Federal Reserve under the Federal Reserve's Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review ("CCAR") process. The Firm anticipates that the Federal Reserve will disclose summary information regarding the Firm's stress test results by June 30, 2025. Following the Federal Reserve's disclosure, the Firm expects to disclose its indicative SCB requirement, which will become effective October 1, 2025 under the current rules. The Firm's SCB is currently 3.3%.
Refer to page 33 for Key Regulatory Developments related to the SCB requirement.
Refer to Capital planning and stress testing on pages 97–98 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on CCAR.
Other capital requirements
Total Loss-Absorbing Capacity
The Federal Reserve’s total loss-absorbing capacity ("TLAC") rule requires the U.S. Global Systemically Important Bank ("GSIB") top-tier holding companies, including the Firm, to maintain minimum levels of external TLAC and eligible long-term debt ("eligible LTD").
The following table presents the eligible external TLAC and eligible LTD amounts, as well as a representation of these amounts as a percentage of the Firm’s total RWA and total leverage exposure. As of January 1, 2025, the benefit from the CECL capital transition provision had been fully phased out. The period ended December 31, 2024 included the impact of the CECL capital transition provisions.
March 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
(in billions, except ratio)External TLACLTDExternal TLACLTD
Total eligible amount$558.3 $243.7 $546.6 $236.8 
% of RWA30.8 %13.4 %31.1 %13.5 %
Regulatory requirements23.0 10.5 23.0 10.5 
Surplus/(shortfall)$140.8 $53.1 $142.3 $52.3 
% of total leverage exposure11.3 %4.9 %11.3 %4.9 %
Regulatory requirements9.5 4.5 9.5 4.5 
Surplus/(shortfall)$87.7 $20.8 $87.0 $19.2 

Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 40-46 for further information on long-term debt issued by the Parent Company.
Refer to Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors on pages 10–37 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for information on the financial consequences to holders of the Firm’s debt and equity securities in a resolution scenario.
Refer to other capital requirements on page 106 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on TLAC.































38

U.S. broker-dealer regulatory capital
J.P. Morgan Securities
JPMorganChase’s principal U.S. broker-dealer subsidiary is J.P. Morgan Securities. J.P. Morgan Securities is subject to the regulatory capital requirements of Rule 15c3-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Net Capital Rule”). J.P. Morgan Securities is also registered as a futures commission merchant and is subject to regulatory capital requirements, including those imposed by the SEC, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and the National Futures Association (“NFA”).
The following table presents J.P. Morgan Securities’ net capital.
March 31, 2025
(in millions)ActualMinimum
Net Capital$25,642 $6,591 
Non-U.S. subsidiary regulatory capital
J.P. Morgan Securities plc
J.P. Morgan Securities plc is a wholly-owned subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and has authority to engage in banking, investment banking and broker-dealer activities. J.P. Morgan Securities plc is jointly regulated in the U.K. by the Prudential Regulation Authority (“PRA”) and the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”). J.P. Morgan Securities plc is subject to the Capital Requirements Regulation (“CRR”), as adopted and amended in the U.K., and the capital rules in the PRA Rulebook. These requirements collectively represent the U.K.’s implementation of the Basel III standards. The PRA announced that it intends to delay the U.K.’s implementation of the final Basel III standards until January 1, 2027, with a three-year transitional period for certain aspects.
The Bank of England requires that U.K. banks, including U.K. regulated subsidiaries of overseas groups, maintain minimum requirements for own funds and eligible liabilities (“MREL”). As of March 31, 2025, J.P. Morgan Securities plc was compliant with its MREL requirements.
The following table presents J.P. Morgan Securities plc’s risk-based and leverage-based capital metrics.
March 31, 2025Estimated
Regulatory Minimum ratios(a)
(in millions, except ratios)
Total capital$55,229 
CET1 capital ratio16.0 %4.5 %
Tier 1 capital ratio20.5 6.0 
Total capital ratio24.7 8.0 
Tier 1 leverage ratio6.1 3.3 
(b)
(a)Represents minimum Pillar 1 requirements specified by the PRA. J.P. Morgan Securities plc's capital ratios as of March 31, 2025 exceeded the minimum requirements, including the additional capital requirements specified by the PRA.
(b)At least 75% of the Tier 1 leverage ratio minimum must be met with CET1 capital.
J.P. Morgan SE
JPMSE is a wholly-owned subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and has authority to engage in banking, investment banking and markets activities. JPMSE is regulated by the European Central Bank (“ECB”), the German Financial Supervisory Authority and the German Central Bank, as well as the local regulators in each of the countries in which it operates, and it is subject to EU capital requirements under Basel III. JPMSE is subject to the EU implementation of the final Basel III standards. Those standards became effective beginning on January 1, 2025, with the exception of market risk aspects for which the effective date is January 1, 2026.
JPMSE is required by the EU Single Resolution Board to maintain MREL. As of March 31, 2025, JPMSE was compliant with its MREL requirements.
The following table presents JPMSE’s risk-based and leverage-based capital metrics.
March 31, 2025Estimated
Regulatory Minimum ratios(a)
(in millions, except ratios)
Total capital$48,680 
CET1 capital ratio18.3 %4.5 %
Tier 1 capital ratio18.3 6.0 
Total capital ratio34.5 8.0 
Tier 1 leverage ratio5.5 3.0 
(a)Represents minimum Pillar 1 requirements specified by the EU CRR. J.P. Morgan SE’s capital and leverage ratios as of March 31, 2025 exceeded the minimum requirements, including the additional capital requirements specified by EU regulators.
Refer to U.S. broker-dealer and Non-U.S. subsidiary regulatory capital on page 107 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further information.
39

LIQUIDITY RISK MANAGEMENT
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Firm will be unable to meet its cash and collateral needs as they arise or that it does not have the appropriate amount, composition and tenor of funding and liquidity to support its assets and liabilities. For a further discussion of the Firm's liquidity risk management, refer to pages 108–115 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K and to the Firm’s U.S. LCR Disclosure reports, which are available on the Firm’s website.
LCR and HQLA
The LCR rule requires that the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. maintain an amount of eligible HQLA that is sufficient to meet their respective estimated total net cash outflows over a prospective 30 calendar-day period of significant stress.
Under the LCR rule, the amount of eligible HQLA held by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. that is in excess of its stand-alone 100% minimum LCR requirement, and that is not transferable to non-bank affiliates, must be excluded from the Firm’s reported eligible HQLA. The LCR for both the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. is required to be a minimum of 100%.
The following table summarizes the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s average LCR for the three months ended March 31, 2025, December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024 based on the Firm’s interpretation of the LCR framework.
Three months ended
Average amount
(in millions)		March 31,
2025		December 31, 2024March 31,
2024
JPMorgan Chase & Co.:
HQLA
Eligible cash(a)
$389,423 $396,123 $483,292 
Eligible securities(b)(c)
475,194 464,877 313,818 
Total HQLA(d)
$864,617 $861,000 $797,110 
Net cash outflows$767,151 $763,648 $711,611 
LCR113 %113 %112 %
Net excess eligible HQLA(d)
$97,466 $97,352 $85,499 
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.:
LCR124 %124 %129 %
Net excess eligible HQLA$194,652 $193,682 $221,104 
(a)Represents cash on deposit at central banks, primarily the Federal Reserve Banks.
(b)Eligible HQLA securities may be reported in securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements, trading assets, or investment securities on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets. For purposes of calculating the LCR, HQLA securities are included at fair value, which may differ from the accounting treatment under U.S. GAAP.
(c)Predominantly U.S. Treasuries, U.S. GSE and government agency MBS, and sovereign bonds net of regulatory haircuts under the LCR rule.
(d)Excludes average excess eligible HQLA at JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. that are not transferable to non-bank affiliates.
The Firm’s average LCR increased during the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared with the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily driven by dividend payments from JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. to the Parent Company, predominantly offset by common stock repurchases and common stock dividends paid.
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s average LCR for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased compared with the three months ended March 31, 2024, due to dividend payments to the Parent Company and loan growth, largely offset by activities in CIB Markets, an increase in deposits and a reduction in non-HQLA securities.
Each of the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.'s average LCR may fluctuate from period to period due to changes in their respective eligible HQLA and estimated net cash outflows as a result of ongoing business activity and from the impacts of Federal Reserve actions as well as other factors.
Refer to page 109 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K and the Firm’s U.S. LCR Disclosure reports for additional information on HQLA and net cash outflows.
Internal stress testing
The Firm conducts internal liquidity stress testing to monitor liquidity positions at the Firm and its material legal entities under a variety of adverse scenarios, including scenarios analyzed as part of the Firm’s resolution and recovery planning. Internal stress tests are produced on a daily basis, and other stress tests are performed in response to specific market events or concerns. Results of stress tests are considered in the formulation of the Firm’s funding plan and assessment of its liquidity position.
The Firm manages liquidity at the Parent Company, the Intermediate Holding Company (“IHC”), and operating subsidiaries at levels sufficient to comply with liquidity risk tolerances and minimum liquidity requirements, and to manage through periods of stress when access to normal funding sources may be disrupted.
40

Liquidity sources
In addition to the assets reported in the Firm’s eligible HQLA discussed above, the Firm had unencumbered marketable securities, such as equity and debt securities, that the Firm believes would be available to raise liquidity. This includes excess eligible HQLA securities at JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. that are not transferable to non-bank affiliates. The fair value of these securities was approximately $635 billion and $594 billion as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, although the amount of liquidity that could be raised at any particular time would be dependent on prevailing market conditions. The increase compared to December 31, 2024, was driven by an increase in unencumbered CIB trading assets, largely offset by a decrease in excess eligible HQLA securities at JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
The Firm had approximately $1.5 trillion and $1.4 trillion of available cash and securities as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. For each respective period, the amount was comprised of eligible end-of-period HQLA, excluding the impact of regulatory haircuts, of approximately $881 billion and $834 billion, and unencumbered marketable securities with a fair value of approximately $635 billion and $594 billion.
The Firm also had available borrowing capacity at the Federal Home Loan Banks ("FHLBs") and the discount window at the Federal Reserve Banks as a result of collateral pledged by the Firm to such banks of approximately $408 billion and $413 billion as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. This borrowing capacity excludes the benefit of cash and securities reported in the Firm’s eligible HQLA or other unencumbered securities that are currently pledged at the Federal Reserve Banks discount window and other central banks. Although available, the Firm does not view this borrowing capacity at the Federal Reserve Banks discount window and the other central banks as a primary source of liquidity.

NSFR
The net stable funding ratio (“NSFR”) is a liquidity requirement for large banking organizations that is intended to measure the adequacy of “available” stable funding that is sufficient to meet their “required” amounts of stable funding over a one-year horizon.
For the three months ended March 31, 2025, both the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. were compliant with the 100% minimum NSFR requirement, based on the Firm's interpretation of the final NSFR rule. Refer to the Firm's U.S. NSFR Disclosure report for the quarterly periods ended December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024 on the Firm’s website for additional information.
41

Funding
Sources of funds
Management believes that the Firm’s unsecured and secured funding capacity is sufficient to meet its on- and off-balance sheet obligations, which includes both short- and long-term cash requirements.
The Firm funds its global balance sheet through diverse sources of funding including deposits, secured and unsecured funding in the capital markets and stockholders’ equity. Deposits are the primary funding source for JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. Additionally, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. may access funding through short- or long-term secured borrowings, the issuance of unsecured long-term debt, or from
borrowings from the IHC. The Firm’s non-bank subsidiaries are primarily funded from long-term unsecured borrowings and short-term secured borrowings which are primarily securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements. Excess funding is invested by Treasury and CIO in the Firm’s investment securities portfolio or deployed in cash or other short-term liquid investments based on their interest rate and liquidity risk characteristics.
Refer to Note 22 for additional information on off-balance sheet obligations.
Deposits
The table below summarizes, by LOB and Corporate, the period-end deposit balances as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and the average deposit balances for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Average
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Consumer & Community Banking$1,080,138 $1,056,652 $1,053,677 $1,079,243 
Commercial & Investment Bank1,140,456 1,073,512 1,106,158 1,045,788 
Asset & Wealth Management250,219 248,287 244,107 227,723 
Corporate
25,064 27,581 26,363 22,032 
Total Firm$2,495,877 $2,406,032 $2,430,305 $2,374,786 
The Firm believes that deposits provide a stable source of funding and reduce the Firm’s reliance on the wholesale funding markets. A significant portion of the Firm’s deposits are consumer deposits and wholesale operating deposits, which are both considered to be stable sources of liquidity. Wholesale operating deposits are generally considered to be stable sources of liquidity because they are generated from customers that maintain operating service relationships with the Firm.
The Firm believes that average deposit balances are generally more representative of deposit trends than period-end deposit balances. However, during periods of market disruption, average deposit trends may be impacted.
Average deposits increased for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024, reflecting the net impact of:
•an increase in CIB due to net inflows related to client-driven activities in Payments and Securities Services, partially offset by net maturities of structured notes in Markets,
•an increase in AWM as a result of growth in balances in new and existing client accounts, reflecting the impact of higher-yielding product offerings, and
•a decline in CCB primarily driven by a decrease in balances in existing accounts due to migration into higher-yielding investments and increased customer spending, predominantly offset by new accounts.
Period-end deposits increased from December 31, 2024, reflecting the impact of:
•an increase in CIB predominantly due to net inflows related to client-driven activities in Securities Services and Payments,
•an increase in CCB primarily driven by new accounts, and
•an increase in AWM as a result of growth in balances in new and existing client accounts, reflecting the impact of higher-yielding product offerings, predominantly offset by continued migration into other investments.
Refer to the Firm’s Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis and the Business Segment & Corporate Results on pages 12-13 and pages 17-31, respectively, for further information on deposit and liability balance trends. Refer to Note 3 for further information on structured notes.
Certain deposits are covered by insurance protection that provides additional funding stability and results in a benefit to the LCR. Deposit insurance protection may
42

be available to depositors in the countries in which the deposits are placed. For example, the FDIC provides deposit insurance protection for deposits placed in a U.S. depository institution. Refer to pages 111–112 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on the Firm's total uninsured deposits.
The table below presents an estimate of uninsured U.S. and non-U.S. time deposits, and their remaining maturities. The Firm’s estimates of its uninsured U.S. time deposits are based on data that the Firm calculates periodically under applicable FDIC regulations. For purposes of this presentation, all non-U.S. time deposits are deemed to be uninsured.

(in millions)
March 31,
2025		December 31,
2024
U.S.Non-U.S.U.S.Non-U.S.
Three months or less$126,493 $75,666 $119,333 $77,253 
Over three months but within 6 months13,454 10,487 11,040 12,229 
Over six months but within 12 months8,294 2,694 7,056 1,542 
Over 12 months823 2,013 823 1,924 
Total$149,064 $90,860 $138,252 $92,948 
The table below shows the loan and deposit balances, the loans-to-deposits ratios, and deposits as a percentage of total liabilities, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
(in billions except ratios)March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Deposits$2,495.9 $2,406.0 
Deposits as a % of total liabilities62 %66 %
Loans$1,355.7 $1,348.0 
Loans-to-deposits ratio54 %56 %
The following table provides a summary of the average balances and average interest rates of JPMorganChase’s deposits for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
(in millions, except interest rates)Average balancesAverage interest rates
Three months endedThree months ended
March 31, 2025March 31, 2024March 31, 2025March 31, 2024
U.S. offices
Noninterest-bearing$558,389 $624,112 NANA
Interest-bearing
Demand(a)
303,595 278,698 3.77 %3.90 %
Savings(b)
855,481 810,845 1.22 1.37 
Time225,656 208,813 4.10 5.15 
Total interest-bearing deposits1,384,732 1,298,356 2.23 2.49 
Total deposits in U.S. offices1,943,121 1,922,468 1.58 1.69 
Non-U.S. offices
Noninterest-bearing29,028 24,532 NANA
Interest-bearing
Demand366,357 338,190 2.56 3.26 
Time91,799 89,596 5.03 6.15 
Total interest-bearing deposits458,156 427,786 3.04 3.86 
Total deposits in non-U.S. offices487,184 452,318 2.88 3.66 
Total deposits$2,430,305 $2,374,786 1.87 %2.09 %
(a)Includes Negotiable Order of Withdrawal accounts, and certain trust accounts.
(b)Includes Money Market Deposit Accounts.
Refer to Note 15 for additional information on deposits.
43

The following table summarizes short-term and long-term funding, excluding deposits, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and average balances for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Refer to the Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis on pages 12-13 and Note 10 for additional information.
Sources of funds (excluding deposits)
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024Average
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Commercial paper
$12,580 $14,932 $13,181 $13,574 
Other borrowed funds
14,231 13,018 14,384 9,924 
Federal funds purchased328 567 1,702 1,608 
Total short-term unsecured funding$27,139 $28,517 $29,267 $25,106 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase(a)
$525,604 $291,500 $456,454 $289,217 
Securities loaned(a)
7,114 4,768 7,047 4,158 
Other borrowed funds38,169 24,943 

32,967 22,166 
Obligations of Firm-administered multi-seller conduits(b)
15,899 18,228 17,036 20,547 
Total short-term secured funding
$586,786 $339,439 $513,504 $336,088 
Senior notes$209,060 $203,639 $208,129 $192,343 
Subordinated debt16,230 16,060 16,113 19,648 
Structured notes(c)
104,426 98,792 101,300 87,484 
Total long-term unsecured funding$329,716 $318,491 $325,542 $299,475 
Credit card securitization(b)
$5,353 $5,312 $5,324 $4,567 
FHLB advances23,327 

29,257 

26,719 

40,486 
Purchase Money Note(d)
49,263 49,207 49,227 49,008 
Other long-term secured funding(e)
4,918 4,463 4,642 4,795 
Total long-term secured funding$82,861 $88,239 $85,912 $98,856 
Preferred stock(f)
$20,045 $20,050 $20,013 $27,952 
Common stockholders’ equity(f)
$331,375 $324,708 $324,345 $300,277 
(a)Primarily consists of short-term securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase.
(b)Included in beneficial interests issued by consolidated variable interest entities on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.
(c)Includes certain TLAC-eligible long-term unsecured debt issued by the Parent Company.
(d)Reflects the Purchase Money Note associated with the First Republic acquisition. Refer to Note 34 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.
(e)Includes long-term structured notes that are secured.
(f)Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 33-39 and Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity on page 81 of this Form 10-Q, and Note 21 and Note 22 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on preferred stock and common stockholders’ equity.
Short-term funding
The Firm’s primary source of short-term secured funding is securities sold under agreements to repurchase. These instruments are secured predominantly by high-quality securities collateral, including government-issued debt and U.S. GSE and government agency MBS. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase increased at March 31, 2025, compared with December 31, 2024, driven by Markets, reflecting higher client-driven market-making activities, higher secured financing of trading assets and the impact of lower levels of netting, as well as when compared with seasonally lower levels at year-end.
The increase in secured other borrowed funds at March 31, 2025 from December 31, 2024 and for the average three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the prior year period, was due to higher financing requirements in Markets.
The balances associated with securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase fluctuate over time due to investment and financing activities of clients, the Firm’s demand for financing, the ongoing management of the mix of the Firm’s liabilities, including its secured and unsecured financing (for both the investment securities and market-making portfolios), and other market and portfolio factors.
The Firm’s primary sources of short-term unsecured funding consist of issuances of wholesale commercial paper and other borrowed funds.
The decrease in commercial paper at March 31, 2025 from December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by strategic short-term liquidity management.
The increase in unsecured other borrowed funds for the average three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the prior year period, was primarily driven by net issuances of structured notes in Markets.
44

Long-term funding
Long-term funding provides an additional source of stable funding and liquidity for the Firm. The Firm’s long-term funding plan is driven primarily by expected client activity, liquidity considerations and regulatory requirements, including TLAC. Long-term funding objectives include maintaining diversification, maximizing market access and optimizing funding costs. The Firm evaluates various funding markets, tenors and currencies in creating its optimal long-term funding plan.
Unsecured funding and issuance
The significant majority of the Firm’s total outstanding long-term debt has been issued by the Parent Company to provide flexibility in support of the funding needs of both bank and non-bank subsidiaries. The Parent Company advances substantially all net funding proceeds to its subsidiary, the IHC. The IHC does not issue debt to external counterparties. The increase in structured notes for the average three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the prior year period, was primarily driven by net issuances of structured notes in Markets due to client demand.
The following table summarizes long-term unsecured issuance and maturities or redemptions for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 108–115 and Note 20 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on the IHC and long-term debt.
Long-term unsecured funding
Three months ended March 31,
2025202420252024
(Notional in millions)Parent CompanySubsidiaries
Issuance
Senior notes issued in the U.S. market$8,000 $8,500 $— $— 
Senior notes issued in non-U.S. markets2,084 2,173 — — 
Total senior notes10,084 10,673 — — 
Structured notes(a)
1,079 868 18,636 14,951 
Total long-term unsecured funding – issuance$11,163 $11,541 $18,636 $14,951 
Maturities/redemptions
Senior notes$8,525 $7,168 $65 $65 
Subordinated debt— 13 — — 
Structured notes371 217 13,440 11,506 
Total long-term unsecured funding – maturities/redemptions$8,896 $7,398 $13,505 $11,571 
(a)Includes certain TLAC-eligible long-term unsecured debt issued by the Parent Company.

Secured funding and issuance
The Firm can also raise secured long-term funding through securitization of consumer credit card loans and FHLB advances. The following table summarizes the securitization issuance, the FHLB advances and their respective maturities or redemptions, as applicable for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Long-term secured funding
Three months ended March 31,
2025202420252024
(in millions)IssuanceMaturities/Redemptions
Credit card securitization$— $2,348 $— $— 
FHLB advances
— — 5,941 2,047 
Other long-term secured funding(a)
134 554 111 237 
Total long-term secured funding$134 $2,902 $6,052 $2,284 
(a)Includes long-term structured notes that are secured.
The Firm’s wholesale businesses also securitize loans for client-driven transactions; those client-driven loan securitizations are not considered to be a source of funding for the Firm and are not included in the table above. Refer to Note 14 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further description of client-driven loan securitizations.
45

Credit ratings
The cost and availability of financing are influenced by credit ratings. Reductions in these ratings could have an adverse effect on the Firm’s access to liquidity sources, increase the cost of funds, trigger additional collateral or funding requirements and decrease the number of investors and counterparties willing to lend to the Firm. The nature and magnitude of the impact of ratings downgrades depends on numerous contractual and behavioral factors, which the Firm
believes are incorporated in its liquidity risk and stress testing metrics. The Firm believes that it maintains sufficient liquidity to withstand a potential decrease in funding capacity due to ratings downgrades.
Additionally, the Firm’s funding requirements for VIEs and other third-party commitments may be adversely affected by a decline in credit ratings. Refer to Notes 4 and 13 for additional information.
The credit ratings of the Parent Company and certain of its principal subsidiaries as of March 31, 2025 were as follows:
JPMorgan Chase & Co.JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
 J.P. Morgan Securities plc
 J.P. Morgan SE(a)
March 31, 2025Long-term issuerShort-term issuerOutlookLong-term issuerShort-term issuerOutlookLong-term issuerShort-term issuerOutlook
Moody’s Investors Service
A1P-1PositiveAa2P-1
Developing(a)
Aa3P-1Positive
Standard & Poor’s
AA-1StableAA-A-1+StableAA-A-1+Stable
Fitch RatingsAA-F1+StableAAF1+StableAAF1+Stable
(a) The Moody's outlook of developing for JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. reflects its view with respect to possible support from the U.S. government, and its outlook of negative with an "(m)" modifier for J.P. Morgan SE reflects a negative outlook for long-term bank deposits and a positive outlook for the long-term issuer rating.
Refer to page 115 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of the factors that could affect the credit ratings of the Parent Company and the above subsidiaries.
46

CREDIT AND INVESTMENT RISK MANAGEMENT
Credit and investment risk is the risk associated with the default or change in credit profile of a client, counterparty or customer; or loss of principal or a reduction in expected returns on investments, including consumer credit risk, wholesale credit risk, and investment portfolio risk. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio, Wholesale Credit Portfolio and Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 49-63 for a further discussion of Credit Risk.
Refer to page 64 for a further discussion of Investment Portfolio Risk. Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 117–140 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the Firm’s Credit and Investment Risk Management framework.
47

CREDIT PORTFOLIO
Credit risk is the risk associated with the default or change in credit profile of a client, counterparty or customer.
In the following tables, total loans include loans retained (i.e., held-for-investment); loans held-for-sale; and certain loans accounted for at fair value. The following tables do not include loans which the Firm accounts for at fair value and classifies as trading assets; refer to Notes 2 and 3 for further information regarding these loans. Refer to Notes 11, 22 and 4 for additional information on the Firm’s loans, lending-related commitments and derivative receivables.
Refer to Note 9 for information regarding the credit risk inherent in the Firm’s investment securities portfolio; and refer to Note 10 for information regarding credit risk inherent in the securities financing portfolio. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 49-51 and Note 11 for further discussions of the consumer credit environment, consumer loans and nonperforming exposure. Refer to Wholesale Credit Portfolio on pages 52-60 and Note 11 for further discussions of the wholesale credit environment, wholesale loans and nonperforming exposure.
Total credit portfolio
Credit exposure
Nonperforming(c)
(in millions)Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024
Loans retained$1,300,990 $1,299,590 $7,213 $7,175 
Loans held-for-sale10,172 7,048 285 160 
Loans at fair value44,533 41,350 1,120 1,502 
Total loans1,355,695 1,347,988 8,618 8,837 
Derivative receivables60,539 60,967 

169 145 
Receivables from customers(a)
49,403 51,929 — — 
Total credit-related assets1,465,637 1,460,884 8,787 8,982 
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions
Real estate ownedNANA278 284 
OtherNANA40 34 
Total assets acquired in loan satisfactions
NANA318 318 
Lending-related commitments1,626,483 1,577,622 793 737 
Total credit portfolio$3,092,120 $3,038,506 $9,898 $10,037 
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities(b)
$(40,522)$(41,367)$— $— 
Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives(27,290)(28,160)NANA
(a)Receivables from customers reflect held-for-investment margin loans to brokerage clients in CIB, CCB and AWM; these are reported within accrued interest and accounts receivable on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(b)Represents the net notional amount of protection purchased and sold through credit derivatives and credit-related notes used to manage credit exposures.
(c)Excludes mortgage loans past due and insured by U.S. government agencies, which are primarily 90 or more days past due. These loans have been excluded based upon the government guarantee. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies were $117 million and $121 million, respectively. In addition, the Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status as permitted by regulatory guidance.
The following table provides information about the Firm’s net charge-offs and recoveries.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratios)20252024
Net charge-offs$2,332 $1,956 
Average retained loans1,285,401 1,263,258 
Net charge-off rates0.74 %0.62 %
48

CONSUMER CREDIT PORTFOLIO
The Firm’s retained consumer portfolio consists primarily of loans and lending-related commitments for residential real estate, credit card, and scored auto and business banking. The consumer credit portfolio also includes loans at fair value, predominantly in residential real estate. The Firm’s focus is on serving primarily the prime segment of the consumer credit market. For further information on consumer loans, as well as the Firm’s nonaccrual and charge-off accounting policies, refer to Note 11 of this Form 10-Q and Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 120–125 and Note 12 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K. Refer to Note 22 of this Form 10-Q and Note 28 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K for further information on lending-related commitments.
The following tables present consumer credit-related information with respect to the scored credit portfolios held in CCB, AWM, CIB and Corporate.
Consumer credit portfolio
(in millions)Credit exposure
Nonaccrual loans(i)
Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024
Consumer, excluding credit card
Residential real estate(a)
$306,523 $309,513 $3,092 $2,984 
Auto and other(b)(c)
66,369 66,821 226 249 
Total loans – retained372,892 376,334 3,318 3,233 
Loans held-for-sale735 945 37 155 
Loans at fair value(d)
17,511 15,531 404 538 
Total consumer, excluding credit card loans391,138 392,810 3,759 3,926 
Lending-related commitments(e)
46,149 44,844 
Total consumer exposure, excluding credit card437,287 437,654 
Credit card
Loans retained(f)
223,384 232,860 NANA
Total credit card loans223,384 232,860 NANA
Lending-related commitments(e)(g)
1,031,481 1,001,311 
Total credit card exposure1,254,865 1,234,171 
Total consumer credit portfolio$1,692,152 $1,671,825 $3,759 $3,926 
Credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities(h)
$(427)$(479)
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratios)Net charge-offs/(recoveries)Average loans - retained
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate(j)
202520242025202420252024
Consumer, excluding credit card
Residential real estate$(25)$(6)$307,907 $323,687 (0.03)%(0.01)%
Auto and other188 189 66,559 70,346 1.15 1.08 
Total consumer, excluding credit card - retained163 183 374,466 394,033 0.18 0.19 
Credit card - retained1,982 1,687 224,350 204,637 3.58 3.32 
Total consumer - retained$2,145 $1,870 $598,816 $598,670 1.45 %1.26 %
(a)Includes scored mortgage and home equity loans held in CCB and AWM.
(b)At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, excluded operating lease assets of $14.6 billion and $12.8 billion, respectively. These operating lease assets are included in other assets on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 16 for further information.
(c)Includes scored auto and business banking loans, and overdrafts.
(d)Includes scored mortgage loans held in CCB and CIB, and other consumer unsecured loans in CIB.
(e)Credit card, home equity and certain business banking lending-related commitments represent the total available lines of credit for these products. The Firm has not experienced, and does not anticipate, that all available lines of credit would be used at the same time. Refer to Note 22 for further information.
(f)Includes billed interest and fees.
(g)Also includes commercial card lending-related commitments primarily in CIB.
(h)Represents the notional amount of protection obtained through the issuance of credit-related notes that reference certain pools of residential real estate and auto loans in the retained consumer portfolio.
(i)Excludes mortgage loans past due and insured by U.S. government agencies, which are primarily 90 or more days past due. These loans have been excluded based upon the government guarantee. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies were $117 million and $121 million, respectively. In addition, the Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status, as permitted by regulatory guidance.
(j)Average consumer loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value were $18.4 billion and $15.1 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These amounts were excluded when calculating net charge-off/(recovery) rates.
49

Consumer, excluding credit card
Portfolio analysis
Loans decreased from December 31, 2024 driven by lower residential real estate loans, including retained and at fair value, largely offset by higher loans at fair value in auto and other.
Residential real estate: The residential real estate portfolio, including loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value, predominantly consists of prime mortgage loans and home equity lines of credit.
Retained loans decreased compared to December 31, 2024, driven by paydowns, net of originations. Net recoveries were higher for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in the prior year, driven by loan sales.
Loans held-for-sale and nonaccrual loans held-for-sale decreased from December 31, 2024, predominantly driven by loan sales.
Loans at fair value decreased compared to December 31, 2024, driven by lower Home Lending loans, as warehouse loan sales outpaced originations, largely offset by an increase in CIB as purchases outpaced sales. Nonaccrual loans at fair value decreased compared to December 31, 2024, predominantly driven by loan sales in CIB.
At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying value of retained interest-only residential mortgage loans was $88.7 billion and $88.9 billion, respectively. These loans have an interest-only payment period generally followed by an adjustable-rate or fixed-rate fully amortizing payment period to maturity and are typically originated as higher-balance loans to higher-income borrowers. The credit performance of this portfolio is comparable to the performance of the broader prime mortgage portfolio.
The carrying value of retained home equity lines of credit outstanding was $13.9 billion at March 31, 2025, including $3.7 billion of HELOCs that have recast from interest-only to fully amortizing payments or have been modified, and $3.5 billion of interest-only balloon HELOCs, which primarily mature after 2030. The Firm manages the risk of HELOCs during their revolving period by reducing or canceling the undrawn line in accordance with the contract or to the extent otherwise permitted by law, including when there has been a demonstrable decline in the creditworthiness of the borrower or significant decrease in the value of the underlying property.
The following table provides a summary of the Firm’s residential mortgage portfolio insured and/or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies, predominantly loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value. The Firm monitors its exposure to certain potential unrecoverable claim payments related to government-insured loans and considers this exposure in estimating the allowance for loan losses.
(in millions)March 31,
2025		December 31,
2024
Current$517 $462 
30-89 days past due62 72 
90 or more days past due117 121 
Total government guaranteed loans$696 $655 
Geographic composition and current estimated loan-to-value ratio of residential real estate loans
Refer to Note 11 for information on the geographic composition and current estimated LTVs of the Firm’s residential real estate loans.

50

Auto and other: The auto and other loan portfolio, including loans at fair value, generally consists of prime-quality scored auto and business banking loans, other consumer unsecured loans, and overdrafts. The portfolio increased when compared to December 31, 2024, predominantly driven by an increase in loans at fair value due to purchases of other consumer unsecured loans in CIB.
Nonperforming assets
The following table presents information as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, about consumer, excluding credit card, nonperforming assets.
Nonperforming assets(a)
(in millions)March 31,
2025		December 31,
2024
Nonaccrual loans
Residential real estate
$3,510 $3,665 
Auto and other
249 261 
Total nonaccrual loans3,759 3,926 
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions
Real estate owned76 78 
Other40 34 
Total assets acquired in loan satisfactions
116 112 
Total nonperforming assets$3,875 $4,038 
(a)Excludes mortgage loans past due and insured by U.S. government agencies, which are primarily 90 or more days past due. These loans have been excluded based upon the government guarantee. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies were $117 million and $121 million, respectively.
Nonaccrual loans
The following table presents changes in consumer, excluding credit card, nonaccrual loans for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
Nonaccrual loan activity
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)
20252024
Beginning balance$3,926 $4,203 
Additions857 763 
Reductions:
Principal payments and other
209 223 
Sales
303 183 
Charge-offs168 156 
Returned to performing status276 244 
Foreclosures and other liquidations68 49 
Total reductions1,024 855 
Net changes(167)(92)
Ending balance$3,759 $4,111 
Refer to Note 11 for further information about the consumer credit portfolio, including information about delinquencies, other credit quality indicators and loans that were in the process of active or suspended foreclosure.

Credit card
Total credit card loans decreased from December 31, 2024 reflecting the impact of seasonality. The March 31, 2025 30+ and 90+ day delinquency rates of 2.21% and 1.16%, respectively, increased compared to the December 31, 2024 30+ and 90+ day delinquency rates of 2.17% and 1.14%, respectively, in line with the Firm's expectations. Net charge-offs increased for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in the prior year reflecting the seasoning of vintages originated in recent years.
Consistent with the Firm’s policy, all credit card loans typically remain on accrual status until charged off. However, the Firm’s allowance for loan losses includes the estimated uncollectible portion of accrued and billed interest and fee income. Refer to Note 11 for further information about this portfolio, including information about delinquencies.
Geographic and FICO composition of credit card loans
Refer to Note 11 for information on the geographic and FICO composition of the Firm’s credit card loans.

51

WHOLESALE CREDIT PORTFOLIO
In its wholesale businesses, the Firm is exposed to credit risk primarily through its underwriting, lending, market-making, and hedging activities with and for clients and counterparties, as well as through various operating services (such as cash management and clearing activities), securities financing activities and cash placed with banks. A portion of the loans originated or acquired by the Firm’s wholesale businesses is generally retained on the balance sheet. The Firm distributes a significant percentage of the loans that it originates into the market as part of its syndicated loan business and to manage portfolio concentrations and credit risk. The wholesale portfolio is actively managed, in part by conducting ongoing, in-depth reviews of client credit quality and transaction structure inclusive of collateral where applicable, and of industry, product and client concentrations. Refer to the industry discussion on pages 54-57 for further information.
The Firm’s wholesale credit portfolio includes exposure held in CIB, AWM and Corporate, and risk-rated exposure held in CCB, for which the wholesale methodology is applied when determining the allowance for loan losses.
As of March 31, 2025, loans increased $18.9 billion, predominantly driven by higher loans in CIB Markets. Lending-related commitments increased $17.4 billion driven by higher commitments in CIB.
As of March 31, 2025, nonperforming exposure was relatively flat, with increases in Technology, Media & Telecommunications and Consumer & Retail, reflecting downgrades and a new held-for-sale loan, predominantly offset by Real Estate, concentrated in Office, resulting from upgrades and paydowns.
For the three months ended March 31, 2025, wholesale net charge-offs were $187 million across multiple industries, including Real Estate and Healthcare.

Wholesale credit portfolio
Credit exposureNonperforming
(in millions)Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024
Loans retained$704,714 $690,396 $3,895 $3,942 
Loans held-for-sale9,437 6,103 248 5 
Loans at fair value27,022 25,819 716 964 
Loans741,173 722,318 4,859 4,911 
Derivative receivables60,539 60,967 169 145 
Receivables from customers(a)
49,403 51,929 — — 
Total wholesale credit-related assets851,115 835,214 5,028 5,056 
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions
Real estate ownedNANA202 206 
OtherNANA— — 
Total assets acquired in loan satisfactions
NANA202 206 
Lending-related commitments548,853 531,467 793 737 
Total wholesale credit portfolio$1,399,968 $1,366,681 $6,023 $5,999 
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities(b)
$(40,095)$(40,888)$— $— 
Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives(27,290)(28,160)NANA
(a)Receivables from customers reflect held-for-investment margin loans to brokerage clients in CIB, CCB and AWM; these are reported within accrued interest and accounts receivable on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(b)Represents the net notional amount of protection purchased and sold through credit derivatives and credit-related notes used to manage both performing and nonperforming wholesale credit exposures; these derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP. Refer to Credit derivatives on page 60 and Note 4 for additional information.


52

Wholesale credit exposure – maturity and ratings profile
The following tables present the maturity and internal risk ratings profiles of the wholesale credit portfolio as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Firm generally considers internal ratings with qualitative characteristics equivalent to BBB-/Baa3 or higher as investment grade, and takes into consideration collateral and structural support when determining the internal risk rating for each credit facility. Refer to Note 12 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K for further information on internal risk ratings.
Maturity profile(d)
Ratings profile
March 31, 2025
(in millions, except ratios)
1 year or lessAfter 1 year through 5 yearsAfter 5 yearsTotalInvestment-gradeNoninvestment-gradeTotalTotal % of IG
Loans retained$229,328 $298,407 $176,979 $704,714 $477,292 $227,422 $704,714 68 %
Derivative receivables60,539 60,539 
Less: Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives(27,290)(27,290)
Total derivative receivables, net of collateral8,798 7,675 16,776 33,249 25,982 7,267 33,249 78 
Lending-related commitments130,654 392,121 26,078 548,853 357,384 191,469 548,853 65 
Subtotal368,780 698,203 219,833 1,286,816 860,658 426,158 1,286,816 67 
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(a)
36,459 36,459 
Receivables from customers 49,403 49,403 
Total exposure – net of liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives$1,372,678 $1,372,678 
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities(b)(c)
$(3,674)$(32,601)$(3,820)$(40,095)$(30,807)$(9,288)$(40,095)77 %
Maturity profile(d)
Ratings profile
December 31, 2024
(in millions, except ratios)		1 year or lessAfter 1 year through 5 yearsAfter 5 yearsTotalInvestment-gradeNoninvestment-gradeTotalTotal % of IG
Loans retained $225,982 $289,199 $175,215 $690,396 $471,670 $218,726 $690,396 68 %
Derivative receivables60,967 60,967 
Less: Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives(28,160)(28,160)
Total derivative receivables, net of collateral11,515 7,418 13,874 32,807 24,707 8,100 32,807 75 
Lending-related commitments121,283 384,529 25,655 531,467 352,082 179,385 531,467 66 
Subtotal358,780 681,146 214,744 1,254,670 848,459 406,211 1,254,670 68 
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(a)
31,922 31,922 
Receivables from customers 51,929 51,929 
Total exposure – net of liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives$1,338,521 $1,338,521 
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities(b)(c)
$(5,442)$(33,751)$(1,695)$(40,888)$(31,691)$(9,197)$(40,888)78 %
(a)Loans held-for-sale are primarily related to syndicated loans and loans transferred from the retained portfolio.
(b)These derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP.
(c)The notional amounts are presented on a net basis by underlying reference entity and the ratings profile shown is based on the ratings of the reference entity on which protection has been purchased. Predominantly all of the credit derivatives entered into by the Firm where it has purchased protection used in credit portfolio management activities are executed with investment-grade counterparties. In addition, the Firm obtains credit protection against certain loans in the retained loan portfolio through the issuance of credit-related notes.
(d)The maturity profile of retained loans, lending-related commitments and derivative receivables is generally based on remaining contractual maturity. Derivative contracts that are in a receivable position at March 31, 2025, may become payable prior to maturity based on their cash flow profile or changes in market conditions.

53

Wholesale credit exposure – industry exposures
The Firm focuses on the management and diversification of its industry exposures, and pays particular attention to industries with actual or potential credit concerns.
Exposures that are deemed to be criticized align with the U.S. banking regulators’ definition of criticized exposures, which consist of the special mention, substandard and doubtful categories. Total criticized exposure, excluding loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value, was $45.5 billion and $44.7 billion as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, representing approximately 3.5% of total wholesale credit exposure as of both period ends; of the $45.5 billion, $40.7 billion was performing.
The table below summarizes by industry the Firm’s exposures as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The industry of risk category is generally based on the client or counterparty’s primary business activity. Refer to Note 4 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on industry concentrations.
Wholesale credit exposure – industries(a)
Selected metrics
Noninvestment-grade
30 days or more past due and accruing loans
Net
charge-offs/
(recoveries)
Credit derivative and credit-related notes(h)
Liquid securities
and other cash collateral held against derivative
receivables
As of or for the three months ended March 31, 2025
(in millions)
Credit exposure(f)(g)
Investment- gradeNoncriticizedCriticized performingCriticized nonperforming
Real Estate$208,848 $143,444 $53,314 $10,554 $1,536 $910 $72 $(450)$— 
Individuals and Individual Entities(b)
144,157 120,202 23,176 462 317 898 — — — 
Asset Managers140,732 107,014 33,550 144 24 265 — — (9,368)
Consumer & Retail128,373 60,753 60,467 6,253 900 179 13 (4,517)— 
Technology, Media & Telecommunications83,194 42,558 29,556 10,454 626 26 36 (4,981)— 
Industrials75,173 38,556 33,328 3,041 248 171 (4)(2,378)— 
Banks & Finance Companies68,800 36,178 32,049 550 23 1 4 (854)(412)
Healthcare63,086 42,082 17,649 2,587 768 145 69 (3,180)— 
Automotive35,917 21,537 13,447 913 20 61 — (1,058)— 
Utilities
35,344 23,836 9,965 1,388 155 — — (2,694)— 
Oil & Gas34,285 21,411 12,557 311 6 — — (1,731)— 
State & Municipal Govt(c)
33,092 32,285 769 6 32 92 — (3)(1)
Insurance23,061 16,464 6,375 222 — 3 — (1,032)(8,190)
Chemicals & Plastics20,783 11,008 8,369 1,308 98 3 1 (1,167)— 
Transportation17,137 9,598 7,041 473 25 29 — (615)— 
Metals & Mining15,733 7,157 7,959 585 32 2 — (294)(1)
Central Govt14,728 14,490 109 129 — 1 — (1,357)(1,529)
Securities Firms9,535 4,391 5,144 — — 1 — (13)(2,493)
Financial Markets Infrastructure9,180 8,840 340 — — — — — — 
All other(d)
152,948 124,900 26,712 1,289 47 150 (4)(13,771)(5,296)
Subtotal$1,314,106 $886,704 $381,876 $40,669 $4,857 $2,937 $187 $(40,095)$(27,290)
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value36,459 
Receivables from customers49,403 
Total(e)
$1,399,968 





54

(continued from previous page)
Selected metrics
Noninvestment-grade30 days or more past due and accruing
loans		Net
charge-offs/
(recoveries)
Credit derivative and credit-related notes(h)
Liquid securities
and other cash collateral held against derivative
receivables
As of or for the year ended
December 31, 2024
(in millions)
Credit exposure(f)(g)
Investment- gradeNoncriticizedCriticized performingCriticized nonperforming
Real Estate$207,050 $143,803 $50,865 $10,858 $1,524 $913 $345 $(584)$— 
Individuals and Individual Entities(b)
144,145 118,650 24,831 217 447 831 122 — — 
Asset Managers135,541 101,150 34,148 206 37 375 2 — (9,194)
Consumer & Retail129,815 62,800 60,141 6,055 819 252 123 (4,320)— 
Technology, Media & Telecommunications84,716 45,021 28,629 10,592 474 79 94 (4,800)— 
Industrials72,530 37,572 30,912 3,807 239 185 91 (2,312)— 
Banks & Finance Companies61,287 36,884 24,119 257 27 36 — (702)(729)
Healthcare64,224 44,135 17,062 2,219 808 245 56 (3,286)(34)
Automotive34,336 22,015 11,353 931 37 121 1 (997)— 
Utilities
35,871 24,205 10,256 1,273 137 1 — (2,700)— 
Oil & Gas31,724 19,053 12,479 188 4 9 (3)(1,711)(2)
State & Municipal Govt(c)
35,039 33,303 1,711 9 16 90 — (2)(1)
Insurance24,267 17,847 6,198 222 — 2 — (1,077)(9,184)
Chemicals & Plastics20,782 11,013 8,152 1,521 96 31 14 (1,164)— 
Transportation17,019 9,462 7,135 391 31 17 (20)(658)— 
Metals & Mining15,860 7,373 7,860 590 37 9 — (246)(2)
Central Govt13,862 13,580 157 125 — 4 — (1,490)(2,051)
Securities Firms9,443 5,424 4,014 5 — — — (13)(2,635)
Financial Markets Infrastructure4,446 4,201 245 — — — — (1)— 
All other(d)
140,873 117,986 22,398 398 91 10 (3)(14,825)(4,328)
Subtotal$1,282,830 $875,477 $362,665 $39,864 $4,824 $3,210 $822 $(40,888)$(28,160)
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value31,922 

Receivables from customers51,929 
Total(e)
$1,366,681 
(a)The industry rankings presented in the table as of December 31, 2024, are based on the industry rankings of the corresponding exposures as of March 31, 2025, not actual rankings of such exposures as of December 31, 2024.
(b)Individuals and Individual Entities predominantly consists of Global Private Bank clients within AWM and J.P. Morgan Wealth Management within CCB, and includes exposure to personal investment companies and personal and testamentary trusts.
(c)In addition to the credit risk exposure to states and municipal governments (both U.S. and non-U.S.) at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 noted above, the Firm held: $6.1 billion of trading assets at both period ends; $17.4 billion and $17.9 billion, respectively, of AFS securities; and $9.2 billion and $9.3 billion, respectively, of HTM securities, issued by U.S. state and municipal governments. Refer to Notes 2 and 9 for further information.
(d)All other includes: SPEs and Private education and civic organizations, representing approximately 94% and 6%, respectively, at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Refer to Note 13 for more information on exposures to SPEs.
(e)Excludes cash placed with banks of $417.2 billion and $459.2 billion, at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which is predominantly placed with various central banks, primarily Federal Reserve Banks.
(f)Credit exposure is net of risk participations and excludes the benefit of credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities held against derivative receivables or loans and liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivative receivables.
(g)Credit exposure includes held-for-sale and fair value option elected lending-related commitments.
(h)Represents the net notional amounts of protection purchased and sold through credit derivatives and credit-related notes used to manage the credit exposures; these derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP. The All other category includes purchased credit protection on certain credit indices.
55

Presented below is additional detail on certain of the Firm’s industry exposures.
Real Estate
Real Estate exposure was $208.8 billion as of March 31, 2025. Criticized exposure decreased by $292 million from $12.4 billion at December 31, 2024 to $12.1 billion at March 31, 2025.
March 31, 2025
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative ReceivablesCredit exposure% Investment-grade
% Drawn(d)
Multifamily(a)
$123,949 $14 $123,963 77 %92 %
Industrial18,760 16 18,776 66 72 
Other Income Producing Properties(b)
17,021 200 17,221 49 64 
Office
16,774 33 16,807 47 80 
Services and Non Income Producing14,449 74 14,523 60 43 
Retail12,327 34 12,361 78 74 
Lodging5,180 17 5,197 27 51 
Total Real Estate Exposure(c)
$208,460 $388 $208,848 69 %81 %
December 31, 2024
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative
Receivables		Credit exposure% Investment-
grade
% Drawn(d)
Multifamily(a)
$124,074 $7 $124,081 77 %92 %
Industrial19,092 17 19,109 65 72 
Other Income Producing Properties(b)
16,411 158 16,569 50 63 
Office
16,331 29 16,360 47 81 
Services and Non Income Producing14,047 57 14,104 62 46 
Retail12,230 23 12,253 77 75 
Lodging4,555 19 4,574 31 53 
Total Real Estate Exposure
$206,740 $310 $207,050 69 %82 %
(a)Total Multifamily exposure is approximately 99% performing. Multifamily exposure is largely in California.
(b)Other Income Producing Properties consists of clients with diversified property types or other property types outside of categories listed in the table above.
(c)Real Estate exposure is approximately 84% secured; unsecured exposure is largely investment-grade primarily to Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”) and Real Estate Operating Companies (“REOCs”) whose underlying assets are generally diversified.
(d)Represents drawn exposure as a percentage of credit exposure.


56

Consumer & Retail
Consumer & Retail exposure was $128.4 billion as of March 31, 2025. Criticized exposure increased by $279 million from $6.9 billion at December 31, 2024 to $7.2 billion at March 31, 2025, driven by downgrades, largely offset by net portfolio activity.
March 31, 2025
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative ReceivablesCredit exposure% Investment-grade
% Drawn(d)
Business and Consumer Services
$37,328 $382 $37,710 45 %38 %
Retail(a)
35,162 279 35,441 51 33 
Food and Beverage
30,791 460 31,251 56 39 
Consumer Hard Goods14,074 205 14,279 41 39 
Leisure(b)
9,632 60 9,692 25 46 
Total Consumer & Retail(c)
$126,987 $1,386 $128,373 47 %37 %
December 31, 2024
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative
Receivables		Credit exposure% Investment-
grade
% Drawn(d)
Business and Consumer Services
$34,534 $412 $34,946 42 %41 %
Retail(a)
34,917 261 35,178 51 31 
Food and Beverage
34,774 683 35,457 61 34 
Consumer Hard Goods13,796 208 14,004 43 35 
Leisure(b)
10,186 44 10,230 26 43 
Total Consumer & Retail$128,207 $1,608 $129,815 48 %36 %
(a)Retail consists of Home Improvement & Specialty Retailers, Discount & Drug Stores, Restaurants, Specialty Apparel, Supermarkets, and Department Stores.
(b)Leisure consists of Arts & Culture, Gaming, Travel Services, and Sports & Recreation. As of March 31, 2025, approximately 89% of the noninvestment-grade Leisure portfolio is secured.
(c)Consumer & Retail exposure is approximately 58% secured; unsecured exposure is approximately 79% investment-grade.
(d)Represents drawn exposure as a percent of credit exposure.

57

Loans
In its wholesale businesses, the Firm provides loans to a variety of clients, ranging from large corporate and institutional clients to high-net-worth individuals. Refer to Note 11 for a further discussion on loans, including information about delinquencies, loan modifications and other credit quality indicators.
The following table presents the change in the nonaccrual loan portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Since March 31, 2024, nonaccrual loan exposure increased by $1.3 billion, predominantly driven by Real Estate, concentrated in Multifamily and Lodging, Technology, Media & Telecommunications, Consumer & Retail and Healthcare, in each case resulting from downgrades primarily offset by net portfolio activity.
Wholesale nonaccrual loan activity
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)		20252024
Beginning balance
$4,911 $2,714 
Additions
1,044 1,505 
Reductions:
Paydowns and other480 407 
Gross charge-offs
163 132 
Returned to performing status438 85 
Sales15 29 
Total reductions1,096 653 
Net changes(52)852 
Ending balance$4,859 $3,566 
The following table presents net charge-offs/recoveries, which are defined as gross charge-offs less recoveries, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. The amounts in the table below do not include gains or losses from sales of nonaccrual loans recognized in noninterest revenue.
Wholesale net charge-offs/(recoveries)
(in millions, except ratios)Three months ended March 31,
20252024
Loans
Average loans retained
$686,585 $664,588 
Gross charge-offs
213 136 
Gross recoveries collected
(26)(50)
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)
187 86 
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate
0.11 %0.05 %

The following table presents net charge-offs/recoveries, average retained loans and net charge-off/recovery rate by loan class for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
Three months ended March 31,
Secured by real estateCommercial
 and industrial		OtherTotal

(in millions, except ratios)		20252024202520242025202420252024
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)$85 $26 $91 $30 $11 $30 $187 $86 
Average retained loans 160,980 163,638 168,652 167,105 356,953 333,845 686,585 664,588 
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate0.21 %0.06 %0.22 %0.07 %0.01 %0.04 %0.11 %0.05 %
58

Lending-related commitments
The Firm uses lending-related financial instruments, such as commitments (including revolving credit facilities) and guarantees, to address the financing needs of its clients. The contractual amounts of these financial instruments represent the maximum possible credit risk should the clients draw down on these commitments or when the Firm fulfills its obligations under these guarantees, and the clients subsequently fail to perform according to the terms of these contracts. Most of these commitments and guarantees have historically been refinanced, extended, cancelled, or expired without being drawn upon or a default occurring. As a result, the Firm does not believe that the total contractual amount of these wholesale lending-related commitments is representative of the Firm’s expected future credit exposure or funding requirements. Refer to Note 22 for further information on wholesale lending-related commitments.
Receivables from customers
Receivables from customers reflect held-for-investment margin loans to brokerage clients in CIB, CCB and AWM that are collateralized by assets maintained in the clients’ brokerage accounts (including cash on deposit, and primarily liquid and readily marketable debt or equity securities). To manage its credit risk, the Firm establishes margin requirements and monitors the required margin levels on an ongoing basis, and requires clients to deposit additional cash or other collateral, or to reduce positions, when appropriate. Credit risk arising from lending activities subject to collateral maintenance requirements is generally mitigated by factors such as the short-term nature of the activity, the fair value of collateral held and the Firm’s right to call for, and the borrower’s obligation to provide, additional margin when the fair value of the collateral declines. Because of these mitigating factors, these receivables generally do not require an allowance for credit losses. However, if in management’s judgment, an allowance for credit losses is required, the Firm estimates expected credit losses based on the value of the collateral and probability of borrower default. These receivables are reported within accrued interest and accounts receivable on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.
Refer to Note 13 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K for further information on the Firm’s accounting policies for the allowance for credit losses.
Derivative contracts
Derivatives enable clients and counterparties to manage risk, including credit risk and risks arising from fluctuations in interest rates, foreign exchange and equities and commodities prices. The Firm makes markets in derivatives in order to meet these needs and uses derivatives to manage certain risks associated with net open risk positions from its market-making activities, including the counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables. The Firm also uses derivative instruments to manage its own credit risk and other market risk exposure. The nature of the counterparty and the settlement mechanism of the derivative affect the
credit risk to which the Firm is exposed. For over-the-counter ("OTC") derivatives, the Firm is exposed to the credit risk of the derivative counterparty. For exchange-traded derivatives (“ETD”), such as futures and options, and cleared over-the-counter (“OTC-cleared”) derivatives, the Firm can also be exposed to the credit risk of the relevant CCP. Where possible, the Firm seeks to mitigate its credit risk exposures arising from derivative contracts through the use of legally enforceable master netting arrangements and collateral agreements. The percentage of the Firm’s OTC derivative transactions subject to collateral agreements — excluding foreign exchange spot trades, which are not typically covered by collateral agreements due to their short maturity and centrally cleared trades that are settled daily — was approximately 85% and 86% at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Refer to Note 4 for additional information on the Firm’s use of collateral agreements and for a further discussion of derivative contracts, counterparties and settlement types.
The fair value of derivative receivables reported on the Consolidated balance sheets was $60.5 billion and $61.0 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The decrease was primarily as a result of market movements. Derivative receivables represent the fair value of the derivative contracts after giving effect to legally enforceable master netting agreements and the related cash collateral held by the Firm.
In addition, the Firm holds liquid securities and other cash collateral that may be used as security when the fair value of the client’s exposure is in the Firm’s favor. For these purposes, the definition of liquid securities is consistent with the definition of high quality liquid assets as defined in the LCR rule.
In management’s view, the appropriate measure of current credit risk should also take into consideration other collateral, which generally represents securities that do not qualify as high quality liquid assets under the LCR rule. The benefits of these additional collateral amounts for each counterparty are subject to a legally enforceable master netting agreement and limited to the net amount of the derivative receivables for each counterparty.
The Firm also holds additional collateral (primarily cash, G7 government securities, other liquid government agency and guaranteed securities, and corporate debt and equity securities) delivered by clients at the initiation of transactions, as well as collateral related to contracts that have a non-daily call frequency and collateral that the Firm has agreed to return but has not yet settled as of the reporting date. Although this collateral does not reduce the receivables balances and is not included in the tables below, it is available as security against potential exposure that could arise should the fair value of the client’s derivative contracts move in the Firm’s favor. Refer to Note 4 for additional information on the Firm’s use of collateral agreements for derivative transactions.
59

The following tables summarize the net derivative receivables and the internal ratings profile for the periods presented.
Derivative receivables
(in millions)March 31,
2025		December 31,
2024
Total, net of cash collateral$60,539 $60,967 
Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivative receivables(27,290)(28,160)
Total, net of liquid securities and other cash collateral$33,249 $32,807 
Other collateral held against derivative receivables(1,069)(1,021)
Total, net of collateral$32,180 $31,786 
Ratings profile of derivative receivables

March 31, 2025December 31, 2024

(in millions, except ratios)
Exposure net of collateral% of exposure net of collateralExposure net of collateral% of exposure net of collateral
Investment-grade$24,974 78 %$23,783 75 %
Noninvestment-grade7,206 22 8,003 25 
Total$32,180 100 %$31,786 100 %
Credit portfolio management activities
The Firm uses credit derivatives for two primary purposes: first, in its capacity as a market-maker, and second, as an end-user, to manage the Firm’s own credit risk associated with traditional lending activities (loans and lending-related commitments) and derivatives counterparty exposure in the Firm’s wholesale businesses. In addition, the Firm obtains credit protection against certain loans in the retained wholesale portfolio through the issuance of credit-related notes. Information on credit portfolio management activities is provided in the table below.
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities
Notional amount of protection
purchased and sold(a)
(in millions)March 31,
2025		December 31,
2024
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used to manage:
Loans and lending-related commitments
$25,434 $25,216 
Derivative receivables14,661 15,672 
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities$40,095 $40,888 
(a)Amounts are presented net, considering the Firm’s net protection purchased or sold with respect to each underlying reference entity or index.
Refer to Credit derivatives in Note 4 of this Form 10-Q and Note 5 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further information on credit derivatives and derivatives used in credit portfolio management activities.
60

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
The Firm’s allowance for credit losses represents management's estimate of expected credit losses over the remaining expected life of the Firm's financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet lending-related commitments. The Firm's allowance for credit losses generally consists of:
•the allowance for loan losses, which covers the Firm’s retained loan portfolios (scored and risk-rated) and is presented separately on the Consolidated balance sheets,
•the allowance for lending-related commitments, which is reflected in accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets, and
•the allowance for credit losses on investment securities, which is reflected in investment securities on the Consolidated balance sheets.
Discussion of changes in the allowance
The allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2025 was $27.8 billion, reflecting a net addition of $1.0 billion from December 31, 2024. The net addition to the allowance for credit losses was largely driven by changes in the weighted-average macroeconomic outlook, including the qualitative adjustment to reflect additional weight placed on the adverse scenarios due to elevated risks and uncertainties related to the geopolitical and macroeconomic environment.
The net addition to the allowance for credit losses included:
•$562 million in wholesale, which also reflected changes in credit quality on client-specific exposures and the impact of new lending-related commitments, and
•$441 million in consumer, predominantly driven by Card Services.
The Firm's allowance for credit losses is estimated using a weighted average of five internally developed macroeconomic scenarios. The adverse scenarios incorporate more punitive macroeconomic factors than the central case assumptions provided in the following table, resulting in:
•a weighted average U.S. unemployment rate peaking at 5.8% in the first quarter of 2026, and
•a weighted average U.S. real GDP level that is 2.6% lower than the central case at the end of the second quarter of 2026.

The following table presents the Firm’s central case assumptions for the periods presented:
Central case assumptions
at March 31, 2025
2Q254Q252Q26
U.S. unemployment rate(a)
4.3 %4.3 %4.3 %
YoY growth in U.S. real GDP(b)
2.5 %2.2 %2.0 %
Central case assumptions
at December 31, 2024
2Q254Q252Q26
U.S. unemployment rate(a)
4.5 %4.3 %4.3 %
YoY growth in U.S. real GDP(b)
2.0 %1.9 %1.8 %
(a)Reflects quarterly average of forecasted U.S. unemployment rate.
(b)The year over year growth in U.S. real GDP in the forecast horizon of the central scenario is calculated as the percentage change in U.S. real GDP levels from the prior year.
Subsequent changes to this forecast and related estimates will be reflected in the provision for credit losses in future periods.
Refer to Note 13 and Note 10 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a description of the policies, methodologies and judgments used to determine the Firm’s allowance for credit losses on loans, lending-related commitments, and investment securities.
Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 49-51, Wholesale Credit Portfolio on pages 52-60 and Note 11 for additional information on the consumer and wholesale credit portfolios.
Refer to Critical Accounting Estimates Used by the Firm on pages 72–75 for further information on the allowance for credit losses and related management judgments.
61

Allowance for credit losses and related information
20252024
Three months ended March 31,
Consumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotalConsumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotal
(in millions, except ratios)
Allowance for loan losses
Beginning balance at January 1,$1,807 $14,600 $7,938 $24,345 $1,856 $12,450 $8,114 $22,420 
Gross charge-offs287 2,316 213 2,816 331 1,914 136 2,381 
Gross recoveries collected(124)(334)(26)(484)(148)(227)(50)(425)
Net charge-offs163 1,982 187 2,332 183 1,687 86 1,956 
Provision for loan losses214 2,382 597 3,193 56 1,837 (6)1,887 
Other— — 2 2 1 — (1)— 
Ending balance at March 31,
$1,858 $15,000 $8,350 $25,208 $1,730 $12,600 $8,021 $22,351 
Allowance for lending-related commitments
Beginning balance at January 1,$82 $— $2,019 $2,101 $75 $— $1,899 $1,974 
Provision for lending-related commitments(10)— 135 125 21 — (81)(60)
Other— — — — — — 2 2 
Ending balance at March 31,
$72 $— $2,154 $2,226 $96 $— $1,820 $1,916 
Impairment methodology
Asset-specific(a)
$(727)$— $692 $(35)$(873)$— $514 $(359)
Portfolio-based2,585 15,000 7,658 25,243 2,603 12,600 7,507 22,710 
Total allowance for loan losses$1,858 $15,000 $8,350 $25,208 $1,730 $12,600 $8,021 $22,351 
Impairment methodology
Asset-specific$— $— $135 $135 $— $— $85 $85 
Portfolio-based72 — 2,019 2,091 96 — 1,735 1,831 
Total allowance for lending-related commitments$72 $— $2,154 $2,226 $96 $— $1,820 $1,916 
Total allowance for investment securitiesNANANA$118 NANANA$154 
Total allowance for credit losses(b)
$1,930 $15,000 $10,504 $27,552 $1,826 $12,600 $9,841 $24,421 
Memo:
Retained loans, end-of-period$372,892 $223,384 $704,714 $1,300,990 $389,592 $206,740 $667,761 $1,264,093 
Retained loans, average374,466 224,350 686,585 1,285,401 394,033 204,637 664,588 1,263,258 
Credit ratios
Allowance for loan losses to retained loans0.50 %6.71 %1.18 %1.94 %0.44 %6.09 %1.20 %1.77 %
Allowance for loan losses to retained nonaccrual loans(c)
56 NA214 349 48 NA274 341 
Allowance for loan losses to retained nonaccrual loans excluding credit card56 NA214 142 48 NA274 149 
Net charge-off/(recovery) rates0.18 3.58 0.11 0.74 0.19 3.32 0.050.62 
(a)Includes collateral-dependent loans, including those for which foreclosure is deemed probable, and nonaccrual risk-rated loans.
(b)At March 31, 2025 and 2024, in addition to the allowance for credit losses in the table above, the Firm also had an allowance for credit losses of $283 million and $274 million, respectively, associated with certain accounts receivable in CIB.
(c)The Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status as permitted by regulatory guidance.

62

Allocation of allowance for loan losses
The table below presents a breakdown of the allowance for loan losses by loan class. Refer to Note 11 for further information on loan classes.
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024

(in millions, except ratios)		Allowance for loan lossesPercent of retained loans to total retained loansAllowance for loan lossesPercent of retained loans to total retained loans
Residential real estate$767 24 %$666 24 %
Auto and other1,091 5 1,141 5 
Consumer, excluding credit card1,858 29 1,807 29 
Credit card15,000 17 14,600 18 
Total consumer16,858 46 16,407 47 
Secured by real estate2,901 12 2,978 12 
Commercial and industrial3,589 13 3,350 13 
Other1,860 29 1,610 28 
Total wholesale8,350 54 7,938 53 
Total
$25,208 100 %$24,345 100 %

63

INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO RISK MANAGEMENT
Investment portfolio risk is the risk associated with the loss of principal or a reduction in expected returns on investments arising from the investment securities portfolio or from principal investments. The investment securities portfolio is predominantly held by Treasury and CIO in connection with the Firm’s balance sheet and asset-liability management objectives. Principal investments are predominantly privately-held financial instruments and are managed in the LOBs and Corporate. Investments are typically intended to be held over extended periods and, accordingly, the Firm has no expectation for short-term realized gains with respect to these investments.
Investment securities risk
Investment securities risk includes the exposure associated with a default in the payment of principal and interest. This risk is mitigated given that the investment securities portfolio held by Treasury and CIO predominantly consists of high-quality securities. At March 31, 2025, the Treasury and CIO investment securities portfolio, net of the allowance for credit losses, was $661.4 billion, and the average credit rating of the securities comprising the portfolio was AA+ (based upon external ratings where available, and where not available, based primarily upon internal risk ratings). Refer to Corporate results on pages 30-31 and Note 9 for further information on the investment securities portfolio and internal risk ratings. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 40-46 for further information on related liquidity risk. Refer to Market Risk Management on pages 65-70 for further information on the market risk inherent in the portfolio.
Principal investment risk
Principal investments are typically privately-held financial instruments representing ownership interests or other forms of junior capital. In general, principal investments include tax-oriented investments and investments made to enhance or accelerate the Firm’s business strategies and exclude those that are consolidated on the Firm's balance sheets. These investments are made by dedicated investing businesses or as part of a broader business strategy. The Firm’s principal investments are managed by the LOBs and Corporate and are reflected within their respective financial results. The Firm’s investments will continue to evolve based on market circumstances and in line with its strategic initiatives.
The table below presents the aggregate carrying values of the principal investment portfolios as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
(in billions)March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Tax-oriented investments, primarily in alternative energy and affordable housing
$33.0 $33.3 
Private equity, various debt and equity instruments, and real assets
9.4 9.1 
Total carrying value$42.4 $42.4 
Refer to page 140 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s Investment Portfolio Risk Management governance and oversight.
64

MARKET RISK MANAGEMENT
Market risk is the risk associated with the effect of changes in market factors such as interest and foreign exchange rates, equity and commodity prices, credit spreads or implied volatilities, on the value of assets and liabilities held for both the short and long term. Refer to Market Risk Management on pages 141–149 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s Market Risk Management organization, market risk measurement, risk monitoring and control, and predominant business activities that give rise to market risk.
Models used to measure market risk are inherently imprecise and are limited in their ability to measure certain risks or to predict losses. This imprecision may be heightened when sudden or severe shifts in market conditions occur. For additional discussion on model uncertainty refer to Estimations and Model Risk Management on page 160 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K.
Market Risk Management periodically reviews the Firm’s existing market risk measures to identify opportunities for enhancement, and to the extent appropriate, will calibrate those measures accordingly over time.
Value-at-risk
JPMorganChase utilizes value-at-risk (“VaR”), a statistical risk measure, to estimate the potential loss from adverse market moves in the current market environment. The Firm has a single VaR framework used as a basis for calculating Risk Management VaR and Regulatory VaR.
The Firm’s Risk Management VaR is calculated assuming a one-day holding period and an expected tail-loss methodology which approximates a 95% confidence level. For risk management purposes, the Firm believes this methodology provides a daily measure of risk that is closely aligned to risk management decisions made by the LOBs and Corporate and, along with other market risk measures, provides the appropriate information needed to respond to risk events. The Firm calculates separately a daily aggregated VaR in accordance with regulatory rules (“Regulatory VaR”), which is used to derive the Firm’s regulatory VaR-based capital requirements under Basel III.
The Firm’s VaR model calculations are periodically evaluated and enhanced in response to changes in the composition of the Firm’s portfolios, changes in market conditions, improvements in the Firm’s modeling techniques and measurements, and other factors. Such changes may affect historical comparisons of VaR results. Refer to Estimations and Model Risk Management on page 160 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for information regarding model reviews and approvals.
Refer to page 143 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further information regarding VaR, including its inherent limitations, and the key differences between Risk Management VaR and Regulatory VaR. Refer to JPMorganChase’s Basel III Pillar 3 Regulatory Capital Disclosures reports, which are available on the Firm’s website, for additional information on Regulatory VaR and the other components of market risk regulatory capital for the Firm (e.g., VaR-based measure, stressed VaR-based measure and the respective backtesting). Refer to Other risk measures on pages 146–149 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further information regarding nonstatistical market risk measures used by the Firm.










65

The table below shows the results of the Firm’s Risk Management VaR measure using a 95% confidence level. VaR can vary significantly as positions change, market volatility fluctuates, and diversification benefits change.
Total VaR
Three months ended
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024March 31, 2024
(in millions) Avg.MinMax Avg.MinMax Avg.MinMax
CIB trading VaR by risk type
Fixed income$37 $27 $51 $34 $29 $48 $35 $30 $39 
Foreign exchange9 6 12 14 7 20 13 8 19 
Equities25 
(e)
10 138 
(e)
10 7 14 6 4 13 
Commodities and other29 10 48 8 7 13 7 6 10 
Diversification benefit to CIB trading VaR(a)
(55)NM NM(33)NMNM(29)NMNM
CIB trading VaR45 32 

142 

33 27 42 32 27 40 
Credit Portfolio VaR(b)
21 18 26 20 18 23 24 20 28 
Diversification benefit to CIB VaR(a)
(19) NM NM(16)NMNM(15)NMNM
CIB VaR47 33 

133 

37 27 52 41 36 50 
CCB VaR4 3 7 4 2 5 3 1 6 
AWM VaR(c)
9 8 9 9 5 

9 

NMNMNM
Corporate VaR(d)
10 9 

12 9 8 10 14 13 15 
Diversification benefit to other VaR(a)
(11) NM NM

(11)

NMNM(3)NMNM
Other VaR12 11 14 11 10 13 14 12 16 
Diversification benefit to CIB and other VaR(a)
(9)NM NM

(8)NMNM(7)NMNM
Total VaR$50 $36 

$136 $40 $30 $55 $48 $43 $58 
(a)Diversification benefit represents the difference between the portfolio VaR and the sum of its individual components. This reflects the non-additive nature of VaR due to imperfect correlation across LOBs, Corporate, and risk types. For maximum and minimum VaR, diversification benefit is not meaningful as the maximum and minimum VaR for each portfolio may have occurred on different trading days than the components.
(b)Includes the derivative CVA, hedges of the CVA and credit protection purchased against certain retained loans and lending-related commitments, which are reported in principal transactions revenue. This VaR does not include the retained loan portfolio, which is not reported at fair value.
(c)Includes credit protection purchased against certain retained loans and lending-related commitments. This VaR does not include the retained loan portfolio, which is not reported at fair value.
(d)Includes a legacy private equity position which is publicly traded.
(e)In the first quarter of 2025, the elevated average and maximum VaR was due to a client-driven equity position that has since matured.
Quarter over quarter results
Average total VaR for the three months ended March 31, 2025 increased by $10 million, when compared with December 31, 2024, due to a client-driven equity position that has since matured and increases in commodities, both amid a volatile market. This was partially offset by market volatility rolling out of the one-year historical look-back period impacting the Foreign exchange risk type.
Year over year results
Average total VaR for the three months ended March 31, 2025 increased by $2 million compared with the same period in the prior year due to a client-driven equity position that has since matured and increases in commodities, both amid a volatile market. This was partially offset by market volatility rolling out of the one-year historical look-back period impacting the Foreign exchange risk type.
The following graph presents daily Risk Management VaR for the five trailing quarters. The movements in the second quarter of 2024 were primarily driven by changes in Visa Class C common share exposure in the Firm's Corporate VaR and the movements in the first quarter of 2025 were due to a client-driven equity position that has since matured.
Daily Risk Management VaR
5222
First Quarter
2024
Second Quarter
2024
Third Quarter
2024		Fourth Quarter
2024		First Quarter
2025
66

VaR backtesting
The Firm performs daily VaR model backtesting, which compares the daily Risk Management VaR results with the daily gains and losses that are utilized for VaR backtesting purposes. The gains and losses depicted in the chart below do not reflect the Firm’s reported revenue as they exclude certain components of total net revenue, such as those associated with the execution of new transactions (i.e., intraday client-driven trading and intraday risk management activities), fees, commissions, other valuation adjustments and net interest income. These excluded components of total net revenue may more than offset the backtesting gain or loss on a particular day. The definition of backtesting gains and losses above is consistent with the requirements for backtesting under Basel III capital rules.
A backtesting exception occurs when the daily backtesting loss exceeds the daily Risk Management VaR for the prior day. Under the Firm’s Risk Management VaR methodology, assuming current changes in market values are consistent with the historical changes used in the simulation, the Firm would expect to incur VaR backtesting exceptions five times every 100 trading days on average. The number of VaR backtesting exceptions observed can differ from the statistically expected number of backtesting exceptions if the current level of market volatility is materially different from the level of market volatility during the 12 months of historical data used in the VaR calculation.
For the 12 months ended March 31, 2025, the Firm posted backtesting gains on 172 of the 259 days, and observed 11 VaR backtesting exceptions. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Firm posted backtesting gains on 42 of the 63 days, and observed three VaR backtesting exceptions.
The following chart presents the distribution of Firmwide daily backtesting gains and losses for the trailing 12 months and three months ended March 31, 2025. The daily backtesting losses are displayed as a percentage of the corresponding daily Risk Management VaR. The count of days with backtesting losses are shown in aggregate, in fifty percentage point intervals. Backtesting exceptions are displayed within the intervals that are greater than one hundred percent. The results in the chart below differ from the results of backtesting disclosed in the Market Risk section of the Firm’s Basel III Pillar 3 Regulatory Capital Disclosures reports, which are based on Regulatory VaR applied to the Firm’s covered positions.

Distribution of Daily Backtesting Gains and Losses

1Q25 VaR Chart.jpg
67

Structural interest rate risk management
The effect of interest rate exposure on the Firm’s reported net income is important as interest rate risk represents one of the Firm’s significant market risks. Interest rate risk arises not only from trading activities which are included in VaR, but also from the Firm’s traditional banking activities, which include extension of loans and credit facilities, taking deposits, issuing debt, as well as the investment securities portfolio, and associated derivative instruments.
Refer to the table on page 142 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a summary by LOB and Corporate identifying positions included in earnings-at-risk.
Earnings-at-risk
One way that the Firm evaluates its structural interest rate risk is through earnings-at-risk. Earnings-at-risk estimates the Firm’s interest rate exposure for a given interest rate scenario. It is presented as a sensitivity to a baseline, which includes net interest income and certain interest rate sensitive fees. The baseline uses market interest rates and, in the case of deposits, pricing assumptions. The Firm conducts simulations of changes to this baseline for interest rate-sensitive assets and liabilities denominated in U.S. dollars and other currencies (“non-U.S. dollar” currencies). These simulations primarily include retained and held-for-sale loans, deposits, deposits with banks and financing activities, investment securities, long-term debt, related interest rate hedges, and funds transfer pricing of other positions in risk management VaR and other sensitivity-based measures as described on page 142 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K. These simulations also include hedges of non-U.S. dollar foreign exchange exposures arising from capital investments. Refer to non-U.S. dollar foreign exchange risk on page 149 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for more information.
Earnings-at-risk scenarios estimate the potential change to a baseline, over the following 12 months utilizing multiple assumptions. These scenarios include a parallel shift involving changes to both short-term and long-term rates by an equal amount; a steeper yield curve involving holding short-term rates constant and increasing long-term rates; and a flatter yield curve involving increasing short-term rates and holding long-term rates constant or holding short-term rates constant and decreasing long-term rates. These scenarios consider many different factors, including:
•The impact on exposures as a result of instantaneous changes in interest rates from baseline rates.

•Forecasted balance sheet, as well as modeled prepayment and reinvestment behavior, but excluding assumptions about actions that could be taken by the Firm or its clients and customers in response to instantaneous rate changes. Mortgage prepayment assumptions are based on the interest rates used in the scenarios compared with underlying contractual rates, the time since origination, and other factors which are updated periodically based on historical experience. Deposit forecasts are a key assumption in the Firm’s earnings-at-risk. The baseline reflects certain assumptions relating to the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet policy (e.g., quantitative tightening and usage at the Reverse Repurchase Facility) that require management judgment. The amount of deposits that the Firm holds at any given time may be influenced by Federal Reserve actions, as well as broader monetary conditions and competition for deposits.
•The pricing sensitivity of deposits, known as deposit betas, represent the amount by which deposit rates paid could change upon a given change in market interest rates. Actual deposit rates paid may differ from the modeled assumptions, primarily due to customer behavior and competition for deposits.
The Firm performs sensitivity analyses of the assumptions used in earnings-at-risk scenarios, including with respect to deposit betas and forecasts of deposit balances, both of which are especially significant in the case of consumer deposits. The results of these sensitivity analyses are reported to the CTC Risk Committee and the Board Risk Committee.
The Firm’s earnings-at-risk scenarios are periodically evaluated and enhanced in response to changes in the composition of the Firm’s balance sheet, changes in market conditions, improvements in the Firm’s simulation and other factors.
The Firm’s earnings-at-risk sensitivities are measures of the Firm’s interest rate exposure. The Firm’s actual net interest income for the rate changes presented may differ as the earnings-at-risk scenarios are modelled as instantaneous changes and exclude any actions that could be taken by the Firm or its clients or customers in response to rate changes. Other significant assumptions in the earnings-at-risk scenarios, including mortgage prepayments and deposit rates paid, may also differ from actual results. The Firm’s forecast for net interest income is included in the Firm’s outlook on page 8.
68

The Firm’s sensitivities are presented in the table below.
(In billions)
March 31, 2025(a)

December 31, 2024(a)
Parallel shift:
+100 bps shift in rates$2.2 $2.3 
-100 bps shift in rates(2.2)(2.5)
+200 bps shift in rates4.3 4.6 
-200 bps shift in rates(4.8)(4.9)
Steeper yield curve:
+100 bps shift in long-term rates1.1 1.0 
-100 bps shift in short-term rates(1.1)(1.4)
Flatter yield curve:
+100 bps shift in short-term rates1.0 1.2 
-100 bps shift in long-term rates(1.1)(1.1)
(a)Reflects the simultaneous shift of U.S. dollar and non-U.S. dollar rates, including hedges of non-U.S. dollar capital investments. Non-U.S. dollar sensitivities were insignificant.
The change in the Firm’s sensitivities as of March 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024, were primarily driven by the net impact of Treasury and CIO actions, partially offset by the impact of changes in Firmwide deposits and loans, primarily in balances. Treasury and CIO actions consisted of an increase in cash flow hedges of floating rate retained loans which added duration, partially offset by securities activity.
Economic value sensitivity
In addition to earnings-at-risk, which is measured as a sensitivity to a baseline of earnings over the next 12 months, the Firm also measures economic value sensitivity (“EVS”). EVS stress tests the longer-term economic value of equity by measuring the sensitivity of the Firm’s current balance sheet, primarily retained loans, deposits, debt and investment securities as well as related hedges, under various interest rate scenarios. The Firm's pricing and cash flow assumptions associated with deposits, as well as prepayment assumptions for loans and securities, are significant factors in the EVS measure. In accordance with the CTC interest rate risk management policy, the Firm has established limits on EVS as a percentage of TCE.
Certain assumptions used in the EVS measure may differ from those required in the fair value measurement note to the Consolidated Financial Statements. For example, certain assets and liabilities with no stated maturity, such as credit card receivables and deposits, have longer assumed durations in the EVS measure. Additional information on long-term debt and held to maturity investment securities is disclosed on page 95 in Note 2.
69

Other sensitivity-based measures
The Firm quantifies the market risk of certain debt and equity and credit and funding-related exposures by assessing the potential impact on net revenue, other comprehensive income (“OCI”) and noninterest expense due to changes in relevant market variables. Refer to the predominant business activities that give rise to market risk on page 142 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on the positions captured in other sensitivity-based measures.
The table below represents the potential impact to net revenue, OCI or noninterest expense for market risk-sensitive instruments that are not included in VaR or earnings-at-risk. Where appropriate, instruments used for hedging purposes are reported net of the positions being hedged. The sensitivities disclosed in the table below may not be representative of the actual gain or loss that would have been realized at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, as the movement in market parameters across maturities may vary and are not intended to imply management’s expectation of future changes in these sensitivities.
Gain/(loss) (in millions)
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
ActivityDescriptionSensitivity measure
Debt and equity(a)
Asset Management activities
Consists of seed capital and related hedges; fund co-investments(b); and certain deferred compensation and related hedges(c)
10% decline in market value$(50)$(53)
Other debt and equity
Consists of certain real estate-related fair value option elected loans, privately held equity and other investments held at fair value(b)
10% decline in market value(977)(1,030)
Funding-related exposures
Non-USD LTD cross-currency basis
Represents the basis risk on derivatives used to hedge the foreign exchange risk on the non-USD LTD(d)
1 basis point parallel tightening of cross currency basis(12)(10)
Non-USD LTD hedges foreign currency (“FX”) exposure
Primarily represents the foreign exchange revaluation on the fair value of the derivative hedges(d)
10% depreciation of currency25 28 
Derivatives – funding spread risk
Impact of changes in the spread related to derivatives FVA(b)
1 basis point parallel increase in spread(2)(2)
Fair value option elected liabilities – funding spread risk
Impact of changes in the spread related to fair value option elected liabilities DVA(d)
1 basis point parallel increase in spread51 47 
(a)Excludes equity securities without readily determinable fair values that are measured under the measurement alternative. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
(b)Impact recognized through net revenue.
(c)Impact recognized through noninterest expense.
(d)Impact recognized through OCI.
70

COUNTRY RISK MANAGEMENT
The Firm, through its LOBs and Corporate, may be exposed to country risk resulting from financial, economic, political or other significant developments which adversely affect the value of the Firm’s exposures related to a particular country or set of countries. The Country Risk Management group actively monitors the various portfolios which may be impacted by these developments and measures the extent to which the Firm’s exposures are diversified given the Firm’s strategy and risk tolerance relative to a country.
Refer to pages 150–151 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the Firm’s country risk management.
Risk Reporting
The following table presents the Firm’s top 20 exposures by country (excluding the U.S.) as of March 31, 2025 and their comparative exposures as of December 31, 2024. The top 20 country exposures represent the Firm’s largest total exposures by individual country. Country exposures may fluctuate from period to period due to a variety of factors, including client activity, market flows and liquidity management activities undertaken by the Firm.
The decrease in exposure to Japan when compared to December 31, 2024 was predominantly driven by a reduction in cash placed with the central bank of Japan as a result of client-driven market-making activities.
The Firm continues to monitor its exposure to Russia, which corresponds to cash placed with the central bank, but which excludes deposits placed on behalf of clients at the Deposit Insurance Agency of Russia. The Firm currently believes that its remaining exposure to Russia is not material. Refer to Note 24 on pages 165-166 for information concerning Russian litigation.
Top 20 country exposures (excluding the U.S.)(a)
March 31, 2025
December 31, 2024(f)

(in billions)
Deposits with banks(b)
Lending(c)
Trading and investing(d)
Other
(e)
Total exposureTotal exposure
Germany$95.2 $14.1 $4.2 $0.8 $114.3 $103.9 
United Kingdom21.4 23.9 33.5 1.3 80.1 76.1 
Japan21.3 3.1 6.8 0.4 31.6 63.1 
France0.5 12.6 5.9 1.0 20.0 18.0 
Australia6.8 8.8 1.8 — 17.4 14.3 
Brazil8.0 4.3 4.9 — 17.2 14.7 
Canada1.7 10.2 4.2 0.2 16.3 15.1 
India1.5 5.2 9.0 0.2 15.9 11.3 
Switzerland5.4 5.6 2.0 1.2 14.2 13.6 
Mainland China3.0 6.5 2.7 — 12.2 13.4 
South Korea0.7 3.0 6.8 0.4 10.9 10.3 
Italy0.1 8.3 1.6 0.4 10.4 10.4 
Saudi Arabia0.7 5.4 2.7 — 8.8 9.4 
Mexico1.9 5.0 1.6 — 8.5 7.2 
Singapore1.5 2.2 4.2 0.2 8.1 7.4 
Netherlands0.1 6.8 0.3 0.1 7.3 5.9 
Belgium4.5 1.3 0.3 — 6.1 5.4 
Spain0.3 4.6 0.6 — 5.5 6.1 
United Arab Emirates0.1 3.0 1.3 — 4.4 2.6 
Sweden0.2 3.4 0.5 — 4.1 3.3 
(a)Country exposures presented in the table reflect 88% and 89% of total Firmwide non-U.S. exposure, where exposure is attributed to an individual country based on the Firm’s internal country risk management approach, at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
(b)Predominantly represents cash placed with central banks.
(c)Includes loans and accrued interest receivable, lending-related commitments (net of eligible collateral and the allowance for credit losses). Excludes intra-day and operating exposures, such as those from settlement and clearing activities.
(d)Includes market-making positions and hedging, investment securities, and counterparty exposure on derivative and securities financings net of eligible collateral. Market-making positions and hedging includes exposure from single reference entity (“single-name”), index and other multiple reference entity transactions for which one or more of the underlying reference entities is in a country listed in the above table.
(e)Includes physical commodities inventory and clearing house guarantee funds.
(f)The country rankings presented in the table as of December 31, 2024, are based on the country rankings of the corresponding exposures at March 31, 2025, not actual rankings of such exposures at December 31, 2024.
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES USED BY THE FIRM
JPMorganChase’s accounting policies and use of estimates are integral to understanding its reported results. The Firm’s most complex accounting estimates require management’s judgment to ascertain the appropriate carrying value of assets and liabilities. The Firm has established policies and control procedures intended to ensure that estimation methods, including any judgments made as part of such methods, are well-controlled, independently reviewed and applied consistently from period to period. The methods used and judgments made reflect, among other factors, the nature of the assets or liabilities and the related business and risk management strategies, which may vary across the Firm’s businesses and portfolios. In addition, the policies and procedures are intended to ensure that the process for changing methodologies occurs in an appropriate manner. The Firm believes its estimates for determining the carrying value of its assets and liabilities are appropriate. The following is a brief description of the Firm’s critical accounting estimates involving significant judgments.
Allowance for credit losses
The Firm’s allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of expected credit losses over the remaining expected life of the Firm’s financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet lending-related commitments. The allowance for credit losses generally comprises:
•The allowance for loan losses, which covers the Firm’s retained loan portfolios (scored and risk-rated),
•The allowance for lending-related commitments, and
•The allowance for credit losses on investment securities.
The allowance for credit losses involves significant judgment on a number of matters including development and weighting of macroeconomic forecasts, incorporation of historical loss experience, assessment of risk characteristics, assignment of risk ratings, valuation of collateral, and the determination of remaining expected life. Refer to Note 10 and Note 13 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K for further information on these judgments as well as the Firm’s policies and methodologies used to determine the Firm’s allowance for credit losses, and Allowance for credit losses on pages 61-63 and Note 12 of this Form 10-Q for further information.
One of the most significant judgments involved in estimating the Firm’s allowance for credit losses relates to the macroeconomic forecasts used to estimate credit losses over the eight-quarter forecast period within the Firm’s methodology. The eight-
quarter forecast incorporates hundreds of macroeconomic variables ("MEVs") that are relevant for exposures across the Firm, with modeled credit losses being driven primarily by a subset of less than twenty variables. The specific variables that have the greatest effect on the modeled losses vary by portfolio and geography.
•Key MEVs for the consumer portfolio include regional U.S. unemployment rates and U.S. HPI.
•Key MEVs for the wholesale portfolio include U.S. unemployment, U.S. real GDP, U.S. equity prices, U.S. interest rates, U.S. corporate credit spreads, oil prices, U.S. commercial real estate prices and U.S. HPI.
Changes in the Firm’s assumptions and forecasts of economic conditions could significantly affect its estimate of expected credit losses in the portfolio at the balance sheet date or lead to significant changes in the estimate from one reporting period to the next.
It is difficult to estimate how potential changes in any one factor or input might affect the overall allowance for credit losses because management considers a wide variety of factors and inputs in estimating the allowance for credit losses. Changes in the factors and inputs considered may not occur at the same rate and may not be consistent across all geographies or product types, and changes in factors and inputs may be directionally inconsistent, such that improvement in one factor or input may offset deterioration in others.
To consider the impact of a hypothetical alternate macroeconomic forecast, the Firm compared the modeled credit losses determined using its central and relative adverse macroeconomic scenarios, which are two of the five scenarios considered in estimating the allowances for loan losses and lending-related commitments. The central and relative adverse scenarios each included a full suite of MEVs, but differed in the levels, paths and peaks/troughs of those variables over the eight-quarter forecast period.
For example, compared to the Firm’s central scenario shown on page 61 and in Note 12, the Firm’s relative adverse scenario assumes an elevated U.S. unemployment rate, averaging approximately 2.1% higher over the eight-quarter forecast, with a peak difference of approximately 2.9% in the first quarter of 2026.
This analysis is not intended to estimate expected future changes in the allowance for credit losses, for a number of reasons, including:
•The allowance as of March 31, 2025, reflects credit losses beyond those estimated under the central scenario due to the weight placed on the adverse scenarios.
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•The impacts of changes in many MEVs are both interrelated and nonlinear, so the results of this analysis cannot be simply extrapolated for more severe changes in macroeconomic variables.
•Expectations of future changes in portfolio composition and borrower behavior can significantly affect the allowance for credit losses.
To demonstrate the sensitivity of credit loss estimates to macroeconomic forecasts as of March 31, 2025, the Firm compared the modeled estimates under its relative adverse scenario to its central scenario. Without considering offsetting or correlated effects in other qualitative components of the Firm’s allowance for credit losses, the comparison between these two scenarios for the exposures below reflect the following differences:
•An increase of approximately $1.0 billion for residential real estate loans and lending-related commitments
•An increase of approximately $3.7 billion for credit card loans
•An increase of approximately $4.6 billion for wholesale loans and lending-related commitments
This analysis relates only to the modeled credit loss estimates and is not intended to estimate changes in the overall allowance for credit losses as it does not reflect any potential changes in other adjustments to the quantitative calculation, which would also be influenced by the judgment management applies to the modeled lifetime loss estimates to reflect the uncertainty and imprecision of these modeled lifetime loss estimates based on then-current circumstances and conditions.
Recognizing that forecasts of macroeconomic conditions are inherently uncertain, the Firm believes that its process to consider the available information and associated risks and uncertainties is appropriately governed and that its estimates of expected credit losses were reasonable and appropriate for the period ended March 31, 2025.
Fair value
JPMorganChase carries a portion of its assets and liabilities at fair value. The majority of such assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, including trading assets and liabilities, AFS securities, structured note products and certain securities financing agreements. Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, including certain mortgage, home equity and other loans, where the carrying value is based on the fair value of the underlying collateral.
Assets measured at fair value
The following table includes the Firm’s assets measured at fair value and the portion of such assets that are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Refer to Note 2 for further information.
March 31, 2025
(in millions, except ratios)
Total assets at fair valueTotal level 3 assets
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$408,608 $— 
Securities borrowed89,147 — 
Trading assets:
Trading–debt and equity instruments814,664 2,205 
Derivative receivables(a)
60,539 9,105 
Total trading assets875,203 11,310 
AFS securities399,363 8 
Loans44,533 2,398 
MSRs9,127 9,127 
Other17,000 1,370 
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis
1,842,981 24,213 
Total assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis
1,699 699 
Total assets measured at fair value
$1,844,680 $24,912 
Total Firm assets$4,357,856 
Level 3 assets at fair value as a percentage of total Firm assets(a)
1 %
Level 3 assets at fair value as a percentage of total Firm assets at fair value(a)
1 %
(a)For purposes of the table above, the derivative receivables total reflects the impact of netting adjustments; however, the $9.1 billion of derivative receivables classified as level 3 does not reflect the netting adjustment as such netting is not relevant to a presentation based on the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset. The level 3 balances would be reduced if netting were applied, including the netting benefit associated with cash collateral.
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Valuation
Details of the Firm’s processes for determining fair value are set out in Note 2. Estimating fair value requires the application of judgment. The type and level of judgment required is largely dependent on the amount of observable market information available to the Firm. For instruments valued using internally developed valuation models and other valuation techniques that use significant unobservable inputs and are therefore classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, judgments used to estimate fair value are more significant than those required when estimating the fair value of instruments classified within levels 1 and 2.
In arriving at an estimate of fair value for an instrument within level 3, management must first determine the appropriate valuation model or other valuation technique to use. Second, the lack of observability of certain significant inputs requires management to assess relevant empirical data in deriving valuation inputs including, for example, transaction details, yield curves, interest rates, prepayment speeds, default rates, volatilities, correlations, prices (such as commodity, equity or debt prices), valuations of comparable instruments, foreign exchange rates and credit curves. Refer to Note 2 for a further discussion of the valuation of level 3 instruments, including unobservable inputs used.
For instruments classified in levels 2 and 3, management judgment must be applied to assess the appropriate level of valuation adjustments to reflect counterparty credit quality, the Firm’s creditworthiness, market funding rates, liquidity considerations, unobservable parameters, and for portfolios that meet specified criteria, the size of the net open risk position. The judgments made are typically affected by the type of product and its specific contractual terms, and the level of liquidity for the product or within the market as a whole. In periods of heightened market volatility and uncertainty judgments are further affected by the wider variation of reasonable valuation estimates, particularly for positions that are less liquid. Refer to Note 2 for a further discussion of valuation adjustments applied by the Firm.

Imprecision in estimating unobservable market inputs or other factors can affect the amount of gain or loss recorded for a particular position. Furthermore, while the Firm believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with those of other market participants, the methods and assumptions used reflect management judgment and may vary across the Firm’s businesses and portfolios.
The Firm uses various methodologies and assumptions in the determination of fair value. The use of methodologies or assumptions different than those used by the Firm could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. Refer to Note 2 for a detailed discussion of the Firm’s valuation process and hierarchy, and its determination of fair value for individual financial instruments.
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Credit card rewards liability
The credit card rewards liability was $14.6 billion and $14.4 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is recorded in accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets. Refer to pages 163-164 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a description of the significant assumptions and sensitivities, associated with the Firm’s credit card rewards liability.
Income taxes
Refer to Income taxes on page 164 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a description of the significant assumptions, judgments and interpretations associated with the accounting for income taxes.
Goodwill impairment
Management applies significant judgment when testing goodwill for impairment. Refer to Goodwill impairment on page 163 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a description of the significant valuation judgments associated with goodwill impairment.
Refer to Note 14 for additional information on goodwill, including the goodwill impairment assessment as of March 31, 2025.
Litigation reserves
Refer to Note 24 of this Form 10-Q, and Note 30 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a description of the significant estimates and judgments associated with establishing litigation reserves.
75

ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING DEVELOPMENTS
FASB Standards Issued but not yet Adopted
Standard
Summary of guidance
Effects on financial statements
Income Taxes: Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

Issued December 2023
•Requires disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by 1) federal, state, and foreign taxes and 2) individual jurisdiction on the basis of a quantitative threshold of equal to or greater than 5 percent of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received).
•Requires disclosure of the effective tax rate reconciliation by specific categories, at a minimum, with accompanying qualitative disclosures, and separate disclosure of reconciling items based on quantitative thresholds.
•Requires categories within the effective tax rate reconciliation to be further disaggregated if quantitative thresholds are met.
•Required effective date: Annual financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2025.
•The guidance is to be applied on a prospective basis with retrospective application permitted.
•The Firm plans to present the expanded income tax disclosures in its Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ending December 31, 2025.
Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures: Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses

Issued November 2024
•Requires additional disaggregation of specific types of expenses within the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements on an annual and interim basis.
•Required effective date: Annual financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2027, and interim financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2028. (a)
•The guidance is to be applied on a prospective basis with retrospective application permitted.
•The Firm is evaluating the potential impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements disclosures, as well as the Firm’s planned date of adoption.

(a)Early adoption is permitted.
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
From time to time, the Firm has made and will make forward-looking statements. These statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Forward-looking statements often use words such as “anticipate,” “target,” “expect,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “goal,” “believe,” or other words of similar meaning. Forward-looking statements provide JPMorganChase’s current expectations or forecasts of future events, circumstances, results or aspirations. JPMorganChase’s disclosures in this Form 10-Q contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The Firm also may make forward-looking statements in its other documents filed or furnished with the SEC. In addition, the Firm’s senior management may make forward-looking statements orally to investors, analysts, representatives of the media and others.
All forward-looking statements are, by their nature, subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the Firm’s control. JPMorganChase’s actual future results may differ materially from those set forth in its forward-looking statements. While there is no assurance that any list of risks and uncertainties or risk factors is complete, below are certain factors which could cause actual results to differ from those in the forward-looking statements:
•Local, regional and global business, economic and political conditions and geopolitical events, including geopolitical tensions and hostilities;
•Changes in laws, rules and regulatory requirements, including capital and liquidity requirements affecting the Firm’s businesses, and the ability of the Firm to address those requirements;
•Heightened regulatory and governmental oversight and scrutiny of JPMorganChase’s business practices, including dealings with retail customers;
•Changes in monetary and fiscal policies and laws;
•Changes in trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs and retaliatory responses;
•Changes in the level of inflation;
•Changes in income tax laws, rules and regulations;
•Changes in FDIC assessments;
•Securities and capital markets behavior, including changes in market liquidity and volatility;
•Changes in investor sentiment or consumer spending or savings behavior;
•Ability of the Firm to manage effectively its capital and liquidity;
•Changes in credit ratings assigned to the Firm or its subsidiaries;
•Damage to the Firm’s reputation;
•Ability of the Firm to appropriately address social, environmental and sustainability concerns that may arise, including from its business activities;
•Ability of the Firm to deal effectively with an economic slowdown or other economic or market disruption, including, but not limited to, in the interest rate environment;
•Technology changes instituted by the Firm, its counterparties or competitors;
•The effectiveness of the Firm’s control agenda;
•Ability of the Firm to develop or discontinue products and services, and the extent to which products or services previously sold by the Firm require the Firm to incur liabilities or absorb losses not contemplated at their initiation or origination;
•Acceptance of the Firm’s new and existing products and services by the marketplace and the ability of the Firm to innovate and to increase market share;
•Ability of the Firm to attract and retain qualified employees;
•Ability of the Firm to control expenses;
•Competitive pressures;
•Changes in the credit quality of the Firm’s clients, customers and counterparties;
•Adequacy of the Firm’s risk management framework, disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting;
•Adverse judicial or regulatory proceedings;
•Ability of the Firm to determine accurate values of certain assets and liabilities;
•Occurrence of natural or man-made disasters or calamities, including health emergencies, the spread of infectious diseases, epidemics or pandemics, an outbreak or escalation of hostilities or other geopolitical instabilities, the effects of climate change or extraordinary events beyond the Firm's control, and the Firm’s ability to deal effectively with disruptions caused by the foregoing;
•Ability of the Firm to maintain the security of its financial, accounting, technology, data processing and other operational systems and facilities;
•Ability of the Firm to withstand disruptions that may be caused by any failure of its operational systems or those of third parties;
•Ability of the Firm to effectively defend itself against cyber attacks and other attempts by unauthorized parties to access information of the Firm or its customers or to disrupt the Firm’s systems; and
•The other risks and uncertainties detailed in Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors in JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K.
Any forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of the Firm speak only as of the date they are made, and JPMorganChase does not undertake to update any forward-looking statements. The reader should, however, consult any further disclosures of a forward-looking nature the Firm may make in any subsequent Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q or Current Reports on Form 8-K.
77



JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated statements of income (unaudited)
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions, except per share data)20252024
Revenue
Investment banking fees$2,178 $1,954 
Principal transactions7,614 6,790 
Lending- and deposit-related fees2,132 1,902 
Asset management fees4,700 4,146 
Commissions and other fees2,033 1,805 
Investment securities losses(37)(366)
Mortgage fees and related income278 275 
Card income1,216 1,218 
Other income1,923 1,128 
Noninterest revenue22,037 18,852 
Interest income46,853 47,438 
Interest expense23,580 24,356 
Net interest income23,273 23,082 
Total net revenue45,310 41,934 
Provision for credit losses3,305 1,884 
Noninterest expense
Compensation expense14,093 13,118 
Occupancy expense1,302 1,211 
Technology, communications and equipment expense2,578 2,421 
Professional and outside services2,839 2,548 
Marketing1,304 1,160 
Other expense1,481 2,299 
Total noninterest expense23,597 22,757 
Income before income tax expense18,408 17,293 
Income tax expense3,765 3,874 
Net income$14,643 $13,419 
Net income applicable to common stockholders$14,317 $12,942 
Net income per common share data
Basic earnings per share$5.08 $4.45 
Diluted earnings per share5.07 4.44 
Weighted-average basic shares2,819.4 2,908.3 
Weighted-average diluted shares2,824.3 2,912.8 
The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.
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JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated statements of comprehensive income (unaudited)
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Net income$14,643 $13,419 
Other comprehensive income/(loss), after–tax
Unrealized gains on investment securities
953 141 
Translation adjustments, net of hedges489 (204)
Fair value hedges28 (21)
Cash flow hedges1,674 (889)
Defined benefit pension and OPEB plans(16)26 
DVA on fair value option elected liabilities217 (249)
Total other comprehensive income/(loss), after–tax3,345 (1,196)
Comprehensive income$17,988 $12,223 
The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.

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JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated balance sheets (unaudited)
(in millions, except share data)March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Assets
Cash and due from banks$22,066 $23,372 
Deposits with banks403,837 445,945 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements (included $408,608 and $286,771 at fair value)
429,506 295,001 
Securities borrowed (included $89,147 and $83,962 at fair value)
238,702 219,546 
Trading assets (included assets pledged of $223,007 and $136,070)
875,203 637,784 
Available-for-sale securities (amortized cost of $402,316 and $411,045; included assets pledged of $11,383 and $10,162)
399,363 406,852 
Held-to-maturity securities 265,084 274,468 
Investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses664,447 681,320 
Loans (included $44,533 and $41,350 at fair value)
1,355,695 1,347,988 
Allowance for loan losses(25,208)(24,345)
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses1,330,487 1,323,643 
Accrued interest and accounts receivable117,845 101,223 
Premises and equipment32,811 32,223 
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangible assets64,525 64,560 
Other assets (included $18,093 and $15,122 at fair value and assets pledged of $7,713 and $6,288)
178,427 178,197 
Total assets(a)
$4,357,856 $4,002,814 
Liabilities
Deposits (included $37,139 and $33,768 at fair value)
$2,495,877 $2,406,032 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements (included $459,466 and $226,329 at fair value)
533,046 296,835 
Short-term borrowings (included $34,936 and $26,521 at fair value)
64,980 52,893 
Trading liabilities187,103 192,883 
Accounts payable and other liabilities (included $7,935 and $5,893 at fair value)
293,538 280,672 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs (included $7 and $1 at fair value)
24,668 27,323 
Long-term debt (included $106,848 and $100,780 at fair value)
407,224 401,418 
Total liabilities(a)
4,006,436 3,658,056 
Commitments and contingencies (refer to Notes 22, 23 and 24)
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock ($1 par value; authorized 200,000,000 shares; issued 2,005,375 and 2,005,375 shares)
20,045 20,050 
Common stock ($1 par value; authorized 9,000,000,000 shares; issued 4,104,933,895 shares)
4,105 4,105 
Additional paid-in capital90,223 90,911 
Retained earnings386,616 376,166 
Accumulated other comprehensive losses(9,111)(12,456)
Treasury stock, at cost (1,325,839,407 and 1,307,313,494 shares)
(140,458)(134,018)
Total stockholders’ equity351,420 344,758 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$4,357,856 $4,002,814 
(a)The following table presents information on assets and liabilities related to VIEs that are consolidated by the Firm at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The assets of the consolidated VIEs are used to settle the liabilities of those entities. The holders of the beneficial interests generally do not have recourse to the general credit of JPMorganChase. The assets and liabilities in the table below include third-party assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs and exclude intercompany balances that eliminate in consolidation. Refer to Note 13 for a further discussion.
(in millions)March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Assets
Trading assets$3,552 $3,885 
Loans36,528 36,510 
All other assets649 681 
Total assets$40,729 $41,076 
Liabilities
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs$24,668 $27,323 
All other liabilities434 454 
Total liabilities$25,102 $27,777 
The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.
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JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity (unaudited)
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions, except per share data)20252024
Preferred stock
Balance at the beginning of the period$20,050 $27,404 
Issuance
2,995 2,496 
Redemption(3,000)— 
Balance at March 3120,045 29,900 
Common stock
Balance at the beginning and end of the period4,105 4,105 
Additional paid-in capital
Balance at the beginning of the period90,911 90,128 
Shares issued and commitments to issue common stock for employee share-based compensation awards, and related tax effects(692)(225)
Other
4 — 
Balance at March 3190,223 89,903 
Retained earnings
Balance at the beginning of the period376,166 332,901 
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principles— (161)
Net income14,643 13,419 
Preferred stock dividends
(255)(397)
Common stock dividends ($1.40 and $1.15 per share, respectively)
(3,938)(3,348)
Balance at March 31386,616 342,414 
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Balance at the beginning of the period(12,456)(10,443)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), after-tax3,345 (1,196)
Balance at March 31(9,111)(11,639)
Treasury stock, at cost
Balance at the beginning of the period(134,018)(116,217)
Repurchase(7,611)(2,858)
Reissuance1,171 1,029 
Balance at March 31(140,458)(118,046)
Total stockholders’ equity$351,420 $336,637 
The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.
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JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated statements of cash flows (unaudited)
Three month ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Operating activities
Net income$14,643 $13,419 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:
Provision for credit losses3,305 1,884 
Depreciation and amortization2,030 2,004 
Deferred tax (benefit)/expense524 (989)
Estimated bargain purchase gain associated with the First Republic acquisition
— 16 
Other600 673 
Originations and purchases of loans held-for-sale(68,533)(49,575)
Proceeds from sales, securitizations and paydowns of loans held-for-sale62,724 47,308 
Net change in:
Trading assets(231,665)(211,226)
Securities borrowed(19,156)2,099 
Accrued interest and accounts receivable(17,070)(22,557)
Other assets7,578 9,406 
Trading liabilities(10,486)41,064 
Accounts payable and other liabilities1,276 11,611 
Other operating adjustments2,391 705 
Net cash (used in) operating activities
(251,839)(154,158)
Investing activities
Net change in:
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements(134,479)(54,371)
Held-to-maturity securities:
Proceeds from paydowns and maturities11,341 35,518 
Purchases(1,628)(479)
Available-for-sale securities:
Proceeds from paydowns and maturities10,709 10,356 
Proceeds from sales55,847 28,451 
Purchases(53,721)(76,265)
Proceeds from sales and securitizations of loans held-for-investment11,960 13,498 
Other changes in loans, net(16,134)876 
All other investing activities, net(1,971)(963)
Net cash (used in) investing activities
(118,076)(43,379)
Financing activities
Net change in:
Deposits85,029 25,009 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements236,204 109,140 
Short-term borrowings10,817 1,443 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs(2,431)2,664 
Proceeds from long-term borrowings29,927 29,387 
Payments of long-term borrowings(28,457)(21,253)
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock3,000 2,500 
Redemption of preferred stock(3,000)— 
Treasury stock repurchased(7,528)(2,832)
Dividends paid(3,823)(3,493)
All other financing activities, net(1,679)(1,397)
Net cash provided by financing activities318,059 141,168 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and due from banks and deposits with banks8,442 (5,666)
Net decrease in cash and due from banks and deposits with banks(43,414)(62,035)
Cash and due from banks and deposits with banks at the beginning of the period469,317 624,151 
Cash and due from banks and deposits with banks at the end of the period$425,903 $562,116 
Cash interest paid$23,587 $22,864 
Cash income taxes paid, net1,651 1,585 
The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.
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Refer to the Glossary of Terms and Acronyms on pages 172–178 for definitions of terms and acronyms used throughout the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited)
Note 1 – Basis of presentation
JPMorgan Chase & Co. (“JPMorganChase” or the “Firm”), a financial holding company incorporated under Delaware law in 1968, is a leading financial services firm based in the U.S., with operations worldwide. The Firm is a leader in investment banking, financial services for consumers and small businesses, commercial banking, financial transaction processing and asset management. Refer to Note 25 for further discussion of the Firm's reportable business segments.
The accounting and financial reporting policies of JPMorganChase and its subsidiaries conform to U.S. GAAP. Additionally, where applicable, the policies conform to the accounting and reporting guidelines prescribed by regulatory authorities.
The preparation of the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expense, and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could be different from these estimates. In the opinion of management, all normal, recurring adjustments have been included such that this interim financial information is fairly stated.
These unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto included in JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K.
Consolidation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of JPMorganChase and other entities in which the Firm has a controlling financial interest. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Assets held for clients in an agency or fiduciary capacity by the Firm are not assets of JPMorganChase and are not included on the Consolidated balance sheets.
The Firm determines whether it has a controlling financial interest in an entity by first evaluating whether the entity is a voting interest entity or a variable interest entity.
Refer to Notes 1 and 14 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further description of JPMorganChase’s accounting policies regarding consolidation.
Offsetting assets and liabilities
U.S. GAAP permits entities to present derivative receivables and derivative payables with the same counterparty and the related cash collateral receivables and payables on a net basis on the Consolidated balance sheets when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists. U.S. GAAP also permits securities sold and purchased under repurchase agreements and securities borrowed or loaned under securities loan agreements to be presented net when specified conditions are met, including the existence of a legally enforceable master netting agreement. The Firm has elected to net such balances where it has determined that the specified conditions are met. Refer to Note 1 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further information on offsetting assets and liabilities.

83

Note 2 – Fair value measurement
Refer to Note 2 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s valuation methodologies for assets, liabilities and lending-related commitments measured at fair value and the fair value hierarchy.

84

The following table presents the assets and liabilities reported at fair value as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, by major product category and fair value hierarchy.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fair value hierarchy
Derivative
netting
adjustments(e)
March 31, 2025
(in millions)		Level 1Level 2Level 3Total fair value
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$— $408,608 $— $— $408,608 
Securities borrowed— 89,147 — — 89,147 
Trading assets:
Debt instruments:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
— 149,650 390 — 150,040 
Residential – nonagency— 2,208 5 — 2,213 
Commercial – nonagency— 1,447 7 — 1,454 
Total mortgage-backed securities— 153,305 402 — 153,707 
U.S. Treasury, GSEs and government agencies(a)
183,180 13,705 — — 196,885 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities— 6,073 1 — 6,074 
Certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances and commercial paper
— 4,688 — — 4,688 
Non-U.S. government debt securities59,998 66,696 161 — 126,855 
Corporate debt securities— 40,729 442 — 41,171 
Loans— 13,621 803 — 14,424 
Asset-backed securities— 5,631 10 — 5,641 
Total debt instruments243,178 304,448 1,819 — 549,445 
Equity securities240,857 1,815 133 — 242,805 
Physical commodities(b)
7,427 1,197 14 — 8,638 
Other— 13,537 239 — 13,776 
Total debt and equity instruments(c)
491,462 320,997 2,205 — 814,664 
Derivative receivables:
Interest rate1,833 297,354 3,902 (278,399)24,690 
Credit— 10,536 762 (10,948)350 
Foreign exchange261 175,796 1,593 (158,846)18,804 
Equity— 95,083 2,351 (87,442)9,992 
Commodity— 20,291 497 (14,085)6,703 
Total derivative receivables2,094 599,060 9,105 (549,720)60,539 
Total trading assets(d)
493,556 920,057 11,310 (549,720)875,203 
Available-for-sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
2 85,975 — — 85,977 
Residential – nonagency— 5,478 — — 5,478 
Commercial – nonagency— 4,625 8 — 4,633 
Total mortgage-backed securities2 96,078 8 — 96,088 
U.S. Treasury and government agencies230,961 292 — — 231,253 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities— 17,437 — — 17,437 
Non-U.S. government debt securities29,035 7,676 — — 36,711 
Corporate debt securities— 61 — — 61 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations— 15,646 — — 15,646 
Other(a)
— 2,167 — — 2,167 
Total available-for-sale securities259,998 139,357 8 — 399,363 
Loans— 42,135 2,398 — 44,533 
Mortgage servicing rights— — 9,127 — 9,127 
Other assets(d)
7,295 8,335 1,370 — 17,000 
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis$760,849 $1,607,639 $24,213 $(549,720)$1,842,981 
Deposits$— $35,190 $1,949 $— $37,139 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements
— 459,466 — — 459,466 
Short-term borrowings— 30,891 4,045 — 34,936 
Trading liabilities:
Debt and equity instruments(c)
112,022 37,805 44 — 149,871 
Derivative payables:
Interest rate3,385 280,687 2,908 (278,805)8,175 
Credit— 14,618 1,465 (13,514)2,569 
Foreign exchange219 171,806 1,295 (159,917)13,403 
Equity— 95,754 5,312 (92,609)8,457 
Commodity— 16,006 457 (11,835)4,628 
Total derivative payables3,604 578,871 11,437 (556,680)37,232 
Total trading liabilities115,626 616,676 11,481 (556,680)187,103 
Accounts payable and other liabilities4,569 3,330 36 — 7,935 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs— 7 — — 7 
Long-term debt— 70,366 36,482 — 106,848 
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis$120,195 $1,215,926 $53,993 $(556,680)$833,434 
85

Fair value hierarchy
Derivative
netting
adjustments(e)
December 31, 2024 (in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total fair value
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$— $286,771 $— $— $286,771 
Securities borrowed— 83,962 — — 83,962 
Trading assets:
Debt instruments:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
— 104,312 488 — 104,800 
Residential – nonagency— 2,282 5 — 2,287 
Commercial – nonagency— 1,283 10 — 1,293 
Total mortgage-backed securities— 107,877 503 — 108,380 
U.S. Treasury, GSEs and government agencies(a)
150,580 11,702 — — 162,282 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities— 6,100 1 — 6,101 
Certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances and commercial paper
— 3,950 — — 3,950 
Non-U.S. government debt securities34,108 54,335 152 — 88,595 
Corporate debt securities— 33,591 390 — 33,981 
Loans— 10,228 1,088 — 11,316 
Asset-backed securities— 2,813 10 — 2,823 
Total debt instruments184,688 230,596 2,144 — 417,428 
Equity securities130,307 1,359 62 — 131,728 
Physical commodities(b)
5,957 1,533 26 — 7,516 
Other— 19,935 210 — 20,145 
Total debt and equity instruments(c)
320,952 253,423 2,442 — 576,817 
Derivative receivables:
Interest rate4,934 282,019 

3,781 (265,789)24,945 
Credit— 10,379 708 (10,273)814 
Foreign exchange196 261,520 

1,204 (237,608)25,312 
Equity— 82,855 2,365 (79,935)5,285 
Commodity— 15,232 394 (11,015)4,611 
Total derivative receivables5,130 652,005 

8,452 (604,620)60,967 
Total trading assets(d)
326,082 905,428 

10,894 (604,620)637,784 
Available-for-sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
— 91,893 — — 91,893 
Residential – nonagency— 4,811 — — 4,811 
Commercial – nonagency— 4,057 8 — 4,065 
Total mortgage-backed securities— 100,761 8 — 100,769 
U.S. Treasury and government agencies234,491 288 — — 234,779 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities— 17,913 — — 17,913 
Non-U.S. government debt securities23,973 12,272 — — 36,245 
Corporate debt securities— 70 — — 70 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations— 14,943 — — 14,943 
Other(a)
— 2,133 — — 2,133 
Total available-for-sale securities258,464 148,380 8 — 406,852 
Loans
— 38,934 2,416 — 41,350 
Mortgage servicing rights— — 9,121 — 9,121 
Other assets(d)
5,732 6,997 1,344 — 14,073 
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis$590,278 $1,470,472 

$23,783 

$(604,620)$1,479,913 
Deposits$— $31,583 $2,185 $— $33,768 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements
— 226,329 — — 226,329 
Short-term borrowings— 23,045 3,476 — 26,521 
Trading liabilities:
Debt and equity instruments(c)
120,719 32,457 46 — 153,222 
Derivative payables:
Interest rate3,981 266,767 

3,480 (264,989)9,239 
Credit— 12,725 

1,071 (11,898)1,898 
Foreign exchange187 253,196 

1,184 (238,970)15,597 
Equity— 90,908 

5,231 (87,491)8,648 
Commodity— 14,021 

467 (10,209)4,279 
Total derivative payables4,168 637,617 

11,433 (613,557)39,661 
Total trading liabilities124,887 670,074 

11,479 (613,557)192,883 
Accounts payable and other liabilities3,100 2,717 

76 — 5,893 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs— 1 

— — 1 
Long-term debt— 66,216 

34,564 — 100,780 
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis$127,987 $1,019,965 

$51,780 $(613,557)$586,175 
(a)At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, included total U.S. GSE obligations of $152.5 billion and $120.1 billion, respectively, which were mortgage-related.
(b)Physical commodities inventories are generally accounted for at the lower of cost or net realizable value. “Net realizable value” is a term defined in U.S. GAAP as not exceeding fair value less costs to sell (“transaction costs”). Transaction costs for the Firm’s physical commodities inventories are either not applicable or immaterial to the value of the inventory. Therefore, net realizable value approximates fair value for the Firm’s physical commodities inventories. When fair value hedging has been applied (or when net realizable value is below cost), the carrying value of physical commodities approximates fair value, because under fair value hedge accounting, the cost basis is adjusted for changes in
86

fair value. Refer to Note 4 for a further discussion of the Firm’s hedge accounting relationships. To provide consistent fair value disclosure information, all physical commodities inventories have been included in each period presented.
(c)Balances reflect the reduction of securities owned (long positions) by the amount of identical securities sold but not yet purchased (short positions).
(d)Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient are not required to be classified in the fair value hierarchy. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair values of these investments, which include certain hedge funds, private equity funds, real estate and other funds, were $1.1 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively, primarily reported in other assets.
(e)As permitted under U.S. GAAP, the Firm has elected to net derivative receivables and derivative payables and the related cash collateral received and paid when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists. The level 3 balances would be reduced if netting were applied, including the netting benefit associated with cash collateral.
Level 3 valuations
Refer to Note 2 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further information on the Firm’s valuation process and a detailed discussion of the determination of fair value for individual financial instruments.
The following table presents the Firm’s primary level 3 financial instruments, the valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of those financial instruments, the significant unobservable inputs, the range of values for those inputs and the weighted or arithmetic averages of such inputs. While the determination to classify an instrument within level 3 is based on the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement, level 3 financial instruments typically include observable components (that is, components that are actively quoted and can be validated to external sources) in addition to the unobservable components. The level 1 and/or level 2 inputs are not included in the table. In addition, the Firm manages the risk of the observable components of level 3 financial instruments using securities and derivative positions that are classified within levels 1 or 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
The range of values presented in the table is representative of the highest and lowest level input used to value the significant groups of instruments within a product/instrument classification. Where provided, the weighted averages of the input values presented in the table are calculated based on the fair value of the instruments that the input is being used to value.
In the Firm’s view, the input range, weighted and arithmetic average values do not reflect the degree of input uncertainty or an assessment of the reasonableness of the Firm’s estimates and assumptions. Rather, they reflect the characteristics of
the various instruments held by the Firm and the relative distribution of instruments within the range of characteristics. For example, two option contracts may have similar levels of market risk exposure and valuation uncertainty, but may have significantly different implied volatility levels because the option contracts have different underlyings, tenors, or strike prices. The input range and weighted and arithmetic average values will therefore vary from period-to-period and parameter-to-parameter based on the characteristics of the instruments held by the Firm at each balance sheet date.
















87

Level 3 inputs(a)
March 31, 2025
Product/Instrument
Fair value
(in millions)
Principal valuation technique
Unobservable inputs(g)
Range of input values
Average(i)
Residential mortgage-backed securities and loans(b)
$846 Discounted cash flowsYield0%134%8%
Prepayment speed3%13%9%
Conditional default rate0%7%0%
Loss severity0%110%6%
Commercial mortgage-backed securities and loans(c)
1,423 Market comparablesPrice$0$90$81
Corporate debt securities442 Market comparablesPrice$0$196$101
Loans(d)
1,342 Market comparablesPrice$0$102$80
Non-U.S. government debt securities161 Market comparablesPrice$2$104$96
Net interest rate derivatives985 Option pricingInterest rate volatility25 bps853 bps113 bps
Interest rate spread volatility37 bps77 bps64 bps
Bermudan switch value0%42%17%
Interest rate correlation(85)%97%64%
IR-FX correlation(35)%60%8%
9 Discounted cash flowsPrepayment speed0%21%7%
Net credit derivatives(732)Discounted cash flowsCredit correlation27%79%46%
Credit spread0 bps7,792 bps484 bps
Recovery rate10%90%54%
29 Market comparablesPrice$0$115$74
Net foreign exchange derivatives341 Option pricingIR-FX correlation(40)%60%22%
(43)Discounted cash flowsPrepayment speed11%11%
Interest rate curve2%38%16%
Net equity derivatives(2,961)Option pricing
Forward equity price(h)
72%147%101%
Equity volatility5%144%33%
Equity correlation10%100%55%
Equity-FX correlation(80)%65%(32)%
Equity-IR correlation5%25%12%
Net commodity derivatives40 Option pricingOil commodity forward$84 / BBL$296 / BBL$165 / BBL
Natural gas commodity forward$2 / MMBTU$6 / MMBTU$4 / MMBTU
Commodity volatility2%40%6%
Commodity correlation(20)%97%(1)%
MSRs9,127 Discounted cash flows
Refer to Note 14
Long-term debt, short-term borrowings, and deposits(e)
41,707 Option pricingInterest rate volatility25 bps853 bps113 bps
Bermudan switch value0%42%17%
Interest rate correlation(85)%97%64%
IR-FX correlation(35)%60%8%
Equity volatility
2%133%29%
Equity correlation10%100%55%
Equity-FX correlation(80)%65%(32)%
Equity-IR correlation5%25%12%
769 Discounted cash flowsCredit correlation25%62%46%
Credit spread
2 bps250 bps64 bps
Recovery rate
20%40%35%
Yield5%20%10%
Loss severity
0%100%50%
Other level 3 assets and liabilities, net(f)
1,687 
(a)The categories presented in the table have been aggregated based upon the product type, which may differ from their classification on the Consolidated balance sheets. Furthermore, the inputs presented for each valuation technique in the table are, in some cases, not applicable to every instrument valued using the technique as the characteristics of the instruments can differ.
(b)Comprises U.S. GSE and government agency securities of $390 million, nonagency securities of $5 million and non-trading loans of $451 million.
(c)Comprises nonagency securities of $15 million, trading loans of $66 million and non-trading loans of $1.3 billion.
(d)Comprises trading loans of $737 million and non-trading loans of $605 million.
(e)Long-term debt, short-term borrowings and deposits include structured notes issued by the Firm that are financial instruments that typically contain embedded derivatives. The estimation of the fair value of structured notes includes the derivative features embedded within the instrument. The significant unobservable inputs are broadly consistent with those presented for derivative receivables.
(f)Includes equity securities of $764 million including $631 million in Other assets, for which quoted prices are not readily available and the fair value is generally based on internal valuation techniques such as EBITDA multiples and comparable analysis. All other level 3 assets and liabilities are insignificant both individually and in aggregate.
(g)Price is a significant unobservable input for certain instruments. When quoted market prices are not readily available, reliance is generally placed on price-based internal valuation techniques. The price input is expressed assuming a par value of $100.
(h)Forward equity price is expressed as a percentage of the current equity price.
(i)Amounts represent weighted averages except for derivative related inputs where arithmetic averages are used.
88

Changes in and ranges of unobservable inputs
Refer to Note 2 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of the impact on fair value of changes in unobservable inputs and the relationships between unobservable inputs as well as a description of attributes of the underlying instruments and external market factors that affect the range of inputs used in the valuation of the Firm’s positions.

Changes in level 3 recurring fair value measurements
The following tables include a rollforward of the Consolidated balance sheets amounts (including changes in fair value) for financial instruments classified by the Firm within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. When a determination is made to classify a financial instrument within level 3, the determination is based on the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement. However, level 3 financial instruments typically include, in addition to the unobservable or level 3 components, observable components (that is, components that are actively quoted and can be validated to external sources); accordingly, the gains and losses in the table below include changes in fair value due in part to observable factors that are part of the valuation methodology. The Firm risk-manages the observable components of level 3 financial instruments using securities and derivative positions that are classified within level 1 or 2 of the fair value hierarchy; as these level 1 and level 2 risk management instruments are not included below, the gains or losses in the following tables do not reflect the effect of the Firm’s risk management activities related to such level 3 instruments.
89

Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Three months ended
March 31, 2025
(in millions)
Fair value at
  Jan. 1,
2025
Total realized/unrealized gains/(losses)Transfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3
Fair value at
Mar. 31, 2025
Change in unrealized gains/(losses) related
to financial instruments held at Mar. 31, 2025
Purchases(f)
Sales
Settlements(g)
Assets:(a)
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
Trading assets:
Debt instruments:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies
488 3 3 (88)(16)— — 390 (4)
Residential – nonagency5 — — — — — — 5 — 
Commercial – nonagency
10 (3)— — — — — 7 (3)
Total mortgage-backed securities
503 — 3 (88)(16)— — 402 (7)
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities
1 — — — — — — 1 — 
Non-U.S. government debt securities
152 12 76 (78)(1)— — 161 29 
Corporate debt securities390 7 99 (51)(5)10 (8)442 75 
Loans1,088 (6)351 (214)(110)141 (447)803 (7)
Asset-backed securities10 — — — — — — 10 — 
Total debt instruments2,144 13 529 (431)(132)151 (455)1,819 90 
Equity securities62 (4)61 (40)— 61 (7)133 (3)
Physical commodities26 (10)— — (2)— — 14 (4)
Other210 (42)9 — (14)76 — 239 (41)
Total trading assets – debt and equity instruments
2,442 (43)
(c)
599 (471)(148)288 (462)2,205 42 
(c)
Net derivative receivables:(b)
Interest rate301 597 89 (117)139 (60)45 994 666 
Credit(363)(117)79 — (138)(146)(18)(703)(97)
Foreign exchange20 232 63 (153)69 73 (6)298 175 
Equity(2,866)1,747 272 (777)(954)(577)194 (2,961)1,600 
Commodity(73)103 26 (62)62 1 (17)40 111 
Total net derivative receivables
(2,981)2,562 
(c)
529 (1,109)(822)(709)198 (2,332)2,455 
(c)
Available-for-sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial – nonagency8 — — — — — — 8 — 
Corporate debt securities— — — — — — — — — 
Total available-for-sale securities
8 — — — — — — 8 — 
Loans2,416 29 
(c)
54 (72)(300)453 (182)2,398 (13)
(c)
Mortgage servicing rights9,121 (127)
(d)
390 4 (261)— — 9,127 (127)
(d)
Other assets1,344 32 
(c)
12 (31)(10)56 (33)1,370 32 
(c)
Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Three months ended
March 31, 2025
(in millions)
Fair value at
  Jan. 1,
2025
Total realized/unrealized (gains)/lossesTransfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3
Fair value at
Mar. 31, 2025
Change in unrealized (gains)/losses related
to financial instruments held at Mar. 31, 2025
PurchasesSalesIssuances
Settlements(g)
Liabilities:(a)
Deposits$2,185 $52 
(c)(e)
$— $— $362 $(625)$— $(25)$1,949 $48 
(c)(e)
Short-term borrowings3,476 49 
(c)(e)
— — 2,360 (1,812)10 (38)4,045 20 
(c)(e)
Trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments
46 (10)
(c)
— 11 — — 16 (19)44 (8)
(c)
Accounts payable and other liabilities
76 (8)
(c)
— 1 — — — (33)36 (8)
(c)
Long-term debt34,564 (210)
(c)(e)
— — 7,654 (5,091)158 (593)36,482 (316)
(c)(e)
90

Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Three months ended
March 31, 2024
(in millions)
Fair value at
  Jan. 1,
2024
Total realized/unrealized gains/(losses)Transfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3
Fair value at
Mar. 31, 2024
Change in unrealized gains/(losses) related
to financial instruments held at Mar. 31, 2024
Purchases(f)
Sales
Settlements(g)
Assets:(a)
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements
$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
Trading assets:
Debt instruments:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies
758 1 1 (17)(21)7 — 729 1 
Residential – nonagency5 (1)— — — 4 — 8 (1)
Commercial – nonagency12 (1)1 — — — — 12 (1)
Total mortgage-backed securities
775 (1)2 (17)(21)11 — 749 (1)
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities
10 — — — (2)— (1)7 — 
Non-U.S. government debt securities
179 5 51 (67)— 7 (2)173 (4)
Corporate debt securities484 11 214 (95)(30)4 (18)570 12 
Loans684 5 143 (199)(31)62 (133)531 5 
Asset-backed securities6 — 1 — — 7 — 14 — 
Total debt instruments2,138 20 411 (378)(84)91 (154)2,044 12 
Equity securities127 6 81 (30)— 24 (5)203 7 
Physical commodities7 (2)— — (3)— — 2 (2)
Other101 11 27 — (32)— — 107 4 
Total trading assets – debt and equity instruments
2,373 35 
(c)
519 (408)(119)115 (159)2,356 21 
(c)
Net derivative receivables:(b)
Interest rate502 (328)53 (43)484 

129 3 800 (399)
Credit265 (25)— (15)14 (6)27 260 87 
Foreign exchange62 3 34 (38)(122)(53)138 24 67 
Equity(2,402)(652)

321 (608)

331 

(49)278 

(2,781)(442)
Commodity(279)(176)10 (68)7 2 1 (503)(182)
Total net derivative receivables
(1,852)(1,178)
(c)
418 (772)

714 

23 447 

(2,200)(869)
(c)
Available-for-sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial – nonagency— — — — — — — — — 
Corporate debt securities— — — — — — — — — 
Total available-for-sale securities
— — — — — — — — — 
Loans3,079 37 
(c)
60 (22)(392)303 (164)2,901 35 
(c)
Mortgage servicing rights8,522 278 
(d)
60 5 (260)— — 8,605 278 
(d)
Other assets758 29 
(c)
47 (9)(14)— — 811 28 
(c)
Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Three months ended
March 31, 2024
(in millions)
Fair value at
  Jan. 1,
2024
Total realized/unrealized (gains)/lossesTransfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3
Fair value at
Mar. 31, 2024
Change in unrealized (gains)/losses related
to financial instruments held at Mar. 31, 2024
PurchasesSalesIssuances
Settlements(g)
Liabilities:(a)
Deposits$1,833 $(29)
(c)(e)
$— $— $527 $(203)$— $(73)$2,055 $(25)
(c)(e)
Short-term borrowings1,758 1 
(c)(e)
— — 1,645 (1,197)— (1)2,206 8 
(c)(e)
Trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments
37 (3)
(c)
(1)2 — — 3 (1)37 (2)
(c)
Accounts payable and other liabilities
52 (4)
(c)
(3)3 — — — — 48 (4)
(c)
Long-term debt27,726 551 
(c)(e)
— — 4,503 (3,851)

17 (268)28,678 

500 
(c)(e)
91

(a)Level 3 assets at fair value as a percentage of total Firm assets at fair value (including assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis were 1% and 2% at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Level 3 liabilities at fair value as a percentage of total Firm liabilities at fair value (including liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis) were 6% and 9% at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
(b)All level 3 derivatives are presented on a net basis, irrespective of the underlying counterparty.
(c)Primarily reported in principal transactions revenue, except for changes in fair value for CCB mortgage loans and lending-related commitments originated with the intent to sell, and mortgage loan purchase commitments, which are reported in mortgage fees and related income.
(d)Changes in fair value for MSRs are reported in mortgage fees and related income.
(e)Realized (gains)/losses due to DVA for fair value option elected liabilities are reported in principal transactions revenue, and were not material for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Unrealized (gains)/losses are reported in OCI, and were $(73) million and $40 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
(f)Loan originations are included in purchases.
(g)Includes financial assets and liabilities that have matured, been partially or fully repaid, impacts of modifications, deconsolidations associated with beneficial interests in VIEs and other items.
Level 3 analysis
Consolidated balance sheets changes
The following describes significant changes to level 3 assets since December 31, 2024, for those items measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Refer to Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis on page 93 for further information on changes impacting items measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.
Three months ended March 31, 2025
Level 3 assets were $24.2 billion at March 31, 2025, reflecting an increase of $430 million from December 31, 2024.
The increase for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was driven by higher:
•Gross derivative receivables of $653 million due to gains and purchases largely offset by settlements.
partially offset by
•lower trading loans of $285 million due to net transfers.
Refer to the sections below for additional information.
Transfers between levels for instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis
For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, there were no significant transfers from level 2 into level 3 or from level 3 into level 2.
All transfers are based on changes in the observability and/or significance of the valuation inputs and are assumed to occur at the beginning of the quarterly reporting period in which they occur.
Gains and losses
The following describes significant components of total realized/unrealized gains/(losses) for instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated. These amounts exclude any effects of the Firm’s risk management activities where the financial instruments are classified as level 1 and 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Refer to Changes in level 3 recurring fair value measurements rollforward tables on pages 89-92 for further information on these instruments.

Three months ended March 31, 2025
•$2.5 billion of net gains on assets, driven by gains in net derivative receivables due to market movements partially offset by losses on MSRs reflecting faster prepayment speeds on lower rates.
•$127 million of net gains on liabilities, driven by gains in long-term debt due to market movements partially offset by losses in deposits and short-term borrowings due to market movements.
Three months ended March 31, 2024
•$799 million of net losses on assets, predominantly driven by losses in net equity derivative receivables due to market movements.
•$516 million of net losses on liabilities, predominantly driven by losses in long-term debt due to market movements.
Refer to Note 14 for information on MSRs.
Credit and funding adjustments — derivatives
The following table provides the impact of credit and funding adjustments on principal transactions revenue in the respective periods, excluding the effect of any associated hedging activities. The FVA presented below includes the impact of the Firm’s own credit quality on the inception value of liabilities as well as the impact of changes in the Firm’s own credit quality over time.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Credit and funding adjustments:
Derivatives CVA$(45)$76 
Derivatives FVA
(25)57 
Refer to Note 2 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further information about both credit and funding adjustments, as well as information about valuation adjustments on fair value option elected liabilities.

92

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis
The following tables present the assets and liabilities held as of March 31, 2025 and 2024, for which nonrecurring fair value adjustments were recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, by major product category and fair value hierarchy.
March 31, 2025
(in millions)		Fair value hierarchyTotal fair value
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Loans$— $994 

$441 $1,435 
Other assets(a)
— 6 258 264 
Total assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$— $1,000 $699 $1,699 
Accounts payable and other liabilities
— — 1 
 
1 
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis
$— $— $1 $1 
March 31, 2024
(in millions)
Fair value hierarchyTotal fair value
Level 1Level 2Level 3
Loans$— $871 

$468 $1,339 
Other assets— 9 213 

222 
Total assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$— $880 $681 $1,561 
Accounts payable and other liabilities
— — — 

— 
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis
$— $— $— $— 
(a)Included equity securities without readily determinable fair values that were adjusted based on observable price changes in orderly transactions from an identical or similar investment of the same issuer (measurement alternative). Of the $258 million in level 3 assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2025, $226 million related to equity securities adjusted based on the measurement alternative. These equity securities are classified as level 3 due to the infrequency of the observable prices and/or the restrictions on the shares.
Nonrecurring fair value changes
The following table presents the total change in value of assets and liabilities for which fair value adjustments have been recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, related to assets and liabilities held at those dates.


Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Loans$(74)
 
$(60)
Other assets(a)
27 
 
(41)
Accounts payable and other liabilities (1)
 
— 
Total nonrecurring fair value gains/(losses)
$(48)$(101)
(a)Included $34 million and $(39) million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, of net gains/(losses) as a result of the measurement alternative.


93

Equity securities without readily determinable fair values
The Firm measures certain equity securities without readily determinable fair values at cost less impairment (if any), plus or minus observable price changes from an identical or similar investment of the same issuer (i.e., measurement alternative), with such changes recognized in other income.
In its determination of the new carrying values upon observable price changes, the Firm may adjust the prices if deemed necessary to arrive at the Firm’s estimated fair values. Such adjustments may include adjustments to reflect the different rights and obligations of similar securities, and other adjustments that are consistent with the Firm’s valuation techniques for private equity direct investments.
The following table presents the carrying value of equity securities without readily determinable fair values held as of March 31, 2025 and 2024, that are measured under the measurement alternative and the related adjustments recorded during the periods presented for those securities with observable price changes. These securities are included in the nonrecurring fair value tables when applicable price changes are observable.
Three months ended March 31,
As of or for the period ended, (in millions)20252024
Other assets
Carrying value(a)
$3,988 $4,467 
Upward carrying value changes(b)
52 20 
Downward carrying value changes/impairment(c)
(18)(59)
(a)The carrying value as of December 31, 2024 was $3.7 billion. The period-end carrying values reflect cumulative purchases and sales in addition to upward and downward carrying value changes.
(b)The cumulative upward carrying value changes between January 1, 2018 and March 31, 2025 were $1.2 billion.
(c)The cumulative downward carrying value changes/impairment between January 1, 2018 and March 31, 2025 were $(1.5) billion.
Included in other assets above is the Firm’s interest in approximately 18.6 million Visa Class B-2 common shares ("Visa B-2 shares") and 37.2 million Visa Class B-1 common shares (“Visa B-1 shares”) reflected in the Firm's principal investment portfolio as of March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
The Visa B-2 shares are subject to certain transfer restrictions and are convertible into Visa Class A common shares (“Visa A shares”) at a specified conversion rate upon final resolution of certain litigation matters involving Visa. The conversion rate of Visa B-2 shares to Visa A shares was 1.5342 at March 31, 2025 and may be adjusted by Visa depending on developments related to the litigation matters. The outcome of those litigation matters, and the effect that the resolution of those matters may have on the conversion rate, is unknown. Accordingly, as of March 31, 2025, there is significant uncertainty regarding when the transfer restrictions on Visa B-2 shares may be terminated and what the final conversion rate for the Visa B-2 shares will be. As a result of these considerations, as well as differences in voting rights, Visa B-2 shares are not considered to be similar to Visa A shares, and are held at their nominal carryover basis.
Separately, in connection with sales of Visa B shares prior to 2024, the Firm has entered into derivative instruments with the purchasers of the shares under which the Firm retains the risk associated with changes in the conversion rate. As of March 31, 2025, the Firm held derivative instruments associated with 11.6 million Visa B-2 shares related to Visa B share sales prior to 2024, which are all subject to similar terms and conditions. Refer to page 200 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further information.
94

Additional disclosures about the fair value of financial instruments that are not carried on the Consolidated balance sheets at fair value
The following table presents, by fair value hierarchy classification, the carrying values and estimated fair values at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, of financial assets and liabilities, excluding financial instruments that are carried at fair value on a recurring basis, and their classification within the fair value hierarchy.
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Estimated fair value hierarchyEstimated fair value hierarchy
(in billions)Carrying
value		Level 1Level 2Level 3Total estimated
fair value		Carrying
value		Level 1Level 2Level 3Total estimated
fair value
Financial assets
Cash and due from banks$22.1 $22.1 $— $— $22.1 $23.4 $23.4 $— $— $23.4 
Deposits with banks403.8 403.7 0.1 — 403.8 445.9 445.8 0.1 — 445.9 
Accrued interest and accounts receivable
117.6 — 117.4 0.2 117.6 101.1 — 101.0 0.1 101.1 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements
20.9 — 20.9 — 20.9 8.2 — 8.2 — 8.2 
Securities borrowed
149.6 — 149.6 — 149.6 135.6 — 135.6 — 135.6 
Investment securities, held-to-maturity
265.1 99.4 142.9 — 242.3 274.5 97.4 150.5 — 247.9 
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses(a)
1,286.0 — 270.0 1,015.5 1,285.5 1,282.3 — 268.7 1,007.8 1,276.5 
Other78.9 — 77.4 1.7 79.1 82.7 — 81.3 1.6 82.9 
Financial liabilities
Deposits$2,458.7 $— $2,459.1 $— $2,459.1 $2,372.3 $— $2,372.5 $— $2,372.5 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements
73.6 — 73.6 — 73.6 70.5 — 70.5 — 70.5 
Short-term borrowings
30.0 — 30.0 — 30.0 26.4 — 26.3 — 26.3 
Accounts payable and other liabilities(b)
251.4 — 238.9 11.5 250.4 232.8 — 219.6 12.6 232.2 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs
24.7 — 24.7 — 24.7 27.3 — 27.4 — 27.4 
Long-term debt
300.4 — 250.2 51.6 301.8 300.6 — 251.2 50.7 301.9 
(a)Fair value is typically estimated using a discounted cash flow model that incorporates the characteristics of the underlying loans (including principal, contractual interest rate and contractual fees) and other key inputs, including expected lifetime credit losses, interest rates, prepayment rates, and primary origination or secondary market spreads. For certain loans, the fair value is measured based on the value of the underlying collateral. Carrying value of the loan takes into account the loan’s allowance for loan losses, which represents the loan’s expected credit losses over its remaining expected life. The difference between the estimated fair value and carrying value of a loan is generally attributable to changes in market interest rates, including credit spreads, market liquidity premiums and other factors that affect the fair value of a loan but do not affect its carrying value.
(b)Excludes lending-related commitments disclosed in the table below.
The majority of the Firm’s lending-related commitments are not carried at fair value on a recurring basis on the Consolidated balance sheets. The carrying value and the estimated fair value of these wholesale lending-related commitments were as follows for the periods indicated.
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Estimated fair value hierarchyEstimated fair value hierarchy
(in billions)
Carrying value(a)(b)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total estimated fair value
Carrying value(a)(b)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total estimated fair value
Wholesale lending-related commitments
$2.8 $— $— $4.5 $4.5 $2.7 $— $— $4.4 $4.4 
(a)Excludes the current carrying values of the guarantee liability and the offsetting asset, each of which is recognized at fair value at the inception of the guarantees.
(b)Includes the wholesale allowance for lending-related commitments.
The Firm does not estimate the fair value of consumer off-balance sheet lending-related commitments. In many cases, the Firm can reduce or cancel these commitments with or without notice to the borrower, as permitted by law, or in accordance with the contract. Refer to page 183 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the valuation of lending-related commitments.
95

Note 3 – Fair value option
The fair value option provides an option to elect fair value for selected financial assets, financial liabilities, unrecognized firm commitments, and written loan commitments.
The Firm has elected to measure certain instruments at fair value for several reasons including to mitigate income statement volatility caused by the differences between the measurement basis of elected instruments (e.g., certain instruments that otherwise would be accounted for on an accrual basis) and the associated risk management arrangements that are accounted for on a fair value basis, as well as to better reflect those instruments that are managed on a fair value basis.
The Firm’s election of fair value includes the following instruments:
•Loans purchased or originated as part of securitization warehousing activity, subject to bifurcation accounting, or managed on a fair value basis, including lending-related commitments
•Certain securities financing agreements
•Owned beneficial interests in securitized financial assets that contain embedded credit derivatives, which would otherwise be required to be separately accounted for as a derivative instrument
•Structured notes and other hybrid instruments, which are predominantly financial instruments that contain embedded derivatives, that are issued or transacted as part of client-driven activities
•Certain long-term beneficial interests issued by CIB’s consolidated securitization trusts where the underlying assets are carried at fair value
Changes in fair value under the fair value option election
The following table presents the changes in fair value included in the Consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, for items for which the fair value option was elected. The profit and loss information presented below only includes the financial instruments that were elected to be measured at fair value; related risk management instruments, which are required to be measured at fair value, are not included in the table.
Three months ended March 31,
20252024
(in millions)Principal transactionsAll other income
Total changes in fair value recorded (e)
Principal transactionsAll other income
Total changes in fair value recorded (e)
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements
$26 $— $26 $36 $— $36 
Securities borrowed— — — (1)— (1)
Trading assets:
Debt and equity instruments, excluding loans
(199)— (199)1,248 — 1,248 
Loans reported as trading assets:
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk24 — 
 
24 168 — 
 
168 
Other changes in fair value3 3 
(c)
6 13 — 

13 
Loans:
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk269 — 269 125 2 
(c)
127 
Other changes in fair value170 181 
(c)
351 (57)45 
(c)
(12)
Other assets28 — 28 13 — 13 
Deposits(a)
(461)— (461)(974)— (974)
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements
(7)— (7)5 — 5 
Short-term borrowings(a)
(147)— (147)(221)— (221)
Trading liabilities18 — 18 (12)— (12)
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs
— — — — — — 
Other liabilities2 — 2 1 — 1 
Long-term debt(a)(b)
(185)(6)
(c)(d)
(191)(934)(8)
(c)(d)
(942)
(a)Unrealized gains/(losses) due to instrument-specific credit risk (DVA) for liabilities for which the fair value option has been elected are recorded in OCI, while realized gains/(losses) are recorded in principal transactions revenue. Realized gains/(losses) due to instrument-specific credit risk recorded in principal transactions revenue were not material for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
(b)Long-term debt measured at fair value predominantly relates to structured notes. Although the risk associated with the structured notes is actively managed, the gains/(losses) reported in this table do not include the income statement impact of the risk management instruments used to manage such risk.
(c)Reported in mortgage fees and related income.
(d)Reported in other income.
(e)Changes in fair value exclude contractual interest, which is included in interest income and interest expense for all instruments other than certain hybrid financial instruments in CIB. Refer to Note 6 for further information regarding interest income and interest expense.
96

Difference between aggregate fair value and aggregate remaining contractual principal balance outstanding
The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate remaining contractual principal balance outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, for loans, long-term debt and long-term beneficial interests for which the fair value option has been elected.
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
(in millions)Contractual principal outstandingFair valueFair value over/(under) contractual principal outstandingContractual principal outstandingFair valueFair value over/(under) contractual principal outstanding
Loans
Nonaccrual loans
Loans reported as trading assets$3,305 $345 $(2,960)$3,429 $464 $(2,965)
Loans1,345 1,102 (243)1,711 1,492 (219)
Subtotal4,650 1,447 (3,203)5,140 1,956 (3,184)
90 or more days past due and government guaranteed
Loans(a)
48 43 (5)50 45 (5)
All other performing loans(b)
Loans reported as trading assets15,494 14,079 (1,415)12,171 10,852 (1,319)
Loans(c)
43,868 43,388 (480)40,342 39,813 (529)
Subtotal59,362 57,467 (1,895)52,513 50,665 (1,848)
Total loans$64,060 $58,957 $(5,103)$57,703 $52,666 $(5,037)
Long-term debt
Principal-protected debt$62,499 
(e)
$52,078 $(10,421)$57,414 
(e)
$47,780 $(9,634)
Nonprincipal-protected debt(d)
NA54,770 NANA53,000 NA
Total long-term debtNA$106,848 NANA$100,780 NA
Long-term beneficial interests
Nonprincipal-protected debt(d)
NA$7 NANA$1 NA
Total long-term beneficial interestsNA$7 NANA$1 NA
    
(a)These balances are excluded from nonaccrual loans as the loans are insured and/or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies.
(b)There were no performing loans that were ninety days or more past due as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
(c)Includes loans insured and/or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies less than 90 days past due.
(d)Remaining contractual principal is not applicable to nonprincipal-protected structured notes and long-term beneficial interests. Unlike principal-protected structured notes and long-term beneficial interests, for which the Firm is obligated to return a stated amount of principal at maturity, nonprincipal-protected structured notes and long-term beneficial interests do not obligate the Firm to return a stated amount of principal at maturity, but for structured notes to return an amount based on the performance of an underlying variable or derivative feature embedded in the note. However, investors are exposed to the credit risk of the Firm as issuer for both nonprincipal-protected and principal-protected notes.
(e)Where the Firm issues principal-protected zero-coupon or discount notes, the balance reflects the contractual principal payment at maturity or, if applicable, the contractual principal payment at the Firm’s next call date.
At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the contractual amount of lending-related commitments for which the fair value option was elected was $12.3 billion and $12.2 billion, respectively, with a corresponding fair value of $3 million and $50 million, respectively. Refer to Note 28 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K, and Note 22 of this Form 10-Q for further information regarding off-balance sheet lending-related financial instruments.

97

Structured note products by balance sheet classification and risk component
The following table presents the fair value of structured notes, by balance sheet classification and the primary risk type.
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
(in millions)Long-term debtShort-term borrowingsDepositsTotalLong-term debtShort-term borrowingsDepositsTotal
Risk exposure
Interest rate$50,201 $1,305 $33,432 $84,938 $46,220 $1,065 $28,871 $76,156 
Credit6,836 904 — 7,740 6,213 1,242 — 7,455 
Foreign exchange2,419 1,507 272 4,198 2,309 1,058 416 3,783 
Equity45,715 9,641 3,083 58,439 44,149 7,881 2,986 55,016 
Commodity1,024 285 — 
(a)
1,309 1,331 62 1 
(a)
1,394 
Total structured notes$106,195 $13,642 $36,787 $156,624 $100,222 $11,308 $32,274 $143,804 
(a)Excludes deposits linked to precious metals for which the fair value option has not been elected of $1.3 billion and $869 million for the periods ended March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

98

Note 4 – Derivative instruments
JPMorganChase makes markets in derivatives for clients and also uses derivatives to hedge or manage its own risk exposures. Refer to Note 5 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the Firm’s use of and accounting policies regarding derivative instruments.
The Firm’s disclosures are based on the accounting treatment and purpose of these derivatives. A limited number of the Firm’s derivatives are designated in
hedge accounting relationships and are disclosed according to the type of hedge (fair value hedge, cash flow hedge, or net investment hedge). Derivatives not designated in hedge accounting relationships include certain derivatives that are used to manage risks associated with specified assets and liabilities (“specified risk management” positions) as well as derivatives used in the Firm’s market-making businesses or for other purposes.
The following table outlines the Firm’s primary uses of derivatives and the related hedge accounting designation or disclosure category.
Type of DerivativeUse of DerivativeDesignation and disclosureAffected
segment or unit		10-Q page reference
Manage specifically identified risk exposures in qualifying hedge accounting relationships:
•Interest rate
Hedge fixed rate assets and liabilitiesFair value hedge
Corporate
106-107
•Interest rate
Hedge floating-rate assets and liabilitiesCash flow hedge
Corporate
108
•Foreign exchange
Hedge foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities
Fair value hedge
Corporate
106-107
•Foreign exchange
Hedge foreign currency-denominated forecasted revenue and expense
Cash flow hedge
Corporate
108
•Foreign exchange
Hedge the value of the Firm’s investments in non-U.S. dollar functional currency entities
Net investment hedge
Corporate
108
•Commodity
Hedge commodity inventory
Fair value hedge
CIB, AWM
106-107
Manage specifically identified risk exposures not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships:
•Interest rate
Manage the risk associated with mortgage commitments, warehouse loans and MSRs
Specified risk managementCCB109
•Credit
Manage the credit risk associated with wholesale lending exposures
Specified risk management
CIB, AWM
109
•Interest rate and foreign exchange
Manage the risk associated with certain other specified assets and liabilities
Specified risk management
Corporate, CIB
109
Market-making derivatives and other activities:
•Various
Market-making and related risk management
Market-making and other
CIB109
•Various
Other derivatives
Market-making and other
CIB, AWM, Corporate109
99

Notional amount of derivative contracts
The following table summarizes the notional amount of free-standing derivative contracts outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
Notional amounts(b)
(in billions)March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Interest rate contracts
Swaps
$23,156 $20,437 
Futures and forwards
4,723 3,067 
Written options
3,286 3,067 
Purchased options
3,211 3,089 
Total interest rate contracts
34,376 29,660 
Credit derivatives(a)
1,566 1,191 
Foreign exchange contracts
Cross-currency swaps
4,986 4,509 
Spot, futures and forwards
9,111 7,005 
Written options
1,283 1,015 
Purchased options
1,258 984 
Total foreign exchange contracts
16,638 13,513 
Equity contracts
Swaps
927 850 
Futures and forwards
233 206 
Written options
991 914 
Purchased options
853 788 
Total equity contracts3,004 2,758 
Commodity contracts
Swaps
168 148 
Spot, futures and forwards
234 191 
Written options
144 137 
Purchased options
129 125 
Total commodity contracts
675 601 
Total derivative notional amounts
$56,259 $47,723 
(a)Refer to the Credit derivatives discussion on pages 110-111 for more information on volumes and types of credit derivative contracts.
(b)Represents the sum of gross long and gross short third-party notional derivative contracts.
While the notional amounts disclosed above give an indication of the volume of the Firm’s derivatives activity, the notional amounts significantly exceed, in the Firm’s view, the possible losses that could arise from such transactions. For most derivative contracts, the notional amount is not exchanged; it is simply a reference amount used to calculate payments.
100

Impact of derivatives on the Consolidated balance sheets
The following table summarizes information on derivative receivables and payables (before and after netting adjustments) that are reflected on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, by accounting designation (e.g., whether the derivatives were designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships or not) and contract type.
Free-standing derivative receivables and payables(a)
Gross derivative receivablesGross derivative payables
March 31, 2025
(in millions)		Not designated as hedgesDesignated as hedgesTotal derivative receivables
Net derivative receivables(b)
Not designated as hedgesDesignated
as hedges		Total derivative payables
Net derivative payables(b)
Trading assets and liabilities
Interest rate$303,089 $— $303,089 $24,690 $286,980 $— $286,980 $8,175 
Credit11,298 — 11,298 350 16,083 — 16,083 2,569 
Foreign exchange176,587 1,063 177,650 18,804 172,418 902 173,320 13,403 
Equity97,434 — 97,434 9,992 101,066 — 101,066 8,457 
Commodity20,740 48 20,788 6,703 16,241 222 16,463 4,628 
Total fair value of trading assets and liabilities
$609,148 $1,111 $610,259 $60,539 $592,788 $1,124 $593,912 $37,232 
Gross derivative receivablesGross derivative payables
December 31, 2024
(in millions)		Not designated as hedgesDesignated as hedgesTotal derivative receivables
Net derivative receivables(b)
Not designated as hedgesDesignated
as hedges		Total derivative payables
Net derivative payables(b)
Trading assets and liabilities
Interest rate$290,734 

$— $290,734 $24,945 $274,226 $2 $274,228 $9,239 
Credit11,087 — 11,087 814 13,796 — 13,796 1,898 
Foreign exchange261,035 1,885 262,920 25,312 253,289 1,278 254,567 15,597 
Equity85,220 — 85,220 5,285 96,139 — 96,139 8,648 
Commodity15,490 136 15,626 4,611 14,415 73 14,488 4,279 
Total fair value of trading assets and liabilities
$663,566 $2,021 $665,587 $60,967 $651,865 $1,353 $653,218 $39,661 
(a)Balances exclude structured notes for which the fair value option has been elected. Refer to Note 3 for further information.
(b)As permitted under U.S. GAAP, the Firm has elected to net derivative receivables and derivative payables and the related cash collateral receivables and payables when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists.
101

Derivatives netting
The following tables present, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, gross and net derivative receivables and payables by contract and settlement type. Derivative receivables and payables, as well as the related cash collateral from the same counterparty, have been netted on the Consolidated balance sheets where the Firm has obtained an appropriate legal opinion with respect to the master netting agreement. Where such a legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained, amounts are not eligible for netting on the Consolidated balance sheets, and those derivative receivables and payables are shown separately in the tables.
In addition to the cash collateral received and transferred that is presented on a net basis with derivative receivables and payables, the Firm receives and transfers additional collateral (financial instruments and cash). These amounts mitigate counterparty credit risk associated with the Firm’s derivative instruments, but are not eligible for net presentation:
•collateral that consists of liquid securities and other cash collateral held at third-party custodians, which are shown separately as “Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets” in the tables, up to the fair value exposure amount. For the purpose of this disclosure, the definition of liquid securities is consistent with the definition of high quality liquid assets as defined in the LCR rule;
•the amount of collateral held or transferred that exceeds the fair value exposure at the individual counterparty level, as of the date presented, which is excluded from the tables; and
•collateral held or transferred that relates to derivative receivables or payables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained with respect to the master netting agreement, which is excluded from the tables.


102

March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
(in millions)Gross derivative receivablesAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet derivative receivablesGross derivative receivablesAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet
derivative receivables
U.S. GAAP nettable derivative receivables
Interest rate contracts:
Over-the-counter (“OTC”)$157,145 $(133,797)$23,348 $158,202 $(134,791)$23,411 
OTC–cleared144,509 (144,417)92 130,989 (130,810)179 
Exchange-traded(a)
191 (185)6 190 (188)2 
Total interest rate contracts301,845 (278,399)23,446 289,381 (265,789)23,592 
Credit contracts:
OTC8,354 (8,086)268 8,680 (8,030)650 
OTC–cleared2,881 (2,862)19 2,267 (2,243)24 
Total credit contracts11,235 (10,948)287 10,947 (10,273)674 
Foreign exchange contracts:
OTC175,181 (158,258)16,923 259,608 (236,931)22,677 
OTC–cleared603 (588)15 685 (677)8 
Exchange-traded(a)
50 — 50 34 — 34 
Total foreign exchange contracts175,834 (158,846)16,988 260,327 (237,608)22,719 
Equity contracts:
OTC45,596 (41,833)3,763 33,269 (30,742)2,527 
Exchange-traded(a)
51,367 (45,609)5,758 51,040 (49,193)1,847 
Total equity contracts96,963 (87,442)9,521 84,309 (79,935)4,374 
Commodity contracts:
OTC11,927 (8,093)3,834 8,340 (5,848)2,492 
OTC–cleared129 (89)40 126 (84)42 
Exchange-traded(a)
6,606 (5,903)703 5,179 (5,083)96 
Total commodity contracts18,662 (14,085)4,577 13,645 (11,015)2,630 
Derivative receivables with appropriate legal opinion
604,539 (549,720)54,819 
(d)
658,609 (604,620)53,989 
(d)
Derivative receivables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained
5,720 5,720 6,978 6,978 
Total derivative receivables recognized on the Consolidated balance sheets
$610,259 $60,539 $665,587 $60,967 
Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)(c)
(27,290)(28,160)
Net amounts
$33,249 $32,807 
103

March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
(in millions)Gross derivative payablesAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet derivative payablesGross derivative payablesAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet
derivative payables
U.S. GAAP nettable derivative payables
Interest rate contracts:
OTC$135,936 $(129,016)$6,920 $138,215 $(130,375)$7,840 
OTC–cleared149,588 (149,441)147 134,555 (134,262)293 
Exchange-traded(a)
372 (348)24 363 (352)11 
Total interest rate contracts285,896 (278,805)7,091 273,133 (264,989)8,144 
Credit contracts:
OTC12,602 (11,073)1,529 11,381 (10,133)1,248 
OTC–cleared2,471 (2,441)30 1,779 (1,765)14 
Total credit contracts15,073 (13,514)1,559 13,160 (11,898)1,262 
Foreign exchange contracts:
OTC170,681 (159,328)11,353 251,860 (238,292)13,568 
OTC–cleared721 (589)132 772 (678)94 
Exchange-traded(a)
71 — 71 14 — 14 
Total foreign exchange contracts171,473 (159,917)11,556 252,646 (238,970)13,676 
Equity contracts:
OTC53,024 (47,001)6,023 44,394 (38,298)6,096 
Exchange-traded(a)
46,297 (45,608)689 49,578 (49,193)385 
Total equity contracts99,321 (92,609)6,712 93,972 (87,491)6,481 
Commodity contracts:
OTC8,159 (6,003)2,156 6,918 (5,206)1,712 
OTC–cleared89 (89)— 84 (84)— 
Exchange-traded(a)
5,809 (5,743)66 5,182 (4,919)263 
Total commodity contracts14,057 (11,835)2,222 12,184 (10,209)1,975 
Derivative payables with appropriate legal opinion
585,820 (556,680)29,140 
(d)
645,095 (613,557)31,538 
(d)
Derivative payables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained
8,092 8,092 8,123 8,123 
Total derivative payables recognized on the Consolidated balance sheets
$593,912 $37,232 $653,218 $39,661 
Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)(c)
(9,673)(10,163)
Net amounts
$27,559 $29,498 
(a)Exchange-traded derivative balances that relate to futures contracts are settled daily.
(b)Includes liquid securities and other cash collateral held at third-party custodians related to derivative instruments where an appropriate legal opinion has been obtained. For some counterparties, the collateral amounts of financial instruments may exceed the derivative receivables and derivative payables balances. Where this is the case, the total amount reported is limited to the net derivative receivables and net derivative payables balances with that counterparty.
(c)Derivative collateral relates only to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative instruments.
(d)Net derivatives receivable included cash collateral netted of $46.9 billion and $51.9 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Net derivatives payable included cash collateral netted of $53.8 billion and $60.8 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Derivative cash collateral relates to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative instruments.
104

Liquidity risk and credit-related contingent features
Refer to Note 5 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion of liquidity risk and credit-related contingent features related to the Firm’s derivative contracts.
The following table shows the aggregate fair value of net derivative payables related to OTC and OTC-cleared derivatives that contain contingent collateral or termination features that may be triggered upon a ratings downgrade, and the associated collateral the Firm has posted in the normal course of business, at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
OTC and OTC-cleared derivative payables containing downgrade triggers
(in millions)March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Aggregate fair value of net derivative payables
$13,632 $15,371 
Collateral posted14,027 15,204 
The following table shows the impact of a single-notch and two-notch downgrade of the long-term issuer ratings of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and its subsidiaries, predominantly JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, related to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative contracts with contingent collateral or termination features that may be triggered upon a ratings downgrade. Derivatives contracts generally require additional collateral to be posted or terminations to be triggered when the predefined rating threshold is breached. A downgrade by a single rating agency that does not result in a rating lower than a preexisting corresponding rating provided by another major rating agency will generally not result in additional collateral (except in certain instances in which additional initial margin may be required upon a ratings downgrade), nor in termination payment requirements. The liquidity impact in the table is calculated based upon a downgrade below the lowest current rating of the rating agencies referred to in the derivative contract.
Liquidity impact of downgrade triggers on OTC and OTC-cleared derivatives
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
(in millions)Single-notch downgradeTwo-notch downgradeSingle-notch downgradeTwo-notch downgrade
Amount of additional collateral to be posted upon downgrade(a)
$43 $1,038 $119 $1,205 
Amount required to settle contracts with termination triggers upon downgrade(b)
82 815 78 458 
(a)Includes the additional collateral to be posted for initial margin.
(b)Amounts represent fair values of derivative payables, and do not reflect collateral posted.
105

Impact of derivatives on the Consolidated statements of income
The following tables provide information related to gains and losses recorded on derivatives based on their hedge accounting designation or purpose.
Fair value hedge gains and losses
The following tables present derivative instruments, by contract type, used in fair value hedge accounting relationships, as well as pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on such derivatives and the related hedged items for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Firm includes gains/(losses) on the hedging derivative in the same line item in the Consolidated statements of income as the related hedged item.
Gains/(losses) recorded in income
Income statement impact of
excluded components(e)
OCI impact
Three months ended March 31, 2025
(in millions)		DerivativesHedged itemsIncome statement impactAmortization approachChanges in fair value
Derivatives - Gains/(losses) recorded in OCI(f)
Contract type
Interest rate(a)(b)
$41 $292 $333 $— $302 $— 
Foreign exchange(c)
247 (204)43 (135)43 37 
Commodity(d)
(1,329)1,400 71 — 56 — 
Total$(1,041)$1,488 $447 $(135)$401 $37 
Gains/(losses) recorded in income
Income statement impact of
excluded components(e)
OCI impact
Three months ended March 31, 2024
(in millions)		DerivativesHedged itemsIncome statement impactAmortization approachChanges in fair value
Derivatives - Gains/(losses) recorded in OCI(f)
Contract type
Interest rate(a)(b)
$318 $(220)$98 $— $112 $— 
Foreign exchange(c)
(139)189 50 (116)50 (27)
Commodity(d)
261 (235)26 — 24 — 
Total$440 $(266)$174 $(116)$186 $(27)
(a)Primarily consists of hedges of the benchmark (e.g., Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”)) interest rate risk of fixed-rate long-term debt and AFS securities. Gains and losses were recorded in net interest income.
(b)Includes the amortization of income/expense associated with the inception hedge accounting adjustment applied to the hedged item. Excludes the accrual of interest on interest rate swaps and the related hedged items.
(c)Primarily consists of hedges of the foreign currency risk of long-term debt and AFS securities for changes in spot foreign currency rates. Gains and losses related to the derivatives and the hedged items due to changes in foreign currency rates and the income statement impact of excluded components were recorded primarily in principal transactions revenue and net interest income.
(d)Consists of overall fair value hedges of physical commodities inventories that are generally carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value (net realizable value approximates fair value). Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.
(e)The assessment of hedge effectiveness excludes certain components of the changes in fair values of the derivatives and hedged items such as forward points on foreign exchange forward contracts, time values and cross-currency basis spreads. Excluded components may impact earnings either through amortization of the initial amount over the life of the derivative, or through fair value changes recognized in the current period.
(f)Represents the change in value of amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness under the amortization approach, predominantly cross-currency basis spreads. The amount excluded at inception of the hedge is recognized in earnings over the life of the derivative.

106

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the following amounts were recorded on the Consolidated balance sheets related to certain cumulative fair value hedge basis adjustments that are expected to reverse through the income statement in future periods as an adjustment to yield.
Carrying amount of the hedged items(a)(b)
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount of hedged items:
March 31, 2025
(in millions)
Active hedging relationships(d)
Discontinued hedging relationships(d)(e)
Total
Assets
Investment securities - AFS$212,505 
(c)
$1,697 $(2,514)$(817)
Liabilities
Long-term debt216,775 (1,361)(9,053)(10,414)
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs5,353 9 (4)5 
Carrying amount of the hedged items(a)(b)
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount of hedged items:
December 31, 2024
(in millions)
Active hedging relationships(d)
Discontinued hedging relationships(d)(e)
Total
Assets
Investment securities - AFS$203,141 
(c)
$(1,675)$(1,959)$(3,634)
Liabilities
Long-term debt211,288 (3,711)(9,332)(13,043)
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs5,312 (30)(5)(35)
(a)Excludes physical commodities with a carrying value of $8.2 billion and $6.2 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, to which the Firm applies fair value hedge accounting. As a result of the application of hedge accounting, these inventories are carried at fair value, thus recognizing unrealized gains and losses in current periods. Since the Firm exits these positions at fair value, there is no incremental impact to net income in future periods.
(b)Excludes hedged items where only foreign currency risk is the designated hedged risk, as basis adjustments related to foreign currency hedges will not reverse through the income statement in future periods. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying amount excluded for AFS securities was $28.6 billion and $28.7 billion, respectively. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying amount excluded for long-term debt was $541 million and $518 million, respectively.
(c)Carrying amount represents the amortized cost, net of allowance if applicable. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amortized cost of the portfolio layer method closed portfolios was $70.3 billion and $72.8 billion, of which $47.6 billion and $41.2 billion was designated as hedged, respectively. The amount designated as hedged is the sum of the notional amounts of all outstanding layers in each portfolio, which includes both spot starting and forward starting layers. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the cumulative amount of basis adjustments was $(734) million and $(1.7) billion, which is comprised of $462 million and $(1.2) billion for active hedging relationships, and $(1.2) billion and $(566) million for discontinued hedging relationships, respectively. Refer to Note 9 for additional information.
(d)Positive (negative) amounts related to assets represent cumulative fair value hedge basis adjustments that will reduce (increase) net interest income in future periods. Positive (negative) amounts related to liabilities represent cumulative fair value hedge basis adjustments that will increase (reduce) net interest income in future periods.
(e)Represents basis adjustments existing on the balance sheet date associated with hedged items that have been de-designated from qualifying fair value hedging relationships.
107

Cash flow hedge gains and losses
The following tables present derivative instruments, by contract type, used in cash flow hedge accounting relationships, and the pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on such derivatives, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Firm includes the gains/(losses) on the hedging derivative in the same line item in the Consolidated statements of income as the change in cash flows on the related hedged item.
Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Three months ended March 31, 2025
(in millions)		Amounts reclassified
from AOCI to income		Amounts recorded
in OCI		Total change
in OCI for period
Contract type
Interest rate(a)
$(599)$1,446 $2,045 
Foreign exchange(b)
(22)141 163 
Total$(621)$1,587 $2,208 
Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Three months ended March 31, 2024
(in millions)		Amounts reclassified
from AOCI to income		Amounts recorded
in OCI
Total change
in OCI for period
Contract type
Interest rate(a)
$(620)$(1,725)$(1,105)
Foreign exchange(b)
31 (37)(68)
Total$(589)$(1,762)$(1,173)
(a)Primarily consists of hedges of SOFR-indexed floating-rate assets. Gains and losses were recorded in net interest income.
(b)Primarily consists of hedges of the foreign currency risk of non-U.S. dollar-denominated revenue and expense. The income statement classification of gains and losses follows the hedged item – primarily noninterest revenue and compensation expense.
The Firm did not experience any forecasted transactions that failed to occur for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
Over the next 12 months, the Firm expects that approximately $(1.6) billion (after-tax) of net losses recorded in AOCI at March 31, 2025, related to cash flow hedges will be recognized in income. For cash flow hedges that have been terminated, the maximum length of time over which the derivative results recorded in AOCI will be recognized in earnings is approximately seven years, corresponding to the timing of the originally hedged forecasted cash flows. For open cash flow hedges, the maximum length of time over which forecasted transactions are hedged is approximately seven years. The Firm’s longer-dated forecasted transactions relate to core lending and borrowing activities.
Net investment hedge gains and losses
The following table presents hedging instruments, by contract type, that were used in net investment hedge accounting relationships, and the pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on such instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
Gains/(losses) recorded in income(a) and other comprehensive income/(loss)
20252024
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)
Amounts recorded in
income(b)
Amounts recorded in OCI
Amounts recorded in
income(b)
Amounts recorded in OCI
Foreign exchange derivatives$33 $(2,134)$89 $1,442 
(a)Certain components of hedging derivatives are permitted to be excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, such as forward points on foreign exchange forward contracts. The changes in fair value of these amounts are recorded in net interest income.
(b)Excludes amounts reclassified from AOCI to income associated with net investment hedges. There were no sales or liquidations of legal entities that resulted in reclassifications for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Refer to Note 19 for further information.
108

Gains and losses on derivatives used for specified risk management purposes
The following table presents pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on a limited number of derivatives, not designated in hedge accounting relationships, that are used to manage risks associated with certain specified assets and liabilities, including certain risks arising from mortgage commitments, warehouse loans, MSRs, wholesale lending exposures, and foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities.
Derivatives gains/(losses)
recorded in income
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Contract type
Interest rate(a)
$56 $(223)
Credit(b)
(60)(258)
Foreign exchange(c)
41 7 
Equity(d)
(2)— 
Total$35 $(474)
(a)Primarily represents interest rate derivatives used to hedge the interest rate risk inherent in mortgage commitments, warehouse loans and MSRs, as well as written commitments to originate warehouse loans. Gains and losses were recorded predominantly in mortgage fees and related income.
(b)Relates to credit derivatives used to mitigate credit risk associated with lending exposures in the Firm’s wholesale businesses. These derivatives do not include credit derivatives used to mitigate counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables, which is included in gains and losses on derivatives related to market-making activities and other derivatives. Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.
(c)Primarily relates to derivatives used to mitigate foreign exchange risk of specified foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities. Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.
(d)Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.
Gains and losses on derivatives related to market-making activities and other derivatives
The Firm makes markets in derivatives in order to meet the needs of customers and uses derivatives to manage certain risks associated with net open risk positions from its market-making activities, including the counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables. All derivatives not included in the hedge accounting or specified risk management categories above are included in this category. Gains and losses on these derivatives are primarily recorded in principal transactions revenue. Refer to Note 5 for information on principal transactions revenue.





























109

Credit derivatives
Refer to Note 5 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion of credit derivatives. The following tables present a summary of the notional amounts of credit derivatives and credit-related notes the Firm sold and purchased as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Firm does not use notional amounts of credit derivatives as the primary measure of risk management for such derivatives, because the notional amount does not take into account the probability of the occurrence of a credit event, the recovery value of the reference obligation, or related cash instruments and economic hedges, each of which reduces, in the Firm’s view, the risks associated with such derivatives.
Total credit derivatives and credit-related notes
Maximum payout/Notional amount
March 31, 2025
(in millions)		Protection sold
Protection purchased with identical underlyings(c)
Net protection (sold)/purchased(d)
Other protection purchased(e)
Credit derivatives
Credit default swaps$(591,524)$609,628 $18,104 $6,022 
Other credit derivatives(a)
(143,716)200,742 57,026 14,533 
Total credit derivatives(735,240)810,370 75,130 20,555 
Credit-related notes(b)
— — — 11,141 
Total$(735,240)$810,370 $75,130 $31,696 
Maximum payout/Notional amount
December 31, 2024
(in millions)		Protection sold
Protection purchased with identical underlyings(c)
Net protection (sold)/purchased(d)
Other protection purchased(e)
Credit derivatives
Credit default swaps$(450,184)$474,554 $24,370 $6,858 
Other credit derivatives(a)
(110,913)137,927 27,014 

10,169 
Total credit derivatives(561,097)612,481 51,384 17,027 
Credit-related notes(b)
— — — 10,471 
Total$(561,097)$612,481 $51,384 $27,498 
(a)Other credit derivatives predominantly consist of credit swap options and total return swaps.
(b)Predominantly represents Other protection purchased by CIB.
(c)Represents the total notional amount of protection purchased where the underlying reference instrument is identical to the reference instrument on protection sold; the notional amount of protection purchased for each individual identical underlying reference instrument may be greater or lower than the notional amount of protection sold.
(d)Does not take into account the fair value of the reference obligation at the time of settlement, which would generally reduce the amount the seller of protection pays to the buyer of protection in determining settlement value.
(e)Represents protection purchased by the Firm on referenced instruments (single-name, portfolio or index) where the Firm has not sold any protection on the identical reference instrument. Also includes credit protection against certain loans and lending-related commitments in the retained lending portfolio through the issuance of credit derivatives and credit-related notes.

110

The following tables summarize the notional amounts by the ratings, maturity profile, and total fair value, of credit derivatives as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, where JPMorganChase is the seller of protection. The maturity profile is based on the remaining contractual maturity of the credit derivative contracts. The ratings profile is based on the rating of the reference entity on which the credit derivative contract is based. The ratings and maturity profile of credit derivatives where JPMorganChase is the purchaser of protection are comparable to the profile reflected below.
Protection sold — credit derivatives ratings(a)/maturity profile
March 31, 2025
(in millions)		<1 year1–5 years>5 yearsTotal notional amount
Fair value of receivables(b)
Fair value of payables(b)
Net fair value
Risk rating of reference entity
Investment-grade$(163,323)$(303,031)$(108,238)$(574,592)$4,788 $(1,185)$3,603 
Noninvestment-grade(45,260)(85,886)(29,502)(160,648)2,333 (2,127)206 
Total$(208,583)$(388,917)$(137,740)$(735,240)$7,121 $(3,312)$3,809 
December 31, 2024
(in millions)		<1 year1–5 years>5 yearsTotal notional amount
Fair value of receivables(b)
Fair value of payables(b)
Net fair value
Risk rating of reference entity
Investment-grade$(135,950)$(277,052)$(33,379)$(446,381)$4,593 $(904)$3,689 
Noninvestment-grade(42,149)(70,525)(2,042)(114,716)1,889 (1,738)151 
Total$(178,099)$(347,577)$(35,421)$(561,097)$6,482 $(2,642)$3,840 
(a)The ratings scale is primarily based on external credit ratings defined by S&P and Moody’s.
(b)Amounts are shown on a gross basis, before the benefit of legally enforceable master netting agreements including cash collateral netting.
111

Note 5 – Noninterest revenue and noninterest expense
Noninterest revenue
Refer to Note 6 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of the components of and accounting policies for the Firm’s noninterest revenue.
Investment banking fees
The following table presents the components of investment banking fees.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Underwriting
Equity$321 $354 
Debt1,169 1,003 
Total underwriting1,490 1,357 
Advisory688 597 
Total investment banking fees
$2,178 $1,954 
Principal transactions
The following table presents all realized and unrealized gains and losses recorded in principal transactions revenue. This table excludes interest income and interest expense on trading assets and liabilities, which are an integral part of the overall performance of the Firm’s client-driven market-making activities in CIB and fund deployment activities in Treasury and CIO. Refer to Note 6 for further information on interest income and interest expense.
Trading revenue is presented primarily by instrument type. The Firm’s client-driven market-making businesses generally utilize a variety of instrument types in connection with their market-making and related risk-management activities; accordingly, the trading revenue presented in the table below is not representative of the total revenue of any individual LOB.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Trading revenue by instrument type
Interest rate(a)
$1,358 $1,071 
Credit(b)
238 691 
Foreign exchange1,376 1,536 
Equity4,174 3,277 
Commodity481 200 
Total trading revenue7,627 6,775 
Private equity gains/(losses)
(13)15 
Principal transactions
$7,614 $6,790 
(a)Includes the impact of changes in funding valuation adjustments on derivatives.
(b)Includes the impact of changes in credit valuation adjustments on derivatives, net of the associated hedging activities.
Lending- and deposit-related fees
The following table presents the components of lending- and deposit-related fees.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Lending-related fees(a)
$533 $603 
Deposit-related fees1,599 1,299 
Total lending- and deposit-related fees
$2,132 $1,902 
(a)Includes the amortization of the fair value discount on certain acquired lending-related commitments associated with First Republic, predominantly in AWM and CIB. The discount, which is deferred in other liabilities and recognized on a straight-line basis over the commitment period, continues to decline as commitments expire.
Deposit-related fees include the impact of credits earned by clients that reduce such fees.
Asset management fees
The following table presents the components of asset management fees.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Asset management fees
Investment management fees$4,603 $4,059 
All other asset management fees
97 87 
Total asset management fees
$4,700 $4,146 
Commissions and other fees
The following table presents the components of commissions and other fees.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Commissions and other fees
Brokerage commissions and fees
$900 $763 
Administration fees
649 606 
All other commissions and fees (a)
484 436 
Total commissions and other fees$2,033 $1,805 
(a)Includes annuity sales commissions, depositary receipt-related service fees and travel-related sales commissions, as well as other service fees, which are recognized as revenue when the services are rendered.
Mortgage fees and related income: refer to Note 14 for additional information.
112

Card income
The following table presents the components of card income.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Interchange and merchant processing income
$8,398 $7,831 
Rewards costs and partner payments(6,785)(6,171)
All other(a)
(397)(442)
Total card income
$1,216 $1,218 
(a)Predominantly represents the amortization of account origination costs and annual fees, which are deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over a 12-month period.
Other income
The following table presents certain components of other income.
Three months ended March 31,
 
(in millions)		20252024
Operating lease income$829 $672 
First Republic-related gain
588 — 
Refer to Note 16 for information on operating lease income included within other income.
First Republic-related gain: On January 17, 2025, the Firm reached an agreement with the FDIC with respect to certain outstanding items related to the First Republic acquisition. As a result of the agreement, the Firm made a payment of $609 million to the FDIC on January 31, 2025 and reduced its additional payable to the FDIC, which resulted in a gain of $588 million recorded in other income in the first quarter of 2025. Refer to Note 34 on pages 319-321 of the Firm’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.
Noninterest expense
Other expense
Other expense on the Firm’s Consolidated statements of income includes the following:
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Legal expense$121 $(72)
FDIC-related expense(a)
(11)973 
Operating losses386 299 
(a)Included an FDIC special assessment accrual release of $323 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and an accrual increase of $725 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

113

Note 6 – Interest income and interest expense
Refer to Note 7 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a description of JPMorganChase’s accounting policies regarding interest income and interest expense.
The following table presents the components of interest income and interest expense.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Interest income
Loans(a)
$22,420 $22,874 
Taxable securities5,992 4,871 
Non-taxable securities(b)
270 323 
Total investment securities(a)
6,262 5,194 
Trading assets - debt instruments5,557 4,592 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements4,216 4,215 
Securities borrowed2,307 2,166 
Deposits with banks4,139 6,386 
All other interest-earning assets(c)
1,952 2,011 
Total interest income$46,853 $47,438 
Interest expense
Interest-bearing deposits$11,077 $12,234 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements5,189 3,969 
Short-term borrowings535 535 
Trading liabilities – debt and all other interest-bearing liabilities(d)
2,091 2,636 
Long-term debt4,392 4,618 
Beneficial interest issued by consolidated VIEs296 364 
Total interest expense$23,580 $24,356 
Net interest income$23,273 $23,082 
Provision for credit losses3,305 1,884 
Net interest income after provision for credit losses$19,968 $21,198 
(a)Includes the amortization and accretion of purchase premiums and discounts, as well as net deferred fees and costs on loans.
(b)Represents securities that are tax-exempt for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
(c)Includes interest earned on brokerage-related held-for-investment customer receivables, which are classified in accrued interest and accounts receivable, and all other interest-earning assets which are classified in other assets on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(d)All other interest-bearing liabilities includes interest expense on brokerage-related customer payables.

114

Note 7 – Pension and other postretirement employee benefit plans
Refer to Note 8 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of JPMorganChase’s pension and OPEB plans.
The following table presents the net periodic benefit costs reported in the Consolidated statements of income for the Firm’s defined benefit pension, defined contribution and OPEB plans.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Total net periodic defined benefit plan cost/(credit)$(65)$(113)
Total defined contribution plans
435 388 
Total pension and OPEB cost included in noninterest expense
$370 $275 
As of both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair values of plan assets for the Firm’s significant defined benefit pension and OPEB plans were $22.2 billion.
115

Note 8 – Employee share-based incentives
Refer to Note 9 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of the accounting policies and other information relating to employee share-based incentives.
The Firm recognized the following noncash compensation expense related to its various employee share-based incentive plans in its Consolidated statements of income.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Cost of prior grants of restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance share units (“PSUs”) and stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) that are amortized over their applicable vesting periods$424 $435 
Accrual of estimated costs of share-based awards to be granted in future periods, predominantly those to full-career eligible employees629 503 
Total noncash compensation expense related to employee share-based incentive plans$1,053 $938 
In the first quarter of 2025, in connection with its annual incentive grant for the 2024 performance year, the Firm granted 12 million RSUs and 462 thousand PSUs with weighted-average grant date fair values of $259.74 per RSU and $261.10 per PSU.
116

Note 9 – Investment securities
Investment securities consist of debt securities that are classified as AFS or HTM. Debt securities classified as trading assets are discussed in Note 2. Predominantly all of the Firm’s AFS and HTM securities are held by Treasury and CIO in connection with its asset-liability management activities. At March 31, 2025, the investment securities portfolio consisted of debt securities with an average credit
rating of AA+ (based upon external ratings where available, and where not available, based primarily upon internal risk ratings).
Refer to Note 10 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information regarding the investment securities portfolio.
The amortized costs and estimated fair values of the investment securities portfolio were as follows for the dates indicated.
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
(in millions)
Amortized cost(c)(d)
Gross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesFair value
Amortized cost(c)(d)
Gross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesFair value
Available-for-sale securities
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$88,333 $697 $3,053 $85,977 $95,671 $251 $4,029 $91,893 
Residential:
U.S.4,962 23 34 4,951 4,242 16 50 4,208 
Non-U.S.524 3 — 527 600 3 — 603 
Commercial4,662 24 53 4,633 4,115 20 70 4,065 
Total mortgage-backed securities98,481 747 3,140 96,088 104,628 290 4,149 100,769 
U.S. Treasury and government agencies230,023 1,300 70 231,253 235,495 545 1,261 234,779 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities18,426 51 1,040 17,437 18,337 110 534 17,913 
Non-U.S. government debt securities37,091 91 471 36,711 36,655 94 504 36,245 
Corporate debt securities61 — — 61 71 — 1 70 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations15,620 32 6 15,646 14,887 59 3 14,943 
Other2,151 23 7 2,167 2,125 17 9 2,133 
Unallocated portfolio layer fair value
     basis adjustments(a)
463 (463)— NA(1,153)— (1,153)NA
Total available-for-sale securities402,316 1,781 4,734 399,363 

411,045 1,115 5,308 406,852 
Held-to-maturity securities(b)
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies95,354 29 11,687 83,696 97,177 6 13,531 83,652 
U.S. Residential8,345 4 766 7,583 8,605 4 904 7,705 
Commercial8,150 17 339 7,828 8,817 24 389 8,452 
Total mortgage-backed securities111,849 50 12,792 99,107 114,599 34 14,824 99,809 
U.S. Treasury and government agencies108,658 — 9,297 99,361 108,632 — 11,212 97,420 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities9,181 9 781 8,409 9,310 32 631 8,711 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations34,136 31 21 34,146 40,573 84 14 40,643 
Other1,260 1 31 1,230 1,354 2 39 1,317 
Total held-to-maturity securities265,084 91 22,922 242,253 274,468 152 26,720 247,900 
Total investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses$667,400 $1,872 $27,656 $641,616 $685,513 $1,267 $32,028 $654,752 
(a)Represents the amount of portfolio layer method basis adjustments related to AFS securities hedged in a closed portfolio. Under U.S. GAAP portfolio layer method basis adjustments are not allocated to individual securities, however, the amounts impact the unrealized gains or losses in the table for the types of securities being hedged. Refer to Note 4 for additional information.
(b)The Firm purchased $1.6 billion and $479 million of HTM securities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
(c)The amortized cost of investment securities is reported net of allowance for credit losses of $118 million and $152 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
(d)Excludes $3.9 billion and $3.7 billion of accrued interest receivable at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Firm did not reverse through interest income any accrued interest receivable for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Refer to Note 10 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further discussion of accounting policies for accrued interest receivable on investment securities.
117

AFS securities impairment
The following tables present the fair value and gross unrealized losses by aging category for AFS securities at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The tables exclude U.S. Treasury and government agency securities and U.S. GSE and government agency MBS with unrealized losses of $3.1 billion and $5.3 billion, at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively; changes in the value of these securities are generally driven by changes in interest rates rather than changes in their credit profile given the explicit or implicit guarantees provided by the U.S. government.
Available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses
Less than 12 months12 months or more
March 31, 2025
(in millions)		Fair valueGross
unrealized losses		Fair valueGross
unrealized losses		Total fair valueTotal gross unrealized losses
Available-for-sale securities
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential:
U.S.
$544 $2 $892 $32 $1,436 $34 
Non-U.S.— — 28 — 28 — 
Commercial1,250 5 943 48 2,193 53 
Total mortgage-backed securities1,794 7 1,863 80 3,657 87 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities12,874 654 2,531 386 15,405 1,040 
Non-U.S. government debt securities13,982 224 4,267 247 18,249 471 
Corporate debt securities9 — 5 — 14 — 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations1,856 4 233 2 2,089 6 
Other144 — 165 7 309 7 
Total available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses
$30,659 

$889 $9,064 $722 $39,723 $1,611 
Available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses
Less than 12 months12 months or more
December 31, 2024
(in millions)		Fair valueGross
unrealized losses		Fair valueGross
unrealized losses		Total fair valueTotal gross unrealized losses
Available-for-sale securities
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential:
U.S.$1,505 $6 $925 $44 $2,430 $50 
Non-U.S.— — 30 — 30 — 
Commercial763 8 1,184 62 1,947 70 
Total mortgage-backed securities2,268 14 2,139 106 4,407 120 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities10,037 233 2,412 301 12,449 534 
Non-U.S. government debt securities14,234 234 4,184 270 18,418 504 
Corporate debt securities9 — 30 1 39 1 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations2 — 375 3 377 3 
Other214 1 200 8 414 9 
Total available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses$26,764 

$482 $9,340 $689 $36,104 $1,171 

118

HTM securities – credit risk
Credit quality indicator
The primary credit quality indicator for HTM securities is the risk rating assigned to each security. At both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, all HTM securities were rated investment grade and were current and accruing, with approximately 99% rated at least AA+ (based upon external ratings where available, and where not available, based primarily upon internal risk ratings).
Allowance for credit losses on investment securities
The allowance for credit losses on investment securities as of March 31, 2025 was $118 million, which included a $17 million reduction in allowance related to a sale of a corporate debt security. As of March 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses in investment securities was $154 million.
Refer to Note 10 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further discussion of accounting policies for AFS and HTM securities.
Selected impacts of investment securities on the Consolidated statements of income
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Realized gains$145 $173 
Realized losses(182)(539)
Investment securities losses$(37)$(366)
Provision for credit losses$(17)$26 
119

Contractual maturities and yields
The following table presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value at March 31, 2025, of JPMorganChase’s investment securities portfolio by contractual maturity.
By remaining maturity
March 31, 2025 (in millions)		Due in one
year or less		Due after one year through five yearsDue after five years through 10 years
Due after
10 years(c)
Total
Available-for-sale securities
Mortgage-backed securities
Amortized cost$1,243 $9,052 $4,011 $84,178 $98,484 
Fair value1,228 9,093 4,036 81,731 96,088 

Average yield(a)
3.45 %4.71 %5.23 %4.57 %4.59 %
U.S. Treasury and government agencies
Amortized cost$13,158 $169,205 $41,768 $5,892 $230,023 
Fair value13,181 170,187 41,820 6,065 231,253 
Average yield(a)
4.56 %4.55 %4.88 %5.16 %4.63 %
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities
Amortized cost$4 $15 $92 $18,315 $18,426 
Fair value4 15 90 17,328 17,437 

Average yield(a)
1.54 %3.86 %4.34 %5.22 %5.21 %
Non-U.S. government debt securities
Amortized cost$8,999 $14,904 $8,863 $4,325 $37,091 
Fair value9,002 14,893 8,635 4,181 36,711 
Average yield(a)
3.89 %4.31 %3.09 %4.05 %3.89 %
Corporate debt securities
Amortized cost$80 $14 $— $— $94 
Fair value47 14 — — 61 
Average yield(a)
12.89 %4.10 %— %— %11.59 %
Asset-backed securities
Amortized cost$6 $426 $1,273 $16,066 $17,771 
Fair value6 428 1,281 16,098 17,813 

Average yield(a)
5.55 %5.81 %5.78 %5.62 %5.63 %
Total available-for-sale securities
Amortized cost(b)
$23,490 $193,616 $56,007 $128,776 $401,889 
Fair value23,468 194,630 55,862 125,403 399,363 

Average yield(a)
4.27 %4.54 %4.64 %4.80 %4.62 %
Held-to-maturity securities
Mortgage-backed securities
Amortized cost$357 $7,708 $6,486 $97,350 $111,901 
Fair value347 7,294 5,894 85,572 99,107 
Average yield(a)
0.93 %2.68 %2.88 %2.94 %2.91 %
U.S. Treasury and government agencies
Amortized cost$30,729 $31,143 $46,786 $— $108,658 
Fair value30,004 29,076 40,281 — 99,361 
Average yield(a)
0.57 %1.34 %1.26 %— %1.09 %
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities
Amortized cost$— $11 $315 $8,885 $9,211 
Fair value— 11 285 8,113 8,409 
Average yield(a)
— %4.62 %3.23 %3.88 %3.85 %
Asset-backed securities
Amortized cost$— $72 $20,632 $14,692 $35,396 
Fair value— 72 20,635 14,669 35,376 
Average yield(a)
— %4.95 %5.18 %5.29 %5.22 %
Total held-to-maturity securities
Amortized cost(b)
$31,086 $38,934 $74,219 $120,927 $265,166 
Fair value30,351 36,453 67,095 108,354 242,253 
Average yield(a)
0.58 %1.61 %2.50 %3.29 %2.50 %
(a)Average yield is computed using the effective yield of each security owned at the end of the period, weighted based on the amortized cost of each security. The effective yield considers the contractual coupon, amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, and the effect of related hedging derivatives, including closed portfolio hedges. Taxable-equivalent amounts are used where applicable. The effective yield excludes unscheduled principal prepayments; and accordingly, actual maturities of securities may differ from their contractual or expected maturities as certain securities may be prepaid. However, for certain callable debt securities, the average yield is calculated to the earliest call date.
(b)For purposes of this table, the amortized cost of available-for-sale securities excludes the allowance for credit losses of $36 million and the portfolio layer fair value hedge basis adjustments of $463 million at March 31, 2025. The amortized cost of held-to-maturity securities also excludes the allowance for credit losses of $82 million at March 31, 2025.
(c)Substantially all of the Firm’s U.S. residential MBS and collateralized mortgage obligations are due in 10 years or more, based on contractual maturity. The estimated weighted-average life, which reflects anticipated future prepayments, is approximately eight years for agency residential MBS, six years for agency residential collateralized mortgage obligations, and five years for nonagency residential collateralized mortgage obligations.
120

Note 10 – Securities financing activities
Refer to Note 11 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of accounting policies relating to securities financing activities. Refer to Note 3 for further information regarding securities financing agreements for which the fair value option has been elected. Refer to Note 23 for further information regarding assets pledged and collateral received in securities financing agreements.
The table below summarizes the gross and net amounts of the Firm’s securities financing agreements as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. When the Firm has obtained an appropriate legal opinion with respect to a master netting agreement with a counterparty and where other relevant netting criteria under U.S. GAAP are met, the Firm nets, on the Consolidated balance sheets, the balances outstanding under its securities financing agreements with the same counterparty. In addition, the Firm exchanges securities and/or cash collateral with its counterparty to reduce the economic exposure with
the counterparty, but such collateral is not eligible for net Consolidated balance sheet presentation. Where the Firm has obtained an appropriate legal opinion with respect to the counterparty master netting agreement, such collateral, along with securities financing balances that do not meet all these relevant netting criteria under U.S. GAAP, is presented in the table below as “Amounts not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets,” and reduces the “Net amounts” presented. Where a legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained, the securities financing balances are presented gross in the “Net amounts” below. In transactions where the Firm is acting as the lender in a securities-for-securities lending agreement and receives securities that can be pledged or sold as collateral, the Firm recognizes the securities received at fair value within other assets and the obligation to return those securities within accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets.
March 31, 2025
(in millions)Gross amountsAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsAmounts presented on the Consolidated balance sheets
Amounts not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)
Net
amounts(c)
Assets
Securities purchased under resale agreements
$701,851 $(272,345)$429,506 $(419,849)$9,657 
Securities borrowed
285,230 (46,528)238,702 (187,332)51,370 
Liabilities
Securities sold under repurchase agreements$797,949 $(272,345)$525,604 $(491,557)$34,047 
Securities loaned and other(a)
61,543 (46,528)15,015 (14,959)56 
December 31, 2024
(in millions)Gross amountsAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsAmounts presented on the Consolidated balance sheets
Amounts not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)
Net
amounts(c)
Assets
Securities purchased under resale agreements
$607,154 $(312,183)$294,971 $(282,220)$12,751 
Securities borrowed
267,917 (48,371)219,546 (170,702)48,844 
Liabilities
Securities sold under repurchase agreements$603,683 $(312,183)$291,500 $(249,763)$41,737 
Securities loaned and other(a)
58,989 (48,371)10,618 (10,557)61 
(a)Includes securities-for-securities lending agreements of $7.9 billion and $5.9 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, accounted for at fair value, where the Firm is acting as lender.
(b)In some cases, collateral exchanged with a counterparty exceeds the net asset or liability balance with that counterparty. In such cases, the amounts reported in this column are limited to the related net asset or liability with that counterparty.
(c)Includes securities financing agreements that provide collateral rights, but where an appropriate legal opinion with respect to the master netting agreement has not been either sought or obtained. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, included $8.6 billion and $8.7 billion, respectively, of securities purchased under resale agreements; $44.4 billion and $42.9 billion, respectively, of securities borrowed; $33.3 billion and $40.9 billion, respectively, of securities sold under repurchase agreements; and securities loaned and other which were not material.
121

The tables below present as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 the types of financial assets pledged in securities financing agreements and the remaining contractual maturity of the securities financing agreements.
Gross liability balance
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
 (in millions)Securities sold under repurchase agreementsSecurities loaned and otherSecurities sold under repurchase agreementsSecurities loaned and other
Mortgage-backed securities
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$118,299 $— $82,645 $— 
Residential - nonagency2,194 — 2,610 — 
Commercial - nonagency1,511 — 2,344 — 
U.S. Treasury, GSEs and government agencies376,658 691 300,022 759 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities1,885 — 1,872 — 
Non-U.S. government debt194,570 2,615 117,614 1,852 
Corporate debt securities52,295 3,582 44,495 4,033 
Asset-backed securities6,027 — 4,619 — 
Equity securities44,510 54,655 47,462 52,345 
Total
$797,949 $61,543 $603,683 $58,989 
Remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
March 31, 2025
(in millions)		Overnight and continuousUp to 30 days30 – 90 daysGreater than
90 days		Total
Total securities sold under repurchase agreements$420,477 $244,426 $25,843 $107,203 $797,949 
Total securities loaned and other57,112 — 1 4,430 61,543 
Remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
December 31, 2024
(in millions)		Overnight and continuousUp to 30 days30 – 90 daysGreater than
90 days		Total
Total securities sold under repurchase agreements$308,392 $171,346 $19,932 $104,013 $603,683 
Total securities loaned and other54,066 1,463 1 3,459 58,989 
Transfers not qualifying for sale accounting
At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Firm held $910 million and $805 million, respectively, of financial assets for which the rights have been transferred to third parties; however, the transfers did not qualify as a sale in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These transfers have been recognized as collateralized financing transactions. The transferred assets are recorded in trading assets and loans, and the corresponding liabilities are recorded primarily in short-term borrowings and long-term debt on the Consolidated balance sheets.
122

Note 11 – Loans
Loan accounting framework
The accounting for a loan depends on management’s strategy for the loan. The Firm accounts for loans based on the following categories:
•Originated or purchased loans held-for-investment (i.e., “retained”)
•Loans held-for-sale
•Loans at fair value
Refer to Note 12 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K for a detailed discussion of loans, including accounting policies. Refer to Note 3 of this Form 10-Q for further information on the Firm's elections of fair value accounting under the fair value option. Refer to Note 2 of this Form 10-Q for information on loans carried at fair value and classified as trading assets.
Loan portfolio
The Firm’s loan portfolio is divided into three portfolio segments, which are the same segments used by the Firm to determine the allowance for loan losses: Consumer, excluding credit card; Credit card; and Wholesale. Within each portfolio segment the Firm monitors and assesses the credit risk in the following classes of loans, based on the risk characteristics of each loan class.
Consumer, excluding
credit card		Credit card
Wholesale(c)(d)
• Residential real estate(a)
• Auto and other(b)
• Credit card loans
• Secured by real estate
• Commercial and industrial
• Other(e)
(a)Includes scored mortgage and home equity loans held in CCB and AWM, and scored mortgage loans held in CIB.
(b)Includes scored auto, business banking and consumer unsecured loans as well as overdrafts, primarily in CCB.
(c)Includes loans held in CIB, AWM, Corporate, and risk-rated exposure held in CCB, for which the wholesale methodology is applied when determining the allowance for loan losses.
(d)The wholesale portfolio segment's classes align with loan classifications as defined by the bank regulatory agencies, based on the loan's collateral, purpose, and type of borrower.
(e)Includes loans to financial institutions, SPEs, personal investment companies and trusts, individuals and individual entities (predominantly Global Private Bank clients within AWM and J.P. Morgan Wealth Management within CCB), states and political subdivisions, as well as loans to nonprofits. Refer to Note 14 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for more information on SPEs.
The following tables summarize the Firm’s loan balances by portfolio segment.
March 31, 2025
(in millions)
Consumer, excluding credit cardCredit cardWholesale
Total(a)(b)
Retained$372,892 $223,384 $704,714 $1,300,990 
Held-for-sale735 — 9,437 10,172 
At fair value17,511 — 27,022 

44,533 
Total$391,138 $223,384 $741,173 $1,355,695 
December 31, 2024
(in millions)
Consumer, excluding credit cardCredit cardWholesale
Total(a)(b)
Retained$376,334 $232,860 $690,396 $1,299,590 
Held-for-sale945 — 6,103 7,048 
At fair value15,531 — 25,819 41,350 
Total$392,810 $232,860 $722,318 $1,347,988 
(a)Excludes $6.6 billion of accrued interest receivables at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Firm wrote off accrued interest receivables of $28 million and $31 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
(b)Loans (other than those for which the fair value option has been elected) are presented net of unamortized discounts and premiums and net deferred loan fees or costs. These amounts were not material as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Refer to Note 34 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for more information on the discount associated with First Republic loans.
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The following tables provide information about the carrying value of retained loans purchased, sold and reclassified to held-for-sale during the periods indicated. Loans that were reclassified to held-for-sale and sold in a subsequent period are excluded from the sales line of this table.
20252024
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)		Consumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotalConsumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotal
Purchases$127 
(b)(c)
$— $130 $257 $124 
(b)(c)
$— $161 $285 
Sales— — 11,715 11,715 3,364 — 9,582 12,946 
Retained loans reclassified to held-for-sale(a)
44 — 353 397 987 

— 185 1,172 
(a)Reclassifications of loans to held-for-sale are non-cash transactions.
(b)Includes purchases of residential real estate loans, including the Firm’s voluntary repurchases of certain delinquent loans from loan pools as permitted by Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) guidelines for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. The Firm typically elects to repurchase these delinquent loans as it continues to service them and/or manage the foreclosure process in accordance with applicable requirements of Ginnie Mae, FHA, RHS, and/or VA.
(c)Excludes purchases of retained loans of $216 million and $204 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which are predominantly sourced through the correspondent origination channel and underwritten in accordance with the Firm’s standards.
Gains and losses on sales of loans
The following table provides information on the net gains/(losses) on sales of loans and lending-related commitments (including adjustments to record loans and lending-related commitments held-for-sale at the lower of cost or fair value), which were recognized in noninterest revenue. In addition, the sale of loans may also result in write downs, recoveries or changes in the allowance recognized in the provision for credit losses.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)		20252024
Net gains/(losses) on sales of loans and lending-related commitments (a)
$(70)$96 
(a)Includes $(70) million and $66 million related to loans for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
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Consumer, excluding credit card loan portfolio
Consumer loans, excluding credit card loans, consist primarily of scored residential mortgages, home equity loans and lines of credit, auto and business banking loans, with a focus on serving the prime consumer credit market. These loans include home equity loans secured by junior liens, prime mortgage loans with an interest-only payment period, and certain payment-option loans that may result in negative amortization.
The following table provides information about retained consumer loans, excluding credit card, by class.
(in millions)March 31,
2025		December 31,
2024
Residential real estate$306,523 $309,513 
Auto and other66,369 66,821 
Total retained loans$372,892 $376,334 
Delinquency rates are the primary credit quality indicator for consumer loans. Refer to Note 12 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K for further information on consumer credit quality indicators.
125

Residential real estate
Delinquency is the primary credit quality indicator for retained residential real estate loans. The following tables provide information on delinquency and gross charge-offs.
(in millions, except ratios)March 31, 2025
Term loans by origination year(c)
Revolving loansTotal
20252024202320222021Prior to 2021Within the revolving periodConverted to term loans
Loan delinquency(a)
Current
$2,810 $12,135 $16,680 $60,197 $78,492 $119,585 $6,653 $6,864 $303,416 
30–149 days past due
— 53 115 366 340 1,090 46 213 2,223 
150 or more days past due
— — 12 107 75 547 16 127 884 
Total retained loans
$2,810 $12,188 $16,807 $60,670 $78,907 $121,222 $6,715 $7,204 $306,523 
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans(b)
— %0.43 %0.76 %0.78 %0.53 %1.34 %0.92 %4.72 %1.01 %
Gross charge-offs$— $— $— $1 $— $2 $8 $2 $13 
(in millions, except ratios)December 31, 2024
Term loans by origination year(c)
Revolving loansTotal
20242023202220212020Prior to 2020Within the revolving periodConverted to term loans
Loan delinquency(a)
Current$12,301$17,280$61,337$79,760$52,289$70,270$6,974$7,088$307,299
30–149 days past due
135413911059747532041,379
150 or more days past due
—117168495018127835
Total retained loans
$12,314$17,345$61,547$79,938$52,397$71,518$7,035$7,419$309,513
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans(b)
0.11 %0.37 %0.34 %0.22 %0.21 %1.72 %0.87 %4.46 %0.71 %
Gross charge-offs
$— $— $1 $1 $— $176 $21 $7 $206 
(a)Individual delinquency classifications include mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies which were not material at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
(b)Excludes mortgage loans that are 30 or more days past due insured by U.S. government agencies which were not material at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.
(c)Purchased loans are included in the year in which they were originated.
Approximately 38% of the total revolving loans are senior lien loans; the remaining balance are junior lien loans. The lien position the Firm holds is considered in the Firm’s allowance for credit losses. Revolving loans that have been converted to term loans have higher delinquency rates than those that are still within the revolving period. That is primarily because the fully-amortizing payment that is generally required for those products is higher than the minimum payment options available for revolving loans within the revolving period.
126

Nonaccrual loans and other credit quality indicators
The following table provides information on nonaccrual and other credit quality indicators for retained residential real estate loans.
(in millions, except weighted-average data) March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Nonaccrual loans(a)(b)(c)(d)
$3,092 $2,984 
Current estimated LTV ratios(e)(f)(g)
Greater than 125% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660$61 $72 
Less than 6603 3 
101% to 125% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660163 161 
Less than 6605 5 
80% to 100% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 6603,819 4,962 
Less than 66055 73 
Less than 80% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660293,281 294,797 
Less than 6608,504 8,534 
No FICO/LTV available(h)
632 906 
Total retained loans
$306,523 $309,513 
Weighted-average LTV ratio(e)(i)
46 %47 %
Weighted-average FICO(f)(i)
774 774 
Geographic region(h)(j)
California$119,614 $120,944 
New York46,478 46,854 
Florida21,730 21,820 
Texas14,402 14,531 
Massachusetts13,345 13,511 
Colorado10,437 10,465 
Illinois9,624 9,835 
Washington9,304 9,372 
New Jersey7,448 7,554 
Connecticut6,796 6,854 
All other47,345 47,773 
Total retained loans
$306,523 $309,513 
(a)Includes collateral-dependent residential real estate loans that are charged down to the fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell. The Firm reports, in accordance with regulatory guidance, residential real estate loans that have been discharged under Chapter 7 bankruptcy and not reaffirmed by the borrower (“Chapter 7 loans”) as collateral-dependent nonaccrual loans, regardless of their delinquency status. At March 31, 2025, approximately 9% of Chapter 7 residential real estate loans were 30 days or more past due.
(b)Mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies excluded from nonaccrual loans were not material at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
(c)Generally, all consumer nonaccrual loans have an allowance. In accordance with regulatory guidance, certain nonaccrual loans that are considered collateral-dependent have been charged down to the lower of amortized cost or the fair value of their underlying collateral less costs to sell. If the value of the underlying collateral improves subsequent to charge down, the related allowance may be negative.
(d)Interest income on nonaccrual loans recognized on a cash basis was $37 million and $43 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
(e)Represents the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans divided by the estimated current property value. Current property values are estimated, at a minimum, quarterly, based on home valuation models using nationally recognized home price index valuation estimates incorporating actual data to the extent available and forecasted data where actual data is not available. Current estimated combined LTV for junior lien home equity loans considers all available lien positions, as well as unused lines, related to the property.
(f)Refreshed FICO scores represent each borrower’s most recent credit score, which is obtained by the Firm on at least a quarterly basis.
(g)Includes residential real estate loans, primarily held in LLCs in AWM that did not have a refreshed FICO score. These loans have been included in a FICO band based on management’s estimation of the borrower’s credit quality.
(h)Included U.S. government-guaranteed loans as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
(i)Excludes loans with no FICO and/or LTV data available.
(j)The geographic regions presented in the table are ordered based on the magnitude of the corresponding loan balances at March 31, 2025.




127

Loan modifications
The Firm grants certain modifications of residential real estate loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The Firm's proprietary modification programs as well as government programs, including U.S. GSE programs, that generally provide various modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty including, but not limited to, interest rate reductions, term extensions, other-than-insignificant payment deferral and principal forgiveness that would otherwise have been required under the terms of the original agreement, are considered FDMs. Refer to Note 12 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K for further information.
Financial effects of FDMs
For the three months ended March 31, 2025, retained residential real estate FDMs were $61 million. The financial effects of the FDMs, which were largely in the form of term extensions and interest rate reductions, included extending the weighted-average life of the loans by 15 years, and reducing the weighted-average contractual interest rate from 7.41% to 6.18% for the three months ended March 31, 2025.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024, retained residential real estate FDMs were $39 million. The financial effects of the FDMs, which were predominantly in the form of term extensions and interest rate reductions, included extending the weighted-average life of the loans by 16 years, and reducing the weighted-average contractual interest rate from 7.39% to 4.28% for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no additional commitments to lend to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty whose loans have been modified as FDMs.
For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, loans subject to a trial modification, where the terms of the loans have not been permanently modified, and Chapter 7 loans were not material.

Payment status of FDMs
The following table provides information on the payment status of retained residential real estate FDMs during the twelve months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024

(in millions)		Amortized cost basis
Twelve months ended March 31,Twelve months ended March 31,
20252024
Current
$130 $97 
30-149 days past due
55 17 
150 or more days past due
46 11 
Total $231 $125 
Defaults of FDMs
Retained residential real estate FDMs that defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 and were reported as FDMs in the twelve months prior to the default were not material.
Active and suspended foreclosure
At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Firm had retained residential real estate loans, excluding those insured by U.S. government agencies, with a carrying value of $603 million and $576 million, respectively, that were not included in REO, but were in the process of active or suspended foreclosure.
128

Auto and other
Delinquency is the primary credit quality indicator for retained auto and other loans. The following tables provide information on delinquency and gross charge-offs.
March 31, 2025

(in millions, except ratios)		Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20252024202320222021Prior to 2021Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loan delinquency
Current
$7,326 $23,447 $14,186 $8,031 $5,858 $2,631 $3,754 $164 $65,397 
30–119 days past due49 157 242 214 139 51 39 39 930 
120 or more days past due— 1 1 — 2 6 3 29 42 
Total retained loans$7,375 $23,605 $14,429 $8,245 $5,999 $2,688 $3,796 $232 $66,369 
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans
0.66 %0.67 %1.68 %2.60 %2.32 %1.90 %1.11 %29.31 %1.45 %
Gross charge-offs$20 $84 $70 $49 $23 $27 $— $1 $274 
December 31, 2024

(in millions, except ratios)		Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20242023202220212020Prior to 2020Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loan delinquency
Current
$26,165 $15,953 $9,201 $7,014 $2,895 $624 $3,714 $148 $65,714 
30–119 days past due190 283 259 179 53 23 40 34 1,061 
120 or more days past due1 1 — 5 6 — 3 30 46 
Total retained loans$26,356 $16,237 $9,460 $7,198 $2,954 $647 $3,757 $212 $66,821 
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans
0.72 %1.75 %2.74 %2.50 %1.76 %3.55 %1.14 %30.19 %1.64 %
Gross charge-offs$269 $348 $224 $126 $37 $82 $1 $6 $1,093 


129

Nonaccrual loans and other credit quality indicators
The following table provides information on nonaccrual and geographic region as a credit quality indicator for retained auto and other consumer loans.
(in millions)Total Auto and other
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Nonaccrual loans(a)(b)
$226 $249 
Geographic region(c)
California$10,220 $10,321 
Texas7,773 7,772 
Florida5,400 5,428 
New York4,860 4,905 
Illinois2,869 2,890 
New Jersey2,432 2,468 
Pennsylvania2,037 2,012 
Georgia1,707 1,716 
Arizona1,628 1,643 
North Carolina1,594 1,597 
All other25,849 26,069 
Total retained loans$66,369 $66,821 
(a)Generally, all consumer nonaccrual loans have an allowance. In accordance with regulatory guidance, certain nonaccrual loans that are considered collateral-dependent have been charged down to the lower of amortized cost or the fair value of their underlying collateral less costs to sell. If the value of the underlying collateral improves subsequent to charge down, the related allowance may be negative.
(b)Interest income on nonaccrual loans recognized on a cash basis was not material for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
(c)The geographic regions presented in this table are ordered based on the magnitude of the corresponding loan balances at March 31, 2025.


Loan modifications
The Firm grants certain modifications of auto and other loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.
For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, retained auto and other FDMs were not material.
As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no additional commitments to lend to borrowers modified as FDMs.

130

Credit card loan portfolio
The credit card portfolio segment includes credit card loans originated and purchased by the Firm. Delinquency rates are the primary credit quality indicator for credit card loans.
Refer to Note 12 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K for further information on the credit card loan portfolio, including credit quality indicators.
The following tables provide information on delinquency and gross charge-offs.

(in millions, except ratios)
March 31, 2025
Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loan delinquency
Current and less than 30 days past due and still accruing$217,004 $1,453 $218,457 
30–89 days past due and still accruing
2,220 121 2,341 
90 or more days past due and still accruing
2,525 61 2,586 
Total retained loans$221,749 $1,635 $223,384 
Loan delinquency ratios
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans
2.14 %11.13 %2.21 %
% of 90+ days past due to total retained loans
1.14 3.73 1.16 
Gross charge-offs$2,244 $72 $2,316 

(in millions, except ratios)
December 31, 2024
Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loan delinquency
Current and less than 30 days past due and still accruing$226,532 $1,284 $227,816 
30–89 days past due and still accruing
2,291 109 2,400 
90 or more days past due and still accruing
2,591 53 2,644 
Total retained loans$231,414 $1,446 $232,860 
Loan delinquency ratios
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans
2.11 %11.20 %2.17 %
% of 90+ days past due to total retained loans
1.12 3.67 1.14 
Gross charge-offs$7,951 $247 $8,198 
Other credit quality indicators
The following table provides information on other credit quality indicators for retained credit card loans.
(in millions, except ratios)March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Geographic region(a)
California$34,908 $36,385 
Texas23,741 24,423 
New York17,813 18,525 
Florida16,721 17,236 
Illinois11,952 12,442 
New Jersey9,228 9,644 
Colorado6,746 6,962 
Ohio6,631 6,976 
Pennsylvania6,181 6,558 
Arizona5,613 5,796 
All other83,850 87,913 
Total retained loans$223,384 $232,860 
Percentage of portfolio based on carrying value with estimated refreshed FICO scores
Equal to or greater than 66084.5 %85.5 %
Less than 66015.3 14.3 
No FICO available0.2 0.2 
(a)The geographic regions presented in the table are ordered based on the magnitude of the corresponding loan balances at March 31, 2025.


131

Loan modifications
The Firm grants certain modifications of credit card loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. These modifications may involve placing the customer’s credit card account on a fixed payment plan, generally for 60 months, which typically includes reducing the interest rate on the credit card account. If the borrower does not make the contractual payments when due under the modified payment terms, the credit card loan continues to age and will be charged-off in accordance with the Firm's standard charge-off policy. In most cases, the Firm does not reinstate the borrower's line of credit.
Financial effects of FDMs
The following tables provide information on retained credit card FDMs.
Loan modifications
Three months ended March 31, 2025
(in millions, except ratios)
Amortized cost basis
% of loan modifications to total retained credit card loans
Financial effect of loan modifications
Term extension and interest rate reduction(a)(b)
$376 0.17 %
Term extension with a reduction in the weighted average contractual interest rate from 23.04% to 3.53%
Other(b)(c)
5— 
Reduced weighted-average contractual interest rate from 20.95% to 8.61%
Total
$381 

Loan modifications
Three months ended March 31, 2024
(in millions, except ratios)
Amortized cost basis
% of loan modifications to total retained credit card loans
Financial effect of loan modifications
Term extension and interest rate reduction(a)(b)
$259 0.13 %
Term extension with a reduction in the weighted average contractual interest rate from 23.88% to 3.30%
Total
$259 
(a)Term extension includes credit card loans whose terms have been modified under long-term programs by placing the customer's credit card account on a fixed payment plan.
(b)The interest rates represent the weighted average at the time of modification.
(c)Primarily interest rate reduction.
Payment status of FDMs
The following table provides information on the payment status of retained credit card FDMs during the twelve months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

(in millions)		Amortized cost basis
Twelve months ended March 31,Twelve months ended March 31,
20252024
Current and less than 30 days past due and still accruing$915 $626 
30-89 days past due and still accruing83 65 
90 or more days past due and still accruing47 43 
Total $1,045 $734 
Defaults of FDMs
Retained credit card FDMs that defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 and were reported as FDMs in the twelve months prior to the default were not material.
For credit card loans modified as FDMs, payment default is deemed to have occurred when the borrower misses two consecutive contractual payments. Defaulted modified credit card loans remain in the modification program and continue to be charged off in accordance with the Firm's standard charge-off policy.
132

Wholesale loan portfolio
Wholesale loans include loans made to a variety of clients, ranging from large corporate and institutional clients to small businesses and high-net-worth individuals. The primary credit quality indicator for wholesale loans is the internal risk rating assigned to each loan. Refer to Note 12 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further information on these risk ratings.
Internal risk rating is the primary credit quality indicator for retained wholesale loans. The following tables provide information on internal risk rating and gross charge-offs.
Secured by real estateCommercial and industrial
Other(a)
Total retained loans
(in millions, except ratios)Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$113,829 $114,280 $69,498 $70,862 $293,965 $286,528 $477,292 $471,670 
Noninvestment-grade:
Noncriticized38,178 37,422 87,770 83,191 75,947 72,743 201,895 193,356 
Criticized performing9,132 9,291 10,624 10,977 1,876 1,160 21,632 21,428 
Criticized nonaccrual1,452 1,439 1,851 1,760 592 743 3,895 3,942 
Total noninvestment-grade48,762 48,152 100,245 95,928 78,415 74,646 227,422 218,726 
Total retained loans$162,591 $162,432 $169,743 $166,790 $372,380 $361,174 $704,714 $690,396 
% of investment-grade to total retained loans70.01 %70.36 %40.94 %42.49 %78.94 %79.33 %67.73 %68.32 %
% of total criticized to total retained loans6.51 6.61 7.35 7.64 0.66 0.53 3.62 3.67 
% of criticized nonaccrual to total retained loans0.89 0.89 1.09 1.06 0.16 0.21 0.55 0.57 
(a)Includes loans to financial institutions, SPEs, personal investment companies and trusts, individuals and individual entities (predominantly Global Private Bank clients within AWM and J.P. Morgan Wealth Management within CCB), states and political subdivisions, as well as loans to nonprofits. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, predominantly consisted of $115.3 billion and $114.8 billion, respectively, to individuals and individual entities; $103.0 billion and $94.0 billion, respectively, to financial institutions; and $94.9 billion and $92.5 billion, respectively, to SPEs. Refer to Note 14 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for more information on SPEs.
Secured by real estate

(in millions)		March 31, 2025
Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20252024202320222021Prior to 2021Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$2,463 $9,875 $9,647 $24,410 $22,576 $43,556 $1,302 $— $113,829 
Noninvestment-grade963 4,234 5,520 14,890 8,503 13,087 1,472 93 48,762 
Total retained loans$3,426 $14,109 $15,167 $39,300 $31,079 $56,643 $2,774 $93 $162,591 
Gross charge-offs$— $— $— $8 $34 $43 $— $— $85 
    
Secured by real estate

(in millions)		December 31, 2024
Term loans by origination year Revolving loans
20242023202220212020Prior to 2020Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$10,002 $9,834 $25,284 $22,796 $15,548 $29,488 $1,328 $— $114,280 
Noninvestment-grade4,238 5,366 14,717 8,567 3,462 10,392 1,317 93 48,152 
Total retained loans$14,240 $15,200 $40,001 $31,363 $19,010 $39,880 $2,645 $93 $162,432 
Gross charge-offs$72 $18 $43 $2 $109 $80 $— $— $324 

133

Commercial and industrial

(in millions)		March 31, 2025
Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20252024202320222021Prior to 2021Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$5,729 $7,102 $4,616 $6,221 $2,851 $1,779 $41,199 $1 $69,498 
Noninvestment-grade8,303 18,599 10,305 9,550 3,983 1,531 47,856 118 100,245 
Total retained loans$14,032 $25,701 $14,921 $15,771 $6,834 $3,310 $89,055 $119 $169,743 
Gross charge-offs$— $1 $5 $28 $48 $8 $18 $2 $110 
Commercial and industrial

(in millions)		December 31, 2024
Term loans by origination year Revolving loans
20242023202220212020Prior to 2020Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$11,564 $6,285 $6,588 $3,119 $1,067 $1,139 $41,099 $1 $70,862 
Noninvestment-grade21,251 11,350 10,942 5,322 783 975 45,181 124 95,928 
Total retained loans$32,815 $17,635 $17,530 $8,441 $1,850 $2,114 $86,280 $125 $166,790 
Gross charge-offs$25 $22 $128 $24 $1 $50 $270 $5 $525 


Other(a)

(in millions)		March 31, 2025
Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20252024202320222021Prior to 2021Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$10,380 $22,840 $15,758 $12,051 $6,317 $15,097 $210,380 $1,142 $293,965 
Noninvestment-grade4,685 9,714 6,403 5,311 2,935 2,916 46,394 57 78,415 
Total retained loans$15,065 $32,554 $22,161 $17,362 $9,252 $18,013 $256,774 $1,199 $372,380 
Gross charge-offs$— $— $— $12 $— $1 $5 $— $18 
Other(a)

(in millions)		December 31, 2024
Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20242023202220212020Prior to 2020Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$30,484 $17,039 $13,272 $6,288 $8,632 $7,382 $201,949 $1,482 $286,528 
Noninvestment-grade11,784 7,248 5,918 3,296 1,366 1,886 42,954 194 74,646 
Total retained loans$42,268 $24,287 $19,190 $9,584 $9,998 $9,268 $244,903 $1,676 $361,174 
Gross charge-offs$— $38 $3 $36 $40 $50 $6 $— $173 
(a)Includes loans to financial institutions, SPEs, personal investment companies and trusts, individuals and individual entities (predominantly Global Private Bank clients within AWM and J.P. Morgan Wealth Management within CCB), states and political subdivisions, as well as loans to nonprofits. Refer to Note 14 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for more information on SPEs.

134

The following table presents additional information on retained loans secured by real estate, which consists of loans secured wholly or substantially by a lien or liens on real property at origination.

(in millions, except ratios)		MultifamilyOther commercial
Total retained Secured by real estate loans
Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024
Retained loans secured by real estate$100,631 $101,114 $61,960 $61,318 $162,591 $162,432 
Criticized 4,622 4,700 5,962 6,030 10,584 10,730 
% of criticized to total retained loans secured by real estate4.59 %4.65 %9.62 %9.83 %6.51 %6.61 %
Criticized nonaccrual$322 $337 $1,130 $1,102 $1,452 $1,439 
% of criticized nonaccrual loans to total retained loans secured by real estate 0.32 %0.33 %1.82 %1.80 %0.89 %0.89 %
Geographic distribution and delinquency
The following table provides information on the geographic distribution and delinquency for retained wholesale loans.
Secured by real estateCommercial and industrialOtherTotal retained loans
(in millions)Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024
Loans by geographic distribution(a)
Total U.S.$159,293 $159,209 $127,913 $127,626 $283,712 $278,077 $570,918 $564,912 
Total non-U.S.3,298 3,223 41,830 39,164 88,668 83,097 133,796 125,484 
Total retained loans$162,591 $162,432 $169,743 $166,790 $372,380 $361,174 

$704,714 $690,396 
Loan delinquency
Current and less than 30 days past due and still accruing$160,338 $159,949 $167,201 $164,104 $370,343 $359,191 

$697,882 $683,244 
30–89 days past due and still accruing698 918 569 868 1,422 1,152 2,689 2,938 
90 or more days past due and still accruing(b)
103 126 122 58 23 88 248 272 
Criticized nonaccrual1,452 1,439 1,851 1,760 592 743 3,895 3,942 
Total retained loans$162,591 $162,432 $169,743 $166,790 $372,380 $361,174 

$704,714 $690,396 
(a)The U.S. and non-U.S. distribution is determined based predominantly on the domicile of the borrower.
(b)Represents loans that are considered well-collateralized and therefore still accruing interest.
Nonaccrual loans
The following table provides information on retained wholesale nonaccrual loans.
 
(in millions)		Secured by real estateCommercial and industrialOtherTotal retained loans
Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024
Nonaccrual loans
With an allowance$468 $366 $1,484 $1,362 $507 $555 $2,459 $2,283 
Without an allowance(a)
984 1,073 367 398 85 188 1,436 1,659 
Total nonaccrual loans(b)
$1,452 $1,439 $1,851 $1,760 $592 $743 $3,895 $3,942 
(a)When the discounted cash flows or collateral value equals or exceeds the amortized cost of the loan, the loan does not require an allowance. This typically occurs when the loans have been partially charged off and/or there have been interest payments received and applied to the loan balance.
(b)Interest income on nonaccrual loans recognized on a cash basis was not material for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.




135

Loan modifications
The Firm grants certain modifications of wholesale loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.
Financial effects of FDMs
The following tables provide information on retained wholesale loan modifications considered FDMs during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
Secured by real estate
Three months ended March 31, 2025
(in millions, except ratios)Amortized cost basis % of loan modifications to total retained Secured by real estate loansFinancial effect of loan modifications
Single modifications
Term extension$290 0.18 %
Extended loans by a weighted-average of 9 months
Multiple modifications
Other-than-insignificant payment deferral and term extension42 0.03 
Provided payment deferrals with delayed amounts recaptured at maturity and extended loans by a weighted-average of 35 months
Other(a)
15 — NM
Total$347 
(a)Includes loans with a single modification.
Secured by real estate
Three months ended March 31, 2024
(in millions, except ratios)Amortized cost basis % of loan modifications to total retained Secured by real estate loansFinancial effect of loan modifications
Single modifications
Term extension$12 0.01 %
Extended loans by a weighted-average of 4 months
Multiple modifications
Other-than-insignificant payment deferral and interest rate reduction13 0.01 
Provided payment deferrals with delayed amounts primarily recaptured at maturity and reduced weighted-average contractual interest by 100 bps
Total$25 

136

Commercial and industrial
Three months ended March 31, 2025
(in millions, except ratios)Amortized cost basis % of loan modifications to total retained Commercial and industrial loansFinancial effect of loan modifications
Single modifications
Term extension$394 0.23 %
Extended loans by a weighted-average of 13 months
Other-than-insignificant payment deferral312 0.18 Provided payment deferrals with delayed amounts primarily recaptured at maturity
Multiple modifications
Other(a)
1 — NM
Total$707 
(a)Includes loans with a single modification.
Commercial and industrial
Three months ended March 31, 2024
(in millions, except ratios)Amortized cost basis % of loan modifications to total retained Commercial and industrial loansFinancial effect of loan modifications
Single modifications
Term extension$382 0.23 %
Extended loans by a weighted-average of 11 months
Other-than-insignificant payment deferral840.05 
Provided payment deferrals with delayed amounts largely recaptured at the end of the deferral period
Multiple modifications
Other-than-insignificant payment deferral and term extension94 0.06 
Provided payment deferrals with delayed amounts primarily recaptured at maturity and extended loans by a weighted-average of 20 months
Other(a)
4 — NM
Total$564 
(a)Includes loans with multiple modifications.

Other
Three months ended March 31, 2025
(in millions, except ratios)Amortized cost basis % of loan modifications to total retained Other loansFinancial effect of loan modifications
Single modifications
Term extension$41 0.01 %
Extended loans by a weighted-average of 12 months
Total$41 
Other
Three months ended March 31, 2024
(in millions, except ratios)Amortized cost basis % of loan modifications to total retained Other loansFinancial effect of loan modifications
Single modifications
Term extension$20 0.01 %
Extended loans by a weighted-average of 11 months
Total$20 
137

Payment status of FDMs
The following table provides information on the payment status of retained wholesale FDMs during the twelve months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
Amortized cost basis
Twelve months ended March 31, 2025
Twelve months ended March 31, 2024
(in millions)Secured by real estateCommercial and industrialOtherSecured by real estateCommercial and industrialOther
Current and less than 30 days past due and still accruing$483 $1,415 $225 $110 $1,033 $383 
30-89 days past due and still accruing24 7 11 7 29 12 
Criticized nonaccrual130 525 30 46 366 204 
Total$637 $1,947 $266 $163 $1,428 $599 
Defaults of FDMs
The following table provides information on retained wholesale FDMs that defaulted in the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 that were reported as FDMs in the twelve months prior to the default.
Amortized cost basis
Three months ended March 31, 2025Three months ended March 31, 2024
(in millions)Secured by real estateCommercial and industrialOtherSecured by real estateCommercial and industrialOther
Term extension$13 $9 $11 $22 $43 $12 
Total(a)
$13 $9 $11 $22 $43 $12 
(a)Represents FDMs that were 30 days or more past due.
As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, additional commitments on modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty were $947 million and $1.8 billion, respectively, in Commercial and industrial, and $1 million and $69 million, respectively, in Other loan class. Additional commitments on modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty whose loans have been modified as FDMs in Secured by real estate were not material at each period.

138

Note 12 – Allowance for credit losses
The Firm's allowance for credit losses represents management's estimate of expected credit losses over the remaining expected life of the Firm's financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet lending-related commitments.
Refer to Note 13 of JPMorganChase's 2024 Form 10-K for a detailed discussion of the allowance for credit losses and the related accounting policies.

139

Allowance for credit losses and related information
The table below summarizes information about the allowances for credit losses and includes a breakdown of loans and lending-related commitments by impairment methodology. Refer to Note 10 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K and Note 9 of this Form 10-Q for further information on the allowance for credit losses on investment securities.
2025
2024
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)		Consumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotalConsumer, excluding credit cardCredit cardWholesaleTotal
Allowance for loan losses
Beginning balance at January 1,$1,807 $14,600 $7,938 $24,345 $1,856 $12,450 $8,114 $22,420 
Gross charge-offs287 2,316 213 2,816 331 1,914 136 2,381 
Gross recoveries collected(124)(334)(26)(484)(148)(227)(50)(425)
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)163 1,982 187 2,332 183 1,687 86 1,956 
Provision for loan losses214 2,382 597 3,193 56 1,837 (6)1,887 
Other— — 2 2 1 — (1)— 
Ending balance at March 31,$1,858 $15,000 $8,350 $25,208 $1,730 $12,600 $8,021 $22,351 
Allowance for lending-related commitments
Beginning balance at January 1,$82 $— $2,019 $2,101 $75 $— $1,899 $1,974 
Provision for lending-related commitments(10)— 135 125 21 — (81)(60)
Other— — — — — — 2 2 
Ending balance at March 31,$72 $— $2,154 $2,226 $96 $— $1,820 $1,916 
Total allowance for investment securitiesNANANA118 NANANA154 
Total allowance for credit losses(a)
$1,930 $15,000 $10,504 $27,552 $1,826 $12,600 $9,841 $24,421 
Allowance for loan losses by impairment methodology
Asset-specific(b)
$(727)$— $692 $(35)$(873)$— $514 $(359)
Portfolio-based2,585 15,000 7,658 25,243 2,603 12,600 7,507 22,710 
Total allowance for loan losses$1,858 $15,000 $8,350 $25,208 $1,730 $12,600 $8,021 $22,351 
Loans by impairment methodology
Asset-specific(b)
$2,818 $— $3,877 $6,695 $3,216 $— $2,927 $6,143 
Portfolio-based370,074 223,384 700,837 1,294,295 386,376 206,740 664,834 1,257,950 
Total retained loans$372,892 $223,384 $704,714 $1,300,990 $389,592 $206,740 $667,761 $1,264,093 
Collateral-dependent loans
Net charge-offs$(3)$— $85 $82 $3 $— $47 $50 
Loans measured at fair value of collateral less cost to sell2,791 — 1,820 4,611 3,260 — 1,131 4,391 
Allowance for lending-related commitments
   by impairment methodology
Asset-specific$— $— $135 $135 $— $— $85 $85 
Portfolio-based72 — 2,019 2,091 96 — 1,735 1,831 
Total allowance for lending-related commitments(c)
$72 $— $2,154 $2,226 $96 $— $1,820 $1,916 
Lending-related commitments by impairment methodology
Asset-specific$— $— $793 $793 $— $— $390 $390 
Portfolio-based(d)
25,873 99 521,760 547,732 28,994 — 511,263 540,257 
Total lending-related commitments$25,873 $99 $522,553 $548,525 $28,994 $— $511,653 $540,647 
(a)At March 31, 2025 and 2024, in addition to the allowance for credit losses in the table above, the Firm also had an allowance for credit losses of $283 million and $274 million, respectively, associated with certain accounts receivable in CIB.
(b)Includes collateral-dependent loans, including those for which foreclosure is deemed probable, and nonaccrual risk-rated loans.
(c)The allowance for lending-related commitments is reported in accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(d)At March 31, 2025 and 2024, lending-related commitments excluded $20.3 billion and $17.7 billion, respectively, for the consumer, excluding credit card portfolio segment; $1.0 trillion and $943.9 billion, respectively, for the credit card portfolio segment; and $26.3 billion and $20.9 billion, respectively, for the wholesale portfolio segment, which were not subject to the allowance for lending-related commitments.
140

Discussion of changes in the allowance
The allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2025 was $27.8 billion, reflecting a net addition of $1.0 billion from December 31, 2024. The net addition to the allowance for credit losses was largely driven by changes in the weighted-average macroeconomic outlook, including the qualitative adjustment to reflect additional weight placed on the adverse scenarios due to elevated risks and uncertainties related to the geopolitical and macroeconomic environment.
The net addition to the allowance for credit losses included:
•$562 million in wholesale, which also reflected changes in credit quality on client-specific exposures and the impact of new lending-related commitments, and
•$441 million in consumer, predominantly driven by Card Services.
The Firm's allowance for credit losses is estimated using a weighted average of five internally developed macroeconomic scenarios. The adverse scenarios incorporate more punitive macroeconomic factors than the central case assumptions provided in the following table, resulting in:
•a weighted average U.S. unemployment rate peaking at 5.8% in the first quarter of 2026, and
•a weighted average U.S. real GDP level that is 2.6% lower than the central case at the end of the second quarter of 2026.
The following table presents the Firm’s central case assumptions for the periods presented:
Central case assumptions
at March 31, 2025
2Q254Q252Q26
U.S. unemployment rate(a)
4.3 %4.3 %4.3 %
YoY growth in U.S. real GDP(b)
2.5 %2.2 %2.0 %
Central case assumptions
at December 31, 2024
2Q254Q252Q26
U.S. unemployment rate(a)
4.5 %4.3 %4.3 %
YoY growth in U.S. real GDP(b)
2.0 %1.9 %1.8 %
(a)Reflects quarterly average of forecasted U.S. unemployment rate.
(b)The year over year growth in U.S. real GDP in the forecast horizon of the central scenario is calculated as the percentage change in U.S. real GDP levels from the prior year.
Subsequent changes to this forecast and related estimates will be reflected in the provision for credit losses in future periods.
Refer to Note 13 and Note 10 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a description of the policies, methodologies and judgments used to determine the Firm’s allowance for credit losses on loans, lending-related commitments, and investment securities.
Refer to Note 11 for additional information on the consumer and wholesale credit portfolios.
Refer to Critical Accounting Estimates Used by the Firm on pages 72–75 for further information on the allowance for credit losses and related management judgments.


141

Note 13 – Variable interest entities
Refer to Note 1 and Note 14 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further description of the Firm's accounting policies regarding consolidation of and involvement with VIEs.
The following table summarizes the most significant types of Firm-sponsored VIEs by business segment. The Firm considers a “Firm-sponsored” VIE to include any entity where: (1) JPMorganChase is the primary beneficiary of the structure; (2) the VIE is used by JPMorganChase to securitize Firm assets; (3) the VIE issues financial instruments with the JPMorganChase name; or (4) the entity is a JPMorganChase–administered asset-backed commercial paper conduit.
Line of BusinessTransaction TypeActivityForm 10-Q page references
CCBCredit card securitization trustsSecuritization of originated credit card receivables142
Mortgage securitization trustsServicing and securitization of both originated and purchased residential mortgages142–144
CIBMortgage and other securitization trustsSecuritization of both originated and purchased residential and commercial mortgages, and other consumer loans142–144
Multi-seller conduitsAssisting clients in accessing the financial markets in a cost-efficient manner and structuring transactions to meet investor needs144
Municipal bond vehiclesFinancing of municipal bond investments144
In addition, CIB also invests in and provides financing, lending-related services and other services to VIEs sponsored by third parties. Refer to pages 145–146 of this Note for more information on the VIEs sponsored by third parties.
Significant Firm-sponsored VIEs
Credit card securitizations
As a result of the Firm’s continuing involvement, the Firm is considered to be the primary beneficiary of its Firm-sponsored credit card securitization trust, the Chase Issuance Trust.
Firm-sponsored mortgage and other securitization trusts
The Firm securitizes (or has securitized) originated and purchased residential mortgages, commercial mortgages and other consumer loans primarily in its CCB and CIB businesses. Depending on the particular transaction, as well as the respective business involved, the Firm may act as the servicer of the loans and/or retain certain beneficial interests in the securitization trusts.
142

The following tables present the total unpaid principal amount of assets held in Firm-sponsored private-label securitization entities, including those in which the Firm has continuing involvement, and those that are consolidated by the Firm. Continuing involvement includes servicing the loans, holding senior interests or subordinated interests (including amounts required to be held pursuant to credit risk retention rules),
recourse or guarantee arrangements, and derivative contracts. In certain instances, the Firm’s only continuing involvement is servicing the loans. The Firm’s maximum loss exposure from retained and purchased interests is the carrying value of these interests. Refer to page 148 of this Note for information on the securitization-related loan delinquencies and liquidation losses.
Principal amount outstanding
JPMorganChase interest in securitized assets in nonconsolidated VIEs(c)(d)(e)
March 31, 2025
(in millions)		Total assets held by securitization VIEsAssets
held in consolidated securitization VIEs		Assets held in nonconsolidated securitization VIEs with continuing involvementTrading assets Investment securitiesOther financial assetsTotal interests held by JPMorgan
Chase
Securitization-related(a)
Residential mortgage:
Prime/Alt-A and option ARMs$72,674 $597 $54,250 $765 $1,910 $653 $3,328 
Subprime9,648 — 1,699 37 18 — 55 
Commercial and other(b)
194,402 266 134,945 638 5,786 1,072 7,496 
Total$276,724 $863 $190,894 $1,440 $7,714 $1,725 $10,879 
Principal amount outstanding
JPMorganChase interest in securitized assets in nonconsolidated VIEs(c)(d)(e)
December 31, 2024
(in millions)		Total assets held by securitization VIEsAssets
held in consolidated securitization VIEs		Assets held in nonconsolidated securitization VIEs with continuing involvementTrading assets Investment securitiesOther financial assetsTotal interests held by
JPMorgan
Chase
Securitization-related(a)
Residential mortgage:
Prime/Alt-A and option ARMs$71,085 $615 $50,846 $613 $1,850 $614 $3,077 
Subprime8,824 — 1,847 44 19 — 63 
Commercial and other(b)
186,293 243 125,510 530 5,768 1,074 7,372 
Total$266,202 $858 $178,203 $1,187 $7,637 $1,688 $10,512 
(a)Excludes U.S. GSEs and government agency securitizations and re-securitizations, which are not Firm-sponsored.
(b)Consists of securities backed by commercial real estate loans and non-mortgage-related consumer receivables.
(c)Excludes the following: retained servicing; securities retained from loan sales and securitization activity related to U.S. GSEs and government agencies; interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives primarily used to manage interest rate and foreign exchange risks of securitization entities; senior securities of $186 million and $256 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and subordinated securities of $143 million and $49 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which the Firm purchased in connection with CIB’s secondary market-making activities.
(d)Includes interests held in re-securitization transactions.
(e)As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, 78% and 77%, respectively, of the Firm’s retained securitization interests, which are predominantly carried at fair value and include amounts required to be held pursuant to credit risk retention rules, were risk-rated “A” or better, on an S&P-equivalent basis. The retained interests in prime residential mortgages consisted of $3.1 billion and $2.9 billion of investment-grade retained interests at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and $276 million and $216 million of noninvestment-grade retained interests at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The retained interests in commercial and other securitization trusts consisted of $6.5 billion and $6.0 billion of investment-grade retained interests at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and $1.0 billion and $1.4 billion of noninvestment-grade retained interests at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
143

Residential mortgage
The Firm securitizes residential mortgage loans originated by CCB, as well as residential mortgage loans purchased from third parties by either CCB or CIB.
Commercial mortgages and other consumer securitizations
CIB originates and securitizes commercial mortgage loans, and engages in underwriting and trading activities involving the securities issued by securitization trusts.
Re-securitizations
The following table presents the principal amount of securities transferred to re-securitization VIEs.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Transfers of securities to VIEs
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$5,490 $8,406 
The Firm did not transfer any private label securities to re-securitization VIEs during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, and retained interests in any such Firm-sponsored VIEs as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were not material.
The following table presents information on the Firm's interests in nonconsolidated re-securitization VIEs.
Nonconsolidated
re-securitization VIEs
(in millions)March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
U.S. GSEs and government agencies
Interest in VIEs
$3,699 $3,219 
As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Firm did not consolidate any U.S. GSE and government agency re-securitization VIEs or any Firm-sponsored private-label re-securitization VIEs.
Multi-seller conduits
In the normal course of business, JPMorganChase makes markets in and invests in commercial paper issued by the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits. The Firm held $3.2 billion and $2.9 billion of the commercial paper issued by the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which have been eliminated in consolidation. The Firm’s investments reflect the Firm’s funding needs and capacity and were not driven by market illiquidity. Other than the amounts required to be held pursuant to credit risk retention rules, the Firm is not obligated under any agreement to purchase the commercial paper issued by the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits.
Deal-specific liquidity facilities, program-wide liquidity and credit enhancement provided by the Firm have been eliminated in consolidation. The Firm or the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits provide lending-related commitments to certain clients of the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits. The unfunded commitments were $12.5 billion and $10.3 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and are reported as off-balance sheet lending-related commitments in other unfunded commitments to extend credit. Refer to Note 22 for more information on off-balance sheet lending-related commitments.
Municipal bond vehicles
Municipal bond vehicles or tender option bond (“TOB”) trusts allow institutions to finance their municipal bond investments at short-term rates. TOB transactions are known as customer TOB trusts and non-customer TOB trusts. Customer TOB trusts are sponsored by a third party.
The Firm serves as sponsor for all non-customer TOB transactions.
144

Consolidated VIE assets and liabilities
The following table presents information on assets and liabilities related to VIEs consolidated by the Firm as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
AssetsLiabilities
March 31, 2025
(in millions)		Trading assetsLoans
Other(c)
 Total
assets(d)
Beneficial interests in VIE assets(e)
Other(f)
Total
liabilities
VIE program type
Firm-sponsored credit card trusts$—$12,439$165$12,604$5,353$10$5,363
Firm-administered multi-seller conduits—18,95412419,07815,8993115,930
Municipal bond vehicles3,008—373,0453,254213,275
Mortgage securitization entities(a)
—613862111246158
Other5444,522
(b)
3155,38150326376
Total$3,552$36,528$649$40,729$24,668$434$25,102
AssetsLiabilities
December 31, 2024
(in millions)		Trading assetsLoans
Other(c)
 Total
assets(d)
Beneficial interests in VIE assets(e)
Other(f)
Total
liabilities
VIE program type
Firm-sponsored credit card trusts$—$13,531$168$13,699$5,312$10$5,322
Firm-administered multi-seller conduits120,38313320,51718,2282618,254
Municipal bond vehicles3,388—223,4103,617153,632
Mortgage securitization entities(a)
—630863811548163
Other4961,966
(b)
3502,81251355406
Total$3,885$36,510$681$41,076$27,323$454$27,777
(a)Includes residential mortgage securitizations.
(b)Primarily includes consumer loans in CIB.
(c)Includes assets classified as cash and other assets on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(d)The assets of the consolidated VIEs included in the program types above are used to settle the liabilities of those entities. The assets and liabilities include third-party assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs and exclude intercompany balances that eliminate in consolidation.
(e)The interest-bearing beneficial interest liabilities issued by consolidated VIEs are classified on the Consolidated balance sheets as “Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs”. The holders of these beneficial interests generally do not have recourse to the general credit of JPMorganChase. Included in beneficial interests in VIE assets are long-term beneficial interests of $5.5 billion at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
(f)Includes liabilities classified as accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets.
VIEs sponsored by third parties
The Firm enters into transactions with VIEs structured by other parties. These include, for example, acting as a derivative counterparty, liquidity provider, investor, underwriter, placement agent, remarketing agent, trustee or custodian. These transactions are conducted at arm’s-length, and individual credit decisions are based on the analysis of the specific VIE, taking into consideration the quality of the underlying assets. Where the Firm does not have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, or a variable interest that could potentially be significant, the Firm generally does not consolidate the VIE, but it records and reports these positions on its Consolidated balance sheets in the same manner it would record and report positions in respect of any other third-party transaction.

Tax credit vehicles
The Firm holds investments in unconsolidated tax credit vehicles, which are limited partnerships and similar entities that own and operate affordable housing, alternative energy, and other projects. These entities are primarily considered VIEs. A third party is typically the general partner or managing member and has control over the significant activities of the tax credit vehicles, and accordingly the Firm does not consolidate tax credit vehicles. The Firm generally invests in these partnerships as a limited partner and earns a return primarily through the receipt of tax credits allocated to the projects. The maximum loss exposure, represented by equity investments and funding commitments, was $34.3 billion and $35.2 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, of which $13.9 billion and $15.0 billion was unfunded at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Firm assesses each project and to reduce the risk
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of loss, may withhold varying amounts of its capital investment until the project qualifies for tax credits. Refer to Note 22 of this Form 10-Q for more information on off-balance sheet lending-related commitments.
The Firm elected the proportional amortization method for certain tax-oriented investments on a program-by-program basis. The proportional amortization method requires the cost of eligible investments, within an elected program, be amortized in proportion to the tax benefits received with the resulting amortization reported directly in income tax expense, which aligns with the associated tax credits and other tax benefits. Investments must meet certain criteria to be eligible, including that substantially all of the return is from income tax credits and other income tax benefits.
In addition, under this method deferred taxes are generally not recorded as the investment is now amortized in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits received. Delayed equity contributions that are unconditional and legally binding or conditional and probable of occurring are recorded in other liabilities with a corresponding increase in the carrying value of the investment. The guidance also requires a reevaluation of eligible investments when significant modifications or events occur that result in a change in the nature of the investment or a change in the Firm's relationship with the underlying project. During the period, there were no significant modifications or events that resulted in a change in the nature of an eligible investment or a change in the Firm's relationship with the underlying project.
The following table provides information on tax-oriented investments for which the Firm elected to apply the proportional amortization method.
(in millions)Alternative energy and affordable housing programs
Three months ended March 31,
20252024
Programs for which the Firm elected proportional amortization:
Carrying value(a)
$31,540 $29,821 
Tax credits and other tax benefits(b)
1,358 1,266 
Investments that qualify to be accounted for using proportional amortization:
Amortization losses recognized as a component of income tax expense
(983)(1,016)
Non-income-tax-related gains/(losses) and other returns received that are recognized outside of income tax expense(c)
31 48 
(a)Recorded in Other assets on the Consolidated balance sheets. Excludes programs to which the Firm does not apply the proportional amortization method, such as historic tax credit and new market tax credit programs.
(b)Reflected in Income tax expense on the Consolidated statements of income and Operating activities on the Consolidated statements of cash flows.
(c)Recorded in Other income on the Consolidated statements of income and Operating activities on the Consolidated statements of cash flows.
Customer municipal bond vehicles (TOB trusts)
The Firm may provide various services to customer TOB trusts, including remarketing agent, liquidity or tender option provider. In certain customer TOB transactions, the Firm, as liquidity provider, has entered into a reimbursement agreement with the Residual holder.
In those transactions, upon the termination of the vehicle, the Firm has recourse to the third-party Residual holders for any shortfall. The Firm does not have any intent to protect Residual holders from potential losses on any of the underlying municipal bonds. The Firm does not consolidate customer TOB trusts, since the Firm does not have the power to make decisions that significantly impact the economic performance of the municipal bond vehicle.
The Firm’s maximum exposure as a liquidity provider to customer TOB trusts at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $6.2 billion and $5.8 billion, respectively. The fair value of assets held by such VIEs at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $8.5 billion and $8.1 billion, respectively.
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Loan securitizations
The Firm has securitized and sold a variety of loans, including residential mortgages, credit card receivables, commercial mortgages and other consumer loans.
Securitization activity
The following table provides information related to the Firm’s securitization activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, related to assets held in Firm-sponsored securitization entities that were not consolidated by the Firm, and where sale accounting was achieved at the time of the securitization.
Three months ended March 31,
20252024
(in millions)
Residential mortgage(d)
Commercial and other(e)
Residential mortgage(d)
Commercial and other(e)
Principal securitized$4,524 $2,834 $4,922 $2,358 
All cash flows during the period:(a)
Proceeds received from loan sales as financial instruments(b)(c)
$4,665 $2,849 $4,831 $2,324 
Servicing fees collected8 11 6 3 
Cash flows received on interests
120 279 70 130 
(a)Excludes re-securitization transactions.
(b)Primarily includes Level 2 assets.
(c)The carrying value of the loans accounted for at fair value approximated the proceeds received upon loan sale.
(d)Represents prime mortgages. Excludes loan securitization activity related to U.S. GSEs and government agencies.
(e)Includes commercial mortgages and auto loans.
Loans and excess MSRs sold to U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and loans in securitization transactions pursuant to Ginnie Mae guidelines
In addition to the amounts reported in the securitization activity tables above, the Firm, in the normal course of business, sells originated and purchased mortgage loans and certain originated excess MSRs on a nonrecourse basis, predominantly to U.S. GSEs. These loans and excess MSRs are sold primarily for the purpose of securitization by the U.S. GSEs, who provide certain guarantee provisions (e.g., credit enhancement of the loans). The Firm also sells loans into securitization transactions pursuant to Ginnie Mae guidelines; these loans are typically insured or guaranteed by another U.S. government agency. The Firm does not consolidate the securitization vehicles underlying these transactions as it is not the primary beneficiary. For a limited number of loan sales, the Firm is obligated to share a portion of the credit risk associated with the sold loans with the purchaser. Refer to Note 22 of this Form 10-Q for additional information about the Firm’s loan sales- and securitization-related indemnifications and Note 14 for additional information about the impact of the Firm’s sale of certain excess MSRs.
The following table summarizes the activities related to loans sold to the U.S. GSEs, and loans in securitization transactions pursuant to Ginnie Mae guidelines.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Carrying value of loans sold
$8,614 $4,536 
Proceeds received from loan sales as cash
638 306 
Proceeds from loan sales as securities(a)(b)
7,893 4,192 
Total proceeds received from loan sales(c)
$8,531 $4,498 
Gains/(losses) on loan sales(d)(e)
$— $— 
(a)Includes securities from U.S. GSEs and Ginnie Mae that are generally sold shortly after receipt or retained as part of the Firm’s investment securities portfolio.
(b)Included in level 2 assets.
(c)Excludes the value of MSRs retained upon the sale of loans.
(d)Gains/(losses) on loan sales include the value of MSRs.
(e)The carrying value of the loans accounted for at fair value approximated the proceeds received upon loan sale.
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Options to repurchase delinquent loans
In addition to the Firm’s obligation to repurchase certain loans due to material breaches of representations and warranties as discussed in Note 22, the Firm also has the option to repurchase delinquent loans that it services for Ginnie Mae loan pools, as well as for other U.S. government agencies under certain arrangements. The Firm typically elects to repurchase delinquent loans from Ginnie Mae loan pools as it continues to service them and/or manage the foreclosure process in accordance with the applicable requirements, and such loans continue to be insured or guaranteed. When the Firm’s repurchase option becomes exercisable, such loans must be reported on the Consolidated balance sheets as a loan with a corresponding liability. Refer to Note 11 for additional information.
The following table presents loans the Firm repurchased or had an option to repurchase, real estate owned, and foreclosed government-guaranteed residential mortgage loans recognized on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Substantially all of these loans and real estate are insured or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies.
(in millions)March 31,
2025		December 31,
2024
Loans repurchased or option to repurchase(a)
$616 $577 
Real estate owned
4 6 
Foreclosed government-guaranteed residential mortgage loans(b)
9 10 
(a)Primarily all of these amounts relate to loans that have been repurchased from Ginnie Mae loan pools.
(b)Relates to voluntary repurchases of loans, which are included in accrued interest and accounts receivable.
Loan delinquencies and liquidation losses
The table below includes information about components of and delinquencies related to nonconsolidated securitized financial assets held in Firm-sponsored private-label securitization entities, in which the Firm has continuing involvement as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. For loans sold or securitized where servicing is the Firm’s only form of continuing involvement, the Firm generally experiences a loss only if the Firm was required to repurchase a delinquent loan or foreclosed asset due to a breach in representations and warranties associated with its loan sale or servicing contracts.
Net liquidation losses/(recoveries)
Securitized assets90 days past dueThree months ended March 31,
(in millions)March 31, 2025December 31, 2024March 31, 2025December 31, 202420252024
Securitized loans
Residential mortgage:
Prime / Alt-A & option ARMs$54,250 $50,846 $563 $501 $3 $2 
Subprime1,699 1,847 100 113 1 1 
Commercial and other134,945 125,510 1,695 1,715 60 6 
Total loans securitized$190,894 $178,203 $2,358 $2,329 $64 $9 
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Note 14 – Goodwill, mortgage servicing rights, and other intangible assets
Refer to Note 15 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a detailed discussion of goodwill, mortgage servicing rights, and other intangible assets and the related accounting policies.
Goodwill
Goodwill is recorded upon completion of a business combination as the difference between the purchase price and the fair value of the net assets acquired, and can be adjusted up to one year from the acquisition date as additional information pertaining to facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date is obtained about the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed.
The following table presents goodwill attributed to the reportable business segments and Corporate.
(in millions)March 31,
2025		December 31,
2024
Consumer & Community Banking$32,116 $32,116 
Commercial & Investment Bank11,240 11,236 
Asset & Wealth Management8,552 8,521 
Corporate713 692 
Total goodwill$52,621 $52,565 
The following table presents changes in the carrying amount of goodwill.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
Balance at beginning of period$52,565 $52,634 
Changes during the period from:
Business combinations
— 34 
Other(a)
56 (32)
Balance at March 31,$52,621 $52,636 
(a)Primarily foreign currency adjustments.
Goodwill impairment testing
Goodwill is tested for impairment during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, or more often if events or circumstances, such as adverse changes in the business climate, indicate that there may be an impairment. Refer to Note 15 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the Firm’s goodwill impairment testing.
Unanticipated declines in business performance, increases in credit losses, increases in capital requirements, as well as deterioration in economic or market conditions, adverse regulatory or legislative changes or increases in the estimated market cost of equity, could cause the estimated fair values of the Firm’s reporting units to decline in the future, which could result in a material impairment charge to earnings in a future period related to some portion of the associated goodwill.
As of March 31, 2025, the Firm reviewed current economic conditions, estimated market cost of equity, as well as actual business results and projections of business performance. Based on such reviews, the Firm has concluded that goodwill was not impaired as of March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024, nor was goodwill written off due to impairment during the three months ended March 31, 2025 or 2024.
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Mortgage servicing rights
MSRs represent the fair value of expected future cash flows for performing servicing activities for others. The fair value considers estimated future servicing fees and ancillary revenue, offset by estimated costs to service the loans, and generally declines over time as net servicing cash flows are received, effectively amortizing the MSR asset against contractual servicing and ancillary fee income. MSRs are either purchased from third parties or recognized upon sale or securitization of mortgage loans if servicing is retained. Refer to Notes 2 and 15 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further description of the MSR asset, interest rate risk management, and the valuation of MSRs.
The following table summarizes MSR activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except where otherwise noted)20252024
Fair value at beginning of period$9,121 $8,522 
MSR activity:
Originations of MSRs111 58 
Purchase of MSRs(a)
279 2 
Disposition of MSRs4 5 
Net additions/(dispositions)394 65 
Changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows
(261)(260)
Changes in valuation due to inputs and assumptions:
Changes due to market interest rates and other(b)
(100)268 
Changes in valuation due to other inputs and assumptions:
Projected cash flows (e.g., cost to service)
1 7 
Discount rates
— — 
Prepayment model changes and other(c)
(28)3 
Total changes in valuation due to other inputs and assumptions(27)10 
Total changes in valuation due to inputs and assumptions(127)278 
Fair value at March 31,$9,127 $8,605 
Changes in unrealized gains/(losses) included in income related to MSRs held at March 31,$(127)$278 
Contractual service fees, late fees and other ancillary fees included in income
402 399 
Third-party mortgage loans serviced at March 31, (in billions)666 627 
Servicer advances, net of an allowance for uncollectible amounts, at March 31(d)
529 607 
(a)Includes purchase price adjustments associated with MSRs purchased in the prior quarter, primarily as a result of loans that prepaid within 90 days of settlement, allowing the Firm to recover the purchase price.
(b)Represents both the impact of changes in estimated future prepayments due to changes in market interest rates, and the difference between actual and expected prepayments.
(c)Represents changes in prepayments other than those attributable to changes in market interest rates.
(d)Represents amounts the Firm pays as the servicer (e.g., scheduled principal and interest, taxes and insurance), which will generally be reimbursed within a short period of time after the advance from future cash flows from the trust or the underlying loans. The Firm’s credit risk associated with these servicer advances is minimal because reimbursement of the advances is typically senior to all cash payments to investors. In addition, the Firm maintains the right to stop payment to investors if the collateral is insufficient to cover the advance. However, certain of these servicer advances may not be recoverable if they were not made in accordance with applicable rules and agreements.
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The following table presents the components of mortgage fees and related income (including the impact of MSR risk management activities) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20252024
CCB mortgage fees and related income
Production revenue$110 $130 
Net mortgage servicing revenue:
Operating revenue:
Loan servicing revenue404 405 
Changes in MSR asset fair value due to collection/realization of expected cash flows(260)(260)
Total operating revenue144 145 
Risk management:
Changes in MSR asset fair value due to market interest rates and other(a)
(100)268 
Other changes in MSR asset fair value due to other inputs and assumptions in model(b)
(27)10 
Changes in derivative fair value and other136 (279)
Total risk management9 (1)
Total net mortgage servicing revenue153 144 
Total CCB mortgage fees and related income263 274 
All other15 1 
Mortgage fees and related income$278 $275 
(a)Represents both the impact of changes in estimated future prepayments due to changes in market interest rates, and the difference between actual and expected prepayments.
(b)Represents the aggregate impact of changes in model inputs and assumptions such as projected cash flows (e.g., cost to service), discount rates and changes in prepayments other than those attributable to changes in market interest rates (e.g., changes in prepayments due to changes in home prices).
Changes in fair value based on variations in assumptions generally cannot be easily extrapolated, because the relationship of the change in the assumptions to the change in fair value are often highly interrelated and may not be linear. In the following table, the effect that a change in a particular assumption may have on the fair value is calculated without changing any other assumption. In reality, changes in one factor may result in changes in another, which would either magnify or counteract the impact of the initial change.
The table below outlines the key economic assumptions used to determine the fair value of the Firm’s MSRs at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and outlines the sensitivities of those fair values to immediate adverse changes in those assumptions, as defined below.
(in millions, except rates)Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024
Weighted-average prepayment speed assumption (constant prepayment rate)
6.84 %6.19 %
Impact on fair value of 10% adverse change
$(178)$(209)
Impact on fair value of 20% adverse change
(348)(406)
Weighted-average option adjusted spread(a)
6.06 %5.97 %
Impact on fair value of a 100 basis point adverse change
$(387)$(391)
Impact on fair value of a 200 basis point adverse change
(745)(751)
(a)Includes the impact of operational risk and regulatory capital.







151

Other intangible assets
The Firm’s finite-lived and indefinite-lived other intangible assets are initially recorded at their fair value primarily upon completion of a business combination. Finite-lived intangible assets, including core deposit intangibles, customer relationship intangibles, and certain other intangible assets, are amortized over their useful lives, estimated based on the expected future economic benefits. The Firm’s intangible assets with indefinite lives, such as asset management contracts, are not subject to amortization and are assessed periodically for impairment.
As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the net carrying values of other intangible assets consisted of finite-lived intangible assets of $1.6 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively, as well as indefinite-lived intangible assets, which are not subject to amortization, of $1.2 billion at both periods.
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Note 15 – Deposits
Refer to Note 17 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further information on deposits.
As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, noninterest-bearing and interest-bearing deposits were as follows:
(in millions)March 31,
2025		December 31, 2024
U.S. offices
Noninterest-bearing (included $33,545 and $28,904 at fair value)(a)
$581,623 $592,500 
Interest-bearing (included $1,290 and $1,101 at fair value)(a)
1,416,585 1,345,914 
Total deposits in U.S. offices1,998,208 1,938,414 
Non-U.S. offices
Noninterest-bearing (included $1,926 and $2,255 at fair value)(a)
29,856 26,806 
Interest-bearing (included $378 and $1,508 at fair value)(a)
467,813 440,812 
Total deposits in non-U.S. offices497,669 467,618 
Total deposits$2,495,877 $2,406,032 
(a)Includes structured notes classified as deposits for which the fair value option has been elected. Refer to Note 3 for further discussion.
As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, time deposits in denominations that met or exceeded the insured limit were as follows:
(in millions)March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
U.S. offices $152,755 $149,239 
Non-U.S. offices(a)
90,575 92,639 
Total$243,330 $241,878 
(a)Represents all time deposits in non-U.S. offices as these deposits typically exceed the insured limit.
As of March 31, 2025, the remaining maturities of interest-bearing time deposits in each of the 12-month periods ending March 31 were as follows:
March 31,
(in millions)		   
U.S.Non-U.S.Total
2026$224,066 $87,658 $311,724 
2027660 115 775 
2028465 4 469 
2029402 45 447 
2030444 694 1,138 
After 5 years172 133 305 
Total$226,209 $88,649 $314,858 
Note 16 – Leases
Refer to Note 18 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion on leases.
Firm as lessee
At March 31, 2025, JPMorganChase and its subsidiaries were obligated under a number of noncancellable leases, predominantly operating leases for premises and equipment used primarily for business purposes.
Operating lease liabilities and right-of-use (“ROU”) assets are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term.
The carrying values of the Firm’s operating leases were as follows:
(in millions)March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Right-of-use assets$8,716 $8,494 
Lease liabilities9,133 8,900 
The Firm’s net rental expense was $573 million and $541 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Firm as lessor
The Firm’s lease financings are predominantly auto operating leases, and are included in other assets on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.
The following table presents the Firm’s operating lease income, included within other income, and the related depreciation expense, included within technology, communications and equipment expense, on the Consolidated statements of income.
Three months ended March 31,

(in millions)		20252024
Operating lease income$829 $672 
Depreciation expense505 435 


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Note 17 – Preferred stock
Refer to Note 21 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion on preferred stock.
The following is a summary of JPMorganChase’s non-cumulative preferred stock outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and the quarterly dividend declarations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
Shares(a)
Carrying value
 (in millions)
Contractual rate in effect at March 31, 2025
Earliest redemption date(b)
Floating annualized rate(c)
Dividend declared
per share
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024March 31, 2025December 31, 2024Issue dateThree months ended March 31,
20252024
Fixed-rate:
Series DD169,625 169,625 $1,696 $1,696 9/21/20185.750 %12/1/2023NA$143.75 $143.75 
Series EE185,000 185,000 1,850 1,850 1/24/20196.000 3/1/2024NA150.00 150.00 
Series GG90,000 90,000 900 900 11/7/20194.750 12/1/2024NA118.75 118.75 
Series JJ150,000 150,000 1,500 1,500 3/17/20214.550 6/1/2026NA113.75 113.75 
Series LL185,000 185,000 1,850 1,850 5/20/20214.625 6/1/2026NA115.63 115.63 
Series MM200,000 200,000 2,000 2,000 7/29/20214.200 9/1/2026NA105.00 105.00 
Fixed-to-floating rate:
Series Q— — — — 4/23/2013— 5/1/2023
SOFR + 3.25
— 220.45 
Series R— — — — 7/29/2013— 8/1/2023
SOFR + 3.30
— 221.70 
Series S— — — — 1/22/2014— 2/1/2024
SOFR + 3.78
— 233.70 
(e)
Series U— — — — 3/10/2014— 4/30/2024
SOFR + 3.33
— 153.13 

Series X— — — — 9/23/2014— 10/1/2024
SOFR + 3.33
— 152.50 
Series CC125,750 125,750 1,258 1,258 10/20/2017
SOFR + 2.58
11/1/2022
SOFR + 2.58
172.36 203.70 
Series FF— — — — 7/31/2019— 8/1/2024
SOFR + 3.38
— 125.00 
Series HH— 300,000 — 3,000 1/23/2020— 2/1/2025
SOFR + 3.125
— 115.00 
Series II150,000 150,000 1,500 1,500 2/24/20204.000 4/1/2025
SOFR + 2.745
100.00 100.00 
Series KK200,000 200,000 2,000 2,000 5/12/20213.650 6/1/2026
CMT + 2.85
91.25 91.25 
Series NN250,000 250,000 2,496 2,496 3/12/20246.875 6/1/2029
CMT + 2.737
171.88 — 
(f)
Series OO300,000 NA2,995 NA2/4/20256.500 4/1/2030
CMT + 2.152
102.92 
(d)
NA
Total preferred stock2,005,375 2,005,375 $20,045 $20,050 
(a)Represented by depositary shares.
(b)Each series of fixed-to-floating rate preferred stock converts to a floating rate at the earliest redemption date.
(c)References in the table to “SOFR” mean a floating annualized rate equal to three-month term SOFR (plus a spread adjustment of 0.26% per annum) plus the spreads noted. References to “CMT” mean a floating annualized rate equal to the five-year Constant Maturity Treasury (“CMT”) rate plus the spreads noted.
(d)The initial dividend declared is prorated based on the number of days outstanding for the period. Dividends were declared quarterly thereafter at the contractual rate.
(e)The dividend rate for Series S preferred stock became floating and payable quarterly starting on February 1, 2024; prior to which the dividend rate was fixed at 6.75% or $337.50 per share payable semiannually. The dividend rate for each quarterly dividend period commencing on February 1, 2024 was three-month term SOFR (plus a spread adjustment of 0.26% per annum) plus the spread of 3.78%.
(f)As of March 31, 2024, no dividends had been declared on the Series NN preferred stock since the original issue date of March 12, 2024.
Each series of preferred stock has a liquidation value and redemption price per share of $10,000, plus accrued but unpaid dividends. The aggregate liquidation value was $20.1 billion at March 31, 2025.
Issuances
On February 4, 2025, the Firm issued $3.0 billion of fixed-rate reset non-cumulative preferred stock, Series OO.
On March 12, 2024, the Firm issued $2.5 billion of fixed-rate reset non-cumulative preferred stock, Series NN.
Redemptions
On February 1, 2025, the Firm redeemed all $3.0 billion of its fixed-to-floating rate non-cumulative preferred stock, Series HH.
On October 1, 2024, the Firm redeemed all $1.6 billion of its fixed-to-floating rate non-cumulative preferred stock, Series X.
On August 1, 2024, the Firm redeemed all $2.3 billion of its fixed-to-floating rate non-cumulative preferred stock, Series FF.
On May 1, 2024, the Firm redeemed all $5.0 billion of its fixed-to-floating rate non-cumulative preferred stock, Series Q, Series R and Series S.
On April 30, 2024, the Firm redeemed all $1.0 billion of its fixed-to-floating rate non-cumulative preferred stock, Series U.
154

Note 18 – Earnings per share
Refer to Note 23 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”). The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted EPS for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
(in millions, except per share amounts)Three months ended March 31,
20252024
Basic earnings per share
Net income$14,643 $13,419 
Less: Preferred stock dividends
255 397 
Net income applicable to common equity
14,388 13,022 
Less: Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities
71 80 
Net income applicable to common stockholders
$14,317 $12,942 
Total weighted-average basic shares
  outstanding
2,819.4 2,908.3 
Net income per share
$5.08 $4.45 
Diluted earnings per share
Net income applicable to common stockholders
$14,317 $12,942 
Total weighted-average basic shares
  outstanding
2,819.4 2,908.3 
Add: Dilutive impact of unvested PSUs, nondividend-earning RSUs and SARs4.9 4.5 
Total weighted-average diluted shares outstanding
2,824.3 2,912.8 
Net income per share
$5.07 $4.44 

155

Note 19 – Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
AOCI includes the after-tax change in unrealized gains and losses on investment securities, foreign currency translation adjustments (including the impact of related derivatives), fair value changes of excluded components on fair value hedges, cash flow hedging activities, net gain/(loss) related to the Firm’s defined benefit pension and OPEB plans, and fair value option-elected liabilities arising from changes in the Firm’s own credit risk (DVA).
As of or for the three months ended
March 31, 2025
(in millions)		Unrealized
gains/(losses)
on investment securities		Translation adjustments, net of hedgesFair value hedgesCash flow hedgesDefined benefit
pension and
OPEB plans		DVA on fair value option elected liabilitiesAccumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Balance at January 1, 2025$(3,830)$(2,074)$(221)$(4,814)$(1,141)$(376)$(12,456)
Net change953 489 28 1,674 (16)217 3,345 
Balance at March 31, 2025$(2,877)
(a)
$(1,585)$(193)$(3,140)$(1,157)$(159)$(9,111)
As of or for the three months ended
March 31, 2024
(in millions)		Unrealized
gains/(losses)
on investment securities		Translation adjustments, net of hedgesFair value hedgesCash flow hedgesDefined benefit pension and
OPEB plans		DVA on fair value option elected liabilitiesAccumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Balance at January 1, 2024$(3,743)$(1,216)$(134)$(3,932)$(1,078)$(340)$(10,443)
Net change141 (204)(21)(889)26 (249)(1,196)
Balance at March 31, 2024$(3,602)
(a)
$(1,420)$(155)$(4,821)$(1,052)$(589)$(11,639)
(a)Included after-tax net unamortized unrealized gains/(losses) of $(639) million and $(824) million as of March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to AFS securities that have been transferred to HTM.
The following table presents the pre-tax and after-tax changes in the components of OCI.
20252024
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)		Pre-taxTax effectAfter-taxPre-taxTax effectAfter-tax
Unrealized gains/(losses) on investment securities:
Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period$1,220 $(295)$925 $(181)$44 $(137)
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains)/losses included in net income(a)
37 (9)28 366 (88)278 
Net change1,257 (304)953 185 (44)141 
Translation adjustments(b):
Translation2,211 (105)2,106 (1,365)68 (1,297)
Hedges(2,134)517 (1,617)1,442 (349)1,093 
Net change77 412 489 77 (281)(204)
Fair value hedges, net change(c)
37 (9)28 (27)6 (21)
Cash flow hedges:
Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period1,587 (383)1,204 (1,762)426 (1,336)
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains)/losses included in net income(d)
621 (151)470 589 (142)447 
Net change2,208 (534)1,674 (1,173)284 (889)
Defined benefit pension and OPEB plans, net change
(19)3 (16)36 (10)26 
DVA on fair value option elected liabilities, net change
286 (69)217 (327)78 (249)
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)$3,846 $(501)$3,345 $(1,229)$33 $(1,196)
(a)The pre-tax amount is reported in Investment securities gains/(losses) in the Consolidated statements of income.
(b)Reclassifications of pre-tax realized gains/(losses) on translation adjustments and related hedges are reported in other income/expense in the Consolidated statements of income. There were no sales or liquidations of legal entities that resulted in reclassifications for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
(c)Represents changes in fair value of cross-currency swaps attributable to changes in cross-currency basis spreads, which are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and recorded in other comprehensive income. The initial cost of cross-currency basis spreads is recognized in earnings as part of the accrual of interest on the cross-currency swaps.
(d)The pre-tax amounts are primarily recorded in noninterest revenue, net interest income and compensation expense in the Consolidated statements of income.

156

Note 20 – Restricted cash and other restricted assets
Refer to Note 26 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a detailed discussion of the Firm’s restricted cash and other restricted assets.
Certain of the Firm’s cash and other assets are restricted as to withdrawal or usage. These restrictions are imposed by various regulatory authorities based on the particular activities of the Firm’s subsidiaries.
The Firm is also subject to rules and regulations established by other U.S. and non-U.S. regulators. As part of its compliance with the respective regulatory requirements, the Firm’s broker-dealer activities are subject to certain restrictions on cash and other assets.
The following table presents the components of the Firm’s restricted cash:
(in billions)March 31,
2025		December 31, 2024
Segregated for the benefit of securities and cleared derivative customers
$20.0 $18.7 
Cash reserves at non-U.S. central banks and held for other general purposes
8.9 8.8 
Total restricted cash(a)
$28.9 $27.5 
(a)Comprises $27.7 billion and $26.1 billion in deposits with banks, and $1.2 billion and $1.4 billion in cash and due from banks on the Consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
Also, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Firm had the following other restricted assets:
•Cash and securities pledged with clearing organizations for the benefit of customers of $36.4 billion and $40.7 billion, respectively.
•Securities with a fair value of $26.1 billion and $26.8 billion, respectively, were also restricted in relation to customer activity.


157

Note 21 – Regulatory capital
Refer to Note 27 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a detailed discussion on regulatory capital.
The Federal Reserve establishes capital requirements, including well-capitalized standards, for the Firm as a consolidated financial holding company. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ("OCC") establishes similar minimum capital requirements and standards for the Firm’s principal insured depository institution ("IDI") subsidiary, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
Under the risk-based capital and leverage-based guidelines of the Federal Reserve, JPMorgan Chase & Co. is required to maintain minimum ratios for CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital, Total capital, Tier 1 leverage and the SLR. Failure to meet these minimum requirements could cause the Federal Reserve to take action. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. is also subject to these capital requirements established by its primary regulators.
The following table presents the risk-based regulatory capital ratio requirements and well-capitalized ratios to which the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. were subject as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
Standardized capital ratio requirementsAdvanced
capital ratio requirements		Well-capitalized ratios
BHC(a)
IDI(b)
BHC(a)
IDI(b)
BHC(c)
IDI(d)
Risk-based capital ratios
CET1 capital12.3 %7.0 %11.5 %7.0 %NA6.5 %
Tier 1 capital13.8 8.5 13.0 8.5 6.0 %8.0 
Total capital15.8 10.5 15.0 10.5 10.0 10.0 
Note: The table above is as defined by the regulations issued by the Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC and to which the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. are subject.
(a)Represents the regulatory capital ratio requirements applicable to the Firm. The CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital ratio requirements each include a respective minimum requirement plus a GSIB surcharge of 4.5% as calculated under Method 2; plus a 3.3% SCB for Basel III Standardized ratios and a fixed 2.5% capital conservation buffer for Basel III Advanced ratios. The countercyclical buffer is currently set to 0% by the federal banking agencies.
(b)Represents requirements for JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. The CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital ratio requirements include a fixed capital conservation buffer requirement of 2.5% that is applicable to JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. is not subject to the GSIB surcharge.
(c)Represents requirements for bank holding companies pursuant to regulations issued by the Federal Reserve.
(d)Represents requirements for JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. pursuant to regulations issued under the FDIC Improvement Act.
The following table presents the leverage-based regulatory capital ratio requirements and well-capitalized ratios to which the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. were subject as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
Capital ratio requirements(a)
Well-capitalized ratios
BHCIDI
BHC(b)
IDI
Leverage-based capital ratios
Tier 1 leverage4.0 %4.0 %NA5.0 %
SLR5.0 6.0 NA6.0 
Note: The table above is as defined by the regulations issued by the Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC and to which the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. are subject.
(a)Represents minimum SLR requirement of 3.0%, as well as supplementary leverage buffer requirements of 2.0% and 3.0% for BHC and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., respectively.
(b)The Federal Reserve's regulations do not establish well-capitalized thresholds for these measures for BHCs.
CECL Regulatory Capital Transition
Beginning January 1, 2022, the $2.9 billion CECL capital benefit, provided by the Federal Reserve in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, was phased out at 25% per year over a three-year period and fully phased out as of January 1, 2025. As of December 31, 2024, the Firm's CET1 capital reflected the remaining benefit of $720 million associated with the CECL capital transition provisions.
Similarly, as of January 1, 2025, the Firm has phased out the other CECL capital transition provisions which impacted Tier 2 capital, adjusted average assets, total leverage exposure and RWA, as applicable.
Refer to Note 27 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further information on CECL capital transition provisions.
158

The following tables present risk-based capital metrics under both the Basel III Standardized and Basel III Advanced approaches and leverage-based capital metrics for JPMorgan Chase & Co. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, JPMorgan Chase & Co. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. were well-capitalized and met all capital requirements to which each was subject.
March 31, 2025
(in millions, except ratios)		Basel III StandardizedBasel III Advanced
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.		JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.		JPMorgan
Chase & Co.		JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.
Risk-based capital metrics:(a)
CET1 capital
$279,791 $277,695 $279,791 $277,695 
Tier 1 capital
299,132 277,699 

299,132 

277,699 
Total capital
330,533 298,442 316,529 
(b)
284,478 
(b)
Risk-weighted assets1,815,045 1,763,680 1,799,055 
(b)
1,641,027 
(b)
CET1 capital ratio15.4 %15.7 %15.6 %16.9 %
Tier 1 capital ratio16.5 15.7 16.6 16.9 
Total capital ratio18.2 16.9 17.6 17.3 
December 31, 2024
(in millions, except ratios)		Basel III StandardizedBasel III Advanced
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.
JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.
JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.
Risk-based capital metrics:(a)
CET1 capital$275,513 $275,732 $275,513 $275,732 
Tier 1 capital294,881 275,737 294,881 275,737 
Total capital325,589 296,041 311,898 
(b)
282,328 
(b)
Risk-weighted assets1,757,460 1,718,777 1,740,429 
(b)
1,594,072 
(b)
CET1 capital ratio15.7 %16.0 %15.8 %17.3 %
Tier 1 capital ratio16.8 16.0 16.9 17.3 
Total capital ratio18.5 17.2 17.9 17.7 
(a)As of January 1, 2025, the benefit from the CECL capital transition provision had been fully phased out. The capital metrics for the period ended December 31, 2024 reflected the CECL capital transition provisions.
(b)Includes the impacts of certain assets associated with First Republic to which the Standardized approach has been applied as permitted by the transition provisions in the U.S. capital rules.
Three months ended
(in millions, except ratios)		March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.		JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.		JPMorgan
Chase & Co.		JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.
Leverage-based capital metrics:(a)
Adjusted average assets(b)
$4,180,147 $3,512,974 $4,070,499 $3,491,283 
Tier 1 leverage ratio
7.2 %7.9 %7.2 %7.9 %
Total leverage exposure$4,953,480 $4,269,679 $4,837,568 $4,246,516 
SLR6.0 %6.5 %6.1 %6.5 %
(a)As of January 1, 2025, the benefit from the CECL capital transition provision had been fully phased out. The capital metrics for the period ended December 31, 2024 reflected the CECL capital transition provisions.
(b)Adjusted average assets, for purposes of calculating the leverage ratios, includes quarterly average assets adjusted for on-balance sheet assets that are subject to deduction from Tier 1 capital, predominantly goodwill, inclusive of estimated equity method goodwill, and other intangible assets.


159

Note 22 – Off–balance sheet lending-related
financial instruments, guarantees, and other
commitments
JPMorganChase provides lending-related financial instruments (e.g., commitments and guarantees) to address the financing needs of its customers and clients. The contractual amount of these financial instruments represents the maximum possible credit risk to the Firm should the customer or client draw upon the commitment or the Firm be required to fulfill its obligation under the guarantee, and should the customer or client subsequently fail to perform according to the terms of the contract. Most of these commitments and guarantees have historically been refinanced, extended, cancelled, or expired without being drawn or a default occurring. As a result, the total contractual amount of these instruments is not, in the Firm’s view, representative of its expected future credit exposure or funding requirements. Refer to Note 28 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion of lending-related commitments and guarantees, and the Firm’s related accounting policies.
To provide for expected credit losses in wholesale and certain consumer lending-related commitments, an allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments is maintained. Refer to Note 12 for further information regarding the allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments.
The following table summarizes the contractual amounts and carrying values of off-balance sheet lending-related financial instruments, guarantees and other commitments at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The amounts in the table below for credit card, home equity and certain scored business banking lending-related commitments represent the total available credit for these products. The Firm has not experienced, and does not anticipate, that all available lines of credit for these commitments will be utilized at the same time. The Firm can reduce or cancel these commitments, in accordance with the contract, or to the extent otherwise permitted by law, including when there has been a demonstrable decline in the creditworthiness of the borrower or significant decrease in the value of underlying property.
160

Off–balance sheet lending-related financial instruments, guarantees and other commitments
Contractual amount
Carrying value(h)(i)
March 31, 2025Dec 31,
2024		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2024
By remaining maturity
(in millions)		Expires in 1 year or lessExpires after
1 year through
3 years		Expires after
3 years through
5 years		Expires after 5 yearsTotalTotal
Lending-related
Consumer, excluding credit card:
Residential Real Estate(a)
$12,714 $6,994 $4,340 $7,376 $31,424 $30,349 $459 $534 
Auto and other11,017 1 4 3,703 14,725 14,495 17 37 
Total consumer, excluding credit card23,731 6,995 4,344 11,079 46,149 44,844 476 571 
Credit card(b)
1,031,481 — — — 1,031,481 1,001,311 — — 
Total consumer(c)
1,055,212 6,995 4,344 11,079 1,077,630 1,046,155 476 571 
Wholesale:
Other unfunded commitments to extend credit(d)
110,900 194,995 184,175 25,457 515,527 498,437 2,654 2,608 
Standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees(d)
15,293 8,661 4,031 540 28,525 28,676 517 473 
Other letters of credit(d)
4,461 252 7 81 4,801 4,354 37 37 
Total wholesale(c)
130,654 203,908 188,213 26,078 548,853 531,467 3,208 3,118 
Total lending-related$1,185,866 $210,903 $192,557 $37,157 $1,626,483 $1,577,622 $3,684 $3,689 
Other guarantees and commitments
Securities lending indemnification agreements and guarantees(e)
$355,797 $— $— $— $355,797 $310,046 $— $— 
Derivatives qualifying as guarantees1,526 222 9,757 37,166 48,671 49,628 38 113 
Unsettled resale and securities borrowed agreements
135,582 607 1,250 — 137,439 115,939 

— 2 
Unsettled repurchase and securities loaned agreements
114,312 545 — — 114,857 66,986 — (2)
Loan sale and securitization-related indemnifications:
Mortgage repurchase liabilityNANANANANANA45 45 
Loans sold with recourseNANANANA1,370 1,189 23 23 
Exchange & clearing house guarantees and commitments(f)
252,984 — — — 252,984 401,486 — — 
Other guarantees and commitments(g)
14,062 454 377 803 15,696 12,396 23 28 
(a)Includes certain commitments to purchase loans from correspondents.
(b)Also includes commercial card lending-related commitments primarily in CIB.
(c)Predominantly all consumer and wholesale lending-related commitments are in the U.S.
(d)As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, reflected the contractual amount net of risk participations totaling $147 million and $85 million, respectively, for other unfunded commitments to extend credit; $9.5 billion at both periods for standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees; $526 million and $556 million, respectively, for other letters of credit. In regulatory filings with the Federal Reserve these commitments are shown gross of risk participations.
(e)As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, collateral held by the Firm in support of securities lending indemnification agreements was $376.7 billion and $328.7 billion, respectively. Securities lending collateral primarily consists of cash, G7 government securities, and securities issued by U.S. GSEs and government agencies.
(f)As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, includes guarantees to the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation under the sponsored member repo program and commitments and guarantees associated with the Firm’s membership in certain clearing houses.
(g)As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, primarily includes unfunded commitments to purchase secondary market loans, other equity investment commitments, and unfunded commitments related to certain tax-oriented equity investments.
(h)For lending-related products, the carrying value includes the allowance for lending-related commitments and the guarantee liability; for derivative-related products, and lending-related commitments for which the fair value option was elected, the carrying value represents the fair value.
(i)For lending-related commitments, the carrying value also includes fees and any purchase discounts or premiums that are deferred and recognized in accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets. Deferred amounts for revolving commitments and commitments not expected to fund, are amortized to lending- and deposit-related fees on a straight line basis over the commitment period. For all other commitments the deferred amounts remain deferred until the commitment funds or is sold.
161

Other unfunded commitments to extend credit
Other unfunded commitments to extend credit generally consist of commitments for working capital and general corporate purposes, extensions of credit to support commercial paper facilities and bond financings in the event that those obligations cannot be remarketed to new investors, as well as committed liquidity facilities to clearing organizations. The Firm also issues commitments under multipurpose facilities which could be drawn upon in several forms, including the issuance of a standby letter of credit.
Standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees
Standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees are conditional lending commitments issued by the Firm to guarantee the performance of a client or customer to a third party under certain arrangements, such as commercial paper facilities, bond financings, acquisition financings, trade financings and similar transactions.

The following table summarizes the contractual amount and carrying value of standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees and other letters of credit arrangements as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
Standby letters of credit, other financial guarantees and other letters of credit
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
(in millions)Standby letters of
credit and other financial guarantees		Other letters
of credit		Standby letters of
credit and other financial guarantees		Other letters
of credit
Investment-grade(a)
$20,093 $3,695 $20,443 $3,380 
Noninvestment-grade(a)
8,432 1,106 8,233 974 
Total contractual amount$28,525 $4,801 $28,676 $4,354 
Allowance for lending-related commitments$121 $37 $94 $37 
Guarantee liability396 — 379 — 
Total carrying value$517 $37 $473 $37 
Commitments with collateral$16,723 $381 $16,805 $357 
(a)The ratings scale is based on the Firm’s internal risk ratings. Refer to Note 11 for further information on internal risk ratings.
Derivatives qualifying as guarantees
The Firm transacts in certain derivative contracts that have the characteristics of a guarantee under U.S. GAAP. Refer to Note 28 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further information on these derivatives.
The following table summarizes the derivatives qualifying as guarantees as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
(in millions)March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Notional amounts
Derivative guarantees$48,671 $49,628 
Stable value contracts with contractually limited exposure34,988 32,939 
Maximum exposure of stable value contracts with contractually limited exposure1,342 1,740 
Fair value
Derivative payables38 113 
In addition to derivative contracts that meet the characteristics of a guarantee, the Firm is both a purchaser and seller of credit protection in the credit derivatives market. Refer to Note 4 for a further discussion of credit derivatives.
Loan sales- and securitization-related indemnifications
In connection with the Firm’s mortgage loan sale and securitization activities with U.S. GSEs the Firm has made representations and warranties that the loans sold meet certain requirements, and that may require the Firm to repurchase mortgage loans and/or indemnify the loan purchaser if such representations and warranties are breached by the Firm.
The liability related to repurchase demands associated with private label securitizations is separately evaluated by the Firm in establishing its litigation reserves. Refer to Note 24 of this Form 10-Q and Note 30 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information regarding litigation.
162

Merchant charge-backs
Under the rules of payment networks, in its role as a merchant acquirer, the Firm's Merchant Services business in CIB Payments, retains a contingent liability for disputed processed credit and debit card transactions that result in a charge-back to the merchant. If a dispute is resolved in the cardholder’s favor, the Firm will (through the cardholder’s issuing bank) credit or refund the amount to the cardholder and will charge back the transaction to the merchant. If the Firm is unable to collect the amount from the merchant, the Firm will bear the loss for the amount credited or refunded to the cardholder. The Firm mitigates this risk by withholding future settlements, retaining cash reserve accounts or obtaining other collateral. In addition, the Firm recognizes a valuation allowance that covers the payment or performance risk related to charge-backs.
Sponsored member repo program
The Firm acts as a sponsoring member to clear eligible overnight and term resale and repurchase agreements through the Government Securities Division of the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation (“FICC”) on behalf of clients that become sponsored members under the FICC’s rules. The Firm also guarantees to the FICC the prompt and full payment and performance of its sponsored member clients’ respective obligations under the FICC’s rules. The Firm minimizes its liability under these guarantees by obtaining a security interest in the cash or high-quality securities collateral that the clients place with the clearing house; therefore, the Firm expects the risk of loss to be remote. The Firm’s maximum possible exposure, without taking into consideration the associated collateral, is included in the Exchange & clearing house guarantees and commitments line on page 161. Refer to Note 11 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on credit risk mitigation practices on resale agreements and the types of collateral pledged under repurchase agreements.
Guarantees of subsidiaries
The Parent Company has guaranteed certain long-term debt and structured notes of its subsidiaries, including JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC (“JPMFC”), a 100%-owned finance subsidiary. All securities issued by JPMFC are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Parent Company and no other subsidiary of the Parent Company guarantees these securities. These guarantees, which rank pari passu with the Firm’s unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness, are not included in the table on page 161 of this Note. Refer to Note 20 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.
Note 23 – Pledged assets and collateral
Refer to Note 29 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s pledged assets and collateral.
Pledged assets
The Firm pledges financial assets that it owns to maintain potential borrowing capacity at discount windows with Federal Reserve banks, various other central banks and FHLBs. Additionally, the Firm pledges assets for other purposes, including to collateralize repurchase and other securities financing agreements, to cover short sales and to collateralize derivative contracts and deposits. Certain of these pledged assets may be sold or repledged or otherwise used by the secured parties and are parenthetically identified on the Consolidated balance sheets as assets pledged.
The following table presents the carrying value of the Firm’s pledged assets.
(in billions)March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Assets that may be sold or repledged or otherwise used by secured parties
$242.1 $152.5 
Assets that may not be sold or repledged or otherwise used by secured parties360.9 297.9 
Assets pledged at Federal Reserve banks and FHLBs698.9 724.0 
Total pledged assets
$1,301.9 $1,174.4 
Total pledged assets do not include assets of consolidated VIEs; these assets are used to settle the liabilities of those entities. Refer to Note 13 for additional information on assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs. Refer to Note 10 for additional information on the Firm’s securities financing activities. Refer to Note 20 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on the Firm’s long-term debt.
Collateral
The Firm accepts financial assets as collateral that it is permitted to sell or repledge, deliver or otherwise use. This collateral is generally obtained under resale and other securities financing agreements, prime brokerage-related held-for-investment customer receivables and derivative contracts. Collateral is generally used under repurchase and other securities financing agreements, to cover short sales and to collateralize derivative contracts and deposits.
The following table presents the fair value of collateral accepted.
(in billions)March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Collateral permitted to be sold or repledged, delivered, or otherwise used
$1,652.9 $1,544.0 
Collateral sold, repledged, delivered or otherwise used1,262.1 1,210.7 
163

Note 24 – Litigation
Contingencies
As of March 31, 2025, the Firm and its subsidiaries and affiliates are defendants or respondents in numerous evolving legal proceedings, including private proceedings, public proceedings, government investigations, regulatory enforcement matters, and the matters described below. The litigations range from individual actions involving a single plaintiff to class action lawsuits with potentially millions of class members. Investigations and regulatory enforcement matters involve both formal and informal proceedings, by both governmental agencies and self-regulatory organizations. These legal proceedings are at varying stages of adjudication, arbitration or investigation, and involve each of the Firm’s lines of business and several geographies and a wide variety of claims (including common law tort and contract claims and statutory antitrust, securities and consumer protection claims), some of which present novel legal theories.
The Firm believes the estimate of the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses, in excess of reserves established, for its legal proceedings is from $0 to approximately $1.1 billion at March 31, 2025. This estimated aggregate range of reasonably possible losses was based upon information available as of that date for those proceedings in which the Firm believes that an estimate of reasonably possible loss can be made. For certain matters, the Firm does not believe that such an estimate can be made, as of that date. The Firm’s estimate of the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses involves significant judgment, given:
•the number, variety and varying stages of the proceedings, including the fact that many are in preliminary stages,
•the existence in many such proceedings of multiple defendants, including the Firm, whose share of liability (if any) has yet to be determined,
•the numerous yet-unresolved issues in many of the proceedings, including issues regarding class certification and the scope of many of the claims, and
•the uncertainty of the various potential outcomes of such proceedings, including where the Firm has made assumptions concerning future rulings by the court or other adjudicator, or about the behavior or incentives of adverse parties or regulatory authorities, and those assumptions prove to be incorrect.
In addition, the outcome of a particular proceeding may be a result which the Firm did not take into account in its estimate because the Firm had deemed the likelihood of that outcome to be remote. Accordingly, the Firm’s estimate of the aggregate
range of reasonably possible losses will change from time to time, and actual losses may vary significantly.
Set forth below are descriptions of the Firm’s material legal proceedings.
1MDB Litigation. J.P. Morgan (Suisse) SA was named as a defendant in a civil litigation filed in May 2021 in Malaysia by 1Malaysia Development Berhad (“1MDB”), a Malaysian state-owned and controlled investment fund. The claim alleges “dishonest assistance” against J.P. Morgan (Suisse) SA in relation to payments of $300 million and $500 million, from 2009 and 2010, respectively, received from 1MDB and paid into an account at J.P. Morgan (Suisse) SA held by 1MDB PetroSaudi Limited, a joint venture company between 1MDB and PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Limited. In March 2024, the Court upheld the Firm's challenge to the validity of service and the Malaysian Court’s jurisdiction to hear the claim. That decision has been appealed by 1MDB. In August 2023, the Court denied an application by 1MDB to discontinue its claim with permission to re-file a new claim in the future. That decision was appealed by both 1MDB and the Firm, and an appeals court is scheduled to hear both appeals in November 2025. In its appeal, the Firm seeks to prevent any claim from continuing.
In addition, in November 2023, the Federal Office of the Attorney General (OAG) in Switzerland notified J.P. Morgan (Suisse) SA that it is conducting an investigation into possible criminal liability in connection with transactions arising from J.P. Morgan (Suisse) SA’s relationship with the 1MDB PetroSaudi joint venture and its related persons for the period September 2009 through August 2015. The OAG investigation is ongoing.
Amrapali. India’s Enforcement Directorate (“ED”) is investigating J.P. Morgan India Private Limited in connection with investments made in 2010 and 2012 by two offshore funds formerly managed by JPMorganChase entities into residential housing projects developed by the Amrapali Group (“Amrapali”) relating to delays in delivering or failure to deliver residential units. In August 2021, the ED issued an order fining J.P. Morgan India Private Limited approximately $31.5 million, and the Firm is appealing that order. Relatedly, in July 2019, the Supreme Court of India issued an order making preliminary findings that Amrapali and other parties, including unspecified JPMorganChase entities and the offshore funds that had invested in the projects, violated certain criminal currency control and money laundering provisions, and ordered the ED to conduct a further inquiry. The Firm is responding to and cooperating with the inquiry.

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Foreign Exchange Investigations and Litigation. The Firm previously reported settlements with certain government authorities relating to its foreign exchange (“FX”) sales and trading activities and controls related to those activities. Among those resolutions, in May 2015, the Firm pleaded guilty to a single violation of federal antitrust law. The Department of Labor ("DOL") granted the Firm exemptions that permit the Firm and its affiliates to continue to rely on the Qualified Professional Asset Manager exemption under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) through the ten-year disqualification period following the antitrust plea. The only remaining FX-related governmental inquiry is a South Africa Competition Commission matter which is currently pending before the South Africa Competition Tribunal.
With respect to civil litigation matters, some FX-related individual and putative class actions filed outside the U.S., including in the U.K., Israel, the Netherlands, Brazil and Australia remain. In July 2023, the U.K. Court of Appeal overturned the Competition Appeal Tribunal's earlier denial of a request for class certification on an opt-out basis. The defendants have appealed this decision to the U.K. Supreme Court. In Israel, a settlement in principle has been reached on the putative class action, which remains subject to court approval. In Australia, the parties have reached an agreement in principle to settle the class action. The settlement is subject to Court approval.
Interchange Litigation. Groups of merchants and retail associations filed a series of class action complaints alleging that Visa and Mastercard, as well as certain banks, conspired to set the price of credit and debit card interchange fees and enacted related rules in violation of antitrust laws.
In September 2018, the parties settled the class action seeking monetary relief, with the defendants collectively contributing approximately $6.2 billion. The settlement has been approved by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York and affirmed on appeal. Based on the percentage of merchants that opted out of the settlement, $700 million has been returned to the defendants from the settlement escrow. A separate class action seeking injunctive relief continues, and in September 2021, the District Court granted plaintiffs’ motion for class certification in part, and denied the motion in part. In June 2024, the District Court denied preliminary approval of a settlement of the injunctive class action in which Visa and Mastercard agreed to certain changes to their respective network rules and system-wide reductions in interchange rates for U.S.-based merchants. The parties are considering next steps.
Of the merchants who opted out of the damages class settlement, certain merchants filed individual actions raising similar allegations against Visa and
Mastercard, as well as against the Firm and other banks. While some of those actions remain pending, the defendants have reached settlements with the merchants who opted out representing approximately 80% of the combined Mastercard-branded and Visa-branded payment card sales volume. A number of these actions are pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and that court has scheduled a trial of the claims brought by several merchants to begin in October 2025.
LIBOR and Other Benchmark Rate Investigations and Litigation. JPMorganChase has responded to inquiries from various governmental agencies and entities around the world relating primarily to the British Bankers Association’s (“BBA”) London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) for various currencies and the European Banking Federation’s Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”). The Swiss Competition Commission’s investigation of the Firm relating to EURIBOR has been settled, and the Firm paid a penalty and costs of approximately 9 million Swiss franc. The Firm appealed a December 2016 decision by the European Commission against the Firm and other banks finding an infringement of European antitrust rules relating to EURIBOR. In December 2023, the European General Court annulled the fine imposed by the European Commission, but exercised its discretion to re-impose a fine in an identical amount. In March 2024, the Firm filed an appeal of this decision with the Court of Justice of the European Union.
In addition, the Firm has been named as a defendant along with other banks in various individual and putative class actions related to benchmark rates, including U.S. dollar LIBOR. In actions related to U.S. dollar LIBOR during the period that it was administered by the BBA, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York granted class certification of antitrust claims related to bonds and interest rate swaps sold directly by the defendants, including the Firm. The Firm has obtained dismissal of certain actions and resolved certain other actions, and as to all remaining actions has moved for summary judgment. In addition, a lawsuit filed by a group of individual plaintiffs asserting antitrust claims, alleging that the Firm and other defendants were engaged in an unlawful agreement to set U.S. dollar LIBOR and conspired to monopolize the market for LIBOR-based consumer loans and credit cards was dismissed in October 2023 and affirmed on appeal by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in December 2024. The Firm has resolved all non-U.S. dollar LIBOR actions.
Russian Litigation. The Firm is obligated to comply with international sanctions laws, which mandate the blocking of certain assets. These laws apply when assets associated with individuals, companies, products or services are within the scope of the
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sanctions. The Firm has faced actual and threatened litigation in Russia seeking payments that the Firm cannot make under, and is contractually excused from paying as a result of, relevant sanctions laws. In claims involving the Firm and claims filed against other financial institutions, Russian courts have disregarded the parties’ contractual agreements concerning forum selection and did not recognize foreign sanctions laws as a basis for not making payment. Russian courts have entered judgment against the Firm in a number of claims, including one for $439 million, and a judgment has been executed against assets held onshore by the Firm in Russia. The total amount of the judgments exceeds the total amount of available assets that the Firm holds in Russia. The Firm continues to appeal the Russian courts' decisions, and judgments may not be executed while on appeal. Russian courts have also ordered interim freezes of Firm assets in Russia (including, among other things, funds in bank accounts, securities, shares in authorized capital, and certain trademarks, of the named defendants) pending a determination of certain underlying claims against the Firm. The Firm has challenged claims being pursued in the Russian courts and related freeze orders in other jurisdictions provided for by the parties’ contractual forum selections. If further claims are enforced despite the actions taken by the Firm to challenge the claims and orders and to seek the proper application of law, the Firm’s assets in Russia could be seized in full, and certain client assets could also be seized, or the Firm could be prevented from complying with its obligations.
Shareholder Litigation. Several shareholder putative class actions, as well as shareholder derivative actions purporting to act on behalf of the Firm, have been filed against the Firm, its Board of Directors and certain of its current and former officers.
Certain of these shareholder suits relate to historical trading practices by former employees in the precious metals and U.S. treasuries markets and related conduct which were the subject of the Firm’s resolutions with the DOJ, CFTC and SEC in September 2020, and fiduciary activities that were separately the subject of a resolution between JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and the OCC in November 2020. One of these shareholder derivative suits was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York in May 2022, asserting breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment claims relating to the historical trading practices and related conduct and fiduciary activities which were the subject of the resolutions described above. In December 2022, the court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss this action in full, and in April 2025 the appellate court affirmed the dismissal.
A second shareholder derivative action relating to the historical trading practices and related conduct was
filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York in December 2022. Defendants have moved to dismiss the complaint.
Zelle Network Litigation. In December 2024, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) filed a complaint against Early Warning Services, LLC (“EWS”), Bank of America, N.A., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona. The CFPB alleged that EWS and the defendant banks failed to take sufficient efforts to prevent fraud on the Zelle network. In March 2025, the Court dismissed the complaint with prejudice at the request of the CFPB.
* * *
In addition to the various legal proceedings discussed above, JPMorganChase and its subsidiaries are named as defendants or are otherwise involved in a substantial number of other legal proceedings. The Firm believes it has meritorious defenses to the claims asserted against it in its currently outstanding legal proceedings and it intends to defend itself vigorously. Additional legal proceedings may be initiated from time to time in the future.
The Firm has established reserves for several hundred of its currently outstanding legal proceedings. In accordance with the provisions of U.S. GAAP for contingencies, the Firm accrues for a litigation-related liability when it is probable that such a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Firm evaluates its outstanding legal proceedings each quarter to assess its litigation reserves, and makes adjustments in such reserves, upward or downward, as appropriate, based on management’s best judgment after consultation with counsel. The Firm’s legal expense was $121 million and $(72) million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There is no assurance that the Firm’s litigation reserves will not need to be adjusted in the future.
In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of legal proceedings, particularly where the claimants seek very large or indeterminate damages, or where the matters present novel legal theories, involve a large number of parties or are in early stages of discovery, the Firm cannot state with confidence what will be the eventual outcomes of the currently pending matters, the timing of their ultimate resolution or the eventual losses, fines, penalties or consequences related to those matters. JPMorganChase believes, based upon its current knowledge and after consultation with counsel, consideration of the material legal proceedings described above and after taking into account its current litigation reserves and its estimated aggregate range of possible losses, that the other legal proceedings currently pending against it should not
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have a material adverse effect on the Firm’s consolidated financial condition. The Firm notes, however, that in light of the uncertainties involved in such proceedings, there is no assurance that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not significantly exceed the reserves it has currently accrued or that a matter will not have material reputational consequences. As a result, the outcome of a particular matter may be material to JPMorganChase’s operating results for a particular period, depending on, among other factors, the size of the loss or liability imposed and the level of JPMorganChase’s income for that period.
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Note 25 – Business segments & Corporate
The Firm is managed on an LOB basis. There are three reportable business segments – Consumer & Community Banking, Commercial & Investment Bank, and Asset & Wealth Management – with the remaining activities in Corporate.
The business segments are determined based on the products and services provided, or the type of customer served, and they reflect the manner in which financial information is evaluated by the Firm’s Operating Committee, whose members act collectively as the Firm’s chief operating decision maker. Segment results are presented on a managed basis. Refer to JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on page 67 for a definition of managed basis and Note 32 for a further discussion of the Firm’s business segments.
Description of business segment reporting methodology
Results of the reportable business segments are intended to present each segment as if it were a stand-alone business. The management reporting process that derives business segment results includes the allocation of certain income and expense items. The Firm periodically assesses the assumptions, methodologies and reporting classifications used for segment reporting, and therefore further refinements may be implemented in future periods. The Firm also assesses the level of capital required for each LOB on at least an annual basis. The Firm’s LOBs also provide various business metrics which are utilized by the Firm and its investors and analysts in assessing performance.
Revenue sharing
When business segments or businesses within each segment join efforts to sell products and services to the Firm’s clients and customers, the participating businesses may agree to share revenue from those transactions. Revenue is generally recognized in the segment responsible for the related product or service, with allocations to the other segments or businesses involved in the transaction. The segment and business results reflect these revenue-sharing agreements.
Funds transfer pricing
Funds transfer pricing (“FTP”) is the process by which the Firm allocates interest income and expense to the LOBs and Other Corporate and transfers the primary interest rate risk and liquidity risk to Treasury and CIO.
The funds transfer pricing process considers the interest rate and liquidity risk characteristics of assets and liabilities and off-balance sheet products. Periodically, the methodology and assumptions utilized in the FTP process are adjusted to reflect economic conditions and other factors, which may
impact the allocation of net interest income to the segments. Effective in the fourth quarter of 2024, the Firm updated its FTP with respect to consumer deposits, which resulted in an increase in the funding benefit reflected within CCB’s net interest income that is fully offset in Corporate, with no effect on the Firm’s net interest income.
As a result of lower average interest rates in the current period, the cost of funding for assets and the funding benefit earned for liabilities generally decreased compared with the prior year.
Foreign exchange risk
Foreign exchange risk is transferred from the LOBs and Other Corporate to Treasury and CIO for certain revenues and expenses. Treasury and CIO manages these risks centrally and reports the impact of foreign exchange rate movements related to the transferred risk in its results.
Capital allocation
The amount of capital assigned to each LOB and Corporate is referred to as equity. At least annually, the assumptions, judgments and methodologies used to allocate capital are reassessed and, as a result, the capital allocated to the LOBs and Corporate may change. Refer to Note 32 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on capital allocation.



























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Segment & Corporate results
The following table provides a summary of the Firm’s segment results as of or for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, on a managed basis. The Firm’s definition of managed basis starts with the reported U.S. GAAP results and includes certain reclassifications to present total net revenue for the Firm (and each of the reportable business segments) on an FTE basis. Accordingly, revenue from
investments that receive tax credits and tax-exempt securities is presented in the managed results on a basis comparable to taxable investments and securities. Refer to Note 32 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on the Firm’s managed basis.
Segment & Corporate results and reconciliation(a)
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratios)		Consumer &
Community Banking		Commercial &
Investment Bank		Asset & Wealth Management
202520242025202420252024
Noninterest revenue$4,171$3,945$13,822$12,161$3,993$3,514
Net interest income14,14213,7085,8445,4231,7381,595
Total net revenue18,31317,65319,66617,5845,7315,109
Provision for credit losses
2,6291,9137051(10)(57)
Compensation expense(b)
4,4484,2295,3304,8962,0961,972
Noncompensation expense(c)(d)
5,4095,0684,5123,8281,6171,488
Total noninterest expense9,8579,2979,8428,7243,7133,460
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)
5,8276,4439,1198,8592,0281,706
Income tax expense/(benefit)1,4021,6122,1772,237445416
Net income/(loss)$4,425$4,831$6,942$6,622$1,583$1,290
Average equity
$56,000$54,500$149,500$132,000$16,000$15,500
Total assets636,105629,1222,174,1231,898,251258,354240,555
ROE31 %35 %18 %20 %39 %33 %
Overhead ratio54 53 50 50 65 68 
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratios)		Corporate
Reconciling Items(a)
Total
202520242025202420252024
Noninterest revenue$653$(275)$(602)$(493)$22,037$18,852
Net interest income1,6512,477(102)(121)23,27323,082
Total net revenue2,3042,202(704)(614)45,31041,934
Provision for credit losses
(19)27——3,3051,884
Total noninterest expense(d)
1851,276——23,59722,757
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)2,138899(704)(614)18,40817,293
Income tax expense/(benefit)445223(704)(614)3,7653,874
Net income/(loss)$1,693$676$—$—$14,643$13,419
Average equity
$102,845$98,277$—$—$324,345$300,277
Total assets1,289,2741,322,799NANA4,357,8564,090,727
ROENMNMNMNM18 %17 %
Overhead ratioNMNMNMNM52 54 
(a)Segment managed results reflect revenue on an FTE basis with the corresponding income tax impact recorded within income tax expense/(benefit). These adjustments are eliminated in reconciling items to arrive at the Firm’s reported U.S. GAAP results.
(b)Excludes expense related to services provided by Corporate support units, which is allocated from Corporate to each respective reportable business segment, as applicable, through noncompensation expense.
(c)Reflects occupancy; technology, communications and equipment; professional and outside services; marketing; and other expense. Refer to Note 5 for additional information on other expense.
(d)Certain services are provided by Corporate and used by each of the reportable business segments. The costs of these services, including compensation-related costs, are allocated from Corporate to the respective reportable business segments, with the allocations recorded in noncompensation expense.
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pwclogobwaa10.jpg
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm


To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of JPMorgan Chase & Co.:
Results of Review of Interim Financial Statements
We have reviewed the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and its subsidiaries (the “Firm”) as of March 31, 2025, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “interim financial statements”). Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the accompanying interim financial statements for them to be in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheet of the Firm as of December 31, 2024, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for the year then ended (not presented herein), and in our report dated February 14, 2025, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the information set forth in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet information as of December 31, 2024, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated balance sheet from which it has been derived.
Basis for Review Results
These interim financial statements are the responsibility of the Firm’s management. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Firm in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our review in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. A review of interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.
PwC Signature.jpg
May 1, 2025




















PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 300 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10017
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JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated average balance sheets, interest and rates (unaudited)
(Taxable-equivalent interest and rates; in millions, except rates)
Three months ended March 31, 2025Three months ended March 31, 2024
Average
balance
Interest(f)
Rate
(annualized)		Average
balance
Interest(f)
Rate
(annualized)
Assets
Deposits with banks$446,044 $4,139 3.76 %$535,708 $6,386 4.79 %
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements
377,998 4,216 4.52 323,988 4,215 5.23 
Securities borrowed241,003 2,307 3.88 192,545 2,166 

4.52 
Trading assets – debt instruments495,143 5,568 4.56 422,516 4,603 4.38 
Taxable securities638,124 5,992 3.81 550,063 4,871 3.56 
Nontaxable securities(a)
26,846 310 4.68 29,983 376 5.04 
Total investment securities664,970 6,302 3.84 
(g)
580,046 5,247 3.64 
(g)
Loans1,339,391 22,471 6.80 1,311,578 22,931 7.03 
All other interest-earning assets(b)(c)
103,835 1,952 7.63 79,134 2,011 10.22 
Total interest-earning assets3,668,384 46,955 5.19 3,445,515 47,559 5.55 
Allowance for loan losses(24,338)(22,367)
Cash and due from banks22,548 23,627 
Trading assets – equity and other instruments225,468 190,783 
Trading assets – derivative receivables59,099 57,635 
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangible Assets64,437 64,402 
All other noninterest-earning assets219,716 209,042 
Total assets$4,235,314 $3,968,637 
Liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits$1,842,888 $11,077 2.44 %$1,726,142 $12,234 2.85 %
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements
465,203 5,189 4.52 294,983 3,969 5.41 
Short-term borrowings49,291 535 4.40 38,529 535 5.57 
Trading liabilities – debt and all other interest-bearing
liabilities(d)(e)
288,140 2,091 2.94 302,997 2,636 3.50 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs25,775 296 4.66 27,407 364 5.34 
Long-term debt344,945 4,392 5.16 340,411 4,618 5.46 
Total interest-bearing liabilities3,016,242 23,580 3.17 2,730,469 24,356 3.59 
Noninterest-bearing deposits587,417 648,644 
Trading liabilities – equity and other instruments(e)
37,671 28,622 
Trading liabilities – derivative payables41,087 39,877 
All other liabilities, including the allowance for lending-related commitments208,539 192,796 
Total liabilities3,890,956 3,640,408 
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock20,013 27,952 
Common stockholders’ equity324,345 300,277 
Total stockholders’ equity344,358 328,229 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$4,235,314 $3,968,637 
Interest rate spread2.02 %1.96 %
Net interest income and net yield on interest-earning assets$23,375 2.58 $23,203 2.71 
(a)Represents securities which are tax-exempt for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
(b)Includes brokerage-related held-for-investment customer receivables, which are classified in accrued interest and accounts receivable, and all other interest-earning assets, which are classified in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(c)The rates reflect the impact of interest earned on cash collateral where the cash collateral has been netted against certain derivative payables.
(d)All other interest-bearing liabilities include brokerage-related customer payables.
(e)The combined balance of trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments was $157.3 billion and $174.1 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
(f)Interest includes the effect of certain related hedging derivatives. Taxable-equivalent amounts are used where applicable.
(g)The annualized rate for securities based on amortized cost was 3.82% and 3.60% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and does not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected in AOCI.


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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS
2024 Form 10-K: Annual report on Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
ABS: Asset-backed securities
Active foreclosures: Loans referred to foreclosure where formal foreclosure proceedings are ongoing. Includes both judicial and non-judicial states.
AFS: Available-for-sale
Allowance for loan losses to total retained loans: represents period-end allowance for loan losses divided by retained loans.
Amortized cost: Amount at which a financing receivable or investment is originated or acquired, adjusted for accretion or amortization of premium, discount, and net deferred fees or costs, collection of cash, charge-offs, foreign exchange, and fair value hedge accounting adjustments. For AFS securities, amortized cost is also reduced by any impairment losses recognized in earnings. Amortized cost is not reduced by the allowance for credit losses, except where explicitly presented net.
AOCI: Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
ARM(s): Adjustable rate mortgage(s)
AUC: “Assets under custody”: Represents assets held directly or indirectly on behalf of clients under safekeeping, custody and servicing arrangements.
Auto loan and lease origination volume: Dollar amount of auto loans and leases originated.
AWM: Asset & Wealth Management
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs: represents the interest of third-party holders of debt, equity securities, or other obligations, issued by VIEs that JPMorganChase consolidates.
BHC: Bank holding company
BWM: Banking & Wealth Management
Bridge Financing Portfolio: A portfolio of held-for-sale unfunded loan commitments and funded loans. The unfunded commitments include both short-term bridge loan commitments that will ultimately be replaced by longer term financing as well as term loan commitments. The funded loans include term loans and funded revolver facilities.
CCAR: Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review
CCB: Consumer & Community Banking
CCP: Central Counterparty
CDS: Credit default swaps
CECL: Current Expected Credit Losses
CEO: Chief Executive Officer
CET1 capital: Common equity Tier 1 capital
CFO: Chief Financial Officer
CFTC: Commodity Futures Trading Commission
CIB: Commercial & Investment Bank
CIO: Chief Investment Office
Client assets: Represent assets under management as well as custody, brokerage, administration and deposit accounts.
Client deposits and other third-party liabilities: Deposits, as well as deposits that are swept to on-balance sheet liabilities (e.g., commercial paper, federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements) as part of client cash management programs.
Client investment assets: Represent assets under management as well as custody, brokerage and annuity accounts, and deposits held in investment accounts.
CLTV: Combined loan-to-value
CMT: Constant Maturity Treasury
Collateral-dependent: A loan is considered to be collateral-dependent when repayment of the loan is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, including when foreclosure is deemed probable based on borrower delinquency.
Commercial Card: provides a wide range of payment services to corporate and public sector clients worldwide through the commercial card products. Services include procurement, corporate travel and entertainment, expense management services, and business-to-business payment solutions.
Credit derivatives: Financial instruments whose value is derived from the credit risk associated with the debt of a third-party issuer (the reference entity) which allow one party (the protection purchaser) to transfer that risk to another party (the protection seller). Upon the occurrence of a credit event by the reference entity, which may include, among other events, the bankruptcy or failure to pay its obligations, or certain restructurings of the debt of the reference entity, neither party has recourse to the reference entity. The protection purchaser has recourse to the protection seller for the difference between the face value of the CDS contract and the fair value at the time of settling the credit derivative contract. The determination as to whether a credit event has occurred is generally made by the relevant International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) Determinations Committee.
Criticized: Criticized loans, lending-related commitments and derivative receivables that are
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classified as special mention, substandard and doubtful categories for regulatory purposes and are generally consistent with a rating of CCC+/Caa1 and below, as defined by S&P and Moody’s.
CRR: Capital Requirements Regulation
CVA: Credit valuation adjustment
DVA: Debit valuation adjustment
EC: European Commission
Eligible HQLA: Eligible high-quality liquid assets, for purposes of calculating the LCR, is the amount of unencumbered HQLA that satisfy certain operational considerations as defined in the LCR rule.
Eligible LTD: Long-term debt satisfying certain eligibility criteria
Embedded derivatives: are implicit or explicit terms or features of a financial instrument that affect some or all of the cash flows or the value of the instrument in a manner similar to a derivative. An instrument containing such terms or features is referred to as a “hybrid.” The component of the hybrid that is the non-derivative instrument is referred to as the “host.” For example, callable debt is a hybrid instrument that contains a plain vanilla debt instrument (i.e., the host) and an embedded option that allows the issuer to redeem the debt issue at a specified date for a specified amount (i.e., the embedded derivative). However, a floating rate instrument is not a hybrid composed of a fixed-rate instrument and an interest rate swap.
EPS: Earnings per share
ERISA: Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
ESG: Environmental, Social and Governance
ETD: “Exchange-traded derivatives”: Derivative contracts that are executed on an exchange and settled via a central clearing house.
EU: European Union
Expense categories:
•Volume- and/or revenue-related expenses generally correlate with changes in the related business/transaction volume or revenue. Examples of volume- and revenue-related expenses include commissions and incentive compensation, depreciation expense related to operating lease assets, and brokerage expense related to equities trading transaction volume.
•Investments include expenses associated with supporting medium- to longer-term strategic plans of the Firm. Examples of investments include initiatives in technology (including related compensation), marketing, and compensation for new bankers and client advisors.
•Structural expenses are those associated with the day-to-day cost of running the bank and are
expenses not covered by the above two categories. Examples of structural expenses include employee salaries and benefits, as well as noncompensation costs such as real estate and all other expenses.
Fannie Mae: Federal National Mortgage Association
FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board
FCA: Financial Conduct Authority
FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FDM: "Financial difficulty modification" applies to loan modifications effective January 1, 2023, and is deemed to occur when the Firm modifies specific terms of the original loan agreement. The following types of modifications are considered FDMs: principal forgiveness, interest rate reduction, other-than-insignificant payment deferral, term extension or a combination of these modifications.
Federal Reserve: The Board of the Governors of the Federal Reserve System
FFIEC: Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
FHA: Federal Housing Administration
FHLB: Federal Home Loan Bank
FICO score: A measure of consumer credit risk based on information in consumer credit reports produced by Fair Isaac Corporation. Because certain aged data is excluded from credit reports based on rules in the Fair Credit Reporting Act, FICO scores may not reflect all historical information about a consumer.
FICC: Fixed Income Clearing Corporation
FINRA: Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
Firm: JPMorgan Chase & Co.
First Republic: On May 1, 2023, JPMorganChase acquired certain assets and assumed certain liabilities of First Republic Bank (the “First Republic acquisition”) from the FDIC. "First Republic-related," "associated with First Republic" or similar expressions refer to the relevant effects of the First Republic acquisition, as well as subsequent related business and activities, as applicable. Refer to Note 34 of the Firm's 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.
Forward points: represents the interest rate differential between two currencies, which is either added to or subtracted from the current exchange rate (i.e., “spot rate”) to determine the forward exchange rate.
Freddie Mac: Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
Free-standing derivatives: is a derivative contract entered into either separate and apart from any of the Firm’s other financial instruments or equity transactions. Or, in conjunction with some other
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transaction and is legally detachable and separately exercisable.
FTE: Fully taxable-equivalent
FVA: Funding valuation adjustment
FX: Foreign exchange
G7: “Group of Seven nations”: Countries in the G7 are Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the U.K. and the U.S.
G7 government securities: Securities issued by the government of one of the G7 nations.
Ginnie Mae: Government National Mortgage Association
GSIB: Global systemically important banks
HELOC: Home equity line of credit
Home equity – senior lien: represents loans and commitments where JPMorganChase holds the first security interest on the property.
Home equity – junior lien: represents loans and commitments where JPMorganChase holds a security interest that is subordinate in rank to other liens.
HQLA: High-quality liquid assets
HTM: Held-to-maturity
IBOR: Interbank Offered Rate
IDI: Insured depository institutions
IHC: JPMorgan Chase Holdings LLC, an intermediate holding company
Investment-grade: An indication of credit quality based on JPMorganChase’s internal risk assessment system. “Investment grade” generally represents a risk profile similar to a rating of a “BBB-”/“Baa3” or better, as defined by independent rating agencies.
IPO: Initial Public Offering
IR: Interest rate
ISDA: International Swaps and Derivatives Association
JPMorganChase: JPMorgan Chase & Co.
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.: JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association
JPMorgan Chase Foundation or Foundation: a not-for-profit organization that makes contributions for charitable and educational purposes.
J.P. Morgan Securities: J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
JPMSE: J.P. Morgan SE
LCR: Liquidity coverage ratio
LIBOR: London Interbank Offered Rate
LLC: Limited Liability Company
LOB: Line of business
LTV: “Loan-to-value ratio”: For residential real estate loans, the relationship, expressed as a percentage, between the principal amount of a loan and the
appraised value of the collateral (i.e., residential real estate) securing the loan.
Origination date LTV ratio
The LTV ratio at the origination date of the loan. Origination date LTV ratios are calculated based on the actual appraised values of collateral (i.e., loan-level data) at the origination date.
Current estimated LTV ratio
An estimate of the LTV as of a certain date. The current estimated LTV ratios are calculated using estimated collateral values derived from a nationally recognized home price index measured at the metropolitan statistical area (“MSA”) level. These MSA-level home price indices consist of actual data to the extent available and forecasted data where actual data is not available. As a result, the estimated collateral values used to calculate these ratios do not represent actual appraised loan-level collateral values; as such, the resulting LTV ratios are necessarily imprecise and should therefore be viewed as estimates.
Combined LTV ratio
The LTV ratio considering all available lien positions, as well as unused lines, related to the property. Combined LTV ratios are used for junior lien home equity products.
Macro businesses: the macro businesses include Rates, Currencies and Emerging Markets, Fixed Income Financing and Commodities in CIB's Fixed Income Markets.
Managed basis: A non-GAAP presentation of Firmwide financial results that includes reclassifications to present revenue on a fully taxable-equivalent basis. Management also uses this financial measure at the segment level, because it believes this provides information to enable investors to understand the underlying operational performance and trends of the particular business segment and facilitates a comparison of the business segment with the performance of competitors.
Markets: consists of CIB's Fixed Income Markets and Equity Markets businesses.
Master netting agreement: A single agreement with a counterparty that permits multiple transactions governed by that agreement to be terminated or accelerated and settled through a single payment in a single currency in the event of a default (e.g., bankruptcy, failure to make a required payment or securities transfer or deliver collateral or margin when due).
MBS: Mortgage-backed securities
MD&A: Management’s discussion and analysis
Measurement alternative: Measures equity securities without readily determinable fair values at cost less
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impairment (if any), plus or minus observable price changes from an identical or similar investment of the same issuer.
Merchant Services: offers merchants payment processing capabilities, fraud and risk management, data and analytics, and other payments services. Through Merchant Services, merchants of all sizes can accept payments via credit and debit cards and payments in multiple currencies.
MEV: Macroeconomic variable
Moody’s: Moody’s Investor Services
Mortgage product types:
Alt-A
Alt-A loans are generally higher in credit quality than subprime loans but have characteristics that would disqualify the borrower from a traditional prime loan. Alt-A lending characteristics may include one or more of the following: (i) limited documentation; (ii) a high CLTV ratio; (iii) loans secured by non-owner occupied properties; or (iv) a debt-to-income ratio above normal limits. A substantial proportion of the Firm’s Alt-A loans are those where a borrower does not provide complete documentation of his or her assets or the amount or source of his or her income.
Option ARMs
The option ARM real estate loan product is an adjustable-rate mortgage loan that provides the borrower with the option each month to make a fully amortizing, interest-only or minimum payment. The minimum payment on an option ARM loan is based on the interest rate charged during the introductory period. This introductory rate is usually significantly below the fully indexed rate. The fully indexed rate is calculated using an index rate plus a margin. Once the introductory period ends, the contractual interest rate charged on the loan increases to the fully indexed rate and adjusts monthly to reflect movements in the index. The minimum payment is typically insufficient to cover interest accrued in the prior month, and any unpaid interest is deferred and added to the principal balance of the loan. Option ARM loans are subject to payment recast, which converts the loan to a variable-rate fully amortizing loan upon meeting specified loan balance and anniversary date triggers.
Prime
Prime mortgage loans are made to borrowers with good credit records who meet specific underwriting requirements, including prescriptive requirements related to income and overall debt levels. New prime mortgage borrowers provide full documentation and generally have reliable payment histories.
Subprime
Subprime loans are loans that, prior to mid-2008, were offered to certain customers with one or more high risk characteristics, including but not limited to: (i)
unreliable or poor payment histories; (ii) a high LTV ratio of greater than 80% (without borrower-paid mortgage insurance); (iii) a high debt-to-income ratio; (iv) an occupancy type for the loan is other than the borrower’s primary residence; or (v) a history of delinquencies or late payments on the loan.
MREL: Minimum requirements for own funds and eligible liabilities
MSR: Mortgage servicing rights
NA: Data is not applicable or available for the period presented.
Net Capital Rule: Rule 15c3-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate: represents net charge-offs/(recoveries) (annualized) divided by average retained loans for the reporting period.
Net interchange income includes the following components:
•Interchange income: Fees earned by credit and debit card issuers on sales transactions.
•Rewards costs: The cost to the Firm for points earned by cardholders enrolled in credit card rewards programs generally tied to sales transactions.
•Partner payments: Payments to co-brand credit card partners based on the cost of loyalty program rewards earned by cardholders on credit card transactions.
Net yield on interest-earning assets: The average rate for interest-earning assets less the average rate paid for all sources of funds.
NFA: National Futures Association
NM: Not meaningful
Nonaccrual loans: Loans for which interest income is not recognized on an accrual basis. Loans (other than credit card loans and certain consumer loans insured by U.S. government agencies) are placed on nonaccrual status when full payment of principal and interest is not expected, regardless of delinquency status, or when principal and interest has been in default for a period of 90 days or more unless the loan is both well-secured and in the process of collection. Collateral-dependent loans are typically maintained on nonaccrual status.
Nonperforming assets: Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans, nonperforming derivatives and certain assets acquired in loan satisfactions, predominantly real estate owned and other commercial and personal property.
NSFR: Net Stable Funding Ratio
OCC: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
OCI: Other comprehensive income/(loss)
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OPEB: Other postretirement employee benefit
Operating losses: Primarily refer to fraud losses associated with customer deposit accounts, credit and debit cards; exclude legal expense
OTC: “Over-the-counter derivatives”: Derivative contracts that are negotiated, executed and settled bilaterally between two derivative counterparties, where one or both counterparties is a derivatives dealer.
OTC cleared: “Over-the-counter cleared derivatives”: Derivative contracts that are negotiated and executed bilaterally, but subsequently settled via a central clearing house, such that each derivative counterparty is only exposed to the default of that clearing house.
Overhead ratio: Noninterest expense as a percentage of total net revenue.
Parent Company: JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Participating securities: represents unvested share-based compensation awards containing nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (collectively, “dividends”), which are included in the earnings per share calculation using the two-class method. JPMorganChase grants restricted stock and RSUs to certain employees under its share-based compensation programs, which entitle the recipients to receive nonforfeitable dividends during the vesting period on a basis equivalent to the dividends paid to holders of common stock. These unvested awards meet the definition of participating securities. Under the two-class method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to each class of common stock and participating securities, based on their respective rights to receive dividends.
PCD: “Purchased credit deteriorated” assets represent acquired financial assets that as of the date of acquisition have experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination, as determined by the Firm.
Pillar 1: The Basel framework consists of a three “Pillar” approach. Pillar 1 establishes minimum capital requirements, defines eligible capital instruments, and prescribes rules for calculating RWA.
Pillar 3: The Basel framework consists of a three “Pillar” approach. Pillar 3 encourages market discipline through disclosure requirements which allow market participants to assess the risk and capital profiles of banks.
PRA: Prudential Regulation Authority
Preferred stock dividends: reflects dividends declared and deemed dividends upon redemption of preferred stock
Pre-provision profit/(loss): represents total net revenue less noninterest expense. The Firm believes that this financial measure is useful in assessing the
ability of a lending institution to generate income in excess of its provision for credit losses.
Principal transactions revenue: Principal transactions revenue is driven by many factors, including the bid-offer spread, which is the difference between the price at which the Firm is willing to buy a financial or other instrument and the price at which the Firm is willing to sell that instrument. It also consists of realized (as a result of closing out or termination of transactions, or interim cash payments) and unrealized (as a result of changes in valuation) gains and losses on financial and other instruments (including those accounted for under the fair value option) primarily used in client-driven market-making activities and on private equity investments. In connection with its client-driven market-making activities, the Firm transacts in debt and equity instruments, derivatives and commodities (including physical commodities inventories and financial instruments that reference commodities). Principal transactions revenue also includes certain realized and unrealized gains and losses related to hedge accounting and specified risk-management activities, including: (a) certain derivatives designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships (primarily fair value hedges of commodity and foreign exchange risk), (b) certain derivatives used for specific risk management purposes, primarily to mitigate credit risk and foreign exchange risk, and (c) other derivatives.
PSU(s): Performance share units
Regulatory VaR: Daily aggregated VaR calculated in accordance with regulatory rules.
REO: Real estate owned
Reported basis: Financial statements prepared under U.S. GAAP, which excludes the impact of taxable-equivalent adjustments.
Retained loans: Loans that are held-for-investment (i.e. excludes loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value).
Revenue wallet: Total fee revenue based on estimates of investment banking fees generated across the industry (i.e., the revenue wallet) from investment banking transactions in M&A, equity and debt underwriting, and loan syndications. Source: Dealogic, a third-party provider of investment banking competitive analysis and volume based league tables for the above noted industry products.
RHS: Rural Housing Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
ROE: Return on equity
ROTCE: Return on tangible common equity
ROU assets: Right-of-use assets
RSU(s): Restricted stock units
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RWA: “Risk-weighted assets”: Basel III establishes two comprehensive approaches for calculating RWA (a Standardized approach and an Advanced approach) which include capital requirements for credit risk, market risk, and in the case of Basel III Advanced, also operational risk. Key differences in the calculation of credit risk RWA between the Standardized and Advanced approaches are that for Basel III Advanced, credit risk RWA is based on risk-sensitive approaches which largely rely on the use of internal credit models and parameters, whereas for Basel III Standardized, credit risk RWA is generally based on supervisory risk-weightings which vary primarily by counterparty type and asset class. Market risk RWA is calculated on a generally consistent basis between Basel III Standardized and Basel III Advanced.
S&P: Standard and Poors
SA-CCR: Standardized Approach for Counterparty Credit Risk
SAR as it pertains to Hong Kong: Special Administrative Region
SAR(s) as it pertains to employee stock awards: Stock appreciation rights
SCB: Stress capital buffer
Scored portfolios: Consumer loan portfolios that predominantly include residential real estate loans, credit card loans, auto loans to individuals and certain small business loans.
SEC: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Securitized Products Group: Comprised of Securitized Products and tax-oriented investments.
Seed capital: Initial JPMorgan capital invested in products, such as mutual funds, with the intention of ensuring the fund is of sufficient size to represent a viable offering to clients, enabling pricing of its shares, and allowing the manager to develop a track record. After these goals are achieved, the intent is to remove the Firm’s capital from the investment.
Shelf securities: Securities registered with the SEC under a shelf registration statement that have not been issued, offered or sold. These securities are not included in league tables until they have actually been issued.
Single-name: Single reference-entities
SLR: Supplementary leverage ratio
SMBS: Stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities
SOFR: Secured Overnight Financing Rate
SPEs: Special purpose entities
Structural interest rate risk: represents interest rate risk of the non-trading assets and liabilities of the Firm.
Structured notes: Structured notes are financial instruments whose cash flows are linked to the
movement in one or more indexes, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodities prices, prepayment rates, underlying reference pool of loans or other market variables. The notes typically contain embedded (but not separable or detachable) derivatives. Contractual cash flows for principal, interest, or both can vary in amount and timing throughout the life of the note based on non-traditional indexes or non-traditional uses of traditional interest rates or indexes.
Suspended foreclosures: Loans referred to foreclosure where formal foreclosure proceedings have started but are currently on hold, which could be due to bankruptcy or loss mitigation. Includes both judicial and non-judicial states.
Taxable-equivalent basis: In presenting managed results, the total net revenue for each of the business segments and the Firm is presented on a tax-equivalent basis. Accordingly, revenue from investments that receive tax credits and tax-exempt securities is presented in the managed results on a basis comparable to taxable investments and securities; the corresponding income tax impact related to tax-exempt items is recorded within income tax expense.
TBVPS: Tangible book value per share
TCE: Tangible common equity
TLAC: Total Loss Absorbing Capacity
U.K.: United Kingdom
U.S.: United States of America
U.S. GAAP: Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
U.S. government agencies: U.S. government agencies include, but are not limited to, agencies such as Ginnie Mae and FHA, and do not include Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac which are U.S. government-sponsored enterprises (“U.S. GSEs”). In general, obligations of U.S. government agencies are fully and explicitly guaranteed as to the timely payment of principal and interest by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government in the event of a default.
U.S. GSE(s): “U.S. government-sponsored enterprises” are quasi-governmental, privately-held entities established or chartered by the U.S. government to serve public purposes as specified by the U.S. Congress to improve the flow of credit to specific sectors of the economy and provide certain essential services to the public. U.S. GSEs include Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, but do not include Ginnie Mae or FHA. U.S. GSE obligations are not explicitly guaranteed as to the timely payment of principal and interest by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.
U.S. Treasury: U.S. Department of the Treasury
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Unaudited: Financial statements and/or information that have not been subject to auditing procedures by an independent registered public accounting firm.
VA: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
VaR: “Value-at-risk” is a measure of the dollar amount of potential loss from adverse market moves in an ordinary market environment.
VIEs: Variable interest entities
Warehouse loans: consist of prime mortgages originated with the intent to sell that are accounted for at fair value and classified as loans.
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LINE OF BUSINESS METRICS
CONSUMER & COMMUNITY BANKING (“CCB”)
Debit and credit card sales volume: Dollar amount of card member purchases, net of returns.
Deposit margin: Represents net interest income expressed as a percentage of average deposits.
Home Lending Production and Home Lending Servicing revenue comprises the following:
Net mortgage servicing revenue: Includes operating revenue earned from servicing third-party mortgage loans, which is recognized over the period in which the service is provided; changes in the fair value of MSRs; the impact of risk management activities associated with MSRs; and gains and losses on securitization of excess mortgage servicing. Net mortgage servicing revenue also includes gains and losses on sales and lower of cost or fair value adjustments of certain repurchased loans insured by U.S. government agencies.
Production revenue: Includes fees and income recognized as earned on mortgage loans originated with the intent to sell, and the impact of risk management activities associated with the mortgage pipeline and warehouse loans. Production revenue also includes gains and losses on sales and lower of cost or fair value adjustments on mortgage loans held-for-sale (excluding certain repurchased loans insured by U.S. government agencies), and changes in the fair value of financial instruments measured under the fair value option.
Mortgage origination channels comprise the following:
Retail: Borrowers who buy or refinance a home through direct contact with a mortgage banker employed by the Firm using a branch office, the Internet or by phone. Borrowers are frequently referred to a mortgage banker by a banker in a Chase branch, real estate brokers, home builders or other third parties.
Correspondent: Banks, thrifts, other mortgage banks and other financial institutions that sell closed loans to the Firm.
Card Services: is a business that primarily issues credit cards to consumers and small businesses.
Net revenue rate: Represents Card Services net revenue (annualized) expressed as a percentage of average loans for the period.
Auto loan and lease origination volume: Dollar amount of auto loans and leases originated.
COMMERCIAL & INVESTMENT BANK (“CIB”)
Definition of selected CIB revenue:
Investment Banking: Includes investment banking fees as well as other revenues associated with investment banking activities and services including advising on corporate strategy and structure, and capital-raising in equity and debt markets.
Payments: reflects revenue from cash management solutions, including services that enable clients to manage payments globally across liquidity and account solutions, commerce solutions, clearing, trade and working capital.
Lending: includes revenue from a variety of financing alternatives, which includes on a secured basis.
Fixed Income Markets: primarily includes revenue related to market-making and lending across global fixed income markets, including foreign exchange, interest rate, credit and commodities markets.
Equity Markets: primarily includes revenue related to market-making and lending across global equity markets, including cash, derivative and prime brokerage products.
Securities Services: revenues are primarily generated from net interest income, asset based fees, and transaction based fees. Our core product offering is organized into four key areas: custody, fund services, liquidity and trading services, and data solutions. These services are marketed primarily to institutional investors.
Description of certain business metrics:
Assets under custody (“AUC”): represents activities associated with the safekeeping and servicing of assets on which Securities Services earns fees.
Investment banking fees: represents advisory, equity underwriting, bond underwriting and loan syndication fees.
Description of CIB client coverage segment for Banking & Payments revenue(a):
Global Corporate Banking & Global Investment Banking: provides banking products and services generally to large corporations, financial institutions and merchants.
Commercial Banking: provides banking products and services generally to middle market clients, including start-ups, small and mid-sized companies, local governments, municipalities, and nonprofits, as well as to commercial real estate clients.
Other: includes amounts related to credit protection purchased against certain retained loans and lending-related commitments in Lending, the impact of equity investments in Payments and revenues not aligned with a primary client coverage segment.
(a)Global Banking is a client coverage view within the Banking & Payments business and is comprised of the Global Corporate Banking, Global Investment Banking and Commercial Banking client coverage segments.
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ASSET & WEALTH MANAGEMENT (“AWM”)
Assets under management (“AUM”): represent assets managed by AWM on behalf of its Private Banking, Global Institutional and Global Funds clients. Includes “Committed capital not Called.”
Client assets: represent assets under management, as well as custody, brokerage, administration and deposit accounts.
Multi-asset: Any fund or account that allocates assets under management to more than one asset class.
Alternative assets "Alternatives": The following types of assets constitute alternative investments – hedge funds, currency, real estate, private equity and other investment funds designed to focus on nontraditional strategies.
AWM’s lines of business consist of the following:
Asset Management: offers multi-asset investment management solutions across equities, fixed income, alternatives and money market funds to institutional and retail investors providing for a broad range of clients’ investment needs.
Global Private Bank: provides retirement products and services, brokerage, custody, trusts and estates, loans, mortgages, deposits and investment management to high net worth clients.
AWM’s client segments consist of the following:
Private Banking: clients include high- and ultra-high-net-worth individuals, families, money managers and business owners.
Global Institutional: clients include both corporate and public institutions, endowments, foundations, nonprofit organizations and governments worldwide.
Global Funds: clients include financial intermediaries and individual investors.
Asset Management has two high-level measures of its overall fund performance:
Percentage of active mutual fund and active ETF assets under management in funds rated 4- or 5-star: Mutual fund rating services rank funds based on their risk-adjusted performance over various periods. A 5-star rating is the best rating and represents the top 10% of industry-wide ranked funds. A 4-star rating represents the next 22.5% of industry-wide ranked funds. A 3-star rating represents the next 35% of industry-wide ranked funds. A 2-star rating represents the next 22.5% of industry-wide ranked funds. A 1-star rating is the worst rating and represents the bottom 10% of industry-wide ranked funds. An overall Morningstar rating is derived from a weighted average of the performance associated with a fund’s three-, five- and ten- year (if applicable) Morningstar Rating metrics. For U.S.-domiciled funds, separate star ratings are provided at the individual share class level.
The Nomura “star rating” is based on three-year risk-adjusted performance only. Funds with fewer than three years of history are not rated and hence excluded from these rankings. All ratings, the assigned peer categories and the asset values used to derive these rankings are sourced from the applicable fund rating provider. Where applicable, the fund rating providers redenominate asset values into U.S. dollars. The percentage of AUM is based on star ratings at the share class level for U.S.-domiciled funds, and at a “primary share class” level to represent the star rating of all other funds, except for Japan, for which Nomura provides ratings at the fund level. The performance data may have been different if all share classes had been included. Past performance is not indicative of future results.
Percentage of active mutual fund and active ETF assets under management in funds ranked in the 1st or 2nd quartile (one, three, and five years): All quartile rankings, the assigned peer categories and the asset values used to derive these rankings are sourced from the fund rating providers. Quartile rankings are based on the net-of-fee absolute return of each fund. Where applicable, the fund rating providers redenominate asset values into U.S. dollars. The percentage of AUM is based on fund performance and associated peer rankings at the share class level for U.S.-domiciled funds, at a “primary share class” level to represent the quartile ranking for U.K., Luxembourg and Hong Kong funds and at the fund level for all other funds. The performance data may have been different if all share classes had been included. Past performance is not indicative of future results.
“Primary share class” means the C share class for European funds and Acc share class for Hong Kong and Taiwan funds. If these share classes are not available, the oldest share class is used as the primary share class.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Refer to the Market Risk Management section of Management’s discussion and analysis and pages 141–149 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of the quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Firm’s management, including its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based on that evaluation, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective. Refer to Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 for the Certifications furnished by the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, respectively.
The Firm is committed to maintaining high standards of internal control over financial reporting. Nevertheless, because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Deficiencies or lapses in internal controls may occur from time to time, and there can be no assurance that any such deficiencies will not result in significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in internal control in the future and collateral consequences therefrom. Refer to “Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting” on page 168 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for further information. There was no change in the Firm’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2025, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Firm’s internal control over financial reporting.
Part II – Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
Refer to the discussion of the Firm’s material legal proceedings in Note 24 of this Form 10-Q for information that updates the disclosures set forth under Part I, Item 3: Legal Proceedings, in JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Refer to Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors on pages 10–37 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K and Forward-Looking Statements on page 77 of this Form 10-Q for a discussion of certain risk factors affecting the Firm.
Supervision and regulation
Refer to the Supervision and regulation section on pages 2–7 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for information on Supervision and Regulation.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
Repurchases under the common share repurchase program
Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 33-39 of this Form 10-Q and pages 97–107 of JPMorganChase’s 2024 Form 10-K for information regarding repurchases under the Firm’s common share repurchase program.
On June 28, 2024, the Firm announced that its Board of Directors had authorized a new $30 billion common share repurchase program, effective July 1, 2024.
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Shares repurchased pursuant to the common share repurchase program during the three months ended March 31, 2025 were as follows:
Three months ended March 31, 2025Total number of shares of common stock repurchased
Average price paid per share of common stock(a)
Aggregate purchase price of common stock repurchases
 (in millions)(a)
Dollar value of remaining authorized repurchase
(in millions)(a)(b)
January12,056,759 $251.91 $3,037 $16,289 
February7,462,938 269.15 2,009 14,280 
March10,433,923 241.28 2,517 11,763 
First quarter29,953,620 $252.50 $7,563 $11,763 
(a)Excludes excise tax and commissions.
(b)Represents the amount remaining under the $30 billion repurchase program.
Item 3.    Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
Item 5.    Other Information.
Trading arrangements
The following table provides information concerning Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements (as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) adopted in the first quarter of 2025, by any director or officer who is subject to the filing requirements of Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Section 16 Director or Officer"). These trading arrangements are intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c). Certain of the Firm's Section 16 Directors or Officers may participate in employee stock purchase plans, 401(k) plans or dividend reinvestment plans of the Firm that have been designed to comply with Rule 10b5-1(c). No non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements (as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) were adopted by any Section 16 Director or Officer during the first quarter of 2025. Additionally, no Rule 10b5-1 or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements were terminated by any Section 16 Director or Officer in the first quarter of 2025.
NameTitleAdoption date
Duration(d)
Aggregate number of shares to be sold
Linda Bammann(a)
DirectorJanuary 17, 2025January 17, 2025 – December 31, 202519,000
Jeremy BarnumChief Financial OfficerJanuary 28, 2025January 28, 2025 – December 31, 202540,014
Ashley BaconChief Risk OfficerFebruary 11, 2025February 11, 2025 – September 30, 202510,403
Lori BeerChief Information OfficerFebruary 14, 2025February 14, 2025 – September 30, 20255,873
Mary ErdoesCEO, AWMFebruary 11, 2025February 11, 2025 – June 30, 202514,055
Stacey Friedman(b)
General CounselFebruary 14, 2025February 14, 2025 – September 30, 20259,429
Marianne Lake(c)
CEO, CCBFebruary 14, 2025February 14, 2025 – September 30, 202512,274
Douglas PetnoCo-CEO, CIBFebruary 13, 2025February 13, 2025 – September 30, 202510,141
Jennifer PiepszakChief Operating OfficerJanuary 28, 2025January 28, 2025 – September 30, 202512,257
(a)Transaction by entity of which Ms. Bammann has either a direct or indirect pecuniary interest.
(b)Transaction by Ms. Friedman and a trust of which Ms. Friedman has either a direct or indirect pecuniary interest.
(c)Transaction by trust of which Ms. Lake has either a direct or indirect pecuniary interest.
(d)Sales under the trading arrangement will not commence until completion of the required cooling off period under Rule 10b5-1. Subject to compliance with Rule 10b5-1, duration could cease earlier than the final date shown above to the extent that the aggregate number of shares to be sold under the trading arrangement have been sold.
182


Item 6.    Exhibits.
Exhibit No.Description of Exhibit
15
22
31.1
31.2
32
101.INS
The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.(c)
101.SCH
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.(a)
101.CAL
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.(a)
101.DEF
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.(a)
101.LAB
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.(a)
101.PRE
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.(a)
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101).
(a)Filed herewith.
(b)Furnished herewith. This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that Section. Such exhibit shall not be deemed incorporated into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
(c)Pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T, includes the following financial information included in the Firm’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) interactive data files: (i) the Consolidated statements of income (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, (ii) the Consolidated statements of comprehensive income (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, (iii) the Consolidated balance sheets (unaudited) as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, (iv) the Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, (v) the Consolidated statements of cash flows (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited).
183

SIGNATURE



Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
JPMorgan Chase & Co.
(Registrant)

By:/s/ Elena Korablina
Elena Korablina
Managing Director and Firmwide Controller
(Principal Accounting Officer)

Date:May 1, 2025




































184

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