KB Financial Group
KB
#667
Rank
$37.51 B
Marketcap
$104.63
Share price
8.81%
Change (1 day)
81.15%
Change (1 year)
KB Financial Group, Inc. is a holding company that engages in providing financial services through its subsidiaries.

KB Financial Group - 20-F annual report 2021


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0.5 p.0.5 p.0.5 p.Negative correlationNegative correlationNegative correlationNegative correlationNegative correlationNegative correlationPositive correlationPositive correlationCash-settledFinancial information is based on its consolidated financial statements. Includes fair value adjustments arising from the acquisition.Financial information is based on its consolidated financial statements. Includes fair value adjustments arising from the acquisition.Financial information is based on its consolidated financial statements. Includes fair value adjustments arising from the acquisition.Financial information is based on its consolidated financial statements. Includes fair value adjustments arising from the acquisition.Financial information is based on its consolidated financial statements. Includes fair value adjustments arising from the acquisition.Financial information is based on its consolidated financial statements. Includes fair value adjustments arising from the acquisition.2021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-312021-12-31Services fulfillment, market performance 0~30%, and non-market performance 70~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~30%, and non-market performance 70~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~30%, and non-market performance 70~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~50%, and non-market performance 50~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~50%, and non-market performance 50~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~50%, and non-market performance 50~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~50%, and non-market performance 50~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~50%, and non-market performance 50~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~50%, and non-market performance 50~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~50%, and non-market performance 50~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~50%, and non-market performance 50~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~50%, and non-market performance 50~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~50%, and non-market performance 50~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~50%, and non-market performance 50~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~50%, and non-market performance 50~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 30%, and non-market performance 70%Services fulfillment, market performance 30%, and non-market performance 70%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~30%, and non-market performance 70~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 30%, and non-market performance 70%Services fulfillment, market performance 35%, and non-market performance 65%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~30%, and non-market performance 70~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 30%, and non-market performance 70%Services fulfillment, market performance 30%, and non-market performance 70%Services fulfillment, market performance 30%, and non-market performance 70%Services fulfillment, market performance 30~50%, and non-market performance 50~70%Services fulfillment, market performance 30~50%, and non-market performance 50~70%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~50%, and non-market performance 50~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 30~50%, and non-market performance 50~70%Services fulfillment, market performance 0~30%, and non-market performance 70~100%Services fulfillment, market performance 30%, and non-market performance 70%0001445930falseFYKRKRCash-settledM5Includes post-employment benefits amounting to ₩ 2,575 million and₩ 2,840 million recognized as other operating expenses and ₩ 121 million and ₩ 176 million recognized as prepayment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, and post-employment benefits amounting to ₩ 3,194 million recognized as other operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021.Fees from financial instruments at fair value through profit or lossEffect of business combination is excluded.After netting of allowanceAmount includes loans measured at fair value through profit or loss, other comprehensive income, and amortized cost.Financial liabilities measured or designated at fair value through profit or loss and derivatives held for trading are not managed by contractual maturity because they are expected to be traded or redeemed before maturity. Therefore, the carrying amounts of those financial instruments are included in the ‘On demand’ category.Cash flows of derivatives held for hedging are shown at net amount of cash inflows and outflows by remaining contractual maturity.Deposits that are contractually repayable on demand or on short notice are included in the ‘On demand’ category.Commitments are included in the ‘On demand’ category because payments can be requested at any time.Cash flows under financial guarantee contracts are classified based on the earliest period that the contract can be executed.Assets and liabilities of the reporting segments are amounts before intersegment transactions.Before netting of allowanceGains or losses arising from some daily mark-to-market futures are reflected in the margin accounts.Includes deferred loan origination costs related to credit card receivables, loans for installment credit, and finance lease receivables.Includes deferred loan origination fees related to loans in foreign currencies executed by PT Bank KB Bukopin Tbk and PRASAC Microfinance Institution Plc.Provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income also includes provision (reversal) for credit losses of due from financial institutions (Note 7.3), provision (reversal) for credit losses of financial investments (Note 12.5), provision (reversal) for credit losses of unused commitments, acceptances and guarantees (Note 24.2), provision (reversal) for credit losses of financial guarantee contracts (Note 24.3), and provision (reversal) for credit losses of other financial assets (Note 19.2).Includes ₩ 379,179 million and ₩ 387,860 million of collections from written-off loans for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.Includes additional allowances of ₩ 43,777 million and ₩ 50,360 million for industries and borrowers which are highly affected by COVID-19 and ₩ 29,861 million and ₩ 53,490 million due to expanding the scope of the loans subject to lifetime expected credit losses (non-impaired) as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Includes additional allowances of ₩ 23,325 million due to expanding the scope of the loans subject to individual assessment as of December 31, 2020.As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Group can exercise significant influence on the decision-making processes of the associate’s financial and business policies through participation in governing bodies.In order to direct relevant activities, it is necessary to obtain the consent of the two co-operative members; the Group has applied the equity method as the Group cannot control the investee by itself.The ownership of Paycoms Co., Ltd. would be 22.96% and 21.84% as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively, considering the potential voting rights of convertible bonds.The ownership of Food Factory Co., Ltd. would be 30.00% and 30.00% as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively, considering the potential voting rights of convertible bonds.As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Group participates in the investment management committee but cannot exercise control.Includes depreciation expenses amounting to ₩ 123 million and ₩ 196 million recorded as other operating expenses and others for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.Includes transfers with investment properties and assets held for sale.Includes transfers with property and equipment and assets held for sale.The investment was classified as assets of a disposal group held for sale as of December 31, 2021.The condensed financial information of the associates and joint ventures is adjusted to reflect adjustments, such as fair value adjustments recognized at the time of acquisition and adjustments for differences in accounting policies.Gains on disposal of investments in associates and joint ventures amount to ₩ 24,768 million ₩ 62,048 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.The investment was reclassified from associates to subsidiaries during the year ended December 31, 2020 due to additional share purchase.Includes ₩ 173,992 million and ₩ 189,791 million recorded as insurance expenses and other operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.Impairment losses for membership right with indefinite useful life among other intangible assets are recognized when its recoverable amount is lower than its carrying amount, and reversal of impairment losses are recognized when its recoverable amount is higher than its carrying amount.Includes Purchase Price Allocation (“PPA”) amount arising from the acquisition of Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd., KB Insurance Co., Ltd., and others.Includes PPA amount arising from the acquisition of Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd., KB Insurance Co., Ltd., and others.Acquisition cost of buildings held for sale is net of accumulated depreciation amount immediately before the initial classification of the assets as held for sale.Adjustment index is calculated using the time factor correction or local factors or individual factors.The appraisal value is adjusted by the adjustment ratio in the event the public sale is unsuccessful.Fair value of the liability component of exchangeable bonds is calculated by using market interest rate of bonds under the same conditions without the exchange right. The residual amount after deducting the liability component from the issuance amount, represents the value of the exchange right and is recorded in equity. Shares to be exchanged are 5 million treasury shares of KB Financial Group Inc. with the exchange price of ₩ 48,000. Exercise period for exchange right is from the 60th day of the issuance date to 10 days before the maturity date.Includes provisions for redemption-suspended funds.Includes additional provisions of ₩ 14,974 million and ₩ 15,664 million for industries and borrowers which are highly affected by COVID-19 and ₩ 28,385 million and ₩ 33,393 million due to expanding the scope of the loans subject to lifetime expected credit losses (non-impaired) as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.The net defined benefit liabilities of ₩ 188,970 million is calculated by subtracting ₩ 50,597 million of net defined benefit assets from ₩ 239,567 million of net defined benefit liabilities as of December 31, 2020. The net defined benefit liabilities of ₩ 125,438 million is calculated by subtracting ₩ 100,083 million of net defined benefit assets from ₩ 225,521 million of net defined benefit liabilities as of December 31, 2021.Amount determined under the promotion compensation type defined contribution plan is excluded.With respect to the allocation of net profit earned in a fiscal term, the Parent Company must set aside in its legal reserve an amount equal to at least 10% of its profit after tax as reported in the financial statements, each time it pays dividends on its net profits earned until its legal reserve reaches the aggregate amount of its paid-in capital in accordance with Article 53 of the Financial Holding Company Act. This reserve is not available for the payment of cash dividends, but may be transferred to share capital, or used to reduce accumulated deficit.Applicable income tax rate for ₩ 200 million and below is 11%, for over ₩ 200 million to ₩ 20 billion is 22%, for over ₩ 20 billion to ₩ 300 billion is 24.2% and for over ₩ 300 billion is 27.5% for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021.Assessed based on the stock price as of December 31, 2021. These shares are vested immediately at grant date.Mileage stock is exercisable for two years after one year from the grant date at the closing price of the end of the previous month. However, mileage stock can be exercised at the closing price of the end of the previous month on the date of occurrence of retirement or transfer despite a one-year grace period.Includes KB Securities Co., Ltd.’s OTC derivatives consisting of ₩ 128,083 million of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (debt instruments), ₩ 7,817,514 million of financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss, ₩ 209,809 million of derivative financial assets, and ₩ 168,464 million of derivative financial liabilities.The amounts included in Level 2 are the carrying amounts which are reasonable approximations of fair value.The amounts included in Level 3 are the carrying amounts which are reasonable approximations of fair value.Borrowings of ₩ 292 million and ₩ 2,143 million included in Level 2 are the carrying amounts which are reasonable approximations of fair value as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.For financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss, changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such as discount rate, recovery rate, liquidation value by ±1%p and volatility of underlying asset, growth rate by ±1%p or ±10% and correlation coefficient by ±10%.For beneficiary certificates, it is practically impossible to analyze sensitivity of changes in unobservable inputs. However, for beneficiary certificates whose underlying assets are real estates, changes in fair value are calculated by shifting rate of real estate price fluctuation by -1%p~1%p, and for beneficiary certificates whose underlying assets are equity investments, changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such as liquidation value by -1%p~1%p and discount rate by -1%p~1%p. There is no significant correlation among major unobservable inputs.For equity securities, changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such as correlation between discount rate (-1%p~1%p) and growth rate (-1%p~1%p) or correlation between liquidation value (-1%p~1%p) and discount rate (-1%p~1%p).For derivative financial instruments, changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such as price of underlying asset and volatility by ± 10%.For loans measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such as discount rate and growth rate by ±1%p.For loans, changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such as discount rate by -1%p~1%p.The Group has an obligation to early redeem the securitized debentures in the event of situations prescribed by the asset securitization contract, such as the remaining balance of the eligible underlying assets in trust-type asset securitization is below the solvency ratio (minimum ratio: 104.5%) of the beneficiary interest in the trust. To avoid such early redemption, the Group entrusts credit card accounts and deposits in addition to the previously entrusted credit card accounts.Includes bonds sold under repurchase agreements to customers.Included in property and equipment, intangible assets, and other liabilities.Financial information is based on its consolidated financial statements.Includes fair value adjustments arising from the acquisition.Maximum exposure includes the asset amounts, after deducting loss (provisions for credit losses, impairment losses, and others), recognized in the consolidated financial statements of the Group.Excluded from the Group’s related party as of December 31, 2021. The Group has an obligation to early redeem the securitized debentures in the event of situations prescribed by the asset securitization contract, such as when the trusted assets do not meet the eligibility requirements.Excluded from the Group’s related party as of December 31, 2021, therefore, the remaining outstanding balances with those entities are not disclosed.Transfers into or out of Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy occurred due to the change in the availability of observable market data.Granted shares represent the total number of shares initially granted to executives and employees who have residual shares as of December 31, 2021 (Deferred grants are residual shares vested as of December 31, 2021).Executives and employees were given the right of choice about the timing of the deferred payment (after the date of retirement), payment ratio, and payment period. Accordingly, a certain percentage of the granted shares is deferred for up to five years after the date of retirement after the deferred grant has been confirmed.Includes negative VOBA amounting to ₩2,698,010 million and ₩2,390,985 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.Includes exchange differences effect and decrease in liabilities related to investment contracts.In the case of long-term insurance, premium reserve and unearned premium reserve are recognized; the premium reserve is the amount of subtracting deferred acquisition costs and insurance contract loans from the net insurance premium reserve in accordance with Article 6-3 of the Regulations on Supervision of Insurance Business.Includes long-term investment contracts liabilities classified as investment contracts amounting to ₩106,853 million and ₩31,081 million, as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.Net carrying amount after impairment lossesExcludes the amount of the lapsed insurance reserve.Derivatives held for hedging purposes are the net amount after offsetting liabilities and assets.Transactions between related parties, such as settlements arising from operating activities and deposits, are expressed in net amount.Investments in subsidiaries were accounted at cost method in accordance with IAS No.27.Relative TSR (Total Shareholder Return): [(Fair value at the end of the contract—Fair value at the beginning of the contract) + (Total amount of dividend per share paid during the contract period)] / Fair value at the beginning of the contractPerformance results of company and employeeIncludes reserve for distribution of earnings to policyholders and reserve for loss compensation on participating insurance.Includes the effect of exchange differences and others.Retained earnings restricted for dividend at subsidiaries level pursuant to laws and regulations amounts to ₩ 4,116,579 million as of December 31, 2021.5 million treasury shares are deposited at the Korea 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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 27, 2022
 
 
 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM
20-F
(Mark One)
 
    
REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
 
    
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021
OR
 
    
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from
    
    
    
    
to
    
    
    
    
.
OR
 
    
SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of event requiring this shell company report
    
    
    
    
.
Commission file number
000-53445
KB Financial Group Inc.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
KB Financial Group Inc.
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)
The Republic of Korea
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
26,
Gukjegeumyung-ro
8-gil
,
Yeongdeungpo-gu,
Seoul 07331, Korea
(Address of principal executive offices)
Peter BongJoong Kwon
18F, Kookmin Bank, 141, Uisadang-daero,
Yeongdeungpo-gu,
Seoul 07332, Korea
Telephone No.:
+82-2-2073-2845
Facsimile No.:
+82-2-2073-2848
(Name, telephone,
e-mail
and/or facsimile number and address of company contact person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.
 
                        Title of each class                    
 
Trading Symbol(s)
  
Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depositary Shares, each representing one share of Common Stock KB  New York Stock Exchange
Common Stock, par value ₩5,000 per share KB  New York Stock Exchange*
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.
None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.
None
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.
389,634,335 shares of Common Stock, par value
5,000 per share
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a
well-known
seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  ☒ Yes  ☐ No
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.  ☐ Yes  ☒ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  ☒ Yes  ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation
S-T
(§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  ☒ Yes  ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a
non-accelerated
filer or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act:
☒     Large accelerated filer            ☐     Accelerated filer            ☐
    Non-accelerated
filer                 Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act:  ☐
† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (§ 15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.   Yes  ☐ No
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
 
☐     U.S. GAAP
    ☒     International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board    Other
 
Auditor Name: KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp.
  
Auditor Location: Seoul, Korea
  
Auditor Firm ID: 01357
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.  ☐ Item 17  ☐ Item 18
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act).  ☐ Yes   No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (§ 15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.   Yes  ☐ No
* Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of the American Depositary Shares.
 
 
 


TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION   1 
  
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS   2 
   
Item 1.
      3 
   
Item 2.
      3 
   
Item 3.
      3 
    
   
Item 3.A.
      3 
    
   
Item 3.B.
      3 
    
   
Item 3.C.
      3 
    
   
Item 3.D.
      3 
   
Item 4.
      31 
    
   
Item 4.A.
      31 
    
   
Item 4.B.
      33 
    
   
Item 4.C.
      105 
    
   
Item 4.D.
      107 
   
Item 4A.
      108 
   
Item 5.
      108 
    
   
Item 5.A.
      108 
    
   
Item 5.B.
      146 
    
   
Item 5.C.
      151 
    
   
Item 5.D.
      151 
    
   
Item 5.E.
      151 
   
Item 6.
      151 
    
   
Item 6.A.
      151 
    
   
Item 6.B.
      157 
    
   
Item 6.C.
      158 
    
   
Item 6.D.
      160 
    
   
Item 6.E.
      162 
   
Item 7.
      163 
    
   
Item 7.A.
      163 
    
   
Item 7.B.
      164 
    
   
Item 7.C.
      164 
   
Item 8.
      164 
    
   
Item 8.A.
      164 
    
   
Item 8.B.
      171 
 
i

Item 9.
      172 
    
   
Item 9.A.
      172 
    
   
Item 9.B.
      174 
    
   
Item 9.C.
      174 
    
   
Item 9.D.
      174 
    
   
Item 9.E.
      174 
    
   
Item 9.F.
      174 
   
Item 10.
      174 
    
   
Item 10.A.
      174 
    
   
Item 10.B.
      174 
    
   
Item 10.C.
      181 
    
   
Item 10.D.
      181 
    
   
Item 10.E.
      182 
    
   
Item 10.F.
      188 
    
   
Item 10.G.
      188 
    
   
Item 10.H.
      188 
    
   
Item 10.I.
      188 
   
Item 11.
      188 
   
Item 12.
      210 
   
Item 13.
      211 
   
Item 14.
  MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS   211 
   
Item 15.
      211 
   
Item 16.
      213 
    
   
Item 16A.
      213 
    
   
Item 16B.
      213 
    
   
Item 16C.
      213 
    
   
Item 16D.
  EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES   214 
    
   
Item 16E.
  PURCHASE OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS   214 
    
   
Item 16F.
  CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT   214 
    
   
Item 16G.
      214 
    
   
Item 16H.
      216 
    
   
Item 16I.
  DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS    216 
 
ii

Item 17.
      216 
   
Item 18.
      216 
   
Item 19.
      216 
 
iii

PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION
The financial statements included in this annual report are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB. As such, we make an explicit and unreserved statement of compliance with IFRS as issued by the IASB with respect to our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 included in this annual report. Unless indicated otherwise, the financial information in this annual report as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 has been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB, which is not comparable to information prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP.
Unless expressly stated otherwise, all financial data included in this annual report are presented on a consolidated basis.
In this annual report:
 
  
references to “we,” “us” or “KB Financial Group” are to KB Financial Group Inc. and, unless the context otherwise requires, its subsidiaries;
 
  
references to “Korea” are to the Republic of Korea;
 
  
references to the “government” are to the government of the Republic of Korea;
 
  
references to “Won” or “₩” are to the currency of Korea; and
 
  
references to “U.S. dollars,” “$” or “US$” are to United States dollars.
Discrepancies between totals and the sums of the amounts contained in any table may be a result of rounding.
For your convenience, this annual report contains translations of Won amounts into U.S. dollars at the noon buying rate of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for Won in effect on December 31, 2021, which was ₩1,185.5 = US$1.00.
 
1

FORWARD-LOOKING
STATEMENTS
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission encourages companies to disclose
forward-looking
information so that investors can better understand a company’s future prospects and make informed investment decisions. This annual report contains
forward-looking
statements.
Words and phrases such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “estimate,” “expect,” “future,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “positioned,” “predict,” “project,” “risk,” “seek to,” “shall,” “should,” “will likely result,” “will pursue,” “plan” and words and terms of similar substance used in connection with any discussion of future operating or financial performance or our expectations, plans, projections or business prospects identify
forward-looking
statements. In particular, the statements under the headings “Item 3.D. Risk Factors,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and “Item 4.B. Business Overview” regarding our financial condition and other future events or prospects are
forward-looking
statements. All
forward-looking
statements are management’s present expectations of future events and are subject to a number of factors and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the
forward-looking
statements.
In addition to the risks related to our business discussed under “Item 3.D. Risk Factors,” other factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the
forward-looking
statements. These factors include, but are not limited to:
 
  
our ability to successfully implement our strategy;
 
  
future levels of
non-performing
loans;
 
  
our growth and expansion;
 
  
the adequacy of allowances for credit and investment losses;
 
  
technological changes;
 
  
interest rates;
 
  
investment income;
 
  
availability of funding and liquidity;
 
  
cash flow projections;
 
  
our exposure to market risks; and
 
  
adverse market and regulatory conditions.
By their nature, certain disclosures relating to these and other risks are only estimates and could be materially different from what actually occurs in the future. As a result, actual future gains, losses or impact on our income or results of operations could materially differ from those that have been estimated. For example, revenues could decrease, costs could increase, capital costs could increase, capital investment could be delayed and anticipated improvements in performance might not be fully realized.
In addition, other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those estimated by the
forward-looking
statements contained in this annual report could include, but are not limited to:
 
  
the occurrence of severe health epidemics (including the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic) in Korea or other parts of the world;
 
  
general economic and political conditions in Korea or other countries that have an impact on our business activities or investments;
 
  
the monetary and interest rate policies of Korea;
 
2

  
inflation or deflation;
 
  
unanticipated volatility in interest rates;
 
  
foreign exchange rates;
 
  
prices and yields of equity and debt securities;
 
  
the performance of the financial markets in Korea and globally;
 
  
changes in domestic and foreign laws, regulations and taxes;
 
  
changes in competition and the pricing environments in Korea; and
 
  
regional or general changes in asset valuations.
For further discussion of the factors that could cause actual results to differ, see the discussion under “Item 3.D. Risk Factors” contained in this annual report. We caution you not to place undue reliance on the
forward-looking
statements, which speak only as of the date of this annual report. Except as required by law, we are not under any obligation, and expressly disclaim any obligation, to update or alter any
forward-looking
statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
All subsequent
forward-looking
statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this annual report.
 
Item 1.
IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
Not applicable.
 
Item 2.
OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not applicable.
 
Item 3.
KEY INFORMATION
 
Item 3.A.
[Reserved]
 
Item 3.B.
Capitalization and Indebtedness
Not applicable.
 
Item 3.C.
Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
 
Item 3.D.
Risk Factors
Risks relating to our retail credit portfolio
Future changes in market conditions as well as other factors may lead to increases in delinquency levels of our retail loan portfolio.
In recent years, consumer debt has increased significantly in Korea. Our portfolio of retail loans, including mortgage and home equity loans, increased from ₩158,807 billion as of December 31, 2018 to ₩166,307 billion as of December 31, 2019, ₩182,437 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ₩191,641 billion as of December 31,
 
3

2021. As of December 31, 2021, our domestic retail loans represented 45.5% of our total lending. Within our retail loan portfolio, the outstanding balance of other consumer loans, which unlike mortgage or home equity loans are often unsecured and therefore tend to carry a higher credit risk, increased from ₩56,200 billion as of December 31, 2018 to ₩71,223 billion as of December 31, 2021; as a percentage of total outstanding retail loans, such balance increased from 35.4% as of December 31, 2018 to 37.2% as of December 31, 2021. The growth of our retail lending business, which generally offers higher margins than other lending activities, has contributed significantly to our interest income and profitability in recent years.
The growth of our retail loan portfolio, together with fluctuating economic conditions in Korea and globally in recent years, especially in light of the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic caused by a new strain of coronavirus, may lead to increases in delinquency levels and a deterioration in asset quality. The amount of our
non-performing
retail loans (defined as those loans that are past due by 90 days or more) was ₩304 billion as of December 31, 2018, ₩376 billion as of December 31, 2019, ₩306 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ₩259 billion as of December 31, 2021. However, higher delinquencies in our retail loan portfolio in the future will require us to increase our loan loss provisions and
charge-offs,
which in turn will adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our large exposure to consumer debt means that we are exposed to changes in economic conditions affecting Korean consumers. Accordingly, economic difficulties in Korea that hurt consumers could result in a deterioration in the credit quality of our retail loan portfolio. For example, the debilitating impact of the
COVID-19
pandemic on Korea’s economy has disrupted the business, activities and operations of consumers, which in turn has resulted in, and in the future could result in, a significant decrease in the number of financial transactions or the inability of our customers to meet existing payment or other obligations to us. See “Other risks relating to our business—The ongoing global pandemic of
COVID-19
and any possible recurrence of other types of widespread infectious diseases may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.” In addition, a rise in unemployment, an increase in interest rates or a decline in real estate prices in Korea could adversely affect the ability of consumers to make payments and increase the likelihood of potential defaults. See “Risks relating to Korea—Unfavorable financial and economic developments in Korea may have an adverse effect on us.” Despite our efforts to minimize our risk as a result of such exposure, there is no assurance that we will be able to prevent significant credit quality deterioration in our retail loan portfolio.
In addition, we are exposed to changes in regulations and policies on retail lending by the Korean government, which may adopt measures to restrict retail lending or encourage financial institutions to provide financial support to certain types of retail borrowers. From the second half of 2016 to 2021, the Korean government introduced various measures to tighten regulations on mortgage and other lending and housing subscription in response to the rapid growth in consumer debt and concerns over speculative investments in real estate in certain areas. A decrease in housing prices as a result of the implementation of such measures, together with the high level of consumer debt and rising interest rate levels, could result in declines in consumer spending and reduced economic growth, which may lead to increases in delinquency levels of our retail loan portfolio.
Under a
pre-workout
program established by Korean banks for retail borrowers with outstanding short-term debt in default, including us, which has been in operation since April 2009, maturity extensions and/or interest reductions are provided for retail borrowers with total loans of ₩1.5 billion or less (consisting of no more than ₩500 million of unsecured loans and ₩1 billion of secured loans) from two or more financial institutions who are in arrears on their payments for more than 30 days but less than 90 days, and who either have an income in excess of the minimum cost of living or are deemed by the Credit Counseling and Recovery Service, a public service organization that provides debt adjustment services to
low-income
families in Korea, to have the ability to repay their loans. In addition, in March 2015 and September 2019, in response to increasing levels of consumer debt and amid concerns over the
debt-servicing
capacity of retail borrowers if interest rates were to rise, the Korean government launched, and requested Korean banks to participate in, mortgage loan refinancing programs aimed at reducing the payment burden on and improving the asset quality of outstanding mortgage loans. Under such refinancing programs, qualified retail borrowers were able to convert their outstanding
 
4

non-amortizing
floating-rate
mortgage loans from Korean commercial banks (including us) into amortizing
fixed-rate
mortgage loans with lower interest rates. Our participation in such refinancing programs may lead to a decrease in our interest income on our outstanding mortgage loans, as well as in our overall net interest margin. Moreover, our participation in such initiatives led by the Korean government to provide financial support to retail borrowers may lead us to offer credit terms for such borrowers that we would not generally offer, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Our credit card operations may generate losses in the future, which could hurt our financial condition and results of operations.
With respect to our credit card portfolio, our delinquency ratio (which represents the ratio of amounts that are overdue by 30 days or more to total outstanding balances) was 1.25% as of December 31, 2019, which decreased to 1.06% as of December 31, 2020 and 0.91% as of December 31, 2021. In line with industry practice, we have restructured a portion of delinquent credit card account balances (defined as balances overdue by 30 days
or more) as loans. As of December 31, 2021, these restructured loans outstanding amounted to ₩112 billion. Because these loans are not treated as being delinquent at the time of conversion or for a period of time thereafter, our delinquency ratios may not fully reflect all delinquent amounts relating to our outstanding loans. Including all restructured loans, outstanding balances overdue by 30 days or more accounted for 1.4% of our credit card receivables (including credit card loans) as of December 31, 2021. Delinquencies may increase in 2022 and in the future as a result of, among other things, adverse economic conditions in Korea, additional government regulations or the inability of Korean consumers to manage increased household debt.
Despite our continuing efforts to sustain and improve our credit card asset quality and performance, we may experience increased delinquencies or deterioration of the asset quality of our credit card portfolio, which would require us to increase our loan loss provisions and
charge-offs
and adversely affect our overall financial condition and results of operations.
Risks relating to our
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise loan portfolio
We have significant exposure to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises, and any financial difficulties experienced by these customers may result in a deterioration of our asset quality and have an adverse impact on us.
One of our core businesses is lending to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises (as defined under “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Corporate
Banking—Small-
and
Medium-sized
Enterprise Banking”). Our loans to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises increased from ₩106,015 billion as of December 31, 2018 to ₩138,627 billion as of December 31, 2021. During that period,
non-performing
loans (defined as those loans that are past due by 90 days or more) to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises decreased from ₩267 billion as of December 31, 2018 to ₩204 billion as of December 31, 2019, ₩162 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ₩102 billion as of December 31, 2021. The
non-performing
loan ratio for such loans decreased from 0.3% as of December 31, 2018 to 0.2% as of December 31, 2019 and 0.1% as of December 31, 2020 and 2021. However, our
non-performing
loans and
non-performing
loan ratio may increase in 2022. According to data compiled by the Financial Supervisory Service, the delinquency ratio for
Won-currency
loans by Korean commercial banks to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises was 0.3% as of December 31, 2021. The delinquency ratio for
Won-currency
loans to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise is calculated as the ratio of (1) the outstanding balance of such loans in respect of which either principal or interest payments are overdue by one month or more to (2) the aggregate outstanding balance of such loans. Our delinquency ratio for such Won currency loans decreased from 0.3% as of December 31, 2018 to 0.1% as of December 31, 2021.
However, our delinquency ratio for such Won currency loans may increase in 2022.
The Korean government has historically introduced policies and initiatives intended to encourage Korean banks to provide financial support to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise borrowers. For example, the Korean
 
5

government requested Korean banks, including us, to establish a “fast track” program to provide liquidity assistance to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises on an expedited basis since 2008. Since the termination of the “fast track” program in 2016, the Financial Services Commission implemented a swift financial assistance program for
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise borrowers for a period of five years beginning on January 1, 2017, and in December 2021, the expiration of such program was extended to June 2022. Financial institutions participating in such program, including us, have provided financial assistance (including in the form of new loans, extension of maturity on existing obligations and provision of lower interest rates) to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise borrowers that are experiencing temporary liquidity crises but have a credit rating exceeding a certain threshold. The overall prospects for the Korean economy in 2022 and beyond remain uncertain, and the Korean government may extend or renew existing or past policies and initiatives or introduce new policies or initiatives to encourage Korean banks to provide financial support to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises. In particular, the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic affecting many countries worldwide, including Korea, has prompted the Korean government in recent months to implement various emergency aid initiatives involving Korean banks, including Kookmin Bank, to provide liquidity assistance to small- and
medium-sized
enterprise borrowers. See “Other risks relating to our business—The ongoing global pandemic of
COVID-19
and any possible recurrence of other types of widespread infectious diseases may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.” Such initiatives include the provision of new loans to borrowers with low credit ratings, extension of maturity dates for existing loans and suspension of interest payment obligations for an extended period of time. Our participation in such
government-led
initiatives may lead us to extend credit to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise borrowers that we would not otherwise extend, or offer terms for such credit that we would not otherwise offer, in the absence of such initiatives. Furthermore, there is no guarantee that the financial condition and liquidity position of our
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise borrowers benefiting from such initiatives will improve sufficiently for them to service their debt on a timely basis, or at all. Accordingly, increases in our exposure to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise borrowers resulting from such
government-led
initiatives may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
A substantial part of our small- and
medium-sized
enterprise lending comprises loans to “small office/home office” customers, or SOHOs. SOHOs, which we currently define to include sole proprietorships and individual business interests, are usually dependent on a limited number of suppliers or customers. SOHOs tend to be affected to a greater extent than larger corporate borrowers by fluctuations in the Korean economy. In addition, SOHOs often maintain less sophisticated financial records than other corporate borrowers. Although we continue to make efforts to improve our internally developed credit rating systems to rate potential borrowers, particularly with respect to SOHOs, and intend to manage our exposure to these borrowers closely in order to prevent any deterioration in the asset quality of our loans to this segment, we may not be able to do so as intended.
In addition, many small- and
medium-sized
enterprises have close business relationships with the largest Korean commercial conglomerates, known as “
chaebols
”, primarily as suppliers. Any difficulties encountered by those
chaebols
would likely hurt the liquidity and financial condition of related small- and
medium-sized
enterprises, including those to which we have exposure, also resulting in an impairment of their ability to repay loans.
In recent years, we have taken measures which sought to stem rising delinquencies in our loans to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises, including through strengthening of the review of loan applications and closer monitoring of the
post-loan
performance of
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise borrowers in industry sectors that are relatively more sensitive to downturns in the economy and have shown higher delinquency ratios, such as shipping, construction, lodging, retail and wholesale, restaurants and real estate. Despite such efforts, however, there is no assurance that delinquency levels of our loans to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises will not rise in the future. In particular, financial difficulties experienced by small- and
medium-sized
enterprises as a result of, among other things, adverse economic conditions in Korea and globally, could have an adverse impact on the ability of small- and
medium-sized
enterprises to make payments on our loans. For example, the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic has had a significant adverse impact on the Korean and global economy, which in turn has
 
6

subjected, and could continue to subject, small- and
medium-sized
enterprises to disruptions in supply chains, a decline in sales and/or deterioration in financial conditions. In addition, aggressive marketing and competition among banks to lend to this segment may lead to a deterioration in the asset quality of our loans to this segment in the future. Any such deterioration would result in increased charge-offs and higher provisioning and reduced interest and fee income from this segment, which would have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
We have exposure to Korean construction, shipbuilding and shipping companies, and financial difficulties of these companies may have an adverse impact on us.
As of December 31, 2021, we had loans outstanding to construction (most of which are
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises), shipbuilding and shipping companies in the amount of ₩4,606 billion, ₩558 billion and ₩189 billion, or 1.09%, 0.13% and 0.04% of our total loans, respectively. We also have other exposures to Korean construction, shipbuilding and shipping companies, including in the form of guarantees extended on behalf of such companies and debt and equity securities of such companies held by us.
In the case of construction companies, such exposures include guarantees provided to us by general contractors with respect to financing extended by us for residential and commercial real estate development projects. In the case of shipbuilding companies, such exposures include refund guarantees extended by us on behalf of shipbuilding companies to cover their obligation to return a portion of the ship order contract amount to customers in the event of performance delays or defaults under shipbuilding contracts.
The construction industry in Korea has been stagnant in recent years due to stringent government regulations on real estate and a decrease in overseas construction orders, among others. While the construction industry has experienced signs of recovery resulting from higher demand for residential buildings relative to their supply and increases in the Korean government’s spending on social overhead capital, the construction industry has yet to recover fully. The shipbuilding industry in Korea has experienced a severe downturn in recent years reflecting a significant decrease in ship orders, primarily due to oversupply. Although shipbuilding companies in Korea have seen a gradual increase in ship orders resulting from an increase in global consumer spending in 2021 and higher demand for
eco-friendly
Korean ships due to the strengthening of global environmental regulations, the financial condition of many of these companies continues to suffer from the effects of stagnant demand for ships in recent years. The shipping industry in Korea experienced a severe downturn in recent years due to movement restrictions and reduced traffic caused by the onset of the
COVID-19
pandemic, although it has since seen strong growth due to increased global traffic resulting from increases in consumer spending and shipments as well as higher shipping rates reflecting more stringent global environmental regulations.
The allowances that we have established against our credit exposures to Korean construction, shipbuilding and shipping companies may not be sufficient to cover all future losses arising from such exposures. If the asset quality of our exposures to such companies declines further, we may incur substantial additional provisions (including in connection with restructurings of such companies) and charge-offs, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. See “—Risks relating to our large corporate loan portfolio—We have exposure to companies that are currently or may in the future be put in restructuring, and we may suffer losses as a result of additional loan loss provisions required and/or the adoption of restructuring plans with which we do not agree.” Furthermore, although a portion of our credit exposures to construction, shipbuilding and shipping companies are secured by collateral, such collateral may not be sufficient to cover uncollectible amounts in respect of such credit exposures. See “—Other risks relating to our business—A decline in the value of the collateral securing our loans and our inability to realize full collateral value may adversely affect our credit portfolio.”
 
7

Risks relating to our financial holding company structure and strategy
We may not succeed in implementing our strategy to take advantage of, or fail to realize the anticipated benefits of, our financial holding company structure.
One of our principal strategies is to take advantage of our financial holding company structure to become a comprehensive financial services provider capable of offering a full range of products and services to our large existing base of retail and corporate banking customers. The continued implementation of these plans may require additional investments of capital, infrastructure, human resources and management attention. This strategy entails certain risks, including the possibility that we may face significant competition from other financial holding companies and more specialized financial institutions in particular segments. If our strategy does not succeed, we may incur losses on our investments and our results of operations and financial condition may suffer.
Furthermore, our success under a financial holding company structure depends on our ability to realize the anticipated synergies, growth opportunities and cost savings from coordinating the businesses of our various subsidiaries. Although we have been integrating certain aspects of our subsidiaries’ operations into our financial holding company structure, our subsidiaries will generally continue to operate as independent entities with separate management and staff and our ability to direct our subsidiaries’
day-to-day
operations may be limited. Some of our major acquisitions include the following:
 
  
In March 2014, we acquired 52.02% of the outstanding shares of KB Capital Co., Ltd. (formerly named Woori Financial Co., Ltd.), a publicly listed Korean consumer finance company, from Woori Finance Holdings Co., Ltd. for ₩280 billion. We conducted a tender offer in May 2017, through which we acquired 5,949,300 shares of KB Capital at ₩27,500 per share, increasing our shareholding in KB Capital to 79.70%. We subsequently acquired the remaining outstanding shares of KB Capital in exchange for 2,269,057 shares of common stock of our company through a comprehensive stock swap effected in July 2017, as a result of which KB Capital became a wholly-owned subsidiary.
 
  
In June 2015, we acquired 19.47% of the outstanding shares of KB Insurance Co., Ltd. (formerly named LIG Insurance Co., Ltd.), a publicly listed Korean
non-life
insurance company, from a group of individual shareholders for ₩651 billion. In November 2015, we increased our shareholding in KB Insurance to 33.29% by acquiring its treasury shares for ₩231 billion, and in December 2016, we further increased our shareholding in KB Insurance to 39.81% by purchasing new shares of KB Insurance for ₩171 billion in a rights offering. Through a tender offer conducted in May 2017, we acquired 36,237,649 shares of KB Insurance at ₩33,000 per share, increasing our shareholding to 94.30%. We subsequently effected a comprehensive stock swap in July 2017 to acquire the remaining outstanding shares of KB Insurance in exchange for 2,170,943 shares of common stock of our company, as a result of which KB Insurance became a wholly-owned subsidiary.
 
  
In May 2016, we acquired 22.56% of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd., a publicly listed Korean securities firm, from Hyundai Merchant Marine Co., Ltd. and other shareholders for ₩1,242 billion, and further increased our shareholding in Hyundai Securities to 29.62% in June 2016 by acquiring treasury shares of Hyundai Securities for ₩107 billion. In October 2016, we effected a comprehensive stock swap of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities for 31,759,844 newly issued shares of common stock of our company, as a result of which Hyundai Securities became a wholly-owned subsidiary. Following such transaction, we merged an existing subsidiary, KB Investment & Securities, with and into Hyundai Securities in December 2016 and changed the name of the surviving entity to KB Securities Co., Ltd.
 
  
In August 2020, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of The Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea, Ltd., or Prudential Life Insurance, a provider of life insurance services in Korea, from Prudential Financial, Inc. for ₩2.3 trillion, as a result of which Prudential Life Insurance became a wholly-owned subsidiary. In order to maximize synergy effects in our life insurance operations, we
 
8

 
plan to conduct a merger of Prudential Life Insurance and KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd. to be completed by January 2023. The details of such merger, however, have not yet been finalized as of the date of this annual report.
See “Item 5.A. Operating Results—Overview—Acquisitions.”
We may continue to increase our equity interest in our subsidiaries or investees and may also consider acquiring or merging with other financial institutions to achieve more balanced growth and further diversify our revenue base. For example, as part of our continued efforts to expand our businesses abroad, in particular in Southeast Asia, we acquired a 70% stake in PRASAC Microfinance Institution Plc., or PRASAC, a provider of microfinance and deposit-taking services in Cambodia, through Kookmin Bank, in April 2020. Subsequently, in October 2021, we acquired the remaining 30% interest in PRASAC, which increased our ownership of PRASAC to 100%. In addition, through a series of acquisitions from July 2018 to September 2020, we obtained a 67% interest in PT Bank Bukopin TBK of Indonesia, or Bank Bukopin, through Kookmin Bank, and changed its name to PT Bank KB Bukopin, Tbk in February 2021. The integration of our new subsidiaries’ or investees’ separate businesses and operations, as well as those of any companies we may acquire or merge with in the future, under our financial holding company structure could require a significant amount of time, financial resources and management attention. Moreover, that process could disrupt our operations (including our risk management operations) or information technology systems, reduce employee morale, produce unintended inconsistencies in our standards, controls, procedures or policies, and affect our relationships with customers and our ability to retain key personnel. The realization of the anticipated benefits of our financial holding company structure and any mergers or acquisitions we decide to pursue may be blocked, delayed or reduced as a result of many factors, some of which may be outside our control. These factors include:
 
  
difficulties in integrating the diverse activities and operations of our subsidiaries or investees or any companies we may merge with or acquire, including risk management operations and information technology systems, personnel, policies and procedures;
 
  
difficulties in reorganizing or reducing overlapping personnel, branches, networks and administrative functions;
 
  
restrictions under the Financial Holding Company Act and other regulations on transactions between a financial holding company and, or among, its subsidiaries;
 
  
unforeseen contingent risks, including lack of required capital resources, increased tax liabilities or restrictions in our overseas operations, relating to our financial holding company structure;
 
  
unexpected business disruptions;
 
  
failure to attract, develop and retain personnel with necessary expertise;
 
  
loss of customers; and
 
  
labor unrest.
Accordingly, we may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits of our financial holding company structure, and our business, results of operations and financial condition may suffer as a result.
We depend on limited forms of funding to fund our operations at the holding company level.
We are a financial holding company with no significant assets other than the shares of our subsidiaries. Our primary sources of funding and liquidity are dividends from our subsidiaries, direct borrowings and issuances of equity or debt securities at the holding company level. In addition, as a financial holding company, we are required to meet certain minimum financial ratios under Korean law, including with respect to liquidity, leverage and capital adequacy.
Our ability to meet our obligations to our direct creditors and employees and our other liquidity needs and regulatory requirements at the holding company level depends on timely and adequate distributions from our subsidiaries and our ability to sell our securities or obtain credit from our lenders.
 
9

The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us depends on their financial condition and operating results. In the future, our subsidiaries may enter into agreements, such as credit agreements with lenders or indentures relating to
high-yield
or subordinated debt instruments, that impose restrictions on their ability to make distributions to us, and the terms of future obligations and the operation of Korean law could prevent our subsidiaries from making sufficient distributions to us to allow us to make payments on our outstanding obligations. See “—As a financial holding company, we depend on receiving dividends from our subsidiaries to pay dividends on our common stock.” Any delay in receipt of or shortfall in payments to us from our subsidiaries could result in our inability to meet our liquidity needs and regulatory requirements, including minimum liquidity and capital adequacy ratios, and may disrupt our operations at the holding company level.
In addition, creditors of our subsidiaries will generally have claims that are prior to any claims of our creditors with respect to their assets. Furthermore, our inability to sell our securities or obtain funds from our lenders on favorable terms, or at all, could also result in our inability to meet our liquidity needs and regulatory requirements and may disrupt our operations at the holding company level.
As a financial holding company, we depend on receiving dividends from our subsidiaries to pay dividends on our common stock.
Since our principal assets at the holding company level are the shares of our subsidiaries, our ability to pay dividends on our common stock largely depends on dividend payments from those subsidiaries. Those dividend payments are subject to the Korean Commercial Code, the Bank Act and regulatory limitations, generally based on capital levels and retained earnings, imposed by the various regulatory agencies with authority over those entities. For example:
 
  
under the Korean Commercial Code, dividends may only be paid out of distributable income, an amount which is calculated by subtracting the aggregate amount of a company’s
paid-in
capital and certain mandatory legal reserves as well as certain unrealized profits from its net assets, in each case as of the end of the prior fiscal period;
 
  
under the Bank Act, a bank also must credit at least 10% of its net profit to a legal reserve each time it pays dividends on distributable income until that reserve equals the amount of its total
paid-in
capital; and
 
  
under the Bank Act and the requirements of the Financial Services Commission, if a bank fails to meet its required capital adequacy ratio or otherwise becomes subject to management improvement measures imposed by the Financial Services Commission, then the Financial Services Commission may restrict the declaration and payment of dividends by that bank.
Our subsidiaries may not continue to meet the applicable legal and regulatory requirements for the payment of dividends in the future. If they fail to do so, they may stop paying or reduce the amount of the dividends they pay to us, which would have an adverse effect on our ability to pay dividends on our common stock.
Although increasing our fee income is an important part of our strategy, we may not be able to do so.
We have historically relied on interest income as our primary revenue source. While we have developed new sources of fee income as part of our business strategy, our ability to increase our fee income and thereby reduce our dependence on interest income will be affected by the extent to which our customers generally accept the concept of
fee-based
services. Historically, customers in Korea have generally been reluctant to pay fees in return for
value-added
financial services, and their continued reluctance to do so will adversely affect the implementation of our strategy to increase our fee income. Furthermore, the fees that we charge to customers are subject to regulation by Korean financial regulatory authorities, which may seek to implement regulations or measures that may also have an adverse impact on our ability to achieve this aspect of our strategy.
 
10

We may suffer customer attrition or our net interest margin may decrease as a result of our competition strategy.
We have been pursuing, and intend to continue to pursue, a strategy of maintaining or enhancing our margins where possible and avoid, to the extent possible, entering into price competition. In order to execute this strategy, we will need to maintain relatively low interest rates on our deposit products while charging relatively higher rates on loans. If other banks and financial institutions adopt a strategy of expanding market share through interest rate competition, we may suffer customer attrition due to rate sensitivity. In addition, we may in the future decide to compete to a greater extent based on interest rates, which could lead to a decrease in our net interest margins. Any future decline in our customer base or our net interest margins as a result of our future competition strategy could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Risks relating to competition
Competition in the Korean financial industry is intense, and we may lose market share and experience declining margins as a result.
Competition in the Korean financial industry has been and is likely to remain intense. Some of the financial institutions that we compete with have longer operating histories as financial holding companies, greater financial resources or more specialized capabilities than us and our subsidiaries. In the retail and
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise lending business, which has been our traditional core business, competition has increased significantly and is expected to increase further. Most Korean banks have been focusing on retail customers and
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises in recent years, although they have begun to generally increase their exposure to large corporate borrowers. In addition, the profitability of our retail lending and credit card operations may decline as a result of growing market saturation in the retail lending and credit card segments, increased interest rate competition, pressure to lower the fee rates applicable to our credit cards (particularly merchant fee rates) and higher marketing expenses. Intense and increasing competition has made and continues to make it more difficult for us to secure retail, credit card and
small-
and
medium-sized
customers with the credit quality and on credit terms necessary to achieve our business objectives in a commercially acceptable manner.
Furthermore, the introduction of Internet-only banks in Korea has led to an increase in competition in the Korean banking industry. Internet-only banks operate without branches and conduct most of their operations through electronic means, which enables them to minimize costs and offer customers higher interest rates on deposits or lower lending rates. In April 2017, K Bank, the first Internet-only bank in Korea, commenced operations. Kakao Bank, another Internet-only bank, in which Kookmin Bank held an 8.0% equity interest as of December 31, 2021, commenced operations in July 2017.
Most recently, Toss Bank, another Internet-only bank, commenced operations in October 2021.
In the Korean insurance industry, there has been downward pressure in recent years on margins of insurance products as some of our competitors have sought to obtain or maintain market share by reducing margins and increasing marketing efforts. As the Korean
non-life
insurance and life insurance sectors continue to mature, they may experience a slowdown in growth as well as a stagnation in market penetration. Due to these and other factors, we believe that competition in the Korean insurance industry will likely remain intense in the future. Sustained or increased competition may lead to decreases in the market share and profitability of our
non-life
insurance and life insurance businesses.
In addition, we believe that regulatory reforms and the general modernization of business practices in Korea will lead to increased competition among financial institutions in Korea. In the second half of 2015, the Korean government implemented measures to facilitate bank account portability of retail customers by requiring commercial banks to establish systems that allow retail customers to easily switch their bank accounts at one commercial bank to another and automatically transfer the automatic payment settings of their former accounts to
 
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the new ones. Such measures have further intensified competition among financial institutions in Korea. Moreover, in March 2016, the Financial Services Commission introduced an individual savings account scheme in Korea, which enables individuals to efficiently manage a wide range of retail investment vehicles, including cash deposits, funds and securities investment products, from a single integrated account with one financial institution and offers tax benefits on investment returns. Since the scheme backed by the Korean government allows only one individual savings account per person, financial institutions have been competing to retain existing customers and attract new customers since the launch of the individual savings account scheme. Over 30 financial institutions, including banks, securities companies and insurance companies, have registered with the Financial Services Commission to sell their individual savings account products and competition among these financial institutions is expected to remain intense. More recently, in August 2020, amendments to the Credit Information Use and Protection Act established the framework for MyData services in Korea, which allow the collection of customers’ personal credit information from credit information providers/users or public institutions upon the customer’s request and subject to compliance requirements, so that customers may access such collected personal credit information in whole or in part. As of October 31, 2021, the Financial Services Commission had granted licenses to 45 companies to operate as MyData service providers, 19 of which were fintech firms, and competition between traditional financial institutions and fintech firms is expected to intensify, particularly with respect to asset management services. MyData services are currently offered through several channels including KB Star Banking, our mobile banking application, and Liiv Mate, a MyData-based platform operated by KB Kookmin Card.
Moreover, a number of significant mergers and acquisitions in the financial industry have taken place in Korea in recent years, including Hana Financial Group’s acquisition of a controlling interest in Korea Exchange Bank in 2012 and the subsequent merger of Hana Bank into Korea Exchange Bank in 2015. In addition, as part of the Korean government’s plans to privatize Woori Finance Holdings Co., Ltd. (the former financial holding company of Woori Bank), certain subsidiaries of Woori Finance Holdings were sold to other financial institutions and Woori Finance Holdings itself was merged into Woori Bank in 2014, which established a new financial holding company, Woori Financial Group Inc., in January 2019. In the insurance sector, China’s Anbang Insurance Group acquired controlling interests in Tong Yang Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and Allianz Life Insurance Korea Co., Ltd. in 2015 and 2016, respectively, while Mirae Asset Life Insurance Co., Ltd. acquired PCA Life Insurance Co., Ltd. in 2017. Furthermore, Orange Life Insurance, Ltd. (formerly known as ING Life Insurance Korea, Ltd.) became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shinhan Financial Group following the acquisition of equity interests by Shinhan Financial Group in February 2019 and January 2020. In the securities sector, in 2016, Mirae Asset Securities Co., Ltd. acquired a 43% interest in KDB Daewoo Securities Co., Ltd., which subsequently merged with and into Mirae Asset Securities to create Mirae Asset Daewoo Securities Co., Ltd., one of the largest securities companies in Korea in terms of capital.
We expect that consolidation in the Korean financial industry will continue. The financial institutions resulting from such consolidation may, by virtue of their increased size and business scope, provide significantly greater competition for us. We also believe that foreign financial institutions, many of which have greater experience and resources than we do, may seek to compete with us in providing financial products and services either by themselves or in partnership with existing Korean financial institutions. Increased competition and continuing consolidation may lead to decreased margins, resulting in a material adverse impact on our future profitability. Accordingly, our results of operations and financial condition may suffer as a result of increasing competition in the Korean financial industry.
Risks relating to our large corporate loan portfolio
We have exposure to chaebols, and, as a result, financial difficulties of chaebols may have an adverse impact on us.
Of our 20 largest corporate exposures (including loans, debt and equity securities and guarantees and acceptances) as of December 31, 2021, ten were to companies that were members of the 32 largest highly-
 
12

indebted business groups among
chaebols
in Korea designated as such by the Financial Supervisory Service based on their outstanding exposures. As of that date, the total amount of our exposures to 32 of such largest highly-indebted business groups among
chaebols
was ₩32,088 billion, or 5.3% of our total exposures. If the credit quality of our exposures to
chaebols
declines as a result of financial difficulties they experience or for other reasons, we could require substantial additional loan loss provisions, which would hurt our results of operations and financial condition.
We cannot assure you that the allowances we have established against these exposures will be sufficient to cover all future losses arising from these exposures. In addition, with respect to those companies that are in or in the future enter into workout or liquidation proceedings, we may not be able to make any recoveries against such companies. We may, therefore, experience future losses with respect to those loans.
We have exposure to companies that are currently or may in the future be put in restructuring, and we may suffer losses as a result of additional loan loss provisions required and/or the adoption of restructuring plans with which we do not agree.
As of December 31, 2021, our loans and guarantees to companies that were in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation amounted to ₩230 billion, or 0.1% of our total loans and guarantees, most of which was classified as impaired. As of the same date, our allowances for credit losses on these loans and guarantees amounted to ₩118 billion, or 51.3% of these loans and guarantees. These allowances may not be sufficient to cover all future losses arising from our exposure to these companies. Furthermore, we have other exposure to such companies, in the form of debt and equity securities of such companies held by us (including equity securities we acquired as a result of
debt-to-equity
conversions). Our exposures as of December 31, 2021 with respect to such securities of companies in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation amounted to less than ₩1 billion, or less than 0.01% of our total debt securities and equity securities, but may increase in the future. In addition, in the case of borrowers that are or become subject to workout or restructuring, we may be forced to restructure our credits pursuant to restructuring plans approved by other creditor financial institutions of the borrower, or to dispose of our credits to other creditors on unfavorable terms.
In particular, as of December 31, 2021, we had ₩440 billion of outstanding exposures, comprising ₩85 billion of loans, ₩4 billion of debt securities, ₩26 billion of equity securities and ₩325 billion of guarantees (mainly in the form of refund guarantees relating to shipbuilding contracts), to Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd., or DSME, which has been pursuing a voluntary restructuring program. In April 2017, the creditors of DSME agreed on a plan to provide additional financial support to DSME in connection with its voluntary restructuring program, under which the Korea Development Bank and the Export-Import Bank of Korea would provide ₩2.9 trillion of new loans to DSME, on the condition that DSME’s other creditors and bondholders agree to a ₩2.9 trillion
debt-to-equity
swap. The financial support plan required the Korean commercial bank creditors of DSME (including us) to swap 80% of our outstanding unsecured loans into equity of DSME and extend the maturity of the remaining loans for a period of five years. The financial support plan, which is currently scheduled to expire in December 2022, also requires DSME’s creditors (including us) to provide additional refund guarantees in connection with future shipbuilding contracts of DSME. The implementation of the financial support plan for DSME has required and may continue to require us to increase our loan loss provisions and recognize write-offs and impairment losses with respect to our exposures to DSME and may therefore have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, there is no guarantee that the plan will be successful in ensuring the financial viability of DSME.
A large portion of our credit exposure is concentrated in a relatively small number of large corporate borrowers, which increases the risk of our corporate credit portfolio.
As of December 31, 2021, our loans and guarantees to our 20 largest borrowers totaled ₩11,960 billion and accounted for 2.8% of our total loans and guarantees.
As of that date, our single largest corporate credit exposure was to The Korea Securities Finance Corporation, to which we had outstanding debt securities of ₩5,755 billion
 
13

and an additional exposure of ₩59 billion in the form of equity securities. Any deterioration in the financial condition of The Korea Securities Finance Corporation or our other large corporate borrowers, including those in industries particularly affected by the
COVID-19
pandemic to which we have exposures such as the transportation, food and beverage, hotel, leisure and shipping industries and certain sectors of the manufacturing industry, may require us to record substantial additional provisions and charge-offs and may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
Risks relating to our insurance operations
Our profitability may be adversely affected if actual benefits and claims amounts on our
in-force
insurance policies exceed the amounts that we have reserved, or we increase the amount of reserves due to a change in our underlying assumptions.
We operate our insurance business through KB Insurance Co., Ltd., our
non-life
insurance subsidiary which became a consolidated subsidiary in May 2017, as well as KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and Prudential Life Insurance, our life insurance subsidiaries. With respect to our insurance operations, we establish and carry, as a liability, policy reserves based on the greater of statutory reserves and actuarial estimates of how much we will need to pay for future benefits and claims on our
in-force
non-life
insurance and life insurance policies. The profitability of our insurance operations depends significantly upon the extent to which our actual claims results are consistent with the assumptions used in setting the prices for our insurance products and establishing the liabilities in our financial statements for our obligations for future insurance policy benefits and claims. We establish the liabilities for obligations for future insurance policy benefits and claims based on the expected payout of benefits, calculated through the use of assumptions for investment returns, mortality, morbidity, expenses and persistency, as well as certain macroeconomic factors such as inflation. We also use methods to analyze loss trends with respect to certain risk assumptions relating to natural disasters. These assumptions are based on our previous experience and published data from third party industry sources, as well as judgments made by our management. These assumptions and estimates may deviate from our actual experience due to various factors that are beyond our control, including as a result of unexpected changes in the scope of coverage by the Korean national health insurance program and advancements in health care that result in increased life expectancy and early detection of diseases, as well as
re-interpretations
of our insurance policy terms by Korean regulators or courts. In addition, the occurrence of unexpected catastrophic events in Korea, including pandemics or natural or
man-made
disasters, may result in claims that significantly exceed our expectations. As a result, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts that we will pay for, or the timing of payment of, actual benefits and claims or whether the assets supporting the insurance policy liabilities will grow to the level we assume prior to payment of benefits or claims. These amounts may vary from the estimated amounts, particularly when those payments may not occur until well into the future.
We evaluate the adequacy of our insurance policy liabilities periodically based on changes in the assumptions used to determine our best estimates of claims, expenses, persistency rates and interest rates, as well as based on our actual policy benefits and claims results. To the extent that trends in actual claims results are less favorable than our underlying assumptions used in establishing these liabilities, and our total insurance policy liabilities are considered to be inadequate to meet our future contractual obligations as and when they arise, we could be required to increase our liabilities. We record increases in our insurance policy liabilities as expenses in the period in which the liabilities are established or
re-evaluated.
If actual benefits and claims amounts exceed the amounts that we have reserved, or we increase the amount of insurance policy liabilities due to a change in our underlying assumptions, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
 
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Our insurance subsidiaries may be required to raise additional capital or reduce their growth or business scale if their risk-based capital adequacy ratio deteriorates or the applicable capital requirements change in the future.
Pursuant to the risk-based capital adequacy requirements implemented by the Financial Services Commission, insurance companies in Korea are required to maintain a statutory ratio of available regulatory capital to risk-weighted assets of not less than 100% on a consolidated basis. Furthermore, the Financial Supervisory Service had previously recommended that insurance companies maintain a risk-based capital adequacy ratio of not less than 150%, and its former administrative guidelines had required insurance companies failing to maintain such recommended 150% ratio to submit a capital increase plan. Although the Financial Supervisory Service has since withdrawn such administrative guidelines, we believe that a risk-based capital adequacy ratio of not less than 150% is still considered standard in the Korean insurance industry. Risk-based capital adequacy requirements require insurance companies to hold adequate capital to cover their exposures to interest rate risk, market risk, credit risk and operational risk as well as insurance risk by reflecting such risks in their calculation of risk-weighted assets. As of December 31, 2021, KB Insurance, Prudential Life Insurance and KB Life Insurance had a risk-based capital adequacy ratio of 179.39%, 342.35% and 186.49%, respectively.
The Financial Supervisory Service has announced that it plans to introduce a new regulatory solvency regime for insurance companies by 2022 based on the International Capital Standard developed by the International Association of Insurance Supervisors, which would be similar in substance to the Solvency II Directive of the European Union. The Solvency II Directive, which has been in effect in the European Union since January 1, 2016, is a comprehensive program of regulatory requirements for insurance companies, covering authorization, corporate governance, supervisory reporting, public disclosure and risk assessment and management, as well as solvency. Under the Financial Supervisory Service’s planned new solvency regime in Korea, among other things, insurance contract liabilities are expected to be measured based on market value, rather than book value, which would require a number of insurance companies in Korea with a large portfolio of high guaranteed rate of return products to obtain additional capital to meet their capital adequacy requirements. The Financial Supervisory Service has also announced its plans to implement a series of incremental changes to the calculation methodology for the risk-based capital adequacy ratio of insurance companies, as interim measures. Such changes implemented in 2017 included increasing the maximum statutory duration of insurance liabilities recognized for purposes of such calculation, as well as reducing the coefficient applied in calculating interest rate risk and adjusting the methods used to assess the risk of guaranteed benefits of variable insurance policies. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Insurance Companies—Capital Adequacy.”
The details of the new solvency regime in Korea have not yet been finalized and may be further amended in the future. Accordingly, there is no guarantee that our insurance subsidiaries will not be required to raise additional capital to sustain their risk-based capital adequacy ratio above the required level in connection with the future implementation of the new solvency regime. Any material deterioration in the risk-based capital adequacy ratio of our insurance subsidiaries, as a result of the implementation of the new solvency regime or otherwise, could change their customers’ or business counterparties’ perception of their financial health, which in turn could adversely affect their business and profitability. Furthermore, if they grow rapidly or if their asset quality deteriorates in the future, our insurance subsidiaries may be required to raise additional capital, which we may need to provide in whole or in part, to meet their capital adequacy requirements. If we or our insurance subsidiaries are not able to raise any required additional capital, we may be forced to reduce the growth or scale of our insurance operations.
Changes in accounting standards for insurance contracts could adversely impact our reported results of operations and financial condition.
In response to a lack of comparability in the global insurance industry stemming from variations in accounting policies being applied, the IASB issued IFRS 17 (previously referred to as IFRS 4 Phase II), a new
 
15

IFRS accounting standard for insurance contracts, in May 2017 with an effective date of January 1, 2021, which was subsequently deferred to January 1, 2022 and again to January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. Compliance with such revised accounting standards could significantly affect the way in which we and other operators of insurance businesses in Korea account for insurance policies, annuity contracts and financial instruments and how our financial statements are presented.
IFRS 17 will introduce a fundamentally different approach to current accounting policies in terms of both liability measurement and profit recognition. Under IFRS 17, insurance contract liabilities will no longer be calculated based on historical or past assumptions but based on the present value of future insurance cash flows using a discount rate reflecting current interest rates and the characteristics of the insurance contracts, with a risk adjustment and deferral of
up-front
profits. Among other effects, this may result in an increase in the level of the liabilities of our insurance subsidiaries, which would lead to a decrease in the balance of their available capital, which in turn may lower their risk-based capital adequacy ratio, depending on the solvency regime applicable at the time. In addition, under IFRS 17, certain parts of premium income from insurance contracts will be allocated over the coverage period in proportion to the value of expected coverage and other services that the insurer will provide over such period, rather than recognized at the time of receipt of premium payments, and the investment component of an insurance contract (which refers to amounts to be repaid to policyholders even if the insured event does not occur) will be disaggregated and excluded from premium income. Such changes to revenue recognition methodology will likely change the presentation of our reported revenue from our insurance operations in our financial statements. In recent years, the IASB issued several amendments to IFRS 17 aimed at simplifying certain requirements and providing additional transition relief for companies subject to IFRS 17.
Given the complexity of IFRS 17 and the significant amount of time and resources that will be required to adopt IFRS 17 accounting, we have established and are in the process of executing an implementation plan, including investments in information technology systems and processes, in order to enhance our financial analysis and impact assessment with respect to our insurance operations. We are also taking other measures to reduce the amount of our statutorily required capital under IFRS 17, including developing new products with improved capital efficiency and strengthening our asset-liability management and our monitoring of interest rate risk. Potential challenges that we may face in terms of implementation of IFRS 17 include:
 
  
interpretation of the requirements and potential operational difficulties when applying such requirements;
 
  
data collection, storage and analysis;
 
  
integration of existing systems and processes with new actuarial systems;
 
  
increased finance, actuarial and risk management coordination;
 
  
implementation of new business strategies in preparation for IFRS 17, including adjusting the duration of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and our asset-liability management policies within our insurance operations;
 
  
impact of the transition to a new Korean regulatory solvency regime, which is expected to be implemented around the time of the effective date of IFRS 17; and
 
  
changes to other aspects of our insurance business, such as product design, remuneration policies and business planning.
Accordingly, the implementation of IFRS 17, as well as any other new or revised insurance accounting standards we are required to adopt in the future, could result in significant costs and may have a material adverse effect on our business and our reported results of operations and financial condition.
 
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Other risks relating to our business
The ongoing global pandemic of
COVID-19
and any possible recurrence of other types of widespread infectious diseases may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
COVID-19,
an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has spread globally and was declared a “pandemic” by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic has materially and adversely affected the global economy and financial markets as well as disrupted our business operations.
Risks associated with a prolonged
COVID-19
pandemic or other types of widespread infectious diseases include:
 
  
an increase in defaults on loan payments from our customers that are particularly affected by the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic (such as those in the transportation, food and beverage, hotel, leisure and shipping industries and certain sectors of the manufacturing industry), who may not be able to meet payment obligations, which may lead to an increase in delinquency ratios and a deterioration in asset quality (see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Assets and Liabilities—Loan Portfolio—Loan Concentration by Industry”);
 
  
depreciation of the Won against major foreign currencies, which in turn may increase our cost in servicing our foreign currency denominated debt and result in foreign exchange losses;
 
  
disruption in the normal operations of our business resulting from contraction of infectious diseases by our employees, which may necessitate our employees to be quarantined and/or our offices to be temporarily shut down;
 
  
disruption resulting from the necessity for social distancing, including, for example, temporary arrangements for employees to work remotely, which may lead to a reduction in labor productivity; and
 
  
impairments in the fair value of our investments in companies that may be adversely affected by the pandemic.
It is not possible to predict the duration or the full magnitude of the overall harm that may result from
COVID-19
in the long term. In the event that
COVID-19
or other types of widespread infectious diseases cannot be effectively and timely contained, our business, financial condition and results of operations will likely suffer.
Unfavorable changes in the global financial markets could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
The overall prospects for the Korean and global economy in 2022 and beyond remain uncertain. In recent years, the global financial markets have experienced significant volatility as a result of, among other things:
 
  
the occurrence of severe health epidemics, such as the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic;
 
  
hostilities, political or social tensions involving Russia (including the invasion of Ukraine by Russia and ensuing actions that the United States and other countries have taken or may take in the future, such as the imposition of sanctions against Russia) and the resulting adverse effects on the global supply of oil and other natural resources and the global financial markets;
 
  
a deterioration in economic and trade relations between the United States and its major trading partners, including China;
 
  
increased uncertainties resulting from the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union;
 
  
financial and social difficulties affecting many countries worldwide, in particular in Latin America and Europe;
 
17

  
escalations in trade protectionism globally and geopolitical tensions in East Asia and the Middle East;
 
  
the slowdown of economic growth in China and other major emerging market economies;
 
  
interest rate fluctuations as well as perceived or actual changes in policy rates by, or other monetary and fiscal policies set forth by, the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks; and
 
  
political and social instability in various countries in the Middle East, including Syria, Iraq and Yemen.
In light of the high level of interdependence of the global economy, unfavorable changes in the global financial markets, including as a result of any of the foregoing developments, could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and financial markets, and in turn on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are also exposed to adverse changes and volatility in the global and Korean financial markets as a result of our liabilities and assets denominated in foreign currencies and our holdings of trading and investment securities, including structured products. The value of the Won relative to major foreign currencies in general and the U.S. dollar in particular has fluctuated widely in recent years. A depreciation of the Won will increase our cost in Won of servicing our foreign
currency-denominated
debt, while continued exchange rate volatility may also result in foreign exchange losses for us. Furthermore, as a result of changes in global and Korean economic conditions, there has been volatility in securities prices, including the stock prices of Korean and foreign companies in which we hold an interest. Such volatility has resulted in and may lead to further trading and valuation losses on our trading and investment securities portfolio as well as impairment losses on our investments accounted for under the equity method.
Our business may be materially and adversely affected by legal claims and regulatory actions against us.
We are subject to the risk of legal claims and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of our business, which may expose us to substantial monetary damages and legal costs, injunctive relief, criminal and civil penalties, sanctions against our management and employees and regulatory restrictions on our operations, as well as significant reputational harm. See “Item 8A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”
We are unable to predict the outcome of the legal claims and regulatory actions in which we are involved, and the scope of the claims or actions or the total amount in dispute in such matters may increase. Furthermore, adverse final determinations, decisions or resolutions in such matters could encourage other parties to bring related claims and actions against us. Accordingly, the outcome of current and future legal claims and regulatory actions, particularly those for which it is difficult to assess the maximum potential exposure or the ultimate adverse impact with any degree of certainty, may materially and adversely impact our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.
Our risk management system may not be effective in mitigating risk and loss.
We seek to monitor and manage our risk exposure through a
group-wide
risk management platform, encompassing a
multi-layered
risk management governance structure, reporting and monitoring systems, early warning systems, credit risk management systems for our banking operations and other risk management infrastructure, using a variety of risk management strategies and techniques. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.” However, such risk management strategies and techniques employed by us and the judgments that accompany their application cannot anticipate the economic and financial outcome in all market environments, and many of our risk management strategies and techniques have a basis in historical market behavior that may limit the effectiveness of such strategies and techniques in times of significant market stress or other unforeseen circumstances. Furthermore, our risk management strategies may not be effective in a difficult or less liquid market environment, as other market participants may be attempting to use the same or similar strategies as us to deal with such market conditions. In such circumstances, it may be difficult for us to reduce our risk positions due to the activity of such other market participants.
 
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Uncertainties regarding the transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, or any other interest rate benchmark could have adverse consequences for market participants, including us.
In March 2021, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority, or the FCA, which has regulatory authority with respect to LIBOR, announced that all LIBOR settings will either cease to be provided by any administrator or no longer be representative (i) after December 31, 2021 in the case of all Sterling, Euro, Swiss Franc and Japanese Yen settings and the
one-week
and
two-month
U.S. dollar settings and (ii) after June 30, 2023 in the case of the remaining U.S. dollar settings. While the ICE Benchmark Administration, the administrator of LIBOR, may publish certain LIBOR settings on the basis of a synthetic methodology for “tough legacy” contracts, there is no guarantee that such rates will be determined and published after the announced deadlines nor confirmed to be representative by the FCA.
Given the extensive use of LIBOR across financial markets, the transition away from LIBOR presents various risks and challenges to financial markets and institutions, including us, and in particular, Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary. As a commercial bank, Kookmin Bank uses various financial products that reference LIBOR, including, among others, commercial loans, deposits, borrowings and debentures. Kookmin Bank also enters into derivatives contracts in order to address the needs of its corporate clients to hedge their risk exposure as well as the need to hedge its own risk exposure that results from such client contracts. In February 2020, Kookmin Bank assembled a task force team in order to assess, identify, monitor and manage risks that may arise from the potential discontinuation of LIBOR. As of the date of this annual report, Kookmin Bank is continuing to transition to alternative reference rates in order to gradually reduce its exposure to LIBOR. For example, Kookmin Bank has selected the appropriate alternative reference rate and credit spread adjustment for each of its currencies in order to minimize any negative impact the difference between LIBOR and alternative reference rates may have on Kookmin Bank’s profitability. As of the date of this annual report, Kookmin Bank has amended all of its existing agreements in relation to the four currencies (excluding U.S. dollar) for which LIBOR quotation has been discontinued to replace the existing reference rates with alternative reference rates. Among the existing agreements in U.S. dollar, Kookmin Bank has also amended agreements expiring after June 2023 to replace the existing reference rates with alternative reference rates. LIBOR has not been used in any of Kookmin Bank’s new agreements since January 2022.
If not sufficiently planned for, the discontinuation of LIBOR or any other interest rate benchmark could result in increased financial, operational, legal, reputational and/or compliance risks. For example, a significant challenge will be managing the impact of the LIBOR transition on the contractual mechanics of LIBOR-based financial instruments and contracts that mature after the announced deadlines. Certain of these instruments and contracts may not provide for alternative reference rates, and even if such instruments and contracts provide for alternative reference rates, such alternative reference rates are likely to differ from the prior benchmark rates and may require us to pay interest at higher rates on the related obligations, which could adversely impact our interest expense, results of operations and cash flows. For example, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR, has been identified by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee convened by the Board of Governors of the U.S. Federal Reserve System and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as the preferred alternative benchmark reference rate for LIBOR and differs from LIBOR in many respects, including its basis on actual observed transactions in the U.S. Treasury market as opposed to LIBOR’s usage of estimations of borrowing rates. While there are a number of international working groups focused on transition plans and the provision of fallback contract language that seek to minimize market disruption, replacement of LIBOR or any other benchmark, such as SOFR, with a new benchmark rate could adversely impact the value of and return on existing instruments and contracts. Moreover, replacement of LIBOR or other benchmark rates could result in market dislocations and have other adverse consequences for market participants, including the potential for increased costs, and litigation risks stemming from potential disputes with customers and counterparties regarding the interpretation and enforceability of fallback contract language in the LIBOR-based financial instruments and contracts.
 
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We are generally subject to Korean corporate governance and disclosure standards, which may differ from those in other countries.
Companies in Korea, including us, are subject to corporate governance standards applicable to Korean public companies which may differ in some respects from standards applicable in other countries, including the United States. As a reporting company registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and listed on the New York Stock Exchange, we are subject to certain corporate governance standards as mandated by the
Sarbanes-Oxley
Act of 2002. However, foreign private issuers, including us, are exempt from certain corporate governance requirements under the
Sarbanes-Oxley
Act or under the rules of the New York Stock Exchange. There may also be less publicly available information about Korean companies, such as us, than is regularly made available by public or
non-public
companies in other countries. Such differences in corporate governance standards and less public information could result in corporate governance practices or disclosures that are perceived as less than satisfactory by investors in certain countries.
A decline in the value of the collateral securing our loans and our inability to realize full collateral value may adversely affect our credit portfolio.
A substantial portion of our loans is secured by real estate, the values of which have fluctuated significantly in recent years. Although it is our general policy to lend up to 40% to 88% of the appraised value of collateral (except in areas of high speculation designated by the government where we generally limit our lending to between 10% and 60% of the appraised value of collateral) and to periodically
re-appraise
our collateral, a downturn in the real estate market in Korea may result in declines in the value of the collateral securing our mortgage and home equity loans. If collateral values decline in the future, they may not be sufficient to cover uncollectible amounts in respect of our secured loans. Any future declines in the value of the real estate or other collateral securing our loans, or our inability to obtain additional collateral in the event of such declines, could result in a deterioration in our asset quality and may require us to take additional loan loss provisions.
In Korea, foreclosure on collateral generally requires a written petition to a court. An application, when made, may be subject to delays and administrative requirements that may result in a decrease in the value realized with respect to such collateral. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to realize the full value on our collateral as a result of, among other factors, delays in foreclosure proceedings and defects in the perfection of our security interest in collateral. Our failure to recover the expected value of collateral could expose us to losses.
The secondary market for corporate bonds in Korea is not fully developed, and, as a result, we may not be able to realize the full book value of debt securities we hold at the time of any sale of such securities.
As of December 31, 2021, we held debt securities issued by Korean companies and financial institutions (other than those issued by the Bank of Korea, the Korea Development Bank, Korea Housing Finance Corporation, Industrial Bank of Korea and the Export-Import Bank of Korea, which are
government-owned
or
-controlled
enterprises or financial institutions) with a total carrying amount of ₩58,008 billion in our trading and investment securities portfolio. The market value of these securities could decline significantly due to various factors, including future increases in interest rates or a deterioration in the financial and economic condition of any particular issuer or of Korea in general. Any of these factors individually or a combination of these factors would require us to write down the fair value of these debt securities, resulting in impairment losses. Because the secondary market for corporate bonds in Korea is not fully developed, the market value of many of these securities as reflected on our statements of financial position is determined by references to suggested prices posted by Korean rating agencies or the Korea Financial Investment Association. These valuations, however, may differ significantly from the actual value that we could realize in the event we elect to sell these securities. As a result, we may not be able to realize the full book value at the time of any such sale of these securities and thus may incur losses.
 
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We may be required to make transfers from our general banking operations to cover shortfalls in our guaranteed trust accounts, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
We manage a number of money trust accounts through Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary. Under Korean law, trust account assets of a bank are required to be segregated from the assets of that bank’s general banking operations. Those assets are not available to satisfy the claims of a bank’s depositors or other creditors of its general banking operations. For some of the trust accounts we manage, we have guaranteed either the principal amount of the investor’s investment or the principal and a fixed rate of interest.
If, at any time, the income from our guaranteed trust accounts is not sufficient to pay any guaranteed amount, we will have to cover the shortfall first from the special reserves maintained in these trust accounts, then from our fees from such trust accounts and finally from funds transferred from our general banking operations. As of December 31, 2021, we had ₩112 billion of special reserves in respect of trust accounts for which we provided guarantees of principal. There was no transfer from general banking operations to cover deficiencies in guaranteed trust accounts in 2019, 2020 and 2021. However, we may be required to make transfers from our general banking operations to cover shortfalls, if any, in our guaranteed trust accounts in the future. Such transfers may adversely impact our results of operations.
Our operations have been, and will continue to be, subject to increasing and continually evolving cyber security and other technological risks.
With the proliferation of new technologies and the increasing use of the Internet and mobile devices to conduct financial transactions, our operations as a large financial institution have been, and will continue to be, subject to an increasing risk of cyber incidents relating to these activities, the nature of which is continually evolving. Our computer systems, software and networks are subject to cyber incidents, such as disruptions, delays or other difficulties from our information technology system, computer viruses or other malicious codes, loss or destruction of data (including confidential client information), unauthorized access, account takeover attempts and cyber attacks. A significant portion of our daily operations relies on our information technology systems, including customer service, billing, the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information as well as the timely monitoring of a large number of complex transactions. Although we have made substantial and continual investments to build systems and defenses to address cyber security and other technological risks, there is no guarantee that such measures or any other measures can provide adequate security. In addition, because methods used to cause cyber attacks change frequently or, in some cases, are not recognized until launched, we may be unable to implement effective preventive measures or proactively address these methods. Furthermore, these cyber threats may arise from human error, accidental technological failure and third parties with whom we do business. Although we maintain insurance coverage that may cover certain aspects of cyber risks, such insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover all losses. If we were to be subject to a cyber incident, it could result in the disclosure of confidential client information, damage to our reputation with our customers and in the market, customer dissatisfaction, additional costs to us, regulatory penalties, exposure to litigation and other financial losses to both us and our customers, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Risks relating to liquidity and capital management
Our funding is highly dependent on
short-term
deposits, which dependence may adversely affect our operations.
We meet a significant amount of our funding requirements through
short-term
funding sources, which consist primarily of customer deposits. As of December 31, 2021, approximately 97.1% of our deposits had maturities of one year or less or were payable on demand. In the past, a substantial proportion of our customer deposits have been rolled over upon maturity. We cannot guarantee, however, that depositors will continue to roll over their deposits in the future. In the event that a substantial number of our
short-term
deposit customers withdraw their funds or fail to roll over their deposits as
higher-yielding
investment opportunities emerge, our
 
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liquidity position could be adversely affected. We may also be required to seek more expensive sources of
short-term
and
long-term
funding to finance our operations. See “Item 5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Financial Condition—Liquidity.”
We may be required to raise additional capital if our capital adequacy ratio deteriorates or the applicable capital requirements change in the future, but we may not be able to do so on favorable terms or at all.
Under the capital adequacy requirements of the Financial Services Commission, as of December 31, 2021, both we and Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary, were required to maintain a total minimum common equity Tier I capital adequacy ratio of 8.0%, Tier I capital adequacy ratio of 9.5% and combined Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratio of 11.5%, on a consolidated basis (including applicable additional capital buffers and requirements as described below). As of December 31, 2021, our common equity Tier I capital, Tier I capital and combined Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratios were 13.46%, 14.54% and 15.77%, respectively, and Kookmin Bank’s common equity Tier I capital, Tier I capital and combined Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratios were 14.70%, 14.98% and 17.47%, respectively, all of which exceeded the minimum levels required by the Financial Services Commission. However, our capital base and capital adequacy ratios may deteriorate in the future if our results of operations or financial condition deteriorates for any reason, including as a result of a deterioration in the asset quality of our retail loans (including credit card balances) and loans to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises, or if we are not able to deploy our funding into suitably
low-risk
assets.
The current capital adequacy requirements of the Financial Services Commission are derived from a new set of bank capital measures, referred to as Basel III, which the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision initially introduced in 2009 and began phasing in starting from 2013. Commencing in July 2013, the Financial Services Commission promulgated a series of amended regulations implementing Basel III, pursuant to which Korean banks and bank holding companies were required to maintain a minimum ratio of common equity Tier I capital to
risk-weighted
assets of 3.5% and Tier I capital to
risk-weighted
assets of 4.5% from December 1, 2013, which minimum ratios were increased to 4.0% and 5.5%, respectively, from January 1, 2014 and increased further to 4.5% and 6.0%, respectively, from January 1, 2015. The amended regulations also require an additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% from January 2019, as well as a potential counter-cyclical capital buffer of up to 2.5%, which is determined on a quarterly basis by the Financial Services Commission. Furthermore, we and Kookmin Bank were each designated as a domestic systemically important bank holding company and a domestic systemically important bank, respectively, for 2021 by the Financial Services Commission and were subject to an additional capital requirement of 1.0% in 2021. In July 2021, we and Kookmin Bank were each again designated as a domestic systemically important bank holding company and a domestic systemically important bank, respectively, for 2022, which would again subject us to an additional capital requirement of 1.0% in 2022. All such requirements are in addition to the
pre-existing
requirement for minimum ratios of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to
risk-weighted
assets set forth above. The implementation of Basel III in Korea may have a significant effect on the capital requirements of Korean financial institutions, including us. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Capital Adequacy” and “—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Capital Adequacy.”
We may be required to obtain additional capital in the future in order to remain in compliance with more stringent capital adequacy and other regulatory requirements. However, we may not be able to obtain additional capital on favorable terms, or at all. Our ability to obtain additional capital at any time may be constrained to the extent that banks or other financial institutions in Korea or from other countries are seeking to raise capital at the same time. To the extent that we fail to comply with applicable capital adequacy ratio or other regulatory requirements in the future, Korean regulatory authorities may impose penalties on us ranging from a warning to suspension or revocation of our banking license.
 
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A considerable increase in interest rates could decrease the value of our debt securities portfolio and raise our funding costs while reducing loan demand and the repayment ability of our borrowers, which, as a result, could adversely affect us.
Interest rates in Korea have been subject to significant fluctuations in recent years. After the Bank of Korea reduced its policy rate to 1.50% in 2015 and again to 1.25% in June 2016 amid deflationary concerns and interest rate cuts by central banks around the world, it increased its policy rate to 1.50% in November 2017 and 1.75% in November 2018 in light of improved growth prospects in Korea and rising interest rate levels globally. However, the Bank of Korea again lowered its policy rate to 1.50% in July 2019 and to 1.25% in October 2019 in order to address the sluggishness of the global and domestic economy. Subsequently, the Bank of Korea further lowered its policy rate to 0.75% in March 2020 and to 0.50% in May 2020 in response to deteriorating economic conditions resulting from the
COVID-19
pandemic, before increasing its policy rate back to 0.75% in August 2021, 1.00% in November 2021, 1.25% in January 2022 and 1.50% in April 2022, in response to rising levels of household debt and inflation. All else being equal, an increase in interest rates in the future could lead to a decline in the value of our portfolio of debt securities, which generally pay interest based on a fixed rate. A sustained increase in interest rates will also raise our funding costs, while reducing loan demand, especially among retail borrowers. Rising interest rates may therefore require us to
re-balance
our asset portfolio and our liabilities in order to minimize the risk of potential mismatches and maintain our profitability.
In addition, rising interest rate levels may adversely affect the Korean economy and the financial condition of our corporate and retail borrowers, including holders of our credit cards, which in turn may lead to a deterioration in our credit portfolio. In particular, since most of our retail and corporate loans bear interest at rates that adjust periodically based on prevailing market rates, a sustained increase in interest rate levels will increase the interest costs of our retail and corporate borrowers and could adversely affect their ability to make payments on their outstanding loans.
Furthermore, in periods of increasing interest rates, the yields on the general account assets of our insurance subsidiaries may not be sufficient to fund the higher floating interest credit rates necessary to keep their interest-sensitive insurance products competitive. They may therefore have to accept a lower spread and thus lower profitability or face a decline in sales and greater attrition among their existing policyholders. In addition, in periods of increasing interest rates, the value of the debt securities and other general account assets of our insurance subsidiaries may decline, resulting in lower unrealized gains within other comprehensive income in their total equity, which in turn would lower their available capital and their risk-based capital adequacy ratio. Moreover, surrenders and withdrawals of insurance policies may increase as policyholders seek to buy products with perceived higher returns. This process may lead to a cash outflow from our insurance subsidiaries. Such cash outflows may require them to sell their investment assets at a time when the prices of those assets are lower because of the increase in market interest rates, which may result in investment losses.
Risks relating to government regulation and policy
Strengthening of consumer protection laws applicable to financial institutions could adversely affect our operations.
As a financial service provider, we are subject to a variety of regulations in Korea that are designed to protect financial consumers. In recent years, in light of heightened public concern regarding privacy issues, the Korean government has placed greater emphasis on the protection of personal information by financial institutions and has implemented a number of measures to enhance consumer protection, including considerable restrictions on the transfer or provision of personal information by financial institutions to their affiliates or holding company. Under the Personal Information Protection Act, financial institutions, as personal information managers, may not collect, store, maintain, utilize or provide resident registration numbers of their customers, unless other laws or regulations specifically require or permit the management of resident registration numbers. In addition, under the Use and Protection of Credit Information Act, a financial institution has a higher duty to protect all information that it collects from its customers and is required to treat such information as credit
 
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information. There are considerable restrictions on the transfer or provision of the information by financial institutions to their affiliates or holding company. Treble damages may be imposed on a financial institution for leakage of such information. Furthermore, under the Electronic Financial Transaction Act, a financial institution is primarily responsible for compensating its customers harmed by a cyber security breach affecting the financial institution even if the breach is not directly attributable to the financial institution.
Under the Financial Consumer Protection Act, which was newly enacted in March 2020, we, as a financial instrument distributor, are subject to heightened investor protection measures, including stricter distribution guidelines, improved financial dispute resolution procedures, increased liability for customer losses and newly imposed penalty surcharges starting in March 2021. Following the enactment of the Financial Consumer Protection Act, financial regulators have published subordinate regulations to such Act, including the Enforcement Decree, Supervisory Regulations and Enforcement Rules to the Supervisory Regulations governing consumer protection within the financial industry.
These and other measures that may be implemented by the Korean government to strengthen consumer protection laws applicable to financial institutions may limit our operational flexibility and cause us to incur significant additional compliance costs, as well as subject us to increased potential liability to our customers, which could adversely affect our business and performance.
The Korean government may promote lending and financial support by the Korean financial industry to certain types of borrowers as a matter of policy, which financial institutions, including us, may decide to follow.
Through its policies and recommendations, the Korean government has promoted and, as a matter of policy, may continue to attempt to promote lending by the Korean financial industry to particular types of borrowers. For example, the Korean government has in the past provided and may continue to provide policy loans, which encourage lending to particular types of borrowers. It has generally done this by identifying sectors of the economy it wishes to promote and making low interest funding available to financial institutions that may voluntarily choose to lend to these sectors. All loans or credits we choose to make pursuant to such policy loans would be subject to review in accordance with our credit approval procedures. However, the availability of policy loans may influence us to lend to certain sectors or in a manner in which we otherwise would not in the absence of such loans from the government.
In the past, the Korean government has also announced policies under which financial institutions in Korea are encouraged to provide financial support to particular sectors. For example, in light of the deteriorating financial condition and liquidity position of
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises in Korea and adverse conditions in the Korean economy affecting such enterprises, the Korean government introduced measures intended to encourage Korean banks to provide financial support to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise and retail borrowers, including guidelines for Korean banks to extend loan terms and defer interest payments with respect to small- and
medium-sized
enterprises and SOHOs affected by the
COVID-19
pandemic. See “—Risks relating to our
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise loan portfolio—We have significant exposure to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises, and any financial difficulties experienced by these customers may result in a deterioration of our asset quality and have an adverse impact on us.” and “—Risks relating to our retail credit portfolio—Future changes in market conditions as well as other factors may lead to increases in delinquency levels of our retail loan portfolio.” The Korean government may in the future request financial institutions in Korea, including us, to make investments in or provide other forms of financial support to particular sectors of the Korean economy as a matter of policy, which financial institutions, including us, may decide to accept. We may incur costs or losses as a result of providing such financial support.
 
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The Financial Services Commission may impose burdensome measures on us if it deems us or one of our subsidiaries to be financially unsound.
If the Financial Services Commission deems our financial condition or the financial condition of our subsidiaries to be unsound, or if we or our subsidiaries fail to meet applicable regulatory standards, such as minimum capital adequacy and liquidity ratios, the Financial Services Commission may order or recommend, among other things:
 
  
capital increases or reductions;
 
  
stock cancellations or consolidations;
 
  
transfers of businesses;
 
  
sale of assets;
 
  
closures of subsidiaries or branch offices;
 
  
mergers with other financial institutions; and
 
  
suspensions of a part of our business operations.
If any of these measures is imposed on us by the Financial Services Commission, they could hurt our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, if the Financial Services Commission orders us to partially or completely reduce our capital, you may lose part or all of your investment.
Risks relating to Korea
Escalations in tensions with North Korea could have an adverse effect on us and the market value of our ADSs.
Relations between Korea and North Korea have been tense throughout Korea’s modern history. The level of tension between the two Koreas has fluctuated and may increase abruptly as a result of current and future events. In particular, there have been heightened security concerns in recent years stemming from North Korea’s nuclear weapon and ballistic missile programs as well as its hostile military actions against Korea. Some of the significant incidents in recent years include the following:
 
  
North Korea renounced its obligations under the Nuclear
Non-Proliferation
Treaty in January 2003 and conducted six rounds of nuclear tests since October 2006, including claimed detonations of hydrogen bombs, which are more powerful than plutonium bombs, and warheads that can be mounted on ballistic missiles. Over the years, North Korea has also conducted a series of ballistic missile tests, including missiles launched from submarines and intercontinental ballistic missiles that it claims can reach the United States mainland. In response, the Korean government has repeatedly condemned the provocations and flagrant violations of relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions. In February 2016, the government also closed the inter-Korea Gaesong Industrial Complex in response to North Korea’s fourth nuclear test in January 2016. Internationally, the United Nations Security Council has passed a series of resolutions condemning North Korea’s actions and significantly expanding the scope of sanctions applicable to North Korea, most recently in December 2017 in response to North Korea’s intercontinental ballistic missile test in November 2017. Over the years, the United States and the European Union have also expanded their sanctions applicable to North Korea.
 
  
In March 2010, a Korean naval vessel was destroyed by an underwater explosion, killing many of the crewmen on board. The Korean government formally accused North Korea of causing the sinking, while North Korea denied responsibility. Moreover, in November 2010, North Korea fired more than one hundred artillery shells that hit Korea’s Yeonpyeong Island near the Northern Limit Line, which acts as the de facto maritime boundary between Korea and North Korea on the west coast of the Korean peninsula, causing casualties and significant property damage. The Korean government condemned North Korea for the attack and vowed stern retaliation should there be further provocation.
 
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North Korea’s economy also faces severe challenges, which may further aggravate social and political pressures within North Korea. Although bilateral summit meetings were held between Korea and North Korea in April, May and September 2018 and between North Korea and the United States in June 2018, February 2019 and June 2019, there can be no assurance that the level of tensions affecting the Korean peninsula will not escalate in the future. Any increase in tensions, which may occur, for example, if North Korea experiences a leadership crisis,
high-level
contacts between Korea and North Korea or between the United States and North Korea break down or military hostilities occur, could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and on our business, financial condition and results of operations and the market value of our common stock and American depositary shares, or ADSs.
Unfavorable financial and economic developments in Korea may have an adverse effect on us.
We are incorporated in Korea, and substantially all of our operations are located in Korea. As a result, we are subject to political, economic, legal and regulatory risks specific to Korea, and our performance and successful fulfillment of our operational strategies are dependent to a large extent on the overall Korean economy. The economic indicators in Korea in recent years have shown mixed signs of deterioration and recovery. Following a period of deterioration due to the debilitating effects of the
COVID-19
pandemic on the Korean economy as well as on the economies of Korea’s major trading partners in 2020, the overall Korean economy has shown some signs of recovery in 2021. However, there can be no assurance that such recovery will continue in the future. See “Other risks relating to our business—The ongoing global pandemic of
COVID-19
and any possible recurrence of other types of widespread infectious diseases may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.” As a result, future growth of the Korean economy is subject to many factors beyond our control, including developments in the global economy.
In recent years, adverse conditions and volatility in the worldwide financial markets, fluctuations in oil and commodity prices and the increasing weakness of the global economy have contributed to the uncertainty of global economic prospects in general and have adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, the Korean economy. See “Other risks relating to our business—Unfavorable changes in the global financial markets could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.” The value of the Won relative to major foreign currencies has also fluctuated significantly and, as a result of deteriorating global and Korean economic conditions, there recently has been significant volatility in the stock prices of Korean companies. Further declines in the Korea Composite Stock Price Index, or the KOSPI, and large amounts of sales of Korean securities by foreign investors and subsequent repatriation of the proceeds of such sales may adversely affect the value of the Won, the foreign currency reserves held by financial institutions in Korea, and the ability of Korean companies to raise capital. Any future deterioration of the Korean or global economy could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Developments that could have an adverse impact on Korea’s economy include:
 
  
declines in consumer confidence and a slowdown in consumer spending in the Korean or global economy;
 
  
the occurrence of severe health pandemics, such as the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic, or other severe health epidemics in Korea or other parts of the world, such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in Korea in 2015;
 
  
deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between Korea and its trading partners or allies, including deterioration resulting from territorial or trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy, in particular the ongoing trade disputes with Japan;
 
  
adverse conditions or developments in the economies of countries and regions that are important export markets for Korea, such as the United States, Europe, Japan and China, or in emerging market economies in Asia or elsewhere, including as a result of deteriorating economic and trade relations
 
26

 
between the United States and China and increased uncertainties resulting from the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union;
 
  
adverse changes or volatility in foreign currency reserve levels, commodity prices (including oil prices), exchange rates (including fluctuation of the U.S. dollar, Euro or Japanese Yen exchange rates or revaluation of the Chinese Renminbi), interest rates, inflation rates or stock markets;
 
  
increased sovereign default risks in select countries and the resulting adverse effects on the global financial markets;
 
  
a continuing rise in the level of household debt and increasing delinquencies and credit defaults by retail and small- and
medium-sized
enterprise borrowers in Korea;
 
  
a deterioration in the financial condition or performance of small- and
medium-sized
enterprises and other companies in Korea due to the Korean government’s policies to increase minimum wages and limit working hours of employees;
 
  
investigations of large Korean business groups and their senior management for possible misconduct;
 
  
social and labor unrest;
 
  
substantial decreases in the market prices of Korean real estate;
 
  
a decrease in tax revenues or a substantial increase in the Korean government’s expenditures for fiscal stimulus measures, unemployment compensation and other economic and social programs, particularly in light of the Korean government’s ongoing efforts to provide emergency relief payments to households and emergency loans to corporations in need of funding due to the
COVID-19
pandemic, which, together, may lead to an increased government budget deficit;
 
  
financial problems or lack of progress in the restructuring of
chaebols
, other large troubled companies, their suppliers or the financial sector;
 
  
loss of investor confidence arising from corporate accounting irregularities or corporate governance issues at certain
chaebols
;
 
  
increases in social expenditures to support an aging population in Korea or decreases in economic productivity due to the declining population size in Korea;
 
  
the economic impact of any pending or future free trade agreements or of any changes to existing free trade agreements;
 
  
geo-political
uncertainty and the risk of further attacks by terrorist groups around the world;
 
  
natural or
man-made
disasters that have a significant adverse economic or other impact on Korea or its major trading partners;
 
  
political uncertainty or increasing strife among or within political parties in Korea;
 
  
hostilities or political or social tensions involving
oil-producing
countries in the Middle East (including a potential escalation of hostilities between the United States and Iran) and Northern Africa and any material disruption in the supply of oil or sudden increase in the price of oil;
 
  
increased reliance on exports to service foreign currency borrowings, which could cause friction with Korea’s trading partners;
 
  
an increase in the level of tensions or an outbreak of hostilities between North Korea and Korea or the United States; and
 
  
changes in financial regulations in Korea.
Labor unrest in Korea may adversely affect our operations.
Economic difficulties in Korea or increases in corporate reorganizations and bankruptcies could result in layoffs and higher unemployment. Such developments could lead to social unrest and substantially increase
 
27

government expenditures for unemployment compensation and other costs for social programs. According to statistics from the Korea National Statistical Office, the unemployment rate increased from 3.8% 2019 to 4.0% in 2020 but decreased to 3.7% in 2021. Increases in unemployment and any resulting labor unrest in the future could adversely affect our operations, as well as the operations of many of our customers and their ability to repay their loans, and could adversely affect the financial condition of Korean companies in general, depressing the price of their securities. These developments would likely have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Risks relating to our common stock and ADSs
We or our major stockholders may sell shares of our common stock or ADSs in the future, and these and other sales may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and ADSs and may dilute your investment and relative ownership in us.
We have no current plans for any public offerings of our common stock, ADSs or securities exchangeable for or convertible into such securities. However, it is possible that we may decide to offer or sell such securities in the future. In addition, our major stockholder, the Korean National Pension Service, held approximately 9.05% of our total issued common stock as of December 31, 2021, which it may sell at any time.
Any future offerings or sales by us of our common stock or ADSs or securities exchangeable for or convertible into such securities, significant sales of our common stock by a major stockholder, or the public perception that an offering or sales may occur, could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock and ADSs. Furthermore, any offerings by us in the future of any such securities could have a dilutive impact on your investment and relative ownership interest in us.
Ownership of our common stock is restricted under Korean law.
Under the Financial Holding Company Act, a single stockholder, together with its affiliates, is generally prohibited from owning more than 10.0% of the issued and outstanding shares of voting stock of a bank holding company such as us that controls a nationwide bank, with the exception of certain stockholders that are
non-financial
business group companies, whose applicable limit has been reduced from 9.0% to 4.0% pursuant to an amendment of the Financial Holding Company Act which became effective from February 14, 2014. To the extent that the total number of shares of our common stock (including those represented by ADSs) that a holder and its affiliates own exceeds the applicable limits, that holder will not be entitled to exercise the voting rights for the excess shares, and the Financial Services Commission may order that holder to dispose of the excess shares within a period of up to six months. Failure to comply with such an order would result in an administrative fine of up to 0.03% of the book value of such shares per day until the date of disposal.
Non-financial
business group companies can no longer acquire more than 4.0% of the issued and outstanding shares of voting stock of a bank holding company pursuant to the amended Financial Holding Company Act, which grants an exception for
non-financial
business group companies which, at the time of the enactment of the amended provisions, held more than 4.0% of the shares thereof with the approval of the Financial Services Commission before the amendment. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Restrictions on Ownership of a Financial Holding Company.”
A holder of our ADSs may not be able to exercise dissent and appraisal rights unless it has withdrawn the underlying shares of our common stock and become our direct stockholder.
In some limited circumstances, including the transfer of the whole or any significant part of our business and the merger or consolidation of us with another company, dissenting stockholders have the right to require us to purchase their shares under Korean law. However, holders of our ADSs will not be able to exercise such dissent and appraisal rights if the depositary refuses to do so on their behalf. Our deposit agreement does not require the depositary to take any action in respect of exercising dissent and appraisal rights. In such a situation, holders of our ADSs must withdraw the underlying common stock from the ADS facility (and incur charges
 
28

relating to that withdrawal) and become our direct stockholder prior to the record date of the stockholders’ meeting at which the relevant transaction is to be approved, in order to exercise dissent and appraisal rights.
A holder of our ADSs may be limited in its ability to deposit or withdraw common stock.
Under the terms of our deposit agreement, holders of common stock may deposit such stock with the depositary’s custodian in Korea and obtain ADSs, and holders of ADSs may surrender ADSs to the depositary and receive common stock. However, to the extent that a deposit of common stock exceeds the difference between:
 
 (1)
the aggregate number of common shares we have deposited or we have consented to allow to be deposited for the issuance of ADSs (including deposits in connection with offerings of ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions relating to ADSs); and
 
 (2)
the number of shares of common stock on deposit with the custodian for the benefit of the depositary at the time of such proposed deposit,
such common stock will not be accepted for deposit unless:
 
 (A)
our consent with respect to such deposit has been obtained; or
 
 (B)
such consent is no longer required under Korean laws and regulations.
Under the terms of the deposit agreement, no consent is required if the shares of common stock are obtained through a dividend, free distribution, rights offering or reclassification of such stock. We have consented, under the terms of the deposit agreement, to any deposit to the extent that, after the deposit, the number of deposited shares does not exceed such number of shares as we determine from time to time (which number shall at no time be less than 100,000,000 shares), unless the deposit would be prohibited by applicable laws or ownership restrictions or violate our articles of incorporation. We might not consent to the deposit of any additional common stock. As a result, if a holder surrenders ADSs and withdraws common stock, it may not be able to deposit the stock again to obtain ADSs.
A holder of our ADSs will not have preemptive rights in some circumstances.
The Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation require us, with some exceptions, to offer stockholders the right to subscribe for new shares of our common stock in proportion to their existing shareholding ratio whenever new shares are issued. If we offer any rights to subscribe for additional shares of our common stock or any rights of any other nature, to the extent practicable, the depositary may make the rights available to holders of our ADSs or dispose of the rights on behalf of such holders and make the net proceeds available to such holders. The depositary, however, is not required to make available to holders any rights to purchase any additional shares of our common stock unless it timely receives evidence satisfactory to it from us that it may lawfully do so and:
 
  
a registration statement filed by us under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, is in effect with respect to those shares; or
 
  
the offering and sale of those shares is exempt from or is not subject to the registration requirements of the Securities Act.
Similarly, holders of our common stock located in the United States may not exercise any such rights they receive absent registration or an exemption from the registration requirements under the Securities Act.
We are under no obligation to file any registration statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, a holder of our ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in its holdings. If a registration statement is required for a holder of our ADSs to exercise preemptive rights but is not filed by us or is not
 
29

declared effective, the holder will not be able to exercise its preemptive rights for additional ADSs and it will suffer dilution of its equity interest in us. If the depositary is unable to sell rights that are not exercised or not distributed or if the sale is not lawful or practicable, it will allow the rights to lapse, in which case the holder will receive no value for these rights.
Dividend payments and the amount a holder of our ADSs may realize upon a sale of its ADSs will be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Won.
Our common stock is listed on the KRX KOSPI Market of the Korea Exchange and quoted and traded in Won. Cash dividends, if any, in respect of the shares represented by the ADSs will be paid to the depositary in Won and then converted by the depositary into U.S. dollars, subject to certain conditions. Accordingly, fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Won and the U.S. dollar will affect, among other things, the amounts a holder of our ADSs will receive from the depositary in respect of dividends, the U.S. dollar value of the proceeds that it would receive upon sale in Korea of the shares of our common stock obtained upon surrender of ADSs and the secondary market price of ADSs. Such fluctuations will also affect the U.S. dollar value of dividends and sales proceeds received by holders of our common stock.
The market value of an investment in our ADSs may fluctuate due to the volatility of the Korean securities market.
Our common stock is listed on the KRX KOSPI Market, which has a smaller market capitalization and is more volatile than the securities markets in the United States and many European countries. The market value of ADSs may fluctuate in response to the fluctuation of the trading price of shares of our common stock on the KRX KOSPI Market. The KRX KOSPI Market has experienced substantial fluctuations in the prices and volumes of sales of listed securities and the KRX KOSPI Market has prescribed a fixed range in which share prices are permitted to move on a daily basis. The KOSPI was 2,657.1 on April 25, 2022.
There is no guarantee that the stock prices of Korean companies will not decline again in the future. Like other securities markets, including those in developed markets, the Korean securities market has experienced problems including market manipulation, insider trading and settlement failures. The recurrence of these or similar problems could have a material adverse effect on the market price and liquidity of the securities of Korean companies, including our common stock and ADSs, in both the domestic and the international markets.
The Korean government has the potential ability to exert substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector business community, and in the past has exerted that influence from time to time. For example, the Korean government has promoted mergers to reduce what it considers excess capacity in a particular industry and has also encouraged private companies to publicly offer their securities. Similar actions in the future could have the effect of depressing or boosting the Korean securities market, whether or not intended to do so. Accordingly, actions by the government, or the perception that such actions are taking place, may take place or has ceased, may cause sudden movements in the market prices of the securities of Korean companies in the future, which may affect the market price and liquidity of our common stock and ADSs.
If the Korean government deems that emergency circumstances are likely to occur, it may restrict holders of our ADSs and the depositary from converting and remitting dividends and other amounts in U.S. dollars.
If the Korean government deems that certain emergency circumstances, including, but not limited to, severe and sudden changes in domestic or overseas economic circumstances, extreme difficulty in stabilizing the balance of payments or implementing currency exchange rate and other macroeconomic policies, have occurred or are likely to occur, it may impose certain restrictions provided for under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act, including the suspension of payments or requiring prior approval from governmental authorities for any transaction. See “Item 10.D. Exchange Controls—General.”
 
30

A holder of our ADSs may not be able to enforce a judgment of a foreign court against us.
We are a corporation with limited liability organized under the laws of Korea. Substantially all of our directors and officers and other persons named in this document reside in Korea, and all or a significant portion of the assets of our directors and officers and other persons named in this document and substantially all of our assets are located in Korea. As a result, it may not be possible for holders of our ADSs to effect service of process within the United States, or to enforce against them or us in the United States judgments obtained in United States courts based on the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States. There is doubt as to the enforceability in Korea, either in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of United States courts, of civil liabilities predicated on the United States federal securities laws.
 
Item 4.
INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
For certain of the information required by subpart 1400 of Regulation
S-K
not included in this Item 4, see “Item 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information.”
 
Item 4.A.
History and Development of the Company
Overview
We were established as a new financial holding company on September 29, 2008 pursuant to a “comprehensive stock transfer” under Korean law, whereby holders of the common stock of Kookmin Bank and certain of its subsidiaries transferred all of their shares to us in return for shares of our common stock. We were established pursuant to the Financial Holding Company Act, which was enacted in October 2000 and which, together with associated regulations and a related Enforcement Decree, has enabled banks and other financial institutions, including insurance companies, investment trust companies, credit card companies and securities companies, to be organized and managed under the auspices of a single financial holding company.
Our legal and commercial name is KB Financial Group Inc. Our registered office and principal executive offices are located at 26,
Gukjegeumyung-ro
8-gil,
Yeongdeungpo-gu,
Seoul 07331, Korea. Our telephone number is
+82-2-2073-7114.
Our agent in the United States, Kookmin Bank, New York Branch, is located at 565 Fifth Avenue, 24th Floor, New York, NY 10017. Its telephone number is (212)
697-6100.
The address of our English website is
https://www.kbfg.com/Eng/index.jsp
.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission maintains a website (http://www.sec.gov), which contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
History of the Former Kookmin Bank
The former Kookmin Bank was established by the Korean government in 1963 under its original name of Citizens National Bank under the Citizens National Bank Act of Korea with majority government ownership. Under this Act, we were limited to providing banking services to the general public and to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises. In September 1994, we completed our initial public offering in Korea and listed our shares on the KRX KOSPI Market.
In January 1995, the Citizens National Bank Act of Korea was repealed and replaced by the Repeal Act of the Citizens National Bank Act. Our status was changed from a specialized bank to a nationwide commercial bank and in February 1995, we changed our name to Kookmin Bank. The Repeal Act allowed us to engage in lending to large businesses.
History of H&CB
H&CB was established by the Korean government in 1967 under the name Korea Housing Finance Corporation. In 1969, Korea Housing Finance Corporation became the Korea Housing Bank pursuant to the
 
31

Korea Housing Bank Act. H&CB was originally established to provide low and middle income households with
long-term,
low-interest
mortgages in order to help them purchase their own homes, and to promote the increase of housing supply in Korea by providing
low-interest
housing loans to construction companies. Until 1997 when the Korea Housing Bank Act was repealed, H&CB was the only entity in Korea allowed to provide mortgage loans with a term of longer than ten years. H&CB also had the exclusive ability to offer
housing-related
deposit accounts offering preferential rights to subscribe for
newly-built
apartments.
Merger of the Former Kookmin Bank and H&CB
Effective November 1, 2001, the former Kookmin Bank and H&CB merged into a new entity named Kookmin Bank. This merger resulted in Kookmin Bank becoming the largest commercial bank in Korea. Kookmin Bank’s ADSs were listed on the New York Stock Exchange on November 1, 2001 and its common shares were listed on the KRX KOSPI Market on November 9, 2001.
Establishment of KB Financial Group
We were established on September 29, 2008 pursuant to a “comprehensive stock transfer” under
Article 360-15
of the Korean Commercial Code, whereby holders of the common stock of Kookmin Bank and certain of its subsidiaries transferred all of their shares to us, a new financial holding company, and in return received shares of our common stock. In the stock transfer, each holder of one share of Kookmin Bank common stock received one share of our common stock, par value ₩5,000 per share. Holders of Kookmin Bank ADSs and global depositary shares, each of which represented one share of Kookmin Bank common stock, received one of our ADSs for every ADS or global depositary share they owned. In addition, holders of the common stock of KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd., KB Asset Management Co., Ltd., KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd., KB Investment Co., Ltd., KB Futures Co., Ltd., KB Credit Information Co., Ltd., and KB Data Systems Co., Ltd., all of which were Kookmin Bank’s subsidiaries, transferred all of their shares to us and, as consideration for such transferred shares, received shares of our common stock in accordance with the specified stock transfer ratio applicable to each such subsidiary. Following the completion of the stock transfer, Kookmin Bank, KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd., KB Asset Management Co., Ltd., KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd., KB Investment Co., Ltd., KB Futures Co., Ltd., KB Credit Information Co., Ltd., and KB Data Systems Co., Ltd. became our
wholly-owned
subsidiaries.
The purpose of the stock transfer and our establishment as a financial holding company was to reorganize the different businesses of Kookmin Bank and its subsidiaries under a holding company structure, the adoption of which we believed would:
 
  
assist us in creating an integrated system that facilitates the sharing of customer information and the development of integrated products and services by the different businesses within our subsidiaries;
 
  
assist us in expanding our business scope to include new types of business with higher profit margins;
 
  
enhance our ability to pursue strategic investments or reorganizations by way of mergers, acquisitions,
spin-offs
or other means;
 
  
maximize our management efficiency; and
 
  
further enhance our capacity to expand our overseas operations.
Following the stock transfer, our common stock was listed on the KRX KOSPI Market on October 10, 2008 and our ADSs were listed on the New York Stock Exchange on September 29, 2008.
 
32

Item 4.B.
Business Overview
Business
We are one of the largest financial holding companies in Korea, in terms of consolidated total assets, and our operations include Kookmin Bank, one of the leading commercial banks in Korea. Our subsidiaries collectively engage in a broad range of businesses, including commercial banking, credit cards, asset management,
non-life
and life insurance, capital markets activities and international banking and finance. As of December 31, 2021, we had consolidated total assets of ₩664 trillion, consolidated total deposits of ₩372 trillion and consolidated total equity of ₩48 trillion.
As part of our commercial banking activities, we provide credit and related financial services to individuals and
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises and, to a lesser extent, to large corporate customers. We also provide a full range of deposit products and related services to both individuals and enterprises of all sizes. We provide these services predominantly through Kookmin Bank.
By their nature, our core consumer and
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise operations place a high premium on customer access and convenience. Our combined banking network of 914 branches as of December 31, 2021, one of the most extensive in Korea, provides a solid foundation for our business and is a major source of our competitive strength. This network provides us with a large, stable and cost effective funding source, enables us to provide our customers convenient access and gives us the ability to provide the customer attention and service essential to conducting our business, particularly in an increasingly competitive environment. Our branch network is further enhanced by automated banking machines and
fixed-line,
smartphone and Internet banking. As of December 31, 2021, we had a customer base of approximately 36.3 million retail customers, which represented over
one-half
of the Korean population.
The following table sets forth the principal components of our lending business as of the dates indicated. As of December 31, 2021, retail loans and credit card loans and receivables accounted for 50.4% of our total loan portfolio:
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2020
  
2021
 
   
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
 
Retail
       
Mortgage and home equity
(1)
  114,144    30.0 120,418    28.6
Other consumer
(2)
   68,293    18.0   71,223    16.9 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total retail
   182,437    48.0   191,641    45.5 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Credit card
   18,737    4.9   20,768    4.9 
Corporate
   160,114    42.1   183,522    43.5 
Foreign
   19,162    5.0   25,654    6.1 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total loans
  380,450    100.0 421,585    100.0
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
Includes ₩5,225 billion and ₩7,644 billion of overdraft loans secured by real estate in connection with home equity loans as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
(2)
Includes ₩9,877 billion and ₩10,956 billion of overdraft loans as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
We provide a full range of personal lending products and retail banking services to individual customers, including mortgage loans. We are the largest private sector mortgage lender in Korea.
Lending to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises is the single largest component of our
non-retail
credit portfolio and represents a widely diversified exposure to a broad spectrum of the Korean corporate community, both by type of lending and type of customer, with one of the categories being collateralized loans to SOHO
 
33

customers that are among the smallest of the
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises.
The volume of our loans to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises requires a
customer-oriented
approach that is facilitated by our large and geographically diverse branch network.
With respect to large corporate customers, we continue to seek to maintain and expand quality relationships by providing them with an increasing range of
fee-related
services.
Strategy
Our strategic focus is to become a
world-class
financial group that ranks among the leaders of the financial industry in Asia and globally. We plan to continue to solidify our market position as Korea’s leading financial group, enhance our ability to provide comprehensive financial services to our retail and corporate customers and strengthen our overseas operating platform and network. In addition, we continually strive to achieve our goal of creating “a happier life and a better world” through a customer-centric management philosophy. We believe our strong market position in the commercial banking area in Korea is an important competitive advantage, which will enable us to compete more effectively based on convenient delivery, product breadth and differentiation, and service quality while focusing on our profitability.
The key elements of our strategy are as follows:
Providing comprehensive financial services and maximizing synergies among our subsidiaries through our financial holding company structure
We believe the Korean financial services market has been undergoing and will continue to undergo significant change, resulting from, among other things, fluctuations in the Korean and global economy and the evolving social landscape in Korea, including the acceleration of population aging in Korea, the prevalence of smartphone usage, developments in digital and mobile technologies and the ensuing trend toward
high-tech
“smart banking” in the banking sector. In the context of such changes, we plan to become a comprehensive financial services provider capable of offering a full range of products and services to our large existing base of retail and corporate customers, as well as a global firm that can effectively compete with leading international financial institutions. To that end, we are continuing to implement specific initiatives including the enhancement of our
group-wide
integrated customer relationship management system to facilitate the sharing of customer information in accordance with applicable laws and the integration of various customer loyalty programs among our subsidiaries.
We believe our financial holding company structure gives us a competitive advantage over commercial banks and unaffiliated financial services providers by:
 
  
allowing us to offer a more extensive range of financial products and services;
 
  
enabling us to share customer information, which is not permitted outside a financial holding company structure, thereby enhancing our risk management capabilities;
 
  
enhancing our ability to reduce costs in areas such as
back-office
processing and procurement; and
 
  
enabling us to raise and manage capital on a centralized basis.
Identifying, targeting and marketing to attractive customer segments and providing superior customer value and service to such segments
In recent years, rather than focusing on developing products and services to satisfy the overall needs of the general population, we have increasingly targeted specific market segments in Korea that we expect to generate superior growth and profitability. We will continue to implement a targeted marketing approach that seeks to identify the most attractive customer segments and to develop strategies to build market share in those segments.
 
34

In particular, we intend to increase our “wallet share” of superior existing customers by using our advanced customer relationship management technology to better identify and meet the needs of our most creditworthy and high net worth customers, on whom we intend to concentrate our marketing efforts. For example, as part of this strategy, we operate a “priority customer” program called KB Star Club through six of our subsidiaries, Kookmin Bank, KB Securities, KB Insurance, KB Kookmin Card, Prudential Life Insurance and KB Life Insurance. We select and classify KB Star Club customers based on their transaction history with the six entities and provide such customers with preferential treatment in various areas, including interest rates and transaction fees, depending upon how they are classified. We also provide private banking services, including wealth management services through our exclusive brand “Gold & Wise,” to increase our share of the priority customer market and in turn increase our profitability and strengthen our position in retail banking.
We are also focusing on attracting and retaining creditworthy customers by offering more differentiated
fee-based
products and services that are tailored to meet their specific needs. The development and marketing of our products and services are, in part, driven by customer segmentation to ensure that we meet the needs of each customer segment. For instance, we continue to develop hybrid financial products with enhanced features, including various deposit products and investment products, for which consumer demand has increased in recent years.
We are also focusing on addressing the needs of our customers by providing the
highest-quality
products and services and developing an
open-architecture
strategy, which allows us to sell such products through one of the largest branch networks in Korea. In short, we aim to offer our customers a convenient
one-stop
financial services destination where they can meet their traditional retail and corporate banking requirements, as well as find a broad array of
fee-based
products and services tailored to address more specific financial needs, including in investment banking, securities brokerage, insurance and wealth management. We believe such differentiated, comprehensive services and
cross-selling
will not only enhance customer loyalty but also increase profitability.
One of our key
customer-related
strategies continues to be creating greater value and better service for our customers. We intend to continue improving our customer service, including through:
 
  
Improved customer relationship management technology
. Management has devoted substantial resources toward development of our customer relationship management system, which is designed to provide our employees with the information needed to continually improve the level of service and incentives offered to our preferred customers. Our integrated customer relationship system allows for better customer management and streamlines our customer reward system. We have also developed
state-of-the-art
call centers, smartphone applications and online Internet capabilities to provide shorter response times to customers seeking information or to execute transactions. Our goals are to continually focus on improving customer service to satisfy our customers’ needs through continuing efforts to deliver new and improved services and to upgrade our customer relationship management system to provide the best possible service to our customers in the future.
 
  
Enhanced distribution channels
. We also believe we can improve customer retention and usage rates by increasing the range of products and services we offer and by developing a differentiated,
multi-channel
distribution network, including branches, ATMs, call centers, smartphone banking and Internet banking. We believe that our leading market position in the commercial banking area in Korea gives us a competitive advantage in developing and enhancing our distribution capabilities.
Focusing on expanding and improving credit quality in our corporate lending business and increasing market share in the corporate financial services market
We plan to focus on corporate lending as one of our core businesses through attracting
top-tier
corporate customers and providing customized and distinctive products and services to build our position as a leading service provider in the Korean corporate financial market. To increase our market share in providing financial services to the corporate market, we intend to:
 
  
promote a more balanced and strengthened portfolio with respect to our corporate business by developing our large corporate customer base and utilizing our improved credit management operations to better evaluate new large corporate and
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise customers;
 
35

  
develop and sell more varied corporate financial products, consisting of transactional banking products which provide higher margin and less risk;
 
  
generate more fee income from large corporate customers through
business-to-business
transactions, foreign exchange transactions and derivative and other investment products, as well as investment banking services;
 
  
strengthen our marketing system based on our accumulated expertise in order to attract
top-tier
corporate customers;
 
  
focus on enhancing our channel network in order to provide the best service by strengthening our corporate customer management; and
 
  
further develop and train our core professionals with respect to this market, including through programs such as the “Career Development Path.”
Strengthening internal risk management capabilities
We believe that ensuring strong asset quality through effective credit risk management is critical to maintaining stable growth and profitability and risk management will continue to be one of our key focus areas. One of our highest priorities is to improve our asset quality and more effectively price our lending products to take into account inherent credit risk in our portfolio. Our goal is to maintain the soundness of our credit portfolio, profitability and capital base. To this end, we intend to continue to strengthen our internal risk management capabilities by tightening our underwriting and management policies and improving our internal compliance policies. To accomplish this objective, we have undertaken the following initiatives:
 
  
Strengthening underwriting procedures with advanced credit scoring techniques.
We have centralized our credit management operations into our Credit Management and Analysis Group. Through such centralization, we aim to enhance our credit management expertise and improve our system of
checks-and-balances
with respect to our credit portfolio. We have also improved our ability to evaluate the credit of our
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise customers through assigning experienced credit officers to our regional credit offices. We also require the same officer to evaluate, review and monitor the outstanding loans and other credits with respect to a customer, which we believe enhances the expertise and improves the efficiency and accountability of such officer, while enabling us to maintain a consistent credit policy. We have also, as a general matter, implemented enhanced credit analysis and scoring techniques, which we believe will enable us to make
better-informed
decisions about the credit we extend and improve our ability to respond more quickly to incipient credit problems. We are also focusing on enhancing our asset quality through improvement of our early monitoring systems and collection procedures.
 
  
Improving our internal compliance policy and ensuring strict application in our daily operations.
We have improved our monitoring capabilities with respect to our internal compliance by providing training and educational programs to our management and employees. We have also implemented strict compliance policies to maintain the integrity of our risk management system.
Cultivating a
performance-based,
customer-oriented
culture that emphasizes market best practices
We believe a strong and dedicated workforce is critical to our ability to offer our customers the highest quality financial services and is integral to our goal of maintaining our position as one of Korea’s leading financial services providers. In the past, we have dedicated significant resources to develop and train our core professionals, and we intend to continue to enhance the productivity of our employees, including by regularly sponsoring
in-house
training and educational programs. We have also been seeking to cultivate a
performance-based
culture to create a work environment where members of our staff are incentivized to maximize their potential and in which our employees are directly rewarded for superior performance. We intend to maintain a professional workforce whose high quality of customer service reflects our goal to achieve and maintain global best practice standards in all areas of operations.
 
36

Retail Banking
Due to Kookmin Bank’s history and development as a retail bank and the
know-how
and expertise we have acquired from our activities in that market, retail banking has been and will continue to remain one of our core businesses. Our retail banking activities consist primarily of lending and
deposit-taking.
Lending Activities
We offer various loan products that target different segments of the population, with features tailored to each segment’s financial profile and other characteristics. The following table sets forth the balances and the percentage of our total retail lending represented by the categories of our retail loans as of the dates indicated:
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2020
  
2021
 
   
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
 
Retail:
       
Mortgage and home equity loans
  114,144    62.6 120,418    62.8
Other consumer loans
(1)
   68,293    37.4   71,223    37.2 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  182,437    100.0 191,641    100.0
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
Excludes credit card loans, but includes overdraft loans.
Our retail loans consist of:
 
  
Mortgage loans
, which are loans made to customers to finance home purchases, construction, improvements or rentals; and
home equity loans
, which are loans made to our customers secured by their homes to ensure loan repayment. We also provide overdraft loans in connection with our home equity loans.
 
  
Other consumer loans
, which are loans made to customers for any purpose (other than mortgage and home equity loans). These include overdraft loans, which are loans extended to customers to cover insufficient funds when they withdraw funds from their demand deposit accounts with us in excess of the amount in such accounts up to a limit established by us.
For secured loans, including mortgage and home equity loans, our policy is to lend up to 100% of the adjusted collateral value (except in areas of high speculation designated by the government where we generally limit our lending to between 10% and 60% of the appraised value of collateral) minus the value of any lien or other security interests that are prior to our security interest. In calculating the adjusted collateral value for real estate, we use the appraisal value of the collateral multiplied by a factor, generally between 40% to 88% (10% to 70% in the case of mortgage and home equity loans). This factor varies depending upon the location and use of the real estate and is established in part by taking into account
court-supervised
auction prices for nearby properties.
A borrower’s eligibility for our mortgage loans depends on the value of the mortgage property, the appropriateness of the use of proceeds and the borrower’s creditworthiness. A borrower’s eligibility for home equity loans is determined by the borrower’s credit and the value of the property, while the borrower’s eligibility for other consumer loans is primarily determined by the borrower’s credit. If the borrower’s credit deteriorates, it may be difficult for us to recover the loan. As a result, we review the borrower’s creditworthiness, collateral value, credit scoring and third party guarantees when evaluating a borrower. In addition, to reduce the interest rate of a loan or to qualify for a loan, a borrower may provide collateral, deposits or guarantees from third parties.
 
37

Mortgage and Home Equity Lending
The housing finance market in Korea is divided into public sector and private sector lending. In the public sector, two government entities, the National Housing and Urban Fund and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, are responsible for most of the mortgage lending.
Private sector mortgage and home equity lending in Korea has expanded substantially in recent years. We provide customers with a number of mortgage and home equity loan products that have flexible features, including terms, repayment schedules, amounts and eligibility for loans, and we offer interest rates on a commercial basis. The maximum term of mortgage loans is 35 years and the majority of our mortgage loans have
long-term
maturities, which may be renewed.
Non-amortizing
home equity loans have a maturity of one to five years and home equity loans subject to amortization of principal may have a maximum term of up to 35 years. As of December 31, 2021, we had ₩26,198 billion of amortizing home equity loans, representing 95.2% of our total home equity loans, and ₩1,327 billion of
non-amortizing
home equity loans, representing 4.8% of our total home equity loans. Any customer is eligible for a mortgage or an individual home equity loan regardless of whether it participates in one of our housing related savings programs and so long as that customer is not barred by regulation from obtaining a loan because of bad credit history. However, customers with whom we frequently transact business and provide us with significant revenue receive preferential interest rates on loans.
As of December 31, 2021, 51.6% of our mortgage loans were secured by residential property which is the subject of the loan, 25.0% of our mortgage loans were guaranteed by the Housing Finance Credit Guarantee Fund, a government
housing-related
entity, and the remaining 23.4% of our mortgage loans, contrary to general practices in the United States, were unsecured (although the use of proceeds from these loans is restricted to financing of home purchases and some of these loans are guaranteed by a third party). One reason that a relatively high percentage of our mortgage loans are unsecured is that we, along with other Korean banks, provide advance loans to borrowers for the down payment of new housing (particularly apartments) that is in the process of being built. Once construction is completed, which may take several years, these mortgage loans become secured by the new housing purchased by these borrowers. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the average initial
loan-to-value
ratio of our mortgage loans, which is a measure of the amount of loan exposure to the appraised value of the security collateralizing the loan, was approximately 38.0%. There are three reasons that our
loan-to-value
ratio is relatively lower (as is the case with other Korean banks) compared to similar ratios in other countries, such as the United States. The first reason is that housing prices are high in Korea relative to average income, so most people cannot afford to borrow an amount equal to the entire value of their collateral and make interest payments on such an amount. The second reason relates to the “
jeonsae
” system, through which people provide a key money deposit while residing in the property prior to its purchase. At the time of purchase, most people use the key money deposit as part of their payment and borrow the remaining amount from Korean banks, which results in a loan that will be for an amount smaller than the appraised value of the property for collateral and assessment purposes. The third reason is that Korean banks discount the appraised value of the borrower’s property for collateral and assessment purposes so that a portion of the appraised value is reserved in order to provide recourse to a renter who lives at the borrower’s property. This is in the event that the borrower’s property is seized by a creditor, and the renter is no longer able to reside at that property. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Other risks relating to our business—A decline in the value of the collateral securing our loans and our inability to realize full collateral value may adversely affect our credit portfolio.”
 
38

The following table sets forth our unsecured and secured mortgage loans and home equity loans as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, based on their loan classification categories under IFRS and our internal credit ratings for loans (which are described in Note 4.2.4 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements):
 
   
As of December 31, 2020
 
   
Stage 1
   
Stage 2
   
Stage 3
   
Total
 
   
Grade 1
   
Grade 2
   
Grade 3
   
Grade 4
   
Grade 5
             
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Mortgage:
                
Secured
(1)
  77,133   1,223   81   4   3   5,294   151   83,889 
Unsecured
   2,800    13                34    3    2,850 
Home Equity:
                
Secured
   24,587    717    160    11    4    1,829    91    27,399 
Unsecured
   4    2                        6 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  104,524   1,955   241   15   7   7,157   245   114,144 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
As of December 31, 2021
 
   
Stage 1
   
Stage 2
   
Stage 3
   
Total
 
   
Grade 1
   
Grade 2
   
Grade 3
   
Grade 4
   
Grade 5
             
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Mortgage:
                
Secured
(1)
  83,737   1,299   110   4   3   6,225   134   91,512 
Unsecured
   1,341    6                31    3    1,381 
Home Equity:
                
Secured
   24,868    732    166    11    1    1,671    71    27,520 
Unsecured
   4        1                    5 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  109,950   2,037   277   15   4   7,927   208   120,418 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
Includes advance loans guaranteed by the Housing Finance Credit Guarantee Fund to borrowers for the down payment of new housing that is in the process of being built.
Our home equity loan portfolio includes loans that are in a second lien position. In addition to the underwriting procedures we perform when we issue home equity loans in general, we perform additional underwriting procedures with respect to home equity loans secured by a second lien to assess and confirm the value and status of any loans secured by security interests on the collateral which would be prior to our security interest under the second lien home equity loan. Under regulations implemented by the Financial Supervisory Service, our home equity loans are subject to maximum
loan-to-value
ratios (i.e., the ratio of the aggregate principal amount of loans, including first and second lien loans, secured by a particular item of collateral to the appraised value of such collateral) of between 10% and 70%. As such, for home equity loans, we do not lend more than an amount equal to the adjusted collateral value (i.e., the collateral value as discounted by the required
loan-to-value
ratio) minus the value of any loans secured by security interests on the collateral that are prior to our security interest. Accordingly, in order to ascertain the value of loans secured by security interests on the collateral which would be prior to our security interest and to confirm the status of such loans, we perform additional underwriting procedures including a review of the relevant title and security interest registration documents and bank documents and certificates regarding such loans. In addition, for purposes of calculating
debt-to-income
ratios applicable to loans secured by certain types of housing under regulations implemented by the Financial Supervisory Service (see “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Regulations Relating to Retail Household Loans”), which we apply on a nationwide basis for our home equity loans, we perform additional adjustments in our
debt-to-income
ratio calculations with respect to second lien home equity loans to account for the value of loans secured by security interests on the collateral that are prior to our security interest.
Following the issuance of a home equity loan, we make use of the Korea Credit Information Services’ database of delinquent borrowers to generally monitor the compliance of our borrowers with their other loan obligations, including the compliance of our second lien borrowers with their first lien loans. If a borrower in
 
39

Korea is past due on payments of interest or principal for more than three months on any of its outstanding loans to Korean financial institutions (including mortgage, home equity, other consumer and credit card loans), such borrower is registered on the Korea Credit Information Services’ database of delinquent borrowers, which we monitor on a daily basis. The information disclosed by such database, which includes the outstanding loan amount which is past due, the identity of the delinquent borrower and the name of the applicable lending institution for such loan, provides an early warning about such borrower to our loan officers at the branch level, who then closely monitor our outstanding loans to such delinquent borrower and take appropriate preventive and remedial measures (including requiring such borrower to provide additional collateral) as necessary. Upon the occurrence of a default in the first lien position, we treat the second lien home equity loan as part of our potential problem loans or
non-performing
loans. More specifically, upon learning of the occurrence of a default in the first lien position, we examine our second lien home equity loan to determine whether the loan should be
re-classified
as “precautionary,” “substandard” or “doubtful” according to the asset classification guidelines of the Financial Services Commission. Assuming that such second lien home equity loan is not delinquent, if the outstanding principal amount of the relevant first lien loan is less than ₩15 million, we classify the entire amount of the second lien home equity loan as “precautionary” and closely monitor it as a loan that may potentially become problematic. If the outstanding principal amount of the relevant first lien loan is ₩15 million or more or the borrower is undergoing, or preparing to undergo, foreclosure proceedings with respect to the underlying collateral, we classify the estimated recoverable amount of the second lien home equity loan as “substandard” and the rest of such loan amount as “doubtful.”
Pricing
. The interest rates on our retail mortgage loans are generally based on a periodic floating rate (which is based on a base rate determined for
three-month,
six-month
or
twelve-month
periods using our Market Opportunity Rate system, which reflects our internal cost of funding, further adjusted to account for our expenses related to lending). Our interest rates also incorporate a margin based among other things on the type of security, the credit score of the borrower and the estimated loss on the security. We can adjust the price to reflect the borrower’s current and/or expected future contribution to us. The applicable interest rate is determined at the time of the loan. If a loan is terminated prior to its maturity, the borrower is obligated to pay us an early termination fee of approximately 1.2% to 1.4% of the loan amount in addition to the accrued interest.
The interest rates on our home equity loans are determined on the same basis as our retail mortgage loans.
As of December 31, 2021, the Market Opportunity Rate was 1.27% for a three-month period, 1.58% for a
six-month
period and 1.72% for a twelve-month period.
Other Consumer Loans
Other consumer loans are primarily unsecured. However, such loans may be secured by real estate, deposits or securities. As of December 31, 2021, approximately ₩43,578 billion, or 61.2% of our consumer loans (other than mortgage and home equity loans) were unsecured loans (although some of these loans were guaranteed by a third party). Overdraft loans are also classified as other consumer loans, are primarily unsecured and generally have an initial maturity of one year, which is typically extended automatically on an annual basis and may be extended up to a maximum of five years. The amount of overdraft loans as of December 31, 2021 was approximately ₩10,956 billion.
Pricing
. The interest rates on our other consumer loans (including overdraft loans) are determined on the same basis as on our mortgage and home equity loans, except that, for unsecured loans, the borrower’s credit score as determined during our loan approval process is also taken into account. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Credit Risk Management.”
 
40

Deposit-taking
Activities
Due to our extensive nationwide network of branches, together with our long history of development and our resulting
know-how
and expertise, as of December 31, 2021, we had the largest number of retail customers and retail deposits among Korean commercial banks. The balance of our deposits from retail customers was ₩209,181 billion and ₩221,429 billion as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively, which constituted 61.8% and 59.5%, respectively, of the balance of our total deposits.
We offer many deposit products that target different segments of our retail customer base, with features tailored to each segment’s financial profile, characteristics and needs, including:
 
  
Demand deposits
, which either do not accrue interest or accrue interest at a lower rate than time deposits. Demand deposits allow the customer to deposit and withdraw funds at any time and, if they are interest bearing, accrue interest at a variable rate depending on the amount of deposit. Retail and corporate demand deposits constituted 48.0% of our total deposits as of December 31, 2021 and paid average interest of 0.15% for 2021.
 
  
Time deposits
, which generally require the customer to maintain a deposit for a fixed term, during which the deposit accrues interest at a fixed rate or a variable rate based on the KOSPI, or to deposit specified amounts on an installment basis. If the amount of the deposit is withdrawn prior to the end of the fixed term, the customer will be paid a lower interest rate than that originally offered. The term for time deposits typically ranges from one month to three years, and the term for installment savings deposits ranges from six months to five years. Retail and corporate time deposits constituted 41.2% of our total deposits as of December 31, 2021 and paid average interest of 1.20% for 2021. Most installment savings deposits offer fixed interest rates.
 
  
Certificates of deposit
, the maturities of which typically range from 30 days to 730 days with a required minimum deposit of ₩10 million. Interest rates on certificates of deposit are determined based on the length of the deposit and prevailing market rates. Our certificates of deposit are sold at a discount to their face value, reflecting the interest payable on the certificates of deposit.
 
  
Foreign currency deposits
, which are available to Korean and foreign residents,
non-residents
and overseas immigrants. We offer foreign currency demand deposits and time deposits as well as checking accounts in 11 currencies.
Foreign currency demand deposits
, which accrue interest at a variable rate, allow customers to deposit and withdraw funds at any time.
Foreign currency time deposits
generally require customers to maintain the deposit for a fixed term, during which the deposit accrues interest at a fixed rate. If the funds in a foreign currency time deposit are withdrawn prior to the end of the fixed term, the customer will be paid a lower interest rate than that originally offered.
We offer varying interest rates on our deposit products depending upon average funding costs, the rate of return on our interest-earning assets and the interest rates offered by other commercial banks.
We also offer comprehensive savings deposits for housing subscription, which are monthly installment savings deposits that provide the holder with preferential rights to subscribe for both public and private housing under the Housing Act. This law is the basic law setting forth various measures supporting the purchase of houses and the supply of such houses by construction companies. These deposits require monthly installments of ₩20,000 to ₩500,000 and accrue interest at variable rates depending on the term. An eligible account holder with ₩70 million or less in annual salary income may also claim a tax deduction for 40% of its annual installment amounts, subject to a maximum deductible amount, in its income tax return for the year under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law.
In 2002, after significant research and planning, we launched private banking operations at Kookmin Bank’s headquarters. Shortly thereafter, we launched a comprehensive strategy with respect to customers with higher net worth, which included staffing appropriate representatives, marketing aggressively, establishing IT systems,
 
41

selecting appropriate branch locations and readying such branches with the necessary facilities to service such customers. As of December 31, 2021, we operated 21 main private banking centers through Kookmin Bank.
The Monetary Policy Board of the Bank of Korea, or the Monetary Policy Board, imposes a reserve requirement on Won currency deposits of commercial banks based generally on the type of deposit instrument. The reserve requirement is currently up to 7%. See “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Liquidity.”
The Depositor Protection Act provides for a deposit insurance system where the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation guarantees to depositors the repayment of their eligible bank deposits. The deposit insurance system insures up to a total of ₩50 million per depositor per bank. See “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Deposit Insurance System.”
Credit Cards
Credit cards are another of our core retail products. We issue most of our credit cards under the “KB Kookmin Card” brand. Our credit card business is operated by our subsidiary, KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.
The following table sets forth certain data relating to our credit card operations, on a
non-consolidated
basis, as of the dates and for the periods indicated:
 
   
As of and for the Year Ended December 31,
 
   
        2019        
  
        2020        
  
        2021        
 
   
(in billions of Won, except number of
holders, accounts and percentages)
 
Number of credit cardholders (at year end) (thousands)
    
General accounts
   10,265   10,586   10,879 
Corporate accounts
   615   550   554 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total
   10,880   11,136   11,433 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Number of merchants (at year end) (thousands)
   2,659   2,743   2,856 
Active ratio (at year end)
(1)
   91.0  90.4  90.8
Credit card fees
    
Merchant fees
(2)
  1,239  1,302  1,420 
Installment and cash advance fees
   492   475   463 
Annual membership fees
   138   157   169 
Other fees
   987   982   1,015 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total
  2,856  2,916  3,067 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Charge volume
(3)
    
General purchase
  77,413  81,328  91,313 
Installment purchase
   19,222   19,321   20,417 
Cash advance
   9,265   8,591   8,891 
Card loan
(4)
   6,654   7,184   7,248 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total
  112,554  116,424  127,869 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Outstanding balance (at year end)
    
General purchase
  7,028  6,732  7,987 
Installment purchase
   5,107   5,360   5,842 
Cash advance
   1,208   1,054   1,153 
Card loan
(4)
   5,345   5,623   5,821 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total
  18,688  18,769  20,803 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
42

   
As of and for the Year Ended December 31,
 
   
        2019        
  
        2020        
  
        2021        
 
   
(in billions of Won, except number of
holders, accounts and percentages)
 
Average outstanding balances
    
General purchase
  6,748  6,841  7,455 
Installment purchase
   4,905   5,198   5,503 
Cash advance
   1,210   1,098   1,081 
Card loan
(4)
   5,107   5,440   5,846 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total
  17,970  18,577  19,885 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Delinquency ratios (at year end)
(5)
    
From 1 month to 3 months
   0.56  0.50  0.45
From 3 months to 6 months
   0.55   0.46   0.38 
Over 6 months
   0.14   0.10   0.07 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total
   1.25  1.06  0.91
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Non-performing
loan ratio
   0.66  0.55  0.47
Write-offs
(gross)
  506  501  422 
Recoveries
(6)
   138   137   136 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net
write-offs
  368  364  286 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Gross
write-off
ratio
(7)
   2.82  2.70  2.10
Net
write-off
ratio
(8)
   2.05  1.96  1.42
 
(1)
 
The active ratio represents the ratio of accounts used at least once within the last six months to total accounts as of
year-end.
(2)
 
Merchant fees consist of maintenance fees and costs associated with prepayment by us (on behalf of customers) of sales proceeds to merchants, processing fees relating to sales and membership applications, costs relating to the management of delinquencies and recoveries, provision for loan losses, general variable expenses and other fixed costs that are charged to our member merchants. We typically charge our member merchants fees that range from 0.8% to 2.3%. We offer discounts for member merchants that are small- and
medium-sized
enterprises pursuant to applicable laws.
(3)
Represents the aggregate cumulative amount charged during the year.
(4)
 
Card loans consist of loans that are provided on an unsecured basis to cardholders upon prior agreement. Payment on such a loan can be due either in one payment or in installments after a fixed period, in the case of principal payments, and will be due in installments, in the case of interest payments.
(5)
 
Represents ratio of credit card balances overdue by one month or more to outstanding balance. In line with industry practice, we have restructured a portion of delinquent credit card account balances as loans. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, these restructured loans amounted to ₩119 billion and ₩112 billion, respectively. Because these restructured loans are not treated as being delinquent at the time of conversion or for a period of time thereafter, our delinquency ratios may not fully reflect all delinquent amounts relating to our outstanding balances.
(6)
 
Does not include proceeds that we received from sales of our
non-performing
loans that were written off.
(7)
 
Represents the ratio of gross
write-offs
for the year to average outstanding balance for the year. Our
charge-off
policy is generally to write off balances which have been overdue for four payment cycles or more or which have been classified as expected loss.
(8)
 
Represents the ratio of net
write-offs
for the year to average outstanding balances for the year. Our
charge-off
policy is generally to write off balances which have been overdue for four payment cycles or more or which have been classified as expected loss.
In contrast to the system in the United States and many other countries, where most credit cards are revolving cards that allow outstanding amounts to be rolled over from month to month so long as a required minimum percentage is repaid, credit cardholders in Korea are generally required to pay for their purchases within approximately 14 to 44 days of purchase depending on their payment cycle. However, we also offer revolving payment plans to individuals that allow outstanding amounts to be rolled over to subsequent payment periods. Delinquent accounts (defined as amounts overdue for one day or more) are charged penalty interest and closely monitored. For installment purchases, we charge interest on unpaid installments at rates that vary according to the individual cardholder’s membership level, which is based on, among others, transaction history, the length of the cardholder’s relationship with us and contribution to our profitability.
 
43

We are committed to continuing to enhance our credit card business by strengthening our risk management and maximizing our operational efficiency. In addition, we believe that our extensive branch network, brand recognition and overall size will enable us to
cross-sell
products such as credit cards to our existing and new customers.
To promote our credit card business, we offer services targeted to various financial profiles and customer requirements and are concentrating on
:
 
  
strengthening
cross-sales
to existing customers and offering integrated financial services;
 
  
offering cards that provide additional benefits such as frequent flyer miles and reward program points that can be redeemed by the customer for complementary services, prizes and cash;
 
  
offering platinum cards, VVIP cards and other prime members’ cards, which have a higher credit limit and provide additional services in return for a higher fee;
 
  
acquiring new customers through strategic alliances and
cross-marketing
with retailers;
 
  
encouraging increased use of credit cards by existing customers through special offers for frequent users;
 
  
introducing new features such as travel services and insurance through alliance partners; and
 
  
developing fraud detection and security systems to prevent the misuse of credit cards.
As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately 11.4 million credit cardholders. Of the credit cards outstanding, approximately 90.8% were active, meaning that they had been used at least once during the previous six months.
Our card revenues consist principally of cash advance fees, merchant fees, credit card installment fees, interest income from credit card loans, annual fees paid by cardholders, interest and fees on late payments and, with respect to revolving payment plans we offer, interest and fees relating to revolving balances.
Under
non-exclusive
license agreements with overseas financial services corporations, we also issue MasterCard, Visa, American Express, JCB and China UnionPay credit cards.
We issue debit cards and charge merchants commissions in the amount of approximately 1.0% of the amounts purchased using a debit card. We also issue “check cards,” which are similar to debit cards except that “check cards” are accepted by all merchants that accept credit cards, and charge merchants commissions that typically range from 0.5% to 1.5%. Much like debit cards, check card purchases are also debited directly from customers’ accounts with us.
Corporate Banking
We lend to and take deposits from
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises and, to a lesser extent, large corporate customers. Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary, had 405,835
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise borrowers and 1,854 large corporate borrowers for
Won-currency
loans as of December 31, 2021. For 2021, we received fee revenue from cash management services offered to corporate customers, which include
“firm-banking”
services such as
inter-account
transfers, transfers of funds from various branches and agencies of a company (such as insurance premium payments) to the account of the headquarters of such company and transfers of funds from various customers of a company to the main account of such company, in the amount of ₩111.4 billion. Of our branch network as of December 31, 2021, we had three branches that primarily handled large corporate banking.
 
44

The following table sets forth the balances and the percentage of our total corporate lending represented by our
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise business loans and our large corporate business loans as of the dates indicated, estimated based on our internal classifications of corporate borrowers:
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2020
  
2021
 
   
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
 
Corporate:
       
Small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise loans
  123,066    82.0 136,587    80.3
Large corporate loans
   27,104    18.0   33,592    19.7 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  150,170    100.0 170,179    100.0
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
On the
deposit-taking
side, we currently offer our corporate customers several types of corporate deposits. Our corporate deposit products can be divided into two general categories: (1) demand deposits that have no restrictions on deposits or withdrawals, but which offer a relatively low interest rate; and (2) deposits from which withdrawals are restricted for a period of time, but offer higher interest rates. We also offer installment savings deposits, certificates of deposit and repurchase instruments. We offer varying interest rates on deposit products depending upon the rate of return on our
income-earning
assets, average funding costs and interest rates offered by other nationwide commercial banks.
The total amount of deposits from our corporate customers amounted to ₩145,760 billion as of December 31, 2021, or 39.2% of our total deposits.
Small-
and
Medium-sized
Enterprise Banking
Our
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise banking business has traditionally been and will remain one of our core businesses because of both our historical development and our accumulated expertise. We believe that we possess the necessary elements to succeed in the
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise market, including our extensive branch network, our credit rating system for credit approval, our marketing capabilities (which we believe have provided us with significant brand loyalty) and our ability to take advantage of economies of scale.
We use the term
“small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises” as defined in the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises and related regulations. Under the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises and related regulations, an enterprise must meet each of the following criteria in order to meet the definition of a
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise: (i) total assets at the end of the immediately preceding fiscal year must be less than ₩500 billion, (ii) the average or annual sales revenue standards as prescribed by the Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises that are applicable to the enterprise’s primary business must be met and (iii) the standards of management independence as prescribed by the Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises must be met. However, pursuant to an amendment to the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises, which has become effective in June 2020, an enterprise that qualifies as a small- and
medium-sized
enterprise pursuant to the above definition shall no longer be considered a small- and
medium-sized
enterprise if it is incorporated into, or is deemed to be incorporated into, a business group subject to certain disclosure requirements under the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act. Moreover, certified social enterprises (as defined in the Social Enterprise Promotion Act) and cooperatives and federations of cooperatives (each as defined in the Framework Act on Cooperatives, the Consumer Cooperatives Act and the Small and Medium Enterprise Cooperatives Act) that satisfy the requirements prescribed by the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises may also qualify as
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises.
 
45

Lending Activities
Our principal loan products for our
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise customers are working capital loans and facilities loans. Working capital loans are provided to finance working capital requirements and include notes discounted and trade financing. Facilities loans are provided to finance the purchase of equipment and the establishment of manufacturing assembly plants. As of December 31, 2021, working capital loans and facilities loans accounted for 47.7% and 52.3%, respectively, of our total
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise loans. As of December 31, 2021, Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary, had 405,835
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise customers on the lending side.
Loans to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises may be secured by real estate or deposits or may be unsecured. As of December 31, 2021, secured loans and guaranteed loans accounted for, in the aggregate, 83.7% of our
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise loans. Among the secured loans, 97.9% were secured by real estate and 2.1% were secured by deposits or securities. Working capital loans generally have a maturity of one year, but may be extended for additional terms of up to one year in length for an aggregate term of five years. Facilities loans have a maximum maturity of 15 years.
When evaluating the extension of working capital loans, we review the corporate customer’s creditworthiness and capability to generate cash. Furthermore, we take credit guaranty letters from other financial institutions and use time deposits that the borrower has with us as collateral, and may require additional collateral.
The value of any collateral is defined using a formula that takes into account the appraised value of the property, any prior liens or other claims against the property and an adjustment factor based on a number of considerations including, with respect to property, the value of any nearby property sold in a
court-supervised
auction during the previous five years. We revalue any collateral on a periodic basis (generally every year) or if a trigger event occurs with respect to the loan in question.
We also offer mortgage loans to home builders or developers who build or sell
single-
or
multi-family
housing units, principally apartment buildings. Many of these builders and developers are categorized as
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises. We offer a variety of such mortgage loans, including loans to purchase property or finance the construction of housing units and loans to contractors used for working capital purposes. Such mortgage loans subject us to the risk that the housing units will not be sold. As a result, we review the probability of the sale of the housing unit when evaluating the extension of a loan. We also review the borrower’s creditworthiness and the adequacy of the intended use of proceeds. Furthermore, we take a lien on the land on which the housing unit is to be constructed as collateral. If the collateral is not sufficient to cover the loan, we also take a guarantee from the Housing Finance Credit Guarantee Fund as security.
A substantial number of our
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise customers are SOHOs, which we currently define to include sole proprietorships and individual business interests. With respect to SOHOs, we apply credit risk evaluation models, which not only use quantitative analysis related to a customer’s accounts, personal credit and financial information and due amounts but also require our credit officers to perform a qualitative analysis of each potential SOHO customer. With respect to SOHO loans in excess of ₩1 billion, our credit risk evaluation model also includes a quantitative analysis of the financial statements of the underlying business. We generally lend to SOHOs on a secured basis, although a small portion of our SOHO exposures are unsecured.
Pricing
We establish the price for our corporate loan products based principally on transaction risk, our cost of funding and market considerations. Transaction risk is measured by such factors as the credit rating assigned to a particular borrower, the size of the borrower and the value and type of collateral. Our loans are priced based on the Market Opportunity Rate system, which is a periodic floating rate system that takes into account the current
 
46

market interest rate. For the Market Opportunity Rate as of December 31, 2021, see “—Retail Banking—Lending Activities—Mortgage and Home Equity Lending—Pricing.”
While we generally utilize the Market Opportunity Rate system, depending on the price and other terms set by competing banks for similar borrowers, we may adjust the interest rate we charge to compete more effectively with other banks.
Large Corporate Banking
Large corporate customers include all companies that are not
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise customers. Kookmin Bank’s articles of incorporation provide that financial services to large corporate customers must be no more than 40% of the total amount of our
Won-denominated
loans. Our business focus with respect to large corporate banking is to selectively increase the proportion of high quality large corporate customers. Specifically, we are carrying out various initiatives to improve our customer relationship with large corporate customers and have been seeking to expand our service offerings to this segment.
Lending Activities
Our principal loan products for our large corporate customers are working capital loans and facilities loans. As of December 31, 2021, working capital loans and facilities loans accounted for 78.0% and 22.0%, respectively, of our total large corporate loans. We also offer mortgage loans to large corporate clients who build or sell
single-
or
multi-family
housing units, as described above under
“—Small-
and
Medium-sized
Enterprise Banking—Lending Activities.”
As of December 31, 2021, secured loans and guaranteed loans accounted for, in the aggregate, 36.1% of our large corporate loans. Among the secured loans, 67.3% were secured by real estate and 32.7% were secured by deposits or securities. Working capital loans generally have a maturity of one year, but may be extended for additional terms ranging from three months to one year in length for an aggregate term of five years. Facilities loans have a maximum maturity of 15 years.
In our unsecured lending to large corporate customers, a critical consideration in our policy regarding the extension of such unsecured loans is the borrower’s creditworthiness. We assign each borrower a credit rating based on the judgment of our experts or scores calculated using the appropriate credit rating system, taking into account both financial factors and
non-financial
factors (such as our perception of a borrower’s reliability, management and operational risk and risk relating to the borrower’s industry). The credit ratings, along with such factors, are key determinants in our lending to large corporate customers. Large corporate customers generally have higher credit ratings due to their higher repayment capability compared to other types of borrowers, such as
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise borrowers. In addition, large corporate borrowers generally are affected to a lesser extent than
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise borrowers by fluctuations in the Korean economy and also maintain more sophisticated financial records. As of December 31, 2021, 91.8% of our large corporate customers had credit ratings of
BBB-
or above according to the internal credit rating system of Kookmin Bank, compared to 81.0% of our
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise customers. A credit rating of
BBB-
is assigned to customers whose ability to repay the principal and interest on their outstanding loans is determined by us to be generally satisfactory but nonetheless subject to adverse effects under unfavorable economic conditions or during downturns in the business environment. Based on our internal analysis of historical data, we believe that the probability of default for loans extended to large corporate customers with a credit rating of
BBB-
or above is between 0.00% and 2.26%.
We monitor the credit status of large corporate borrowers and collect information to adjust our ratings appropriately. We also manage and monitor our large corporate customers through a dedicated Corporate Banking Branch and Kookmin Bank’s Large Corporate Business Department. In addition, Kookmin Bank’s Credit Risk Department manages the exposures to each large corporate customer and conducts
in-depth
analysis of various economic and
industry-related
risks that are relevant to large corporate customers.
 
47

As of December 31, 2021, in terms of our outstanding loan balance, 33.9% was extended to borrowers in the financial industry, 24.6% of our large corporate loans was extended to borrowers in the manufacturing industry, and 19.6% was extended to borrowers in the service industry.
Pricing
We determine pricing of our large corporate loans in the same way as we determine the pricing of our
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise loans. See
“—Small-
and
Medium-sized
Enterprise Banking—Pricing” above. As of December 31, 2021, the Market Opportunity Rate, which is utilized in pricing loans offered by us, was the same for our large corporate loans as for our
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise loans.
Capital Markets Activities and International Banking/Finance
Through our capital markets operations, we invest and trade in debt and equity securities and, to a lesser extent, engage in derivatives and asset securitization transactions and make call loans. We also provide investment banking and securities brokerage services.
Securities Investment and Trading
We invest in and trade securities for our own account in order to maintain adequate sources of liquidity and to generate interest and dividend income and capital gains. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, our investment portfolio, which consists primarily of financial assets at amortized cost and financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income and our trading portfolio had a combined total carrying amount of ₩159,774 billion and ₩170,523 billion (including the investment and trading portfolios of our insurance operations) and represented 26.2% and 25.7% of our total assets, respectively.
Our trading and investment portfolios consist primarily of Korean treasury securities and debt securities issued by Korean government agencies, local governments or certain
government-invested
enterprises and debt securities issued by financial institutions. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, we held debt securities with a total carrying amount of ₩153,745 billion and ₩163,739 billion, respectively, of which:
 
  
financial assets at amortized cost accounted for ₩36,873 billion and ₩44,476 billion, or 24.0% and 27.2%, respectively;
 
  
debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income accounted for ₩58,457 billion and ₩56,260 billion, or 38.0% and 34.4%, respectively;
and
 
  
debt securities at fair value through profit or loss accounted for ₩58,415 billion and ₩63,003 billion, or 38.0% and 38.4%, respectively.
Of these amounts, debt securities issued by the Korean government and government agencies as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 amounted to:
 
  
₩17,193 billion and ₩21,448 billion, or 46.6% and 48.2%, respectively, of our financial assets at amortized cost;
 
  
₩14,735 billion and ₩14,317 billion, or 25.2% and 25.4%, respectively, of our financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income; and
 
  
₩9,315 billion and ₩8,294 billion, or 15.9% and 13.2%, respectively, of our debt securities at fair value through profit or loss.
 
48

From time to time we also purchase equity securities for our securities portfolios. Our equity securities consist primarily of marketable beneficiary certificates and equities listed on the KRX KOSPI Market, the KRX KOSDAQ Market or the KRX KONEX Market. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021:
 
  
equity securities at fair value through other comprehensive income had a carrying amount of ₩3,075 billion and ₩3,803 billion, or 5.0% and 6.3%, respectively, of our securities at fair value through other comprehensive income portfolio; and
 
  
equity securities at fair value through profit or loss had a carrying amount of ₩2,092 billion and ₩2,419 billion, or 3.5% and 3.7%, respectively, of our securities at fair value through profit or loss portfolio.
Our trading portfolio also includes derivative-linked securities, the underlying assets of which were linked to, among other things, interest rates, exchange rates, stock price indices or credit risks. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, derivative-linked securities in our trading portfolio had a carrying amount of ₩2,219 billion and ₩1,543 billion, or 3.7% and 2.4% of our trading portfolio, respectively.
See “—Derivatives Trading.”
The following tables show, as of the dates indicated, the unrealized gains and losses on financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income and financial assets at amortized cost within our investment portfolio, and the amortized cost and fair value of the portfolio by type of financial asset:
 
  
As of December 31, 2020
 
  
Amortized
Cost
(7)
  
Net Unrealized

Gain and Loss
(8)
  
Loss Allowance

for Expected
Credit Losses
(9)
  
Fair Value
 
  
(in billions of Won)
 
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
    
Debt securities
    
Korean treasury securities and government agencies
 15,056  (321   14,735 
Financial institutions
(1)
  23,149   47   2   23,194 
Corporate
(2)
  18,657   68   4   18,721 
Asset-backed
securities
(3)
  1,784   13   1   1,796 
Others
  10         10 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Subtotal
  58,656   (193  7   58,456 
Equity securities
  1,739   1,336      3,075 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
 60,395   1,143  7  61,531 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Financial assets at amortized cost:
    
Korean treasury securities and government agencies
 17,193  509    17,702 
Financial institutions
(4)
  5,679   32      5,711 
Corporate
(5)
  8,182   560   1   8,741 
Asset-backed
securities
(6)
  5,789   54   2   5,841 
Others
  30         30 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total financial assets at amortized cost
 36,873  1,155    3  38,025 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
49

  
As of December 31, 2021
 
  
Amortized
Cost
(7)
  
Net Unrealized

Gain and
Loss
(8)
  
Loss Allowance

for Expected
Credit Losses
(9)
  
Fair Value
 
  
(in billions of Won)
 
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
    
Debt securities
    
Korean treasury securities and government agencies
 15,316  (999   14,317 
Financial institutions
(1)
  22,022   (89  4   21,929 
Corporate
(2)
  19,350   (356  8   18,986 
Asset-backed
securities
(3)
  1,000   (4     996 
Others
  30   1      31 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Subtotal
  57,718   (1,447  12   56,259 
Equity securities
  912   2,891      3,803 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
 58,630  1,444  12  60,062 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Financial assets at amortized cost:
    
Korean treasury securities and government agencies
 21,448  (66   21,382 
Financial institutions
(4)
  3,851   4   1   3,854 
Corporate
(5)
  12,246   104   1   12,349 
Asset-backed
securities
(6)
  6,900   (101  2   6,797 
Others
  31   (2     29 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total financial assets at amortized cost
 44,476  (61 4  44,411 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
Includes debt securities issued by the Bank of Korea, the Korea Development Bank, Industrial Bank of Korea and the Export-Import Bank of Korea in the aggregate amount of ₩16,660 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ₩15,634 billion as of December 31, 2021. These financial institutions are owned or controlled by the Korean government.
(2)
Includes debt securities issued by the Korea Development Bank, Korea Housing Finance Corporation and the Export-Import Bank of Korea in the aggregate amount of ₩818 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ₩737 billion as of December 31, 2021. These entities are owned or controlled by the Korean government.
(3)
 
Includes mortgage-backed securities issued by Korea Housing Finance Corporation, which have residential mortgage loans as underlying assets, in the amount of ₩1,684 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ₩963 billion as of December 31, 2021. Korea Housing Finance Corporation is owned by the Korean government.
(4)
 
Includes debt securities issued by the Bank of Korea, the Korea Development Bank, Industrial Bank of Korea and the Export-Import Bank of Korea in the aggregate amount of ₩4,563 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ₩2,530 billion as of December 31, 2021. These financial institutions are owned or controlled by the Korean government.
(5)
Includes debt securities issued by Korea Housing Finance Corporation in the amount of ₩863 billion as of December 31, 2020 and debt securities issued by Korea Housing Finance Corporation and the Korea Development in the aggregate amount of ₩1,057 billion as of December 31, 2021. These entities are owned or controlled by the Korean government.
(6)
 
Includes mortgage-backed securities issued by Korea Housing Finance Corporation, which have residential mortgage loans as underlying assets, in the amount of ₩5,687 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ₩6,796 billion as of December 31, 2021. Korea Housing Finance Corporation is owned by the Korean government.
(7)
 
Gross carrying amount before adjusting for loss allowance for expected credit losses in accordance with IFRS 9.
(8)
 
Net unrealized gain and loss after adjusting for loss allowance for expected credit losses in accordance with IFRS 9.
(9)
 
Loss allowance for expected credit losses in accordance with IFRS 9.
Derivatives Trading
We engage in derivatives trading, including on behalf of our customers. Our trading volume increased from ₩449,590 billion in 2019 to ₩469,477 billion in 2020 and ₩549,312 billion in 2021. Our net trading revenue from derivatives for the year ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 was ₩1,116 billion, ₩323 billion and ₩204 billion, respectively.
We provide and trade a range of derivatives products, including:
 
  
interest rate swaps and options, relating to interest rate risks;
 
50

  
cross-currency
swaps, forwards and options relating to foreign exchange risks; and
 
  
stock price index options linked to the KOSPI index.
Our derivatives operations focus on addressing the needs of our corporate clients to hedge their risk exposure and the need to hedge our risk exposure that results from such client contracts. We also engage in derivatives trading activities to hedge the interest rate and foreign currency risk exposures that arise from our own assets and liabilities. In addition, we engage in proprietary trading of derivatives within our regulated open position limits.
The following shows the estimated fair value of our derivatives as of December 31, 2020 and 2021:
 
   
As of December 31,
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
Estimated
Fair Value
Assets
   
Estimated
Fair Value
Liabilities
   
Estimated
Fair Value
Assets
   
Estimated
Fair Value
Liabilities
 
   
(in billions of Won)
Foreign exchange derivatives
(1)
  3,818   3,485   2,436   2,403 
Interest rate derivatives
(1)
   1,091    1,183    813    773 
Equity derivatives
   579    401    433    381 
Credit derivatives
   19    10    19    7 
Commodity derivatives
       1         
Others
   37    144    21    118 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  5,544   5,224   3,722   3,682 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
Includes those for trading purposes and hedging purposes.
The following table shows certain information related to our derivatives designated as fair value hedges for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
Hedging
Instruments
  
Hedged
Item
  
Ineffective
Portion
   
Hedging
Instruments
  
Hedged
Item
   
Ineffective
Portion
 
   
(in billions of Won)
Foreign exchange derivatives
  97  (41 56   (175 181   6 
Interest rate derivatives
   (8  14   6    (13  8    (5
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  89  (27 62   (188 189   1 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
The following table shows certain information related to our derivatives designated as cash flow hedges for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
   
2020
  
2021
 
   
Hedging
Instruments
  
Effective
Portion
  
Ineffective
Portion
  
Hedging
Instruments
   
Effective
Portion
   
Ineffective
Portion
 
   
(in billions of Won)
Foreign exchange derivatives
  (43 (37 (6 60   59   1 
Interest rate derivatives
   (12  (11  (1  36    36     
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  (55 (48 (7 96   95   1 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
51

The following table shows certain information related to financial instruments designated as net investment hedges in foreign operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
Hedging
instruments
   
Effective
Portion
   
Ineffective
Portion
   
Hedging
instruments
  
Effective
Portion
  
Ineffective
Portion
 
   
(in billions of Won)
Foreign exchange derivatives
(1)
  89   89      (89 (89  
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total
  89   89      (89 (89  
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
(1)
Includes the gain (loss) on a
non-derivative
instrument designated as a hedging instrument.
Asset Securitization Transactions
We are active in the Korean
asset-backed
securities market. Based on our diverse experience with respect to product development and management capabilities relating to asset securitization, we offer customers a wide range of financial products and participate in various asset securitization transactions, including through our subsidiary KB Securities, to reinforce our position as a leading financial services provider with respect to the asset securitization market. We were involved in asset securitization transactions with an initial aggregate issue amount of ₩8,092 billion in 2019, ₩9,495 billion in 2020 and ₩9,677 billion in 2021, a significant portion of which were public offerings of
asset-backed
securities.
Call Loans
We make call loans and borrow call money in the
short-term
money market. Call loans are defined as
short-term
lending among banks and financial institutions either in Won or in foreign currencies with maturities of 90 days or less. Typically, call loans have maturities of one day. As of December 31, 2021 we had made call loans of ₩5,773 billion and borrowed call money of ₩1,678 billion, compared to ₩4,692 billion and ₩1,180 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2020.
Investment Banking
We have focused on selectively expanding our investment banking activities in order to increase our fee income and diversify our revenue base. We provide investment banking services primarily through KB Securities and Kookmin Bank. Our principal investment banking services include:
 
  
securities underwriting;
 
  
financing and financial advisory services for mergers and acquisitions;
 
  
project finance and financial advisory services for social overhead capital projects such as highway, port, power, water and sewage projects;
 
  
financing and financial advisory services for real estate development projects; and
 
  
structured finance.
In May 2016, we acquired 22.56% of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd., a publicly listed Korean securities firm, and further increased our shareholding in Hyundai Securities to 29.62% in June 2016 by acquiring treasury shares of Hyundai Securities. In October 2016, we effected a comprehensive stock swap of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities for newly issued shares of our company, as a result of which Hyundai Securities became a wholly-owned subsidiary. Following such transaction, we merged our existing subsidiary, KB Investment & Securities, with and into Hyundai Securities in December 2016 and changed the name of the surviving entity to KB Securities. Through the acquisition of Hyundai Securities and the
 
52

creation of an integrated securities firm, we sought to strengthen our investment banking and securities brokerage capabilities, as well as to achieve economies of scale.
In 2021, we generated investment banking revenues of ₩1,096 billion, consisting of ₩165 billion of interest income and ₩931 billion of
non-interest
income.
Securities Brokerage
We provide securities brokerage services through KB Securities. Our activities include provision of brokerage services to our retail and corporate customers relating to a wide range of investment products, including stocks, futures, options, equity- and derivative-linked securities and debt instruments, as well as provision of prime brokerage services to hedge funds. In addition, we offer self-directed brokerage services through KB Securities’ online and smartphone brokerage platforms.
As of December 31, 2021, KB Securities operated a brokerage network consisting of 108 branches and
sub-branches
in Korea. In 2021, KB Securities generated commission income of ₩701 billion through its securities brokerage activities.
International Banking and Finance
We engage in various international banking and finance activities, including foreign exchange services and derivatives dealing, import and
export-related
services, offshore lending, syndicated loans, foreign currency securities investment and
non-life
insurance. These services are provided primarily to our domestic customers and overseas subsidiaries and affiliates of Korean corporations and, to a limited extent, to local companies and individuals. We also raise foreign currency funds through our international banking and finance operations.
The table below sets forth certain information regarding our foreign currency assets and borrowings:
 
   
As of December 31,
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(in millions of US$)
Total foreign currency assets
  US$51,194   US$59,424 
Foreign currency borrowings:
    
Borrowings
   12,142    16,122 
Debentures
   5,627    7,183 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total borrowings
  US$17,769   US$23,305 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
53

The table below sets forth our overseas subsidiaries, branches and representative and liaison offices in operation as of December 31, 2021:
 
Business Unit
(1)
  
Location
 
Subsidiaries (21)
  
Kookmin Bank Cambodia PLC (including seven branches)
   Cambodia 
Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd. (including five branches)
   China 
KB Microfinance Myanmar Co., Ltd. (including 23 branches)
   Myanmar 
PRASAC Microfinance Institution Plc. (including 182 branches)
   Cambodia 
PT Bank KB Bukopin, Tbk (including 355 branches)
   Indonesia 
KB Bank Myanmar Ltd.
   Myanmar 
KBFG Securities America Inc.
   United States 
KB Securities Hong Kong Ltd.
   Hong Kong 
KB Securities Vietnam Joint Stock Company (including three branches)
   Vietnam 
KB FINA Joint Stock Company
   Vietnam 
KBFG Insurance (China) Co., Ltd. (including one branch)
   China 
PT. Kookmin Best Insurance Indonesia (including two branches)
   Indonesia 
Leading Insurance Services, Inc.
   United States 
KB Daehan Specialized Bank PLC. (including three branches)
   Cambodia 
PT. KB Finansia Multi Finance (including 134 branches)
   Indonesia 
KB J Capital Co., Ltd.
   Thailand 
KB Asset Management Singapore Pte. Ltd.
   Singapore 
KBAM Shanghai Advisory Services Co., Ltd.
   China 
KB KOLAO Leasing Co., Ltd.
   Laos 
PT Sunindo Kookmin Best Finance
   Indonesia 
PT KB Data Systems Indonesia
   Indonesia 
Branches (9)
(2)
  
Kookmin Bank, Tokyo Branch
   Japan 
Kookmin Bank, Auckland Branch
   New Zealand 
Kookmin Bank, New York Branch
   United States 
Kookmin Bank, London Branch
   United Kingdom 
Kookmin Bank, Ho Chi Minh City Branch
   Vietnam 
Kookmin Bank, Hanoi Branch
   Vietnam 
Kookmin Bank, Hong Kong Branch
   Hong Kong 
Kookmin Bank, Gurugram Branch
   India 
Kookmin Best Insurance Co., Ltd. U.S. Branch
   United States 
Representative and Liaison Offices (7)
  
Kookmin Bank, Yangon Representative Office
   Myanmar 
KB Securities Shanghai Representative Office
   China 
KB Insurance, Los Angeles Liaison Office
   United States 
KB Insurance, Hanoi Liaison Office
   Vietnam 
KB Insurance, Ho Chi Minh City Liaison Office
   Vietnam 
KB Kookmin Card, Yangon Representative Office
   Myanmar 
KB Asset Management, Ho Chi Minh City Representative Office
   Vietnam 
 
(1)
 
Does not include subsidiaries and branches in liquidation or dissolution.
(2)
 
Kookmin Bank, Singapore Branch was newly established in Singapore in January 2022.
Trustee and Custodian Services Relating to Investment Trusts and Other Functions
We act as a trustee for 106 financial investment companies with a collective investment license, which invest in investment assets using funds raised by the sale of beneficiary certificates of investment trusts to investors. We also act as custodian for 225 financial institutions and as fund administrator for 115 financial
 
54

institutions with respect to various investments, as well as acting as settlement agent in connection with such services. We receive a fee for acting in these capacities and generally perform the following functions:
 
  
holding assets for the benefit of the investment trusts or institutional investors;
 
  
receiving and making payments in respect of such investments;
 
  
acting as settlement agent in respect of such investments on behalf of the investment trust or institutional investors, in the domestic and overseas markets;
 
  
providing reports on assets held in custody;
 
  
providing certain foreign exchange services for overseas investment and foreign investors; and
 
  
providing
fund-related
administration and accounting services.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, our fee income from our trustee and custodian services was ₩35 billion and revenue collected as a result of administration of the underlying investments was ₩19.7 billion.
Other Businesses
Trust Account Management Services
Money Trust Management Services
We provide trust account management services for both specified money trusts and unspecified money trusts. We receive fees for our trust account management services consisting of basic fees that are based upon a percentage of either the net asset value of the assets or the principal under management and, for certain types of trust account operations, performance fees that are based upon the performance of the trust account operations. In 2021, our basic money trust fees ranged from 0.1% to 2.0% of total assets under management depending on the type of trust account. We also charge performance fees with respect to certain types of trust account products. We receive penalty payments when customers terminate their trust accounts prior to the original contract maturity.
We currently provide trust account management services for 20 types of money trusts. The maturities of the money trusts we manage vary by the type of the trust. Approximately 3.2% of our money trusts also provide periodic payments of dividends which are added to the assets held in such trusts and not distributed.
Under Korean law, the assets of our trust accounts are segregated from our banking account assets and are not available to satisfy the claims of any of our potential creditors. We are, however, permitted to deposit surplus funds generated by trust assets into our banking accounts in certain circumstances as set forth under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and the regulations thereunder.
As of December 31, 2021, the total balance of our money trusts was ₩59,423 billion (as calculated in accordance with Statement of Korea Accounting Standard No. 5004,
Trust Accounts
, and the Enforcement Regulations of Financial Investment Services under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, which we refer to as an “SKAS basis”). As for unspecified money trust accounts, we have investment discretion over all money trusts, which are pooled and managed jointly for each type of trust account. Specified money trust accounts are established on behalf of individual customers who direct our investment of trust assets.
 
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The following table shows the balances of our money trusts by type as of the dates indicated. Under IFRS, we consolidate trust accounts for which we guarantee both the repayment of the principal amount and a fixed rate of interest as well as trust accounts for which we guarantee only the repayment of the principal amount.
 
   
As of December 31,
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(in billions of Won)
Principal and interest guaranteed trusts
(1)
  0.1   0.1 
Principal guaranteed trusts
(1)
   3,927    3,874 
Performance trusts
(1)(2)
   48,663    55,549 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  52,590   59,423 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
Calculated on an SKAS basis.
(2)
 
Trusts which are primarily
non-guaranteed.
The balance of our money trusts increased 13.0% between December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, the trust assets we managed consisted principally of securities investments and loans from the trust accounts. As of December 31, 2021, on an SKAS basis, our trust accounts had invested in securities in the aggregate amount of ₩26,932 billion, of which ₩18,123 billion was debt securities and
derivative-linked
securities. Securities investments consist of
government-related
debt securities, corporate debt securities, including bonds and commercial paper, equity securities,
derivative-linked
securities and other securities. Loans made by our trust account operations are similar in type to the loans made by our bank account operations. As of December 31, 2021, on an SKAS basis, our trust accounts had made loans in the principal amount of ₩230 billion (excluding loans from the trust accounts to our banking accounts of ₩1,189 billion), which accounted for 0.4% of our money trust assets. Loans by our money trusts are subject to the same credit approval process as loans from our banking accounts. As of December 31, 2021, substantially all loans from our money trust accounts were collateralized or guaranteed.
Our money trust accounts also invest, to a lesser extent, in equity securities, including beneficiary certificates issued by financial investment companies with a collective investment license. On an SKAS basis, as of December 31, 2021, equity securities in our money trust accounts amounted to ₩8,813 billion, which accounted for 14.5% of our total money trust assets. Of this amount, ₩8,641 billion was from specified money trusts and ₩172 billion was from unspecified money trusts.
We continue to offer
pension-type
money trusts that provide a guarantee of the principal amount of the investment. On an SKAS basis, as of December 31, 2021, the balance of the money trusts for which we guaranteed the principal was ₩3,865 billion.
If the income from a money trust for which we provide a guarantee is less than the amount of the payments we have guaranteed, we will need to pay the amount of the shortfall with funds from special reserves maintained with respect to trust accounts followed by basic fees from that money trust and funds from our general banking operations. In 2019, 2020 and 2021, we made no payment from our banking accounts to cover shortfalls in our guaranteed trusts. On an SKAS basis, we derived trust fees with regard to trust account management services (including those fees related to property trust management services) of ₩294 billion in 2019, ₩216 billion in 2020 and ₩281 billion in 2021.
Property Trust Management Services
We also offer property trust management services, where we manage
non-monetary
assets in return for a fee.
Non-monetary
assets include mostly securities, but can also include other liquid receivables and real estate. Under these arrangements, we render custodial services for the property in question and collect fee income in return.
 
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In 2021, our basic property trust fees ranged from 0.001% to 0.3% of total assets under management depending on the type of trust accounts. On an SKAS basis, as of December 31, 2021, the aggregate balance of our property trusts was ₩12,146 billion, compared to ₩4,705 billion as of December 31, 2020.
Under IFRS, the property trusts are not consolidated within our financial statements.
Investment Trust Management
Through KB Asset Management and KB Securities, we offer investment trust products to customers and manage the funds invested by them in investment trusts. As of December 31, 2021, KB Asset Management and KB Securities had an aggregate of ₩74,194 billion of investment trust assets under management.
Insurance
Non-Life
Insurance
In June 2015, we acquired a 19.47% stake in KB Insurance Co., Ltd. (formerly named LIG Insurance Co., Ltd.), a publicly listed Korean
non-life
insurance company. In November 2015 and December 2016, we increased our shareholding in KB Insurance to 33.29% and 39.81%, respectively. Through a tender offer conducted in May 2017, we acquired 36,237,649 shares of KB Insurance at ₩33,000 per share, increasing our shareholding to 94.30%. We subsequently effected a comprehensive stock swap in July 2017 to acquire the remaining shares of KB Insurance in exchange for 2,170,943 shares of common stock of our company, as a result of which KB Insurance became a wholly-owned subsidiary. KB Insurance offers a variety of
non-life
insurance products, including principally the following:
 
  
Long-term insurance products
. Long-term insurance products are sold to retail customers and provide protection against various types of losses, with specified coverage periods of at least three years and ranging up to 30 years or ending at specified ages. Unlike general property and casualty insurance products, which usually have a coverage period of one year or less and only have pure protection features, substantially all long-term insurance policies in Korea also have an integrated savings feature. KB Insurance offers a broad range of long-term insurance products covering the policyholder’s injuries, illnesses, long-term care, disabilities, accidents, property losses or other events.
 
  
Automobile insurance products
. Automobile insurance products are sold to both retail and institutional customers and generally provide coverage for the following types of losses resulting from the policyholder’s ownership or use of an insured automobile: (i) liability to third parties for bodily injuries or death as well as damage to automobiles or other personal property; and (ii) the policyholder’s own bodily injuries and automobile damage or theft. KB Insurance’s automobile insurance policies typically have a coverage period of one year or less.
 
  
General property and casualty insurance products.
General property and casualty insurance products are sold to institutional customers and include the following: (i) fire and allied lines insurance policies, providing protective coverage for damage to buildings and facilities and their contents against fire, flood, storm, lightening, explosion, theft and other risks; (ii) marine insurance policies, providing protective coverage for damage to marine vessels and their cargo; and (iii) specialty insurance policies, which cover various other types of specified risks faced by businesses, including liabilities and business interruption.
 
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The following table sets forth certain information regarding the operations of KB Insurance, on a standalone basis, as of the dates or for the periods indicated:
 
   
As of or for the Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(in billions of Won, except as otherwise indicated)
 
Total policies in force (in thousands)
   16,110   17,525   18,522 
Number of new policies sold (in thousands)
   9,881   10,535   10,604 
Gross direct written premiums
(1)
  10,273  10,975  11,524 
Long-term insurance
   6,750   7,017   7,233 
Automobile insurance
   2,207   2,611   2,668 
General property and casualty insurance
   983   1,074   1,167 
Other
   333   273   456 
Net earned premiums
(2)
  9,191  9,577  10,298 
Loss ratio
(3)
   85.98  85.50  84.95
Risk-based
capital adequacy ratio
(4)
   182.44  174.76  179.39
 
(1)
 
The amount of direct written premiums recognized in a specified period in respect of policies in force during such period, on a standalone basis.
(2)
 
The sum of (i) gross direct written premiums for the specified period, (ii) reinsurance premium income for such period, (iii) return of surrender refunds for such period and (iv) total unearned premiums deferred from the previous period, less the sum of (x) reinsurance expenses for the specified period, (y) surrender refunds for such period and (z) total unearned premiums deferred to the next period, on a standalone basis.
(3)
 
The ratio of (i) total claims paid for the specified period to (ii) net earned premiums for such period, on a standalone basis
.
(4)
 
Calculated in accordance with the applicable requirements of the Financial Supervisory Service. See “—Regulation and Supervision—Principal Regulations Applicable to Insurance Companies—Capital Adequacy.”
KB Insurance operates a multi-channel distribution platform in Korea, comprising agencies (which are independent insurance brokerage companies), a network of financial consultants, bancassurance arrangements with commercial banks and other financial institutions, direct marketing channels (including home shopping television networks and the Internet) and a corporate sales force.
As of December 31, 2021, KB Insurance had ₩32,944 billion of general account investment assets on a standalone basis, of which domestic debt securities, loans, beneficiary certificates, domestic equity securities and overseas securities accounted for 39.1%, 24.4%, 18.8%, 0.2% and 11.0%, respectively.
Life Insurance
Through KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and Prudential Life Insurance, we offer a variety of individual and group life insurance products, including annuities, savings insurance, variable life insurance, whole life insurance and term life insurance as well as health insurance. We utilize our
multi-channel
distribution platforms to market these products, which includes sales through agencies, financial consultants, telemarketers and bancassurance arrangements with commercial banks and other financial institutions.
KB Life Insurance generated gross premiums (not including separate account premiums) of ₩887 billion in 2019, ₩1,476 billion in 2020 and ₩1,838 billion in 2021 on a standalone basis. As of December 31, 2021, KB Life Insurance had ₩8,709 billion of general account investment assets on a standalone basis, of which domestic debt securities, beneficiary certificates, loans, domestic equity securities and overseas securities accounted for 48.3%, 16.1%, 17.4%, 1.3% and 11.2%, respectively. As of such date, KB Life Insurance’s risk-based capital adequacy ratio was 186.49%.
In August 2020, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of Prudential Life Insurance, a provider of life insurance services in Korea, from Prudential Financial, Inc. for ₩2.3 trillion, as a result of which Prudential Life Insurance became a wholly-owned subsidiary. Prudential Life Insurance generated gross premiums (not
 
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including separate account premiums) of ₩451 billion in 2020 (excluding such amount for the period before Prudential Life Insurance became our consolidated subsidiary) and ₩1,351 billion in 2021, both on a standalone basis. As of December 31, 2021, Prudential Life Insurance had ₩18,131 billion of general account investment assets on a standalone basis, of which domestic debt securities, beneficiary certificates, loans, domestic equity securities and overseas securities accounted for 83.5%, 3.7%, 5.0%, 1.2% and 3.8%, respectively. As of such date, Prudential Life Insurance’s risk-based capital adequacy ratio was 342.35%.
In order to maximize synergy effects in our life insurance operations, we plan to conduct a merger of Prudential Life Insurance and KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd. to be completed by January 2023. The details of such merger, however, have not yet been finalized as of the date of this annual report.
For further information regarding our insurance-related assets and liabilities, see Note 38 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Bancassurance
Through the bancassurance operations of Kookmin Bank, we offer insurance products of other institutions to retail customers in Korea. We currently market a wide range of bancassurance products and seek to generate additional
fee-based
revenues by expanding our offering of these products.
Currently, our bancassurance business has alliances with 22 life insurance companies (including our subsidiaries, KB Life Insurance and Prudential Life Insurance) and 11
non-life
insurance companies (including our subsidiary, KB Insurance) and offers 91 different products through our branch network.
These products are composed of 70 types of life insurance policies, such as annuities, savings insurance and variable life insurance, and 21 types of
non-life
insurance products. In 2021, our commission income from our bancassurance business amounted to ₩75.3 billion.
Consumer Finance
We provide consumer finance services through KB Capital Co., Ltd. We acquired 52.02% of the outstanding shares of KB Capital (formerly known as Woori Financial Co., Ltd.) in March 2014 for ₩280 billion. We conducted a tender offer in May 2017, through which we acquired 5,949,300 shares of KB Capital at ₩27,500 per share, increasing our shareholding in KB Capital to 79.70%. We subsequently acquired the remaining outstanding shares of KB Capital in exchange for 2,269,057 shares of common stock of our company through a comprehensive stock swap effected in July 2017, as a result of which KB Capital became a wholly-owned subsidiary. KB Capital provides leasing services and installment finance services for various products, including automobiles, heavy machineries and medical equipment, as well as microlending services. We expect KB Capital to continue to expand our customer base by providing a variety of
non-banking
financial services to retail customers, as well as synergies through coordinated business operations with our other subsidiaries, including Kookmin Bank.
Management of the National Housing and Urban Fund
The National Housing and Urban Fund is a government fund that provides financial support to
low-income
households in Korea by providing mortgage financing and construction loans for projects to build
small-sized
housing. The operations of the National Housing and Urban Fund include providing and managing National Housing and Urban Fund loans, issuing National Housing and Urban Fund bonds and collecting subscription savings deposits.
In February 2013, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (formerly the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) designated us as one of the managers of the National Housing and Urban Fund. In 2021, we received total fees of ₩33 billion for managing the National Housing and Urban Fund, compared to ₩35 billion in 2020 and ₩32 billion in 2019.
 
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The financial accounting for the National Housing and Urban Fund is entirely separate from our financial accounting, and the
non-performing
loans and loan losses of the National Housing and Urban Fund, in general, do not impact our financial condition. Regulations and guidelines for managing the National Housing and Urban Fund are issued by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport pursuant to the Housing Act.
Distribution Channels
Banking Branch Network
As of December 31, 2021, Kookmin Bank operated a network of 914 branches and
sub-branches
in Korea, which was one of the largest branch networks among Korean commercial banks. An extensive branch network is important to attracting and maintaining retail customers, who use branches extensively and value convenience. We believe that our extensive branch network in Korea and retail customer base provide us with a source of stable and relatively low cost funding. Approximately 37.3% of our branches and
sub-branches
are located in Seoul, and approximately 21.0% of our branches are located in the six next largest cities. The following table presents the geographical distribution of our branch network in Korea as of December 31, 2021:
 
Area
  
Number of
Branches
   
Percentage
 
Seoul
   341    37.3
Six largest cities (other than Seoul)
   192    21.0 
Other
   381    41.7 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
   914    100.0
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
In addition, we have continued to implement the specialization of our branch functions. Of our branch network as of December 31, 2021, we had three branches that primarily handled large corporate banking.
In order to support our branch network, we have established an extensive network of ATMs, which are located in branches and in unmanned outlets known as “autobanks.” As of December 31, 2021, we had 5,179 ATMs.
We have actively promoted the use of these distribution outlets in order to provide convenient service to customers, as well as to maximize the marketing and sales functions at the branch level, reduce employee costs and improve profitability. The aggregate number of transactions conducted using our ATMs amounted to approximately 372 million in 2019, 295 million in 2020 and 251 million in 2021.
Other Banking Channels
The following table sets forth information, for the periods indicated, on the number of users and transactions of the other banking channels for our retail and corporate banking customers, which are discussed below:
 
   
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
Internet banking:
      
Number of users
(1)
   24,165,164    25,313,463    26,415,723 
Number of transactions (thousands)
(2)
   8,426,630    14,794,331    18,941,829 
Phone banking:
      
Number of users
(3)
   5,063,703    5,073,346    5,076,733 
Number of transactions (thousands)
(2)
   93,112    76,595    62,835 
Smartphone banking:
      
Number of users
(4)
   15,501,894    16,681,329    17,930,859 
Number of transactions (thousands)
(2)
   9,009,727    13,811,431    20,828,944 
 
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(1)
 
Number of users is defined as the total cumulative number of retail and corporate customers who have registered through our branch offices to use our Internet banking services.
(2)
 
Number of transactions includes balance and transaction inquiries, fund transfers and other transactions.
(3)
 
Number of users is defined as the total cumulative number of retail and corporate customers who have registered through our branch offices to use our phone banking services.
(4)
 
Number of users is defined as the total cumulative number of retail customers who have registered through our branch offices, or the customers’ smartphones, to use our smartphone banking services.
Internet Banking
Our goal is to consolidate our position as a market leader in online banking. Our Internet banking services currently include:
 
  
basic banking services, including fund transfers, balance and transaction inquiries,
pre-set
automatic transfers, product inquiries, online bill and tax payments and foreign exchange services;
 
  
investment services, including opening deposit accounts and investing in funds;
 
  
processing of loan applications;
 
  
electronic certification services, which permit users to authenticate their identity and transactions on a confidential basis through digital signatures; and
 
  
wealth management and advisory services, including financial planning and real estate information services.
Phone Banking
We offer a variety of phone banking services, including
inter-account
fund transfers, balance and transaction inquiries, customer service inquiries and bill payments. We also have call centers, which we primarily use to:
 
  
advise clients with respect to deposits, loans and credit cards and to provide our customers a way to report any emergencies with respect to their accounts;
 
  
allow our customers to conduct transactions with respect to their accounts, such as balance and transfer inquiries, transfers or payments and opening accounts; and
 
  
conduct telemarketing to our customers or potential customers to advertise products or services.
Smartphone Banking
“KB Star Banking,” our mobile banking application for smartphones, allows our customers the flexibility to conduct a variety of financial transactions, including balance and transaction inquiries, fund transfers and asset management, anywhere at any time. It is also intended to act as a hub for all of our finance services, including securities transactions and insurance, by providing our customers with access to the key services offered by a number of our subsidiaries, such as KB Securities and KB Insurance. Our smartphone banking services currently include:
 
  
basic banking services, including fund transfers, balance and transaction inquiries, bill payments and foreign exchange services;
 
  
investment services, including investing in savings deposits that are designed specifically for and offered to smartphone banking customers; and
 
  
processing of loan applications and bancassurance services.
We also continue to develop innovative mobile applications that cater to specific customer needs and lifestyles. For example, we offer “Liiv,” a mobile banking platform designed to make routine transactions easier
 
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for our customers, including providing easy access to banking services without the additional electronic certification process, foreign currency exchange services with lower fees and functions that allow customers to easily split bills and transfer money, and “Liiv Next,” a finance platform that provides
easy-to-use
banking services such as wire transfers and electronic payments as well as a variety of
non-banking
services to customers in younger generations. We also offer a range of other mobile applications, including “Liiv Talk Talk,” our mobile
peer-to-peer
payment and messaging application, “Liiv M,” a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) that offers a fusion of finance and mobile services and “KB Real Estate,” our new cloud-based real estate application that provides various information on real properties. We also offer MyData services through several channels including KB Star Banking, our mobile banking application, and Liiv Mate, a MyData-based platform operated by KB Kookmin Card.
Other Channels
We provide cash management services, which include automatic transfers, connection services to other financial institutions,
real-time
firm banking, automatic fund concentration and transmittal of trading information.
Distribution Channels for Other Services
Through our
non-banking
subsidiaries, we operate a network of dedicated branches and other distribution channels through which our customers can access credit card, securities brokerage, insurance and consumer finance products and services. The following table sets forth information regarding the number and geographical distribution of the branches in Korea operated by KB Kookmin Card, KB Securities and KB Insurance as of December 31, 2021:
 
Area
  
KB Kookmin Card
   
KB Securities
   
KB Insurance
 
Seoul
   7    42    59 
Six largest cities (other than Seoul)
   8    21    67 
Other
   11    45    134 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
   26    108    260 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Our other
non-banking
subsidiaries also operate a number of branches in Seoul and other areas. We also provide credit card, securities brokerage, insurance and consumer finance services through dedicated call centers, smartphone applications and Internet websites operated by KB Kookmin Card, KB Securities, KB Insurance, Prudential Life Insurance, KB Life Insurance and KB Capital.
Competition
We compete principally with other financial holding companies and nationwide commercial banks, as well as regional banks, development banks, specialized banks and branches of foreign banks operating in Korea. We also compete with other types of financial institutions in Korea, including savings institutions (such as mutual savings and finance companies and credit unions and credit cooperatives), investment institutions (such as merchant banking corporations), life insurance companies,
non-life
insurance companies, securities companies and other financial investment companies.
Competition in the domestic banking industry is generally based on the types and quality of the products and services offered, including the size and location of retail networks, the level of automation and interest rates charged and paid. Competition has increased significantly in our traditional core businesses, retail banking,
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise banking and credit card lending, contributing to some extent to the asset quality deterioration in retail and
small-
and
medium-sized
loans. As a result, our margins on lending activities may decrease in the future.
 
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Furthermore, the introduction of Internet-only banks in Korea has led to an increase in competition in the Korean banking industry. Internet-only banks operate without branches and conduct most of their operations through electronic means, which enables them to minimize cost and offer customers higher interest rates on deposits or lower lending rates. In April 2017, K Bank, the first Internet-only bank in Korea, commenced operations. Kakao Bank, another Internet-only bank, in which Kookmin Bank held an 8.0% equity interest as of December 31, 2021, commenced operations in July 2017. Most recently, Toss Bank, another Internet-only bank, commenced operations in October 2021.
In the Korean insurance industry, competition is based on a number of factors, including brand recognition, service, product features and pricing, investment performance and perceived financial strength. There has been downward pressure in recent years on margins of insurance products as some of our competitors have sought to obtain or maintain market share by reducing margins and increasing marketing efforts. As the Korean
non-life
insurance and life insurance sectors continue to mature, they may experience a slowdown in growth as well as a stagnation in market penetration. Due to these and other factors, we believe that competition in the Korean insurance industry will likely remain intense in the future.
In addition, general regulatory reforms in the Korean financial industry have increased competition among banks and other financial institutions in Korea. As the reform of the financial sector continues, foreign financial institutions, some with greater resources than us, have entered, and may continue to enter, the Korean market either by themselves or in partnership with existing Korean financial institutions and compete with us in providing financial and related services.
Moreover, the Korean financial industry is undergoing significant consolidation. The number of nationwide commercial banks in Korea has decreased from 16 as of December 31, 1997, to six as of December 31, 2021. A number of significant mergers and acquisitions in the financial industry have taken place in Korea in recent years, including Hana Financial Group’s acquisition of a controlling interest in Korea Exchange Bank in 2012 and the subsequent merger of Hana Bank into Korea Exchange Bank in 2015. In addition, as part of the Korean government’s plans to privatize Woori Finance Holdings Co., Ltd. (the former financial holding company of Woori Bank), certain subsidiaries of Woori Finance Holdings were sold to other financial institutions and Woori Finance Holdings itself was merged into Woori Bank in 2014, which established a new financial holding company, Woori Financial Group Inc., in January 2019. In the insurance sector, China’s Anbang Insurance Group acquired controlling interests in Tong Yang Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and Allianz Life Insurance Korea Co., Ltd. in 2015 and 2016, respectively, while Mirae Asset Life Insurance Co., Ltd. acquired PCA Life Insurance Co., Ltd. in 2017. Furthermore, Orange Life Insurance, Ltd. (formerly known as ING Life Insurance Korea, Ltd.) became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shinhan Financial Group following the acquisition of equity interests by Shinhan Financial Group in February 2019 and January 2020. In the securities sector, in 2016, Mirae Asset Securities Co., Ltd. acquired a 43% interest in KDB Daewoo Securities Co., Ltd., which subsequently merged with and into Mirae Asset Securities to create Mirae Asset Daewoo Securities Co., Ltd., one of the largest securities companies in Korea in terms of capital. We expect that consolidation in the Korean financial industry will continue. The financial institutions resulting from such consolidation may, by virtue of their increased size and business scope, provide significantly greater competition for us. We intend to review potential acquisition opportunities as they arise. We cannot guarantee that we will not be involved in any future mergers or acquisitions.
Information Technology
We regularly implement various IT
system-related
initiatives and upgrades at the group and subsidiary level. We believe that continuous improvement of our IT systems is crucial in supporting our operations and management and providing
high-quality
customer service. Accordingly, we continue to upgrade and improve our systems through various activities, including projects to develop next generation banking systems for Kookmin Bank, further strengthen system security and timely develop and implement various new IT systems and services (including
group-wide
software) that support our business operations and risk management activities.
 
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Our
mainframe-based
banking and credit card IT systems are designed to ensure continuity of services even where there is a failure of the host data center due to a natural disaster or other accidents by utilizing backup systems in disaster recovery data centers. In addition, through the implementation of Parallel Sysplex, a
“multi-CPU
system,” our bank and credit card systems are designed and operated to be able to process transactions without material interruption in the event of CPU failure. From 2019 to 2020, we implemented a next-generation credit card IT system that applies an enhanced platform to ensure greater flexibility and versatility, as well as a banking IT system designed to promote digital transformation and innovation in our IT infrastructure. In addition, we implemented new technologies, including Multi Channel Integration and Enterprise Application Integration systems, to standardize our IT system and better manage IT system operational risk.
The integrity of our IT systems, and their ability to withstand potential catastrophic events (such as natural calamities and internal system failures), are crucial to our continuing operations. We currently test our disaster recovery systems on a quarterly basis using a new disaster recovery system that has been implemented to ensure the continuity of our operations. For additional information, see “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Operational Risk Management.”
In 2021, we spent approximately ₩703 billion for our IT system implementation and operations, including expenses related to the construction of new IT systems, implementation of hardware and software technologies and other new systems, as well as related labor costs.
As of December 31, 2021, we employed a total of 2,103
full-time
employees in our IT operations.
Assets and Liabilities
The tables below set out selected financial highlights regarding our operations and our assets and liabilities. Except as otherwise indicated, amounts as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 are presented on a consolidated basis under IFRS.
Certain information with respect to our loan portfolio and the asset quality of our loans is presented below on a basis consistent with certain requirements of the Financial Services Commission applicable to Korean financial institutions, which differs (as described below where applicable) from the presentation of such information in our financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS, as we believe that such alternative presentation allows us to provide additional details regarding our loan portfolio and the asset quality of our loans which would be helpful to our investors.
Loan Portfolio
As of December 31, 2021, our total loan portfolio was ₩421,585 billion compared to ₩380,450 billion as of December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2021, 91.1% of our total loans were
Won-denominated
loans compared to 92.6% as of December 31, 2020.
 
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Loan Types
The following table presents loans by type as of the dates indicated. Except where we specify otherwise, all loan amounts stated below are before deduction of allowances for loan losses. Total loans reflect our loan portfolio, including past due amounts.
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Domestic:
    
Corporate
    
Small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise
  124,457   138,627 
Large corporate
(1)
   35,657    44,895 
Retail
    
Mortgage and home equity
   114,144    120,418 
Other consumer
   68,293    71,223 
Credit cards
   18,737    20,768 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total domestic
   361,288    395,931 
Foreign
   19,162    25,654 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total gross loans
  380,450   421,585 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
Large corporate loans include ₩1,149 billion and ₩703 billion of loans to the Korean government and government related agencies (including the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation) as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
Loan Concentrations
On a consolidated basis, our exposure to any single person (including an individual or an entity) or any single borrower (any single person together with any individual and/or entity that shares the same credit risk with such person) is limited by law to 20% and 25%, respectively, of our “net aggregate equity capital,” as defined under the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act. See “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Financial Exposure to Any Individual Customer and Major Investor.” In addition, Kookmin Bank’s exposure to any single person or any single borrower is limited by the Bank Act to 20% and 25%, respectively, of its total Tier I and Tier II capital.
Loan Concentration by Industry
The following table presents the aggregate balance of our domestic and foreign corporate loans, by industry concentration, as of December 31, 2020 and 2021:
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2020
  
2021
 
Industry
  
Amount
   
%
  
Amount
   
%
 
   
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
 
Services
  75,932    43.2 86,916    42.4
Manufacturing
   45,637    25.9   48,974    23.9 
Wholesale and retail
   23,099    13.1   26,850    13.1 
Financial institutions
   15,834    9.0   21,911    10.7 
Construction
   4,370    2.5   5,654    2.8 
Public sector
   1,660    0.9   2,071    1.0 
Others
   9,420    5.4   12,477    6.1 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  175,952    100.0 204,853    100.0
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
65

The
COVID-19
pandemic has heavily impacted certain industries, including those in the services sector such as transportation, food and beverage, hotel, leisure and shipping, and those in the manufacturing sector such as automobile transportation equipment manufacturing, automotive component manufacturing, electronic component manufacturing, telecommunications and shipbuilding. There have also been initiatives to suspend the principal and interest payment obligations of certain borrowers for an extended period of time due to
COVID-19.
See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Other risks relating to our business—The ongoing global pandemic of
COVID-19
and any possible recurrence of other types of widespread infectious diseases may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.” The following table presents our exposure and additional provisions recognized for certain industries most impacted by
COVID-19,
as well as our exposure and additional provisions recognized as of December 31, 2021 in connection with our initiatives to suspend the payment obligations of certain of our borrowers.
 
   
As of December 31, 2021
 
   
Industry sectors affected

by
COVID-19
(1)
   
Suspension of principal and

interest payment
 
   
Exposure
   
Additional
provisions
   
Exposure
   
Additional
provisions
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Loans
  110,216   51   18,485   17 
Acceptances and guarantees, and unused loan commitments
  28,799   20   1,232   2 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  139,015   71   19,717   19 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
Includes service industries (e.g., transportation, food and beverage, hotel, leisure and shipping) and manufacturing industries (e.g., automobile transportation equipment, automotive components, petrochemical, electronic components, telecommunications and shipbuilding).
Maturity Analysis
We typically roll over our working capital loans and unsecured consumer loans (other than those payable in installments) after we conduct our normal loan review in accordance with our loan review procedures. Working capital loans may generally be extended on an annual basis for an aggregate term of five years and unsecured consumer loans may generally be extended for another term of up to 12 months for an aggregate term of 10 years.
 
66

The following table sets out the scheduled maturities (time remaining until maturity) of our loan portfolio as of December 31, 2021. The amounts disclosed are before deduction of allowances for loan losses:
 
   
1 Year or
Less
   
Over 1 Year
But Not More

Than 5 Years
   
Over 5 Years
But Not More
Than 15
Years
   
Over 15 Years
   
Total
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Domestic:
          
Corporate
          
Small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises
  91,024   40,600   5,282   1,721   138,627 
Large corporate
   26,070    13,232    4,365    1,228    44,895 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total corporate
   117,094    53,832    9,647    2,949    183,522 
Retail
          
Mortgage and home equity
   18,585    22,189    8,359    71,285    120,418 
Other consumer
   43,836    17,228    3,519    6,640    71,223 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total retail
   62,421    39,417    11,878    77,925    191,641 
Credit cards
   17,334    3,259    175        20,768 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total domestic
   196,849    96,508    21,700    80,874    395,931 
Foreign:
   8,756    10,440    6,311    147    25,654 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  205,605   106,948   28,011   81,021   421,585 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Interest Rate Sensitivity
The following table shows, as of December 31, 2021, the total amount of loans due after one year, which have fixed interest rates and variable or adjustable interest rates:
 
   
Fixed Rate
(1)
   
Variable or adjustable rates
(2)
   
Total
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Domestic:
      
Corporate
      
Small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises
  28,057   19,466   47,522 
Large corporate
   10,160    8,744    18,905 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total corporate
   38,217    28,210    66,427 
Retail
      
Mortgage and home equity
   8,015    93,821    101,835 
Other consumer
   11,074    16,311    27,385 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total retail
   19,088    110,132    129,220 
Credit cards
   3,434        3,434 
Total domestic
   60,739    138,342    199,081 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Foreign:
   10,527    6,371    16,898 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  71,266   144,713   215,979 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
Fixed rate loans are loans for which the interest rate is fixed for the entire term.
(2)
 
Variable or adjustable rate loans are loans for which the interest rate is not fixed for the entire term.
For additional information regarding our management of interest rate risk, see “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Market Risk Management—Market Risk Management for
Non-Trading
Activities.”
 
67

Credit Exposures to Companies in Workout, Restructuring or Rehabilitation
Workout is a voluntary procedure through which we, together with the borrower and other creditors, seek to restore the borrower’s financial stability and viability. Previously, workouts were regulated under a series of Corporate Restructuring Promotion Acts, which last expired on June 30, 2018. In September 2018, the National Assembly of Korea adopted a new Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act, which became effective in October 2018 and is scheduled to expire in October 2023. Under the new Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act, creditors of a financially troubled borrower may participate in a creditors’ committee, which is authorized to prohibit such creditors from exercising their rights against the borrower, commence workout procedures and approve or make revisions to a reorganization plan prepared by the lead creditor bank, the borrower and external experts. The composition of the creditors’ committee is determined at the initial meeting of the committee by the approval of creditors holding not less than 75% of the borrower’s total outstanding debt held by creditors who were notified of the initial meeting of the committee. Although creditors that are not financial institutions or hold less than 1% of the total outstanding debt of the borrower need not be notified of the initial meeting of the creditors’ committee, if such creditors wish to participate, they may not be excluded. Any decision of the creditors’ committee requires the approval of creditors holding not less than 75% of the total outstanding debt of the borrower. However, if a single creditor holds 75% or more of the borrower’s total outstanding debt held by the creditors comprising the creditors’ committee, any decision of the creditors’ committee requires the approval of not less than 40% of the total number of creditors (including such single creditor) comprising the committee. An additional approval of creditors holding not less than 75% of the secured debt is required with respect to the borrower’s debt restructuring. Once approved, any decision made by the creditors’ committee is binding on all creditors of the borrower, with the exception of those creditors that were excluded by a resolution of the committee at its initial meeting and those who exercised their right to request that their claims be purchased. Creditors that voted against commencement of workout, approval or revision of the reorganization plan, debt restructuring, granting of new credit, extension of the joint management process or other resolutions of the committee have the right to request the creditors that voted in favor of such matters to purchase their claims at a mutually agreed price. In the event that the parties are not able to agree on the terms of purchase, a coordination committee consisting of experts would determine the terms. The creditors that oppose a decision made by the coordination committee may request a court to change such decision.
Upon approval of the workout plan, a credit exposure is initially classified as precautionary or lower and thereafter cannot be classified higher than precautionary with limited exceptions. If a corporate borrower is in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation, we take the status of the borrower into account in valuing our loans to and collateral from that borrower for purposes of establishing our allowances for credit losses.
Korean law also provides for corporate rehabilitation proceedings, which are
court-supervised
procedures to rehabilitate an insolvent company. Under these procedures, a restructuring plan is adopted at a meeting of interested parties, including creditors of the company. Such restructuring plan is subject to court approval.
A portion of our loans to and debt securities of corporate customers are currently in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation. As of December 31, 2021, ₩220 billion or 0.1% of our total loans were in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation.
This included ₩59 billion of loans to large corporate borrowers and ₩161 billion of loans to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises.
Provisioning Policy
Under IFRS 9
Financial Instruments
, or IFRS 9, we establish allowances for credit losses based on expected credit losses instead of incurred losses by assessing changes in expected credit losses and recognizing such changes as impairment loss (or reversal of impairment loss) in profit or loss. According to three stages of credit risk deterioration since initial recognition under IFRS 9, the allowance required to be established with respect to a loan or receivable is (i) the amount of the expected
12-month
credit loss for stage 1 loans or receivables and (ii) the expected lifetime credit loss for stages 2 and 3 loans or receivables.
 
68

If additions or changes to the allowances for loan losses are required, then we record a provision for loan losses, which is included in impairment losses on credit loss and treated as a charge against current income. Credit exposures that we deem to be uncollectible, including actual loan losses, net of recoveries of previously
charged-off
amounts, are charged directly against the allowances for loan losses.
We generally consider the following loans to be impaired loans:
 
  
loans that are past due by 90 days or more;
 
  
loans that are subject to legal proceedings related to collection;
 
  
loans to a borrower that has received a warning from the Korea Credit Information Services indicating that such borrower has exhibited difficulties in making timely payments of principal and interest;
 
  
loans to corporate borrowers that are rated C or D according to Kookmin Bank’s internal credit ratings for large companies or
small-and
medium-sized
enterprises;
 
  
loans for which account-specific provisions have been made resulting from a significant perceived decline in credit quality; and
 
  
loans with respect to which the amount of principal and interest payable has been materially decreased due to restructuring.
We regularly evaluate the adequacy of the overall allowances for loan losses and we believe that the allowances for loan losses reflect our best estimate of probable loan losses as of each balance sheet date.
Non-Performing
Loans
Non-performing
loans are defined as loans that are past due by 90 days or more. These loans are generally classified as “substandard” or below. For further information on the classification of
non-performing
loans under Korean regulatory requirements, see “—Regulatory Reserve for Credit Losses” below.
The following table shows, as of the dates indicated, certain details of our total
non-performing
loan portfolio:
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2020
  
2021
 
   
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
 
Total
non-performing
loans
  1,108  1,458 
As a percentage of total loans
   0.3  0.4
 
69

Analysis of
Non-Performing
Loans
The following table sets forth, as of the dates indicated, our total
non-performing
loans by type of borrower:
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2020
  
2021
 
   
Amount
   
%
  
Amount
   
%
 
   
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
 
Domestic:
  
Corporate
       
Small-
and medium sized enterprise
  162    14.6 102    7.0
Large corporate
   41    3.7   100    6.9 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total corporate
   203    18.3   202    13.9 
Retail
       
Mortgage and home equity
   136    12.3   102    7.0 
Other consumer
   170    15.3   157    10.8 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total retail
   306    27.6   259    17.8 
Credit cards
   104    9.4   97    6.7 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total domestic
   613    55.3   558    38.4 
Foreign:
   495    44.7   900    61.6 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
non-performing
loans
  1,108    100.0 1,458    100.0
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Top 20
Non-Performing
Loans
As of December 31, 2021, our 20 largest
non-performing
loans accounted for 26.1% of our total
non-performing
loan portfolio. The following table shows, as of December 31, 2021, certain information regarding our 20 largest
non-performing
loans:
 
   
Industry
  
Gross Principal
Outstanding
   
Allowances for
Loan Losses
(1)
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Borrower A
  Services  77   77 
Borrower B
  Others   64    64 
Borrower C
  Others   62    62 
Borrower D
  Services   24    8 
Borrower E
  Construction   23    23 
Borrower F
  Construction   22    22 
Borrower G
  Services   19    2 
Borrower H
  
Manufacturing
   17    8 
Borrower I
  Construction   10    10 
Borrower J
  Construction   10    10 
Borrower K
  Manufacturing   8    1 
Borrower L
  
Services
   6    4 
Borrower M
  Services   6     
Borrower N
  Public sector   6     
Borrower O
  Services   5    5 
Borrower P
  Services   5     
Borrower Q
  Others   4    2 
Borrower R
  Wholesale and retail   4    3 
Borrower S
  Wholesale and retail   4    4 
Borrower T
  Manufacturing   4    4 
    
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
    380   309 
    
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
If the estimated recovery value of collateral for a
non-performing
loan is sufficient compared to the outstanding loan balance, we record no allowances for loan losses for such
non-performing
loan.
 
70

Non-Performing
Loan Strategy
One of our primary objectives is to prevent our loans from becoming
non-performing.
Through our corporate credit rating systems, we believe that we have reduced our risks relating to future
non-performing
loans. Our credit rating systems are designed to prevent our loan officers from extending new loans to borrowers with high credit risks based on the borrower’s credit rating. Our early warning system is designed to bring any sudden increase in a borrower’s credit risk to the attention of our loan officers, who then closely monitor such loans. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Credit Risk Management—Credit Review and Monitoring.”
Notwithstanding the above, if a loan becomes
non-performing,
an officer at the branch level responsible for monitoring
non-performing
loans will commence a due diligence review of the borrower’s assets, send a notice either demanding payment or stating that we will take legal action and prepare for legal action.
At the same time, we also initiate our
non-performing
loan management process, which begins with:
 
  
identifying loans subject to a proposed sale by assessing the estimated losses from such sale based on the estimated recovery value of collateral, if any, for such
non-performing
loans;
 
  
identifying loans subject to
charge-off
based on the estimated recovery value of collateral, if any, for such
non-performing
loans and the estimated rate of recovery of unsecured loans; and
 
  
on a limited basis, identifying corporate loans subject to normalization efforts based on the
cash-flow
situation of the borrower.
Once the details of a
non-performing
loan are identified, we pursue early solutions for recovery. While the overall process is the responsibility of Kookmin Bank’s Credit Division, actual recovery efforts on
non-performing
loans are handled at the operating branch level.
In addition, we use the services of our
wholly-owned
loan collection subsidiary, KB Credit Information Co., Ltd., which receives payments from recoveries made on
charged-off
loans and certain loans that are overdue for over three months (28 days on average in the case of credit card loans). KB Credit Information has approximately 133 employees, including legal experts and management employees. The fees that it receives are based on the amounts of
non-performing
and
charged-off
loans that are recovered. In 2019, 2020 and 2021, the amount recovered was ₩325 billion, ₩302 billion and ₩257 billion, respectively.
Methods for resolving
non-performing
loans include the following:
 
  
non-performing
loans are managed by the operating branches of Kookmin Bank until such loans are charged off;
 
  
a demand note is dispatched by mail if payment is generally one month past due;
 
  
calls and visits are made by Kookmin Bank’s operating branches to customers encouraging them to make payments;
 
  
borrowers who are past due on payments of interest and principal are registered on the Korea Credit Information Services’ database of
non-performing
loans;
 
  
for unsecured loans other than credit card loans, the loans are transferred to KB Credit Information for collection on a
case-by-case
basis;
 
  
for secured loans, actions to enforce or protect the security interests (including foreclosure and auction of the collateral) are commenced within five months of such loans becoming past due; and
 
  
charged-off
loans are given to KB Credit Information for collection, except for loans where the cost of collection exceeds the possible recovery or where the statute of limitations for collection has expired.
 
71

In addition, credit card loans that are in arrears for over 28 days on average are transferred to KB Credit Information for collection.
If a loan becomes
non-performing,
it is managed by an operating branch of Kookmin Bank until such loan is charged off. However, in order to promote speedy recovery on loans subject to foreclosures and litigation, our policy is to permit the branch responsible for handling these loans to request one of Kookmin Bank’s regional head offices for assistance with litigation proceedings and proceedings related to foreclosure and auction of the collateral.
In addition to making efforts to collect on these
non-performing
loans, we also undertake measures to reduce the level of our
non-performing
loans, which include:
 
  
selling our
non-performing
loans to third parties, including the Korea Asset Management Corporation; and
 
  
entering into asset securitization transactions with respect to our
non-performing
loans.
We generally expect to suffer a partial loss on loans that we sell or securitize, to the extent such sales and securitizations are recognized under IFRS as sale transactions.
Regulatory Reserve for Credit Losses
If our allowances for credit losses are deemed insufficient for regulatory purposes, we are required to compensate for the difference by recording a regulatory reserve for credit losses, which is segregated within our retained earnings. Regulatory reserve for credit losses are not available for distribution to shareholders as dividends.
The level of regulatory reserve for credit losses required to be recorded is equal to the amount by which our allowances for credit losses under IFRS are less than the greater of (x) the amount of expected loss calculated using the internal
ratings-based
approach under Basel III and as approved by the Financial Supervisory Service and (y) the required amount of credit loss reserve calculated based on standards prescribed by the Financial Services Commission. As of December 31, 2021, our regulatory reserve for credit losses was ₩4,117 billion.
The following tables set forth the Financial Services Commission’s guidelines for the classification of loans and the minimum percentages of the outstanding principal amount of the relevant loans or balances that the credit loss reserve must cover:
 
Loan Classification
  
Loan Characteristics
Normal
  Loans extended to customers that, based on our consideration of their business, financial position and future cash flows, do not raise concerns regarding their ability to repay the loans.
Precautionary
  Loans extended to customers that (i) based on our consideration of their business, financial position and future cash flows, show potential risks with respect to their ability to repay the loans, although showing no immediate default risk or (ii) are in arrears for one month or more but less than three months.
Substandard
  
(i) Loans extended to customers that, based on our consideration of their business, financial position and future cash flows, are judged to have incurred considerable default risks as their ability to repay has deteriorated; or
 
(ii) the portion that we expect to collect of total loans (a) extended to customers that have been in arrears for three months or more, (b) extended to customers that have incurred serious default risks due to the occurrence of, among other things, final refusal to pay their debt instruments, entry into liquidation or bankruptcy proceedings or closure of their businesses, or (c) extended to customers who have outstanding loans that are classified as “doubtful” or “estimated loss.”
 
72

Loan Classification
  
Loan Characteristics
Doubtful
  
Loans exceeding the amount that we expect to collect of total loans to customers that:
 
(i) based on our consideration of their business, financial position and future cash flows, have incurred serious default risks due to noticeable deterioration in their ability to repay; or
 
(ii) have been in arrears for three months or more but less than 12 months.
Estimated loss
  
Loans exceeding the amount that we expect to collect of total loans to customers that:
 
(i) based on our consideration of their business, financial position and future cash flows, are judged to be accounted as a loss because the inability to repay became certain due to serious deterioration in their ability to repay;
 
(ii) have been in arrears for 12 months or more; or
 
(iii) have incurred serious risks of default in repayment due to the occurrence of, among other things, final refusal to pay their debt instruments, liquidation or bankruptcy proceedings or closure of their business.
 
Loan Classifications
  
Corporate
(1)
   
Consumer
   
Credit Card
Balances
(2)
   
Credit Card Loans
(3)
 
Normal
   0.85% or above    1% or above    1.1% or above    2.5% or above 
Precautionary
   7% or above    10% or above    40% or above    50% or above 
Substandard
   20% or above    20% or above    60% or above    65% or above 
Doubtful
   50% or above    55% or above    75% or above    75% or above 
Estimated loss
   100%    100%    100%    100% 
 
(1)
 
Subject to certain exceptions pursuant to the Banking Industry Supervision Regulations of Korea.
(2)
 
Applicable for credit card balances from general purchases.
(3)
 
Applicable for cash advances, card loans and revolving credit card assets.
Loan
Charge-Offs
Basic Principles
We attempt to minimize loans to be charged off by adhering to a sound credit approval process based on credit risk analysis prior to extending loans and a systematic management of outstanding loans. However, if
charge-offs
are necessary, we charge off loans subject to our
charge-off
policy at an early stage in order to maximize accounting transparency, to minimize any waste of resources in managing loans which have a low probability of being collected and to reduce our
non-performing
loan ratio.
Loans To Be Charged Off
Loans are charged off if they are deemed to be uncollectible by falling under any of the following categories:
 
  
loans for which collection is not foreseeable due to insolvency, bankruptcy, compulsory execution, disorganization, dissolution or the shutting down of the business of the debtor;
 
  
loans for which collection is not foreseeable due to the death or disappearance of the debtor;
 
  
loans for which expenses of collection exceed the collectable amount;
 
  
loans on which collection is not possible through legal or any other means;
 
  
payments in arrears in respect of credit cards that have been overdue for a period of six months or more and have been classified as expected loss (excluding instances where there has been partial payment of
 
73

 
the overdue balance, where a related balance is not overdue or where a charge off is not possible due to Korean regulations); and
 
  
the portion of loans classified as “estimated loss,” net of any recovery from collateral, which is deemed to be uncollectible.
Procedure for
Charge-off
Approval
In order to charge off corporate loans, an application for a
charge-off
must be submitted to Kookmin Bank’s Credit Management Department promptly after the corporate loan is classified as estimated loss or deemed uncollectible. The Credit Management Department refers the
charge-off
application to Kookmin Bank’s Channel Audit Department for their review to ensure compliance with our internal procedures for
charge-offs.
Then, the Credit Management Department, after reviewing the application to confirm that it meets relevant requirements, seeks an approval from the Financial Supervisory Service for our
charge-offs,
which is typically granted. Once we receive approval from the Financial Supervisory Service, we must also obtain approval from our senior management to charge off those loans.
With respect to credit card balances and unsecured retail loans, we follow a different process to determine which credit card balances and unsecured retail loans should be charged off, based on the length of time those loans or balances are past due. We charge off unsecured retail loans deemed to be uncollectible and credit card balances which have been overdue for a period of six months or more or which have been deemed to be uncollectible under IFRS.
Treatment of Loans Charged Off
Once loans are charged off, we classify them as
charged-off
loans and remove them from our balance sheet. These loans are managed based on a different set of procedures. We continue our collection efforts in respect of these loans, including through our subsidiary, KB Credit Information, although loans may be charged off before we begin collection efforts in some circumstances.
If a collateralized loan is overdue, we will, typically within one year from the time that such loan became overdue (or after a longer period in certain circumstances), petition a court to foreclose and sell the collateral through a
court-supervised
auction. If a debtor ultimately fails to repay and the court grants its approval for foreclosure, we will sell the collateral, net of expenses incurred from the auction.
 
74

Net Charge-Offs
The following table presents our net charge-offs for each of the years indicated:
 
  
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
  
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
  
Average
Loans
  
Net
Charge-
Offs
  
Net
Charge-
Offs/
Average
Loans
  
Average
Loans
  
Net
Charge-
Offs
  
Net
Charge-
Offs/
Average
Loans
  
Average
Loans
  
Net
Charge-
Offs
  
Net Charge-
Offs/Average
Loans
 
  
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
 
Domestic:
         
Corporate
         
Small-
and medium sized enterprise
 106,742  (41  0.0 121,376  (9  0.0 129,410  (11  0.0
Large corporate
  34,858   148   0.4   37,132   102   0.3   39,458   100   0.3 
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total corporate
  141,600   107   0.1   158,508   93   0.1   168,868   89   0.1 
Retail
         
Mortgage and home equity
  103,085   2   0.0   110,447   (3  0.0   116,102   (28  0.0 
Other consumer
  58,514   318   0.5   64,220   328   0.5   71,587   234   0.3 
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total retail
  161,599   320   0.2   174,667   325   0.2   187,689   206   0.1 
Credit cards
  17,949   371   2.1   18,586   366   2.0   19,923   289   1.5 
Total domestic
  321,148   798   0.2   351,761   784   0.2   376,480   584   0.2 
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Foreign:
  6,599      0.0   14,683   121   0.8   22,580   120   0.5 
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total
 327,747  798   0.2 366,444  905   0.2 399,060  704   0.2
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Investment Portfolio
Investment Policy
We invest in and trade
Won-denominated
and, to a lesser extent, foreign
currency-denominated
securities for our own account to:
 
  
maintain the stability and diversification of our assets;
 
  
maintain adequate sources of
back-up
liquidity to match our funding requirements; and
 
  
supplement income from our core lending activities.
We also invest in and trade such securities as part of the general account investments of our insurance subsidiaries that support their insurance policy liabilities. In making securities investments, we take into account a number of factors, including macroeconomic trends, industry analysis, credit evaluation and maturity in determining whether to make particular investments in securities.
Our investments in securities are also subject to a number of guidelines, including limitations prescribed under the Financial Holding Company Act and the Bank Act. Under these regulations, a bank holding company may not own (i) more than 5% of the total issued and outstanding shares of another
finance-related
company, (ii) any shares of its affiliates, other than its direct or indirect subsidiaries or (iii) any shares of a
non-finance-related
company. In addition, Kookmin Bank must limit its investments in equity securities and debt securities with a redemption period of over three years (other than government bonds, the Monetary Stabilization Bonds issued by the Bank of Korea, among others) to 100.0% of its total Tier I and Tier II capital amount (less any capital deductions). Generally, Kookmin Bank is also prohibited from acquiring more than 15.0% of the shares with voting rights issued by any other corporation subject to certain exceptions. Pursuant to the Bank Act, a bank and its trust accounts are prohibited from acquiring the shares of a major shareholder (for the definition of
 
75

“major shareholder,” see “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Financial Exposure to Any Individual Customer and Major Shareholder”) of that bank in excess of an amount equal to 1% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions). Further information on the regulatory environment governing our investment activities is set out in “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Liquidity,” “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Restrictions on Shareholdings in Other Companies,” “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Liquidity” and “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Restrictions on Shareholdings in Other Companies.”
The following table sets out the definitions of the three categories of securities we hold:
 
Category
  
Classification
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  Financial assets that are either classified as held for trading, designated by us at fair value through profit or loss upon initial recognition or required to be mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss.
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
  
Debt instruments held with a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets, and are consistent with representing solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding; or
 
Equity instruments not held for trading with the objective of generating a profit from short-term fluctuations in price or dealers’ margin, designated as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income.
Financial assets at amortized cost
  Financial assets held with a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows, and are consistent with representing solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
We also hold limited balances of venture capital securities,
non-marketable
and restricted equity securities and derivative instruments.
 
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Maturity Analysis
The following table categorizes our debt securities by maturity and weighted average yield as of December 31, 2021:
 
  
Within 1
Year
  
Weighted
Average
Yield
(1)
  
Over 1 But
within 5
Years
  
Weighted
Average
Yield
(1)
  
Over 5 But
within 10
Years
  
Weighted
Average
Yield
(1)
  
Over 10
Years
  
Weighted
Average
Yield
(1)
  
Total
  
Weighted
Average
Yield
(1)
 
  
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
 
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
          
Korean treasury securities and government agencies
 859   1.47 5,427   1.85 1,098   2.52 6,933   2.04 14,317   1.97
Debt securities issued by financial institutions
  8,491   1.22   12,847   1.47   383   2.64   208   3.23   21,929   1.41 
Corporate debt securities
  2,545   2.17   12,786   1.93   1,971   2.92   1,684   3.04   18,986   2.17 
Asset-backed
securities
  646   1.30   280   1.95   31   2.75   39   1.74   996   1.55 
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
Total
 12,541   1.44 31,340   1.73 3,483   2.76 8,864   2.26 56,228   1.81
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
Financial assets at amortized cost:
          
Korean treasury securities and government agencies
 295   2.96 5,007   1.61 7,613   3.48 8,533   1.93 21,448   2.42
Debt securities issued by financial institutions
  745   1.89   2,410   2.37   274   6.47   422   4.30   3,851   2.78 
Corporate debt securities
  680   2.57   5,084   2.05   2,279   2.07   4,203   2.96   12,246   2.39 
Asset-backed
securities
  652   2.20   3,294   1.85   2,827   1.91   127   2.41   6,900   1.92 
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
Total
 2,372   2.30 15,795   1.92 12,993   2.95 13,285   2.33 44,445   2.37
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
Total
 14,913   1.58 47,135   1.79 16,476   2.91 22,149   2.30 100,673   2.06
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
(1)
 
The weighted average yield for the portfolio represents the yield to maturity for each individual security, weighted using its carrying amount (which is the amortized cost in the case of financial assets at amortized cost and the fair value in the case of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income).
Funding
We obtain funding for our lending activities from a variety of sources, both domestic and foreign. Our principal source of funding is customer deposits. In addition, we acquire funding through
long-term
borrowings (comprising debentures and borrowings),
short-term
borrowings, including borrowings from the Bank of Korea, and call money.
Our primary funding strategy has been to achieve
low-cost
funding by increasing the average balances of
low-cost
retail deposits, in particular demand deposits and time deposits. We also have focused our marketing efforts on higher net worth individuals, who account for a significant portion of the assets in our retail deposit base. Customer deposits accounted for 75.0% of total funding as of December 31, 2020 and 74.9% of total funding as of December 31, 2021.
 
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Our borrowings consist of issuances of debentures and borrowings from financial institutions, the Korean government and
government-affiliated
funds. The majority of our borrowings is
long-term,
with maturities ranging from one year to 30 years.
Deposits
Although the majority of our deposits are
short-term,
it has been our experience that the majority of our depositors generally roll over their deposits at maturity, providing us with a stable source of funding.
The following table shows the average balances of our deposits and the average rates paid on our deposits for the periods indicated:
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
Average
Balance
(1)
   
Average
Rate Paid
  
Average
Balance
(1)
   
Average
Rate Paid
  
Average
Balance
(1)
   
Average
Rate Paid
 
   
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
 
Demand deposits:
          
Non-interest
bearing
  3,942      4,533      5,263     
Interest bearing
   122,519    0.30  149,141    0.18  180,936    0.15
Time deposits
   155,762    1.94   166,275    1.56   158,795    1.20 
Certificates of deposit
   4,781    1.95   3,636    1.38   3,618    0.86 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Average total deposits
  287,004    1.23 323,585    0.91 348,612    0.65
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
Average balances are based on daily balances for our banking, credit card and securities operations and monthly or quarterly balances for our other operations.
For a description of our retail deposit products, see “—Business—Retail
Banking—Deposit-Taking
Activities.”
Uninsured deposits, including uninsured time deposits, are not subject to Korean regulatory reporting requirements. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Depositor Protection Act provides insurance for certain deposits of banks in Korea through a deposit insurance system. See “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Deposit Insurance System.” Other than the maximum ₩50 million per individual or entity for deposits and interest in a single financial institution insured by the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation in accordance with the foregoing, all deposits are uninsured. The insured status of deposits in our foreign subsidiaries, the amount of which we do not consider to be material as of the date of this annual report, are determined based on the individual insurance limits enacted within local regulations, and are thus subject to differing national deposit insurance regimes.
Our total uninsured deposits, including uninsured deposits at our foreign subsidiaries, amounted to
₩313,969 billion and ₩343,002 billion as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
Uninsured Time Deposits
The following table presents the remaining maturities of our uninsured time deposits, including uninsured time deposits at our foreign subsidiaries, as of December 31, 2021:
 
   
As of
December 31, 2021
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Maturing within three months
  52,811 
After three but within six months
   36,384 
After six but within 12 months
   65,907 
After 12 months
   9,305 
  
 
 
 
Total
  164,407 
  
 
 
 
 
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Supervision and Regulation
Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies
General
The Financial Holding Company Act, last amended on April 20, 2021, regulates Korean financial holding companies and their subsidiaries. The entities that regulate and supervise Korean financial holding companies and their subsidiaries are the Financial Services Commission and the Financial Supervisory Service.
The Financial Services Commission exerts direct control over financial holding companies pursuant to the Financial Holding Company Act. Among other things, the Financial Services Commission approves the establishment of financial holding companies, issues regulations on the capital adequacy of financial holding companies and their subsidiaries, and drafts regulations relating to the supervision of financial holding companies.
Following the instructions and directives of the Financial Services Commission, the Financial Supervisory Service supervises and examines financial holding companies and their subsidiaries. In particular, the Financial Supervisory Service sets requirements relating to Korean financial holding companies’ liquidity and capital adequacy ratios and establishes reporting requirements within the authority delegated under the Financial Services Commission regulations. Financial holding companies must submit quarterly reports to the Financial Supervisory Service discussing business performance, financial status and other matters identified in the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act.
Under the Financial Holding Company Act, a financial holding company is a company which primarily engages in controlling its subsidiaries by holding equity stakes in them equal in aggregate to at least 50% of the financial holding company’s aggregate assets based on its balance sheet as of the end of the immediately preceding fiscal year. A company is required to obtain approval from the Financial Services Commission to become a financial holding company.
A financial holding company may engage only in controlling the management of its subsidiaries, as well as certain ancillary activities including:
 
  
financially supporting its direct and indirect subsidiaries;
 
  
raising capital necessary for investment in its subsidiaries or providing financial support to its direct and indirect subsidiaries;
 
  
supporting the business of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, including the development and marketing of financial products;
 
  
providing data processing, legal, accounting and other resources and services that have been commissioned by its direct and indirect subsidiaries so as to support their operations; and
 
  
any other businesses exempted from authorization, permission or approval under the applicable laws and regulations.
The Financial Holding Company Act requires every financial holding company (other than a financial holding company that is controlled by another financial holding company) and its subsidiaries to obtain prior approval from the Financial Services Commission before acquiring control of another company or to file a report with the Financial Services Commission within 30 days thereafter in certain cases (including acquiring control of another company whose assets are less than ₩100 billion as of the end of the immediately preceding fiscal year). In addition, the Financial Services Commission must grant permission to liquidate or to merge with any other company before the liquidation or merger. A financial holding company must report to the Financial Services Commission when certain events, including the following, occur:
 
  
when the largest shareholder changes;
 
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in the case of a bank holding company, when a major investor changes;
 
  
when the shareholding of the controlling shareholder (i.e., the “largest shareholder” or a “principal shareholder,” each as defined in the Financial Holding Company Act) or a person who has a “special relationship” with such controlling shareholder (as defined in the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act) changes by 1% or more of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of the financial holding company;
 
  
when it changes its corporate name;
 
  
when there is a cause for its dissolution; and
 
  
when it or its subsidiaries cease to control any of their respective direct or indirect subsidiaries by disposing of their shares of such direct or indirect subsidiary.
Capital Adequacy
The Financial Holding Company Act does not provide for a minimum
paid-in
capital requirement related to financial holding companies. However, all financial holding companies are required to maintain a specified level of solvency. In addition, with respect to the allocation of net profit earned in a fiscal term, a financial holding company must set aside in its legal reserve an amount equal to at least 10% of its net income after tax each time it pays dividends on its net profits earned until its legal reserve reaches at least the aggregate amount of its
paid-in
capital.
A bank holding company, which is a financial holding company controlling banks or other financial institutions conducting banking business as prescribed in the Financial Holding Company Act, is required to maintain a total minimum consolidated capital adequacy ratio of 11.5% (including applicable additional capital buffers and requirements as described below) as of January 1, 2019. “Consolidated capital adequacy ratio” is defined as the ratio of equity capital as a percentage of
risk-weighted
assets on a consolidated basis, determined in accordance with the Financial Services Commission requirements that have been formulated based on Bank of International Settlements (or BIS) standards. “Equity capital,” as applicable to bank holding companies, is defined as the sum of common equity Tier I capital, additional Tier I capital and Tier II capital less any deductible items, each as defined under the Regulation on the Supervision of Financial Holding Companies.
“Risk-weighted
assets” is defined as the sum of credit
risk-weighted
assets and market
risk-weighted
assets.
Pursuant to regulations promulgated by the Financial Services Commission commencing in 2013 to implement Basel III, Korean bank holding companies were required to maintain a minimum ratio of common equity Tier I capital to
risk-weighted
assets of 3.5% and Tier I capital to
risk-weighted
assets of 4.5% from December 1, 2013, which minimum ratios were increased to 4.0% and 5.5%, respectively, from January 1, 2014 and increased further to 4.5% and 6.0%, respectively, from January 1, 2015. The amended regulations also require an additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% from January 2019, as well as a potential counter-cyclical capital buffer of up to 2.5%, which is determined on a quarterly basis by the Financial Services Commission. Furthermore, we and Kookmin Bank were each designated as a domestic systemically important bank holding company and a domestic systemically important bank, respectively, for 2021 by the Financial Services Commission and were subject to an additional capital requirement of 1.0% in 2021. In July 2021, we and Kookmin Bank were each again designated as a domestic systemically important bank holding company and a domestic systemically important bank, respectively, for 2022, which would again subject us to an additional capital requirement of 1.0% in 2022. All such requirements are in addition to the
pre-existing
requirement for a minimum ratio of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to
risk-weighted
assets set forth above.
 
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Liquidity
All financial holding companies are required to match the maturities of their assets and liabilities on a
non-consolidated
basis in accordance with the Financial Holding Company Act in order to ensure liquidity. Financial holding companies must:
 
  
maintain a Won liquidity ratio (defined as Won assets due within one month, including marketable securities, divided by Won liabilities due within one month) of not less than 100% on a
non-consolidated
basis;
 
  
maintain a foreign currency liquidity ratio (defined as foreign currency liquid assets due within three months divided by foreign currency liabilities due within three months) of not less than 80% on a
non-consolidated
basis (except that such requirement is not applicable to a financial holding company whose foreign currency liabilities constitute less than 1% of its total assets);
 
  
maintain a ratio of foreign currency liquid assets due within seven days less foreign currency liabilities due within seven days as a percentage of total foreign currency assets of not less than 0% on a
non-consolidated
basis (except that such requirement is not applicable to a financial holding company whose foreign currency liabilities constitute less than 1% of its total assets);
 
  
maintain a ratio of foreign currency liquid assets due within a month less foreign currency liabilities due within a month as a percentage of total foreign currency assets of not less than negative 10% on a
non-consolidated
basis (except that such requirement is not applicable to a financial holding company whose foreign currency liabilities constitute less than 1% of its total assets);
and
 
  
make quarterly reports regarding their Won liquidity and foreign currency liquidity to the Financial Supervisory Service.
Financial Exposure to Any Individual Customer and Major Investor
Subject to certain exceptions, the aggregate credit (as defined in the Financial Holding Company Act, the Bank Act, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Mutual Savings Bank Act and the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, respectively) of a financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries that are banks, merchant banks, financial investment companies, insurance companies, savings banks or specialized credit financial business companies (which we refer to as “Financial Holding Company Total Credit”) to a single group of companies that belong to the same conglomerate as defined in the Monopoly Regulations and Fair Trade Act will not be permitted to exceed 25% of net aggregate equity capital (as defined below).
“Net aggregate equity capital” is defined under the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act as the sum of:
 
 (1)
in case of a financial holding company, the capital amount as defined in Article
24-3(7),
Item 2 of the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act;
 
 (2)
in case of a bank, the capital amount as defined in Article 2(1), Item 5 of the Bank Act;
 
 (3)
in case of a merchant bank, the capital amount as defined in Article 342(1) of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act; and
 
 (4)
in case of a financial investment company, the capital amount as defined in Article 37(3) of the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act;
 
 (5)
in case of an insurance company, the capital amount as defined in Article 2, Item 15 of the Insurance Business Act;
 
 (6)
in case of a savings bank, the capital amount as defined in Article 2, Item 4 of the Mutual Savings Bank Act; and
 
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 (7)
in case of a specialized credit financial business company, the capital amount as defined in Article 2, Item 19 of the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act;
less the sum of:
 
 (1)
the amount of shares of direct and indirect subsidiaries held by the financial holding company;
 
 (2)
the amount of shares that are
cross-held
by each direct and indirect subsidiary that is a bank, merchant bank, financial investment company, insurance company, savings bank or specialized credit financial business company; and
 
 (3)
the amount of shares of a financial holding company held by such direct and indirect subsidiaries that are banks, merchant banks, financial investment companies, insurance companies, savings banks or specialized credit financial business companies.
The Financial Holding Company Total Credit to a single individual or judicial person may not exceed 20% of the net aggregate equity capital. In addition, the Financial Holding Company Total Credit to a shareholder holding (together with the persons who have a “special relationship” with the shareholder, as defined in the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act) in aggregate more than 10% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of a financial holding company generally may not exceed the lesser of (x) 25% of the net aggregate equity capital and (y) the amount of the equity capital of the financial holding company multiplied by the shareholding ratio of the shareholder (together with the persons who have a special relationship with the shareholder).
Further, the total sum of credits (as defined in the Financial Holding Company Act, the Bank Act, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Mutual Savings Bank Act and the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, respectively) of a bank holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries that are banks, merchant banks, financial investment companies, insurance companies, savings banks or specialized credit financial business companies as applicable (“Bank Holding Company Total Credit”) extended to a “major investor” (as defined below) (together with the persons who have a special relationship with that major investor) will not be permitted to exceed the lesser of (x) 25% of the net aggregate equity capital and (y) the amount of the equity capital of the bank holding company multiplied by the shareholding ratio of the major investor, except for certain cases.
“Major investor” is defined as:
 
  
a shareholder holding (together with persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder) in excess of 10% (or in the case of a bank holding company controlling regional banks only, 15%) in the aggregate of the bank holding company’s total issued and outstanding voting shares; or
 
  
a shareholder holding (together with persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder) more than 4% in the aggregate of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of the bank holding company controlling nationwide banks, where the shareholder is the largest shareholder or has actual control over the major business affairs of the bank holding company through, for example, appointment and dismissal of the officers pursuant to the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act.
In addition, the total sum of the Bank Holding Company Total Credit granted to all of a bank holding company’s major investor must not exceed 25% of the bank holding company’s net aggregate equity capital. Furthermore, any bank holding company that, together with its direct and indirect subsidiaries, intends to extend credit to the bank holding company’s major investor in an amount equal to or exceeding the lesser of (x) the amount equivalent to 0.1% of the net aggregate equity capital and (y) ₩5 billion, in any single transaction, must obtain prior unanimous board resolutions and then, immediately after providing the credit, must file a report to the Financial Services Commission and publicly disclose the filing of the report.
 
82

Restrictions on Transactions Among Direct and Indirect Subsidiaries and Financial Holding Company
Generally, a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company may not extend credits (excluding the amount of corporate credit card payments issued by a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company that is engaged in the banking business) to that financial holding company. In addition, a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company may not extend credits (excluding the amount of corporate credit card payments issued by a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company that is engaged in the banking business) to other direct or indirect subsidiaries of the financial holding company in excess of 10% of its capital amount on an individual basis or to those subsidiaries in excess of 20% of its capital amount on an aggregate basis. The subsidiary extending the credit must also obtain an adequate level of collateral depending on the type of such collateral from the other subsidiaries unless the credit is otherwise approved by the Financial Services Commission. The adequate level of collateral for each type of collateral is as follows:
 
 (1)
for deposits and installment savings, obligations of the Korean government or the Bank of Korea, obligations guaranteed by the Korean government or the Bank of Korea, obligations secured by securities issued or guaranteed by the Korean government or the Bank of Korea, 100% of the credit extended;
 
 (2)
for obligations of municipal governments under the Local Autonomy Act, local public enterprise under the Local Public Enterprises Act and investment institutions and other
quasi-investment
institutions under the Basic Act on the Management of
Government-Invested
Institution or for obligations guaranteed by, or secured by the securities issued or guaranteed by, the aforementioned entities pursuant to the relevant regulations, 110% of the credit extended; and
 
 (3)
for any property other than those set forth in paragraphs (1) and (2) above, 130% of the credit extended.
Subject to certain exceptions, a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company is prohibited from owning the shares of any other direct or indirect subsidiaries (other than those directly controlled by that direct or indirect subsidiary) under the common control of the financial holding company.
Subject to certain exceptions, a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company is also prohibited from owning the shares of the financial holding company controlling that direct or indirect subsidiary. The transfer of certain assets classified as precautionary or below between a financial holding company and its direct or indirect subsidiary or between the direct and indirect subsidiaries of a financial holding company is prohibited except for:
 
 (1)
transfers to a special purpose company, or entrustment with a trust company, for an
asset-backed
securitization transaction under the
Asset-Backed
Securitization Act;
 
 (2)
transfers to a
mortgage-backed
securities issuance company for a mortgage securitization transaction;
 
 (3)
transfers or
in-kind
contributions to a corporate restructuring vehicle under the Corporate Restructuring Investment Companies Act; and
 
 (4)
transfers to a corporate restructuring company under the Industry Promotion Act.
Disclosure of Management Performance
For the purpose of protecting the depositors and investors in the subsidiaries of financial holding companies, the Financial Services Commission requires financial holding companies to disclose certain material matters including:
 
 (1)
financial condition and profit and loss of the financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries;
 
 (2)
fund-raising
by the financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries and the appropriation of such funds;
 
83

 (3)
any sanctions levied on the financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries under the Financial Holding Company Act or any corrective measures or sanctions under the Law on Improvement of Structure of Financial Industry; and
 
 (4)
occurrence of any
non-performing
assets or financial incident that may have a material adverse effect, or any other event as prescribed in the applicable regulations.
Restrictions on Shareholdings in Other Companies
Generally, a financial holding company may not own (i) more than 5% of the total issued and outstanding shares of another
finance-related
company, (ii) any shares of its affiliates, other than its direct or indirect subsidiaries or (iii) any shares of a
non-finance-related
company.
Restrictions on Shareholdings by Direct and Indirect Subsidiaries
Generally, a direct subsidiary of a financial holding company may not control any other company other than, as an indirect subsidiary of the financial holding company:
 
  
financial institutions established in foreign jurisdictions;
 
  
certain financial institutions which are engaged in any business that the direct subsidiary may conduct without any licenses or permits;
 
  
certain financial institutions whose business is related to the business of the direct subsidiary as described by the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act (for example, a bank subsidiary may control only credit information companies, credit card companies and financial investment companies with a dealing, brokerage, collective investment, investment advice, discretionary investment management and/or trust license);
 
  
certain financial institutions whose business is related to the financial business as prescribed by the regulations of the Ministry of Economy and Finance; and
 
  
certain companies which are not financial institutions but whose business is related to the financial business of the financial holding company as prescribed by the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act (for example, a
finance-related
research company or a
finance-related
information technology company).
Acquisition of such indirect subsidiaries by direct subsidiaries of a financial holding company requires prior permission from the Financial Services Commission or the submission of a report to the Financial Services Commission, depending on the types of the indirect subsidiaries and the amount of total assets of the indirect subsidiaries.
Subject to certain exceptions, an indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company may not control any other company. If an indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company had control over another company at the time it became such an indirect subsidiary, the indirect subsidiary is required to dispose of its interest in the other company within two years from such time.
Restrictions on Transactions between a Bank Holding Company and its Major Investor
A bank holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries may not acquire (including through their respective trust accounts) shares issued by the bank holding company’s major investor in excess of 1% of the net aggregate equity capital (as defined above). In addition, if those entities intend to acquire shares issued by that major investor in any single transaction equal to or exceeding the lesser of (x) the amount equivalent to 0.1% of the net aggregate equity capital and (y) ₩5 billion, that entity must obtain prior unanimous board resolutions and then, immediately after the acquisition, file a report to the Financial Services Commission and publicly disclose the filing of the report.
 
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Restrictions on Ownership of a Financial Holding Company
Under the Financial Holding Company Act, a financial institution generally may not control a financial holding company. In addition, any single shareholder and persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder may acquire beneficial ownership of up to 10% of the total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights of a bank holding company that controls nationwide banks or 15% of the total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights of a bank holding company that controls only regional banks, subject to certain exceptions. Among others, the Korean government and the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation are not subject to this limit.
“Non-financial
business group companies” (as defined below), however, may not acquire the beneficial ownership of shares of a bank holding company controlling nationwide banks in excess of 4% of that bank holding company’s outstanding voting shares unless they obtain the approval of the Financial Services Commission and agree not to exercise voting rights in respect of shares in excess of the 4% limit, in which case they may acquire beneficial ownership of up to 10%. Any other person (whether a Korean national or a foreign investor) may acquire no more than 10% of total voting shares issued and outstanding of a bank holding company controlling nationwide banks unless they obtain approval from the Financial Services Commission in each instance where the total holding will exceed 10% (or 15% in the case of a bank holding company controlling only regional banks), 25% or 33% of the total voting shares issued and outstanding of that bank holding company controlling nationwide banks.
Furthermore, in the case where a person (including Korean and foreign investors, but excluding certain persons prescribed under the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act) (i) acquires in excess of 4% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of any bank holding company (other than a bank holding company controlling only regional banks), (ii) becomes the largest shareholder of such bank holding company in which such person has acquired in excess of 4% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares, (iii) changes its shareholding in such bank holding company, in which it has acquired in excess of 4% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares, by 1% or more of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of such bank holding company or (iv) is a private equity fund or an investment purpose company holding in excess of 4% of the total outstanding voting shares of a bank holding company and changes its members or shareholders, such person must file a report on such change with the Financial Services Commission (x) in case of (i) and (iii), by the last day of the month immediately following the month in which such change occurred, or (y) in case of (ii) and (iv), within ten days after the end of the month in which such change occurred.
“Non-financial
business group companies” as defined under the Financial Holding Company Act include:
 
 (1)
any same shareholder group where the aggregate net assets of all
non-financial
business companies belonging to that group equals or exceeds 25% of the aggregate net assets of all members of that group;
 
 (2)
any same shareholder group where the aggregate assets of all
non-financial
business companies belonging to that group equals or exceeds ₩2 trillion;
 
 (3)
any mutual fund where a same shareholder group identified in (1) or (2) above beneficially owns and/or exercises the voting rights of more than 4% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of that mutual fund;
 
 (4)
any private equity fund (a) where a person falling under any of items (1) through (3) above is a limited partner holding not less than 10% of the total amount of contributions to the private equity fund, or (b) where a person falling under any of items (1) through (3) above is a general partner, or (c) where the total equity of the private equity fund acquired by each affiliate belonging to several enterprise groups subject to the limitation on mutual investment is 30% or more of the total amount of contributions to the private equity fund; or
 
 (5)
the investment purpose company concerned, where a private equity fund falling under item (4) above acquires or holds stocks in excess of 4% of the stock or equity of such company or exercises
de facto
control over significant managerial matters of such company through appointment or dismissal of executives or in any other manner.
 
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Sharing of Customer Information among Financial Holding Company and its Subsidiaries
Under the Act on Use and Protection of Credit Information, any individual customer’s credit information may be disclosed only after obtaining written consent to use that information. In addition, under the Act on Real Name Financial Transactions and Confidentiality, an individual working at a financial institution may not provide or reveal information or data concerning the contents of financial transactions to other persons unless such individual receives a request or consent in writing from the holder of a title deed, except under certain exceptions stipulated in the Act. Under the Financial Holding Company Act, a financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, however, may share certain credit information of individual customers among themselves for internal management purposes outlined in the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act (such as credit risk management, internal control and customer analysis), without the customers’ written consent, subject to the methods and procedures for provision of such information set forth therein. A subsidiary financial investment company with a dealing and/or brokerage license of a financial holding company may provide that financial holding company and its other direct and indirect subsidiaries information relating to the aggregate amount of cash or securities that a customer of the financial investment company with a dealing and/or brokerage license has deposited, for internal management purposes outlined in the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act, subject to the methods and procedures for provision of such information set forth therein. Certain amendments to the Financial Holding Company Act, which became effective on November 29, 2014, limit the scope of credit information that may be shared without the customers’ prior consent and require certain procedures for provision of customer information as prescribed by the Financial Services Commission. Beginning on November 29, 2014, notice must be given to customers at least once a year regarding (i) the provider of customer information, (ii) the recipient of customer information, (iii) the purpose of providing the information and (iv) the categories of the information provided.    
Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks
The banking system in Korea is governed by the Bank Act and the Bank of Korea Act of 1950, as amended (the “Bank of Korea Act”). In addition, Korean banks are subject to the regulations and supervision of the Bank of Korea, the Monetary Policy Board of the Bank of Korea, the Financial Services Commission and its executive body, the Financial Supervisory Service.
The Bank of Korea, established in June 1950 under the Bank of Korea Act, performs the customary functions of a central bank. It seeks to contribute to the sound development of the national economy by price stabilization through establishing and implementing efficient monetary and credit policies with a focus on financial stability. The Bank of Korea acts under instructions of the Monetary Policy Board, the supreme
policy-making
body of the Bank of Korea.
Under the Bank of Korea Act, the Monetary Policy Board’s primary responsibilities are to formulate monetary and credit policies and to determine the operations, management and administration of the Bank of Korea.
The Financial Services Commission, established in April 1998, regulates commercial banks pursuant to the Bank Act, including establishing guidelines on capital adequacy of commercial banks, and promulgates regulations relating to supervision of banks. Furthermore, the Financial Services Commission regulates market entry into the banking business.
The Financial Supervisory Service, established in January 1999, is subject to the instructions and directives of the Financial Services Commission and carries out supervision and examination of commercial banks. In particular, the Financial Supervisory Service sets requirements both for the prudent control of liquidity and for capital adequacy and establishes reporting requirements pursuant to the authority delegated to it under the Financial Services Commission regulations, pursuant to which banks are required to submit annual reports on
 
86

financial performance and shareholdings, regular reports on management strategy and
non-performing
loans, including
write-offs,
and management of problem companies and plans for the settlement of bad loans.
Under the Bank Act, approval to commence a commercial banking business or a
long-term
financing business must be obtained from the Financial Services Commission. Commercial banking business is defined as the lending of funds acquired predominantly from the acceptance of demand deposits for a period not exceeding one year or subject to the limitation established by the Financial Services Commission, for a period between one year and three years.
Long-term
financing business is defined as the lending, for periods in excess of one year, of funds acquired predominantly from
paid-in
capital, reserves or other retained earnings, the acceptance of time deposits with maturities of at least one year, or the issuance of debentures or other bonds. A bank wishing to enter into any business other than commercial banking and
long-term
financing businesses must file a report to the Financial Services Commission. For businesses that are subject to a license or approval requirement under applicable laws, such as approval to commence a trust business under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, such report must be filed concurrently with a relevant license or approval application to the Financial Services Commission. In addition, approval to merge with any other banking institution, to liquidate, spin off or close a banking business or to transfer all or a part of a business must be obtained from the Financial Services Commission.
If the Financial Services Commission deems a bank’s financial condition to be unsound or if a bank fails to meet the applicable capital adequacy ratio set forth under Korean law, the Financial Services Commission may order:
 
  
admonitions or warnings with respect to the bank or its officers;
 
  
capital increases or reductions;
 
  
assignments of contractual rights and obligations relating to financial transactions;
 
  
a suspension of performance by its officers of their duties and the appointment of receivers;
 
  
disposals of property holdings or closures of subsidiaries or branch offices or downsizing;
 
  
stock cancelations or consolidations;
 
  
mergers with other financial institutions;
 
  
acquisition of such bank by a third party; and
 
  
suspensions of a part or all of its business operations for not more than six months.
Capital Adequacy
The Bank Act requires nationwide banks, such as us, to maintain a minimum
paid-in
capital of ₩100 billion and regional banks to maintain a minimum
paid-in
capital of ₩25 billion. All banks, including foreign bank branches in Korea, are also required to maintain a prescribed solvency position. A bank must also set aside in its legal reserve an amount equal to at least 10% of the net income after tax each time it pays dividends on net profits earned until its legal reserve reaches at least the aggregate amount of its
paid-in
capital.
Under the Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business, the capital of a bank is divided into two categories, Tier I and Tier II capital. Tier I capital (core capital) consists of (i) common equity Tier I capital, including
paid-in
capital, capital surplus and retained earnings related to common equity and accumulated other comprehensive gains and losses, and (ii) additional Tier I capital, including
paid-in
capital and capital surplus from the issuance of additional Tier I capital, hybrid capital instruments and other capital securities which meet the standards prescribed by the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service under relevant regulations. Tier II capital (supplementary capital) consists of, among other things, capital and capital surplus from the issuance of Tier II capital, allowances for loan losses on loans classified as “normal” or “precautionary,” subordinated debt
 
87

and other capital securities which meet the standards prescribed by the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service under Article 26(2) of the Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business.
All banks must meet minimum ratios of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to
risk-weighted
assets, determined in accordance with Financial Services Commission requirements that have been formulated based on BIS standards. These requirements were adopted and became effective in 1996, and were amended effective January 1, 2008 upon the implementation by the Financial Supervisory Service of Basel II. Under such requirements, all domestic banks and foreign bank branches are required to meet a minimum ratio of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to
risk-weighted
assets. Commencing in July 2013, the Financial Services Commission promulgated a series of amended regulations implementing Basel III, pursuant to which Korean banks and bank holding companies were required to maintain a minimum ratio of common equity Tier I capital to
risk-weighted
assets of 3.5% and Tier I capital to
risk-weighted
assets of 4.5% from December 1, 2013, which minimum ratios were increased to 4.0% and 5.5%, respectively, from January 1, 2014 and increased further to 4.5% and 6.0%, respectively, from January 1, 2015. The amended regulations also require an additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% from January 2019, as well as a potential counter-cyclical capital buffer of up to 2.5%, which is determined on a quarterly basis by the Financial Services Commission. Furthermore, we and Kookmin Bank were each designated as a domestic systemically important bank holding company and a domestic systemically important bank, respectively, for 2021 by the Financial Services Commission and were subject to an additional capital requirement of 1.0% in 2021. In July 2021, we and Kookmin Bank were each again designated as a domestic systemically important bank holding company and a domestic systemically important bank, respectively, for 2022, which would again subject us to an additional capital requirement of 1.0% in 2022.
All such requirements are in addition to the
pre-existing
requirement for a minimum ratio of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to
risk-weighted
assets set forth above.
Under the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business, the following
risk-weight
ratios must be applied by Korean banks in respect of home mortgage loans:
 
 (1)
for those banks which adopted a standardized approach for calculating credit risk capital requirements, a risk-weight ratio of 35% (only where the loan is fully secured by a first ranking mortgage) and, with respect to high risk home mortgage loans, the higher of this value and 50% or 70%; and
 
 (2)
for those banks which adopted an internal
ratings-based
approach for calculating credit risk capital requirements, a
risk-weight
ratio calculated with reference to the probability of default, loss given default and exposure at default, each as defined under the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business.
Liquidity
All banks are required to ensure adequate liquidity by matching the maturities of their assets and liabilities in accordance with the Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business. Banks may not invest an amount exceeding 100% of their Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) in equity securities and certain other securities with a redemption period of over three years. This stipulation does not apply to Korean government bonds, Monetary Stabilization Bonds issued by the Bank of Korea or debentures and stocks referred to in items 1 and 2, respectively, of paragraph (6) of Article 11 of the Act on the Structural Improvement of the Financial Industry. The Financial Services Commission uses the liquidity coverage ratio (described below) as the principal liquidity risk management measure, and currently requires each Korean bank to:
 
  
maintain a liquidity coverage ratio (defined as the ratio of highly liquid assets to total net cash outflows over a
30-day
period) of not less than 100%;
 
  
maintain a foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio of not less than 80%; and
 
  
submit monthly reports with respect to the maintenance of these ratios.
In April 2020, in order to encourage financial institutions to provide financial support to companies adversely affected by
COVID-19,
the Financial Services Commission announced that it would temporarily lower
 
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the required liquidity coverage ratio to 85%, and the required foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio to 70%. Following a series of extensions, the Financial Services Commission announced in March 2022 that a
phase-out
of measures to lower the liquidity coverage ratio will begin in June 2022 and end by July 2023, with measures to lower the foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio to be completely phased out by June 2022.
The Monetary Policy Board of the Bank of Korea is empowered to fix and alter minimum reserve requirements that banks must maintain against their deposit liabilities. The current minimum reserve ratios are:
 
  
7% of average balances for Won currency demand deposits outstanding;
 
  
0% of average balances for Won currency employee asset establishment savings deposits, employee
long-term
savings deposits, employee house purchase savings deposits,
long-term
house purchase savings deposits, household
long-term
savings deposits and employee preferential savings deposits outstanding (with respect to
employee-related
deposits and household long-term savings deposits, only if such deposits were made prior to February 28, 2013); and
 
  
2% of average balances for Won currency time deposits, installment savings deposits, mutual installments, housing installments and certificates of deposit outstanding.
For foreign currency deposit liabilities, a 2% minimum reserve ratio is applied to time deposits with a maturity of one month or longer, certificates of deposit with a maturity of 30 days or longer and savings deposits with a maturity of six months or longer and a 7% minimum reserve ratio is applied to other deposits. A 1% minimum reserve ratio applies to deposits in offshore accounts, immigrant accounts and resident accounts opened by financial institutions (excluding bank holding companies) and the Export-Import Bank of Korea, as well as foreign currency certificates of deposit held by account holders of such offshore accounts, immigrant accounts and resident accounts opened by financial institutions (excluding bank holding companies) and the Export-Import Bank of Korea.
Furthermore, under the Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business, Kookmin Bank is required to maintain a minimum
“mid-
to
long-term
foreign exchange funding ratio” of 100%.
“Mid-to
long term foreign exchange funding ratio” refers to the ratio of (1) the total outstanding amount of foreign exchange borrowing with a maturity of more than one year to (2) the total outstanding amount of foreign exchange lending with a maturity of one year or more.
Net Stable Funding Ratio and Leverage Ratio Requirements
The Financial Services Commission has implemented the Regulation on Supervision of the Banking Business that impose certain liquidity- and leverage-related ratio requirements on banks in Korea, in accordance with Basel III. Pursuant to such Regulation, each Korean bank is required to:
 
  
maintain a net stable funding ratio (defined as the ratio of the available amount of stable funding to the required amount of stable funding) of not less than 100%, where (i) the available amount of stable funding generally refers to the portion of liabilities and capital expected to be reliable over a
one-year
time horizon and (ii) the required amount of stable funding generally refers to the amount of stable funding that is required to be maintained based on the liquidity characteristics, residual maturities and
off-balance
sheet exposures of the bank’s assets, each as calculated in accordance with the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business;
 
  
maintain a leverage ratio (defined as the ratio of core capital to total exposures) of not less than 3%, where (i) the core capital includes
paid-in
capital, capital surplus, retained earnings and hybrid Tier I capital instruments and (ii) total exposures include
on-balance
sheet exposures, derivative exposures, securities financing transaction exposures and
off-balance
sheet exposures, each as calculated in accordance with the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business; and
 
  
submit monthly reports with respect to the maintenance of these ratios.
 
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Financial Exposure to Any Individual Customer or Major Shareholder
Under the Bank Act, subject to certain exceptions, the sum of large exposures by a bank—in other words, the total sum of its credits to single individuals, juridical persons or business groups that exceed 10% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions)—generally must not exceed five times the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions). In addition, subject to certain exceptions, banks generally may not extend credit (including loans, guarantees, purchases of securities (extended for financial support) and any other transactions that directly or indirectly create credit risk) in excess of 20% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to a single individual or juridical person, or grant credit in excess of 25% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to a single group of companies as defined in the Monopoly Regulations and Fair Trade Act.
The Bank Act also provides for certain restrictions on extending credits to a major shareholder. A “major shareholder” is defined as:
 
  
a shareholder holding (together with persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder) in excess of 10%; (or 15% in the case of regional banks) in the aggregate of the bank’s total issued and outstanding voting shares; or
 
  
a shareholder holding (together with persons who have a special relationship with such shareholder) in excess of 4% in the aggregate of the bank’s (excluding regional banks) total issued and outstanding voting shares of a bank (excluding shares subject to the shareholding restrictions on
“non-financial
business group companies” as described below), where such shareholder is the largest shareholder or has actual control over the major business affairs of the bank through, for example, appointment and dismissal of the officers as prescribed by the Enforcement Decree of the Bank Act.
Non-financial
business group companies primarily consist of: (i) any single shareholding group whose
non-financial
company assets comprise no less than 25% of its aggregate net assets; (ii) any single shareholding group whose
non-financial
company assets comprise no less than ₩2 trillion in aggregate; or (iii) any investment company under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act of which any single shareholding group identified in (i) or (ii) above, owns more than 4% of the total issued and outstanding shares.
Under these restrictions, banks may not extend credits to a major shareholder (together with persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder) in an amount greater than the lesser of (x) 25% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) and (y) the relevant major shareholder’s shareholding ratio multiplied by the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions). In addition, the total sum of credits granted to all major shareholders must not exceed 25% of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions).
Interest Rates
Korean banks generally depend on deposits as their primary funding source. Under the Act on Registration of Credit Business, Etc. and Protection of Finance Users and the regulations thereunder, interest rates on loans made by registered banks in Korea may not exceed 20% per annum, commencing July 2021. Historically, interest rates on deposits and lending were regulated by the Monetary Policy Board. There are no controls on deposit interest rates in Korea, except for the prohibition on interest payments on current account deposits.
Lending to
Small-
and
Medium-sized
Enterprises
In order to obtain funding from the Bank of Korea at concessionary rates for their
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise loans, banks are required to allocate a certain minimum percentage of any quarterly increase in their Won currency lending to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises. Currently, this minimum percentage is 45% in the
 
90

case of nationwide banks and 60% in the case of regional banks. If a bank does not comply with this requirement, the Bank of Korea may:
 
  
require the bank to prepay all or a portion of funds provided to that bank in support of loans to
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises; or
 
  
lower the bank’s credit limit.
Disclosure of Management Performance
For the purpose of protecting depositors and investors in commercial banks, the Financial Services Commission requires commercial banks to publicly disclose certain material matters, including:
 
  
the financial condition and profit and loss of the bank and its subsidiaries;
 
  
fundraising by the bank and the appropriation of such funds;
 
  
any sanctions levied on the bank under the Bank Act or any corrective measures or sanctions under the Act on the Structural Improvement of the Financial Industry; and
 
  
the occurrence of any of the following events or any other event as prescribed by the applicable regulations, that have damaged or are likely to damage the soundness of the bank’s management, except as may otherwise have been disclosed by a bank or its financial holding company listed on the KRX KOSPI Market in accordance with the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act,:
 
 (i)
loans bearing no profit made to a single business group in an amount exceeding 10% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) as of the end of the previous month (where the loan exposure to that borrower is calculated pursuant to the criteria under the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business), unless the loan exposure to that group is not more than ₩4 billion; and
 
 (ii)
any loss due to court judgments or similar decisions in civil proceedings in an amount exceeding 1% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) as of the end of the previous month, unless the loss is not more than ₩1 billion.
Restrictions on Lending
Pursuant to the Bank Act and its
sub-regulations,
a commercial bank may not provide:
 
  
loans secured by a pledge of the bank’s own shares, whether direct or indirect;
 
  
loans to enable a natural or juridical person to buy the shares issued by the bank, whether direct or indirect;
 
  
loans to any of the bank’s officers or employees, other than
de minimis
loans of up to (i) ₩20 million in the case of a general loan, (ii) ₩50 million in the case of a general loan plus a housing loan or (iii) ₩60 million in the aggregate for general loans, housing loans and loans to pay damages arising from wrongful acts of employees in financial transactions;
 
  
credit (including loans) secured by a pledge of the equity securities of its subsidiary corporation or to enable a natural or juridical person to buy shares of the bank’s subsidiary corporation; or
 
  
loans to any officers or employees of the bank’s subsidiary corporation, other than general loans of up to ₩20 million or general and housing loans of up to ₩50 million in the aggregate.
 
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Regulations Relating to Retail Household Loans
The Financial Services Commission has implemented a number of changes in recent years to the regulations relating to retail household lending by banks. Under the currently applicable regulations:
 
  
as to loans secured by housing (including apartments) located nationwide, the
loan-to-value
ratio (the aggregate principal amount of loans secured by such collateral over the appraised value of the collateral) should not exceed 70%;
 
  
as to loans secured by housing (including apartments) located in areas of excessive investment or high speculation, in each case, as designated by the government, where the price does not exceed ₩900 million (based on the evaluation data of a certified rating institution, for which the detailed standards shall be as determined by the director of the Financial Supervisory Service), the
loan-to-value
ratio should not exceed 40%, except that such maximum
loan-to-value
ratio shall be 50% for
low-income
households that (i) have an annual income of less than ₩80 million (or ₩90 million for first-home buyers), (ii) do not currently own any housing and (iii) are using the loan to purchase
low-price
housing valued at less than ₩600 million;
 
  
as to any new loans secured by high-priced housing (including apartments) located in areas of excessive investment or high speculation, in each case, as designated by the government, where the price exceeds ₩900 million (based on the evaluation data of a certified rating institution, for which the detailed standards shall be as determined by the director of the Financial Supervisory Service), the
loan-to-value
ratio should not exceed 40% for the portion of such housing price not exceeding ₩900 million, and should not exceed 20% for the rest of the portion of such housing price exceeding ₩900 million, and no new loans shall be made available for any high-priced housing (including apartments) located in areas of excessive investment or high speculation, where the price exceeds ₩1.5 billion;
 
  
as to any new loans secured by housing (including apartments) located nationwide to be extended to a household that already owns one or more houses, the maximum
loan-to-value
ratio must be adjusted to 10% lower than the applicable
loan-to-value
ratio described above;
 
  
any new loans secured by housing (including apartments) located in areas of excessive investment or high speculation, in each case, as designated by the government, extended to a household that already owns one or more houses are not permitted unless otherwise specified by the applicable regulations;
 
  
as to loans secured by housing (including apartments) located in areas of excessive investment or high speculation, in each case, as designated by the government, the borrower’s
debt-to-income
ratio (calculated as (1) the aggregate annual total payment amount of (x) the principal of and interest on loans secured by such housing and existing mortgage and home equity loans and (y) the interest on other borrowings of the borrower over (2) the borrower’s annual income) should not exceed 40%, except that such maximum
debt-to-income
ratio is 50% for
low-income
households that (i) have an annual income of less than ₩80 million (or ₩90 million for first-home buyers), (ii) do not currently own any housing and (iii) are using the loan to purchase
low-price
housing valued at less than ₩600 million;
 
  
as to any new loans secured by apartments to be extended to a household that already owns one or more houses but plans to purchase additional houses located in an unregulated Seoul metropolitan area, the maximum
debt-to-income
ratio must be adjusted to 10% lower than the applicable
debt-to-income
ratio described above; and
 
  
as to any new loans extended to a household that has already obtained a loan secured by high priced housing (including apartments) located in areas of excessive investment or high speculation, as designated by the government, the borrower’s debt-service-ratio (calculated as (1) the aggregate annual total payment amount of the principal of and interest on financial liabilities, including the loans secured by such high-priced housing, divided by (2) the borrower’s annual income) should not exceed 40% unless otherwise specified by the applicable regulations.
 
92

Restrictions on Investments in Property
A bank may not invest in the following securities in excess of 100% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions):
 
  
debt securities (within the meaning of paragraph (3) of Article 4 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act) the maturity of which exceeds three years, but excluding government bonds, monetary stabilization bonds issued by the Bank of Korea and bonds within the meaning of item 2, paragraph (6) of Article 11 of the Act on the Structural Improvement of the Financial Industry;
 
  
equity securities, but excluding securities within the meaning of item 1, paragraph (6) of Article 11 of the Act on the Structural Improvement of the Financial Industry;
 
  
derivatives-linked securities (within the meaning of paragraph (7) of Article 4 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act) the maturity of which exceeds three years; and
 
  
beneficiary certificates, investment contracts and depositary receipts (within the meaning of paragraph (2) of Article 4 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act) the maturity of which exceeds three years.
A bank may possess real estate property only to the extent necessary to conduct its business. The aggregate value of such property may not exceed 60% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions). Any property that a bank acquires by exercising its rights as a secured party, or which a bank is prohibited from acquiring under the Bank Act, must be disposed of within three years, unless otherwise specified by the regulations thereunder.
Restrictions on Shareholdings in Other Companies
Under the Bank Act, a bank may not own more than 15% of the shares outstanding with voting rights of another corporation, except where, among other reasons:
 
  
that corporation engages in a category of financial businesses set forth by the Financial Services Commission; or
 
  
the acquisition of such shares by the bank is necessary for the corporate restructuring of such corporation and is approved by the Financial Services Commission.
In the above exceptional cases, the total investment in corporations in which the bank owns more than 15% of the outstanding shares with voting rights may not exceed (i) 20% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) or (ii) 30% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) where the acquisition satisfies the requirements determined by the Financial Services Commission.
The Bank Act provides that a bank using its bank accounts and its trust accounts is not permitted to acquire the equity securities issued by the major shareholder of such bank in excess of an amount equal to 1% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions).
Restrictions on Bank Ownership
Under the Bank Act, a single shareholder and persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder generally may acquire beneficial ownership of no more than 10% of a nationwide bank’s total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights and no more than 15% of a regional bank’s total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights. The Korean government, the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation and bank holding companies qualifying under the Financial Holding Company Act are not subject to this limit. Pursuant to the Bank Act,
non-financial
business group companies may not acquire beneficial ownership of shares of a nationwide bank in excess of 4% (or 15% in the case of a regional bank) of that bank’s outstanding voting shares,
 
93

unless they satisfy certain requirements set forth by the Enforcement Decree of the Bank Act, obtain the approval of the Financial Services Commission and agree not to exercise voting rights in respect of shares in excess of the 4% limit (or the 15% limit in the case of a regional bank), in which case they may acquire beneficial ownership of up to 10% of a nationwide bank’s outstanding voting shares. The Bank Act grants an exception for
non-financial
business group companies which, at the time of the enactment of the amended provisions, held more than 4% of the shares of a bank.
In addition, if a foreign investor, as defined in the Foreign Investment Promotion Act, owns in excess of 4% of a nationwide bank’s outstanding voting shares,
non-financial
business group companies may acquire beneficial ownership of up to 10% (or 15% in the case of a regional bank) of that bank’s outstanding voting shares, and in excess of 10% (or 15% in the case of a regional bank), 25% or 33% of that bank’s outstanding voting shares with the approval of the Financial Services Commission in each instance, up to the number of shares owned by the foreign investor. Any other person (whether a Korean national or a foreign investor), with the exception of
non-financial
business group companies described above, may acquire no more than 10% of a nationwide bank’s total voting shares issued and outstanding, unless they obtain approval from the Financial Services Commission in each instance where the total holding will exceed 10% (or 15% in the case of regional banks), 25% or 33% of the bank’s total voting shares issued and outstanding provided that, in addition to the foregoing threshold shareholding ratios, the Financial Services Commission may, at its discretion, designate a separate and additional threshold shareholding ratio.
Deposit Insurance System
The Depositor Protection Act provides insurance for certain deposits of banks in Korea through a deposit insurance system. Under the Depositor Protection Act, all banks governed by the Bank Act are required to pay an insurance premium to the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation on a quarterly basis and the rate is determined under the Enforcement Decree to the Depositor Protection Act. If the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation makes a payment on an insured amount, it will acquire the depositors’ claims with respect to that payment amount. The Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation insures a maximum of ₩50 million per individual for deposits and interest in a single financial institution, regardless of when the deposits were made and the size of the deposits.
Restrictions on Foreign Exchange Position
Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act of Korea, each of a bank’s net overpurchased and oversold positions may not exceed 50% of its shareholder’s equity as of the end of the prior month.
Laws and Regulations Governing Other Business Activities
A bank must register with the Ministry of Economy and Finance to enter the foreign exchange business, which is governed by the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act of Korea. A bank must obtain the permission of the Financial Services Commission to enter the securities business, which is governed by regulations under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. Under these laws, a bank may engage in the foreign exchange business, securities repurchase business, governmental/public bond underwriting business and governmental bond dealing business, among others.
Trust Business
A bank must obtain approval from the Financial Services Commission to engage in trust businesses. The Trust Act and the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act govern the trust activities of banks, and they are subject to various legal and accounting procedures and requirements, including the following:
 
  
under the Trust Act, assets accepted in trust by a bank in Korea must be segregated from other assets in the accounts of that bank; and
 
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depositors and other general creditors cannot obtain or assert claims against the assets comprising the trust accounts in the event the bank is liquidated or
wound-up.
The bank must make a special reserve of 25% or more of fees from each unspecified money trust account for which a bank guarantees the principal amount and a fixed rate of interest until the total reserve for that account equals 5% of the trust amount.    
Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, a bank with a trust business license (such as Kookmin Bank) is permitted to offer both specified money trust account products and unspecified money trust account products. However, pursuant to guidelines from regulatory authorities that discourage the sale of unspecified money trust account products, sales of such products have generally been suspended.
Credit Card Business
General
In order to enter the credit card business, a company must obtain a license from the Financial Services Commission. Credit card businesses are governed by the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, which sets forth specific requirements with respect to the credit card business as well as generally prohibiting unsound business practices relating to the credit card business which may infringe on the rights of credit card holders or negatively affect the soundness of the credit card industry. Credit card companies, including our
wholly-owned
subsidiary, KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd., are regulated by the Financial Services Commission and the Financial Supervisory Service.
Disclosure and Reports
Under the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act and the regulations thereunder, a credit card company is required to disclose on a periodic and
on-going
basis certain material matters and events. In addition, a credit card company must submit periodic reports with respect to its results of operations to the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service, in accordance with the guidelines of the Financial Supervisory Service.
Restrictions on Funding
Under the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act and the regulations thereunder, a credit card company must ensure that its total assets do not exceed an amount equal to eight times its equity capital and that the ratio of its adjusted equity capital to its adjusted total assets is not less than 8.0%. However, if a credit card company is unable to comply with such limit upon the occurrence of unavoidable events, such as drastic changes in the domestic and global financial markets, such limit may be adjusted through a resolution of the Financial Services Commission.
Risk of Loss Due to Lost, Stolen, Forged or Altered Credit Cards
Under the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, a credit card company is liable for any loss arising from the unauthorized use of credit cards or debit cards after it has received notice from the holder of the loss or theft of the card. A credit card company is also responsible for any losses resulting from the use of forged or altered credit cards, debit cards and
pre-paid
cards. A credit card company may, however, transfer all or part of this latter risk of loss to holders of credit card in the event of willful misconduct or gross negligence by holders of credit card if the terms and conditions of the agreement entered between the credit card company and members of such cards specifically provide for that transfer.
For these purposes, disclosure of a customer’s password that is made intentionally or through gross negligence, or the transfer of or giving as collateral of the credit card or debit card, is considered willful
 
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misconduct or gross negligence. However, a disclosure of a cardholder’s password that is made under irresistible force or threat to cardholder or his/her relatives’ life or health will not be deemed as willful misconduct or negligence of the cardholder.
Each credit card company must institute appropriate measures to fulfill these obligations, such as establishing provisions, purchasing insurance or joining a cooperative association.
Pursuant to the Enforcement Decree to Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, a credit card company will be liable for any losses arising from loss or theft of a credit card (which was not from the holder’s willful misconduct or negligence) during the period beginning 60 days before the notice by the holder to the credit card company.
Pursuant to the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, the Financial Services Commission may either restrict the limit or take other necessary measures against the credit card company with respect to such matters as the maximum limits on the amount per credit card, details of credit card terms and conditions, management of credit card merchants and collection of claims, including the following:
 
  
maximum limits for cash advances on credit cards;
 
  
use restrictions on debit cards with respect to per day or per transaction usage;
 
  
aggregate issuance limits and maximum limits on the amount per card on
pre-paid
cards; and
 
  
other matters prescribed by the Enforcement Decree to the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act.
Lending Ratio in Ancillary Business
Pursuant to the Enforcement Decree to the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, a credit card company must maintain an aggregate quarterly average outstanding lending balance to credit cardholders (including cash advances and credit card loans, but excluding restructured loans) no greater than the sum of (i) its aggregate quarterly average outstanding credit card balance arising from the purchase of goods and services and (ii) the aggregate quarterly debit card transaction volume.
Issuance of New Cards and Solicitation of New Cardholders
The Enforcement Decree to the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act establishes the conditions under which a credit card company may issue new cards and solicit new members. New credit cards may be issued only to the following persons:
 
  
persons who are at least 19 years old when they apply for a credit card;
 
  
persons whose capability to pay bills as they come due has been verified using standards established by the credit card company; and
 
  
in the case of minors who are 18 years old, persons who submit documents evidencing employment as of the date of the credit card application, such as an employment certificate, or persons for whom the issuance of a credit card is necessitated by governmental policies, such as financial aid.
In addition, a credit card company may not solicit credit card members by:
 
  
providing economic benefits or promising to provide economic benefits in excess of 10% of the annual credit card fee (in the case of credit cards with annual fees that are less than the average of the annual fees charged by major credit cards in Korea, the annual fee will be deemed to be equal to such average annual fee) in connection with issuing a credit card; provided, however, that providing economic benefits or promising to provide economic benefits not exceeding the amount of the annual credit card fee to an applicant that becomes a credit card member through an online platform is permissible;
 
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soliciting applicants on roads, public places or along corridors used by the general public;
 
  
soliciting applicants through visits, except those visits made upon prior consent and visits to a business area;
 
  
soliciting applicants through the Internet without verifying whether the applicant is who he or she purports to be, by means of a digital signature (limited, however, to cases where it can be confirmed that the applicant is the person in question by using identifiable information) under the Digital Signature Act; and
 
  
soliciting applicants through pyramid sales methods.
Compliance Rules on Collection of Receivable Claims
Pursuant to Supervisory Regulation on the Specialized Credit Financial Business, a credit card company may not:
 
  
exert violence or threaten violence;
 
  
inform a related party (a guarantor of the debtor, blood relative or fiancé(e) of the debtor, a person living in the same household as the debtor or a person working in the same workplace as the debtor) of the debtor’s obligations without just cause;
 
  
provide false information relating to the debtor’s obligation to the debtor or his or her related parties;
 
  
threaten to sue or sue the debtor for fraud despite lack of affirmative evidence to establish that the debtor has submitted forged or false documentation with respect to his or her ability to make payment;
 
  
visit or telephone the debtor during late evening hours (between the hours of 9:00 p.m. and 8:00 a.m.); and
 
  
utilize other uncustomary methods to collect the receivables that interfere with the privacy or the peace in the workplace of the debtor or his or her related parties.
Principal Regulations Applicable to Insurance Companies
General
Under the Insurance Business Act, a company seeking to engage in the insurance business in Korea is required to obtain business authorizations and licenses from the Financial Services Commission, and such company is required to comply with the Insurance Business Act and the regulations thereunder. These rules and regulations cover, among other things: (i) the requirements for obtaining business authorizations and licenses to operate an insurance company; (ii) the scope of business an insurance company may undertake; (iii) the operations of an insurance company, including its asset management activities; (iv) the methods of insurance solicitation; (v) the supervision of the insurance business; and (vi) the disciplinary actions for violation of the Insurance Business Act, which may include revocation of a license, imprisonment, suspension of operations, fines, surcharges and penalties.
The Financial Services Commission has the authority to oversee matters involving licenses necessary for, and supervision of, the operation of an insurance business. Pursuant to the Regulation on Supervision of Insurance Business and the Regulation on Corporate Governance of Financial Companies, the Financial Services Commission sets forth detailed criteria for obtaining the authorization necessary to engage in the insurance business, as well as various comprehensive standards required to be met by an insurance company. The Financial Services Commission entrusts the Financial Supervisory Service with certain matters pursuant to the Regulation on Supervision of Insurance Business, as specified under the Detailed Enforcement Regulations on Insurance Supervision.
 
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Since an insurance company falls within the scope of a financial institution under the Act on the Structural Improvement of the Financial Industry, special provisions thereunder apply to an insurance company in the event (i) it merges with, or converts into, another financial institution, (ii) it becomes bankrupt or insolvent or is dissolved or (iii) members of its business group acquire shares of another company in excess of a certain percentage. In addition, an insurance company that offers and sells investment-type insurance products, such as variable insurance products, and manages assets under special accounts for variable insurance policies is deemed a financial investment company under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. Such insurance company is subject to certain provisions under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, such as regulations on the control of conflicts of interest as well as the establishment and maintenance of firewalls for asset management of special accounts related to variable insurance policies. In addition, pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Transactions Act, an insurance company is required to obtain prior approval from the Ministry of Economy and Finance, the Bank of Korea, the Financial Supervisory Service or a foreign exchange bank and may be required to file periodic reports if the company engages in any of the following: (a) a transaction involving a foreign currency; (b) a transaction with a
non-resident
involving either the Won or a foreign currency; (c) a transaction that requires an outgoing overseas payment; (d) a transaction that requires receipt of an overseas payment; and (e) any other transaction prescribed under the Foreign Exchange Transactions Act. Furthermore, an insurance company is required to comply with the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies.
Scope of Business of Insurance Companies
Under the Insurance Business Act, an insurance company is prohibited from concurrently operating a life insurance business and a
non-life
insurance business (including property, marine and cargo and liability insurance), provided that an insurance company may concurrently operate a “type three” insurance business (including casualty, disease and health care insurance) and provide reinsurance to other insurance companies. However, limited
cross-selling
of life insurance and
non-life
insurance products by insurance sales agents working for life insurance or
non-life
insurance companies in Korea is permitted by the Financial Services Commission.
Upon approval by the Financial Services Commission, a life insurance company may operate (i) a life insurance business, (ii) a pension insurance (including retirement insurance) business and (iii) type three insurance businesses, while a
non-life
insurance company may operate (i) various types of
non-life
insurance businesses (including property, marine and cargo, automobile, guarantee, reinsurance and certain other enumerated
non-life
insurance as designated under the Enforcement Decree of the Insurance Business Act as well as liability insurance) and (ii) type three insurance businesses.
Both life insurance and
non-life
insurance companies may also operate certain financial businesses and incidental businesses designated under the Enforcement Decree of the Insurance Business Act.
Requirements Relating to Insurance Solicitation
The Insurance Business Act limits entities that may engage in insurance solicitation to insurance sales agents, insurance agencies (including those of financial institutions), insurance brokers and officers and employees of an insurance company. Any person or entity wishing to act as an insurance sales agent, insurance agency (including those of financial institutions) or insurance broker must register with the Financial Services Commission and report promptly to the Financial Services Commission the occurrence of certain changes prescribed under the Insurance Business Act.
Insurance brochures used for insurance solicitation must clearly specify the terms required under the Insurance Business Act in an
easy-to-understand
manner. Where an insurance company or any person engaging in insurance solicitation persuades an ordinary policyholder to enter into an insurance contract, it must explain to such ordinary policyholder about certain critical matters of the insurance contract prescribed by the Financial
 
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Consumer Protection Act, including details of insurance products, insurance premiums (including mutual aid premiums), procedures for payment of insurance proceeds (including mutual aid) and grounds for restricting the payment and coverage scope in a manner the policyholder can easily understand.
Where an insurance company or any person engaging in insurance solicitation advertises an insurance product, it must include the details of such insurance product in such advertisement as prescribed under the Financial Consumer Protection Act and must not engage in any act which, among other things, may lead to a misunderstanding that such insurance product would provide a large amount of insurance proceeds by emphasizing selective terms and conditions of such product or introducing cases where a large amount of insurance proceeds were paid.
In connection with the execution or solicitation of an insurance contract, any person engaging in insurance solicitation must not engage in any act prohibited under the Insurance Business Act and the Financial Consumer Protection Act, including acts of providing a policyholder with false information regarding an insurance product and acts intended to interrupt or prevent a policyholder (including interested parties prescribed by the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Consumer Protection Act) from notifying an insurance company of an important matter relevant to an insurance policy.
Any person engaging in insurance solicitation is prohibited from providing special benefits (including, but not limited to, cash over a certain amount and discounts on insurance premiums) in connection with the execution of an insurance contract unless such special benefits are stipulated in the underlying documents for such insurance product. In addition, an insurance company is prohibited from entrusting any person other than those who are eligible under the Insurance Business Act to engage in insurance solicitation or paying any compensation to any ineligible persons for his or her insurance solicitation. The Insurance Business Act and the Financial Consumer Protection Act also prescribe in detail certain practices that insurance agencies of financial institutions are restricted from engaging in, including, but not limited to:
 
  
forcing entry into contracts on financial products against the will of the policyholder using a position of advantage; and
 
  
including insurance premiums in loan transactions without the prior consent of the borrower.
The Insurance Business Act permits insurance sales agents working for life insurance companies to
cross-sell
non-life
insurance products of one
non-life
insurance company, and insurance sales agents working for
non-life
insurance companies are correspondingly permitted to
cross-sell
the life insurance products of one life insurance company.
Capital Adequacy
Pursuant to the risk-based capital adequacy requirements implemented by the Financial Services Commission, insurance companies in Korea are required to maintain a statutory ratio of available regulatory capital to risk-weighted assets of not less than 100% on a consolidated basis (although a risk-based capital adequacy ratio of not less than 150% is still considered standard in the Korean insurance industry). Risk based capital adequacy requirements require insurance companies to hold adequate capital to cover their exposures to interest rate risk, market risk, credit risk and operational risk as well as insurance risk by reflecting such risks in their calculation of risk-weighted assets. The statutory
risk-based
capital adequacy ratio for insurance companies is computed by dividing available capital by required capital. Available capital of an insurance company is computed as the sum of, among other things, capital stock, reserve for policyholder dividends and bad debt allowance after deducting, among other things, deferred acquisition costs, goodwill, and prepaid expenses. Required capital is computed based on the sum of (i) the square root of the sum of the squares of (w) insurance risk amounts, (x) interest rate risk amounts, (y) credit risk amounts and (z) market risk amounts, and (ii) the operating risk amounts, with each risk amount being calculated in accordance with the detailed criteria set forth under the Regulation on Supervision of Insurance Business and the Detailed Enforcement Regulations on Insurance Supervision.
 
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The Financial Supervisory Service has announced that it plans to introduce a new regulatory solvency regime for insurance companies by 2022 based on the International Capital Standard developed by the International Association of Insurance Supervisors, which would be similar in substance to the Solvency II Directive of the European Union. The Solvency II Directive, which has been in effect in the European Union since January 1, 2016, is a comprehensive program of regulatory requirements for insurance companies, covering authorization, corporate governance, supervisory reporting, public disclosure and risk assessment and management, as well as solvency. Under the Financial Supervisory Service’s planned new solvency regime in Korea, among other things, insurance contract liabilities are expected to be measured based on market value, rather than book value, which would require a number of insurance companies in Korea with a large portfolio of high guaranteed rate of return products to obtain additional capital to meet their capital adequacy requirements. The Financial Supervisory Service has also announced its plans to implement a series of incremental changes to the calculation methodology for the risk-based capital adequacy ratio of insurance companies, as interim measures. Such changes implemented in 2017 included increasing the maximum statutory duration of insurance liabilities recognized for purposes of such calculation, as well as reducing the coefficient applied in calculating interest rate risk and adjusting the methods used to assess the risk of guaranteed benefits of variable insurance policies. The details of the new solvency regime in Korea have not yet been finalized and are likely to be further amended in the future.
Regulations on Class Actions Regarding Securities
The Law on Class Actions Regarding Securities was enacted as of January 20, 2004 and last amended on May 28, 2013. The Law on Class Actions Regarding Securities governs class actions suits instituted by one or more representative plaintiff(s) on behalf of 50 or more persons who claim to have been damaged in a capital markets transaction involving securities issued by a listed company in Korea.
Applicable causes of action with respect to such suits include:
 
  
claims for damages caused by misleading information contained in a securities statement;
 
  
claims for damages caused by the filing of a misleading business report,
semi-annual
report, or quarterly report;
 
  
claims for damages caused by insider trading or market manipulation; and
 
  
claims instituted against auditors for damages caused by accounting irregularities.
Any such class action may be instituted upon approval from the presiding court and the outcome of such class action will have a binding effect on all potential plaintiffs who have not joined the action, with the exception of those who have filed an opt out notice with such court.
Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act
The Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, which became effective in February 2009, regulates and governs the financial investment business in Korea. The entities that regulate and supervise financial investment companies are the Financial Services Commission, the Financial Supervisory Service and the Securities and Futures Commission.
Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, a company must obtain a license from the Financial Services Commission to commence a financial investment business such as a brokerage business, a dealing business or an underwriting business, or register with the Financial Services Commission to commence a financial investment business such as an investment advisory business or a discretionary investment management business. A bank is permitted to engage in certain types of financial investment business as specified under the Enforcement Decree of the Bank Act. Prior to commencing a financial investment business, a bank must file a report with the Financial Services Commission and apply for a license pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act.
 
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Consolidation of Capital
Markets-Related
Laws
Prior to the effectiveness of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, there were separate laws regulating various types of financial institutions depending on the type of financial institution (for example, securities companies, futures companies, trust business companies and asset management companies) and subjecting financial institutions to different licensing and ongoing regulatory requirements (for example, the Korean Securities Exchange Act, the Futures Business Act and the Indirect Investment Asset Management Business Act). By applying one uniform set of rules to the same financial business having the same economic function, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act attempts to improve and address issues caused by the previous regulatory system under which the same economic function relating to capital
markets-related
businesses are governed by multiple regulations. To this end, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act categorizes capital
markets-related
businesses into six different functions, as follows:
 
  
dealing, trading and underwriting of “financial investment products” (as defined below);
 
  
brokerage of financial investment products;
 
  
establishment of collective investment schemes and the management thereof;
 
  
investment advice;
 
  
discretionary investment management; and
 
  
trusts (together with the five businesses set forth above, the “Financial Investment Businesses”).
Accordingly, all financial businesses relating to financial investment products have been reclassified as one or more of the Financial Investment Businesses described above, and financial institutions are subject to the regulations applicable to their relevant Financial Investment Businesses, regardless of the type of the financial institution. For example, under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, derivative businesses conducted by former securities companies and future companies will be subject to the same regulations.
Banking and insurance businesses are not subject to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and will continue to be regulated under separate laws. However, they may become subject to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act if their activities involve any financial investment businesses requiring a license pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act.
Comprehensive Definition of Financial Investment Products
In an effort to encompass the various types of securities and derivative products available in the capital markets, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act sets forth a comprehensive term “financial investment products,” defined to mean all financial products with a risk of loss in the invested amount (in contrast to “deposits,” which are financial products for which the invested amount is protected or preserved). Financial investment products are classified into two major categories: (i) “securities” (financial investment products in which the risk of loss is limited to the invested amount) and (ii) “derivatives” (financial investment products in which the risk of loss may exceed the invested amount). As a result of the general and broad definition of financial investment products, a variety of financial products may be defined as a financial investment product, which would enable Financial Investment Companies (defined below) to handle a broader range of financial products. Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, entities formerly licensed as securities companies, asset management companies, futures companies and other entities engaging in any Financial Investment Business are classified as “Financial Investment Companies.”
New License System and the Conversion of Existing Licenses
Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, Financial Investment Companies are able to choose the type of Financial Investment Business in which to engage (through a “check the box” method set forth in the relevant license application), by specifying the desired (i) Financial Investment Business,
 
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(ii) financial investment product and (iii) target customers to which financial investment products may be sold or distributed (that is, general investors or professional investors). Licenses will be issued under the specific business
sub-categories
described in the foregoing sentence. For example, it would be possible for a Financial Investment Company to obtain a license to engage in the Financial Investment Business of (i) dealing (ii) over the counter derivatives products (iii) only with sophisticated investors.
Financial institutions that engage in business activities constituting a Financial Investment Business are required to take certain steps, such as renewal of their license or registration, in order to continue engaging in such business activities. Financial institutions that are not licensed Financial Investment Companies are not permitted to engage in any Financial Investment Business, subject to the following exceptions: (i) banks and insurance companies are permitted to engage in certain categories of Financial Investment Business for a period not exceeding six months commencing on the effective date of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act; and (ii) other financial institutions that engaged in any Financial Investment Business prior to the effective date of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act (whether in the form of a concurrent business or an incidental business) are permitted to continue such Financial Investment Business for a period not exceeding six months commencing on the effective date of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act.
Expanded Business Scope of Financial Investment Companies
Under the previous regulatory regime in Korea, it was difficult for a financial institution to explore a new line of business or expand upon its existing line of business. For example, previously a financial institution licensed as a securities company generally was not permitted to engage in the asset management business. In contrast, under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, pursuant to the integration of its current businesses involving financial investment products into a single Financial Investment Business, a licensed Financial Investment Company is permitted to engage in all types of Financial Investment Businesses, subject to satisfying relevant regulations (for example, maintaining an adequate “Chinese Wall,” to the extent required). As to incidental businesses (that is, a financial related business which is not a Financial Investment Business), the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act generally allows a Financial Investment Company to freely engage in such incidental businesses by shifting away from the previous
positive-list
system towards a more comprehensive system. In addition, a Financial Investment Company is permitted to (i) outsource marketing activities by contracting “introducing brokers” that are individuals but not employees of the Financial Investment Company, (ii) engage in foreign exchange businesses related to their Financial Investment Business and (iii) participate in the settlement network, pursuant to an agreement among the settlement network participants.
Improvement in Investor Protection Mechanism
While the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act widens the scope of financial businesses in which financial institutions are permitted to engage, a more rigorous
investor-protection
mechanism is also imposed upon Financial Investment Companies dealing in financial investment products. The Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act distinguishes general investors from sophisticated investors and provides new or enhanced protections to general investors. For instance, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act expressly provides for a strict
know-your-customer
rule for general investors and imposes an obligation that Financial Investment Companies should market financial investment products suitable to each general investor, using written explanatory materials. Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, a Financial Investment Company could be liable if a general investor proves (i) damage or losses relating to such general investor’s investment in financial investment products solicited by such Financial Investment Company and (ii) the absence of the requisite written explanatory materials, without having to prove fault or causation. With respect to conflicts of interest between Financial Investment Companies and investors, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act expressly requires (i) disclosure of any conflict of interest to investors and (ii) mitigation of conflicts of interest to a comfortable level or abstention from the relevant transaction.
 
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Other Changes to Securities / Fund Regulations
The Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act changed various securities regulations including those relating to public disclosure, insider trading and proxy contests, which were previously governed by the Korean Securities Exchange Act. For example, the 5% and 10% reporting obligations under the Korean Securities Exchange Act have become more stringent. The Indirect Investment and Asset Management Business Act strictly limited the kind of vehicles that could be utilized under a collective investment scheme, restricting the range of potential vehicles to trusts and corporations, and the type of funds that can be used for investments. However, under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, these restrictions have been significantly liberalized, permitting all vehicles that may be created under Korean law, such as limited liability companies or partnerships, to be used for the purpose of collective investments and allowing investment funds to be more flexible as to their investments.
Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies
The Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies, which became effective on August 1, 2016, was enacted to address the need for strengthened regulations on corporate governance of financial institutions and to serve as a uniform set of regulations on corporate governance matters applicable to financial institutions across a variety of industry sectors. It contains several key measures, including (i) eligibility requirements for officers of financial institutions and standards for determining whether officers of financial institutions may hold concurrent positions in other companies, (ii) standards for composition and operation of the board of directors of financial institutions, (iii) standards for establishment, composition and operation of various committees of the board of directors of financial institutions, (iv) regulations on internal control and risk management, (v) requirements and procedures for the approval of a change of major shareholders and (vi) special regulations to protect the rights of minority shareholders of financial institutions.
Financial Consumer Protection Act
The Financial Consumer Protection Act became effective on March 25, 2021, and certain provisions relating to internal control under such Act have become effective on September 25, 2021. The Financial Consumer Protection Act aims to enhance measures to protect financial consumers and to establish a sound market order in the financial product sales and advisory businesses. The Financial Consumer Protection Act consolidates existing regulations relating to the sale of financial products and consumer protection stipulated in other laws governing the financial sector, such as the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, the Banking Act and the Insurance Business Act, and applies to the financial industry on a cross-sectoral basis.
Application of the Financial Consumer Protection Act
All financial products that are classified as (i) deposits, (ii) loans, (iii) investment products or (iv) insurance products are subject to the Financial Consumer Protection Act. These four types of products encompass most of the products covered by the Bank Act, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and the Insurance Business Act. Financial products offered by credit unions,
peer-to-peer
(P2P) lending firms and registered credit service providers are also regulated by the Financial Consumer Protection Act.
Six Principles Regulating Selling Activities
The Financial Consumer Protection Act consolidates previously scattered regulations regarding financial business operations into six uniform standards that cover the following: (i) suitability, (ii) appropriateness, (iii) duty to explain, (iv) unfair sales practices, (v) improper solicitation and (vi) advertisements. Among these six principles, suitability, appropriateness and duty to explain apply only to “general financial consumers,” although “professional financial consumers” may elect to be treated as “general financial consumers,” in which case all six principles would apply to them.
 
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Internal Control Requirements for Consumer Protection
The Financial Consumer Protection Act requires sellers of financial products to have adequate internal control standards to protect consumers. The Enforcement Decree to the Financial Consumer Protection Act sets forth details of certain of the internal control standards as follows:
 
  
Establishment of the authority and responsibilities of the decision maker, such as the representative director or a director, in the implementation of internal control measures;
 
  
Development of an organizational structure and designation of personnel responsible for consumer protection matters, including the establishment of a financial consumer protection committee;
 
  
Implementation of (i) inter-departmental consultation procedures for the development and sale of financial products, (ii) processes for internal deliberations and the incorporation of opinions from independent third party advisors, (iii) standards for vetting advertisements, (iv) mandatory training requirements for officers and employees and implementation of qualification requirements, (v) standards for the prevention of conflicts of interest, (vi) proper management of confidential information, and (vii) disclosure obligations when potential harm to consumers arises; and
 
  
Establishment of standards for performance-based compensation of officers and employees in charge of sales of financial products.
Right to Withdraw Subscriptions and Right to Terminate Contracts
Under the Financial Consumer Protection Act, consumers have the right to withdraw subscriptions, allowing them to receive a refund during a statutory
cooling-off
period following the execution of the relevant subscription agreement. This right generally applies to all types of financial products with the exception of deposits, although in the case of investment products, the right to withdraw applies only to highly complex funds and trusts. Consumers also have the right to terminate a contract if the sellers violate the Financial Consumer Protection Act in relation to the sales process. The right to terminate contracts applies to long-term contracts but such right must be exercised within one year from the time that the customer becomes aware that the financial product was sold in violation of the regulatory requirements.
Punitive Penalty Surcharges
In case of a violation of the principles regarding the duty to explain, unfair sales practices, improper solicitation and advertisements, sellers are subject to a punitive penalty of up to half the “amount that is the purpose of the contract” (which would be the deposit amount in case of deposit products, loan amount in case of loan products, investment amount in case of investment products, and insurance premium in case of insurance products), depending on the severity of the violation of the Financial Consumer Protection Act.
Environment, Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance
As part of our mission to become a “financial service delivering changes,” we are committed to a management philosophy focused on issues relating to the environment, social responsibility and corporate governance (“ESG”). Our ESG strategy is to focus on internalizing ESG values across all of our business operations by developing a climate change risk management system, an inclusive society and a transparent corporate governance structure.
We have also developed the “KB Green Wave 2030” program to fulfill our responsibility as a leading financial group and to become a more trusted company to our stakeholders. Under this program, we plan to increase the total value of our
ESG-related
products, investments and loans to W50 trillion by 2030. Since 2011, we have published a group-wide sustainability report on our website on an annual basis.
 
104

Item 4.C.
Organizational Structure
The following chart provides an overview of our structure, including our significant subsidiaries and our ownership of such subsidiaries as of March 31, 2022:
 
 
105

Our largest subsidiary is Kookmin Bank, the assets of which represented approximately 72.8% of our total assets as of December 31, 2021. The following table provides summary information for our operating subsidiaries that are consolidated in our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021, including their consolidated total assets, operating revenue, profit (loss) and total equity:
 
Subsidiaries
  
Total Assets
   
Operating Revenue
   
Profit (Loss)
  
Total Equity
 
   
(in millions of Won)
 
Kookmin Bank
  483,564,898   26,536,995   2,590,764  32,888,913 
KB Securities Co., Ltd.
   55,493,985    8,543,590    594,301   5,485,563 
KB Insurance Co., Ltd.
   41,472,227    14,131,278    301,836   4,143,273 
KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.
   27,349,561    3,527,354    418,898   4,555,641 
KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.
   10,634,562    2,259,301    (46,595  460,280 
Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea, Ltd.
   26,287,116    1,976,122    336,198   2,294,515 
KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.
   375,739    254,162    79,899   247,150 
KB Capital Co., Ltd.
   14,529,427    1,634,759    209,899   1,822,217 
KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.
   2,601,134    150,028    18,932   262,097 
KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd.
   496,522    168,373    81,480   376,822 
KB Investment Co., Ltd.
   1,197,720    207,367    55,338   275,481 
KB Credit Information Co., Ltd.
   28,674    39,909    388   16,371 
KB Data Systems Co., Ltd.
   44,486    174,819    467   18,575 
Further information regarding our subsidiaries is provided below:
 
  
Kookmin Bank
was established in Korea in 2001 as a result of the merger of the former Kookmin Bank (established in 1963) and H&CB (established in 1967). Kookmin Bank provides a wide range of banking and other financial services to individuals,
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises and large corporations in Korea. As of December 31, 2021, Kookmin Bank was one of the largest commercial banks in Korea based upon total assets (including loans) and deposits. As of December 31, 2021, Kookmin Bank had approximately 36.3 million customers, with 914 branches nationwide.
 
  
KB Securities Co., Ltd.
, formerly known as Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd., was established in Korea in 1962 to provide various securities brokerage and investment banking services. In 2016, we acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities, merged another subsidiary, KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd., with and into Hyundai Securities and changed the name of the surviving entity to KB Securities Co., Ltd.
 
  
KB Insurance Co., Ltd.
, formerly known as LIG Insurance Co., Ltd., was established in Korea in January 1959 to provide
non-life
insurance products. KB Insurance became our wholly-owned subsidiary in July 2017 after a series of stock purchases, a tender offer and a comprehensive stock swap.
 
  
KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.
was established in March 2011 as a separate entity upon the completion of a horizontal
spin-off
of Kookmin Bank’s credit card business, to provide credit card services.
 
  
KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.
was established in Korea in April 2004 to provide life insurance and wealth management products primarily through our branch network.
 
  
Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea, Ltd.
, formerly a subsidiary of Prudential Financial, Inc., a U.S.-based provider of insurance, investment management and other financial products and services, was established in Korea in 1989. In August 2020, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of Prudential Life Insurance from Prudential Financial, Inc. for ₩2.3 trillion, as a result of which Prudential Life Insurance became a wholly-owned subsidiary.
 
  
KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.
was established in Korea in April 1988 as a subsidiary of Citizens Investment Trust Company to provide investment advisory services.
 
106

  
KB Capital Co., Ltd.
, which provides leasing services and installment finance services, was formerly known as Woori Financial Co., Ltd. and was acquired by us in March 2014. KB Capital became our wholly-owned subsidiary in July 2017 after a tender offer followed by a comprehensive stock swap.
 
  
KB Savings Bank
Co., Ltd.
was established in Korea in January 2012 to provide
small-loan
finance services. KB Savings Bank was established in connection with our purchase of assets and assumption of liabilities of Jeil Savings Bank in January 2012.
We acquired Yehansoul Savings Bank, which provided
small-loan
finance services, in September 2013 and merged it with KB Savings Bank in January 2014, with KB Savings Bank as the surviving entity.
 
  
KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd.
was established in Korea in December 1996 to provide real estate development and brokerage services by managing trusts related to the real estate industry.
 
  
KB Investment Co., Ltd.
was established in Korea in March 1990 to invest in and finance
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises.
 
  
KB Credit Information Co., Ltd.
was established in Korea in October 1999 to collect delinquent loans and to check credit history.
 
  
KB Data Systems Co., Ltd.
was established in Korea in September 1991 to provide software services to us and other financial institutions.
 
Item 4.D.
Property, Plants and Equipment
Our registered office and corporate headquarters are located at 26,
Gukjegeumyung-ro
8-gil,
Yeongdeungpo-gu,
Seoul 07331, Korea. The following table presents information regarding certain of our properties in Korea:
 
Type of facility/building
  
Location
  
Area
(square meters)
 
Registered office and corporate headquarters and Kookmin Bank headquarters #1
  
26, Gukjegeumyung-ro 8-gil

Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07331
   5,354 
Kookmin Bank headquarters #2
  141, Uisadang-daero,
Yeongdeungpo-gu,
Seoul 07332
   4,727 
KB Kookmin Card headquarters building
  
Jongno-gu,
Seoul
   3,923 
Kookmin Bank training institute
  Ilsan   207,560 
Kookmin Bank training institute
  Daecheon   4,158 
Kookmin Bank training institute
  Sokcho   15,559 
Kookmin Bank training institute
  Cheonan   196,649 
Kookmin Bank IT center
  
Gangseo-gu,
Seoul
   13,116 
Kookmin Bank IT center
  Yeouido, Seoul   5,928 
Kookmin Bank IT center
  Yeouido, Seoul   2,006 
Kookmin Bank IT center
  Gimpo   13,144 
Kookmin Bank support center
  
Seongbuk-gu,
Seoul
   9,939 
KB Securities training institute
  
Kiheung-gu,
Yongin
   64,600 
In August 2020, we completed the construction of a second headquarters building for Kookmin Bank in Yeouido, Seoul. Our total capital expenditure for its construction amounted to approximately ₩356.5 billion.
As of December 31, 2021, we had a countrywide network of 914 banking branches and
sub-branches,
as well as nine branches and
sub-branches
and seven representative offices for our other operations including our credit card, securities brokerage, insurance and consumer finance businesses. Approximately
one-fifth
of these facilities are housed in buildings owned by us, while the remaining branches are leased properties. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Capital Markets Activities and International Banking/Finance—International Banking/Finance” for a list of our overseas subsidiaries, branches and representative and liaison offices in operation as of
 
107

December 31, 2021. Kookmin Bank, Gurgaon Representative Office in India converted to Kookmin Bank, Gurugram Branch in February 2019 and Kookmin Bank, Hanoi Representative Office was liquidated in September 2020. In December 2020, we established KB Bank Myanmar Ltd., a subsidiary, in Myanmar, and in January 2022, we established Kookmin Bank, Singapore Branch in Singapore. Kookmin Bank, Yangon Representative Office is currently being liquidated. Lease terms are generally from two to three years and seldom exceed five years. We do not own any material properties outside of Korea.
The net carrying amount of all the properties owned by us at December 31, 2021 was ₩4,225 billion.
 
Item 4A.
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
We do not have any unresolved comments from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission staff regarding our periodic reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.
 
Item 5.
OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
 
Item 5.A.
Operating Results
Overview
The following discussion is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of subsidiaries over which substantive control is exercised through majority ownership of voting stock and/or other means. Investments in jointly controlled entities and associates (which are companies over which we have the ability to exercise significant influence) are accounted for by the equity method of accounting.
Trends in the Korean Economy
Our financial position and results of operations have been and will continue to be significantly affected by financial and economic conditions in Korea. In recent years, commercial banks, consumer finance companies and other financial institutions in Korea have made significant investments and engaged in aggressive marketing in retail lending (including mortgage and home equity loans), leading to substantially increased competition in this segment. From the second half of 2016 to 2021, the Korean government introduced various measures to tighten regulations on mortgage and other lending and housing subscription in response to the rapid growth in consumer debt and concerns over speculative investments in real estate in certain areas. Notwithstanding such measures, demand for residential property in certain areas, including Seoul, continued to increase through the end of 2021, and accompanied by an increase in the prices of such residential property, our portfolio of retail loans increased from ₩182,437 billion as of December 31, 2020 to ₩191,641 billion as of December 31, 2021. Nevertheless, a decrease in housing prices as a result of the implementation of such measures, together with the high level of consumer debt and deteriorating domestic and global economic conditions, could result in declines in consumer spending and reduced economic growth, which may lead to increases in delinquency levels of our portfolio of retail loans. In 2021, we recorded charge-offs of ₩411 billion and provision for credit losses of ₩461 billion in respect of our retail loan portfolio, compared to charge-offs of ₩461 billion and provision for credit losses of ₩421 billion in 2020 and charge-offs of ₩443 billion and provision for credit losses of ₩515 billion in 2019. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to our retail credit portfolio.”
Our loans to small- and
medium-sized
enterprises increased from ₩124,457 billion as of December 31, 2020 to ₩138,627 billion as of December 31, 2021.
Substantial growth in lending in Korea to small- and
medium-sized
enterprises in recent years, and financial difficulties experienced by such enterprises as a result of, among other things, adverse changes in economic conditions in Korea and globally (such as the
COVID-19
pandemic continuing to affect many countries worldwide, including Korea), may lead to increasing delinquencies
 
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and a deterioration in overall asset quality in the credit exposures of Korean banks to small- and
medium-sized
enterprises. In 2021, we recorded charge-offs of ₩8 billion in respect of our loans to small- and
medium-sized
enterprises, compared to charge-offs of ₩14 billion in 2020 and ₩18 billion in 2019. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to our small- and
medium-sized
enterprise loan portfolio—We have significant exposure to small- and
medium-sized
enterprises, and any financial difficulties experienced by these customers may result in a deterioration of our asset quality and have an adverse impact on us.”
The Korean economy is closely tied to, and is affected by developments in, the global economy. The overall prospects for the Korean and global economy in 2022 and beyond remain uncertain. In recent years, the global financial markets have experienced significant volatility as a result of, among other things:
 
  
the occurrence of severe health pandemics, such as the global outbreak of the
COVID-19
pandemic;
 
  
hostilities, political or social tensions involving Russia (including the invasion of Ukraine by Russia and ensuing actions that the United States and other countries have taken or may take in the future) and the resulting adverse effects on the global supply of oil and other natural resources and the global financial markets;
 
  
interest rate fluctuations as well as perceived or actual changes in policy rates by, or other monetary and fiscal policies set forth by, the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks;
 
  
financial and social difficulties affecting many countries worldwide, in particular in Latin America and Europe;
 
  
a deterioration in economic and trade relations between the United States and its major trading partners, including China;
 
  
escalations in trade protectionism globally and geopolitical tensions in East Asia and the Middle East;
 
  
the slowdown of economic growth in China and other major emerging market economies;
 
  
increased uncertainties resulting from the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union; and
 
  
political and social instability in various countries in the Middle East, including Syria, Iraq and Yemen.
In light of the high level of interdependence of the global economy, unfavorable changes in the global financial markets, including as a result of any of the foregoing developments, could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and financial markets, and in turn on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In particular, the global outbreak of
COVID-19,
which was declared a “pandemic” by The World Health Organization in March 2020, has led to significant global economic and financial disruptions, including an adverse impact on international trade and business activities, sharp declines and significant volatility in the financial markets as well as decreases in interest rates worldwide. Although there have been mixed signs of recovery in the domestic and global economy resulting from the availability of
COVID-19
vaccinations and gradual normalization of business activities, the extent to which the
COVID-19
pandemic continues to impact Korea and its economy will depend on future developments, including the scope and duration of the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic as well as the efficacy of actions taken by governmental authorities, central banks and other third parties around the world in response to the pandemic.
In addition, the interest rates on our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and therefore our net interest income, are affected by The Bank of Korea’s policy rates. The Bank of Korea lowered its policy rate to 1.5% from 1.75% on July 18, 2019 and to 1.25% from 1.5% on October 16, 2019 to address the sluggishness of the global and domestic economy. On March 16, 2020, The Bank of Korea further lowered its policy rate to 0.75% from 1.25%, which was further lowered to 0.5% on May 28, 2020, in response to deteriorating economic conditions resulting from the
COVID-19
pandemic. The Bank of Korea raised its policy rate from 0.50% to 0.75% on August 26, 2021, to 1.00% on November 25, 2021, to 1.25% on January 14, 2022 and to 1.50% on April 14, 2022, in response to rising levels of household debt and inflationary pressures.
 
109

We are also exposed to adverse changes and volatility in the global and Korean financial markets as a result of our liabilities and assets denominated in foreign currencies and our holdings of trading and investment securities, including structured products. The value of the Won relative to major foreign currencies in general and the U.S. dollar in particular has fluctuated widely in recent years and has been subject to significant volatility as a result of the
COVID-19
pandemic, and more recently, by the invasion of Ukraine by Russia. A depreciation of the Won will increase our cost in Won of servicing our foreign
currency-denominated
borrowings, while continued exchange rate volatility may also result in foreign exchange losses for us. Furthermore, as a result of the changes in global and Korean economic, social and political conditions, there has been volatility in securities prices, including the stock prices of Korean and foreign companies in which we hold an interest. Such volatility has resulted in and may lead to further trading and valuation losses on our trading and investment securities portfolio as well as impairment losses on our investments accounted for under the equity method.
As a result of the volatile conditions on the Korean and global economies and financial markets, as well as factors such as fluctuations in oil and commodity prices, interest and exchange rate fluctuations, higher unemployment, lower consumer confidence, stock market volatility, changes in fiscal and monetary policies and continued tensions with North Korea, the economic outlook for the financial services sector in Korea in 2022 and for the foreseeable future remains highly uncertain.
Acquisitions
In recent years, we have engaged in a number of acquisitions, which have affected, and may continue to affect, our results of operations and their comparability from period to period.
From 2014 to 2016, we acquired KB Capital Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Woori Financial Co., Ltd.), KB Insurance Co., Ltd. (formerly known as LIG Insurance Co., Ltd.) and KB Securities Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd.). Most recently, in August 2020, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of Prudential Life Insurance.
Changes in Securities Values, Exchange Rates and Interest Rates
Fluctuations of exchange rates, interest rates and stock prices affect, among other things, the demand for our products and services, the value of and rate of return on our assets, the availability and cost of funding and the financial condition of our customers. The following table shows, for the dates indicated, the stock price index of all equities listed on the KRX KOSPI Market as published in the KOSPI, the Won to U.S. dollar exchange rates and benchmark Won borrowing interest rates.
 
  
June 30,
2017
  
Dec. 28,
2017
  
June 29,
2018
  
Dec. 31,
2018
  
June 28,
2019
  
Dec. 31,
2019
  
June 30,
2020
  
Dec. 31,
2020
  
June 30,
2021
  
Dec. 31,
2021
 
KOSPI
  2,391.79   2,467.49
(4)
 
  2,326.13   2,041.04
(5)
 
  2,130.62   2,197.67
(6)
 
  2,108.33   2,873.47
(7)
 
  3,296.68   2,977.65
(8)
 
₩/US$ exchange rates
(1)
 1,143.8  1,067.4  1,111.8  1,112.9  1,156.8  1,157.8  1,200.7  1,088.0  1,130.4  1,188.6 
Corporate bond rates
(2)
  2.84  3.08  2.93  2.58  1.98  1.99  1.78  1.70  1.99  2.54
Treasury bond rates
(3)
  1.70  2.10  2.12  1.82  1.47  1.36  0.85  0.97  1.45  1.80
 
(1)
Represents the noon buying rate on the dates indicated.
(2)
Measured by the yield on three-year Korean corporate bonds rated as A+ by the Korean credit rating agencies.
(3)
Measured by the yield on three-year treasury bonds issued by the Ministry of Economy and Finance of Korea.
(4)
As of December 28, 2017, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2017.
(5)
As of December 28, 2018, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2018.
(6)
As of December 30, 2019, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2019.
(7)
As of December 30, 2020, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2020.
(8)
As of December 30, 2021, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2021.
 
110

Results of Operations
Net Interest Income
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the principal components of our net interest income:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
  
2020/2019
  
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
  
(%)
 
Interest income
      
Due from financial institutions measured at amortized cost
(1)
  151  92  66   (39.1  (28.3
Financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
(2)
   704   659   590   (6.4  (10.5
Loans
(3)
   12,395   12,380   12,999   (0.1  5.0 
Financial investments (debt securities)
(4)
   1,389   1,355   1,557   (2.4  14.9 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Total interest income
   14,639   14,486   15,211   (1.0  5.0 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Interest expense
      
Deposits
   3,481   2,917   2,218   (16.2  (24.0
Borrowings
(5)
   720   661   593   (8.2  (10.3
Debentures
   1,241   1,186   1,170   (4.4  (1.3
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Total interest expense
   5,442   4,764   3,981   (12.5  (16.4
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Net interest income
  9,197  9,722  11,230   5.7   15.5 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Net interest margin
(6)
   2.14  1.99  2.07  
 
(1)
Consists of cash and interest-earning deposits in other banks.
(2)
Consists of deposits, loans and securities at fair value through profit or loss. For information on interest income arising from such financial instruments, see Note 28 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
(3)
 
Consists of loans measured at amortized cost and others. For information on interest income arising from such loans, see Note 28 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
(4)
Consists of securities at fair value through other comprehensive income and at amortized cost and loans at fair value through other comprehensive income. For information on interest income arising from such financial instruments, see Note 28 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
(5)
 
Consists of borrowings and others. For information on interest expense arising from such borrowings, see Note 28 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
(6)
The ratio of net interest income to average interest-earning assets. See “Item 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Profitability ratios and other data.”
Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Interest income.
Interest income increased 5.0% from ₩14,486 billion in 2020 to ₩15,211 billion in 2021, primarily as a result of a 5.0% increase in interest on loans and a 14.9% increase in interest on financial investments, the effect of which was partially offset by a 10.5% decrease in interest on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss. The average volume of our interest-earning assets increased 10.7% from ₩489,043 billion in 2020 to ₩541,287 billion in 2021, principally due to growth in our loan portfolio and, to a lesser extent, our financial investments portfolio. The effect of such increase was partially offset by a 15 basis point decrease in the average yields on our interest-earning assets from 2.96% in 2020 to 2.81% in 2021, which reflected the lower overall level of interest rates prevailing in Korea in 2021 compared to 2020, as discussed above in “—Overview—Trends in the Korean Economy.”
The 5.0% increase in interest on loans from ₩12,380 billion in 2020 to ₩12,999 billion in 2021 was primarily the result of:
 
  
a 53.8% increase in the average volume of foreign-currency loans from ₩14,683 billion in 2020 to ₩22,580 billion in 2021, which was partially offset by a 36 basis point decrease in the average yields on such loans from 5.51% in 2020 to 5.15% in 2021;
 
111

  
an 11.5% increase in the average volume of other consumer loans from ₩64,220 billion in 2020 to ₩71,587 billion in 2021, which was partially offset by a 3 basis point decrease in the average yields on such loans from 4.11% in 2020 to 4.08% in 2021; and
 
  
a 7.3% increase in the average volume of mortgage loans from ₩82,765 billion in 2020 to ₩88,769 billion in 2021, which was partially offset by a 9 basis point decrease in the average yields on such loans from 2.61% in 2020 to 2.52% in 2021;
which were partially offset by:
 
  
a 19 basis point decrease in the average yields on home equity loans from 2.84% in 2020 to 2.65% in 2021, which was enhanced by a 1.3% decrease in the average volume of such loans from ₩27,682 billion in 2020 to ₩27,333 billion in 2021; and
 
  
a 20 basis point decrease in the average yields on corporate loans from 2.87% in 2020 to 2.67% in 2021, which was partially offset by a 6.5% increase in the average volume of such loans from ₩158,508 billion in 2020 to ₩168,868 billion in 2021.
The increases in the average volumes of foreign-currency, other consumer, mortgage and corporate loans were attributable primarily to an increase in demand from borrowers in need of financing in light of the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic as well as the low interest environment in 2021. The decrease in the average volume of home equity loans was mainly the result of increased government regulations applicable to such loans, which led to a decrease in demand for such loans. The decreases in the average yields on foreign-currency, other consumer, corporate, home equity and mortgage loans mainly reflected the lower overall level of interest rates prevailing in Korea in 2021 compared to 2020. Overall, the average volume of our loans increased 8.9% from ₩366,444 billion in 2020 to ₩399,060 billion in 2021, while the average yields on our loans decreased by 12 basis points from 3.38% in 2020 to 3.26% in 2021.
Our financial investments portfolio consists of securities and loans measured at fair value through other comprehensive income and securities measured at amortized cost, including debt securities issued by government-owned or -controlled enterprises or financial institutions and debt securities issued by Korean banks and other financial institutions. The 14.9% increase in interest on financial investments from ₩1,355 billion in 2020 to ₩1,557 billion in 2021 was the result of a 21.5% increase in the average volume of financial investments from ₩80,087 billion in 2020 to ₩97,296 billion in 2021, which was partially offset by a 9 basis point decrease in the average yields on financial investments from 1.69% in 2020 to 1.60% in 2021. The increase in the average volume of financial investments was primarily due to an increase in our purchases of government and public bonds as well as corporate bonds. The decrease in average yields on financial investments mainly reflected the lower overall level of interest rates prevailing in Korea in 2021 compared to 2020.
The 10.5% decrease in interest on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss from ₩659 billion in 2020 to ₩590 billion in 2021 was primarily due to a 32 basis point decrease in the average yields on such financial instruments from 2.18% in 2020 to 1.86% in 2021, which was partially offset by a 4.8% increase in the average volume of such financial instruments from ₩30,232 billion in 2020 to ₩31,670 billion in 2021. The decrease in average yields on such financial instruments mainly reflected the lower overall level of interest rates prevailing in Korea in 2021 compared to 2020. The increase in the average volume of such financial instruments mainly reflected the increased purchases of corporate bonds and other debt securities.
Interest expense.
Interest expense decreased 16.4% from ₩4,764 billion in 2020 to ₩3,981 billion in 2021 due to a 24.0% decrease in interest expense on deposits and, to a lesser extent, a 10.3% decrease in interest expense on borrowings and a 1.3% decrease in interest expense on debentures. The average cost of interest-bearing liabilities decreased by 26 basis points from 1.10% in 2020 to 0.84% in 2021, which was driven mainly by the lower overall level of interest rates prevailing in Korea in 2021 compared to 2020. The effect of this decrease was partially offset by a 9.3% increase in the average volume of our interest-bearing liabilities from ₩431,765 billion in 2020 to ₩472,015 billion in 2021, which reflected increases in the average volumes of deposits and, to a lesser extent, borrowings and debentures.
 
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The 24.0% decrease in interest expense on deposits from ₩2,917 billion in 2020 to ₩2,218 billion in 2021 was primarily due to a 36 basis point decrease in the average cost of time deposits from 1.56% in 2020 to 1.20% in 2021, which was enhanced by a 4.5% decrease in the average volume of such deposits from ₩166,275 billion in 2020 to ₩158,795 billion in 2021. The decrease in the average cost of such deposits was principally due to the lower overall level of interest rates prevailing in Korea in 2021 compared to 2020. The decrease in the average volume of such deposits mainly reflected a decrease in customers’ demand for such deposits in light of the low interest rate environment in Korea. Overall, the average cost of our deposits decreased by 26 basis points from 0.91% in 2020 to 0.65% in 2021, while the average volume of our deposits increased 7.6% from ₩319,052 billion in 2020 to ₩343,349 billion in 2021.
The 10.3% decrease in interest expense on borrowings from ₩661 billion in 2020 to ₩593 billion in 2021 was principally attributable to a 30 basis point decrease in the average cost of borrowings from 1.24% in 2020 to 0.94% in 2021, which was partially offset by a 17.9% increase in the average volume of borrowings from ₩53,334 billion in 2020 to ₩62,907 billion in 2021. The decrease in the average cost of borrowings mainly reflected the lower overall level of interest rates prevailing in Korea in 2021 compared to 2020, while the increase in the average volume of borrowings was primarily due to our increased use of borrowings to meet our funding needs in light of the lower interest rate environment in Korea.
The 1.3% decrease in interest expense on debentures from ₩1,186 billion in 2020 to ₩1,170 billion in 2021 was primarily due to a 22 basis point decrease in the average cost of debentures from 2.00% in 2020 to 1.78% in 2021, which was mostly offset by a 10.7% increase in the average volume of debentures from ₩59,379 billion in 2020 to ₩65,759 billion in 2021. The decrease in the average cost of debentures mainly reflected the lower overall level of interest rates prevailing in Korea in 2021 compared to 2020, while the increase in the average volume of debentures was principally due to our increased use of debentures to meet our funding needs in light of the lower interest rate environment in Korea.
Net interest margin.
Net interest margin represents the ratio of net interest income to average interest-earning assets. Our overall net interest margin increased from 1.99% in 2020 to 2.07% in 2021, as a 15.5% increase in our net interest income from ₩9,722 billion in 2020 to ₩11,230 billion in 2021 outpaced a 10.7% increase in the average volume of our interest-earnings assets from ₩489,043 billion in 2020 to ₩541,287 billion in 2021. The increase in interest income was enhanced by a decrease in interest expense, resulting in an increase in net interest income. The growth in average interest-earning assets was largely offset by a 9.3% increase in average interest-bearing liabilities from ₩431,765 billion in 2020 to ₩472,015 billion in 2021. Our net interest spread, which represents the difference between the average yield on our interest-earning assets and the average cost of our interest-bearing liabilities, increased from 1.86% in 2020 to 1.97% in 2021. The increase in our net interest spread reflected a larger decrease in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities compared to the decrease in the average yield on interest-earning assets between the two periods, primarily due to the earlier adjustment of interest rates on interest-earning assets compared to interest rates on interest-bearing liabilities as interest rates began to rise again in the second half of 2021.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Interest income.
Interest income decreased 1.0% from ₩14,639 billion in 2019 to ₩14,486 billion in 2020, as a result of a 39.1% decrease in interest on due from financial institutions, a 6.4% decrease in interest on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss, a 2.4% decrease in interest on financial investments and a 0.1% decrease in interest on loans. The average yields on our interest-earning assets decreased 45 basis points from 3.41% in 2019 to 2.96% in 2020, which mainly reflected an overall decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea in 2020 compared to 2019. The effect of such decrease was partially offset by a 14.0% increase in the average volume of our interest-earning assets from ₩429,046 billion in 2019 to ₩489,043 billion in 2020, principally due to growth in our loan portfolio and, to a lesser extent, our financial investments portfolio.
Interest on due from financial institutions at fair value through profit or loss consists of interest from cash and interest-bearing deposits in other banks, and the 39.1% decrease in interest on such deposits from
 
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₩151 billion in 2019 to ₩92 billion in 2020 was due to an 70 basis point decrease in the average yields on such deposits from 1.45% in 2019 to 0.75% in 2020, which was partially offset by a 17.7% increase in the average volume of such deposits from ₩10,436 billion in 2019 to ₩12,280 billion in 2020. The decrease in average yields on such deposits mainly reflected the decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea, and the increase in the average volume of such deposits was primarily due to the additions of PRASAC and Bank Bukopin as subsidiaries of Kookmin Bank in April and September 2020, respectively.
The 2.4% decrease in interest on financial investments from ₩1,389 billion in 2019 to ₩1,355 billion in 2020 was the result of a 49 basis point decrease in the average yields on financial investments from 2.18% in 2019 to 1.69% in 2020, which was partly offset by a 25.7% increase in the average volume of financial investments from ₩63,699 billion in 2019 to ₩80,087 billion in 2020. The decrease in average yields on financial investments mainly reflected the decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea. The increase in the average volume of financial investments was primarily due to an increase in our purchases of debt securities issued by Korean banks and other financial institutions.
The 6.4% decrease in interest on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss from ₩704 billion in 2019 to ₩659 billion in 2020 was primarily due to a 41 basis point decrease in the average yields on such financial instruments from 2.59% in 2019 to 2.18% in 2020, which was partially offset by an 11.3% increase in the average volume of such financial instruments from ₩27,164 billion in 2019 to ₩30,232 billion in 2020. The decrease in average yields on such financial instruments mainly reflected the decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea. The increase in the average volume of such financial instruments mainly reflected our increased purchases of such financial instruments due to an increase in purchases of government-issued debt securities by Kookmin Bank and KB Securities.
The interest on loans remained relatively stable at ₩12,380 billion in 2020 compared to ₩12,395 billion in 2019. This was primarily the result of:
 
  
a 51 basis point decrease in the average yields on corporate loans from 3.38% in 2019 to 2.87% in 2020, which was partly offset by an 11.9% increase in the average volume of such loans from ₩141,600 billion in 2019 to ₩158,508 billion in 2020;
 
  
a 35 basis point decrease in the average yields on home equity loans from 3.19% in 2019 to 2.84% in 2020, which was enhanced by an 8.3% decrease in the average volume of such loans from ₩30,188 billion in 2019 to ₩27,682 billion in 2020;
 
  
a 45 basis point decrease in the average yields on mortgage loans from 3.06% in 2019 to 2.61% in 2020, which was partially offset by a 13.5% increase in the average volume of such loans from ₩72,897 billion in 2019 to ₩82,765 billion in 2020; and
 
  
a 47 basis point decrease in the average yields on other consumer loans from 4.58% in 2019 to 4.11% in 2020, which was partially offset by a 9.8% increase in the average volume of such loans from ₩58,514 billion in 2019 to ₩64,220 billion in 2020;
which were mostly offset by:
 
  
a 122.5% increase in the average volume of foreign-currency loans from ₩6,599 billion in 2019 to ₩14,683 billion in 2020, which was enhanced by a 128 basis point increase in the average yields on such loans from 4.23% in 2019 to 5.51% in 2020.
The decreases in the average yields on home equity, corporate, mortgage and other consumer loans mainly reflected the overall decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea in 2020 compared to 2019. The increase in the average yields on foreign-currency loans was primarily attributable to the reflection of higher average yields applicable to existing foreign-currency loans of Bank Bukopin and PRASAC, which were acquired by Kookmin Bank in September and April 2020, respectively. The decrease in the average volume of
 
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home equity loans was mainly the result of increased government regulations applicable to such loans, which led to a decrease in demand for such loans. The increases in the average volumes of corporate, mortgage, other consumer loans and foreign-currency loans were attributable primarily to increased demand from borrowers in need of financing in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Overall, the average volume of our loans increased 11.8% from ₩327,747 billion in 2019 to ₩366,444 billion in 2020, while the average yields on our loans decreased by 40 basis points from 3.78% in 2019 to 3.38% in 2020.
Interest expense.
Interest expense decreased 12.5% from ₩5,442 billion in 2019 to ₩4,764 billion in 2020 due to a 16.2% decrease in interest expense on deposits and, to a lesser extent, an 8.2% decrease in interest expense on borrowings and a 4.4% decrease in interest expense on debentures. The average cost of
interest-bearing
liabilities decreased by 35 basis points from 1.45% in 2019 to 1.10% in 2020, which was driven mainly by the decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea in 2020 compared to 2019. The effect of this decrease was partially offset by a 15.4% increase in the average volume of our interest-bearing liabilities from ₩374,114 billion in 2019 to ₩431,765 billion in 2020, which reflected increases in the average volumes of deposits, and, to a lesser extent, borrowings and debentures.
The 16.2% decrease in interest expense on deposits from ₩3,481 billion in 2019 to ₩2,917 billion in 2020 was due to:
 
  
a 38 basis point decrease in the average cost of time deposits from 1.94% in 2019 to 1.56% in 2020, which was partially offset by a 6.7% increase in the average volume of such deposits from ₩155,762 billion in 2019 to ₩166,275 billion in 2020;
 
  
a 12 basis point decrease in the average cost of demand deposits from 0.30% in 2019 to 0.18% in 2020, which was partially offset by a 21.7% increase in the average volume of such deposits from ₩122,519 billion in 2019 to ₩149,141 billion in 2020; and
 
  
a 57 basis point decrease in the average cost of certificates of deposit from 1.95% in 2019 to 1.38% in 2020, which was enhanced by a 23.9% decrease in the average volume of certificates of deposit from ₩4,781 billion in 2019 to ₩3,636 billion in 2020.
The decrease in the average cost of such deposits was principally due to the decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea in 2020 compared to 2019. The increases in the average volumes of time and demand deposits mainly reflected customers’ continuing preference for low-risk products and institutions in Korea in light of the continuing uncertainty in financial markets in 2020 resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The decrease in the average volume of certificates of deposit was principally the result of a decline in sales of such products due to our decreased need for such sales in light of capital requirements. Overall, the average cost of our deposits decreased by 32 basis points from 1.23% in 2019 to 0.91% in 2020, while the average volume of our deposits increased 12.7% from ₩283,062 billion in 2019 to ₩319,052 billion in 2020.
The 8.2% decrease in interest expense on borrowings from ₩720 billion in 2019 to ₩661 billion in 2020 was principally attributable to a 63 basis point decrease in the average cost of borrowings from 1.87% in 2019 to 1.24% in 2020, which was partially offset by a 38.6% increase in the average volume of borrowings from ₩38,478 billion in 2019 to ₩53,334 billion in 2020. The decrease in the average cost of borrowings mainly reflected the decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea in 2020 compared to 2019, while the increase in the average volume of borrowings was primarily due to our increased use of borrowings to meet our funding needs in light of the lower interest rate environment in Korea.
The 4.4% decrease in interest expense on debentures from ₩1,241 billion in 2019 to ₩1,186 billion in 2020 was primarily due to a 36 basis point decrease in the average cost of debentures from 2.36% in 2019 to 2.00% in 2020, which was partially offset by a 12.9% increase in the average volume of debentures from
 
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₩52,574 billion in 2019 to ₩59,379 billion in 2020. The decrease in the average cost of debentures mainly reflected a decrease in interest rates applicable to debentures in 2020 in light of the lower interest rate environment, while the increase in the average volume of debentures was principally due to our increased use of debentures to meet our funding needs in light of the lower interest rate environment in Korea.
Net interest margin.
Our overall net interest margin decreased from 2.14% in 2019 to 1.99% in 2020, as a 5.7% increase in our net interest income from ₩9,197 billion in 2019 to ₩9,722 billion in 2020 was outpaced by a 14.4% increase in the average volume of our interest-earnings assets from ₩429,046 billion in 2019 to ₩489,043 billion in 2020. The growth in average interest-earning assets outpaced a 15.4% increase in average interest-bearing liabilities from ₩374,114 billion in 2019 to ₩431,765 billion in 2020, while the decrease in interest expense outpaced the decrease in interest income, resulting in an increase in net interest income. However, our net interest spread decreased from 1.96% in 2019 to 1.86% in 2020, which reflected a larger decrease in the average yield on interest-earning assets compared to the decrease in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities between the two periods, primarily due to the earlier adjustment of interest rates on interest-earning assets compared to interest rates on interest-bearing liabilities in the context of a lower interest rate environment in 2020 compared to 2019.
Provision for Credit Losses
Provision for credit losses includes provision for credit losses of loans, provision for credit losses of unused loan commitments, provision for credit losses of acceptances and guarantees, provision for credit losses of financial guarantee contracts and provision for credit losses of other financial assets, in each case net of reversal of provisions.
For a discussion of our credit losses provisioning policy, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Assets and Liabilities—Loan Portfolio—Provisioning Policy.”
In accordance with the guidelines of the Financial Supervisory Service, if our allowances and provisions for credit losses are deemed insufficient for regulatory purposes, we compensate for the difference by recording a regulatory reserve for credit losses, which is segregated within retained earnings. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Assets and Liabilities—Loan Portfolio—Regulatory Reserve for Credit Losses” and Note 27.5 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Our provision for credit losses increased 13.6% from ₩1,043 billion in 2020 to ₩1,185 billion in 2021, primarily due to an increase in provision for credit losses of loans and a change in provision (reversal) for credit losses of acceptances and guarantees, the effect of which was partially offset by a decrease in provision for credit losses of unused loan commitments.
Our provision for credit losses of loans increased 15.7% from ₩941 billion in 2020 to ₩1,089 billion in 2021, mainly due to increases in provision for credit losses in respect of our corporate loans and, to a lesser extent, our credit card receivables. Such increases mainly reflected our provisioning policy pursuant to which we preemptively accounted for a potential increase in expected credit losses that could result from a deterioration in the overall asset quality of our loan portfolios due to
COVID-19,
as well as an increase in the volumes of such corporate and credit card loans. Such increases were offset in part by a decrease in provision for credit losses in respect of our retail loans, which resulted from an improvement in the overall asset quality of our retail loans. Our loan write-offs decreased 15.0% from ₩1,285 billion in 2020 to ₩1,092 billion in 2021, due to decreases in write-offs of corporate loans and, to a lesser extent, credit card receivables and retail loans.
Our provision for credit losses of acceptances and guarantees and unused loan commitments decreased 15.8% from ₩76 billion in 2020 to ₩64 billion in 2021, primarily due to an improvement in the overall credit quality of our acceptances and guarantees and unused loan commitments in 2021.
 
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Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Our provision for credit losses increased 55.7% from ₩670 billion in 2019 to ₩1,043 billion in 2020, primarily due to an increase in provision for credit losses of loans and a change in provisions (reversal) for credit losses of unused loan commitments.
Our provision for credit losses of loans increased 43.2% from ₩657 billion in 2019 to ₩941 billion in 2020, mainly due to increases in provision for credit losses in respect of our corporate loans and, to a lesser extent, our retail loans. Such increases resulted primarily from our preemptive measures to account for a potential increase in expected credit losses that could result from a deterioration in the overall asset quality of our corporate and retail loan portfolios due to COVID-19, as well as an increase in the volumes of such corporate and retail loans. Such increases were offset in part by a decrease in provision for loan losses in respect of our credit card receivables, which resulted from an improvement in the overall asset quality of our credit card receivables. Our loan write-offs increased 8.1% from ₩1,189 billion in 2019 to ₩1,285 billion in 2020, primarily due to an increase in write-offs of corporate loans.
Provision (reversal) for credit losses of unused loan commitments changed from a reversal of ₩3 billion in 2019 to a provision of ₩90 billion in 2020, due mainly to our preemptive measures to account for a potential increase in expected credit losses for borrowers severely impacted by COVID-19.
Allowances for Credit Losses of Loans
We establish allowances for credit losses of loans with respect to loans to absorb such losses. We assess individually significant loans on a
case-by-case
basis and other loans on a collective basis.
Corporate Loans.
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, certain information regarding our impaired corporate loans:
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(%)
 
Impaired corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans
   0.5    1.2    1.1 
Allowances for credit losses for corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans
   0.6    0.9    0.9 
Allowances for credit losses for corporate loans as a percentage of impaired corporate loans
   116.3      76.4      87.3 
Net charge-offs of corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans
   0.1    0.1    0.1 
During 2021, impaired corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans decreased due to a decrease in our impaired corporate loans, which mainly reflected an improvement in the overall credit quality of our corporate loans, as well as an increase in our total corporate loans. Allowances for credit losses for corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans remained stable, as our allowances for credit losses for corporate loans and our total corporate loans increased. Allowances for credit losses for corporate loans as a percentage of impaired corporate loans increased due to an increase in allowances for credit losses for corporate loans and the decrease in impaired corporate loans.
During 2020, both impaired corporate loans and allowances for credit losses for corporate loans, as a percentage of total corporate loans, decreased primarily due to a decrease in our impaired corporate loans, which mainly reflected our efforts to improve the asset quality of our corporate loan portfolio, as well as an increase in our total corporate loans. Such decrease in our impaired corporate loans outpaced a decrease in allowances for credit losses for corporate loans, which caused the level of allowances for credit losses for corporate loans as a percentage of impaired corporate loans to increase during 2020.
 
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Retail Loans.
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, certain information regarding our impaired retail loans:
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(%)
 
Impaired retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans
   0.4    0.4    0.4 
Allowances for credit losses for retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans
   0.4    0.5    0.5 
Allowances for credit losses for retail loans as a percentage of impaired retail loans
   117.8    124.4    125.9 
Net charge-offs of retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans
   0.2    0.2    0.1 
During 2021, impaired retail loans and allowances for credit losses for retail loans, each as a percentage of total retail loans, remained stable, as our impaired retail loans, allowances for credit losses for retail loans and our total retail loans all increased. Allowances for credit losses for retail loans as a percentage of impaired retail loans increased slightly during 2021, reflecting a rate of increase in allowances for credit losses for retail loans that outpaced the rate of increase in the amount of impaired retail loans.
During 2020, impaired retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans increased as the rate of increase in our impaired retail loans, which reflected our preemptive measures to account for a potential increase in expected credit losses that could result from a deterioration in the overall asset quality of our retail loan portfolio, outpaced the rate of increase in the amount of our total retail loans. Allowances for credit losses for retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans remained constant, while allowances for credit losses for retail loans as a percentage of impaired retail loans decreased during 2020, reflecting a rate of increase in impaired retail loans that outpaced the rate of increase in allowances for credit losses for retail loans.
Credit Card Balances.
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, certain information regarding our impaired credit card balances:
 
   
As of December 31,
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(%)
 
Impaired credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances
   2.5    2.7    2.5 
Allowances for credit losses for credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances
   4.0    3.7    3.8 
Allowances for credit losses for credit card balances as a percentage of impaired credit card balances
   155.9    138.5    150.2 
Net charge-offs as a percentage of total credit card balances
   2.0    2.0    1.5 
During 2021, impaired credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances decreased as the rate of increase in the amount of our impaired credit card balances was outpaced by the rate of increase in the amount of our total credit card balances. Allowances for credit losses for credit card balances as a percentage of both total credit card balances and impaired credit card balances increased during 2021, as the rate of increase in the amount of our allowances for credit losses for credit card balances outpaced the rates of increases of both our total credit card balances and our impaired credit card balances.
During 2020, impaired credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances increased as the rate of increase in our impaired credit card balances outpaced the rate of increase in the amount of our total credit card balances. Allowances for credit losses for credit card balances as a percentage of both total credit card balances and impaired credit card balances decreased during 2020, primarily as a result of an improvement in the asset quality of our existing impaired credit card balances.
 
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Net Fee and Commission Income
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our net fee and commission income:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
  
2020/2019
   
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
  
(%)
 
Fee and commission income
  3,879  4,527  5,324   16.7    17.6 
Fee and commission expense
   (1,524  (1,568  (1,698  2.9    8.3 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
    
Net fee and commission income
  2,355  2,959  3,626   25.6    22.5 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
    
Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Our net fee and commission income increased 22.5% from ₩2,959 billion in 2020 to ₩3,626 billion in 2021, due to a 17.6% increase in fee and commission income from ₩4,527 billion in 2020 to ₩5,324 billion in 2021, which was offset in part by an 8.3% increase in fee and commission expense from ₩1,568 billion in 2020 to ₩1,698 billion in 2021.
The 17.6% increase in fee and commission income was primarily due to a 41.2% increase in lease fees received from ₩636 billion in 2020 to ₩898 billion in 2021, a 10.8% increase in credit and debit card related fees received from ₩1,378 billion in 2020 to ₩1,527 billion in 2021 and a 44.8% increase in other fees received from ₩315 billion in 2020 to ₩456 billion in 2021. The increase in lease fees received was principally as a result of an increase in automobile lease fees received by KB Capital, the increase in credit and debit card related fees received was primarily attributable to an increase in the volume of credit and debit card transactions in light of the
COVID-19
pandemic and the increase in other fees received mainly reflected an increase in investment finance-related commissions received.
The 8.3% increase in fee and commission expense was principally attributable to a 32.8% increase in other fees paid from ₩381 billion in 2020 to ₩506 billion in 2021, primarily due to increases in other miscellaneous fees paid by KB Kookmin Card and KB Securities.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Our net fee and commission income increased 25.6% from ₩2,355 billion in 2019 to ₩2,959 billion in 2020, due to a 16.7% increase in fee and commission income from ₩3,879 billion in 2019 to ₩4,527 billion in 2020, which was offset in part by a 2.9% increase in fee and commission expense from ₩1,524 billion in 2019 to ₩1,568 billion in 2020.
The 16.7% increase in fee and commission income was primarily due to a 77.8% increase in commissions received on securities business from ₩446 billion in 2019 to ₩793 billion in 2020, which was enhanced by a 48.6% increase in lease fees received from ₩428 billion in 2019 to ₩636 billion in 2020. The increase in commissions received on securities business mainly reflected an increase in the volume of commission-generating securities instruments sold by KB Securities, and the increase in lease fees was principally as a result of an increase in automobile lease fees received by KB Capital.
The 2.9% increase in fee and commission expense was principally attributable to a 10.8% increase in other fees paid from ₩344 billion in 2019 to ₩381 billion in 2020, a 14.2% increase in outsourcing related fees paid from ₩190 billion in 2019 to ₩217 billion in 2020 and, to a lesser extent, a 31.0% increase in trading activity related fees paid from ₩29 billion in 2019 to ₩38 billion in 2020, which were offset in part by a 4.8% decrease in credit and debit card related fees paid from ₩892 billion in 2019 to ₩849 billion in 2020. The increase in other fees paid was mainly due to an increase in other miscellaneous fees paid by KB Insurance and KB Capital,
 
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the increase in outsourcing related fees paid mainly reflected an increase in advisory and consulting fees relating to various acquisitions paid by us and Kookmin Bank, and the increase in trading activity related fees paid was primarily attributable to an increase in the volume of transactions conducted by KB Securities. The decrease in credit and debit card related fees paid was mainly driven by a decrease in fees paid in connection with sales agents’ marketing activities due to COVID-19, which led to a decline in face-to-face meetings between sales agents and potential customers.
Net Insurance Income
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our net insurance income:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
  
2020/2019
   
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
  
(%)
 
Insurance income
  12,317  14,387  16,108   16.8    12.0 
Insurance expense
   (12,018  (14,087  (15,551  17.2    10.4 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
    
Net insurance income
  300  300  557   0.0    85.7 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
    
Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Our net insurance income increased 85.7% from ₩300 billion in 2020 to ₩557 billion in 2021, due to a 12.0% increase in insurance income from ₩14,387 billion in 2020 to ₩16,108 billion in 2021, which was offset in part by a 10.4% increase in insurance expense from ₩14,087 billion in 2020 to ₩15,551 billion in 2021.
The increase in insurance income was mainly due to a 14.1% increase in premium income from ₩12,873 billion in 2020 to ₩14,684 billion in 2021, which was offset in part by a decrease in income from changes in reinsurance assets from ₩468 billion in 2020 to ₩135 billion in 2021. The increase in premium income was principally due to an increase in the number of new insurance products sold by KB Life Insurance and KB Insurance, as well as the full-year effect of the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary in August 2020. The decrease in income from changes in reinsurance assets was mainly due to an increase in income from a reinsurance claim in connection with a major fire in 2020, which was not repeated in 2021.
The increase in insurance expense was principally attributable to a 22.7% increase in refunds of surrender value paid from ₩3,286 billion in 2020 to ₩4,032 billion in 2021, which was enhanced by a 9.7% increase in insurance claims paid from ₩5,265 billion in 2020 to ₩5,778 billion in 2021. Such increases were mainly due to an increase in the accumulated number of insurance products sold by KB Life Insurance and KB Insurance, as well as the full-year effect of the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary in August 2020.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Our net insurance income remained stable at ₩300 billion in 2019 and 2020. A 16.8% increase in insurance income from ₩12,317 billion in 2019 to ₩14,387 billion in 2020 was offset by a 17.2% increase in insurance expense from ₩12,018 billion in 2019 to ₩14,087 billion in 2020.
The increase in insurance income was mainly due to a 15.2% increase in premium income from ₩11,173 billion in 2019 to ₩12,873 billion in 2020, which was enhanced by a significant increase in income from change in reinsurance assets from ₩42 billion in 2019 to ₩468 billion in 2020. Such increases were principally as a result of an increase in the number of new insurance products sold by KB Life Insurance and KB Insurance, as well as the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary in August 2020.
 
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The increase in insurance expense was principally attributable to a 75.2% increase in provision for policy reserve from ₩1,547 billion in 2019 to ₩2,710 billion in 2020, which was enhanced by a 14.5% increase in refunds of surrender value paid from ₩2,871 billion in 2019 to ₩3,286 billion in 2020 and a 4.3% increase in insurance claims paid from ₩5,047 billion in 2019 to ₩5,265 billion in 2020. Such increases were mainly due to an increase in the number of new insurance products sold by KB Insurance and KB Life Insurance.
Net Gains on Financial Instruments at Fair Value through Profit or Loss
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
  
2020/2019
  
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
  
(%)
 
Net gains on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  974  1,302  831   33.7   (36.2
Net gains on derivatives held for trading
   1,116   323   204   (71.1  (36.8
Net losses on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
   (48  (125  (8  160.4   (93.6
Net losses on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss
   (1,398  (489  (31  (65.0  (93.7
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
  644  1,011  995   57.0   (1.6
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Our net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss decreased 1.6% from ₩1,011 billion in 2020 to ₩995 billion in 2021. Such decrease was primarily attributable to decreases in net gains on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and net gains on derivatives held for trading, the effects of which were mostly offset by substantial decreases in net losses on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss and net losses on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss.
 
  
Our net gains on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss decreased 36.2% from ₩1,302 billion in 2020 to ₩831 billion in 2021, due to a 48.8% decrease in net gains on debt securities held for trading from ₩1,021 billion in 2020 to ₩523 billion in 2021, which was slightly offset by a 9.3% increase in net gains on equity securities held for trading from ₩281 billion in 2020 to ₩307 billion in 2021.
 
  
Our net gains on derivatives held for trading decreased 36.8% from ₩323 billion in 2020 to ₩204 billion in 2021, primarily due to a change from net gains on stock or stock index derivatives held for trading of ₩250 billion in 2020 to net losses on such derivatives of ₩1 billion in 2021, which was enhanced by a 51.4% decrease in net gains on currency derivatives held for trading from ₩144 billion in 2020 to ₩70 billion in 2021.
Such effect was partially offset by a change from net losses on interest rate derivatives held for trading of ₩55 billion in 2020 to net gains on such derivatives of ₩151 billion in 2021.
 
  
Our net losses on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss decreased 93.7% from ₩489 billion in 2020 to ₩31 billion in 2021 as a result of a decrease in net losses on financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss. Such decrease was primarily attributable to a
 
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42.7% decrease in losses on financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss from ₩1,143 billion in 2020 to ₩655 billion in 2021.
 
  
Our net losses on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss decreased 93.6% from ₩125 billion in 2020 to ₩8 billion in 2021 as a result of a 47.1% decrease in losses on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss from ₩153 billion in 2020 to ₩81 billion in 2021 and a 160.7% increase in gains on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss from ₩28 billion in 2020 to ₩73 billion in 2021.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Our net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss increased 57.0% from ₩644 billion in 2019 to ₩1,011 billion in 2020. Such increase was primarily attributable to a decrease in net losses on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss and an increase in net gains on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, the effects of which were partially offset by a decrease in net gains on derivatives held for trading.
 
  
Our net losses on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss decreased 65.0% from ₩1,398 billion in 2019 to ₩489 billion in 2020 as a result of a decrease in net losses on financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss. Such decrease was primarily attributable to a 41.5% decrease in losses from financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss from ₩1,954 billion in 2019 to ₩1,143 billion in 2020.
 
  
Our net gains on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss increased 33.7% from ₩974 billion in 2019 to ₩1,302 billion in 2020, due to a 148.7% increase in net gains on equity securities held for trading from ₩113 billion in 2019 to ₩281 billion in 2020 and an 18.6% increase in net gains on debt securities held for trading from ₩861 billion in 2019 to ₩1,021 billion in 2020.
 
  
Our net gains on derivatives held for trading decreased 71.1% from ₩1,116 billion in 2019 to ₩323 billion in 2020, primarily due to a 75.7% decrease in net gains on stock or stock index derivatives held for trading from ₩1,027 billion in 2019 to ₩250 billion in 2020.
For further information regarding our net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss, see Note 30 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
General and Administrative Expenses
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our general and administrative expenses:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
   
Percentage Change
 
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
   
2020/2019
   
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
   
(%)
 
Expenses related to employees
  3,956   4,325   4,635    9.3    7.2 
Depreciation and amortization
   784    875    851    11.6    (2.7
Other general and administrative expenses
   1,531    1,615    1,715    5.5    6.2 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
     
General and administrative expenses
  6,272   6,815   7,201    8.7    5.7 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
     
Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Our general and administrative expenses increased 5.7% from ₩6,815 billion in 2020 to ₩7,201 billion in 2021, primarily as a result of a 7.2% increase in expenses related to employees from ₩4,325 billion in 2020 to
 
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₩4,635 billion in 2021, which was enhanced by a 6.2% increase in other general and administrative expenses from ₩1,615 billion in 2020 to ₩1,715 billion in 2021 and slightly offset by a 2.7% decrease in depreciation and amortization expenses from ₩875 billion in 2020 to ₩851 billion in 2021.
The increase in expenses related to employees was attributable mainly to a 7.8% increase in salaries from ₩2,789 billion in 2020 to ₩3,007 billion in 2021, which was primarily due to the full-year effect of the increase in the number of employees in connection with the addition of PRASAC and Bank Bukopin as consolidated subsidiaries of Kookmin Bank in April and September 2020, respectively. Such increase was enhanced by a 6.5% increase in other employee benefits from ₩871 billion in 2020 to ₩928 billion in 2021, which was primarily driven by an increase in performance-based compensation paid to our employees in 2021, and a 108.2% increase in share-based payments from ₩49 billion in 2020 to ₩102 billion in 2021, which was primarily due to an increase in our share price.
The increase in other general and administrative expenses was attributable mainly to a 12.1% increase in electronic data processing expenses from ₩281 billion in 2020 to ₩315 billion in 2021 and an 8.4% increase in miscellaneous expenses from ₩296 billion in 2020 to ₩321 billion in 2021. Such increases were enhanced by an 8.8% increase in service fees from ₩239 billion in 2020 to ₩260 billion in 2021 and a 65.6% increase in repairs and maintenance expenses from ₩32 billion in 2020 to ₩53 billion in 2021. Such increases were partially offset by an 11.4% decrease in advertising expenses from ₩237 billion in 2020 to ₩210 billion in 2021.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Our general and administrative expenses increased 8.7% from ₩6,272 billion in 2019 to ₩6,815 billion in 2020, primarily as a result of a 9.3% increase in expenses related to employees from ₩3,956 billion in 2019 to ₩4,325 billion in 2020, which was enhanced by an 11.6% increase in depreciation and amortization expenses from ₩784 billion in 2019 to ₩875 billion in 2020 and a 5.5% increase in other general and administrative expenses from ₩1,531 billion in 2019 to ₩1,615 billion in 2020.
The increase in expenses related to employees was attributable mainly to a 9.0% increase in salaries from ₩2,558 billion in 2019 to ₩2,789 billion in 2020, which was primarily due to an increase in the number of employees due to the acquisitions of PRASAC, Prudential Life Insurance and Bank Bukopin. Such increase was enhanced by a 50.4% increase in termination benefits from ₩240 billion in 2019 to ₩361 billion in 2020, mainly due to our implementation of an early retirement program in December 2020, and, to a lesser extent, a 2.7% increase in other employee benefits from ₩848 billion in 2019 to ₩871 billion in 2020, which was primarily driven by an increase in performance-based compensation paid to our employees in 2020.
The increase in depreciation and amortization expenses was primarily due to the completion of the construction of a second headquarters building for Kookmin Bank in August 2020.
The increase in other general and administrative expenses was attributable mainly to an 8.9% increase in electronic data processing expenses from ₩258 billion in 2019 to ₩281 billion in 2020 and an 8.8% increase in tax and dues from ₩239 billion in 2019 to ₩260 billion in 2020. Such increases were enhanced by a 4.8% increase in service fees from ₩228 billion in 2019 to ₩239 billion in 2020. Such increases were partially offset by a 42.9% decrease in travel expenses from ₩21 billion in 2019 to ₩12 billion in 2020.
 
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Net Other Operating Expenses
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our net other operating expenses:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
  
2020/2019
   
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
  
(%)
 
Other operating income
  2,864  4,757  4,929   66.1    3.6 
Other operating expenses
   (3,927  (6,257  (6,853  59.3    9.5 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
    
Net other operating expenses
  (1,063 (1,500 (1,924  41.1    28.3 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
    
Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Our net other operating expenses increased 28.3% from ₩1,500 billion in 2020 to ₩1,924 billion in 2021, as a 9.5% increase in other operating expenses from ₩6,257 billion in 2020 to ₩6,853 billion in 2021 outpaced a 3.6% increase in other operating income from ₩4,757 billion in 2020 to ₩4,929 billion in 2021.
Other operating expenses include principally losses on foreign exchange transactions, losses related to financial assets at amortized cost, losses related to financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income and miscellaneous other operating expenses. The 9.5% increase in other operating expenses was mainly the result of a significant increase in losses on financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income from ₩19 billion in 2020 to ₩225 billion in 2021, a 42.2% increase in depreciation expenses of operating lease assets from ₩424 billion in 2020 to ₩603 billion in 2021 and a 7.7% increase in miscellaneous other operating expenses from ₩1,510 billion in 2020 to ₩1,626 billion in 2021. The increase in losses on financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income was primarily due to an increase in losses relating to the disposal of government and public bonds. The increase in depreciation expenses of operating lease assets mainly reflected an increase in automobile lease assets of KB Capital.
Other operating income includes principally gains on foreign exchange transactions, gains on financial assets at amortized cost, gains on financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income and miscellaneous other operating income. The 3.6% increase in other operating income was primarily attributable to a 6.7% increase in gains on foreign exchange transactions from ₩3,635 billion in 2020 to ₩3,878 billion in 2021, which was enhanced by a 27.4% increase in miscellaneous other operating income from ₩592 billion in 2020 to ₩754 billion in 2021. Such increases were offset in part by a 58.4% decrease in gains on financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income from ₩305 billion in 2020 to ₩127 billion in 2021. The increase in gains on foreign exchange transactions, which was mainly the result of increased exchange rate volatility, was partially offset by an increase in losses on foreign exchange transactions, which is recorded as part of other operating expenses. On a net basis, our net gains on foreign exchange transactions increased 195.2% from ₩104 billion in 2020 to ₩307 billion in 2021.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Our net other operating expenses increased 41.1% from ₩1,063 billion in 2019 to ₩1,500 billion in 2020, as a 59.3% increase in other operating expenses from ₩3,927 billion in 2019 to ₩6,257 billion in 2020 outpaced a 66.1% increase in other operating income from ₩2,864 billion in 2019 to ₩4,757 billion in 2020.
The 59.3% increase in other operating expenses was mainly the result of a 79.2% increase in losses on foreign exchange transactions from ₩1,970 billion in 2019 to ₩3,531 billion in 2020, which was enhanced by a 39.8% increase in other operating expenses from ₩1,920 billion in 2019 to ₩2,684 billion in 2020. The increase in losses on foreign exchange transactions, which was primarily due to higher exchange rate volatility, was partially offset by an increase in gains on foreign exchange transactions, which is recorded as part of other operating income. On a net basis, our net gains on foreign exchange transactions decreased 51.4% from ₩214 billion in 2019 to ₩104 billion in 2020.
 
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The 66.1% increase in other operating income was primarily attributable to a 66.4% increase in gains on foreign exchange transactions from ₩2,184 billion in 2019 to ₩3,635 billion in 2020. The increase in gains on foreign exchange transactions, which was mainly the result of increased exchange rate volatility, was more than offset by an increase in losses on foreign exchange transactions, which is recorded as part of other operating expenses as discussed above.
For further information regarding our net other operating expenses, see Note 31 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Net
Non-operating
Income
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our net
non-operating
income:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
2019
   
2020
  
2021
  
2020/2019
  
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
  
(%)
 
Share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures
  16   (44 94   N/M
(1)
 
  N/M
(1)
 
Net other
non-operating
income (expenses)
   27    189   (110  600.0   N/M
(1)
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
Net
non-operating
income (expenses)
  43   146  (16  239.5   N/M
(1)
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
(1)
“N/M” means not meaningful.
Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Our net
non-operating
income (expenses) changed from a net income of ₩146 billion in 2020 to net expenses of ₩16 billion in 2021, primarily as a result of a change in net other
non-operating
income (expenses) from a net income of ₩189 billion in 2020 to net expenses of ₩110 billion in 2021, which was partially offset by a change in share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures from a net loss of ₩44 billion in 2020 to a net profit of ₩94 billion in 2021.
The change in in net other
non-operating
income (expenses) from a net income to net expenses was attributable to a 73.2% decrease in other
non-operating
income from ₩466 billion in 2020 to ₩125 billion in 2021, which was partially offset by a 15.2% decrease in other
non-operating
expenses from ₩277 billion in 2020 to ₩235 billion in 2021. The decrease in other
non-operating
income was mainly due to gains on bargain purchase of ₩145 billion recognized in 2020 resulting from the acquisition of Prudential Life Insurance, which was not repeated in 2021, as well as a 91.9% decrease in gains on disposal of property and equipment from ₩111 billion in 2020 to ₩9 billion in 2021, primarily due to a decrease in gains on disposal of investment property held by our consolidated funds. Such decrease was enhanced by a 69.0% decrease in rental income from ₩113 billion in 2020 to ₩35 billion in 2021, primarily due to a decrease in our holdings of investment property that generated rental income.
The decrease in other
non-operating
expenses primarily reflected a 18.8% decrease in miscellaneous other expenses from ₩144 billion in 2020 to ₩117 billion in 2021.
The change in share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures from a net loss to a net profit was primarily due to an increase in profit of equity-method investees of Kookmin Bank.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Our net non-operating income increased 239.5% from ₩43 billion in 2019 to ₩146 billion in 2020, primarily as a result of a 600.0% increase in net other non-operating income from ₩27 billion in 2019 to
 
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₩189 billion in 2020, which was partially offset by a change in share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures from a net profit of ₩16 billion in 2019 to a net loss of ₩44 billion in 2020.
The 600.0% increase in net other non-operating income was attributable to a 123.0% increase in other
non-operating
income from ₩209 billion in 2019 to ₩466 billion in 2020, which was partly offset by a 52.2% increase in other non-operating expenses from ₩182 billion in 2019 to ₩277 billion in 2020. The increase in other non-operating income was mainly due to gains on a bargain purchase of ₩145 billion recognized in connection with the acquisition of Prudential Life Insurance in 2020. Such increase was enhanced by a 208.3% increase in gains on disposal of property and equipment from ₩36 billion in 2019 to ₩111 billion in 2020. The increase in other non-operating expenses primarily reflected a 121.5% increase in other expenses, which was mainly attributable to an increase in provisions in connection with certain litigations involving KB Securities.
The 375.0% decrease in share of profit of associates and joint ventures was primarily due to a decrease in profit of equity-method investees of Kookmin Bank.
Income Tax Expense
Our income tax expense is calculated by adding or subtracting changes in deferred income tax liabilities and assets to income tax amounts payable for the period. Deferred income tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits, while deferred income tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are those between the carrying values of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and their respective tax bases. Deferred income tax assets, including unused tax losses and credits, are recognized only to the extent it is probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available against which such deferred income tax assets can be utilized.
Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Income tax expense increased 34.3% from ₩1,264 billion in 2020 to ₩1,697 billion in 2021, primarily due to a 45.5% increase in income tax payable from ₩1,086 billion in 2020 to ₩1,580 billion in 2021, which was partially offset by a 34.3% decrease in changes in deferred income tax assets and liabilities from ₩327 billion in 2020 to ₩215 billion in 2021 and a 38.3% decrease in income tax recognized directly in equity and others from ₩149 billion in 2020 to ₩92 billion in 2021. The increase in income tax payable was due to a 43.0% increase in current income tax expense from ₩1,099 billion in 2020 to ₩1,572 billion in 2021, which resulted primarily from the increase in our profit before income tax. The decrease in income tax recognized directly in equity and others was primarily attributable to a change in gains or losses on hedging instruments of net investments in foreign operations from net losses of ₩25 billion in 2020 to net gains of ₩26 billion in 2021. Our effective tax rate was 27.9% in 2021 compared to 26.5% in 2020.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Income tax expense increased 3.5% from ₩1,221 billion in 2019 to ₩1,264 billion in 2020, due to a 9.5% increase in income tax payable from ₩992 billion in 2019 to ₩1,086 billion in 2020 and a 14.3% increase in changes in deferred income tax assets (and liabilities) from ₩286 billion in 2019 to ₩327 billion in 2020, which were partially offset by a 163.2% increase in income tax recognized directly in equity and others from ₩57 billion in 2019 to ₩149 billion in 2020. The increase in income tax payable was due to a 5.4% increase in current income tax expense from ₩1,043 billion in 2019 to ₩1,099 billion in 2020, which resulted from the increase in our profit before income tax, as well as a 74.5% decrease in adjustments of income tax of prior years recognized in current tax from ₩51 billion in 2019 to ₩13 billion in 2020. The increase in income tax recognized directly in equity and others was primarily attributable to a 584.6% increase in net losses on financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income from ₩13 billion in 2019 to ₩89 billion in 2020. Our effective tax rate was 26.5% in 2020 compared to 26.9% in 2019.
See Note 34 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
 
126

Profit for the Year
As a result of the factors described above, our profit for the year was ₩4,384 billion in 2021 compared to ₩3,516 billion in 2020 and ₩3,313 billion in 2019.
Results by Principal Business Segment
We compile and analyze financial information for our business segments based upon segment information used by our management for the purposes of resource allocation and performance evaluation. We are organized into seven major business segments: retail banking operations, corporate banking operations, other banking operations, credit card operations, securities operations, life insurance operations and
non-life
insurance operations.
The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our results of operations by segment:
 
   
Profit
(1)

for the Year Ended December 31,
   
Total Net Operating Revenues
(2)

for the Year Ended December 31,
 
   
        2019        
   
        2020        
   
        2021        
   
        2019        
   
        2020        
   
        2021        
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Retail banking operations
  552   421   577   2,980   2,919   2,958 
Corporate banking operations
   1,060    918    1,021    2,376    2,834    3,590 
Other banking operations
   827    980    940    1,591    1,798    1,585 
Credit card operations
   317    324    421    1,471    1,538    1,774 
Securities operations
   258    426    594    1,113    1,448    1,676 
Life insurance operations
   16    33    290    107    237    631 
Non-life
insurance operations
   234    177    302    1,186    1,027    1,286 
Other
   182    406    332    608    691    984 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
(3)
  3,446   3,686   4,477   11,432   12,492   14,484 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
After deduction of income tax allocated to each segment. See Note 5 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements.
(2)
Represents operating revenue from external customers. See Note 5 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements.
(3)
Prior to adjustments for consolidation, inter-segment transactions and certain differences in classification under our management reporting system.
Our other banking operations, which include treasury activities, provide funding to our retail banking operations and corporate banking operations and receive funds procured through the financing activities of such segments, such as deposit-taking activities. When our retail banking operations or corporate banking operations engage in an investing activity, such as lending, the relevant amount is recognized as an inter-segment borrowing from the other banking operations. When our retail banking operations or corporate banking operations engage in a financing activity, such as deposit-taking, the relevant amount is recognized as an inter-segment lending to the other banking operations (or as a reduction in inter-segment borrowings from the other banking operations). Generally, for our retail banking operations, the amounts procured from financing activities are greater than the amounts used in investing activities, whereas for our corporate banking operations, the amounts used in investing activities are greater than the amounts procured from financing activities. The cost of borrowing from the other banking operations is calculated by multiplying the average balance of the amounts used in investing activities by the applicable internal funding rate on such inter-segment borrowings, whereas the income from lending to the other banking operations is calculated by multiplying the average balance of the amounts procured from financing activities by the applicable internal funding rate on such inter-segment lendings. The applicable
 
127

internal funding rates on inter-segment borrowings tend to be generally higher than the applicable internal funding rates on inter-segment lendings, primarily due to the difference in the maturity structure of interest rates on the amounts used in investing activities and the amounts procured from financing activities. The cost of borrowing from the other banking operations is offset by the income from lending to the other banking operations, and the difference is recorded as expenses related to inter-segment borrowings, within net other operating expenses, for our retail banking operations and corporate banking operations, while a corresponding amount is recorded as income from inter-segment lending, within net other operating income, for our other banking operations.
Retail Banking Operations
This segment consists of retail banking services provided by Kookmin Bank. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
        2019        
  
        2020        
  
        2021        
  
2020/2019
  
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
  
(%)
 
Income statement data
      
Interest income
  4,873  4,520  4,438   (7.2  (1.8
Interest expense
   (1,725  (1,341  (896  (22.3  (33.2
Net fee and commission income
   472   407   392   (13.8  (3.7
Net other operating expenses
   (640  (666  (975  4.1   46.4 
General and administrative expenses
   (1,982  (2,073  (2,037  4.6   (1.7
Provision for credit losses
   (236  (265  (126  12.3   (52.5
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit before income tax expense
   761   581   795   (23.7  36.8 
Income tax expense
   (209  (160  (219  (23.4  36.9 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit for the year
  552  421  577   (23.7  37.1 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 36.8% from ₩581 billion in 2020 to ₩795 billion in 2021.
Interest income from our retail banking operations decreased 1.8% from ₩4,520 billion in 2020 to ₩4,438 billion in 2021. This decrease was mainly due to decreases in the average yields on mortgage loans, other consumer loans and home equity loans, the effects of which were partially offset by increases in the average volumes of mortgage loans and other consumer loans from 2020 to 2021.
Interest expense for this segment decreased 33.2% from ₩1,341 billion in 2020 to ₩896 billion in 2021. Our largest and most important funding source is deposits from retail customers, which represent more than half of our total deposits. The decrease in interest expense for this segment was mainly due to decreases in the average costs on demand deposits, time deposits and certificates of deposit, the effects of which were enhanced by decreases in the average volumes of time deposits and certificates of deposit and partially offset by an increase in the average volume of demand deposits.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment decreased 3.7% from ₩407 billion in 2020 to ₩392 billion in 2021, mainly due to an increase in common fee and commission-related expenses allocated to the retail banking segment.
 
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Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 46.4% from ₩666 billion in 2020 to ₩975 billion in 2021, mainly as a result of an increase in expenses related to inter-segment borrowings and a decrease in gains on sale of loans measured at amortized cost.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment decreased 1.7% from ₩2,073 billion in 2020 to ₩2,037 billion in 2021, primarily due to decreases in expenses related to employees and depreciation expenses, which were offset in part by an increase in common general and administrative expenses allocated to the retail banking segment.
Provision for credit losses decreased 52.5% from ₩265 billion in 2020 to ₩126 billion in 2021, mainly due to decreases in provision for credit losses of retail loans and unused retail loan commitments, reflecting an improvement in asset quality of our retail loan portfolio resulting from government policies in support of borrowers adversely impacted by the
COVID-19
pandemic in 2021.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment decreased 23.7% from ₩761 billion in 2019 to ₩581 billion in 2020.
Interest income from our retail banking operations decreased 7.2% from ₩4,873 billion in 2019 to ₩4,520 billion in 2020. This decrease was mainly due to decreases in the average yields on mortgage loans, other consumer loans and home equity loans, the effects of which were enhanced by a decrease in the average volume of home equity loans and partially offset by increases in the average volumes of mortgage loans and other consumer loans from 2019 to 2020.
Interest expense for this segment decreased 22.3% from ₩1,725 billion in 2019 to ₩1,341 billion in 2020. The decrease in interest expense for this segment was mainly due to decreases in the average costs on demand deposits, time deposits and certificates of deposit, the effects of which were enhanced by a decrease in the average volume of certificates of deposit and partially offset by increases in the average volumes of demand deposits and time deposits.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment decreased 13.8% from ₩472 billion in 2019 to ₩407 billion in 2020, mainly due to a decrease in fees received from specified money trusts.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 4.1% from ₩640 billion in 2019 to ₩666 billion in 2020, mainly as a result of increases in expenses related to inter-segment borrowings and foreign exchange transactions, which were partially offset by an increase in gains on sale of loans measured at amortized cost.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 4.6% from ₩1,982 billion in 2019 to ₩2,073 billion in 2020, primarily due to an increase in common administrative expenses allocated to the retail banking segment, the effects of which were offset in part by decreases in business promotion expenses and employee compensation and benefits.
Provision for credit losses increased 12.3% from ₩236 billion in 2019 to ₩265 billion in 2020, mainly due to increases in provision for credit losses of retail loans and unused retail loan commitments, resulting from an increase in retail loans and additional provisions due to COVID-19.
 
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Corporate Banking Operations
This segment consists of corporate banking services provided by Kookmin Bank. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
        2019        
  
        2020        
  
        2021        
  
2020/2019
  
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
  
(%)
 
Income statement data
      
Interest income
  4,643  4,900  5,318   5.5   8.5 
Interest expense
   (1,798  (1,662  (1,515  (7.6  (8.8
Net fee and commission income
   349   363   391   4.0   7.7 
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   (3  (52  29   N/M
(1)
 
  N/M
(1)
 
Net other operating expenses
   (611  (537  (598  (12.1  11.4 
General and administrative expenses
   (1,242  (1,555  (1,832  25.2   17.8 
Reversal of (provision for) credit losses
   126   (204  (393  N/M
(1)
 
  92.6 
Net other
non-operating
income (expenses)
      5   (9  N/A
(2)
 
  N/M
(1)
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit before income tax expense
   1,464   1,258   1,390   (14.1  10.5 
Income tax expense
   (404  (340  (369  (15.8  8.5 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit for the year
  1,060  918  1,021   (13.4  11.2 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
(1)
“N/M” means not meaningful.
(2)
 
“N/A” means not applicable.
Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 10.5% from ₩1,258 billion in 2020 to ₩1,390 billion in 2021.
Interest income from our corporate banking operations increased 8.5% from ₩4,900 billion in 2020 to ₩5,318 billion in 2021.
This increase was primarily due to the full-year effect of the addition of PRASAC and Bank Bukopin as consolidated subsidiaries of Kookmin Bank in April and September 2020, respectively. Such effect was enhanced by an increase in the average volume of corporate loans of Kookmin Bank, which was partially offset by a decrease the average yields on such loans from 2020 to 2021.
Interest expense for this segment decreased 8.8% from ₩1,662 billion in 2020 to ₩1,515 billion in 2021.
This decrease was principally due to a decrease in the average cost of deposits held by corporate customers of Kookmin Bank from 2020 to 2021, which was partially offset by an increase in the average volume of such deposits and the full-year effect of the addition of PRASAC and Bank Bukopin, which became consolidated subsidiaries of Kookmin Bank in April and September 2020, respectively.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 7.7% from ₩363 billion in 2020 to ₩391 billion in 2021, primarily due to increases in trust and other fiduciary fees received and foreign currency-related fees received.
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment changed from net losses of ₩52 billion in 2020 to net gains of ₩29 billion in 2021, principally as a result of an increase in net gains on currency-related derivatives held by Kookmin Bank’s foreign subsidiaries.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 11.4% from ₩537 billion in 2020 to ₩598 billion in 2021, mainly as a result of an increase in losses on foreign exchange transactions of Kookmin Bank’s foreign subsidiaries.
 
130

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 17.8% from ₩1,555 billion in 2020 to ₩1,832 billion in 2021, principally due to an increase in salary expenses resulting from the full-year effect of the additions of PRASAC and Bank Bukopin as consolidated subsidiaries of Kookmin Bank in April and September 2020, respectively, the effects of which were enhanced by an increase in common administrative expenses allocated to the corporate banking segment.
Provision for credit losses attributable to this segment increased 92.6% from ₩204 billion in 2020 to ₩393 billion in 2021, due mainly to an increase in provision for credit losses of foreign-currency loans of Bank Bukopin, which was added as a consolidated subsidiary of Kookmin Bank in September 2020.
Net other
non-operating
income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from a net income of ₩5 billion in 2020 to net expenses of ₩9 billion in 2021, mainly due to a decrease in net other
non-operating
income of Bank Bukopin, which became a consolidated subsidiary of Kookmin Bank in September 2020.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment decreased 14.1% from ₩1,464 billion in 2019 to ₩1,258 billion in 2020.
Interest income from our corporate banking operations increased 5.5% from ₩4,643 billion in 2019 to ₩4,900 billion in 2020. This increase was principally due to the additions of PRASAC and Bank Bukopin as subsidiaries of Kookmin Bank in April and September 2020, respectively, the effects of which were enhanced by an increase in the average volume of corporate loans of Kookmin Bank and partially offset by a decrease in the average yields on such loans from 2019 to 2020.
Interest expense for this segment decreased 7.6% from ₩1,798 billion in 2019 to ₩1,662 billion in 2020. This decrease was principally due to a decrease in the average cost of deposits held by corporate customers of Kookmin Bank from 2019 to 2020, which was partially offset by an increase in the average volume of such deposits and the additions of PRASAC and Bank Bukopin as subsidiaries of Kookmin Bank in April and September 2020, respectively.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 4.0% from ₩349 billion in 2019 to ₩363 billion in 2020, primarily due to the additions of PRASAC and Bank Bukopin as subsidiaries of Kookmin Bank in April and September 2020, respectively.
Net losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment significantly increased from ₩3 billion in 2019 to ₩52 billion in 2020, principally as a result of an increase in net losses on derivatives held for trading by a foreign subsidiary from 2019 to 2020.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment decreased 12.1% from ₩611 billion in 2019 to ₩537 billion in 2020, mainly as a result of a decrease in expenses related to inter-segment borrowings, which was enhanced by an increase in net other operating income of Kookmin Bank’s foreign subsidiaries.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 25.2% from ₩1,242 billion in 2019 to ₩1,555 billion in 2020, principally due to the additions of PRASAC and Bank Bukopin as subsidiaries of Kookmin Bank in April and September 2020, respectively, the effects of which were enhanced by increases in salary and benefits expenses and common administrative expenses allocated to the corporate banking segment.
Reversal of (provision for) credit losses attributable to this segment changed from a net reversal of ₩126 billion in 2019 to a net provision of ₩204 billion in 2020, due mainly to an increase in corporate loans and additional provisions due to COVID-19, which was enhanced by the additions of PRASAC and Bank Bukopin as subsidiaries of Kookmin Bank in April and September 2020, respectively.
 
131

Net other non-operating income attributable to this segment increased from nil in 2019 to ₩5 billion in 2020, mainly due to the addition of Bank Bukopin as a subsidiary of Kookmin Bank in September 2020.
Other Banking Operations
This segment primarily consists of Kookmin Bank’s banking operations other than retail and corporate banking operations, including treasury activities and Kookmin Bank’s “back office” administrative operations. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
        2019        
  
        2020        
  
        2021        
  
2020/2019
  
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
  
(%)
 
Income statement data
      
Interest income
  1,264  1,037  919   (18.0  (11.4
Interest expense
   (894  (698  (534  (21.9  (23.5
Net fee and commission income
   312   298   405   (4.5  35.9 
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   425   297   313   (30.1  5.4 
Net other operating income
   651   973   754   49.5   (22.5
General and administrative expenses
   (663  (574  (534  (13.4  (7.0
Reversal of (provision for) credit losses
   7   (15  (4  N/M
(1)
 
  (73.3
Share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures
   29   (48  57   N/M
(1)
 
  N/M
(1)
 
Net other
non-operating
income (expenses)
   (39  23   (70  N/M
(1)
 
  N/M
(1)
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit before income tax expense
   1,093   1,293   1,306   18.3   1.0 
Income tax expense
   (266  (313  (366  17.7   16.9 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit for the year
  827  980  940   18.5   (4.1
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
(1)
“N/M” means not meaningful.
Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 1.0% from ₩1,293 billion in 2020 to ₩1,306 billion in 2021.
Interest income from our other banking operations decreased 11.4% from ₩1,037 billion in 2020 to ₩919 billion in 2021, mainly due to decreases in the average yields on other banking loans and debt securities in this segment from 2020 to 2021, which were offset in part by increases in the average volumes of such loans and securities.
Interest expense for this segment decreased 23.5% from ₩698 billion in 2020 to ₩534 billion in 2021, primarily due to decreases in the average costs of deposits, borrowings and debentures in this segment, which were partially offset by increases in the average volumes of deposits, borrowings and debentures.
 
132

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 35.9% from ₩298 billion in 2020 to ₩405 billion in 2021, mainly due to an increase in net fee and commission income from our funds and trusts in this segment.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased 5.4% from ₩297 billion in 2020 to ₩313 billion in 2021, principally as a result of increases in net gains on derivatives held for trading and other financial instruments, which were partially offset by a decrease in net gains on financial instruments including debt and equity securities.
Net other operating income attributable to this segment decreased 22.5% from ₩973 billion in 2020 to ₩754 billion in 2021, mainly as a result of a decrease in net gains on foreign exchange transactions.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment decreased 7.0% from ₩574 billion in 2020 to ₩534 billion in 2021, primarily due to a decrease in common administrative expenses allocated to this segment, which was partially offset by increases in sales promotion expenses and advertising expenses.
Provision for credit losses attributable to this segment decreased from ₩15 billion in 2020 to ₩4 billion in 2021, due mainly to decreases in provision for credit losses of foreign-currency loans in this segment.
Share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment changed from a net loss of ₩48 billion in 2020 to a net profit of ₩57 billion in 2021, principally as a result of an increase in gains on disposal of investments in associates and joint ventures in 2021.
Net other
non-operating
income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from a net income of ₩23 billion in 2020 to net expenses of ₩70 billion in 2021, primarily due to a decrease in gains on disposal of investment property, which was partially offset by an increase in dividend income from investments in associates and joint ventures.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 18.3% from ₩1,093 billion in 2019 to ₩1,293 billion in 2020.
Interest income from our other banking operations decreased 18.0% from ₩1,264 billion in 2019 to ₩1,037 billion in 2020, mainly due to decreases in the average yields on other banking loans and debt securities in this segment from 2019 to 2020, which were offset in part by increases in the average volumes of such loans and securities.
Interest expense for this segment decreased 21.9% from ₩894 billion in 2019 to ₩698 billion in 2020. This decrease was principally due to decreases in the average costs of demand deposits, time deposits, certificates of deposit, borrowings and debentures in this segment, which were partially offset by increases in the average volumes of such deposits, borrowings and debentures.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment decreased 4.5% from ₩312 billion in 2019 to ₩298 billion in 2020, mainly due to an increase in net fee and commission expense from our funds and trusts in this segment.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased 30.1% from ₩425 billion in 2019 to ₩297 billion in 2020, principally as a result of a decrease in net gains on derivatives held for trading and a decrease in net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to our funds and trusts, which were partially offset by an increase in net gains on short-term securities held for trading.
 
133

Net other operating income attributable to this segment increased 49.5% from ₩651 billion in 2019 to ₩973 billion in 2020, mainly as a result of an increase in net gains on foreign exchange translations.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment decreased 13.4% from ₩663 billion in 2019 to ₩574 billion in 2020, primarily due to a decrease in common administrative expenses allocated to this segment, which was partially offset by increases in salary and benefit expenses and depreciation expenses.
Reversal of (provision for) credit losses attributable to this segment changed from a net reversal of ₩7 billion in 2019 to a net provision of ₩15 billion in 2020, due mainly to increases in provision for credit losses of receivables and foreign-currency loans in this segment.
Share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment changed from a net profit of ₩29 billion in 2019 to a net loss of ₩48 billion in 2020, principally as a result of losses incurred in connection with our investments in affiliates, including Bank Bukopin, in 2020.
Net other non-operating income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from a net expenses of ₩39 billion in 2019 to a net income of ₩23 billion in 2020, primarily due to increases in gains on disposal of investment property and other assets held for sale. Such increases were partially offset by a decrease in dividend income from equity method investments.
Credit Card Operations
This segment consists of credit card activities conducted by KB Kookmin Card. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
        2019        
  
        2020        
  
        2021        
  
2020/2019
  
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
  
(%)
 
Income statement data
      
Interest income
  1,581  1,632  1,768   3.2   8.3 
Interest expense
   (351  (366  (377  4.3   3.0 
Net fee and commission income
   262   400   546   52.7   36.5 
Net insurance income
   16   13   12   (18.8  (7.7
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
      6   3   N/A
(1)
 
  (50.0
Net other operating expenses
   (247  (331  (336  34.0   1.5 
General and administrative expenses
   (442  (515  (578  16.5   12.2 
Provision for credit losses
   (440  (396  (465  (10.0  17.4 
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures
   1   1   1   0.0   0.0 
Net other
non-operating
income (expenses)
   3   (6  (7  N/M
(2)
 
  16.7 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit before income tax expense
   384   438   566   14.1   29.2 
Income tax expense
   (67  (114  (145  70.1   27.2 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit for the year
  317  324  421   2.2   29.9 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
(1)
 
“N/A” means not applicable.
(2)
 
“N/M” means not meaningful.
 
134

Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 29.2% from ₩438 billion in 2020 to ₩566 billion in 2021.
Interest income from our credit card operations increased 8.3% from ₩1,632 billion in 2020 to ₩1,768 billion in 2021. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the average volume of credit card receivables, which was offset in part by a decrease in the average yields on such receivables.
Interest expense for this segment increased 3.0% from ₩366 billion in 2020 to ₩377 billion in 2021. This increase was primarily due to increases in the average volumes of debentures and borrowings issued by KB Kookmin Card, which were partially offset by decreases in the average costs of such debentures and borrowings.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 36.5% from ₩400 billion in 2020 to ₩546 billion in 2021, mainly due to increases in commissions relating to payment gateways received and decreases in credit card commissions paid and other fees paid in Korean Won.
Net insurance income attributable to this segment decreased 7.7% from ₩13 billion in 2020 to ₩12 billion in 2021, which was primarily caused by a decrease in the number of new customers using related services.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased 50.0% from ₩6 billion in 2020 to ₩3 billion in 2021, primarily due to decreases in dividend income from equity securities and, to a lesser extent, gains on disposal of investment trust beneficiary certificates.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 1.5% from ₩331 billion in 2020 to ₩336 billion in 2021, primarily due to an increase in membership reward program-related expenses, which were offset in part by an increase in net gains on sale of loans at amortized cost.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 12.2% from ₩515 billion in 2020 to ₩578 billion in 2021, mainly due to an increase in salary and employee benefit expenses in this segment.
Provision for credit losses attributable to this segment increased 17.4% from ₩396 billion in 2020 to ₩465 billion in 2021, mainly due to increases in provision for card loans and foreign-currency loans.
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment remained stable at ₩1 billion in 2020 and 2021.
Net other
non-operating
expenses attributable to this segment increased 16.7% from ₩6 billion in 2020 to ₩7 billion in 2021.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 14.1% from ₩384 billion in 2019 to ₩438 billion in 2020.
Interest income from our credit card operations increased 3.2% from ₩1,581 billion in 2019 to ₩1,632 billion in 2020. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the average volume of credit card receivables, which was offset in part by a decrease in the average yields on such receivables.
Interest expense for this segment increased 4.3% from ₩351 billion in 2019 to ₩366 billion in 2020. This increase was primarily due to increases in the average volumes of debentures and borrowings issued by KB Kookmin Card, which were partially offset by decreases in the average costs of such debentures and borrowings.
 
135

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 52.7% from ₩262 billion in 2019 to ₩400 billion in 2020, mainly due to increases in commissions relating to payment gateways received and a decrease in credit card commissions paid.
Net insurance income attributable to this segment decreased 18.8% from ₩16 billion in 2019 to ₩13 billion in 2020, which was primarily caused by a decrease in the number of customers using related services.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased from nil to ₩6 billion in 2020, primarily due to increases in dividend income from equity securities and, to a lesser extent, gains on disposal of investment trust beneficiary certificates.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 34.0% from ₩247 billion in 2019 to ₩331 billion in 2020, primarily due to increases in membership reward program-related expenses and provisions, which were enhanced by a decrease in net gains on foreign currency transactions.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 16.5% from ₩442 billion in 2019 to ₩515 billion in 2020, mainly due to an increase in salary and employee benefit expenses and depreciation and amortization expenses in this segment.
Provision for credit losses decreased 10.0% from ₩440 billion in 2019 to ₩396 billion in 2020, mainly due to decreases in provision for credit losses of cash advances and card loans.
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment remained stable at ₩1 billion in 2019 and 2020.
Net other non-operating income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from a net income of ₩3 billion in 2019 to net expenses of ₩6 billion in 2020, primarily due to the recognition of a one-time tax refund in 2019 that was not repeated in 2020.
Securities Operations
This segment consists primarily of securities brokerage, investment banking, securities investment and trading and other capital markets activities conducted by KB Securities, including its predecessor entities. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
  
2020/2019
  
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
  
(%)
 
Income statement data
      
Interest income
  852  820  825   (3.8  0.6 
Interest expense
   (322  (310  (268  (3.7  (13.5
Net fee and commission income
   580   917   1,015   58.1   10.7 
Net gains (losses) from financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   (104  118   123   N/M
(1)
 
  4.2 
Net other operating income (expenses)
   88   (103  (7  N/M
(1)
 
  (93.2
General and administrative expenses
   (757  (845  (855  11.6   1.2 
Provision for credit losses
   (14  (24  (18  71.4   (25.0
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures
      4   14   N/A
(2)
 
  250.0 
Net other
non-operating
income (expenses)
   31   4   (18  (87.1  N/M
(1)
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit before income tax expense
   353   582   810   64.9   39.2 
Income tax expense
   (95  (156  (215  64.2   37.8 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit for the year
  258  426  594   65.1   39.4 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
136

 
(1)
“N/M” means not meaningful.
(2)
“N/A” means not applicable.
Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 39.2% from ₩582 billion in 2020 to ₩810 billion in 2021.
Interest income from this segment increased 0.6% from ₩820 billion in 2020 to ₩825 billion in 2021, primarily due to increases in the average volumes of deposits and other interest-earning assets held by KB Securities, which were partially offset by decreases in the average yields on such financial assets.
Interest expense for this segment decreased 13.5% from ₩310 billion in 2020 to ₩268 billion in 2021, principally as a result of decreases in the average costs of bonds sold under repurchase agreements, borrowings and debentures, which were partially offset by increases in the average volumes of borrowings and bonds sold under repurchase agreements.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 10.7% from ₩917 billion in 2020 to ₩1,015 billion in 2021, primarily due to increases in securities brokerage commissions received and consulting fees received.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased 4.2% from ₩118 billion in 2020 to ₩123 billion in 2021, principally due to a decrease in losses on derivative-linked securities at fair value through profit or loss, which was partially offset by a decrease in gains related to derivatives.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment decreased 93.2% from ₩103 billion in 2020 to ₩7 billion in 2021, primarily due to a decrease in net losses on foreign currency transactions with respect to foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities, mainly as a result of increased exchange rate volatility.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 1.2% from ₩845 billion in 2020 to ₩855 billion in 2021, primarily due to increases in salaries paid, which were partially offset by decreases in depreciation and amortization expenses and other administrative expenses.
Provision for credit losses decreased 25.0% from ₩24 billion in 2020 to ₩18 billion in 2021, primarily due to a decrease in provision for credit losses of other financial assets, which was partially offset by an increase in provision for credit losses of loans.
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment increased more than
two-fold
from ₩4 billion in 2020 to ₩14 billion in 2021, mainly due to an increase in gains on disposal of investments in associates and joint ventures, which was partially offset by a decrease in profit of associates and joint ventures.
Net other
non-operating
income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from a net income of ₩4 billion in 2020 to net expenses of ₩18 billion in 2021, mainly due to decreases in gains on disposal of investment property and rental income, which were offset in part by a decrease in other
non-operating
expenses.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 65.1% from ₩353 billion in 2019 to ₩582 billion in 2020.
 
137

Interest income for this segment decreased 3.8% from ₩852 billion in 2019 to ₩820 billion in 2020. This decrease was primarily due to decreases in the average yields on deposits and other government bonds held by KB Securities, which were partially offset by increases in the volumes of such financial assets.
Interest expense for this segment decreased 3.7% from ₩322 billion in 2019 to ₩310 billion in 2020, principally as a result of decreases in the average costs of debentures and bonds sold under repurchase agreements, which were partially offset by an increase in interest expense on other borrowings as well as increases in the average volumes of debentures and bonds sold under repurchase agreements.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 58.1% from ₩580 billion in 2019 to ₩917 billion in 2020, primarily due to an increase in securities brokerage commissions received resulting from the high volume of activity in the Korean securities trading market in 2020.
Net gains (losses) from financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment changed from net losses of ₩104 billion in 2019 to net gains of ₩118 billion in 2020, principally due to a decrease in losses on derivative-linked securities at fair value through profit or loss, which was partially offset by a decrease in gains related to derivatives.
Net other operating income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from a net income of ₩88 billion in 2019 to net expenses of ₩103 billion in 2020, primarily due to an increase in net losses on foreign currency translation with respect to foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities, mainly as a result of increased exchange rate volatility.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 11.6% from ₩757 billion in 2019 to ₩845 billion in 2020, primarily due to increases in short-term employee benefits and early retirement benefits paid in connection with the re-configuration of the compensation structure of KB Securities, which took place in 2020.
Provision for credit losses increased 71.4% from ₩14 billion in 2019 to ₩24 billion in 2020, primarily due to an increase in provision for credit losses of other financial assets.
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment increased from nil in 2019 to ₩4 billion in 2020, mainly due to an increase in profit of equity-method investees, which was offset in part by an increase in losses on disposal of equity-method investees.
Net other non-operating income attributable to this segment decreased 87.1% from ₩31 billion in 2019 to ₩4 billion in 2020, mainly due to an increase in other non-operating expenses, which was offset in part by increases in gains on disposal of investment property and rental income.
 
138

Life Insurance Operations
This segment consists of the life insurance operations of KB Life Insurance and, from August 2020, those of Prudential Life Insurance. We acquired all of the outstanding shares of Prudential Life Insurance from Prudential Financial, Inc. in August 2020, as a result of which Prudential Life Insurance became our wholly-owned subsidiary. See “—Overview—Acquisitions.” The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
  
2020/2019
  
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
  
(%)
 
Income statement data
      
Interest income
  159  261  524   64.2   100.8 
Interest expense
         (4  N/A
(1)
 
  N/A
(1)
 
Net fee and commission expense
   (17  (18  (27  5.9   50.0
Net insurance income (expenses)
   (122  (91  57   (25.4  N/M
(2)
 
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   67   71   137   6.0   93.0 
Net other operating income (expenses)
   (2  5   (63  N/M
(2)
 
  N/M
(2)
 
General and administrative expenses
   (67  (152  (203  126.9   33.6 
Reversal of provision for credit losses
   3      2   N/A
(1)
 
  N/A
(1)
 
Net other
non-operating
expenses
      (16     N/A
(1)
 
  (100.0
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit before income tax expense
   21   60   422   185.7   603.3 
Income tax expense
   (5  (27)
(3)
 
  (133)
(3)
 
  440.0   392.6 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit for the year
  16  33  290   106.3   778.8 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
(1)
“N/A” means not applicable.
(2)
“N/M” means not meaningful.
(3)
Represents income tax attributable to KB Life Insurance and Prudential Life Insurance from August 2020.
Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 603.3% from ₩60 billion in 2020 to ₩422 billion in 2021.
Interest income from this segment increased 100.8% from ₩261 billion in 2020 to ₩524 billion in 2021, primarily due to the additional interest income attributable to the full-year effect of the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary in August 2020.
Interest expense for this segment increased from nil in 2020 to ₩4 billion in 2021, principally due to interest expense incurred by KB Life Insurance in connection with its issuance of long-term financial debentures in Korean Won in 2021.
Net fee and commission expense attributable to this segment increased 50.0% from ₩18 billion in 2020 to ₩27 billion in 2021, primarily due to increases in trading activity-related fees paid and outsourcing-related fees paid.
Net insurance income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from net expenses of ₩91 billion in 2020 to a net income of ₩57 billion in 2021, mainly due to the full-year effect of the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary in August 2020, as well as an increase in life insurance income from KB Life Insurance. Such increases were offset in part by an increase in insurance expenses, which was mainly due to an increase in KB Life Insurance’s insurance expenses and the full-year effect of the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary in August 2020, as discussed above.
 
139

Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased 93.0% from ₩71 billion in 2020 to ₩137 billion in 2021, primarily due to the full-year effect of the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary in August 2020, which consisted mostly of increases in gains on sale of equity securities and dividend income, as well as an increase in dividends received from investment trust beneficiary certificates held by KB Life Insurance.
Net other operating income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from a net income of ₩5 billion in 2020 to net expenses of ₩63 billion in 2021, principally due to the full-year effect of the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary in August 2020, which consisted mostly of increases in losses on disposal of debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income and decreases in gains on disposal of debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 33.6% from ₩152 billion in 2020 to ₩203 billion in 2021, primarily due to the full-year effect of the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary in August 2020, which consisted mostly of increases in other expenses, depreciation expenses and salary expenses in this segment.
Reversal of credit losses increased from nil in 2020 to ₩2 billion in 2021, mainly due to an increase in reversal of credit losses relating to loans in Korean Won.
Net other
non-operating
expenses decreased from ₩16 billion in 2020 to nil in 2021, primarily due to the provision for legal proceedings of KB Life Insurance relating to a dispute over the payment of annuities in 2020, which were not repeated in 2021.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 185.7% from ₩21 billion in 2019 to ₩60 billion in 2020.
Interest income for this segment increased 64.2% from ₩159 billion in 2019 to ₩261 billion in 2020, primarily due to the additional interest income attributable to the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary in August 2020.
Net fee and commission expense attributable to this segment increased 5.9% from ₩17 billion in 2019 to ₩18 billion in 2020, primarily due to the additional expenses attributable to the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary in August 2020, which were enhanced by an increase in fee expenses related to the trading operations of KB Life Insurance.
Net insurance expenses attributable to this segment decreased 25.4% from ₩122 billion in 2019 to ₩91 billion in 2020, mainly due to an increase in insurance income due to increased new insurance contracts for KB Life Insurance, which was as enhanced by the additional insurance income attributable to the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary in August 2020. Such increases were offset in part by an increase in insurance expenses, which was mainly due to an increase in KB Life Insurance’s insurance expenses and the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased 6.0% from ₩67 billion in 2019 to ₩71 billion in 2020, primarily due to an increase in gains relating to investment trust beneficiary certificates, which was partially offset by a decrease in interest from derivative-linked securities and gains on sale of consigned beneficiary certificates.
Net other operating income (expenses) attributable to this segment changed from net expenses of ₩2 billion in 2019 to a net income of ₩5 billion in 2020, principally due to an increase in KB Life Insurance’s gains related
 
140

to currency forwards and sales of bonds in addition to additional gains from currency forwards attributable to the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary in August 2020. Such effects were offset in part by an increase in KB Life Insurance’s losses on the valuation of securities at amortized cost and additional losses on the valuation of foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities attributable to the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 126.9% from ₩67 billion in 2019 to ₩152 billion in 2020, primarily due to an increase in salary expenses in this segment, which was enhanced by the addition of salary expenses attributable to the addition of Prudential Life Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary in August 2020.
Reversal of credit losses decreased from ₩3 billion in 2019 to nil in 2020, mainly due to decreases in reversal relating to loans in Korean Won, other financial assets and securities in Korean won.
Net other non-operating expenses increased from nil in 2019 to ₩16 billion in 2020, primarily due to provision for legal proceedings of KB Life Insurance relating to a dispute over the payment of annuities.
Non-Life
Insurance Operations
This segment consists of the
non-life
insurance operations of KB Insurance. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
  
2020/2019
  
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
  
(%)
 
Income statement data
      
Interest income
  618  617  635   (0.2  2.9 
Interest expense
   (1  (1  (10  0.0   N/M
(1)
 
Net fee and commission expense
   (153  (171  (173  11.8   1.2 
Net insurance income
   415   377   493   (9.2  30.8 
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   265   259   370   (2.3  42.9 
Net other operating expenses
   (13  (48  (82  269.2   70.8 
General and administrative expenses
   (845  (811  (834  (4.0  2.8 
Reversal of (provision for) credit losses
   13   8   (5  (38.5  (162.5
Net other
non-operating
income
   26   16   17   (38.5  6.3 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit before income tax expense
   325   246   411   (24.3  67.1 
Income tax expense
   (92  (69  (109  (25.0  58.0 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit for the year
  233  177  302   (24.0  70.6 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
(1)
“N/M” means not meaningful.
Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 67.1% from ₩246 billion in 2020 to ₩411 billion in 2021.
Interest income attributable to this segment increased 2.9% from ₩617 billion in 2020 to ₩635 billion in 2021, primarily due to an increase in interest income earned on government and public bonds held by KB Insurance. Interest expense attributable to this segment increased significantly from ₩1 billion in 2020 to ₩10 billion in 2021, principally due to interest expense incurred by KB Insurance in connection with its issuance of subordinated fixed rate debentures in 2021.
 
141

Net fee and commission expense attributable to this segment increased 1.2% from ₩171 billion in 2020 to ₩173 billion in 2021, mainly due to increases in other fees paid in Korean Won and other outsourcing-related fees paid, which were offset in part by decreases in consulting fees paid and foreign currency-denominated fees paid.
Net insurance income attributable to this segment increased 30.8% from ₩377 billion in 2020 to ₩493 billion in 2021, primarily due to increases in insurance premium income and reinsurance income, which were offset in part by an increase in insurance expenses, mainly reflecting increases in insurance claims paid and refunds of surrender.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased 42.9% from ₩259 billion in 2020 to ₩370 billion in 2021, primarily as a result of an increase in net gains on beneficiary certificates at fair value through profit or loss, which was offset in part by a decrease in gains on currency-related derivatives.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 70.8% from ₩48 billion in 2020 to ₩82 billion in 2021, due mainly to an increase in losses on disposal of debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income and a decrease in gains on disposal of debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income, which were offset in part by an increase in gains on fair value hedges.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 2.8% from ₩811 billion in 2020 to ₩834 billion in 2021, principally due to increases in employee compensation and retirement benefits, which were partially offset by decreases in other employee benefits and advertising expenses.
Reversal of (provision for) credit losses changed from a reversal of ₩8 billion in 2020 to provision of ₩5 billion in 2021, primarily due to increases in provision for credit losses of other financial assets and foreign-currency loans.
Net other
non-operating
income attributable to this segment increased 6.3% from ₩16 billion in 2020 to ₩17 billion in 2021, principally due to an increase in gains on disposal of property and equipment, which was offset in part by an increase in management fees paid in connection with investment property.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment decreased 24.3% from ₩325 billion in 2019 to ₩246 billion in 2020.
Interest income attributable to this segment decreased slightly from ₩618 billion in 2019 to ₩617 billion in 2020. Interest expense attributable to this segment remained stable at ₩1 billion in 2019 and 2020.
Net fee and commission expense attributable to this segment increased 11.8% from ₩153 billion in 2019 to ₩171 billion in 2020, mainly due to an increase in payment and outsourcing-related fees paid, which was enhanced by a decrease in fee income from credit-related business.
Net insurance income attributable to this segment decreased 9.2% from ₩415 billion in 2019 to ₩377 billion in 2020, primarily due to an increase in insurance expenses, mainly reflecting an increase in insurance claims paid as well as payments on surrenders and withdrawals made by KB Insurance, which outpaced an increase in insurance income.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased 2.3% from ₩265 billion in 2019 to ₩259 billion in 2020, primarily as a result of an increase in losses on securities at fair value through profit or loss, which was partially offset by increases in gains on derivative-linked securities and beneficiary certificates at fair value through profit or loss.
 
142

Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 269.2% from ₩13 billion in 2019 to ₩48 billion in 2020, due mainly to an increase in other operating expenses such as losses from other fair value hedges and losses on valuations of foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities, which was offset in part by an increase in other operating income such as gains on valuations of currency forwards and gains on valuations of foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment decreased 4.0% from ₩845 billion in 2019 to ₩811 billion in 2020, principally due to a decrease in employee compensation and retirement benefits, which was partially offset by increases in other employee benefits in the form of welfare points awarded to employees and electronic data processing expenses.
Reversals of provision for credit losses decreased 38.5% from ₩13 billion in 2019 to ₩8 billion in 2020, primarily due to a decrease in the reversal of credit losses of loans in Korean Won, which was partially offset by a decrease in provision for credit losses of other assets.
Net other non-operating income attributable to this segment decreased 38.5% from ₩26 billion in 2019 to ₩16 billion in 2020, principally due to a decrease in other non-operating income, which was enhanced by an increase in losses on disposal of property and equipment.
Other
“Other” includes the operations of our holding company and all of our subsidiaries that were consolidated under IFRS as issued by the IASB as of December 31, 2021 except Kookmin Bank, KB Kookmin Card, KB Securities, KB Life Insurance, KB Insurance and Prudential Life Insurance, including principally KB Asset Management, KB Real Estate Trust, KB Investment, KB Credit Information, KB Data System, KB Savings Bank and KB Capital. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
  
2020/2019
  
2021/2020
 
      
(in billions of Won)
  
(%)
 
Income statement data
      
Interest income
  688  727  817   5.7   12.4 
Interest expense
   (391  (412  (405  5.4   (1.7
Net fee and commission income
   541   776   1,069   43.4   37.8 
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   138   397   184   187.7   (53.7
Net other operating expenses
   (243  (472  (583  94.2   23.5 
General and administrative expenses
   (374  (406  (438  8.6   7.9 
Provision for credit losses
   (128  (148  (176  15.6   18.9 
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures
   7   1   9   (85.7  N/M
(1)
 
Net other
non-operating
income
   35   41   2   17.1   (95.1
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit before income tax expense
   273   504   480   84.6   (4.8
Income tax expense
(2)
   (90  (97  (148  7.8   52.6 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
Profit for the year
  182  406  332   123.1   (18.2
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
(1)
“N/M” means not meaningful.
(2)
Represents income tax attributable to our holding company and all of our subsidiaries that were consolidated under IFRS as issued by the IASB except Kookmin Bank, KB Kookmin Card, KB Securities (including its predecessor entities), KB Life Insurance, KB Insurance and Prudential Life Insurance.
 
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Comparison of 2021 to 2020
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment decreased 4.8% from ₩504 billion in 2020 to ₩480 billion in 2021.
Interest income attributable to this segment increased 12.4% from ₩727 billion in 2020 to ₩817 billion in 2021. This increase was primarily due to increases in the average volumes of loans of KB Capital and, to a lesser extent, KB Savings Bank.
Interest expense attributable to this segment decreased 1.7% from ₩412 billion in 2020 to ₩405 billion in 2021, mainly due to a decrease in the average volume of debentures of our holding company on a separate basis, which was enhanced by a decrease in the average yields of debentures of KB Capital.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 37.8% from ₩776 billion in 2020 to ₩1,069 billion in 2021, principally reflecting increases in lease and rental fees received by KB Capital and, to a lesser extent, an increase in the operating lease fees received by our consolidated funds, which were offset in part by increases in other fees paid by KB Capital and our holding company.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased 53.7% from ₩397 billion in 2020 to ₩184 billion in 2021, primarily as a result of a decrease in gains on valuations of debt securities of our consolidated funds.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 23.5% from ₩472 billion in 2020 to ₩583 billion in 2021, which mainly reflected an increase in depreciation and amortization expenses with respect to leased assets of KB Capital, which were partially offset by gains on valuations of foreign currency-denominated loans held by our consolidated funds.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 7.9% from ₩406 billion in 2020 to ₩438 billion in 2021, principally due to an increase in the salary expenses of our holding company, KB Asset Management, KB Real Estate Trust and KB Capital, which was enhanced by an increase in advertisement expenses of KB Capital and fees and commissions paid by our holding company and KB Asset Management.
Provision for credit losses increased 18.9% from ₩148 billion in 2020 to ₩176 billion in 2021, primarily due to an increase in provision for credit losses of private placement bonds of our consolidated funds and a decrease in reversal of credit losses of loans in Korean Won of our consolidated funds, which were enhanced by an increase in provision for credit losses of other financial assets of KB Real Estate Trust.
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment increased eight-fold from ₩1 billion in 2020 to ₩9 billion in 2021, mainly reflecting an increase in valuation gains on equity-method investments of KB Investment.
Net other
non-operating
income attributable to this segment decreased 95.1% from ₩41 billion in 2020 to ₩2 billion in 2021, principally reflecting a decrease in the rental income of our consolidated funds.
Comparison of 2020 to 2019
Our profit before income tax expense for this segment increased 84.6% from ₩273 billion in 2019 to ₩504 billion in 2020.
Interest income attributable to this segment increased 5.7% from ₩688 billion in 2019 to ₩727 billion in 2020. This increase was primarily due to increases in the average volumes of loans of KB Capital and, to a lesser extent, KB Savings Bank.
 
144

Interest expense attributable to this segment increased 5.4% from ₩391 billion in 2019 to ₩412 billion in 2020, mainly due to increases in the average volumes of debentures of KB Capital and, to a lesser extent, our holding company on a separate basis.
Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 43.4% from ₩541 billion in 2019 to ₩776 billion in 2020, principally reflecting increases in lease and rental fees received by KB Capital and, to a lesser extent, trust fees received by KB Asset Management and KB Real Estate Trust.
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased 187.7% from ₩138 billion in 2019 to ₩397 billion in 2020, primarily as a result of an increase in gains on debt securities by a consolidated fund owned by our holding company.
Net other operating expenses attributable to this segment increased 94.2% from ₩243 billion in 2019 to ₩472 billion in 2020, which mainly reflected an increase in depreciation and amortization expenses with respect to leased assets of KB Capital and, to a lesser extent, an increase in losses on valuations of foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities of consolidated funds owned by our holding company.
General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 8.6% from ₩374 billion in 2019 to ₩406 billion in 2020, principally due to an increase in the salary expenses of our holding company, KB Asset Management, KB Capital and KB Investment, which was enhanced by an increase in advertisement expenses of KB Capital and KB Savings Bank.
Provision for credit losses increased 15.6% from ₩128 billion in 2019 to ₩148 billion in 2020, primarily due to increases in provision for credit losses of loans in Korean Won of one of our consolidated funds and KB Capital, which were enhanced by an increase in provision for credit losses of other financial assets of KB Real Estate Trust.
Share of profit of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment decreased 85.7% from ₩7 billion in 2019 to ₩1 billion in 2020, mainly reflecting increases in valuation losses on equity-method investments of KB Investment.
Net other non-operating income attributable to this segment increased 17.1% from ₩35 billion in 2019 to ₩41 billion in 2020, principally reflecting an increase in the rental income of real estate funds included in this segment.
 
145

Item 5.B.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Financial Condition
Assets
The following table sets forth, as of the dates indicated, the principal components of our assets:
 
   
As of December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
2020
  
2021
  
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
  
(%)
 
Cash and due from financial institutions
  25,609  31,009   21.1 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
   61,035   66,006   8.1 
Derivative financial assets
   5,545   3,721   (32.9
Financial investments
   98,695   104,848   6.2 
Loans measured at amortized cost:
    
Loans to banks
   5,577   8,325   49.3 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
Loans to customers other than banks:
    
Loans in Korean Won
   317,875   346,954   9.1 
Loans in foreign currencies
   19,252   24,856   29.1 
Domestic import usance bills
   2,152   3,311   53.9 
Off-shore
funding loans
   1,204   1,065   (11.5
Call loans
   1,582   902   (43.0
Bills bought in Korean Won
   2   2   0.0 
Bills bought in foreign currencies
   1,739   2,001   15.1 
Guarantee payments under acceptances and guarantees
   8   21   162.5 
Credit card receivables in Korean Won
   18,735   20,766   10.8 
Credit card receivables in foreign currencies
   63   58   (7.9
Bonds purchased under repurchase agreements
   3,175   4,855   52.9 
Privately placed bonds
   1,154   759   (34.2
Factored receivables
      1   N/A
(1)
 
Lease receivables
   1,441   1,292   (10.3
Loans for installment credit
   6,491   6,416   (1.2
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total loans to customers other than banks
   374,873   413,259   10.2 
Less:
    
Allowances for credit losses
   (3,283  (3,684  12.2 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total loans measured at amortized cost, net
   377,167   417,900   10.8 
Property and equipment
   5,434   5,240   (3.6
Other assets
(2)
   37,235   35,171   (5.5
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total assets
  610,720  663,896   8.7 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
(1)
“N/A” means not applicable.
(2)
Includes investments in associates and joint ventures, investment properties, intangible assets, net defined benefit assets, current income tax assets, deferred income tax assets, assets held for sale, assets of a disposal group held for sale and miscellaneous other assets.
For further information on our assets, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Assets and Liabilities.”
Our total assets increased 8.7% from ₩610,720 billion as of December 31, 2020 to ₩663,896 billion as of December 31, 2021, principally due to a 10.8% increase in loans from ₩377,167 billion as of December 31, 2020 to ₩417,900 billion as of December 31, 2021, a 6.2% increase in financial investments from ₩98,695 billion as of December 31, 2020 to ₩104,848 billion as of December 31, 2021, a 21.1% increase in cash and due from financial institutions from ₩25,609 billion as of December 31, 2020 to ₩31,009 billion as of December 31, 2021 and an 8.1% increase in financial assets at fair value through profit or loss from
 
146

₩61,035 billion as of December 31, 2020 to ₩66,006 billion as of December 31, 2021. The increase in loans was mainly due to increases in loans in Korean Won and, to a lesser extent, loans in foreign currencies. The increase in financial investments was primarily attributable to an increase in our debt securities portfolio.
Liabilities and Equity
The following table sets forth, as of the dates indicated, the principal components of our liabilities and our equity:
 
   
As of December 31,
  
Percentage Change
 
   
2020
  
2021
  
2021/2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
  
(%)
 
Liabilities:
    
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
  11,810  12,089   2.4 
Deposits
   338,580   372,024   9.9 
Borrowings
   49,827   56,912   14.2 
Debentures
   62,761   67,430   7.4 
Provisions
   715   809   13.1 
Insurance liabilities
   54,415   57,166   5.1 
Other liabilities
(1)
   49,209   49,172   (0.1
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total liabilities
   567,318   615,602   8.5 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
Equity:
    
Share capital
   2,091   2,091    
Hybrid securities
   1,696   2,838   67.3 
Capital surplus
   16,724   16,940   1.3 
Accumulated other comprehensive income
   630   1,047   66.2 
Accumulated other comprehensive income relating to assets of a disposal group held for sale
      8   
N/
A

(2)
 
Retained earnings
   22,541   25,673   13.9 
Treasury shares
   (1,136  (1,136   
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
Equity attributable to shareholders of the Parent Company
   42,545   47,461   11.6 
Non-controlling
interests
   858   833   (2.9
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total equity
   43,402   48,294   11.3 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total liabilities and equity
  610,720  663,896   8.7 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
(1)
Includes derivative financial liabilities, current income tax liabilities, deferred income tax liabilities, net defined benefit liabilities and miscellaneous other liabilities.
(2)
“N/A” means not applicable.
Our total liabilities increased 8.5% from ₩567,318 billion as of December 31, 2020 to ₩615,602 billion as of December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to a 9.9% increase in deposits from ₩338,580 billion as of December 31, 2020 to ₩372,024 billion as of December 31, 2021, and to a lesser extent, a 14.2% increase in borrowings from ₩49,827 billion as of December 31, 2020 to ₩56,912 billion as of December 31, 2021 and a 7.4% increase in debentures from ₩62,761 billion as of December 31, 2020 to ₩67,430 billion as of December 31, 2021. Our deposits increased mainly as a result of increases in demand deposits and, to a lesser extent, time deposits. Our increase in borrowings was primarily attributable to an increase in general borrowings.
Our total equity increased 11.3% from ₩43,402 billion as of December 31, 2020 to ₩48,294 billion as of December 31, 2021. This increase resulted principally from an increase in our retained earnings, which was attributable mainly to the profit we generated in 2021, as well as increased issuances of hybrid securities in 2021 compared to 2020.
 
147

Liquidity
Our primary source of funding has historically been and continues to be deposits. Deposits amounted to ₩338,580 billion and ₩372,024 billion as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, which represented approximately 75.0% and 74.9% of our total funding, respectively. We have been able to use customer deposits to finance our operations generally, including meeting a portion of our liquidity requirements. Although the majority of deposits are short-term, it has been our experience that the majority of our depositors generally roll over their deposits at maturity, thus providing us with a stable source of funding.
However, in the event that a substantial number of our depositors do not roll over their deposits or otherwise decide to withdraw their deposited funds, we would need to place increased reliance on alternative sources of funding, some of which may be more expensive than customer deposits, in order to finance our operations. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to liquidity and capital management—Our funding is highly dependent on short-term deposits, which dependence may adversely affect our operations.” In particular, we may increase our utilization of alternative funding sources such as short-term borrowings and cash and cash equivalents (including funds from maturing loans), as well as liquidating our positions in financial assets and using the proceeds to fund parts of our operations, as necessary.
We also obtain funding through debentures and borrowings to meet our liquidity needs. Debentures represented 13.9% and 13.6% of our total funding as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Borrowings represented 11.0% and 11.5% of our total funding as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. For further information on our sources of funding, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Assets and Liabilities—Funding.”
The Financial Services Commission of Korea requires each financial holding company in Korea to maintain specific Won and foreign currency liquidity ratios and each bank in Korea to maintain a liquidity coverage ratio and a foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio. These ratios require us and Kookmin Bank to keep the ratio of liquid assets to liquid liabilities above certain minimum levels. For a description of these requirements, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Liquidity” and “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Liquidity.”
We are exposed to liquidity risk arising from withdrawals of deposits, payments of insurance contract claims and refunds, and maturities of our debentures and borrowings, as well as the need to fund our lending, trading and investment activities (including our capital expenditures) and the management of our trading positions. The goal of liquidity management is for us to be able, even under adverse conditions, to meet all of our liability repayments on time and fund all investment opportunities. For an explanation of how we manage our liquidity risk, see “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Liquidity Risk Management.” In August 2020, we completed the construction of a second headquarters building for Kookmin Bank in Yeouido, Seoul. Our total capital expenditure for its construction amounted to ₩356.5 billion.
We are a financial holding company, and substantially all of our operations are in our subsidiaries. Accordingly, we rely on distributions from our subsidiaries (as well as associates), direct borrowings and issuances of debt and equity securities to fund our liquidity obligations at the holding company level. We received aggregate dividends of ₩927 billion, ₩1,573 billion and ₩1,618 billion from our subsidiaries and associates in 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to our financial holding company structure and strategy.”
 
148

Asset Encumbrance
Part of our future funding and collateral needs are supported by assets readily available and unrestricted. The following table sets forth our assets that are available and those that are encumbered and not available to support our future funding and collateral needs as of December 31, 2021.
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
           
Unencumbered Assets
 
   
Assets
   
Encumbered
Asset
(1)
   
Readily

Available 
(2)
   
Other
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
On-balance
sheet
        
Cash and due from financial institutions
  31,009   2,852   26,717   1,440 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
   66,006    19,104    17,462    29,440 
Derivative financial assets
   3,721            3,721 
Loans measured at amortized cost
   417,900    12,502        405,398 
Financial investments
   104,848    17,901    43,386    43,561 
Investments in associates and joint ventures
   449            449 
Property and equipment
   5,240            5,240 
Investment property
   2,515    1,342        1,173 
Intangible assets
   3,266            3,266 
Net defined benefit assets
   100            100 
Current income tax assets
   99            99 
Deferred income tax assets
   159            159 
Assets held for sale
   237            237 
Assets of a disposal group held for sale
   172            172 
Other assets
   28,175    1,046        27,129 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
on-balance
sheet
  663,896   54,747   87,565   521,584 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Off-balance
sheet
        
Fair value of securities accepted as collateral
  6,452      6,452    
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
off-balance
sheet
  6,452      6,452    
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
Represent assets that have been pledged as collateral against an existing liability or are otherwise restricted in their use to secure funding.
(2)
Represent those
on-
and
off-balance
sheet assets that are not otherwise encumbered, and which are in freely transferable form.
Commitments and Guarantees
The following table sets forth our commitments and guarantees as of December 31, 2021. These commitments and guarantees are not included within our consolidated statements of financial position.
 
   
Payments Due by Period
 
   
Total
   
1 Year or Less
   
1-3
Years
   
3-5 Years
   
More Than
5 Years
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Financial guarantees
(1)
  5,994   916   4,998   33   47 
Confirmed acceptances and guarantees
   5,842    3,535    1,857    416    34 
Commitments
   171,127    127,072    8,833    3,890    31,332 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  182,963   131,523   15,688   4,339   31,413 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
Includes ₩5,354 billion of irrevocable commitments to provide contingent liquidity credit lines to special purpose entities for which we serve as the administrator. See Note 40 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements.
 
149

Capital Adequacy
Kookmin Bank is subject to capital adequacy requirements of the Financial Services Commission applicable to Korean banks. The requirements applicable commencing in December 2013 pursuant to amended Financial Services Commission regulations promulgated in July 2013 were formulated based on Basel III, which was first introduced by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements in December 2009. Under the amended Financial Services Commission regulations, all banks in Korea are required to maintain certain minimum ratios of common equity Tier I capital, total Tier I capital and total Tier I and Tier II capital to risk-weighted assets. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Capital Adequacy.”
As of December 31, 2021, Kookmin Bank’s total Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratio was 17.47%.
The following table sets forth a summary of Kookmin Bank’s capital and capital adequacy ratios as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, based on applicable regulatory reporting standards.
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2020
  
2021
 
   
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
 
Tier I capital:
  28,234  30,491 
Common equity Tier I capital
   27,659   29,917 
Paid-in
capital
   2,022   2,022 
Capital reserves
   4,808   5,025 
Retained earnings
   22,243   23,661 
Non-controlling
interests in consolidated subsidiaries
       
Others
   (1,414  (791
Additional Tier I capital
   575   575 
Tier II capital:
   4,321   5,081 
Revaluation reserves
       
Allowances for credit losses
(1)
   337   595 
Hybrid debt
       
Subordinated debt
   3,984   4,486 
Valuation gain on financial investments
       
Others
       
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total core and supplementary capital
  32,555  35,572 
Risk-weighted assets
   183,148   203,569 
Credit risk:
   
On-balance
sheet
   146,229   171,833 
Off-balance
sheet
   14,588   9,316 
Market risk
   11,373   10,833 
Operational risk
   10,958   11,587 
Total Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratio
   17.78  17.47
Tier I capital adequacy ratio
   15.42  14.98
Common equity Tier I capital adequacy ratio
   15.10  14.70
Tier II capital adequacy ratio
   2.36  2.50
 
(1)
Under the standardized approach, allowances for credit losses in respect of credits classified as normal or precautionary are used to calculate Tier II capital only to the extent they represent up to 1.25% of credit risk-weighted assets. Under the internal ratings-based approach, allowances for credit losses, less estimated losses, are used to calculate Tier II capital only to the extent they represent up to 0.6% of credit risk-weighted assets.
In addition, we, as a bank holding company, are required to maintain certain minimum capital adequacy ratios pursuant to applicable regulations of the Financial Services Commission. See “Item 4.B. Business
 
150

Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Capital Adequacy.”
The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated capital adequacy ratio as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, based on applicable regulatory reporting standards.
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2020
  
2021
 
   
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
 
Tier I capital
   
Common equity Tier I capital
  34,886  39,144 
Additional Tier I capital
   2,009   3,161 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total Tier I capital
  36,895  42,305 
Tier II capital
   3,184   3,577 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Risk-weighted assets
  262,349  290,914 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratio
   15.28  15.77
Tier I capital adequacy ratio
   14.06  14.54
Common equity Tier I capital adequacy ratio
   13.30  13.46
Tier II capital adequacy ratio
   1.21  1.23
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2.1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements for a description of other recent accounting pronouncements under IFRS as issued by the IASB that have been issued but are not yet effective.
 
Item 5.C.
Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.
Not applicable.
 
Item 5.D.
Trend Information
These matters are discussed under Item 5.A. and Item 5.B. above where relevant.
 
Item 5.E.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Not applicable.
 
Item 6.
DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
 
Item 6.A.
Directors and Senior Management
Board of Directors
Our board of directors, currently consisting of one executive director, one
non-standing
director and
seven non-executive
directors, has the ultimate responsibility for the management of our affairs.
Our articles of incorporation provide that:
 
  
we may have no more than 30 directors;
 
  
the number of executive directors must be less than 50% of the total number of directors; and
 
  
we have five or more
non-executive
directors.
 
151

The term of office for each director is renewable and is subject to the Korean Commercial Code, the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies and related regulations.
Our board of directors meets on a regular basis to discuss and resolve material corporate matters. Additional extraordinary meetings may also be convened at the request of any director or any committee that serves under the board of directors.
The names and positions of our directors are set forth below. The business address of all of the directors is our registered office at 26,
Gukjegeumyung-ro
8-gil,
Yeongdeungpo-gu,
Seoul 07331, Korea.
Executive Director
The table below identifies our executive director as of the date of this annual report:
 
Name
 
Date of Birth
  
Position
 
Director Since
  
End of Term
Jong Kyoo Yoon
  October 13, 1955  Chairman and Chief Executive Officer  November 21, 2014  November 20, 2023
Our executive director does not have any significant activities outside KB Financial Group.
Jong Kyoo Yoon
is our chairman and chief executive officer. He has been an executive director since November 2014. He previously served as the president and chief executive officer of Kookmin Bank, our deputy president, chief finance officer and chief risk management officer, a senior advisor of Kim & Chang, a senior executive vice president, chief financial officer and chief strategic officer of Kookmin Bank and a senior partner of Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers. Mr. Yoon received a B.A. in business administration from Sungkyunkwan University, an M.B.A. from Seoul National University and a Ph.D. in business administration from Sungkyunkwan University.
Non-standing
Director
The table below identifies our
non-standing
director as of the date of this annual report:
 
Name
 
Date of Birth
 
Position
 
Director Since
 
End of Term
Jae Keun Lee
 May 27, 1966 
Non-standing
director; President and Chief Executive Officer of Kookmin Bank
 March 25, 2022 Annual general meeting
of shareholders in 2024
Jae Keun Lee
has been a
non-standing
director since March 2022. He currently serves as the president and chief executive officer of Kookmin Bank. Mr. Lee previously served as a senior executive vice president of the sales group and a senior managing director of the strategy and finance planning group at Kookmin Bank, as well as our chief finance officer. Mr. Lee received a B.A. in mathematics and an M.A. in economics from Sogang University, and an M.B.A. in financial engineering from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.
Non-executive
Directors
Our
non-executive
directors are selected based on the candidates’ knowledge and experience in diverse areas, such as finance, business management, accounting, laws and regulations, finance and risk management, ESG and consumer protection and digital and information technology. All seven
non-executive
directors below were nominated by our
Non-executive
Director Nominating Committee and approved by our shareholders.
 
152

The table below identifies our
non-executive
directors as of the date of this annual report:
 
Name
  
Date of Birth
  
Position
  
Director Since
  
Date Term Ends
(1)
Suk Ho Sonu
  September 16, 1951  Chairman of the Board and
Non-executive
Director
  March 23, 2018  March 24, 2023
Myung Hee Choi
  February 22, 1952  
Non-executive
Director
  March 23, 2018  March 24, 2023
Kouwhan Jeong
  September 30, 1953  
Non-executive
Director
  March 23, 2018  March 24, 2023
Kyung Ho Kim
  December 21, 1954  
Non-executive
Director
  March 27, 2019  March 24, 2023
Seon-joo
Kwon
  November 12, 1956  
Non-executive
Director
  March 20, 2020  March 24, 2023
Gyutaeg Oh
  February 20, 1959  
Non-executive
Director
  March 20, 2020  March 24, 2023
Jaehong Choi
  August 1, 1962  
Non-executive
Director
  March 25, 2022  March 24, 2024
 
(1)
 
The date on which each term will end will be the date of the general stockholders’ meeting in the relevant year unless otherwise specified.
Suk Ho Sonu
has been a
non-executive
director since March 2018. He is currently an advisor at Korea Institute of Finance. He previously served as a professor at Hongik University School of Business Administration, the dean of Hongik University Graduate School of Business Administration, president of the Korea Money and Finance Association and president of the Korea Finance Association. Mr. Sonu received a B.A. in applied mathematics from Seoul National University, an M.B.A. from the Kellogg School of Management of Northwestern University and a Ph.D. in finance from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Myung Hee Choi
has been a
non-executive
director since March 2018. She is currently a vice president at the Korea Internal Control Assessment Institute. She previously served as an auditor at the Korea Exchange Bank, a director of the Financial Supervisory Service and senior operations officer of Citibank Korea Inc. Ms. Choi received a B.A. in English from Yonsei University.
Kouwhan Jeong
has been a
non-executive
director since March 2018. He is currently the
co-president
attorney-at-law
of Nambujeil Law and Notary Office Inc. He previously served as the chairperson of the Consumer Dispute Settlement Commission of the Korea Consumer Agency, a standing mediator at Korea Medical Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Agency and the branch chief prosecutor at the Bucheon Branch Office of the Incheon District Prosecutor’s Office. Mr. Jeong received a B.A. in law from Seoul National University.
Kyung Ho Kim
has been a
non-executive
director since March 2019. He previously served as a professor at Hongik University School of Business Administration, the vice president of Hongik University, a
non-executive
director of Shinhan Investment Corp., a
non-executive
director of Citibank Korea Inc., a vice chairman of the Korea Accounting Institute and president of the Korea Association for Government Accounting. Mr. Kim received a B.A. in business administration from Seoul National University and an M.S. and a Ph.D. in management from Purdue University.
Seon-joo
Kwon
has been a
non-executive
director since March 2020. She previously served a number of roles at Industrial Bank of Korea, including the chairman and chief executive officer, the head of the risk management division, the head of the credit card business division and the head of the central regional headquarters. She also previously served as a visiting scholar at the Korea Institute of Finance. Ms. Kwon received a B.A. in English from Yonsei University.
Gyutaeg Oh
has been a
non-executive
director since March 2020. He is currently a professor at
Chung-Ang
University School of Business Administration. He previously served as a member of the Public Funds Oversight Committee of the Financial Services Commission, an assistant professor at the University of Iowa, a
non-executive
director at Kiwoom Securities Co., Ltd. and a
non-executive
director at Moa Savings Bank. Mr. Oh received a B.A. in economics from Seoul National University, an M.S. in management science from the
 
153

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and an M.A. and a Ph.D. in economics from Yale University.
Jaehong Choi
has been a
non-executive
director since March 2022. He is currently a professor at Gangneung-Wonju National University Multimedia Engineering. He previously served as a
non-executive
director at Kakao Corp., an advisor at NHN Japan Corp. and an advisor at eSamsung Japan Corp. Mr. Choi received a B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. in electronic engineering from Hanyang University.
Any director having an interest in a transaction that is subject to approval by the board of directors may not vote at the meeting during which the board approves the transaction.
Executive Officers
The table below identifies our executive officers who are not executive directors as of the date of this annual report:
 
Name
  
Date of Birth
  
Position
Yin Hur
  December 19, 1961  Vice Chairman and Head of Retail Customer / Wealth Management & Pension Business / Small & Medium Enterprise Business Units
Dong Cheol Lee
  October 4, 1961  Vice Chairman and Head of Global / Insurance Business Units
Jong Hee Yang
  June 10, 1961  Vice Chairman and Head of Digital / IT Business Units
Woo Yeul Lee
  November 21, 1964  Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Strategy Officer
Pil Kyu Im
  March 20, 1964  Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Management Officer
Dong Whan Han
  January 30, 1965  Senior Executive Vice President and Head of KB Research
Scott Y. H. Seo
  March 26, 1966  Senior Managing Director and Chief Finance Officer
Yeo Woon Yoon
  April 7, 1967  Senior Managing Director and Chief Human Resources Officer
Jin Gyu Maeng
  January 15, 1966  Senior Managing Director and Head of Audit
Hye Sook Moon
  September 8, 1971  Managing Director and Head of ESG Division
Bong Joong Kwon
  November 5, 1969  Managing Director and Head of IR
Byung Joo Oh
  January 4, 1973  Managing Director, Insurance Business Unit
Hye Ja Suh
  September 26, 1966  Managing Director and Chief Compliance Officer
Jeong Rim Park
  November 27, 1963  Head of the Capital Market Business Unit
Sung Hyun Kim
  August 5, 1963  Head of Corporate and Investment Banking Business Unit
Jin Young Kim
  August 5, 1969  Chief Public Relations Officer
Chai Hyun Sung
  September 12, 1965  Senior Executive Vice President, Retail Customer Business Unit
Jae Young Choi
  June 7, 1967  Senior Managing Director, Wealth Management and Pension Business Unit
Mun Cheol Jeong
  August 3, 1968  Senior Managing Director, Small and Medium Enterprise Business Unit
Nam Hoon Cho
  June 28, 1968  Senior Managing Director and Chief Global Strategy Officer
Young Suh Cho
  February 25, 1971  Chief Digital Platform Officer
Jin Soo Yoon
  February 29, 1964  Chief Information Technology Officer
Sung Pyo Jeon
  August 20, 1966  Chief Contact Center Officer
Jeong Ha
  January 31, 1967  Senior Executive Vice President, Capital Market Business Unit
Sang-Hyeon Woo
  February 3, 1964  Senior Executive Vice President, Corporate and Investment Banking Business Unit
Dong Sook Jeon
  September 10, 1968  Head of Pension Division
Nam Che Kang
  August 11, 1967  Head of Global Division
Chang Hwa Yook
  December 11, 1967  Head of Data Division
Chan Yong Park
  September 12, 1965  Head of Office of Planning and Coordination
Yoo Shim Hur
  April 25, 1973  Head of Digital Contents Center
Joo Hyun Kim
  November 15, 1970  Head of Group Cloud Center
 
154

None of the executive officers has any significant activities outside KB Financial Group.
Yin Hur
is a vice chairman and is in charge of our retail customer business unit, wealth management & pension business unit and small & medium enterprise business unit. He previously served as the President and CEO of Kookmin Bank. Mr. Hur received a B.A. and M.A. in law from Seoul National University.
Dong Cheol Lee
is a vice chairman and serves as the head of our global business unit and insurance business unit. He previously served as the chief executive officer of KB Kookmin Card. Mr. Lee received a B.A. in law from Korea University and an L.L.M. from Tulane University Law School.
Jong Hee Yang
is a vice chairman and is in charge of our digital business unit and IT business unit. He previously served as the chief executive officer of KB Insurance. Mr. Yang received a B.A. in history from Seoul National University.
Woo Yeul Lee
is a senior executive vice president and our chief strategy officer. He previously served as our chief human resources officer and chief information technology officer. Mr. Lee received an M.A. in economics from Korea University.
Pil Kyu Im
is a senior executive vice president and our chief risk management officer. He previously served as our chief human resources officer and our chief compliance officer. Mr. Im received an M.A. in economics from Korea University.
Dong Whan Han
is a senior executive vice president and the head of KB Research. He previously served as our chief digital platform officer and chief digital innovation officer. Mr. Han received an M.S. in geography from Seoul National University and an M.B.A. from the University of Washington.
Scott Y. H. Seo
is a senior managing director and our chief finance officer. He previously served as a senior managing director of the institution sales business unit of KB Securities. Mr. Seo received a B.A. in business administration from Sogang University.
Yeo Woon Yoon
is a senior managing director and our chief human resources officer. He previously served as the head of the foreign exchange business division of Kookmin Bank. Mr. Yoon received a B.A. in English literature from Korea University.
Jin Gyu Maeng
is a senior managing director and the head of audit. He previously served as the head of our office of planning and coordination. Mr. Maeng received a B.A. in economics from Dongguk University.
Hye Sook Moon
is a managing director and the head of our ESG division. She previously served as a general manager of our ESG strategy department. Ms. Moon received an M.A. in economics from Korea University.
Bong Joong Kwon
is a managing director and the head of IR. He previously served as the general manager of our IR department. Mr. Kwon received a B.A. in law from Hallym University and an M.B.A. from Yonsei University.
Byung Joo Oh
is a managing director in our insurance business unit. He previously served as a general manager of KB Insurance’s strategic planning department. Mr. Oh received a B.A. in statistics from Korea University.
Hye Ja Suh
is a managing director and our chief compliance officer. She previously served as the head of Kookmin Bank’s Sangin-yeok regional head office. Ms. Suh received a B.A. in law from Kyungpook National University.
 
155

Jeong Rim Park
is the head of our capital market business unit and also serves as the chief executive officer of KB Securities. She previously served as a senior executive vice president of Kookmin Bank and the head of its wealth management group, as well as a senior executive vice president of KB Securities in charge of its wealth management division. Ms. Park received a B.A. in business administration and an M.B.A. from Seoul National University.
Sung Hyun Kim
is the head of our corporate and investment banking business unit and also serves as the chief executive officer of KB Securities. He previously served as a senior executive vice president of the investment banking division of KB Securities. Mr. Kim received a B.A. in economics from Yonsei University.
Jin Young Kim
is our chief public relations officer. He also serves as a managing director in Kookmin Bank’s brand strategy group. He previously served as a general manager of Kookmin Bank’s brand strategy department. Mr. Kim received a B.A. in law from Hanyang University and an M.A. in advertising and public relations from Yonsei University.
Chai Hyun Sung
is a senior executive vice president and directs our retail customer business unit. He also serves as a senior executive vice president of Kookmin Bank and heads its retail customer group. He previously served as our chief public relations officer, chief human resources officer and as an executive secretary for our company and Kookmin Bank. Mr. Sung received a B.A. in accounting from Jeonbuk National University.
Jae Young Choi
is a senior managing director and the head of our wealth management and pension business unit. He also serves as a senior managing director and the head of the wealth management customer group of Kookmin Bank, a senior executive vice president of the wealth management business unit of KB Securities and a senior managing director of the pension business unit of KB Insurance. He previously served as the head of our pension business division and Kookmin Bank’s pension business department. Mr. Choi received a B.A. in accounting information from Kookmin University and an M.B.A. from Yonsei University.
Mun Cheol Jeong
is a senior managing director and directs our small and medium enterprise business unit. He also serves as a senior managing director of the small and medium enterprise and SOHO customer group at Kookmin Bank. He previously served as our chief public relations officer. Mr. Jeong received a B.A. in business administration from Seoul National University and an M.B.A. from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.
Nam Hoon Cho
is a senior managing director and our chief global strategy officer. He also serves as a senior managing director of the global business group at Kookmin Bank. He previously served as a managing director of the global business division of KB Securities. Mr. Cho received a B.A. in economics from Sungkyunkwan University.
Young Suh Cho
is our chief digital platform officer. He also serves as a senior managing director of Kookmin Bank’s digital transformation strategy division. He previously served at Shinhan DS (formerly Shinhan Data System) and Shinhan Financial Group, and as a partner at Bain & Company. Mr. Cho received a B.A. in economics from Seoul National University and an M.B.A. from Columbia University.
Jin Soo Yoon
is our chief information technology officer. He also serves as a senior executive vice president of the tech group at Kookmin Bank. He previously served as our chief data officer. Mr. Yoon received a B.S. in computer science from Seoul National University and an M.S. and a Ph.D. from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.
Sung Pyo Jeon
is our chief contact center officer. He also serves as a senior managing director of Kookmin Bank’s smart customer group. He previously headed our future contact center planning department. Mr. Jeon received a B.S. and an M.S. in land administration from Kangwon National University.
 
156

Jeong Ha
is a senior executive vice president and directs our capital market business unit. He also serves as a senior executive vice president of Kookmin Bank’s capital markets group. He previously served as the head of Kookmin Bank’s capital markets division. Mr. Ha received a B.A. in business administration from Jeonbuk National University and an M.B.A. from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.
Sang-Hyeon Woo
is a senior executive vice president and directs our corporate and investment banking business unit. He also serves as a senior executive vice president of Kookmin Bank’s corporate investment banking customer group and KB Securities’ investment banking business unit. He previously served as the head of Kookmin Bank’s investment banking business division. Mr. Woo received a B.A. in business administration and an M.B.A. from Korea University.
Dong Sook Jeon
is the head of our pension division. She also serves as the head of the pension business division at Kookmin Bank. She previously served as the head of Kookmin Bank’s regional head office.    Ms. Jeon received a B.A. in English literature from Myongji University.
Nam Che Kang
is the head of our global business division. He also serves as the head of the global growth supporting division at Kookmin Bank. He previously served as a general manager of KB Kookmin Card’s global business department. Mr. Kang received a B.A. in business administration from the University of Southern California.
Chang Hwa Yook
is the head of our data division. He also serves as the head of the data division of Kookmin Bank. He previously served as our chief data officer. Mr. Yook received a B.S. in economics from Chungnam National University.
Chan Yong Park
is the head of the office of planning and coordination. He is also a senior managing director of Kookmin Bank’s planning and coordination department. He previously served as the head of Kookmin Bank’s shared service division. Mr. Park received a B.A. in business administration from Kwandong University.
Yoo Shim Hur
is the head of our digital contents center. She also serves as a managing director of the digital contents center at Kookmin Bank. She previously served as a vice president of SK Broadband. Ms. Hur received a B.A. in mass communication from the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies.
Joo Hyun Kim
is the head of our group cloud center. He also serves as the head of the cloud platform department of Kookmin Bank. He previously served as the head of the service technology center at Naver Cloud. Mr. Kim received a B.S. in computer science and statistics from Seoul National University.
 
Item 6.B.
Compensation
The aggregate remuneration paid and
benefits-in-kind
granted, excluding stock grants, by us and our subsidiaries to our chairman and chief executive officer, our other executive and
non-standing
directors, our
non-executive
directors and our executive officers for the year ended December 31, 2021 was ₩20,638 million. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we set aside ₩694 million for allowances for severance and retirement benefits for our chairman and chief executive officer, the other executive directors and our executive officers.
 
157

Among those who received total annual compensation exceeding ₩500 million in 2021 at the holding company level, the five highest-paid individuals were as follows:
 
Name
 
Position
 
Total Compensation in 2021
(in millions of Won)
(1)
 
Incentive Compensation for Payment
Subsequent to 2021 (number of shares)
(2)
Jong Kyoo Yoon
 Chairman and Chief Executive Officer ₩1,726 24,718
Chang Kwon Lee
 Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Strategy Officer and Chief Global Strategy Officer 995 5,741
Pil Kyu Im
 Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Management Officer 582 3,583
Jeong Soo Lee
 General Manager of Secretariat 573 
Jieon Kim
 Head of Model Validation Unit 567 
 
(1)
 
Includes annual salary and performance-based incentive payments paid by the holding company.
(2)
 
Consists of performance-based shares expected to be granted by the holding company in the future. The actual payment amount will be determined at the time of payment based on the then-current market price of our common shares.
We do not have service contracts with any of our directors or executive officers providing for benefits upon termination of their employment with us.
In 2008, we established a stock grant plan. Pursuant to this plan, we have entered into performance share agreements with certain of our and our subsidiaries’ directors and executive officers, whereby we may grant shares of our common stock (or the equivalent monetary amount based on the market value of such shares) within specified periods as
long-term
incentive performance shares in accordance with
pre-determined
performance targets.
See “Item 6.E. Share Ownership—Performance Share Agreements.” In 2021, we incurred ₩101,935 million of compensation costs relating to stock grants under such agreements. See Note 32.1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
 
Item 6.C.
Board Practices
See “Item 6.A. Directors and Senior Management” above for information concerning the terms of office and contractual employment arrangements with our directors and executive officers.
Committees of the Board of Directors
We currently have the following committees that serve under the board:
 
  
the Audit Committee;
 
  
the Risk Management Committee;
 
  
the Evaluation & Compensation Committee;
 
  
the
Non-Executive
Director Nominating Committee;
 
  
the Audit Committee Member Nominating Committee;
 
  
the CEO Nominating Committee;
 
158

  
the Subsidiaries’ CEO Director Nominating Committee; and
 
  
the ESG Committee.
Each committee member is appointed by the board of directors, except for members of the Audit Committee, who are elected at the general meeting of stockholders.
Audit Committee
The
committee currently consists of four
non-executive
directors, Suk Ho Sonu, Myung Hee Choi, Kouwhan Jeong and Kyung Ho Kim.
The chairperson of the Audit Committee is Kyung Ho Kim. The committee oversees our financial reporting and approves the appointment of our independent registered public accounting firm. The committee also reviews our financial information, auditor’s examinations, key financial statement issues, the plans and evaluation of internal control and the administration of our financial affairs by the board of directors. In connection with the general meetings of stockholders, the committee examines the agenda for, and financial statements and other reports to be submitted by, the board of directors to each general meeting of stockholders. The committee holds regular meetings every quarter.
Risk Management Committee
The committee currently consists of four
non-executive
directors, Suk Ho Sonu, Myung Hee Choi,
Seon-joo
Kwon and Gyutaeg Oh. The chairperson of the committee is
Seon-joo
Kwon. The Risk Management Committee oversees and makes determinations on all issues relating to our comprehensive risk management function. In order to ensure our stable financial condition and to maximize our profits, the committee monitors our overall risk exposure and reviews our compliance with risk policies and risk limits. In addition, the committee reviews risk and control strategies and policies, evaluates whether each risk is at an adequate level, establishes or abolishes risk management divisions and reviews
risk-based
capital allocations as well as recovery and resolution plans. The committee holds regular meetings every quarter.
Evaluation & Compensation Committee
The committee currently consists of four
non-executive
directors, Kouwhan Jeong, Kyung Ho Kim,
Seon-joo
Kwon and Jaehong Choi. The chairperson of the committee is Jaehong Choi. The Evaluation and Compensation Committee reviews compensation schemes and compensation levels of us and our subsidiaries. The committee is also responsible for deliberating and deciding the compensation of directors, evaluating management’s performance and implementing management training programs, as well as deciding and supervising the
performance-based
annual salary of the president and the executive officers of us and our subsidiaries. The committee holds regular meetings semi-annually.
Non-executive
Director Nominating Committee
The committee currently consists of four
non-executive
directors, Myung Hee Choi, Kyung Ho Kim,
Seon-joo
Kwon and Gyutaeg Oh. The chairperson of the committee is Myung Hee Choi. The committee is responsible for the management and evaluation of a pool of
non-executive
director candidates and recommendation of the
non-executive
director candidates to be nominated at the annual general meeting of shareholders.
Audit Committee Member Nominating Committee
The committee currently consists of all seven of our
non-executive
directors. The chairperson of the committee is Suk Ho Sonu. The committee oversees the selection of Audit Committee member candidates and recommends them annually sometime prior to the general stockholders meeting. The term of office of its members is from the first meeting of the committee held to nominate the Audit Committee members until the Audit Committee members are appointed.
 
159

CEO Nominating Committee
The
committee currently consists of all seven of our
non-executive
directors.
The chairperson of the CEO Nominating Committee is Kouwhan Jeong. The committee is responsible for establishing and monitoring procedures for our CEO candidate cultivation and succession program pursuant to our “CEO Succession Regulations,” which cover, among other things, the qualifications of CEO candidates, continued maintenance of the candidate pool and the CEO candidate nomination process. The committee holds regular meetings semi-annually.
Subsidiaries’ CEO Director Nominating Committee
The committee currently consists of one
non-standing
director, Jae Keun Lee, and three
non-executive
directors, Kouwhan Jeong, Gyutaeg Oh and Jaehong Choi, together with our chairman and chief executive officer, Jong Kyoo Yoon. The chairperson of the Subsidiaries’ CEO Director Nominating Committee is Jong Kyoo Yoon.
The committee is responsible for candidate cultivation and succession programs for chief executive officers of our subsidiaries. The committee holds regular meetings semi-annually.
ESG Committee
The Committee currently consists of all seven of our
non-executive
directors, one
non-standing
director, Jae Keun Lee, and our chairman and chief executive officer, Jong Kyoo Yoon. The chairperson of the ESG Committee is Gyutaeg Oh.
The committee is responsible for establishing and enforcing strategies and policies relating to
non-financial
aspects of our business, which consist of the environment, social responsibility and corporate governance, in order to promote sustainable development and enhance our corporate value. The committee also manages
ESG-related
products and investments and monitors
ESG-related
global initiatives and community outreach efforts. The committee holds regular meetings semi-annually.
 
Item 6.D.
Employees
As of December 31, 2021, we had a total of 149
full-time
employees, excluding 28 executive officers, at our financial holding company.
The following table sets forth information regarding our employees at both our financial holding company and our subsidiaries as of the dates indicated:
 
      
As of December 31,
 
      
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
KB Financial Group
  
Full-time
employees
(1)
   153    154    149 
  Contractual employees            
  Managerial employees   135    134    133 
  Members of Korea Financial Industry Union            
Kookmin Bank
  
Full-time
employees
(1)
   16,413    16,054    15,333 
  Contractual employees   1,545    1,728    1,899 
  Managerial employees   9,276    9,026    8,474 
  Members of Korea Financial Industry Union   14,642    14,266    13,989 
Other subsidiaries
  
Full-time
employees
(1)
   8,777    9,319    9,181 
  Contractual employees   1,131    1,062    1,092 
  Managerial employees   4,840    5,256    5,190 
  Members of Korea Financial Industry Union   5,958    6,565    6,486 
 
(1)
 
Excluding executive officers.
We consider our relations with our employees to be satisfactory. We and our subsidiaries each have a joint
labor-management
council which serves as a forum for ongoing discussions between our management and
 
160

employees. At eight of our subsidiaries, Kookmin Bank, KB Securities, KB Insurance, KB Kookmin Card, KB Capital, KB Real Estate Trust, KB Data Systems and KB Credit Information, our employees have a labor union. Every year, the unions at Kookmin Bank, KB Securities, KB Insurance, KB Kookmin Card, KB Capital, KB Real Estate Trust, KB Data Systems and KB Credit Information and their respective managements negotiate and enter into new collective bargaining agreements and negotiate annual wage adjustments.
Our compensation packages consist of base salary and base bonuses. We also provide
performance-based
compensation to employees and management officers, including those of our subsidiaries, depending on the level of responsibility of the employee or officer and business of the relevant subsidiary. Typically, executive officers, heads of regional headquarters and employees in positions that require professional skills, such as fund managers and dealers, are compensated depending on their individual annual performance evaluation. Also, Kookmin Bank has implemented a
profit-sharing
system in order to enhance the performance of Kookmin Bank’s employees. Under this system, Kookmin Bank pays bonuses to its employees, in addition to the base salary and depending on Kookmin Bank’s annual performance.
In January 2016, Kookmin Bank implemented a “mileage stock” program, pursuant to which its employees may receive performance-based cash payments that correspond to the market value of our common shares. The accumulated “miles” of common shares can be exercised for cash during a two-year period commencing on the
one-year
anniversary of the grant date.
We provide a wide range of benefits to our employees, including our executive directors. Specific benefits provided may vary for each of our subsidiaries but generally include medical insurance, employment insurance, workers compensation, employee and spouse life insurance, free medical examinations, child tuition and fee reimbursement, disabled child financial assistance and reimbursement for medical expenses, and other benefits may be provided depending on the subsidiary.
In accordance with the National Pension Act, we contribute an amount equal to 4.5% of employee wages, and each employee contributes 4.5% of his or her wages, into each employee’s personal pension account. In addition, in accordance with the Guarantee of Worker’s Retirement Benefits Act, we have adopted a retirement pension plan for our employees. Contributions under the retirement pension plan are deposited annually into a financial institution, and an employee may elect to receive a monthly pension or a
lump-sum
amount upon retirement. Our retirement pension plans are provided in the form of a defined benefit plan and a defined contribution plan. The defined benefit plan guarantees a certain payout at retirement, according to a fixed formula based on the employee’s average salary and the number of years for which the employee has been a plan member. The defined contribution plan, in which the employer’s contribution is determined in advance based on one twelfth of an employee’s total annual pay, is managed directly by the employees. Under Korean law, we may not terminate the employment of
full-time
employees except under certain limited circumstances. However, from time to time, we invite our employees to apply for our early retirement programs, which provide for varying amounts of severance pay based on the duration of time an employee has worked for us, along with several other key features. We believe that such programs enhance our productivity and efficiency by improving our labor structure.
In June 2009, we established an employee stock ownership association. All of our employees are eligible to participate in this association. We are not required to, and do not, make cash contributions to this plan. Members of our employee stock ownership association have
pre-emptive
rights to acquire up to 20% of our shares issued in public offerings by us pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. In August 2009, we offered to members of our employee stock ownership association 6,000,000 of the 30,000,000 new shares of common stock to be issued in our rights offering to our existing shareholders, and the entire amount was subscribed by members of our employee stock ownership association. The employee stock ownership association held 7,682,571 shares of our common stock as of December 31, 2021.
Employees of Kookmin Bank have been eligible to participate in its employee stock ownership association, which will be terminated once all of our common stock held by the association (which the association received
 
161

following the transfer of Kookmin Bank shares held by it as a result of the comprehensive stock transfer pursuant to which we were established) have been distributed to the relevant Kookmin Bank employees at the requests of such employees following the expiration of the required holding periods. As of December 31, 2021, such employee stock ownership association held 257,124 shares of our common stock.
In order to develop our next generation of leaders and enhance the operational capability of our employees at each of our subsidiaries, we operate various employee training programs. These programs, which are aimed at cultivating financial specialists with higher levels of management and business skills, developing regional experts for increased global capabilities and enhancing employee loyalty, comprise a number of customized programs such as training courses for employees of different positions, domestic and foreign M.B.A. courses and intensive human resources development programs for high performers to cultivate future leaders. For example, Kookmin Bank offers training programs at its employees’ worksites to facilitate access to training, as well as a foreign regional expert training program and a global language training course. We also provide financial and other support for our employees to develop their
finance-related
knowledge and skills by enrolling in training courses or engaging in
self-study
programs. The broad spectrum of training programs, combined with the
state-of-the-art
technologies such as cyber training, satellite broadcasting and
mobile-learning,
maximizes the level of exposure of the trainees to the contents of the programs. We also believe that our training scheme based on classified training courses and a development evaluation system has facilitated systemic development of employee skills and a spontaneous learning environment.
 
Item 6.E.
Share Ownership
Common Stock
As of March 31, 2022, the persons who are currently our directors or executive officers, as a group, held an aggregate of 84,010 shares of our common stock, representing approximately 0.02%
of the issued shares of our common stock as of such date. None of these persons individually held more than 1% of the outstanding shares of our common stock as of such date. The following table presents information regarding our directors and executive officers who beneficially owned our shares as of March 31, 2022:
 
Name of Executive Officer or Director
  
Number of Shares

of Common Stock
 
Jong Kyoo Yoon
   21,000 
Yin Hur
   13,506 
Suk Ho Sonu
   1,300 
Jae Keun Lee
   119 
Dong Cheol Lee
   3,325 
Jong Hee Yang
   914 
Woo Yeul Lee
   1,511 
Pil Kyu Im
   1,005 
Dong Whan Han
   1,100 
Scott Y. H. Seo
   0 
Yeo Woon Yoon
   520 
Jin Gyu Maeng
   951 
Hye Sook Moon
   652 
Bong Joong Kwon
   286 
Byung Joo Oh
   711 
Hye Ja Suh
   1,254 
Jeong Rim Park
   3,150 
Sung Hyun Kim
   15,468 
Jin Young Kim
   765 
Chai Hyun Sung
   7,799 
Jae Young Choi
   698 
 
162

Name of Executive Officer or Director
  
Number of Shares

of Common Stock
 
Mun Cheol Jeong
   2,349 
Nam Hoon Cho
   1,000 
Young Suh Cho
   0 
Jin Soo Yoon
   100 
Sungpyo Jeon
   880 
Jeong Ha
   0 
Sang-Hyeon Woo
   348 
Dong Sook Jeon
   1,724 
Nam Che Kang
   226 
Chang Hwa Yook
   465 
Chan Yong Park
   884 
Yoo Shim Hur
   0 
Joo Hyun Kim
   0 
  
 
 
 
Total
   84,010 
  
 
 
 
Performance Share Agreements
Pursuant to a stock grant plan we established in 2008, we have entered into performance share agreements with certain of our and our subsidiaries’ directors and executive officers, pursuant to which we may grant shares of our common stock (or the equivalent monetary amount based on the market value of such shares) within specified periods as
long-term
incentive performance shares in accordance with
pre-determined
performance targets. Since January 2010, in accordance with the best practice guidelines for outside directors of banking institutions announced by the Korea Federation of Banks, which have been replaced with the Financial Corporate Governance Code issued by the Financial Services Commission in December 2014, we have not entered into any performance share agreements with our
non-executive
directors.
 
Item 7.
MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
 
Item 7.A.
Major Shareholders
The following table presents information regarding the beneficial ownership of our shares at December 31, 2021 by each person or entity known to us to own beneficially more than 5% of our issued and outstanding shares.
Except as otherwise indicated, each stockholder identified by name has:
 
  
sole voting and investment power with respect to its shares; and
 
  
record and beneficial ownership with respect to its shares.
 
Beneficial Owner
  
Number of Shares
of Common Stock
  
Percentage of
Total Outstanding
Shares of
Common Stock (%)
(1)
 
Korean National Pension Service
   37,626,516   9.05
BlackRock Fund Advisors
   25,050,939
(2)
 
  6.02%
(2)
 
JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.
(3)
   23,929,641   5.76
 
(1)
 
Calculated based on 415,807,920 shares of our common stock issued as of December 31, 2021.
(2)
As of February 26, 2021, based on disclosure made by BlackRock Fund Advisors in a statement of acquisition filing on March 10, 2021.
(3)
As depositary bank.
 
163

Other than as set forth above, no other person or entity known by us to be acting in concert, directly or indirectly, jointly or separately, owned 5.0% or more of the issued shares of our common stock or exercised control or could exercise control over us as of December 31, 2021. None of our major stockholders has different voting rights from our other stockholders.
As of December 31, 2021, there were 389,634,335 shares of common stock outstanding. Of the total outstanding shares, 23,929,641 shares were held in the form of ADSs and 102,048,676 shares were held of record in the form of common stock by residents in the United States. As of December 31, 2021, the number of registered holders of our ADSs was 22 and the number of holders of our common stock in the United States was 665.
 
Item 7.B.
Related Party Transactions
As of December 31, 2021, we had an aggregate of ₩4,595 million in loans outstanding to our executive officers and directors, executive officers and directors of Kookmin Bank and chief executive officers of our other subsidiaries, including family members of such individuals. In addition, as of such date, we had loans outstanding to various companies whose directors or executive officers were serving concurrently as our directors or executive officers. See Note 43 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. All of these loans were made in the ordinary course of business, on substantially the same terms, including interest rate and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons and did not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features.
None of our directors or officers have or had any interest in any transactions effected by us that are or were unusual in their nature or conditions or significant to our business which were effected during the current or immediately preceding year or were effected during an earlier year and remain in any respect outstanding or unperformed.
 
Item 7.C.
Interests of Experts and Counsel
Not applicable.
 
Item 8.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 
Item 8.A.
Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
See “Item 18. Financial Statements” and pages
F-1
through
F-244.
You should read the following data together with the more detailed information contained in “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Historical results do not necessarily predict future results.
Profitability ratios and other data
 
   
As of or for the year Ended December 31,
 
   
    2019    
  
    2020    
  
    2021    
 
   
(Percentages)
 
Net interest spread
(1)
   1.96  1.86  1.97
Net interest margin
(2)
   2.14   1.99   2.07 
Efficiency ratio
(3)
   54.86   54.56   49.72 
Cost-to-average
assets ratio
(4)
   1.25   1.19   1.14 
Won loans (gross) as a percentage of Won deposits
   111.83   112.16   112.81 
Total loans (gross) as a percentage of total deposits
   111.94   112.37   113.32 
 
164

 
(1)
 
Represents the difference between the yield on average interest-earning assets and cost of average interest-bearing liabilities.
(2)
 
Represents the ratio of net interest income to average interest-earning assets.
(3)
 
Represents the ratio of general and administrative expenses to the sum of net interest income, net fee and commission income, net insurance income, net gain on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss and net other operating income.
(4)
 
Represents the ratio of general and administrative expenses to average total assets.
Capital ratios
 
   
As of or for the year Ended December 31,
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(Percentages)
 
Consolidated capital adequacy ratio of KB Financial Group
(1)
   14.48  15.28  15.77
Capital adequacy ratios of Kookmin Bank
    
Tier I capital adequacy ratio
(2)
   14.68   15.42   14.98 
Common equity Tier I capital adequacy ratio
(2)
   14.37   15.10   14.70 
Tier II capital adequacy ratio
(2)
   1.17   2.36   2.50 
Average stockholders’ equity as a percentage of average total assets
   7.65   7.14   7.23 
 
(1)
 
Under applicable guidelines of the Financial Services Commission, we, as a bank holding company, were required to maintain a total minimum consolidated capital adequacy ratio of 11.5% (including applicable additional capital buffers and requirements) as of December 31, 2021. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Capital Adequacy.”
(2)
 
Kookmin Bank’s capital adequacy ratios are computed in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Financial Services Commission. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Capital Adequacy.”
Credit portfolio ratios and other data
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
            2020            
  
            2021            
 
   
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
 
Total loans
(1)
  380,450  421,585 
Total
non-performing
loans
(2)
   1,108   1,458 
Other impaired loans not included in
non-performing
loans
   2,326   2,029 
Total of
non-performing
loans and other impaired loans
   3,434   3,487 
Total allowances for loan losses
   3,283   3,685 
Non-performing
loans as a percentage of total loans
   0.29  0.35
Non-performing
loans as a percentage of total assets
   0.18  0.22
Total of
non-performing
loans and other impaired loans as a percentage of total loans
   0.90  0.83
Allowances for loan losses as a percentage of total loans
   0.86  0.87
 
(1)
 
Before deduction of allowances for loan losses.
(2)
 
Non-performing
loans are defined as those loans, including corporate, retail and other loans, which are past due by 90 days or more.
 
165

Selected Statistical Information
Average Balance Sheets and Related Interest
The following table shows our average balances and interest rates for the past three years:
 
  
Year Ended December 31,
 
  
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
  
Average
Balance
(1)
  
Interest
Income
(2)
  
Average
Yield
  
Average
Balance
(1)
  
Interest
Income
(2)
  
Average
Yield
  
Average
Balance
(1)
  
Interest
Income
(2)
  
Average
Yield
 
  
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
 
Assets
         
Due from financial institutions measured at amortized cost
 10,436  151   1.45 12,280  92   0.75 13,261  66   0.50
Financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss (debt securities)
(3)
  27,164   704   2.59   30,232   659   2.18   31,670   590   1.86 
Financial investments (debt securities)
(4)
  63,699   1,389   2.18   80,087   1,355   1.69   97,296   1,557   1.60 
Loans:
         
Corporate
  141,600   4,788   3.38   158,508   4,547   2.87   168,868   4,511   2.67 
Mortgage
  72,897   2,233   3.06   82,765   2,161   2.61   88,769   2,239   2.52 
Home equity
  30,188   964   3.19   27,682   786   2.84   27,333   723   2.65 
Other consumer
(5)
  58,514   2,680   4.58   64,220   2,639   4.11   71,587   2,922   4.08 
Credit cards
(6)
  17,949   1,451   8.08   18,586   1,438   7.74   19,923   1,441   7.23 
Foreign
(7)
  6,599   279   4.23   14,683   809   5.51   22,580   1,162   5.15 
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Loans (total)
  327,747   12,395   3.78   366,444   12,380   3.38   399,060   12,998   3.26 
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total average interest-earning assets
 429,046  14,639   3.41 489,043  14,486   2.96 541,287  15,211   2.81
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Cash and due from banks
  11,681         13,274         14,946       
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (excluding debt securities):
         
Equity securities
  5,576         5,225         4,443       
Other
  18,410         22,952         26,566       
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (excluding debt securities) (total)
  23,986         28,177         31,009       
Financial investment (equity securities)
  2,598         2,427         3,684       
Investment in associates
  575         612         555       
Derivative financial assets
  2,989         4,189         3,899       
Premises and equipment
  7,398         8,048         8,130       
Intangible assets
  2,720         3,000         3,279       
Allowances for loan losses
  (2,714        (2,954        (3,606      
Other
non-interest-earning
assets
  21,636         25,450         30,851       
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total average
non-interest
earning assets
  70,869         82,223         92,747       
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total average assets
 499,915  14,639   2.93 571,266  14,486   2.54 634,034  15,211   2.40
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
166

  
Year Ended December 31,
 
  
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
  
Average
Balance
(1)
  
Interest
Expense
  
Average
Cost
  
Average
Balance
(1)
  
Interest
Expense
  
Average
Cost
  
Average
Balance
(1)
  
Interest
Expense
  
Average
Cost
 
  
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
 
Liabilities
         
Deposits:
         
Demand deposits
 122,519  370   0.30 149,141  267   0.18 180,936  280   0.15
Time deposits
  155,762   3,018   1.94   166,275   2,600   1.56   158,795   1,907   1.20 
Certificates of deposit
  4,781   93   1.95   3,636   50   1.38   3,618   31   0.86 
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Deposits (total)
  283,062   3,481   1.23   319,052   2,917   0.91   343,349   2,218   0.65 
Borrowings:
         
Bonds sold under repurchase agreements
  10,446   168   1.61   13,975   126   0.9   14,126   105   0.74 
Other borrowings
(8)
  28,032   552   1.97   39,359   535   1.36   48,781   488   1.00 
Borrowings (total)
  38,478   720   1.87   53,334   661   1.24   62,907   593   0.94 
Debentures
  52,574   1,241   2.36   59,379   1,186   2.00   65,759   1,170   1.78 
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total average interest-bearing liabilities
 374,114  5,442   1.45 431,765  4,764   1.10 472,015  3,981   0.84
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Non-interest
bearing demand deposits
  3,942         4,533         5,263       
Derivative financial liabilities
  3,334         4,474         3,704       
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
  16,861         13,464         12,461       
Other
non-interest-bearing
liabilities
  63,169         75,499         93,885       
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total average
non-interest
bearing liabilities
  87,306         97,970         115,313       
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total average liabilities
  461,420   5,442   1.18   529,735   4,764   0.90   587,328   3,981   0.68 
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total equity
  38,495         41,531         46,706       
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
Total average liabilities and equity
 499,915  5,442   1.09 571,266  4,764   0.83 634,034  3,981   0.63
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
(1)
 
Average balances are based on daily balances for our banking, credit card and securities operations and monthly or quarterly balances for our other operations.
(2)
 
We do not invest in any
tax-exempt
securities.
(3)
 
Includes deposits and loans at fair value through profit or loss. For information on interest income arising from such financial instruments, see Note 28 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
(4)
Comprises financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income and at amortized cost (formerly referred to as
available-for-sale
and
held-to-maturity
financial assets, respectively), and includes loans at fair value through other comprehensive income. For information on interest income arising from such financial instruments, see Note 28 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Information related to investment securities classified as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (or
available-for-sale
financial assets) has been computed using amortized cost, and therefore does not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected as a component of total equity.
(5)
 
Includes other interest income.
(6)
Interest income from credit cards includes principally cash advance fees of ₩217 billion, ₩195 billion and ₩185 billion and interest on credit card loans of ₩716 billion, ₩722 billion and ₩743 billion for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively, but does not include interchange fees.
(7)
 
Consists primarily of loans from the overseas branches of our subsidiaries to affiliates of large Korean manufacturing companies for trade financing and working capital.
(8)
 
Includes (i) lease-related interest expense pursuant to our adoption of IFRS 16
Leases
and (ii) other interest expense.
 
167

The following table presents our net interest spread, net interest margin, and asset liability ratio for the past three years:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(percentages)
 
Net interest spread
(1)
   1.96  1.86  1.97
Net interest margin
(2)
   2.14   1.99   2.07 
Average asset liability ratio
(3)
   114.68   113.27   114.68 
 
(1)
 
The difference between the average rate of interest earned on interest-earning assets and the average rate of interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities.
(2)
 
The ratio of net interest income to average interest-earning assets.
(3)
 
The ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities.
Analysis of Changes in Net Interest Income—Volume and Rate Analysis
The following table provides an analysis of changes in interest income, interest expense and net interest income based on changes in volume and changes in rate for 2019 compared to 2020 and 2020 compared to 2021. Information is provided with respect to: (1) effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate) and (2) effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). Changes attributable to the combined impact of changes in rate and volume have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume changes and changes due to rate changes.
 
   
2020 vs. 2019
Increase/(Decrease)
Due to Change in
  
2021 vs. 2020
Increase/(Decrease)
Due to Change in
 
   
Volume
  
Rate
  
Total
  
Volume
  
Rate
  
Total
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Interest-earning assets
       
Due from financial institutions measured at amortized cost
  23  (82 (59 7  (33 (26
Financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss (debt securities)
(1)
   74   (119  (45  30   (99  (69
Financial investments (debt securities)
(2)
   315   (349  (34  277   (75  202 
Loans:
       
Corporate
   532   (773  (241  289   (325  (36
Mortgage
   280   (352  (72  154   (76  78 
Home equity
   (77  (101  (178  (10  (53  (63
Other consumer
   248   (289  (41  302   (19  283 
Credit cards
   50   (63  (13  101   (98  3 
Foreign
   425   105   530   409   (56  353 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total interest income
  1,870  (2,023 (153 1,559  (834    725 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
2020 vs. 2019
Increase/(Decrease)
Due to Change in
  
2021 vs. 2020
Increase/(Decrease)
Due to Change in
 
   
Volume
  
Rate
  
Total
  
Volume
  
Rate
  
Total
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Interest-bearing liabilities
       
Deposits:
       
Demand deposits
  67  (170 (103 58  (45 13 
Time deposits
   196   (614  (418  (113  (580  (693
Certificates of deposit
   (19  (24  (43  0   (19  (19
 
168

   
2020 vs. 2019
Increase/(Decrease)
Due to Change in
  
2021 vs. 2020
Increase/(Decrease)
Due to Change in
 
   
Volume
   
Rate
  
Total
  
Volume
   
Rate
  
Total
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Borrowings:
         
Bonds sold under repurchase agreements
   46    (88  (42  1    (22  (21
Other borrowings
   184    (201  (17  112    (159  (47
Debentures
   149    (204  (55  121    (137  (16
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total interest expense
   623    (1,301  (678  179    (962  (783
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total net interest income
  1,247   (722 525  1,380   128  1,508 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
Includes deposits and loans at fair value through profit or loss. For information on interest income arising from such financial instruments, see Note 28 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
(2)
Comprises financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income and at amortized cost (formerly referred to as
available-for-sale
and
held-to-maturity
financial assets, respectively), and includes loans at fair value through other comprehensive income. For information on interest income arising from such financial instruments, see Note 28 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Information related to investment securities classified as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (or
available-for-sale
financial assets) has been computed using amortized cost, and therefore does not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected as a component of total equity.
Legal Proceedings
Excluding the legal proceedings discussed below, we and our subsidiaries are not a party to any legal or administrative proceedings and no proceedings are known by any of us or our subsidiaries to be contemplated by governmental authorities or third parties, which, if adversely determined, may have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
In June 2010, Fairfield Sentry Limited, or Fairfield, which is currently in liquidation and whose assets were directly or indirectly invested with Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, or BLMIS, filed a lawsuit in the Supreme Court of the State of New York against Kookmin Bank, which acted as a trustee bank for its clients who invested in Fairfield. Fairfield seeks recovery of approximately US$42 million paid to Kookmin Bank by its clients in connection with share redemptions on the ground that such payments were made by mistake, based on inflated values resulting from BLMIS’ fraud. In September 2010, the case was transferred to the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York, or the Bankruptcy Court, which in turn ordered that the case be returned to a state court in September 2011 but then stayed the lawsuit before it was sent to state court. While the case was stayed, the Bankruptcy Court issued an opinion in December 2018 holding that the claims against Kookmin Bank were deficiently pleaded and thus should be dismissed. In July 2019, the Bankruptcy Court issued an order to the effect that the case would proceed in a federal court, instead of returning to a state court. Fairfield has appealed the Bankruptcy Court’s dismissal to the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, or the District Court. Although legal arguments have been filed in 2020, it is difficult to predict when the District Court will rule on the appeal. Fairfield has filed similar actions against numerous other fund investors to seek recovery of redemption payments.
In May 2012, the trustee appointed for the liquidation of BLMIS filed a lawsuit against Kookmin Bank in the Bankruptcy Court. The trustee seeks recovery of approximately US$42 million, the amount of funds that were allegedly redeemed by Kookmin Bank from Fairfield between June 2004 and January 2006. The trustee alleges that Fairfield was a “feeder fund” that invested in BLMIS and that redemptions from such BLMIS feeder fund are avoidable and recoverable under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code and New York law. The Bankruptcy Court issued an order to dismiss the case during the pleading stage of the litigation in March 2017, and the trustee appealed such decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, or the Second Circuit, which reversed the dismissal and vacated the judgment in February 2019. Kookmin Bank, along with other defendants, filed a motion asking the Second Circuit to reconsider its ruling and, after such motion was denied,
 
169

filed a petition for a writ of certiorari asking the United States Supreme Court to accept an appeal of the Second Circuit’s ruling, which was denied in June 2020. Subsequently, the Second Circuit remanded the case to the Bankruptcy Court for further proceedings, which are currently ongoing in 2022. The trustee has filed similar claw back actions against numerous other institutions.
In February 2014, the Financial Services Commission suspended the new credit card issuance and other related activities of KB Kookmin Card for three months from February to May 2014, in response to an incident involving the misappropriation of the personal information of a large number of its customers by an employee of the Korea Credit Bureau in the first half of 2013. Specifically, during such suspension period, KB Kookmin Card was prohibited from engaging in the following activities:
 
  
adding new subscribers for credit cards, prepaid cards and debit cards or issuing such types of cards (except as permitted by the chairman of the Financial Services Commission for public policy purposes);
 
  
providing new or additional credit lines to credit card customers; and
 
  
providing new services through mail order or telemarketing channels or related to travel or insurance products.
In connection with the misappropriation incident, as of December 31, 2021, certain of KB Kookmin Card’s customers had filed a total of two lawsuits against KB Kookmin Card with the aggregate amount of claimed damages amounting to approximately ₩0.11 billion. The final outcome of such lawsuits remains uncertain. In addition, KB Kookmin Card could become subject to additional litigation and may incur significant costs relating to the compensation of customers for losses incurred as a result of the fraudulent use of the misappropriated personal information.
In February 2018, pursuant to a request by the Financial Supervisory Service, the Supreme Prosecutors’ Office of Korea commenced an investigation into alleged irregularities in hiring practices at certain Korean banks, including Kookmin Bank. In May 2018, the prosecutors charged four current and former executive officers and employees of Kookmin Bank with obstruction of business and violation of the Act on the Equal Employment for Both Sexes, for violating certain regulations relating to the evaluation and hiring of certain individuals in 2015 and 2016. In October 2018, the Seoul Southern District Court sentenced such executive officers and employees to probation and ordered Kookmin Bank to pay a fine in the amount of ₩5 million. Although the individuals and Kookmin Bank appealed the ruling, such appeal was denied in July 2021. The individuals and Kookmin Bank then subsequently appealed to the Supreme Court, but such appeal was again denied in January 2022.
In September 2020, PT Bosowa Corporindo, or Bosowa, the second largest shareholder of Bank Bukopin, filed a lawsuit against Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (the Financial Services Authority of Indonesia), or OJK, and subsequently Bank Bukopin, in its capacity as an intervening defendant, in the Jakarta State Administrative Court, demanding a reversal of OJK’s decision in August 2020 to impose certain restrictive measures on Bosowa’s ability to act as a shareholder of Bank Bukopin. The Jakarta State Administrative Court ruled in favor of Bosowa, which decision both OJK and Bank Bukopin had appealed. Subsequently, in November 2020, Bosowa filed a lawsuit against Kookmin Bank and OJK as joint defendants in the Central Jakarta District Court of Indonesia, alleging that Kookmin Bank’s acquisition of Bank Bukopin’s shares in September 2020, as well as the capital increase through which Kookmin Bank obtained such shares, violated certain Indonesian laws and regulations, and claimed IDR 20,759 billion in damages to compensate Bosowa’s losses as a shareholder of Bank Bukopin. Subsequently, Bosowa withdrew its lawsuit in May 2021, which was approved by the Central Jakarta District Court of Indonesia in June 2021.
Commencing in December 2019, a number of plaintiffs brought legal action against KB Securities, alleging that they invested in JB Australia NDIS Private Equity Investment Trust No. 1 through KB Securities based on
 
170

an offering circular that had made untrue statements of a material fact. The plaintiffs are seeking to terminate the related investment contract on the basis of either breach of contract or mistake, and are demanding ₩135 billion from KB Securities as compensation for the alleged unjust enrichment. In the alternative, they are seeking damages of ₩135 billion from KB Securities for violations of the relevant securities law, among others. As of the date of this annual report, the final outcome of the lawsuits remains uncertain.
Dividends
Dividends must be approved by the stockholders at the annual general meeting of stockholders. Cash dividends may be paid out of retained earnings that have not been appropriated to statutory reserves. See “Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Description of Capital Stock— Dividends and Other Distributions.” In addition to annual dividends, we may declare, and distribute in cash, interim dividends pursuant to board resolutions.
The table below sets forth, for the periods indicated, the dividend per share of common stock and the total amount of dividends declared and paid by us in respect of the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021. Except as otherwise noted, the dividends set forth below with respect to each year were paid within 30 days after our annual stockholders meeting, which was held no later than March of the following year.
 
Fiscal Year
  
Dividends per
Common Share
(1)
   
Total Amount of Cash
Dividends Paid
 
       
(in millions of Won)
 
2019
(2)
  2,210   861,092 
2020
(3)
   1,770    689,653 
2021
(4)(5)
   2,940    1,145,525 
 
(1)
 
Won amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars at the noon buying rate in effect at the end of the relevant periods as quoted by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in the United States.
(2)
 
On February 6, 2020, our board of directors passed a board resolution recommending a cash dividend of ₩2,210 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 44.2% of the par value of each share, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. This resolution was approved and ratified by our stockholders on March 20, 2020.
(3)
 
On February 4, 2021, our board of directors passed a board resolution recommending a cash dividend of ₩1,770 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 35.4% of the par value of each share, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020. This resolution was approved and ratified by our stockholders on March 26, 2021.
(4)
 
On February 8, 2022, our board of directors passed a board resolution recommending a cash dividend of ₩2,190 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 43.8% of the par value of each share, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. This resolution was approved and ratified by our stockholders on March 25, 2022.
(5)
 
Includes interim cash dividend of ₩750 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 15.0% of the par value of each share, declared and paid in 2021.
Future dividends will depend upon our revenues, cash flow, financial condition and other factors. As an owner of ADSs, you will be entitled to receive dividends payable in respect of the shares of common stock represented by such ADSs.
For a description of the tax consequences of dividends paid to our stockholders, see “Item 10.E. Taxation—United States Taxation” and “—Korean Taxation—Taxation of Dividends on Common Shares or ADSs.”
 
Item 8.B.
Significant Changes
Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, there have been no significant changes since the date of our audited financial statements included in this annual report.
 
171

Item 9.
THE OFFER AND LISTING
 
Item 9.A.
Offering and Listing Details
Principal Trading Market
The principal trading market for our common stock is the KRX KOSPI Market. Our common stock has been listed on the KRX KOSPI Market since October 10, 2008 under the identifying code 105560, and the ADSs have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “KB” since September 29, 2008. The ADSs are identified by the CUSIP number 48241A105.
Restrictions Applicable to ADSs
No Korean governmental approval is necessary for the sale and purchase of our ADSs in the secondary market outside Korea or for the withdrawal of shares of our common stock underlying the ADSs and the delivery inside Korea of shares in connection with the withdrawal, provided that a foreigner who intends to acquire the shares must obtain an investment registration card from the Financial Supervisory Service as described below. The acquisition of the shares by a foreigner must be immediately reported to the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service, either by the foreigner or by his standing proxy in Korea.
Persons who have acquired shares of our common stock as a result of the withdrawal of shares underlying our ADSs may exercise their preemptive rights for new shares, participate in free distributions and receive dividends on shares without any further Korean governmental approval.
Under current Korean laws and regulations, the depositary is required to obtain our prior consent for the number of shares of our common stock to be deposited in any given proposed deposit that exceeds the difference between:
 
 (1)
the aggregate number of shares of our common stock deposited by us for the issuance of our ADSs (including deposits in connection with the initial issuance and all subsequent offerings of our ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions related to these ADSs); and
 
 (2)
the number of shares of our common stock on deposit with the depositary at the time of such proposed deposit.
We have agreed to grant such consent to the extent that the total number of shares on deposit with the depositary would not exceed 116,583,985 at any time.
Restrictions Applicable to Shares
As a result of amendments to the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act of Korea, the regulations thereunder and Financial Services Commission regulations (which we refer to collectively as the “Investment Rules”), foreigners may invest, with limited exceptions and subject to procedural requirements, in all shares of Korean companies, whether listed on the KRX KOSPI Market or on the KRX KOSDAQ Market, unless prohibited by specific laws. Foreign investors may trade shares listed on the KRX KOSPI Market or on the KRX KOSDAQ Market only through the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market, except in limited circumstances, including:
 
  
odd-lot
trading of shares;
 
  
acquisition of shares (which we refer to as “Converted Shares”) by exercise of warrants, conversion rights or exchange rights under bonds with warrants, convertible bonds or exchangeable bonds or withdrawal rights under depositary receipts issued outside of Korea by a Korean company;
 
  
acquisition of shares as a result of inheritance, donation, bequest or exercise of stockholders’ rights, including preemptive rights or rights to participate in free distributions and receive dividends;
 
172

  
over-the-counter
transactions between foreigners of a class of shares for which the ceiling on aggregate acquisition by foreigners has been reached or exceeded subject to certain exceptions; and
 
  
sale and purchase of shares at fair value between foreigners who are part of an investor group comprised of foreign companies investing under the control of a common investment manager pursuant to applicable laws or contract.
The Investment Rules require a foreign investor who wishes to invest in shares on the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market (including Converted Shares) to register its identity with the Financial Supervisory Service prior to making any such investment. The registration requirement does not, however, apply to foreign investors who acquire Converted Shares with the intention of selling such Converted Shares within three months from the date of acquisition. Upon registration, the Financial Supervisory Service will issue to the foreign investor an investment registration card, which must be presented each time the foreign investor opens a brokerage account with a financial investment company with a brokerage license. Foreigners eligible to obtain an investment registration card include foreign nationals who have not been residing in Korea for a consecutive period of six months or more, foreign governments, foreign municipal authorities, foreign public institutions, international financial institutions or similar international organizations, corporations incorporated under foreign laws and any person in any additional category designated by the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. All Korean offices of a foreign corporation as a group are treated as a separate foreigner from the offices of the corporation outside Korea for the purpose of investment registration. However, a foreign corporation or depositary issuing depositary receipts may obtain one or more investment registration cards in its name in certain circumstances as described in the relevant regulations.
Upon a foreign investor’s purchase of shares through the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market, no separate report by the investor is required because the investment registration card system is designed to control and oversee foreign investment through a computer system. However, a foreign investor’s acquisition or sale of shares outside the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market (as discussed above) must be reported by the foreign investor or his standing proxy to the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service at the time of each such acquisition or sale. In particular, if a foreign investor acquires or sells his shares in connection with a tender offer or
odd-lot
trading of shares, such foreign investor or his standing proxy must ensure that the financial investment company that was engaged to facilitate the transaction reports such transaction to the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service. A foreign investor may appoint a standing proxy from among the Korea Securities Depository, foreign exchange banks (including domestic branches of foreign banks), financial investment companies with a dealing and/or brokerage license (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license), financial investment companies with a collective investment license (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license) and internationally recognized custodians which will act as a standing proxy to exercise stockholders’ rights or perform any matters related to the foregoing activities if the foreign investor does not perform these activities himself. Generally, a foreign investor may not permit any person, other than its standing proxy, to exercise rights relating to his shares or perform any tasks related thereto on his behalf. However, a foreign investor may be exempted from complying with these standing proxy rules with the approval of the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service in cases deemed inevitable, including by reason of conflict between laws of Korea and the home country of the foreign investor.
The shares of a listed Korean company owned by a foreign investor must be electronically registered in accordance with the Act on Electronic Registration of Stocks, Bonds, Etc. through an eligible custodian in Korea. The same entities eligible to act as a standing proxy are eligible to act as a custodian of shares for a
non-resident
or foreign investor. A foreign investor may be exempted from complying with the above requirement if it (i) acquires shares publicly offered or sold outside Korea for the purpose of listing on an overseas stock exchange or (ii) acquires or disposes of shares through an overseas stock exchange if such shares are simultaneously listed on the Korea Exchange and such overseas stock exchange.
 
173

An investment by a foreign investor in 10% or more of the issued and outstanding shares with voting rights of a Korean company is defined as a foreign direct investment under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act of Korea. Generally, a foreign direct investment must be reported to the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of Korea. The acquisition of shares of a Korean company by a foreign investor may also be subject to certain foreign or other shareholding restrictions in the event that the restrictions are prescribed in a specific law that regulates the business of the Korean company. For a description of such restrictions applicable to Korean banks and bank holding companies (such as us), see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation.”
 
Item 9.B.
Plan of Distribution
Not applicable.
 
Item 9.C.
Markets
See “Item 9.A. Offering and Listing Details.”
 
Item 9.D.
Selling Shareholders
Not applicable.
 
Item 9.E.
Dilution
Not applicable.
 
Item 9.F.
Expenses of the Issue
Not applicable.
 
Item 10.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Item 10.A.
Share Capital
Not applicable.
Item 10.B.
Memorandum and Articles of Association
Description of Capital Stock
Set forth below is information relating to our capital stock, including brief summaries of certain provisions of our articles of incorporation, the Korean Commercial Code, Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and certain related laws of Korea, all as currently in effect. The following summaries do not purport to be complete and are subject to the articles of incorporation and the applicable provisions of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, the Korean Commercial Code, and certain other related laws of Korea.
As of December 31, 2021, our authorized share capital is 1,000,000,000 shares. Pursuant to our articles of incorporation, we are authorized to issue shares with preferred dividend,
non-voting
shares, class shares with conversion rights, class shares with redemption rights and shares with a combination of all or any of the foregoing characteristics (which we refer to collectively as “Class Shares”), as well as common shares. Subject to applicable laws and regulations, we are authorized to issue Class Shares up to
one-half
of all of our issued and outstanding shares.
 
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Under our articles of incorporation, dividends on
non-voting
shares with preferred dividend are required to be at least 1% per annum of the par value and the board of directors must determine at the time of issuance of such shares the dividend rate, type of distributable properties, method of determining the value of distributable properties and conditions on payment of dividends. Also, we may, pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors, issue such
non-voting
shares with preferred dividend as redeemable shares that may be redeemed with profits at the relevant shareholder’s or our discretion, up to
one-half
of all of our issued and outstanding shares.
In addition, pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors, we may issue shares that are convertible into common shares or Class Shares at the request of the relevant shareholders, up to 20% of all of our issued and outstanding shares. The period during which a relevant shareholder may make a request for conversion may be determined by a resolution of the board of directors and must be a period between one and ten years from the issue date.
Furthermore, through an amendment of the articles of incorporation, we may create new classes of shares, which may be common shares or Class Shares having additional features as prescribed under the Korean Commercial Code. See “—Voting Rights.”
As of the date of this annual report, 412,352,494 shares of common stock were issued and 352,446,136 shares of common stock were outstanding. No Class Shares are currently outstanding. All of the issued and outstanding shares are
fully-paid
and
non-assessable,
and are in registered form. Our authorized but unissued share capital consists of 587,647,506 shares. We may issue the unissued shares without further stockholder approval, subject to a board resolution as provided in the articles of incorporation. See “—Preemptive Rights and Issuances of Additional Shares” and “—Dividends and Other Distributions—Distribution of Free Shares.”
Our articles of incorporation provide that our stockholders may, by special resolution, grant to our and our subsidiaries’ officers and employees stock options exercisable for up to 15% of the total number of our issued and outstanding shares. Our board of directors may also grant stock options to officers and employees other than directors exercisable for up to 1% of our issued and outstanding shares, provided that such grant must be approved by a resolution of the subsequent general meeting of stockholders. As of March 31, 2022, none of our officers, directors and employees held options to purchase shares of our common stock.
Share certificates are issued in denominations of one, five, ten, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 10,000 shares.
Organization and Register
We are a financial holding company established under the Financial Holding Company Act. We are registered with the commercial registry office of Seoul Central District Court.
Dividends and Other Distributions
Dividends
Dividends are distributed to stockholders in proportion to the number of shares of the relevant class of capital stock owned by each stockholder following approval by the stockholders at an annual general meeting of stockholders. Subject to the requirements of the Korean Commercial Code and other applicable laws and regulations, we expect to pay full annual dividends on newly issued shares for the year in which the new shares are issued.
We declare our dividend annually at the annual general meeting of stockholders, which are held within three months after the end of each fiscal year. Once declared, the annual dividend must be paid to the stockholders of record as of the end of the preceding fiscal year within one month after the annual general meeting unless otherwise resolved thereby. Annual dividends may be distributed either in cash or in shares provided that shares must be distributed at par value and, if the market price of the shares is less than their par value, dividends in shares may not exceed
one-half
of the total annual dividend (including dividends in shares).
 
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Under the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation, we do not have an obligation to pay any annual dividend unclaimed for five years from the payment date.
The Financial Holding Company Act and related regulations require that each time a Korean financial holding company pays an annual dividend, it must set aside in its legal reserve to stated capital an amount equal to at least
one-tenth
of its net income after tax until the amount set aside reaches at least the aggregate amount of its stated capital. Unless it sets aside this amount, a Korean financial holding company may not pay an annual dividend. We intend to set aside allowances for loan losses and reserves for severance pay in addition to this legal reserve.
For information regarding Korean taxes on dividends, see “Item 10.E. Taxation—Korean Taxation.”
Distribution of Free Shares
In addition to permitting dividends in the form of shares to be paid out of retained or current earnings, the Korean Commercial Code permits a company to distribute to its stockholders, in the form of free shares, an amount transferred from the capital surplus or legal reserve to stated capital. These free shares must be distributed pro rata to all stockholders. Our articles of incorporation provide that the types of shares to be distributed to the holders of
non-voting
shares with preferred dividend will be the same type of
non-voting
shares with preferred dividend held by such holders.
Preemptive Rights and Issuances of Additional Shares
Unless otherwise provided in the Korean Commercial Code, a company may issue authorized but unissued shares at such times and upon such terms as the board of directors of the company may determine. The company must offer the new shares on uniform terms to all stockholders who have preemptive rights and who are listed on the stockholders’ register as of the applicable record date. Our stockholders will be entitled to subscribe for any newly issued shares in proportion to their existing shareholdings. However, as provided in our articles of incorporation, new shares may be issued to persons other than existing stockholders if such shares are:
(1) publicly offered pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, (2) issued to an employee stock ownership association, (3) issued upon exercise of stock options pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, (4) issued for the issuance of our depositary receipts, (5) issued to certain foreign or domestic financial institutions or institutional investors to raise funds to meet urgent needs for our management or operations or (6) issued primarily to a third party who has contributed to the management of our business, including by providing financing, credit, advanced financing technique,
know-how
or entering into close business alliances, except that, in the case of issuances of new shares under (1), (4), (5) and (6) above, the number of new shares issued to persons other than existing stockholders may not exceed 50% of our total issued and outstanding capital stock.
Public notice of the preemptive rights to new shares and the transferability thereof must be given not less than two weeks (excluding the period during which the stockholders’ register is closed) prior to the record date. We will notify the stockholders or persons other than existing stockholders, who are entitled to subscribe for newly issued shares of the deadline for subscription at least two weeks prior to the deadline. If such stockholders or persons fail to subscribe on or before such deadline, their preemptive rights will lapse. Our board of directors may determine how to distribute shares in respect of which preemptive rights have not been exercised or where fractions of shares occur.
Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, members of a company’s employee stock ownership association, whether or not they are stockholders, will have a preemptive right, subject to certain exceptions, to subscribe for up to 20% of the shares publicly offered pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. This right is exercisable only to the extent that the total number of shares so acquired and held by such members does not exceed 20% of the total number of shares then issued and outstanding.
 
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Voting Rights
Each outstanding share of our common stock is entitled to one vote per share. However, voting rights with respect to shares of common stock that we hold or any of our subsidiaries holds may not be exercised. Unless stated otherwise in a company’s articles of incorporation, the Korean Commercial Code permits holders of an aggregate of 1% or more of the issued and outstanding shares with voting rights to request cumulative voting when electing two or more directors. Our articles of incorporation do not prohibit cumulative voting. The Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation provide that an ordinary resolution may be adopted if approval is obtained from the holders of at least a majority of those shares of common stock present or represented at such meeting and such majority also represents at least
one-fourth
of the total of our issued and outstanding voting shares. Holders of
non-voting
shares (other than enfranchised
non-voting
shares) will not be entitled to vote on any resolution or to receive notice of any general meeting of stockholders unless the agenda of the meeting includes consideration of a resolution on which such holders are entitled to vote. The Korean Commercial Code provides that a company’s articles of incorporation may prescribe conditions for the enfranchisement of
non-voting
shares. For example, if our annual general stockholders’ meeting resolves not to pay to holders of
non-voting
shares with preferred dividend the annual dividend as determined by the board of directors at the time of issuance of such shares, the holders of
non-voting
shares with preferred dividend will be entitled to exercise voting rights from the general stockholders’ meeting following the meeting adopting such resolution to the end of a meeting to declare to pay such dividend with respect to the
non-voting
shares with preferred dividend. Holders of such enfranchised
non-voting
shares with preferred dividend will have the same rights as holders of common stock to request, receive notice of, attend and vote at a general meeting of stockholders.
The Korean Commercial Code provides that to amend the articles of incorporation, which is also required for any change to the authorized share capital of the company, and in certain other instances, including removal of a director of a company, dissolution, merger or consolidation of a company, transfer of the whole or a significant part of the business of a company, acquisition of all of the business of any other company, acquisition of a part of the business of any other company having a material effect on the business of the company or issuance of new shares at a price lower than their par value, a special resolution must be adopted by the approval of the holders of at least
two-thirds
of those shares present or represented at such meeting and such special majority also represents at least
one-third
of the total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights of the company.
In addition, in the case of amendments to the articles of incorporation or any merger or consolidation of a company or in certain other cases, where the rights or interest of the holders of Class Shares are adversely affected, a resolution must be adopted by a separate meeting of holders of Class Shares. Such a resolution may be adopted if the approval is obtained from stockholders of at least
two-thirds
of the Class Shares present or represented at such meeting and such shares also represent at least
one-third
of the total issued and outstanding Class Shares of the company.
A stockholder may exercise his voting rights by proxy given to another stockholder. The proxy must present the power of attorney prior to the start of a meeting of stockholders.
Liquidation Rights
In the event we are liquidated, the assets remaining after the payment of all borrowings, liquidation expenses and taxes will first be distributed to holders of Class Shares which have a preference right in respect of the distribution of residual properties as determined by our board of directors at the time of their issuance, and the residue thereafter will be distributed to the other stockholders in proportion to the number of shares held by them.
General Meetings of Stockholders
There are two types of general meetings of stockholders: annual general meetings and extraordinary general meetings. We are required to convene our annual general meeting within three months after the end of each fiscal
 
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year. Subject to a board resolution or court approval, an extraordinary general meeting of stockholders may be held when necessary or at the request of the holders of an aggregate of 3% or more of our issued and outstanding shares, or the holders of an aggregate of 0.75% or more of our issued and outstanding stock with voting rights, who have held those shares at least for six months, under the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies and its
sub-regulations.
Under the Korean Commercial Code, an extraordinary general meeting of stockholders may also be convened at the request of our Audit Committee, subject to a board resolution or court approval. Holders of
non-voting
shares may be entitled to request a general meeting of stockholders only to the extent the
non-voting
shares have become enfranchised as described under the section entitled “—Voting Rights” above, hereinafter referred to as “enfranchised
non-voting
shares.” Meeting agendas will be determined by the board of directors or proposed by holders of an aggregate of 3% or more of the issued and outstanding shares with voting rights, or by holders of an aggregate of 0.1% or more of our issued and outstanding shares with voting rights, who have held those shares for at least six months, by way of a written proposal to the board of directors at least six weeks prior to the meeting, under the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies and its
sub-regulations.
Written notices or
e-mail
notices stating the date, place and agenda of the meeting must be given to the stockholders at least two weeks prior to the date of the general meeting of stockholders. Notice may, however, be given to holders of 1% or less of the total number of issued and outstanding shares which are entitled to vote, either by placing at least two public notices at least two weeks in advance of the meeting in at least two daily newspapers or by placing a notice through the electronic disclosure system operated by the Financial Supervisory Service or the Korea Exchange. Stockholders who are not on the stockholders’ register as of the record date will not be entitled to receive notice of the general meeting of stockholders, and they will not be entitled to attend or vote at such meeting. Holders of enfranchised
non-voting
shares who are on the stockholders’ register as of the record date will be entitled to receive notice of the general meeting of stockholders and they will be entitled to attend and vote at such meeting. Otherwise, holders of
non-voting
shares will not be entitled to receive notice of or vote at general meetings of stockholders.
The general meeting of stockholders will be held at our head office, which is our registered head office, or, if necessary, may be held anywhere in the vicinity of our head office.
Rights of Dissenting Stockholders
Pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and the Act on the Improvement of the Structure of the Financial Industry, in certain limited circumstances (including, without limitation, if we transfer all or any significant part of our business, if we acquire a part of the business of any other company and such acquisition has a material effect on our business or if we merge or consolidate with another company), dissenting holders of shares of our common stock and our stock with preferred dividends will have the right to require us to purchase their shares.
To exercise such a right, stockholders must submit to us a written notice of their intention to dissent prior to the general meeting of stockholders. Within 20 days (10 days in the case of a stock transfer or exchange for the purposes of establishing a financial holding company or acquiring all issued shares of an existing subsidiary under the Financial Holding Company Act) after the date on which the relevant resolution is passed at such meeting, such dissenting stockholders must request in writing that we purchase their shares. We are obligated to purchase the shares from dissenting stockholders within one month after the end of such request period at a price to be determined by negotiation between the stockholder and us. If we cannot agree on a price with the stockholder through such negotiations, the purchase price will be the arithmetic mean of:
 
  
the weighted average of the closing stock prices on the KRX KOSPI Market for the
two-month
period prior to the date of the adoption of the relevant board of directors’ resolution;
 
  
the weighted average of the closing stock prices on the KRX KOSPI Market for the
one-month
period prior to the date of the adoption of the relevant board of directors’ resolution; and
 
  
the weighted average of the closing stock prices on the KRX KOSPI Market for the
one-week
period prior to the date of the adoption of the relevant board of directors’ resolution.
However, any dissenting stockholder who wishes to contest the purchase price may bring a claim in court.
 
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Required Disclosure of Ownership
Any person whose direct or beneficial ownership of our common stock with voting rights, whether in the form of shares of common stock or ADSs, certificates representing the rights to subscribe for shares or
equity-related
debt securities including convertible bonds and bonds with warrants (which we refer to collectively as “Equity Securities”), together with the Equity Securities beneficially owned by certain related persons or by any person acting in concert with the person, accounts for 5% or more of the total issued and outstanding shares (Equity Securities of us held by such persons and treasury stock) is required to report the status and purpose (in terms of whether the purpose of the shareholding is to exercise control over our management) of the holdings to the Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market within five business days after reaching the 5% ownership interest. In addition, any change in (i) the ownership interest subsequent to the report that equals or exceeds 1% of the total issued and outstanding Equity Securities of us or (ii) the purpose of the shareholding is required to be reported to the Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market within five business days from the date of the change.
Violation of these reporting requirements may subject a person to criminal sanctions such as fines or imprisonment, an administrative fine of up to 0.001% of the aggregate market value of the total issued and outstanding stock or ₩500 million, whichever is lower, and/or a loss of voting rights with respect to the ownership of Equity Securities exceeding 5% of the total issued and outstanding Equity Securities with respect to which the reporting requirements were violated. Furthermore, the Financial Services Commission may order the disposal of the unreported Equity Securities.
In addition to the reporting requirements described above, any person whose direct or beneficial ownership of our stock accounts for 10% or more of the total issued and outstanding stock (which we refer to as a “major stockholder”) must report the status of his/her shareholding to the Korea Securities and Futures Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market within five days after becoming a major stockholder. In addition, any change in the ownership interest subsequent to the report must be reported to the Korea Securities and Futures Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market within five days of the occurrence of the change, provided that such reporting obligation would not apply if the change in the ownership interest consists of less than 1,000 shares and the amount of such change is less than ₩10 million. Violation of these reporting requirements may subject a person to criminal sanctions such as fines or imprisonment.
Other Provisions
Register of Stockholders and Record Dates
We maintain the register of our stockholders at our principal office in Seoul, Korea. We register transfers of shares on the register of stockholders upon presentation of the share certificates.
The record date for annual dividends is December 31. For the purpose of determining the holders of shares entitled to annual dividends, the register of stockholders will be closed for the period beginning from January 1 and ending on January 31. Further, the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation permit us upon at least two weeks’ public notice to set a record date and/or close the register of stockholders for not more than three months for the purpose of determining the stockholders entitled to certain rights pertaining to the shares. However, in the event that the register of stockholders is closed for the period beginning from January 1 and ending on January 31 for the purpose of determining the holders of shares entitled to attend the annual general meeting of stockholders, the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation waive the requirement to provide at least two weeks’ public notice.
The trading of shares and the delivery of certificates in respect thereof may continue while the register of stockholders is closed. Also, we may distribute dividends to stockholders on a quarterly basis, and the record dates for these quarterly dividends are the end of March, June and September of each year.
 
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Annual Reports
Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, we must file with the Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market an annual business report within 90 days after the end of each fiscal year, a
half-year
business report within 45 days after the end of the first six months of each fiscal year and quarterly business reports within 45 days after the end of the first three months and nine months of each fiscal year, respectively. In addition, in accordance with the Enforcement Decree of the Commercial Act, we must make available our annual business report and audit report to our shareholders by sending such reports electronically or posting them on our website at least one week before the annual general meeting of stockholders. Copies of such business reports will be available for public inspection at the Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market.
Transfer of Shares
Under the Korean Commercial Code, the transfer of shares is effected by the delivery of share certificates. The Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act provides, however, that in case of a company listed on the KRX KOSPI Market such as us, share transfers can be effected by the
book-entry
method. In order to assert stockholders’ rights against us, the transferee must have his name and address registered on the register of stockholders. For this purpose, stockholders are required to file with us their name, address and seal.
Non-resident
stockholders must notify us of the name of their proxy in Korea to which our notice can be sent.
Under current Korean regulations, the following entities may act as agents and provide related services for foreign stockholders:
 
  
the Korea Securities Depository;
 
  
internationally recognized foreign custodians;
 
  
financial investment companies with a dealing license (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license);
 
  
financial investment companies with a brokerage license (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license);
 
  
foreign exchange banks (including domestic branches of foreign banks); and
 
  
financial investment companies with a collective investment license (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license).
In addition, foreign stockholders may appoint a standing proxy among the foregoing and generally may not allow any person other than the standing proxy to exercise rights to the acquired shares or perform any tasks related thereto on their behalf. Certain foreign exchange controls and securities regulations apply to the transfer of shares by
non-residents
or
non-Koreans.
See “Item 9.A. Offering and Listing Details” and “Item 10.D. Exchange Controls.” Except as provided in the Financial Holding Company Act, the ceiling on the aggregate shareholdings of a single stockholder and persons who stand in a special relationship with such stockholder is 10% of our issued and outstanding voting shares. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Restrictions on Ownership of a Financial Holding Company.”
Acquisition of Our Shares
Under the Korean Commercial Code, we may acquire our own shares upon a resolution of a general meeting of shareholders by either (i) purchasing them on a stock exchange or (ii) purchasing a number of shares, other than redeemable shares as set forth in Article 345, Paragraph (1) of the Korean Commercial Code, from each shareholder in proportion to their existing shareholding ratio through the methods set forth in the Presidential
 
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Decree, provided that the total purchase price does not exceed the amount of our profit that may be distributed as dividends in respect of the immediately preceding fiscal year.
Additionally, pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and regulations under the Financial Holding Company Act and after submission of certain reports to the Financial Services Commission, we may purchase our own shares on the KRX KOSPI Market or through a tender offer, subject to the restrictions that:
 
  
the aggregate purchase price of such shares may not exceed the total amount available for distribution of dividends at the end of the preceding fiscal year; and
 
  
the purchase of such shares shall meet the
risk-weighted
capital adequacy ratio requirements prescribed in the regulations under the Financial Holding Company Act based on Bank for International Settlements standards.
Subject to certain limited exceptions, our subsidiaries will not be permitted to acquire our shares pursuant to the Financial Holding Company Act.
Item 10.C.
Material Contracts
None.
Item 10.D.
Exchange Controls
General
The Foreign Exchange Transaction Act of Korea and the Enforcement Decree and regulations under that Act and Decree, which we refer to collectively as the “Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws,” regulate investment in Korean securities by
non-residents
and issuance of securities outside Korea by Korean companies.
Non-residents
may invest in Korean securities pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws. The Financial Services Commission has also adopted, pursuant to its authority under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, regulations that restrict investment by foreigners in Korean securities and regulate issuance of securities outside Korea by Korean companies.
Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, (1) if the Korean government deems that it is inevitable due to the outbreak of natural calamities, wars, conflict of arms or grave and sudden changes in domestic or foreign economic circumstances or other situations equivalent thereto, the Ministry of Economy and Finance may temporarily suspend payment, receipt or the whole or part of transactions to which the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws apply, or impose an obligation to
safe-keep,
deposit or sell means of payment in or to certain Korean governmental agencies or financial institutions; and (2) if the Korean government deems that international balance of payments and international finance are confronted or are likely to be confronted with serious difficulty or the movement of capital between Korea and abroad brings or is likely to bring about serious obstacles in carrying out its currency policies, exchange rate policies and other macroeconomic policies, the Ministry of Economy and Finance may take measures to require any person who intends to perform capital transactions to obtain permission or to require any person who performs capital transactions to deposit part of the payments received in such transactions at certain Korean governmental agencies or financial institutions, in each case subject to certain limitations.
Restrictions Applicable to Shares
Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, a foreign investor who intends to acquire shares must designate a foreign exchange bank at which he must open a foreign currency account and a Won account exclusively for stock investments. No approval is required for remittance into Korea and deposit of foreign
 
181

currency funds in the foreign currency account. Foreign currency funds may be transferred from the foreign currency account at the time required to place a deposit for, or settle the purchase price of, a stock purchase transaction to a Won account opened at a financial investment company with a dealing and/or brokerage license. Funds in the foreign currency account may be remitted abroad without any Korean governmental approval.
Dividends on shares of Korean companies are paid in Won. No Korean governmental approval is required for foreign investors to receive dividends on, or the Won proceeds of the sale of, any shares to be paid, received and retained in Korea. Dividends paid on, and the Won proceeds of the sale of, any shares held by a
non-resident
of Korea must be deposited either in a Won account with the investor’s financial investment company with a dealing and/or brokerage license or in his Won account. Funds in the investor’s Won account may be transferred to his foreign currency account or withdrawn for local living expenses up to certain limitations. Funds in the Won account may also be used for future investment in shares or for payment of the subscription price of new shares obtained through the exercise of preemptive rights.
Financial investment companies with dealing and/or brokerage licenses are allowed to open foreign currency accounts with foreign exchange banks exclusively for accommodating foreign investors’ stock investments in Korea. Through these accounts, such financial investment companies may enter into foreign exchange transactions on a limited basis, such as conversion of foreign currency funds and Won funds, either as a counterparty to or on behalf of foreign investors, without the investors having to open their own accounts with foreign exchange banks.
 
Item 10.E.
Taxation
United States Taxation
This summary describes certain U.S. federal income tax consequences for a U.S. holder (as defined below) of acquiring, owning, and disposing of common shares or ADSs. This summary applies to you only if you hold the common shares or ADSs as capital assets for tax purposes. This summary does not apply to you if you are a member of a class of holders subject to special rules, such as:
 
  
a dealer in securities or currencies;
 
  
a trader in securities that elects to use a
mark-to-market
method of accounting for securities holdings;
 
  
a bank;
 
  
a life insurance company;
 
  
a
tax-exempt
organization;
 
  
an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes or a partner in such partnership;
 
  
a person that holds common shares or ADSs that are a hedge or that are hedged against interest rate or currency risks;
 
  
a person that holds common shares or ADSs as part of a straddle or conversion transaction for tax purposes;
 
  
a person whose functional currency for tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar; or
 
  
a person that owns or is deemed to own 10% or more of our stock, measured by voting power or value.
This summary is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, its legislative history, existing and proposed regulations promulgated thereunder, and published rulings and court decisions, all as currently in effect. These laws are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis.
This summary does not discuss the application of the U.S. federal estate and gift taxes, the Medicare net investment income tax or the alternative minimum tax, or state, local or
non-U.S.
taxes.
 
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Please consult your own tax advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local, and other tax consequences of purchasing, owning, and disposing of common shares or ADSs in your particular circumstances.
For purposes of this summary, you are a “U.S. holder” if you are the beneficial owner of a common share or an ADS and are:
 
  
a citizen or resident of the United States;
 
  
a U.S. domestic corporation; or
 
  
otherwise subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis with respect to income from the common share or ADS.
In general, if you are the beneficial owner of ADSs, you will be treated as the beneficial owner of the common shares represented by those ADSs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and no gain or loss will be recognized if you exchange an ADS for the common share represented by that ADS.
Dividends
The gross amount of cash dividends that you receive (prior to deduction of Korean taxes) generally will be subject to U.S. federal income taxation as foreign source “passive category” dividend income and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction. Dividends paid in Won will be included in your income in a U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of your receipt of the dividend, in the case of common shares, or the depositary’s receipt, in the case of ADSs, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If such a dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, you generally should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income.
Subject to certain exceptions for
short-term
and hedged positions, the U.S. dollar amount of dividends received by an individual with respect to the ADSs will be subject to taxation at reduced rates if the dividends are “qualified dividends.” Dividends paid on the common shares or ADSs will be treated as qualified dividends if (i) the common shares or ADSs are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States or we are eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States that the U.S. Treasury determines is satisfactory for purposes of this provision and that includes an exchange of information program; and (ii) we were not, in the year prior to the year in which the dividend was paid, and are not, in the year in which the dividend is paid, a passive foreign investment company as defined for U.S. federal income tax purposes (“PFIC”). The ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, and will qualify as readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States so long as they are so listed. In addition, the U.S. Treasury has determined that the Korea-United States income tax treaty meets the requirements for reduced rates of taxation, and we believe we are eligible for the benefits of that treaty. Based on our audited financial statements, we believe that we were not a PFIC in our 2020 or 2021 taxable year. In addition, based on our audited financial statements and current expectations regarding our income, assets and activities, we do not anticipate becoming a PFIC for our 2022 taxable year. Therefore, we believe that dividends received by U.S. holders with respect to either common shares or ADSs will be “qualified dividends.” Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the availability of the reduced dividend tax rate in light of their own particular circumstances.
Distributions of additional shares in respect of common shares or ADSs that are made as part of a
pro-rata
distribution to all of our stockholders generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.
Sale or Other Disposition
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, gain or loss you realize on a sale or other disposition of common shares or ADSs generally will be treated as U.S. source capital gain or loss, and will be
long-term
capital gain or
 
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loss if the common shares or ADSs were held for more than one year. Your ability to offset capital losses against ordinary income is limited.
Long-term
capital gain recognized by an individual U.S. holder generally is subject to taxation at reduced rates.
If a U.S. holder sells or otherwise disposes of our common shares or ADSs in exchange for currency other than U.S. dollars, the amount realized generally will be the U.S. dollar value of the currency received at the spot rate on the date of sale or other disposition (or, if the shares are traded on an established securities market at such time, in the case of cash basis and electing accrual basis U.S. holders, the settlement date). An accrual basis U.S. holder that does not elect to determine the amount realized using the spot exchange rate on the settlement date will recognize foreign currency gain or loss equal to the difference between the U.S. dollar value of the amount received based on the spot exchange rates in effect on the date of the sale or other disposition and the settlement date. If an accrual basis U.S. holder makes the election described in the first sentence of this paragraph, it must be applied consistently from year to year and cannot be revoked without the consent of the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS. A U.S. holder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the treatment of any foreign currency gain or loss realized with respect to any currency received in a sale or other disposition of the common shares or ADSs.
Foreign Tax Credit Considerations
You should consult your own tax advisers to determine whether you are subject to any special rules that limit your ability to make effective use of foreign tax credits, including the possible adverse impact of failing to take advantage of benefits under the income tax treaty between the United States and Korea. If no such rules apply, you may claim a credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability for Korean taxes withheld from dividends on the common shares or ADSs, so long as you have owned the common shares or ADSs (and not entered into specified kinds of hedging transactions) for at least a
16-day
period that includes the
ex-dividend
date. Instead of claiming a credit, you may, if you so elect, deduct such Korean taxes in computing your taxable income, subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. tax law. Such treatment could affect your ability to utilize any available foreign tax credit in respect of such taxes.
Any Korean securities transaction tax or agriculture and fishery special surtax that you pay will not be creditable for foreign tax credit purposes.
Similarly, a U.S. holder will not be able to claim a foreign tax credit against its U.S. federal income tax liability for any Korean inheritance or gift tax imposed in respect of the common shares or ADSs.
Foreign tax credits will not be allowed for withholding taxes imposed in respect of certain
short-term
or hedged positions in securities and may not be allowed in respect of arrangements in which a U.S. holder’s expected economic profit is insubstantial.
The calculation of foreign tax credits and, in the case of a U.S. holder that elects to deduct foreign taxes, the availability of deductions involve the application of complex rules that depend on a U.S. holder’s particular circumstances. You should consult your own tax advisers regarding the creditability or deductibility of such taxes.
Specified Foreign Financial Assets
Certain U.S. holders that own “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate value in excess of US$50,000 on the last day of the taxable year or US$75,000 at any time during the taxable year are generally required to file an information statement along with their tax returns, currently on IRS Form 8938, with respect to such assets. “Specified foreign financial assets” include any financial accounts held at a
non-U.S.
financial institution, as well as securities issued by a
non-U.S.
issuer (which would include the common shares or ADSs) that are not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions. Higher reporting thresholds apply to certain
 
184

individuals living abroad and to certain married individuals. Regulations extend this reporting requirement to certain entities that are treated as formed or availed of to hold direct or indirect interests in specified foreign financial assets based on certain objective criteria. U.S. holders who fail to report the required information could be subject to substantial penalties. Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisers concerning the application of these rules to their investment in the common shares or ADSs, including the application of the rules to their particular circumstances.
U.S. Information Reporting and Backup Withholding Rules
Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain
U.S.-related
financial intermediaries are subject to information reporting and may be subject to backup withholding unless the U.S. holder provides an accurate taxpayer identification number and makes any other required certification or otherwise establishes an exemption. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. holder will be allowed as a refund or credit against the U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the required information is furnished to the IRS in a timely manner.
Holders that are not U.S. persons generally are not subject to information reporting or backup withholding. However, such a holder may be required to provide a certification of its
non-U.S.
status in connection with payments received within the United States or through a
U.S.-related
financial intermediary.
Korean Taxation
The following summary of Korean tax considerations applies to you so long as you are not:
 
  
a resident of Korea;
 
  
a corporation with its head office, principal place of business or place of effective management in Korea; or
 
  
engaged in a trade or business in Korea through a permanent establishment or a fixed base to which the relevant income is attributable or with which the relevant income is effectively connected.
Taxation of Dividends on Common Shares or ADSs
We will deduct Korean withholding tax from dividends paid to you (whether payable in cash or in shares) at a rate of 22.0% (inclusive of local income surtax). If you are a qualified resident and a beneficial owner of the dividends in a country that has entered into a tax treaty with Korea, you may qualify for a reduced rate of Korean withholding tax. See “—Tax Treaties” below for a discussion on treaty benefits. If we distribute to you free shares representing a transfer of earning surplus or certain capital reserves into
paid-in
capital, that distribution may be subject to Korean withholding tax.
Taxation of Capital Gains from Transfer of Common Shares or ADSs
As a general rule, capital gains earned by
non-residents
upon transfer of our common shares or ADSs are subject to Korean withholding tax at the lower of (1) 11.0% (inclusive of local income surtax) of the gross proceeds realized or (2) subject to the production of satisfactory evidence of acquisition costs and certain direct transaction costs of the common shares or ADSs, 22.0% (inclusive of local income surtax) of the net realized gain, unless exempt from Korean income taxation under the applicable Korean tax treaty with the
non-resident’s
country of tax residence. See “—Tax Treaties” below for a discussion on treaty benefits. Even if you do not qualify for an exemption under a tax treaty, you will not be subject to the foregoing withholding tax on capital gains if you qualify under the relevant Korean domestic tax law exemptions discussed in the following paragraphs.
 
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In regards to the transfer of our common shares through the Korea Exchange, you will not be subject to the withholding tax on capital gains (as described in the preceding paragraph) if you (1) have no permanent establishment in Korea and (2) did not own or have not owned (together with any shares owned by any person with which you have a certain special relationship) 25% or more of the total issued and outstanding shares, which may include the common shares represented by the ADSs, at any time during the calendar year in which the sale occurs and during the five consecutive calendar years prior to the calendar year in which the sale occurs.
Under Korean tax law, ADSs are viewed as shares of common stock for capital gains tax purposes. Accordingly, capital gains from the sale or disposition of ADSs are taxed (if such sale or disposition constitutes a taxable event) as if such gains are from the sale or disposition of the underlying common shares. Capital gains that you earn (regardless of whether you have a permanent establishment in Korea) from a transfer of ADSs outside of Korea will generally be exempt from Korean income taxation by virtue of the Special Tax Treatment Control Law of Korea, or STTCL, provided that the issuance of the ADSs is deemed to be an overseas issuance under the STTCL. However, if you transfer ADSs after having converted the underlying common shares, such exemption under the STTCL will not apply and you will be required to file a corporate income tax return and pay tax in Korea with respect to any capital gains derived from such transfer unless the purchaser or a financial investment company with a brokerage license, as applicable, withholds and pays such tax.
If you are subject to tax on capital gains with respect to the sale of ADSs, or of our common shares you acquired as a result of a withdrawal, the purchaser or, in the case of the sale of the common shares on the Korea Exchange or through a financial investment company with a brokerage license in Korea, such financial investment company is required to withhold Korean tax on capital gains from the sales price in an amount equal to the lower of (1) 11.0% (inclusive of local income surtax) of the gross realization proceeds or (2) subject to the production of satisfactory evidence of acquisition costs and certain direct transaction costs of the common shares or ADSs, 22.0% (inclusive of local income surtax) of the net realized gain, and to make payment of these amounts to the Korean tax authority, unless you establish your entitlement to an exemption under an applicable tax treaty or domestic tax law. See the discussion under “—Tax Treaties” below for an additional explanation on claiming treaty benefits.
Tax Treaties
Korea has entered into a number of income tax treaties with other countries (including the United States), which would reduce or exempt Korean withholding tax on dividends on, and capital gains on transfer of, the common shares or ADSs. For example, under the
Korea-United
States income tax treaty, reduced rates of Korean withholding tax of 16.5% or 11.0% (depending on your shareholding ratio and inclusive of local income surtax) on dividends and an exemption from Korean withholding tax on capital gains are available to residents of the United States that are beneficial owners of the relevant dividend income or capital gains, subject to certain exceptions. However, under Article 17 (Investment or Holding Companies) of the
Korea-United
States income tax treaty, such reduced rates and exemption do not apply if (i) you are a United States corporation, (ii) by reason of any special measures, the tax imposed on you by the United States with respect to such dividend income or capital gains is substantially less than the tax generally imposed by the United States on corporate profits and (iii) 25% or more of your capital is held of record or is otherwise determined, after consultation between competent authorities of the United States and Korea, to be owned directly or indirectly by one or more persons who are not individual residents of the United States. Also, under Article 16 (Capital Gains) of the
Korea-United
States income tax treaty, the exemption on capital gains does not apply if (a) you have a permanent establishment in Korea and any shares of common stock in which you hold an interest and which gives rise to capital gains are effectively connected with such permanent establishment, (b) you are an individual and you maintain a fixed base in Korea for an aggregate of 183 days or more during a given taxable year and your ADSs or common shares giving rise to capital gains are effectively connected with such fixed base or (c) you are an individual and you are present in Korea for an aggregate of 183 days or more during a given taxable year.
You should inquire for yourself whether you are entitled to the benefit of a tax treaty between Korea and the country where you are a resident. It is the responsibility of the party claiming the benefits of an income tax treaty
 
186

in respect of dividend payments or capital gains to submit to us, the purchaser or the financial investment company, as applicable, a certificate as to his tax residence. In the absence of sufficient proof, we, the purchaser or the financial investment company, as applicable, must withhold tax at the normal rates. Furthermore, in order for you to claim the benefit of a tax rate reduction or tax exemption on certain Korean source income (such as dividends or capital gains) under an applicable tax treaty, Korean tax law requires you (or your agent) to submit an application (for reduced withholding tax rate, “application for entitlement to reduced tax rate,” and in the case of exemptions from withholding tax, “application for tax exemption,” along with a certificate of your tax residency issued by a competent authority of your country of tax residence, subject to certain exceptions) as the beneficial owner of such Korean source income (“BO application”). For example, a U.S. resident would be required to provide Form 6166 as a certificate of tax residency together with the application for entitlement to reduced tax rate or the application for tax exemption. Such application should be submitted to the withholding agent prior to the payment date of the relevant income. Subject to certain exceptions, where the relevant income is paid to an overseas investment vehicle (which is not the beneficial owner of such income) (“OIV”), a beneficial owner claiming the benefit of an applicable tax treaty with respect to such income must submit its BO application to such OIV, which must submit an OIV report and a schedule of beneficial owners (and the BO applications collected from each beneficial owner, if such beneficial owner is applying for tax exemption) to the withholding agent prior to the payment date of such income. Effective from January 1, 2022, an OIV is deemed to be a beneficial owner of the Korean source income if (i) under the applicable tax treaty, the OIV bears tax liabilities in the country in which it is established and (ii) the Korean source income is eligible for benefits under the tax treaty. The benefits under a tax treaty between Korea and the country of such OIV’s residence will apply with respect to the relevant income paid to such OIV, subject to certain application requirements as prescribed by the Corporate Income Tax or Individual Income Tax Law. In the case of a tax exemption application, the withholding agent is required to submit such applications (together with the applicable OIV report in the case of income paid to an OIV) to the relevant district tax office by the ninth day of the month following the date of the payment of such income.
Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax
If you die while holding an ADS or donate an ADS, it is unclear whether, for Korean inheritance tax and gift tax purposes, you will be treated as the owner of the common shares underlying the ADSs. If the tax authority interprets depositary receipts as the underlying share certificates, you may be treated as the owner of the common shares and your heir or the donee (or in certain circumstances, you as the donor) will be subject to Korean inheritance tax or gift tax presently at the rate of 10% to 50%, provided that the value of the ADSs or the common shares is greater than a specified amount.
If you die while holding a common share or donate a common share, your heir or donee (or in certain circumstances, you as the donor) will be subject to Korean inheritance tax or gift tax at the same rate as indicated above.
At present, Korea has not entered into any tax treaty relating to inheritance tax or gift tax.
Securities Transaction Tax
If you transfer our common shares on the Korea Exchange in 2022, you will be subject to securities transaction tax at the rate of 0.08% (with no such securities transaction tax to be imposed on transfers starting January 1, 2023) and an agriculture and fishery special surtax at the rate of 0.15% of the sale price of the common shares. If your transfer of the common shares is not made on the Korea Exchange, subject to certain exceptions, you will be subject to securities transaction tax at the rate of 0.43% if the transfer is made in 2022 (with such rate to be reduced to 0.35% starting January 1, 2023) and will not be subject to an agriculture and fishery special surtax.
Under the Securities Transaction Tax Law, depositary receipts (such as American depositary receipts) constitute share certificates subject to the securities transaction tax. However, the transfer of depositary receipts
 
187

listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the Nasdaq Global Market, or other qualified foreign exchanges is exempt from the securities transaction tax.
In principle, the securities transaction tax, if applicable, must be paid by the transferor of the common shares or ADSs. When the transfer is effected through a securities settlement company in Korea, such settlement company is generally required to withhold and pay the tax to the tax authorities. When such transfer is made through a financial investment company only, such financial investment company is required to withhold and pay the tax. Where the transfer is effected by a
non-resident
without a permanent establishment in Korea, other than through a securities settlement company or a financial investment company, the transferee is required to withhold the securities transaction tax.
Non-reporting
or
under-reporting
of securities transaction tax will generally result in penalties equal to 20% to 60% of the
non-reported
tax amount or 10% to 60% of
under-reported
tax amount. Also, a failure to timely pay securities transaction tax will result in a penalty equal to 8.03% per annum of the due but unpaid tax amount. The penalties are imposed on the party responsible for paying the securities transaction tax or, if such tax is required to be withheld, on the party that has the obligation to withhold.
 
Item 10.F.
Dividends and Paying Agents
Not applicable.
 
Item 10.G.
Statement by Experts
Not applicable.
 
Item 10.H.
Documents on Display
We are subject to the information requirements of the Exchange Act, and, in accordance therewith, are required to file reports, including annual reports on Form
20-F,
and other information with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. These materials, including this annual report and the exhibits thereto, may be inspected and copied at the Commission’s public reference rooms in Washington, D.C., New York, New York and Chicago, Illinois. Please call the Commission at
1-800-SEC-0330
for further information on the public reference rooms. As a foreign private issuer, we are also required to make filings with the Commission by electronic means. Any filings we make electronically will be available to the public over the Internet at the Commission’s web site at http://www.sec.gov.
 
Item 10.I.
Subsidiary Information
Not applicable.
 
Item 11.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Overview
As a financial services provider, we are exposed to various risks related to our lending and trading businesses, our funding activities and our operating environment, principally through Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary. Our goal in risk management is to ensure that we identify, measure, monitor and control the various risks that arise, and that our organization adheres strictly to the policies and procedures which we establish to address these risks. Under our internal regulations pertaining to our consolidated capital adequacy ratio and internal standards for risk appetite and internal capital under Basel III, we identify the following eight separate categories of risk inherent in our business activities: credit risk, market risk, operational risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, credit concentration risk, reputation risk and strategic risk. Of these, the principal risks to which we are exposed are credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk and operational risk, and we strive to manage these and other risks within acceptable limits.
 
188

Organization
We have a
multi-tiered
risk management governance structure. Our Risk Management Committee is ultimately responsible for
group-wide
risk management, and directs our various subordinate risk management entities. The Risk Management Council coordinates the implementation of policies set forth by the Risk Management Committee with the relevant risk management units of our subsidiaries. The Subsidiary Risk Management Committee of each of our subsidiaries, based on the Risk Management Committee’s policies, determines risk management strategies and implements risk management policies and guidelines for such subsidiary and directs the activities of the subsidiary’s risk management units within the risk guidelines set at the group level. Each Subsidiary Risk Management Committee generally receives inputs from the respective risk management units of such subsidiary, which report to the Risk Management Committee.
The following chart sets out our risk management governance structure as of the date of this annual report:
 
 
Risk Management Committee
Our Risk Management Committee is a
board-level
committee that is responsible for overseeing all risks and advising the board of directors with respect to risk
management-related
issues. The committee consists of four
non-executive
directors (one of whom serves as the chairman of the committee), and convenes on a quarterly basis. Its major roles include:
 
  
establishing risk management strategies in accordance with the directives of the board of directors;
 
  
determining our target risk appetite;
 
  
allocating risk capital to each subsidiary and approving our subsidiaries’ risk limits;
 
  
reviewing the level of risks we are exposed to and the appropriateness of our risk management policies, systems and operations; and
 
  
reviewing recovery and resolution plans.
Risk Management Council
Our Risk Management Council is responsible for coordinating with the risk management units of our subsidiaries to ensure that they implement the policies, guidelines and limits established by the Risk Management Committee. The Risk Management Council is comprised of our chief risk management officer and the chief risk management officers of all of our subsidiaries. It operates independently from all business units and convenes on a quarterly basis. Its responsibilities include:
 
  
analyzing our risk status by using information provided by our
subsidiary-level
risk management units;
 
  
deliberating adjustments to the integrated risk capital allocation plan and risk limits for each of our subsidiaries; and
 
  
coordinating issues relating to the
group-wide
integration of our risk management functions.
 
189

Subsidiary Risk Management Committees
Each of our subsidiaries has delegated risk management authority to its Subsidiary Risk Management Committee. Each Subsidiary Risk Management Committee measures and monitors the various risks faced by the relevant subsidiary and reports to that subsidiary’s board of directors regarding decisions that it makes on risk management issues. It also makes certain strategic
risk-related
decisions regarding the operations of the relevant subsidiary, such as setting total exposure limits, allocating credit risk limits and market
risk-related
limits and determining which market risk derivatives instruments the subsidiary can trade. The major activities of each Subsidiary Risk Management Committee include:
 
  
determining and monitoring risk policies, guidelines, limits and tolerance levels and the level of subsidiary risk in accordance with group policy;
 
  
reviewing and analyzing the subsidiary’s risk profile;
 
  
setting limits for and adjusting the risk capital allocation plan and risk levels for each business unit within the subsidiary; and
 
  
monitoring compliance with our
group-wide
risk management policies and practices at the business unit and subsidiary level.
Each Subsidiary Risk Management Committee is comprised of the subsidiary’s
non-executive
directors on its board of directors.
Credit Risk Management
Credit risk is the risk of expected and unexpected losses in the event of borrower or counterparty defaults. Credit risk management aims to improve asset quality and generate stable profits while reducing risk through diversified and balanced loan portfolios. We determine the creditworthiness of each type of borrower or counterparty through reviews conducted by our credit experts and through our credit rating systems, and we set a credit limit for each borrower or counterparty.
We assess and manage all credit exposures. We measure expected losses and internal capital on assets (whether
on-
or
off-balance
sheet) that are subject to credit risk management and use expected losses and internal capital as management indicators. We manage credit risk by allocating credit risk internal capital limits. In addition, we control credit concentration risk exposure by applying and managing total exposure limits to prevent excessive risk concentration to particular industries or borrowers. Credit exposures that we assess and manage include loans to borrowers and counterparties, investments in securities, letters of credit, bankers’ acceptances, derivatives and commitments. Our risk appetite, which is the ratio of our required internal capital to our estimated available book capital, is approved by the Risk Management Committee once a year. Thereafter, we calculate internal capital every month for all of our subsidiaries and on a holding company level based on attributed internal capital in accordance with the risk appetite as approved by the Risk Management Committee, and measure and report profiles of credit risk on a holding company level and by subsidiary regularly to our senior management, including our Risk Management Committee.
We use expected default rates and recovery rates to determine the expected loss rate of a borrower or counterparty. We use the expected loss rate to make credit related decisions, including pricing, loan approval and establishment of standards to be followed at each level of decision making. These rates are calculated using information gathered from our internal database. With respect to large corporate borrowers, we also use information provided by external credit rating services to calculate default rates and recovery rates.
Our credit risk management processes include:
 
  
establishing credit policy;
 
  
credit evaluation and approval;
 
190

  
industry assessment;
 
  
total exposure management;
 
  
collateral evaluation and monitoring;
 
  
credit risk assessment;
 
  
early warning and credit review; and
 
  
post-credit
extension monitoring.
Credit Evaluation
With respect to corporate loans, Kookmin Bank evaluates the ability of all loan applicants to repay their borrowings before it approves any loans, except for loans fully guaranteed by letters of guarantee issued by the Credit Guarantee Fund and the Korea Technology Credit Guarantee Fund, for loans fully secured by deposits and for other loans similarly guaranteed or secured. Kookmin Bank assigns each borrower or guarantor a credit rating based on the judgment of its experts or scores calculated using the appropriate credit rating system. Factors that Kookmin Bank considers in assigning credit ratings include both financial factors and
non-financial
factors, such as its perception of the borrower’s ability to meet its payment obligations, risks relating to the industry in which the borrower operates, management and operational risks relating to the borrower, the borrower’s financial flexibility and the borrower’s level of reliability based on its transaction history. With respect to retail loans, Kookmin Bank assigns credit ratings based on its internal information regarding the borrower that has been accumulated as well as external information gathered from credit bureaus relating to various criteria, such as the borrower’s profession, annual income, credit card overdue information and transaction history involving both Kookmin Bank and other financial institutions. The credit rating process differs according to the type, size and characteristics of the borrower.
Kookmin Bank uses its internally developed credit rating systems to rate potential borrowers. As the characteristics of each customer segment differ, Kookmin Bank uses several credit rating systems for its customers. The nature of the credit rating system used for a particular borrower depends on whether the borrower is an individual, a SOHO customer, a
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprise or a large company. For large companies and small- and
medium-sized
enterprises, Kookmin Bank has 17 credit ratings ranging from AAA to D for risk management purposes. For retail customers, it has 13 credit ratings ranging from grade 1 to grade 13.
Based on the credit rating of a borrower, Kookmin Bank applies different credit policies, which affect factors such as credit limit, loan period, loan pricing, loan classification and provisioning. Kookmin Bank also uses these credit ratings in evaluating its
bank-wide
risk management strategy. Factors Kookmin Bank considers in making this evaluation include the profitability of each company or transaction, performance of each business unit and portfolio management. Kookmin Bank monitors the credit status of borrowers and collect information to adjust its ratings appropriately. If Kookmin Bank changes a borrower’s credit rating, it will also change the credit policies relating to that borrower and may also change the policies underlying its loan portfolio.
Retail Loan Approval Process
Mortgage Loans and Secured Retail Loans
. Branch staff employees of Kookmin Bank forward loan applications to processing centers and Kookmin Bank’s processing center staff reviews mortgage loans and retail loans secured by real estate or guarantees. However, in the case of loans secured by deposits with Kookmin Bank, its branch staff approves such loans. Kookmin Bank makes lending decisions based on its assessment of the value of the collateral, debt service capability and the borrower’s score generated from its credit scoring systems.
For mortgage loans and loans secured by real estate, Kookmin Bank evaluates the value of the real estate offered as collateral using a database it has developed that contains information about real estate values
 
191

throughout Korea. Kookmin Bank also uses information from a third party provider about the real estate market in Korea, which gives it
up-to-date
market value information for Korean real estate. In addition, Kookmin Bank’s processing center staff employees review the value of real estate provided by the evaluation system to ensure there are no significant discrepancies. Kookmin Bank bases decisions regarding the approval of such loans primarily on the results of its credit scoring systems.
For loans secured by deposits, Kookmin Bank will generally grant loans up to 95%
of the deposit amount if it holds the deposit.
Kookmin Bank generally decides whether to evaluate a loan application within three to five days after recording the relevant information in its credit scoring systems.
Unsecured Retail Loans
. Kookmin Bank reviews applications for unsecured retail loans in accordance with its credit scoring systems. These automated systems evaluate loan applications and determine an appropriate pricing for the loan. The major benefits of using a credit scoring system are that it yields uniform results regardless of the user and that it can be used effectively by employees who do not necessarily have extensive experience in credit evaluation. The staff of Kookmin Bank’s processing centers reviews the results of the credit scoring system based on information input by its branch staff and, if approved, issues the loan.
Kookmin Bank’s credit scoring systems take into account factors including borrower’s income, assets, profession, transaction history (with both it and other financial institutions) and other relevant credit information. The systems rank each borrower in an appropriate grade, and that grade is used as a factor in deciding whether to approve loans as well as to determine loan amounts. Kookmin Bank generally bases its decisions on the results of its credit scoring systems to evaluate applications.
Corporate Loan Approval Process
We approve corporate loans at different levels of our organization depending on the size and type of the loan, the credit risk level assessed by the credit rating system, whether the loan is secured by collateral and, if secured, the value of the collateral. The lowest level of authority is the branch staff employee of Kookmin Bank, who can approve small loans and loans that have the lowest range of credit risk. Larger loans and loans with higher credit risk are approved by higher levels of authority depending on where they fall in a matrix of loan size and credit risk. Depending on the size and terms of any particular loan or the credit risk relating to a particular borrower, more than one entity may review the application, although generally loan applications are reviewed only by the entity having corresponding authority to approve the loan.
Kookmin Bank evaluates all of its corporate borrowers by using credit rating systems, except for applicants whose borrowings are fully secured by deposits or applicants who have obtained
third-party
guarantees from the government or certain other very highly rated guarantors. See “—Credit Evaluation.”
For
owner-operated
enterprises (which we refer to as SOHOs), Kookmin Bank has put in place a credit rating system known as Small Office Home Office Corporate Rating System, or SOHO CRS. For other
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises, Kookmin Bank has put in place a similar credit rating system known as Corporate Rating System, or CRS. For large corporations, Kookmin Bank has put in place a similar credit rating system known as Large Corporate Rating System, or LCRS. For financial institutions, certain
non-profit
organizations and public institutions, Kookmin Bank has put in place a credit rating system known as Financial Institute,
Non-profit,
Public Corporate Rating System, or FNP CRS. The SOHO CRS, the CRS, the LCRS and the FNP CRS models consist of the following four parts:
 
  
Financial Model.
The financial model uses financial ratios such as stability ratio, profitability ratio and cash flow ratio to make credit determinations.
 
192

  
Non
-financial
Model.
The
non-financial
model uses various qualitative and quantitative factors, such as future repayment capability, industry-related risks, management-related risks and operation-related risks, to evaluate borrowers.
 
  
CEO Evaluation Model
. The CEO evaluation model is relevant for the SOHO CRS in particular (including business entities without external audits), and evaluates the credit information of the individual owner of SOHOs by reviewing such owner’s personal information, bank transaction records and external credit ratings.
 
  
Default Signal Check Model.
The default signal check model checks factors that have low frequency of occurrence but are highly likely to lead to a default in the event of an occurrence. The results of the default signal check model may be used to cap a borrower’s credit grade.
Credit Card Approval Process
We make decisions on all credit card approvals based on the Financial Supervisory Service standard of review for payment ability (such as the occupation and income of the applicant), as well as a combination of KB Kookmin Card’s internal application scoring system and a credit scoring system developed by independent credit bureaus.
KB Kookmin Card’s application scoring system reflects various credit information, including basic customer information (such as credit history), transaction history with it, if any, delinquency and transaction history with other card companies and financial institutions and credit information provided by Korea Credit Information Services and other credit bureaus. KB Kookmin Card also considers repayment ability, total assets, total outstanding borrowings and the length of the applicant’s relationship, if any, and past contribution to our profitability, if any.
The credit scoring system developed by credit bureaus, reflects various sources of information regarding the credit risk of customers, including delinquency and transaction history with other credit card companies and financial institutions.
On the basis of the standard of review for payment ability and the combination of the scores from our application scoring system and the credit scoring system developed by independent credit bureaus, KB Kookmin Card establishes, among other things, the term of any new approvals, initial limits and differentiation of fee rates with respect to its credit cards. KB Kookmin Card’s systems allow it to differentiate applicants into groups that receive immediate credit card approval or rejection, or that may require it to further investigate that applicant’s credit qualifications. The initial limits of new applicants are based on their estimated disposable income, which is based on their occupation and the value of their personal assets. KB Kookmin Card applies its fee rates to applicants differently according to risk premium and profitability.
Total Exposure Management
We establish and manage total exposure limits for industries,
chaebols
and corporations, as well as certain
small-
and
medium-sized
enterprises, in order to efficiently manage financial assets and to optimize our credit portfolio. Kookmin Bank establishes total exposure limits for (i) main debtor groups designated by the Financial Supervisory Service, (ii) groups to which Kookmin Bank has total exposure of ₩50 billion or more, (iii) enterprises that belong to a main debtor group or large enterprises, in both cases to which Kookmin Bank has total exposure of ₩40 billion or more, (iv) small- and
medium-sized
enterprises to which Kookmin Bank has total exposure of ₩30 billion or more and (v) other groups or individual enterprises designated by the head of Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Group as necessary. Kookmin Bank establishes total exposure limit by reviewing factors such as industry, size, cash flows, financial ratios and credit ratings, while establishing exposure limits for industries by reviewing the sales growth rate and risk concentration for each industry. These total exposure limits are set following approval by Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council after review by the Credit Risk Management Subcommittee.
 
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Kookmin Bank’s maximum exposure limit is within 25% of its Tier I and Tier II capital for a single group, and within 10% of its Tier I and Tier II capital for a single corporation.
We manage and control exposure limits on a daily basis. The principal system that we use for this purpose is the Total Exposure Management System. This system allows us to monitor and control our total exposure to corporations,
chaebols
and industries. Kookmin Bank monitors its exposure to large corporations to which it has an exposure of ₩40 billion or more, individual corporations to which it has an exposure of ₩30 billion or more, and also its exposure to 149 business groups, which comprise the 32 largest highly-indebted business groups, such groups being the main debtor groups in Korea designated as such by the Financial Supervisory Service based on their outstanding exposures as well as 117 business groups to which it has exposures (in the form of securities or loans) of ₩50 billion or more. We also monitor our exposure to 37 industries. Our Total Exposure Management System integrates all of our
credit-related
risk including credit extended by our overseas branches and affiliates. The assets subject to the system include all
Won-denominated
and foreign
currency-denominated
loans, all assets in trust accounts except specified money trusts, guarantees,
trade-related
credits, commercial paper, corporate bonds and other securities and derivatives.
Collateral Evaluation and Monitoring System
Kookmin Bank uses the Collateral Evaluation and Monitoring System to manage the liquidation value of collateral it holds. The Collateral Evaluation and Monitoring System is a computerized collateral management system that can be accessed from Kookmin Bank’s headquarters and its branches. Using this system, Kookmin Bank can more accurately assess the actual liquidation value of collateral, determine the recovery rate on its loans and use this information in setting its credit risk management and loan policies. Kookmin Bank can monitor the value of all the collateral a borrower provides and the value of that collateral based on its liquidation value. When appraising the value of real estate collateral, which makes up the largest part of Kookmin Bank’s collateral, Kookmin Bank consults a regularly updated database provided by a third party that tracks the prices at which various types of real estate in various regions of Korea are sold. Kookmin Bank appraises the value of collateral when it makes a loan, when the loan is due for renewal and when events occur that may change the value of the collateral.
Credit Risk Management and Monitoring
Kookmin Bank’s Credit Risk Department manages and regulates our loan portfolio policies. It also analyzes and monitors our loan portfolios and monitors our compliance with the applicable limits for credit risk. Moreover, it separately manages
high-risk
products, such as real estate project financing loans and
over-the-counter
derivative products, by setting appropriate limits.
Credit Review
Kookmin Bank’s credit review function is independent of the business groups which manage our assets. Its Credit Review Department:
 
  
reviews internal credit regulations, policies and systems;
 
  
analyzes the credit status of selected loan assets and verifies the appropriateness of the credit evaluations/approvals made by branches and headquarters; and
 
  
evaluates the corporate credit risk of potentially insolvent companies.
More specifically, Kookmin Bank’s Credit Review Department continuously reviews the financial condition of selected borrowers with respect to their current debt, collateral, business, transactions with related parties and debt service capability. Based on such review, Kookmin Bank may adjust the borrower’s credit rating, lending policy or asset quality classification of the loan provided to the borrower, depending on the applicable
 
194

circumstances. Kookmin Bank also regularly reviews other aspects of the lending process, including industries and regions in which its borrowers operate and the quality of its domestic and overseas assets. Kookmin Bank’s industry reviews focus on growth, stability, competition and ability to adapt to a changing environment. Based on the results of a particular industry review, Kookmin Bank may revise the total exposure limit assigned to that industry and lending policy for each company within that industry. When a review takes place, Kookmin Bank may adjust not only the credit ratings of its borrowers based on a variety of factors, but also asset quality classification, credit limits and its credit policies. Credit review results are reported to Kookmin Bank’s chief risk management officer and its Risk Management Committee on a quarterly basis.
Kookmin Bank’s Credit Review Department also conducts
on-site
reviews of selected branches that are experiencing increasing delinquency ratios and bad debts. During these visits Kookmin Bank examines the loan processes and recommends improvement plans and appropriate
follow-up
measures.
Also, based on guidelines provided by the Financial Supervisory Service to all Korean banks, Kookmin Bank operates a corporate credit risk assessment program to facilitate the identification of weak companies and possible commencement of corporate restructuring. Through this program, Kookmin Bank, together with other banks, is able to detect symptoms of financially troubled companies at an early stage, assess related credit risk and support the normalization of companies that are likely to turnaround through a workout process, or seek to liquidate those companies that are not likely to recover.
Kookmin Bank’s Credit Review Department also analyzes issues related to credit risk and provides information necessary for the formulation of effective credit policies and strategies and for effective credit risk management.
Market Risk Management
The major risks to which we are exposed are interest rate risk on debt instruments and interest bearing securities and foreign exchange risk and, to a lesser extent, stock price risk. The financial instruments that expose us to these risks are securities and financial derivatives. We are also exposed to interest rate risk and liquidity risk in Kookmin Bank’s banking book. We divide market risk into risks arising from trading activities and risks arising from
non-trading
activities.
Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council establishes overall market risk management principles. It has delegated the responsibility for the market risk management for trading activities to the Market Risk Management Subcommittee of Kookmin Bank, which is chaired by Kookmin Bank’s chief risk management officer. This subcommittee meets on a regular basis each month and as required to respond to developments in the market and the economy. Based on the policies approved by Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council, the Market Risk Management Subcommittee reviews and approves reports as required that include trading profits and losses, position reports, limit utilization, sensitivity analysis and VaR results for our trading activities.
Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council is responsible for interest rate and liquidity risk management for its
non-trading
activities. The council meets on a regular basis and as required to respond to developments in the market and the economy. Members of the Risk Management Council, acting through Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department, review Kookmin Bank’s interest rate and liquidity gap position monthly, as well as the business profile and its impact on asset and liability management.
To ensure adequate interest rate and liquidity risk management, we have assigned the responsibilities for our asset and liability risk management to Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department in Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Group, which monitors and reviews the asset and liability operating procedures and activities of Kookmin Bank’s Financial Planning Department and Asset and Liability Risk Management Department, and independently reports to the management on the related issues.
 
195

Market Risk Management for Trading Activities
Our trading activities consist of:
 
  
trading activities for our own account to realize
short-term
trading profits in
Won-denominated
debt and equities markets and foreign exchange markets based on our
short-term
forecast of changes in the market situation; and
 
  
trading activities involving derivatives, such as swaps, forwards, futures and option transactions, to realize profits primarily from selling derivative products to our customers and to hedge market risk incurred from those activities.
We use derivative instruments to hedge our market risk and, to a limited extent, to make profits by trading derivative products within acceptable risk limits. The principal objective of our hedging strategy is to manage our market risk within established limits. We use the following hedging instruments to manage relevant risks:
 
  
to hedge interest rate risk arising from its trading activities, the Trading/Capital Markets Management Department of Kookmin Bank occasionally uses interest rate futures (Korea Treasury Bond Futures) and interest rate swaps;
 
  
to hedge interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk arising from our foreign
currency-denominated
asset and liability positions as well as our trading activities, the Trading/Capital Markets Management Department of Kookmin Bank uses interest rate swaps,
cross-currency
interest rate swaps, foreign exchange forwards and futures,
Euro-dollar
futures and currency options; and
 
  
to change the interest rate characteristics of certain assets and liabilities after the original investment or funding, we use swaps. For example, depending on the market situation, we may choose to obtain fixed rate funding instead of floating rate funding if we believe that the terms are more favorable, which we can achieve by entering into interest rate swaps.
We generally manage our market risk at the portfolio level. To control our exposure to market risk, we use internal capital limits set by Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Committee for Kookmin Bank and at the group level within Kookmin Bank, VaR, position and stop loss limits set by Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council for Kookmin Bank and at the group level within Kookmin Bank, and VaR, position, stop loss and sensitivity limits (PVBP, Delta, Gamma, Vega) set by Kookmin Bank’s Market Risk Management Subcommittee at the department level within Kookmin Bank. We prepared our risk control and management guidelines for derivative trading based on the regulations and guidelines promulgated by the Financial Supervisory Service.
In addition, we have implemented internal processes which include a number of key controls designed to ensure that fair value is measured appropriately, particularly where a fair value model is internally developed and used to price a significant product. See Notes 4.4 and 6 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements. For example, each year, Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department reviews the existing pricing and valuation models, with a focus on their underlying modeling assumptions and restrictions, to assess the appropriateness of their continued use. In consultation with Kookmin Bank’s Trading Department, the Risk Management Department recommends potential valuation models to Kookmin Bank’s Fair Value Evaluation Committee. Upon approval by Kookmin Bank’s Fair Value Evaluation Committee, the selected valuation models are reported to its Market Risk Management Subcommittee.
We monitor market risk arising from trading activities of our business groups and departments. The market risk measurement model we use for both our
Won-denominated
trading operations and foreign
currency-denominated
trading operations is implemented through our integrated market risk management system called Adaptiv, which enables us to generate consistent VaR numbers for all trading activities.
Value at Risk analysis.
We use VaR to measure market risk. VaR is a statistically estimated maximum amount of loss that could occur over a given period of time at a given level of confidence. VaR is a commonly
 
196

used market risk management technique. However, this approach does have some shortcomings. VaR estimates possible losses over a certain period at a particular confidence level using past market movement data. Past market movement, however, is not necessarily a good indicator of future events, as there may be conditions and circumstances in the future that the model does not anticipate. As a result, the timing and magnitude of the actual losses can be different depending on the assumptions made at the time of calculation. In addition, the time periods used for the model, generally one or ten days, are assumed to be a sufficient holding period before liquidating the relevant underlying positions. If these holding periods are not sufficient, or too long, the VaR results may understate or overstate the potential loss. Different VaR methodologies and distributional assumptions could produce a materially different VaR. VaR is most appropriate as a risk measure for trading positions in liquid capital markets and will understate the risk associated with severe events, such as a period of extreme illiquidity.
We use a 99% single tail confidence level to measure VaR, which means the actual amount of loss may exceed the VaR, on average, once out of 100 business days. Until 2011, we used the
“variance-covariance
method” or parametric VaR (“PVaR”) methodology to measure our daily VaR, which took into account the diversification effects among different risk categories as well as within the same risk category. In 2012, we received authorization from the Financial Services Commission to use a historical simulation VaR (“HSVaR”) methodology, which we believe to be more accurate and responsive in reflecting market volatilities, to measure market risk. Our
ten-day
HSVaR method, which is computed using a full valuation and is computationally intensive, uses an archive of historic price data and the VaR for a portfolio is estimated by creating a hypothetical time series of returns on that portfolio, obtained by running the portfolio through actual
ten-day
historical data and computing the changes that would have occurred in each
ten-day
period.
The following table shows the volume and types of positions held by Kookmin Bank for which the VaR method is used to measure market risk as of December 31, 2020 and 2021.
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(in millions of Won)
 
Securities—Bond
(1)
  10,168,932   11,744,275 
Securities—Equity
(1)
   72,317    61,485 
Spot exchanges
(2)
   3,875,863    2,776,925 
Derivatives
(3)
   8,994,807    5,900,343 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  23,111,919   20,483,028 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
Represents amounts marked to market and as shown on the balance sheet information that is prepared and submitted to the Financial Supervisory Service for risk management purposes.
(2)
 
Represents the overall net open currency position in each currency, which is the greater of (i) the sum of the absolute value of all short positions and (ii) the sum of the absolute value of all long positions.
(3)
 
For
over-the-counter
derivatives, represents the absolute value of
over-the-counter
derivatives measured at fair value at year end. For
exchange-traded
derivatives, includes the amount of deposits and the collateral posted for such derivatives.
 
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The following table shows Kookmin Bank’s
ten-day
HSVaRs (at a 99% confidence level for a
ten-day
holding period) as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 for interest risk, stock price risk and foreign exchange risk relating to its trading activities. The following figures were calculated on a consolidated basis.
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
    2020    
  
    2021    
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Risk categories:
  
Interest risk
  50.8  16.5 
Stock price risk
   24.8   5.5 
Foreign exchange risk
   49.3   21.5 
Less: diversification
   (7.3  (13.0
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Diversified VaR for overall trading activities
  117.6  30.5 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
In 2021, the average, high, low and ending amounts of
ten-day
HSVaR (at a 99% confidence level for a
ten-day
holding period) for Kookmin Bank relating to its trading activities were as follows:
 
   
Trading activities VaR for 2021
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
As of
December 31,
2021
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Interest risk
  20.0   6.3   55.6   16.5 
Stock price risk
   9.0    4.5    24.8    5.5 
Foreign exchange risk
   27.8    17.8    49.2    21.5 
Less: diversification
         (13.0
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Diversified VaR for overall trading activities
  40.9   15.9   115.3   30.5 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
In 2020, the average, high, low and ending amounts of
ten-day
HSVaR (at a 99% confidence level for a
ten-day
holding period) for Kookmin Bank relating to its trading activities were as follows:
 
   
Trading activities VaR for 2020
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
As of
December 31,
2020
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Interest risk
  59.3   9.6   106.0   50.8 
Stock price risk
   15.2    3.8    24.3    24.8 
Foreign exchange risk
   36.1    5.3    67.8    49.3 
Less: diversification
         (7.3
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Diversified VaR for overall trading activities
  105.4   14.2   158.8   117.6 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
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In 2019, the average, high, low and ending amounts of
ten-day
HSVaR (at a 99% confidence level for a
ten-day
holding period) for Kookmin Bank relating to its trading activities were as follows:
 
   
Trading activities VaR for 2019
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
As of
December 31,
2019
 
   
(in billions of Won)
 
Interest risk
  11.2   1.7   20.5   16.6 
Stock price risk
   3.4    2.4    4.3    3.9 
Foreign exchange risk
   15.8    11.4    20.7    13.1 
Less: diversification
         (13.2
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Diversified VaR for overall trading activities
  17.5   13.6   24.8   20.4 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Standardized Method
. Market risk for positions not measured by VaR are measured using the standardized method for measuring market
risk-based
required equity capital specified by the Financial Supervisory Service, which takes into account certain risk factors. Under the standardized method, the required equity capital is measured using the
risk-weighted
values for each risk factor. The method used to measure the market
risk-based
required equity capital for each risk factor is as follows:
 
  
Interest rate risk:
 
  
General market risk: General market risk relates to the risk of losses from macroscopic events which could have an impact on interest rates, stock prices, exchange rates, and market prices of general commodities. General market interest rate risk of a debt security is calculated on its net position, taking into consideration the remaining maturity and coupon rate.
 
  
Specific risk: Specific risk relates to the risk of loss from changes in credit risk of issuers of debt securities or equities, excluding changes in general market prices. Specific interest rate risk of a debt security is measured by multiplying the interest rate position appraised based on the market price of such security by the
risk-weighted
value applicable to the type of debt security, credit rating and the remaining maturity.
 
  
Equity risk: General and specific equity risk are calculated by multiplying the bought or sold position by the relevant
risk-weighted
values.
 
  
Foreign exchange risk: Foreign exchange risk is measured by multiplying the larger of the absolute values among the net bought or sold positions of each currency by the relevant
risk-weighted
values.
 
  
Option risk: Option risk is measured using the delta, gamma and vega of the option.
The standardized method is used to measure the market risk of the positions for which the Financial Supervisory Service has not approved the use of the VaR method. In addition, we use the standardized method for positions which are held by certain subsidiaries or for which measuring VaR is difficult due to the lack of daily position data. See Note 4.4.3 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
 
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The following table shows the volume and types of instruments held by Kookmin Bank for which the standardized method is used to measure its required equity capital as of December 31, 2020 and 2021.
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(in millions of Won)
 
Bonds
(1)
     125,722 
Swaps and foreign exchange positions
(2)
   217,007    452,615 
Derivative-linked securities
(3)
   85,021     
Debt-equity swap stock put options
(4)
   364    17 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  302,392   578,354 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
Bonds held by our overseas consolidated subsidiaries, which cannot be measured through the use of our internal models.
(2)
 
Includes our overseas consolidated subsidiaries’ currency positions and their positions for foreign exchange swaps, total return swaps held by special purpose vehicles and foreign exchange derivatives that have not been authorized by the Financial Supervisory Service, which cannot be measured through the use of our internal models.
(3)
 
Amounts as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 represent the value of derivative-linked securities held by the trust accounts of Kookmin Bank subject to consolidation, for which the standardized method is used to measure Kookmin Bank’s required equity capital.
(4)
 
Reflects the value of our debt-equity swap stock put options in purchase agreements, which cannot be measured through the use of our internal models.
The following table shows Kookmin Bank’s required equity capital measured using the standardized method as of December 31, 2020 and 2021.
 
   
As of December 31,
 
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(in millions of Won)
 
Risk categories:
  
Interest risk
  40,290   25,431 
Stock price risk
   7,088    5 
Foreign exchange risk
   23,938    46,173 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  71,316   71,610 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Back
-Testing
. We conduct back testing on a daily basis to validate the adequacy of our market risk model. In back testing, we compare both the actual and hypothetical profit and loss with the VaR calculations and analyze any results that fall outside our predetermined confidence interval of 99%. The number of times the actual changes in fair values, earnings or cash flows from the market risk sensitive instruments exceeded the VaR amounts in 2019, 2020 and 2021 was 5, 9 and 2, respectively.
Stress testing
. In addition to VaR, which assumes normal market situations, we use stress testing to assess our market risk exposure to abnormal market fluctuations. Abnormal market fluctuations include significant declines in the stock market and significant increases in the general level of interest rates. This is an important way to supplement VaR, as VaR is a statistical expression of possible loss under a given confidence level and holding period. It does not cover potential loss if the market moves in a manner that is outside our normal expectations. Stress testing projects the anticipated change in value of holding positions under certain scenarios assuming that no action is taken during a stress event to change the risk profile of a portfolio. According to Kookmin Bank’s stress testing, we estimate that as of December 31, 2021, Kookmin Bank’s trading portfolio could have lost ₩511 billion for an assumed
short-term
extreme decline of approximately 25% in the equity market and an approximate 54 basis point increase in the Korean treasury bond rates under an abnormal stress environment.
We monitor the impact of market turmoil or any abnormality by conducting stress tests and confirming that the results are within our market risk limits. If the impact is large, Kookmin Bank’s chief risk management officer may request that our portfolio be restructured or other appropriate action be taken.
 
200

Interest Risk
Interest risk from trading activities arises mainly from our trading of
Won-denominated
debt securities. Our trading strategy is to benefit from
short-term
movements in the prices of debt securities arising from changes in interest rates. As our trading accounts are
marked-to-market
daily, we manage the interest risk related to our trading accounts using market
value-based
tools such as VaR and sensitivity analysis. As of December 31, 2021, the VaR of Kookmin Bank’s interest risk from trading was ₩16.5 billion and the weighted average duration, or weighted average maturity, of its
Won-denominated
debt securities at fair value through profit or loss was approximately 2.6 years.
Foreign Exchange Risk
Foreign exchange risk arises because we have assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than Won, as well as
off-balance
sheet items such as foreign exchange forwards and currency swaps. Our assets and liabilities denominated in U.S. dollars, Japanese Yen, Euro, Chinese Renminbi and Indonesian IDR have typically accounted for the majority of our foreign currency assets and liabilities.
The difference between our foreign currency assets and liabilities is offset against forward foreign exchange positions, currency options and currency swaps to obtain our net foreign currency open position. Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council and Market Risk Management Subcommittee oversee Kookmin Bank’s foreign exchange exposure for both trading and
non-trading
purposes by establishing a limit for this net foreign currency open position, together with stop loss limits. VaR limits are established on a combined basis for our domestic operations and foreign branches.
The following table shows Kookmin Bank’s
non-consolidated
net open positions at the end of 2020 and 2021. Positive amounts represent long positions and negative amounts represent short positions. The net open positions held by subsidiaries other than Kookmin Bank are not significant.
 
   
As of December 31,
(1)
 
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(in millions of US$)
 
Currency:
    
U.S. dollars
  US$(676.2  US$(783.4
Japanese Yen
   (2.6   (4.2
Euro
   4.8    7.0 
Chinese Renminbi
   13.9    50.8 
Indonesian IDR
   366.5    618.7 
Others
   71.2    96.7 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  US$(222.4  US$(14.4
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(1)
 
Amounts prepared on a
non-consolidated
basis.
Equity Price Risk
Equity price risk results from our equity derivatives trading portfolio in Won since we do not have any trading exposure to shares denominated in foreign currencies.
The equity derivatives trading portfolio in Won consists of
exchange-traded
stocks and equity derivatives under strict limits on diversification as well as position limits and stop loss limits.
Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council and Market Risk Management Subcommittee set annual and monthly stop loss limits that are monitored by Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department. In order to ensure timely action, the stop loss limit of individual securities is monitored by the relevant middle office.
As of December 31, 2021, Kookmin Bank’s equity trading position was ₩96.9 billion.
 
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Derivative Market Risk
Our derivative trading includes interest rate and
cross-currency
swaps, foreign exchange forwards, stock index and interest rate futures and currency options. These activities consist primarily of the following:
 
  
sales of
tailor-made
derivative products that meet various needs of our corporate customers and related transactions to reduce our exposure resulting from those sales;
 
  
taking positions in limited cases when we expect
short-swing
profits based on our market forecasts; and
 
  
trading to hedge our interest rate and foreign currency risk exposure as described above.
Market risk from trading derivatives is not significant since our derivative trading activities are primarily driven by customer deals with very limited open trading positions.
Market Risk Management for
Non-Trading
Activities
Interest Rate Risk
Our principal market risk from
non-trading
activities is interest rate risk. Interest rate risk arises due to mismatches in the maturities or
re-pricing
periods of these
rate-sensitive
assets and liabilities. We measure interest rate risk for Won and foreign currency assets and liabilities in our bank accounts (including derivatives) and our principal guaranteed trust accounts. Most of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities are denominated in Won and our foreign
currency-denominated
assets and liabilities are mostly denominated in U.S. dollars.
Our principal interest rate risk management objectives are to generate stable net interest revenues and to protect our asset value against interest rate fluctuations. We principally manage this risk for our
non-trading
activities by analyzing and managing maturity and duration gaps between our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. In addition, we use hedging instruments for interest rate risk management for our
non-trading
assets and liabilities.
Interest rate gap analysis measures expected changes in net interest revenues by calculating the difference in the amounts of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities at each maturity and interest resetting date. We perform interest rate gap analysis for
Won-denominated
and foreign
currency-denominated
assets and trust assets on a monthly basis or more frequently when deemed necessary.
Interest Rate Gap Analysis.
We perform interest rate gap analysis based on interest rate repricing maturities of assets and liabilities. However, for some of our assets and liabilities with either no maturities or unique characteristics, we use or assume certain maturities, including the following examples:
 
  
With respect to asset maturities, we assume remaining maturities of prime
rate-linked
loans with remaining maturities of over one year to be one year and use the actual maturities for prime
rate-linked
loans with remaining maturities of less than one year.
 
  
With respect to liability maturities, we use last 120 months’ average balance to segregate
“non-core”
and “core” demand deposits. We assume
“non-core”
demand deposits to have remaining maturities of one day or less, and we assume “core” demand deposits to have remaining maturities between one month and five years.
 
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The following table shows Kookmin Bank’s interest rate gap for
Won-denominated
accounts and foreign
currency-denominated
accounts as of December 31, 2021.
 
   
As of December 31, 2021
 
   
0-3 Months
  
3-6 Months
  
6-12 Months
  
1-3 Years
  
Over 3 Years
  
Total
 
   
(in billions of Won, except percentages)
 
Won-denominated

Interest-earning assets:
                         
Loans
  107,123  80,455  73,232  34,355  24,477  319,642 
Securities
   5,565   2,556   6,007   22,573   20,638   57,339 
Others
   5,566   52   47   49   0   5,714 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total
  118,254  83,063  79,286  56,977  45,115  382,695 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Interest-bearing liabilities:
                         
Deposits
  121,230  42,405  71,405  50,288  43,387  328,715 
Borrowings
   15,541   0   0   166   0   15,707 
Others
   13,254   2,985   6,940   3,620   2,150   28,949 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total
  150,025  45,390  78,345  54,074  45,537  373,371 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Sensitivity gap
   (31,771  37,673   941   2,903   (422  9,324 
Cumulative gap
   (31,771  5,902   6,843   9,746   9,324     
% of total assets
   (8.3)%   1.5  1.8  2.5  2.4    
Foreign
currency-denominated

Interest-earning assets:
                         
Due from banks
  6,353  160  87  144  0  6,744 
Loans
   20,868   4,058   3,262   2,432   4,494   35,114 
Securities
   4,491   397   479   1,250   1,514   8,131 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total
  31,712  4,615  3,828  3,826  6,008  49,989 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Interest-bearing liabilities:
                         
Deposits
  18,017  3,273  3,537  3,153  2,915  30,895 
Borrowings
   11,727   3,899   2,364   2,595   2,935   23,520 
Others
   1,638   0   0   0   0   1,638 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total
  31,382  7,172  5,901  5,748  5,850  56,053 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Sensitivity gap
   330   (2,557  (2,073  (1,922  158   (6,064
Cumulative gap
   330   (2,227  (4,300  (6,222  (6,064    
% of total assets
   0.7  (4.5)%   (8.6)%   (12.4)%   (12.1)%     
Duration Gap Analysis
. We also perform duration gap analysis to measure and manage interest rate risk. Duration gap analysis is a more
long-term
risk indicator than interest rate gap analysis, as interest rate gap analysis focuses more on accounting income as opposed to the market value of the assets and liabilities. We emphasize duration gap analysis because, in the long run, our principal concern with respect to interest rate fluctuations is the net asset value rather than net interest revenue changes. In 2021, our
Won-denominated
asset and liability duration gap was positive and it moved between +0.158 years and +0.198 years. Accordingly, our net asset value would have declined (or increased) between ₩615 billion and ₩644 billion if interest rates had increased (or decreased) by one percentage point.
For duration gap analysis we use or assume the same maturities for different assets and liabilities that we use or assume for our interest rate gap analysis.
 
203

The following table shows Kookmin Bank’s duration gaps and net asset value changes when interest rates decrease by one percentage point as of the specified dates, on a
non-consolidated
basis.
 
Won-denominated
  
Asset
Duration
   
Liability
Duration
   
Duration
Gap
   
Net Asset
Value Change
 
Date
  
(in years)
   
(in years)
   
(in years)
   
(in billions of
Won)
 
June 30, 2021
   1.110    0.998    0.167   615 
December 31, 2021
   1.103    0.984    0.167    644 
 
Foreign currency-denominated
  
Asset
Duration
   
Liability
Duration
   
Duration
Gap
   
Net Asset
Value Change
 
Date
  
(in years)
   
(in years)
   
(in years)
   
(in billions of
Won)
 
June 30, 2021
   0.988    0.758    0.182   77 
December 31, 2021
   1.025    0.794    0.164    84 
We set interest rate risk limits using historical interest rate volatility of financial bonds and duration gaps with respect to expected asset and liability positions based on our annual business plans. The Risk Management Department in Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Group submits interest rate gap analysis reports, duration gap analysis reports and interest rate risk limit compliance reports monthly to Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council and quarterly to Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Committee.
The following table summarizes Kookmin Bank’s interest rate risk, taking into account asset and liability durations as of December 31, 2021.
 
   
As of December 31, 2021
 
   
3 Months
or Less
  
3-6

Months
  
6-12

Months
  
1-3

Years
  
Over
3 Years
  
Total
 
   
(in billions of Won, except percentages and maturities in years)
 
Won-denominated:
                         
Asset position
  118,254  83,063  79,286  56,977  45,115  382,695 
Liability position
   150,025   45,390   78,345   54,074   45,537   373,371 
Gap
   (31,771  37,673   941   2,903   (422  9,324 
Average maturity
   0.093   0.365   0.719   1.827   6.472     
Interest rate volatility
   0.76  1.08  1.38  1.91  1.55    
Amount at risk
   58   148   (8  146   308   652 
       
Foreign
currency-denominated:
                         
Asset position
  31,712  4,615  3,828  3,826  6,008  49,989 
Liability position
   31,382   7,172   5,901   5,748   5,850   56,053 
Gap
   330   (2,557  (2,073  (1,922  158   (6,062
Average maturity
   0.094   0.372   0.739   1.905   6.698     
Interest rate volatility
   0.02  0.22  0.47  0.81  1.41    
Amount at risk
   0   (3  (7  (14  204   180 
IRRBB Analysis
. Prior to January 2020, we estimated the maximum possible loss on net
non-trading
assets due to unfavorable changes in interest rates by calculating interest rate VaR using a historical simulation method with actual historical price, volatility and yield changes in comparison with the current position to generate hypothetical portfolios and calculate a distribution of position and portfolio market value changes. Using this method, Kookmin Bank’s interest rate VaR was ₩591 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ₩837 billion as of December 31, 2021.
Recent amendments to the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business, which became effective in November 2019, require banks, including Kookmin Bank, to adopt the standards of the Interest Rate
 
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Risk in the Banking Book, or IRRBB, issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision for calculating interest rate risk exposure. Such amendments were adopted in order to promote more financial stability for banks by requiring them to maintain a sufficient level of capital through a more robust risk management system. Under the new IRRBB analysis standards, Kookmin Bank estimates its interest rate risk by calculating the changes in economic value of equity and the changes in net interest income based on various interest rate risk scenarios. Under this method, Kookmin Bank’s interest risk exposure was ₩937 billion as of December 31, 2021.
For additional information, see Note 4.4 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Foreign Exchange Risk
We manage foreign exchange rate risk arising from our
non-trading
operations together with such risks arising from our trading operations. See “—Market Risk Management for Trading Activities—Foreign Exchange Risk” above.
Liquidity Risk Management
Liquidity risk is the risk of insolvency or loss due to a disparity between the inflow and outflow of funds resulting from, for example, maturity mismatches, obtaining funds at a high price or disposing of securities at an unfavorable price due to lack of available funds. We manage our liquidity in order to meet our financial liabilities from withdrawals of deposits, redemption of matured debentures and repayments at maturity of borrowed funds. We also require sufficient liquidity to fund loans, to extend other credits and to invest in securities. Our liquidity management goal is to meet all our liability repayments on time and fund all investment opportunities even under adverse conditions. To date, we have not experienced significant liquidity risk.
We maintain liquidity by holding sufficient quantities of assets that can be liquidated to meet actual or potential demands for funds from depositors and others. We also manage liquidity by ensuring that the excess of maturing liabilities over maturing assets in any period is kept to manageable levels relative to the amount of funds we believe we could raise by issuing securities. We seek to minimize our liquidity costs by managing our liquidity position on a daily basis and by limiting the amount of cash at any time that is not invested in interest-earning assets or securities.
We maintain diverse sources of liquidity to facilitate flexibility in meeting our funding requirements. We fund our operations principally by accepting deposits from retail and corporate depositors, accessing the call loan market (a
short-term
market for loans with maturities of less than 90 days), issuing debentures and borrowing from the Bank of Korea. We use the majority of funds we raise to extend loans or purchase securities. Generally, deposits are of shorter average maturity than loans or investments.
For
Won-denominated
assets and liabilities, we manage liquidity using a cash flow structure based on holding
short-term
liabilities and
long-term
assets. Generally, the average initial contract maturity of our new
Won-denominated
time deposits was less than one year, while during the same period most of our new loans and securities had maturities over one year.
We manage liquidity risk within the limits set on Won and foreign currency accounts in accordance with the regulations of the Financial Services Commission. The Financial Services Commission requires Korean banks, including Kookmin Bank, to maintain a liquidity coverage ratio of not less than 100%. The Financial Services Commission defines the liquidity coverage ratio as the ratio of highly liquid assets to total net cash outflows over a
30-day
period. The highly liquid assets and total net cash outflows included in the calculation of the liquid coverage ratio are determined in accordance with the “Standards for Calculation of Liquidity Coverage Ratio” under the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business. In addition, the Financial Services Commission requires Korean banks, including Kookmin Bank, to maintain a foreign currency liquidity coverage
 
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ratio of not less than 80%. In April 2020, in order to encourage financial institutions to provide financial support to companies adversely affected by
COVID-19,
the Financial Services Commission announced that it would temporarily lower the required liquidity coverage ratio to 85%, and the required foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio to 70%. Following a series of extensions, the Financial Services Commission announced in March 2022 that a
phase-out
of measures to lower the liquidity coverage ratio will begin in June 2022 and end by July 2023, with measures to lower the foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio to be completely phased out by June 2022.
Kookmin Bank’s Asset Liability Management Department is responsible for daily liquidity management with respect to its Won and foreign currency exposure. It reports monthly plans for funding and operations to the Asset Liability Management Committee of Kookmin Bank, which discusses factors such as interest rate movements and maturity structures of its deposits, loans and securities and establishes strategies with respect to deposit and lending rates.
The following table shows Kookmin Bank’s liquidity coverage ratio and foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio on an average balance basis for the month of December 2021 in accordance with Financial Services Commission regulations:
 
Liquidity coverage ratio:
  
30 Days
or Less
 
   
(in billions of Won,
except percentages)
 
Highly liquid assets (A)
  66,117 
Cash outflows (B)
   89,280 
Cash inflows (C)
   17,839 
Total net cash outflows (D =
B-C)
   71,441 
Liquidity coverage ratio (A/D)
   92.55
Minimum limit
   85
 
Foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio:
  
30 Days
or Less
 
   
(in millions of US$,
except percentages)
 
Highly liquid assets (A)
  US$4,496 
Cash outflows (B)
   12,371 
Cash inflows (C)
   8,212 
Total net cash outflows (D =
B-C)
   4,160 
Liquidity coverage ratio (A/D)
   108.09
Minimum limit
   70
The Risk Management Department in Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Group reports whether it is complying with these limits monthly to Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council and quarterly to Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Committee.
Operational Risk Management
Overall Status
There is no complete consensus on the definition of operational risk in the banking industry. We define operational risk broadly to include all financial and
non-financial
risks, other than credit risk, market risk, interest rate risk and liquidity risk, that may arise from our operations that could negatively impact our capital, including the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events as defined under Basel II. Our operational risk management objectives include not only satisfying regulatory requirements, but also providing internal support through the growth of a strong risk management culture,
 
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reinforcement of internal controls, improvement of work processes and provision of timely feedback to management members and staff throughout the group.
Each of our subsidiaries manages operational risks related to its own business, and we regularly monitor them. Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary, uses an operational risk management framework meeting the Basel II Advanced Measurement Approach, or AMA, under which Kookmin Bank:
 
  
calculates its operational risk VaR on a quarterly basis using the “loss distribution approach VaR” and “scenario based VaR” methodology;
 
  
monitors operational risk in terms of Key Risk Indicators, or KRIs, using tolerance levels for each indicator;
 
  
executes integrated compliance and operational risk Control Self Assessments, or CSAs, that enhance the effect on internal controls, which Kookmin Bank employees are able to access and use for process improvement;
 
  
collects and analyzes internal and external loss data;
 
  
conducts scenario analyses to evaluate exposure to
high-severity
events;
 
  
manages certain
insurance-related
activities relating to insurance strategies established to mitigate operational risk;
 
  
examines operational risks arising in connection with the development of, changes in or discontinuance of products, policies or systems;
 
  
uses a detailed business continuity plan covering all of its operations and locations to prepare against unexpected events, including an
alternate
back-up
site for use in disaster events as well as annual
full-scale
testing of such site;
 
  
refines
bank-wide
operational risk policies and procedures;
 
  
provides appropriate training and support to business line operational risk managers; and
 
  
reports overall operational risk status to our senior management.
While Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department advises relevant business units with respect to the review of and suggested improvements on related operational processes and procedures, each of Kookmin Bank’s relevant business units has primary responsibility for the management of its own operational risk. In addition, the Operational Risk Unit, which is part of Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department, monitors
bank-wide
operational risk. Kookmin Bank also has business line operational risk managers in all of its subsidiaries, departments and branches who periodically conduct CSAs and monitor KRIs. For example, Kookmin Bank has developed KRIs relating to customer data protection, which are applied and monitored at all domestic branches and offices. In addition, in order to strengthen risk management of its overseas operations, Kookmin Bank designates expert auditors for overseas branches and conducts internal audits designed especially to check key risks identified for each overseas branch. Kookmin Bank has also established a risk CSA system for overseas branches, pursuant to which all employees (including locally hired staff) of such branches are required to perform a risk CSA on a quarterly basis. Furthermore, Kookmin Bank regularly monitors operational risks related to new businesses as well as existing operating processes and seeks to develop appropriate new KRIs and risk CSA measures on an ongoing basis. Through such methods, Kookmin Bank is able to ensure proper monitoring and measurement of operational risk in each of its business groups and overseas operations.
Internal Control
To monitor and control operational risks, we maintain a system of comprehensive policies and have put in place a control framework designed to provide a stable and
well-managed
operational environment throughout
 
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our organization. We have in place a prescribed leave policy for employees in certain high-risk categories to safeguard against fraud and to check for weaknesses in internal controls. In addition, we maintain an external whistleblower “ombudsman” channel to encourage whistleblowing and voluntary reporting of fraudulent behavior.
Each of our subsidiaries establishes its own internal control system in accordance with the
group-level
internal control principles. Our Compliance Supporting Department is responsible for monitoring and advising our subsidiaries regarding their internal control systems. Our Audit Committee, which consists of four
non-executive
directors, is an independent authority that evaluates the effectiveness and efficiency of our
group-wide
internal control systems and business processes and monitors our subsidiaries’ compliance with such systems and processes, as well as reviews the reliability of our financial statements to secure the transparency and stability of our management (including through the activities of our independent auditors). In particular, we have established
group-wide
internal guidelines with respect to our subsidiaries’ reporting requirements. Our subsidiaries review their operations and their level of compliance with internal control systems and business processes on a periodic basis and, as part of this process, they are required to report any problems discovered and any remedial actions taken to our chief compliance officer, who is responsible for reporting to our Audit Committee. Based on the results of these reports, or on an ad hoc basis in response to any problem or potential problem that it identifies, the Audit Committee may direct a subsidiary to conduct an audit of its operations or, if it chooses to do so, conduct its own audit of those operations. The Audit Committee interacts on a regular basis with our Audit Department, Compliance Supporting Department and our independent auditors. In carrying out these duties, the Audit Committee ultimately protects our property for the benefit of our shareholders, investors and customers by independently monitoring our management.
Our Audit Department supports our Audit Committee in monitoring our accounting and business operations and overseeing the management of our subsidiaries’ internal control systems by performing the following activities:
 
  
general audits, which include
full-scale
audits of the overall operations performed according to an annual audit plan, and sectional audits of selected operations; and
 
  
special audits of troubled or weak operations, which are performed when our Audit Committee or executive officer responsible for audits deems it necessary or pursuant to requests by our board, executive officers or supervisory authorities, such as the Financial Supervisory Service.
The Financial Supervisory Service periodically conducts a general examination of our operations. It also performs specific audits on particular aspects of our operations, such as risk management, credit monitoring and liquidity, as the need arises. We and our subsidiaries have in the past been subject to, and expect in the future to be subject to, the receipt of warning notices or the imposition of penalties in connection with our or our subsidiaries’ failure to comply with the applicable laws or rules, regulations and guidelines of the Financial Supervisory Service. For example, in June 2019, the Financial Supervisory Service conducted a comprehensive annual inspection of overall operations at our company, Kookmin Bank and KB Securities, and imposed an administrative fine of ₩12 million on our company for certain alleged deficiencies, which have since been cured. Subsequently, in November 2020, the Financial Supervisory Service conducted a risk management evaluation of our company and Kookmin Bank, the result of which was deemed satisfactory. Most recently, in June 2021, the Financial Supervisory Service conducted a comprehensive annual inspection of overall operations at our company and Kookmin Bank, the result of which has not been announced as of the date of this annual report.
Kookmin Bank’s Audit Department is the execution body for its audit committee and supports Kookmin Bank’s management objectives by auditing the operations of its branches using a risk analysis system and reviewing the operations of its headquarters and subsidiaries through the use of
“risk-based
audit” in accordance with the “business measurement process” audit methodology, which requires that the Audit Department evaluate the risk and process of its business units and concentrate its audit capacity with respect to high risk areas.
 
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As a result of recent regulatory trends, Kookmin Bank’s Audit Department is continuing its efforts to establish an advanced audit system and
value-added
internal audit by introducing
risk-based
audit techniques.
Our Compliance Supporting Department operates a compliance system to ensure that all of our employees comply with the relevant laws and regulations. This system’s main function is to establish and manage our compliance program, educate employees and management and improve our internal control process.
Legal Risk
We consider legal risk as a part of our operational risk. The uncertainty of the enforceability of the obligations of our customers and counterparties creates legal risk. Changes in laws and regulations could also adversely affect us. Legal risk is higher in new areas of business where the law is often untested in the courts, although legal risk can also increase in our traditional business to the extent that the legal and regulatory landscape in Korea is changing and many new laws and regulations governing the financial industry remain untested. Our Compliance Supporting Department seeks to minimize legal risk by using stringent legal documentation, employing procedures designed to ensure that transactions are properly authorized and consulting legal advisers.
IT System Operational Risk
The integrity of our IT systems, and their ability to withstand potential catastrophic events, are crucial to our continuing operations. Accordingly, we are continuing to strengthen our disaster recovery capabilities. In order to minimize operational risks relating to our IT systems, we have implemented a
multi-CPU
system that runs multiple CPUs simultaneously
on-site
and ensures system continuity in case any of the CPUs fails. This system backs up our data systems at an
off-site
location on a
real-time
basis to ensure that our operations can be carried out normally and without material interruption in the event of CPU failure. Also, in order to protect our Internet banking services from system failures and cyber attacks, we process our Internet transactions through three separate data processing centers.
We currently test our disaster recovery systems on a quarterly basis, with the comprehensive testing covering our branches and the main IT center’s disaster recovery system, and our Infrastructure Platform Department monitoring all of our computerized network processes and IT systems. In addition, we monitor and report on any unusual delays or irregularities reported by our branches. Moreover, Kookmin Bank’s Information Security Platform Department is responsible for the daily monitoring of its information security system. Our business operations regularly conduct IT security inspections with respect to such operations and have implemented measures to identify and respond collectively to security breach attempts, such as hacking attempts. Furthermore, KB Kookmin Card and Kookmin Bank have each established technical as well as
management-related
standards governing information protection under which they operate their businesses.
In particular, at Kookmin Bank, we have taken steps to establish a comprehensive security system aimed at detecting and responding to internal and external threats to its IT system and have implemented network segregation on the computers of all employees so that Intranet and Extranet functions are segregated. We have endeavored to enhance protection of customer data by using personal identification numbers internally generated and managed by Kookmin Bank in all customer financial transaction, in lieu of the resident registration numbers of its customers, and by amending forms and templates to minimize collection of potentially sensitive customer data. Kookmin Bank’s chief information security officer is responsible for ensuring protection of information assets and technologies and reducing IT risks.
At KB Kookmin Card, we have taken steps to strengthen its information security infrastructure by implementing a solution to prevent attacks on its website and a security system to prevent unauthorized access to local networks and information. As part of its efforts to strengthen its operational processes and procedures for customer information protection and to ensure compliance with relevant laws and regulations, KB Kookmin Card
 
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continually conducts annual status reviews, monthly information security inspections, information protection training for its employees and officers and mock training sessions for responding to malicious e-mails.
In 2009, Kookmin Bank obtained ISO 27001 certification, which relates to information security. In 2011, Kookmin Bank also obtained ISO 20000 certification, which relates to IT service management, and BS 25999 certification, which relates to business continuity management. Kookmin Bank is the first Korean bank to have obtained all three such international certifications. In addition, between 2013 and 2021, we, Kookmin Bank, KB Insurance and KB Life Insurance obtained ISMS certification, which relates to information security management, and KB Securities and KB Kookmin Card obtained
ISMS-P
certification, which relates to personal information in addition to information security management. In 2017, KB Kookmin Card obtained PCI DSS certification, which relates to protection of credit card data.
We implement various year-round education programs and training sessions designed to raise the information security awareness of both management and employees.
 
Item 12.
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
Fees and Charges
Under the terms of the deposit agreement, as a holder of our ADSs, you are required to pay the following service fees to the depositary:
 
Services
  
Fees
Issuance of ADSs
  Up to $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or portion thereof) issued
  
Delivery of deposited shares against surrender of ADSs
  Up to $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or portion thereof) surrendered
  
Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions
  Up to $0.02 per ADS held
  
Transfer of ADSs, combination and
split-up
of American depositary receipts or interchange of certificated and uncertificated ADSs
  Up to $1.50 per American depositary receipt transferred
  
Distribution or sale of securities pursuant to stock dividends, free stock distributions, exercise of rights or any other
non-cash
distributions
  A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed or sold, as the case may be, had been shares and such shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs
  
Depositary Services
  Up to $0.02 per ADS (or portion thereof) held on the applicable record date(s) established by the depositary
As a holder of our ADSs, you are also responsible for paying certain fees and expenses incurred by the depositary and certain taxes and governmental charges such as:
 
  
Fees for the transfer and registration of shares charged by the registrar and transfer agent for the shares in Korea (
i.e.
, upon deposit and withdrawal of shares).
 
  
Expenses incurred for converting foreign currency into U.S. dollars.
 
  
Expenses for cable, telex and fax transmissions and for delivery of securities.
 
  
Taxes and duties upon the transfer of securities (
i.e.
, when shares are deposited or withdrawn from deposit).
 
  
Fees and expenses incurred in connection with the delivery or servicing of shares on deposit or other deposited securities.
 
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Depositary fees payable upon the issuance and surrender of ADSs are typically paid to the depositary by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) receiving the newly issued ADSs from the depositary and by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) delivering the ADSs to the depositary for surrender. The brokers in turn charge these fees to their clients. Depositary fees payable in connection with distributions of cash or securities to ADS holders and the depositary services fee are charged by the depositary to the holders of record of ADSs as of the applicable ADS record date.
The depositary fees payable for cash distributions are generally deducted from the cash being distributed. In the case of distributions other than cash (i.e., stock dividend, rights), the depositary charges the applicable fee to the ADS record date holders concurrent with the distribution. In the case of ADSs registered in the name of the investor (whether certificated or uncertificated in direct registration), the depositary sends invoices to the applicable record date ADS holders. In the case of ADSs held in brokerage and custodian accounts (via the Depository Trust Company, or DTC), the depositary generally collects its fees through the systems provided by DTC (whose nominee is the registered holder of the ADSs held in DTC) from the brokers and custodians holding ADSs in their DTC accounts. The brokers and custodians who hold their clients’ ADSs in DTC accounts in turn charge their clients’ accounts the amount of the fees paid to the depositary.
In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to such holder of ADSs.
Note that the fees and charges you may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. You will receive prior notice of such changes.
Fees and Payments from the Depositary to Us
In 2021, we received the following payments from the depositary:
 
Reimbursement of listing fees:
  $71,000 
Reimbursement of SEC filing fees:
  $39,542 
Reimbursement of expenses related to our investor relations activities (investor conferences and investor relations agency fees, etc.) and legal fees (expenses related to the preparation of our
Form 20-F
for fiscal year 2020):
  $541,491 
In addition, as part of its service to us, the depositary waives its fees for the standard costs and operating expenses associated with the administration of the ADS facility.
 
Item 13.
DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
Not applicable.
 
Item 14.
MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Not applicable.
 
Item 15.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We have evaluated, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief finance officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2021. There are inherent limitations
 
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to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based upon our evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief finance officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2021 were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief finance officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules
13a-15(f)
and
15d-15(f)
under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief finance officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework 2013 issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Based on our evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 has been audited by KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp., an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report included herein, which expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021.
Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm
The attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm is included in Item 18 of this Form
20-F.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during 2021 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 
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Item 16.
[RESERVED]
 
Item 16A.
AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
Our board of directors has determined that Kyung Ho Kim, Suk Ho Sonu and Myung Hee Choi, our
non-executive
directors and members of our Audit Committee, qualify as “audit committee financial experts” and are independent within the meaning of this Item 16A.
 
Item 16B.
CODE OF ETHICS
We have adopted a code of ethics, as defined in Item 16B of Form
20-F
under the Exchange Act. Our code of ethics applies to our chief executive officer and chief finance officer, as well as to our
non-executive
directors,
non-standing
directors and other officers and employees. Our code of ethics is available on our website at
https://www.kbfg.com/Eng/about/ethics.htm
. If we amend the provisions of our code of ethics that apply to our chief executive officer and chief finance officer and persons performing similar functions, or if we grant any waiver of such provisions, we will disclose such amendment or waiver on our website at the same address.
 
Item 16C.
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Audit and
Non-audit
Fees
The following table sets forth the fees billed to us by independent registered public accounting firm KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp. during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 and 2021:
 
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(in millions of Won)
 
Audit fees
  11,713   12,459 
Audit-related
fees
   275    561 
Tax fees
       220 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total fees
  11,988   13,240 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Audit fees in the above table are the aggregate fees billed by KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp. in connection with:
 
  
the audits of our annual financial statements and the review of our interim financial statements;
 
  
the audits of our special purpose entities in connection with the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act; and
 
  
our financial debenture offering services.
Audit-related
fees in the above table are the aggregate fees billed by KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp. in connection with due diligence services rendered in the ordinary course of our business.
Tax fees in the above table are fees billed or expected to be billed by KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp. in connection with tax audit-related services performed for KB Capital Co., Ltd.
Audit Committee
Pre-Approval
Policies and Procedures
Our Audit Committee
pre-approves
the engagement of our independent auditors for audit services with respect to our financial statements. Our Audit Committee has implemented a policy regarding
pre-approval
of certain other services provided by our independent auditors to our subsidiaries that the Audit Committee has
 
213

deemed as not affecting their independence. Under this policy,
pre-approvals
for the following services to our subsidiaries have been granted by our Audit Committee to each of our subsidiaries’ audit committees: (i) services related to the audit of financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS as adopted by Korea and internal controls under Korean laws and regulations; (ii) general tax services; (iii) issuance of comfort letters in connection with offering of securities; and (iv) educational services provided to employees.
Any other audit or permitted
non-audit
service must be
pre-approved
by the Audit Committee on a
case-by-case
basis. Our Audit Committee did not
pre-approve
any
non-audit
services under the
de minimis
exception of Rule 2.01(c)(7)(i)(C) of Regulation
S-X
as promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
 
Item 16D.
EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
Not applicable.
 
Item 16E.
PURCHASE OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
Neither we nor any “affiliated purchaser,” as defined in Rule
10b-18(a)(3)
of the Exchange Act, purchased any of our equity securities during the period covered by this annual report.
 
Item 16F.
CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
Not applicable.
 
Item 16G.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Differences in Corporate Governance Practices
Pursuant to the rules of the New York Stock Exchange applicable to foreign private issuers like us that are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, we are required to disclose significant differences between the New York Stock Exchange’s corporate governance standards and those that we follow under Korean law and in accordance with our own internal procedures. The following is a summary of such significant differences:
 
NYSE Corporate Governance Standards
  
KB Financial Group
  
Director Independence
   
Listed companies must have a majority of independent directors.  The majority of our board of directors is independent (as defined in accordance with the New York Stock Exchange’s standards), as seven out of nine directors are
non-executive
directors.
  
Executive Session
   
Non-management
directors must meet in regularly scheduled executive sessions without management. Independent directors should meet alone in an executive session at least once a year.
  Our
non-executive
directors hold executive sessions as needed in accordance with the Regulation of the Board of Directors.
  
Nomination/Corporate Governance Committee
   
A nomination/corporate governance committee of independent directors is required. The committee must have a charter that addresses the purpose, responsibilities (including development of corporate governance guidelines) and annual performance evaluation of the committee.  
We maintain a
Non-executive
Director Nominating Committee composed of four
non-executive
directors.
 
We maintain a CEO Nominating Committee composed of all seven of our
non-executive
directors.
 
214

Compensation Committee
   
A compensation committee of independent directors is required. The committee must have a charter that addresses the purpose, responsibilities and annual performance evaluation of the committee. The charter must be made available on the company’s website. In addition, in accordance with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission rules adopted pursuant to Section 952 of the
Dodd-Frank
Act, the New York Stock Exchange listing standards were amended to expand the factors relevant in determining whether a committee member has a relationship with the company that will materially affect that member’s duties to the compensation committee.
 
Additionally, the committee may obtain or retain the advice of a compensation adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to determining that adviser’s independence from management.
  We maintain an Evaluation and Compensation Committee composed of four
non-executive
directors.
  
Audit Committee
   
Listed companies must have an audit committee that satisfies the independence and other requirements of Rule
10A-3
under the Exchange Act. All members must be independent. The committee must have a charter addressing the committee’s purpose, an annual performance evaluation of the committee, and the duties and responsibilities of the committee. The charter must be made available on the company’s website.
  We maintain an Audit Committee composed of four
non-executive
directors. Accordingly, we are in compliance with Rule
10A-3
under the Exchange Act.
  
Audit Committee Additional Requirements
   
Listed companies must have an audit committee that is composed of at least three directors.  Our Audit Committee has four members, as described above.
  
Shareholder Approval of Equity Compensation Plan
   
Listed companies must allow its shareholders to exercise their voting rights with respect to any material revision to the company’s equity compensation plan.  
We currently have two equity compensation plans: (i) performance share agreements with certain of our directors and executive officers and (ii) an employee stock ownership plan, or ESOP. Matters related to the performance share agreements or ESOP are not subject to shareholders’ approval under Korean law.
 
Our Articles of Incorporation provide that our stockholders may, by special resolution, grant stock options to officers, directors and employees. All material matters related to stock options are provided in our Articles of Incorporation, and any amendments to the Articles of Incorporation are subject to shareholders’ approval.
  
Corporate Governance Guidelines
   
Listed companies must adopt and disclose corporate governance guidelines.  We have adopted corporate governance standards, the Korean-language version of which is available on our website.
 
215

Item 16H.
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
 
Item 16I.
DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
 
Item 17.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Not applicable.
 
Item 18.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Reference is made to Item 19(a) for a list of all financial statements filed as part of this annual report.
 
Item 19.
EXHIBITS
 
(a)
List of Financial Statements:
 
   
Page
 
Audited consolidated financial statements of KB Financial Group Inc. and subsidiaries, prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB
  
   F-1 
   F-6 
   F-7 
   F-10 
   F-14 
   F-16 
 
(b)
Exhibits
Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, KB Financial Group has filed certain agreements as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form
20-F.
These agreements may contain representations and warranties made by the parties. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other party or parties to such agreements and (i) may be intended not as statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties to such agreements if those statements turn out to be inaccurate, (ii) may have been qualified by disclosures that were made to such other party or parties and that either have been reflected in the company’s filings or are not required to be disclosed in those filings, (iii) may apply materiality standards different from what may be viewed as material to investors and (iv) were made only as of the date of such agreements or such other date(s) as may be specified in such agreements and are subject to more recent developments. Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe KB Financial Group’s actual state of affairs at the date of this annual report.
 
Number
  
Description
1.1
(1)
  Articles of Incorporation of KB Financial Group (translation in English).
2.1
(2)
  Form of Share Certificate of KB Financial Group’s common stock, par value ₩5,000 per share (translation in English).
2.2
(3)
  Form of Fifth Amended and Restated Deposit Agreement among KB Financial Group, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as depositary, and all owners and holders from time to time of American depositary receipts issued thereunder, evidencing American depositary shares, including the form of American depositary receipt.
2.3
(4)
  Description of KB Financial Group’s Capital Stock.
 
216

Number
  
Description
2.4
(5)
  Description of KB Financial Group’s American Depositary Shares.
8.1
(6)
  List of subsidiaries of KB Financial Group.
11.1
(7)
  Code of Ethics.
12.1  Section 302 certifications.
13.1  Section 906 certifications.
101.INS  Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH  Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL  Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF  Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB  Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE  Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104  Cover Page Interactive Data File (Embedded within Inline XBRL Document).
 
(1)
Incorporated by reference to exhibit 1.1 to the registrant’s filing on Form
20-F
(No.
000-53445)
filed on April 24, 2020 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1445930/000119312520118233/d862752dex24.htm)
(2)
Incorporated by reference to the registrant’s filing on Form
20-F
(No.
000-53445),
filed on June 15, 2009 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1445930/000095012309013901/h03411exv2w1.htm).
(3)
Incorporated by reference to the registrant’s filing on Form F-6 (No. 333—208008), filed on November 13, 2015
(https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1445930/000119380515001876/e614274_ex99-a.htm).
(4)
Incorporated by reference to “Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Description of Capital Stock” of this annual report.
(5)
Incorporated by reference to exhibit 2.4 to the registrant’s filing on Form
20-F
(No.
000-53445)
filed on April 24, 2020 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1445930/000119312520118233/d862752dex24.htm).
(6)
Incorporated by reference to Note 41 of the consolidated financial statements of the registrant included in this annual report.
(7)
Incorporated by reference to the registrant’s filing on Form
20-F
(No.
000-53445),
filed on April 28, 2016 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1445930/000119312516561071/d181570dex111.htm).
 
217

SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form
20-F
and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.
 
KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC.
(Registrant)
 
/s/ Jong Kyoo Yoon
(Signature)
 
Jong Kyoo Yoon
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
(Name and Title)
Date: April 27, 2022
 
218

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
KB Financial Group Inc.:
Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of KB Financial Group Inc. and its subsidiaries (“the Group”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Group’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Group as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Also in our opinion, the Group maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited the adjustments to the 2019 consolidated financial statements to retrospectively reflect International Financial Reporting Interpretation Committee (“IFRIC”) agenda decision regarding Attributing Retirement Benefit to Periods of Services in May 2021, as described in Note 2.1.2. In our opinion, such adjustments are appropriate and have been properly applied. We were not engaged to audit, review, or apply any procedures to the 2019 consolidated financial statements of the Group other than with respect to the adjustments and, accordingly, we do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on the 2019 consolidated financial statements taken as a whole.
Basis for Opinions
The Group’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.” Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Group’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Group’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Group in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall
 
F-1

presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
(i) Assessment of the allowance for credit losses for loans
As discussed in Notes 3.6, 4.2, 10, and 11 to the consolidated financial statements, the Group recognized an allowance for credit losses using the Expected Credit Loss (ECL) impairment model for loans at amortized cost amounting to KRW 3,684,055 million as of December 31, 2021. A lifetime ECL is recognized for those loans that have experienced a Significant Increase in Credit Risk (SICR) since initial recognition or are credit impaired, otherwise a
12-month
ECL is recognized. The Group measures ECL allowances on an individual basis for individually significant corporate loans which are credit impaired and for those which have experienced a SICR and demonstrate certain other high risk indicators (for example, debt restructuring). The individual assessment involves judgment by the Group in estimating the future cash flows, including the value of related collateral. The allowance for credit losses for other loans are measured on a collective basis. For these loans, the Group measures ECL based on its estimates of the Probability of Default (PD), the Loss Given Default (LGD) and the Exposure at Default (EAD) as well as the impact of Forward-Looking Information (FLI). For the corporate loans measured on a collective basis, one of the relevant inputs for determining PD is the internal credit risk rating of the borrower. The internal credit risk rating of the borrower is defined by the Group using quantitative and qualitative factors.
We identified the assessment of the allowance for credit losses for loans as a critical audit matter. A high degree of audit effort, including specialized skills and knowledge, and subjective and complex auditor judgment
 
F-2

was involved to evaluate the Group’s estimates of future cash flows, including from the sale of collateral, for the corporate loans with ECL measured on an individual basis. In addition, a high degree of audit effort, including specialized skills and knowledge, and subjective and complex auditor judgment was involved to evaluate the Group’s estimates and judgments with respect to the measurement of ECL on a collective basis. This included the analysis of the qualitative factors considered in determining the internal credit risk ratings of corporate loans, the calculation of 12 month and lifetime PD, the calculation of LGD and the evaluation of FLI incorporated in the measurement of collective ECL.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to: (i) the estimation of future cash flows for individually assessed corporate loans, including controls over the work of external valuation professionals engaged by the Group to assess the future cash flows together with the value of collateral; (ii) the validation of the models used to determine the inputs to the collective ECL calculation and the impact of FLI; (iii) the assessment of quantitative and qualitative factors in the process of determining the internal credit risk rating of the loans, including the review of internal credit risk ratings performed by an independent department with access to the same qualitative information; and (iv) the completeness and accuracy of data used in the determination of the credit risk ratings. We assessed the estimates of future cash flows expected from collateral on a sample of individually assessed corporate loans by: (i) comparing assumptions made with information obtained from internal and external sources; and (ii) assessing the reliability of information used in the estimates, including the qualification of external valuation professionals engaged by the Group. We involved credit risk and information technology professionals with specialized skills and knowledge who assisted in: (i) evaluating the methodology and key judgments used in determining the PD and LGD parameters; (ii) evaluating how FLI was incorporated in the collective ECL model; and (iii) checking the accuracy of the calculation of PDs, and a sample of LGDs. We evaluated whether, for a sample of corporate loans with ECL measured on a collective basis, Group policy was applied in the internal credit risk rating process.
(ii) Assessment of the measurement of fair value of certain level 3 derivatives and level 3 derivative-linked securities
As discussed in Notes 3.3.2 and 6.1.2 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2021 the Group has level 3 derivative assets and liabilities of KRW 210,005 million and KRW 174,600 million, respectively, level 3 debt securities at fair value through profit or loss of KRW 11,555,588 million and level 3 financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss of KRW 7,817,514 million, which include derivatives and derivative-linked securities measured using internally developed valuation models. Level 3 financial instruments are those for which the determination of the fair value requires the use of one or more significant inputs which are not based on observable market data. To measure the fair value of certain of these level 3 derivatives and derivative-linked securities, the Group uses internally developed valuation models, such as discounted cash flow models and option models, which use various inputs and assumptions depending on the nature of the financial instruments.
We identified the assessment of the measurement of fair value of the level 3 derivatives and the level 3 derivative-linked securities that are valued using internally developed valuation models as a critical audit matter. Subjective auditor judgment was required to evaluate the models used by the Group to estimate the fair value of these level 3 financial instruments. In addition, assessing the significant inputs to the models which were not directly observable in financial markets, such as volatility of underlying assets, correlations, regression coefficients and discount rates, required subjective auditor judgment.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the measurement of fair value of the level 3 derivatives and derivative-linked securities that are valued using internally developed valuation models. This included controls related to: (i) the development, validation and changes in the models used to value these financial instruments; (ii) the development and application of the significant unobservable
 
F-3

inputs and assumptions used in the measurement of fair values; and (iii) the monitoring of changes to these inputs and assumptions. We involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in: (i) evaluating the valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs for a selection of the level 3 derivatives and derivative-linked securities that are valued using internally developed valuation models; and (ii) developing models and significant unobservable inputs independently for a selection of these financial instruments and comparing the resulting fair value estimates to the Group’s fair value measurements.
/s/ KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp.
We have served as the Group’s auditor since 2019.
Seoul, Korea
April 27, 2022
 
F-4

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the shareholders and board of directors of
KB Financial Group Inc.:
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the consolidated statement of comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows of KB Financial Group Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2019, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”), before the effects of the adjustments to retrospectively reflect the International Financial Reporting Interpretation Committee (“IFRIC”) agenda decision regarding Attributing Retirement Benefit to Periods of Services in May 2021 described in Note 2.1.2. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements, before the effects of the adjustments to retrospectively reflect the International Financial Reporting Interpretation Committee (“IFRIC”) agenda decision regarding Attributing Retirement Benefit to Periods of Services in May 2021 described in Note 2.1.2, present fairly, in all material respects, the results of the Company’s operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2019 in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board(the 2019 financial statements before the effects of the adjustments discussed in Note 2.1.2 are not presented herein).
We were not engaged to audit, review, or apply any procedures to the adjustments to retrospectively reflect International Financial Reporting Interpretation Committee (“IFRIC”) agenda decision regarding Attributing Retirement Benefit to Periods of Services in May 2021 described in Note 2.1.2 and accordingly, we do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance about whether such adjustments are appropriate and have been properly applied. Those adjustments were audited by other auditors.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, before the effects of the adjustments described above, based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements, before the effects of the adjustments described above, in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers
Seoul, Korea
April 24, 2020
We served as the Company’s auditor from 2008 to 2020.
 
F-5

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2020 AND 2021
 
   
Dec. 31 2020
  
Dec. 31 2021
  
Dec. 31 2021
 
         
Translation into
U.S. dollars
(Note 3)
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
  
(In thousands)
 
ASSETS
             
Cash and due from financial institutions
  25,608,842  31,009,374  US$26,157,211 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
   61,035,455   66,005,815   55,677,617 
Derivative financial assets
   5,545,385   3,721,370   3,139,072 
Loans measured at amortized cost
   377,166,984   417,900,273   352,509,720 
Financial investments
   98,695,426   104,847,871   88,441,899 
Investments in associates and joint ventures
   771,435   448,718   378,505 
Property and equipment
   5,433,554   5,239,898   4,419,990 
Investment property
   2,533,539   2,514,944   2,121,420 
Intangible assets
   3,351,133   3,266,357   2,755,257 
Net defined benefit assets
   50,597   100,083   84,423 
Current income tax assets
   109,772   98,798   83,339 
Deferred income tax assets
   65,058   159,093   134,199 
Assets held for sale
   197,727   237,318   200,184 
Assets of a disposal group held for sale
      171,749   144,875 
Other assets
   30,155,037   28,174,173   23,765,646 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total assets
   610,719,944   663,895,834   560,013,357 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
LIABILITIES
             
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
   11,810,058   12,088,980   10,197,368 
Derivative financial liabilities
   5,222,897   3,682,258   3,106,080 
Deposits
   338,580,220   372,023,918   313,811,825 
Borrowings
   49,827,156   56,912,374   48,007,064 
Debentures
   62,760,687   67,430,188   56,879,113 
Provisions
   714,903   808,604   682,078 
Net defined benefit liabilities
   239,567   225,521   190,233 
Current income tax liabilities
   764,981   662,672   558,981 
Deferred income tax liabilities
   1,177,799   1,470,981   1,240,811 
Insurance liabilities
   54,415,296   57,165,936   48,220,950 
Other liabilities
   41,804,023   43,130,482   36,381,680 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total liabilities
   567,317,587   615,601,914   519,276,183 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
TOTAL EQUITY
             
Share capital
   2,090,558   2,090,558   1,763,440 
Hybrid securities
   1,695,988   2,838,221   2,394,113 
Capital surplus
   16,723,589   16,940,231   14,289,524 
Accumulated other comprehensive income
   630,011   1,047,274   883,403 
Accumulated other comprehensive income relating to assets of a disposal group held for sale
      7,671   6,471 
Retained earnings
   22,540,616   25,672,815   21,655,685 
Treasury shares
   (1,136,188  (1,136,188  (958,404
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Equity attributable to shareholders of the Parent Company
   42,544,574   47,460,582   40,034,232 
Non-controlling
interests
   857,783   833,338   702,942 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total equity
   43,402,357   48,293,920   40,737,174 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total liabilities and equity
  610,719,944  663,895,834  US$560,013,357 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
The above consolidated statements of financial position should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.
 

F-6

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
FOR THE YEARS ENDED December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021
 
  
2019
  
2020
  
2021
  
2021
 
           
Translation into
U.S. dollars
(Note 3)
 
  
(In millions of Korean won,
except per share amounts)
  
(In thousands,
except per share
amounts)
 
Interest income
 14,639,187  14,485,747  15,210,878  US$12,830,770 
Interest income from financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income and amortized cost
  13,935,124         13,826,382         14,620,490       12,332,762 
Interest income from financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
  704,063   659,365   590,388   498,008 
Interest expense
  (5,442,400  (4,763,473  (3,981,306  (3,358,335
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net interest income
  9,196,787   9,722,274   11,229,572   9,472,435 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Fee and commission income
  3,879,247   4,527,024   5,323,606   4,490,600 
Fee and commission expense
  (1,524,243  (1,568,085  (1,698,023  (1,432,327
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net fee and commission income
  2,355,004   2,958,939   3,625,583   3,058,273 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Insurance income
  12,317,182   14,386,640   16,107,858   13,587,396 
Insurance expense
  (12,017,670  (14,086,647  (15,551,147  (13,117,796
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net insurance income
  299,512   299,993   556,711   469,600 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss before applying overlay approach
  912,187   1,221,610   1,160,981   979,318 
Losses on overlay adjustments
  (268,315  (210,244  (165,677  (139,753
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
  643,872   1,011,366   995,304   839,565 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net other operating expenses
  (1,063,324  (1,499,930  (1,923,567  (1,622,579
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
General and administrative expenses
  (6,271,805  (6,814,812  (7,200,853  (6,074,106
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Operating income before provision for credit losses
  5,160,046   5,677,830   7,282,750   6,143,188 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Provision for credit losses
  (670,185  (1,043,498  (1,185,133  (999,691
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net operating income
  4,489,861   4,634,332   6,097,617   5,143,497 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures
  16,451   (43,750  93,526   78,892 
Net other
non-operating
income (expenses)
  26,886   189,390   (109,537  (92,397
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net
non-operating
income (expenses)
  43,337   145,640   (16,011  (13,505
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Profit before income tax expense
  4,533,198   4,779,972   6,081,606   5,129,992 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Income tax expense
  (1,220,570  (1,264,394  (1,697,225  (1,431,653
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Profit for the year
 3,312,628  3,515,578  4,384,381  US$3,698,339 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
(Continued)

F-7

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEARS ENDED December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021
 
  
2019
  
2020
  
2021
  
2021
 
     
Translation into
U.S. dollars
(Note 3)
 
  
(In millions of Korean won,
except per share amounts)
  
(In thousands,
except per share
amounts)
 
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss
                
Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities
 (54,523 (13,434 (45,510 US$(38,389
Share of other comprehensive income (loss) of associates and joint ventures
  (105  (1  51   43 
Gains (losses) on equity securities at fair value through other comprehensive income
  (17,329  822,140   903,398   762,040 
Fair value changes on financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss due to own credit risk
  (11,372  8,819   13,715   11,569 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   (83,329  817,524   871,654   735,263 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss
                
Currency translation differences
  37,861   (187,283        255,907   215,864 
Gains (losses) on debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income
  35,490   (356,572  (924,698  (780,007
Shares of other comprehensive income (loss) of associates and joint ventures
  7,800     (6,846  498   420 
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedging instruments
  (33,182  (1,264  20,864   17,599 
Gains (losses) on hedging instruments of net investments in foreign operations
  (8,900  64,269   (57,935  (48,870
Other comprehensive income (loss) arising from separate account
  3,364   (9,683  (63,814  (53,829
Gains on overlay adjustment
  194,223   152,125   120,282   101,461 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   236,656   (345,254  (648,896  (547,362
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax
  153,327   472,270   222,758   187,901 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total comprehensive income for the year
     3,465,955      3,987,848      4,607,139      3,886,240 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
(Continued)

F-8

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEARS ENDED December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021
 
  
2019
  
2020
  
2021
  
2021
 
     
Translation into
U.S. dollars
(Note 3)
 
  
(In millions of Korean won,
except per share amounts)
  
(In thousands,
except per share
amounts)
 
Profit attributable to:
                
Shareholders of the Parent Company
     3,311,257      3,468,448      4,409,543          3,719,564 
Non-controlling
interests
  1,371   47,130   (25,162  (21,225
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   3,312,628      3,515,578      4,384,381   3,698,339 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total comprehensive income for the year attributable to:
                
Shareholders of the Parent Company
  3,464,300   3,966,361   4,610,549   3,889,117 
Non-controlling
interests
  1,655   21,487   (3,410  (2,877
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
3,465,955
 
 
3,987,848
 
 
4,607,139
 
 
US$
3,886,240
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Earnings per share
                
Basic earnings per share
 8,449  8,843  11,134  US$9.39 
Diluted earnings per share
  8,387   8,730   10,890   9.19 
The above consolidated statements of comprehensive income should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.

F-9

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE YEARS ENDED December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021
 
  
Equity attributable to shareholders of the Parent Company
       
  
Share

capital
  
Hybrid
securities
  
Capital

surplus
  
Accumulated

other
comprehensive
income
  
Retained
earnings
  
Treasury

shares
  
Non-controlling

interests
  
Total equity
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Balance as of January 1, 2019
 2,090,558    17,121,660  177,806  17,282,441  (968,549 9,111  35,713,027 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Effect of accounting policy change
           19,419   10,499         29,918 
Restated balance after accounting policy change
  2,090,558      17,121,660   197,225   17,292,940   (968,549  9,111   35,742,945 
Comprehensive income for the year
                                
Profit for the year
              3,311,257      1,371   3,312,628 
Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities
           (54,523           (54,523
Currency translation differences
           37,577         284   37,861 
Gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income and transfer to retained earnings
           36,637   (18,476        18,161 
Share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures
           7,695            7,695 
Losses on cash flow hedging instruments
           (33,182           (33,182
Losses on hedging instruments of net investments in foreign operations
           (8,900           (8,900
Other comprehensive income arising from separate account
           3,364            3,364 
Fair value changes of financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss due to own credit risk
           (11,372           (11,372
Gains on overlay adjustments
           194,223            194,223 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total comprehensive income for the year
           171,519   3,292,781      1,655   3,465,955 
Transactions with shareholders
                                
Annual dividends paid to shareholders of the Parent Company
              (759,736        (759,736
Acquisition and retirement of treasury shares
              (100,000  (167,639     (267,639
Issuance of hybrid securities
     399,205               574,580   973,785 
Dividends on hybrid securities
              (6,513        (6,513
Others
        1,117            61   1,178 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total transactions with shareholders
     399,205   1,117      (866,249  (167,639  574,641   (58,925
Balance as of December 31, 2019
 2,090,558     399,205  17,122,777    368,744  19,719,472  (1,136,188 585,407   39,149,975 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
(Continued)

F-10

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEARS ENDED December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021
 
  
Equity attributable to shareholders of the Parent Company
       
  
Share

capital
  
Hybrid
securities
  
Capital

surplus
  
Accumulated

other
comprehensive
income
  
Retained
earnings
  
Treasury

shares
  
Non-controlling

interests
  
Total equity
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Balance as of January 1, 2020
 2,090,558  399,205  17,122,777  368,744  19,719,472  (1,136,188 585,407  39,149,975 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Comprehensive income for the year
                                
Profit for the year
              3,468,448      47,130   3,515,578 
Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities
           (13,145        (289  (13,434
Currency translation differences
           (162,906        (24,377  (187,283
Gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income and transfer to retained earnings
           229,899   236,648      (979  465,568 
Share of other comprehensive loss of associates and joint ventures
           (6,847           (6,847
Losses on cash flow hedging instruments
           (1,264           (1,264
Gains on hedging instruments of net investments in foreign operations
           64,269            64,269 
Other comprehensive loss arising from separate account
           (9,683           (9,683
Fair value changes of financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss due to own credit risk
           8,819            8,819 
Gains on overlay adjustments
           152,125            152,125 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total comprehensive income for the year
           261,267   3,705,096      21,485   3,987,848 
Transactions with shareholders
                                
Annual dividends paid to shareholders of the Parent Company
              (861,092        (861,092
Issuance of hybrid securities
     1,296,783                  1,296,783 
Dividends on hybrid securities
              (22,860     (25,658  (48,518
Non-controlling
interests changes in business combination
                    247,008   247,008 
Others
        (399,188           29,541   (369,647
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total transactions with shareholders
     1,296,783   (399,188     (883,952     250,891   264,534 
Balance as of December 31, 2020
 2,090,558  1,695,988  16,723,589  630,011  22,540,616  (1,136,188 857,783  43,402,357 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
(Continued)

F-11

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEARS ENDED December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021
 
  
Equity attributable to shareholders of the Parent Company
       
  
Share

capital
  
Hybrid
securities
  
Capital

surplus
  
Accumulated

other
comprehensive
income
  
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income relating
to assets of a
disposal group
held for sale
  
Retained
earnings
  
Treasury
shares
  
Non-controlling

interests
  
Total equity
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Balance as of January 1, 2021
 2,090,558  1,695,988  16,723,589  630,011    22,540,616  (1,136,188 857,783  43,402,357 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Comprehensive income for the year
 
      
                 
 
 
      
                 
 
 
      
                   
 
 
      
                 
 
 
      
         
 
 
      
                   
 
 
      
                  
 
     
      
                  
 
Profit for the year
                 4,409,543      (25,162  4,384,381 
Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities
           (45,742           232   (45,510
Currency translation differences
           241,273            14,634   255,907 
Gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income and transfer to retained earnings
           201,697      (223,928     931   (21,300
Share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures
           549               549 
Gains on cash flow hedging instruments
           20,864               20,864 
Losses on hedging instruments of net investments in foreign operations
           (57,935              (57,935
Other comprehensive loss arising from separate account
           (63,814              (63,814
Fair value changes of financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss due to own credit risk
           13,715               13,715 
Gains on overlay adjustments
           120,282               120,282 
Transfer within equity
           (7,671  7,671             
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total comprehensive income for the year
           423,218   7,671   4,185,615      (9,365  4,607,139 
Transactions with shareholders
                                    
Annual dividends paid to shareholders of the Parent Company
                 (689,653        (689,653
Quarterly dividends paid to shareholders of the Parent Company
                 (292,226        (292,226
Issuance of hybrid securities
     1,142,233                     1,142,233 
Dividends on hybrid securities
                 (71,537     (24,145  (95,682
Non-controlling
interests changes in business combination
                       1,994   1,994 
Transactions with
non-controlling
interests
        216,853   (5,955           (18,306  192,592 
Others
        (211              25,377   25,166 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total transactions with shareholders
     1,142,233   216,642   (5,955     (1,053,416     (15,080  284,424 
Balance as of December 31, 2021
 2,090,558  2,838,221  16,940,231  1,047,274  7,671  25,672,815  (1,136,188 833,338  48,293,920 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
(Continued)
 

F-12

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEARS ENDED December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021
 
  
Equity attributable to shareholders of the Parent Company
       
  
Share

capital
  
Hybrid
securities
  
Capital

surplus
  
Accumulated

other
comprehensive
income
  
Accumulated

other

comprehensive

income relating

to assets of a

disposal group
held for sale
  
Retained
earnings
  
Treasury
shares
  
Non-controlling
interests
  
Total equity
 
  
Translation into U.S. dollars (Note 3) (In thousands)
 
Balance as of January 1, 2021
 US$1,763,440  US$1,430,610  US$14,106,781  US$531,431  US$  US$19,013,594  US$(958,404 US$723,562  US$36,611,014 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Comprehensive income for the year
                                    
Profit for the year
                 3,719,564      (21,225  3,698,339 
Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities
           (38,585           196   (38,389
Currency translation differences
           203,520            12,344   215,864 
Gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income and transfer to retained earnings
           170,137      (188,889     785   (17,967
Share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures
           463               463 
Gains on cash flow hedging instruments
           17,599               17,599 
Losses on hedging instruments of net investments in foreign operations
           (48,870              (48,870
Other comprehensive loss arising from separate account
           (53,829              (53,829
Fair value changes of financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss due to own credit risk
           11,569               11,569 
Gains on overlay adjustments
           101,461               101,461 
Transfer within equity
           (6,471  6,471             
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total comprehensive income for the year
           356,994   6,471   3,530,675      (7,900  3,886,240 
Transactions with shareholders
                                    
Annual dividends paid to shareholders of the Parent Company
                 (581,740        (581,740
Quarterly dividends paid to shareholders of the Parent Company
                 (246,500        (246,500
Issuance of hybrid securities
     963,503                     963,503 
Dividends on hybrid securities
                 (60,344     (20,367  (80,711
Non-controlling
interests changes in business combination
                       1,682   1,682 
Transactions with
non-controlling
interests
        182,921   (5,022           (15,441            162,458 
Others
        (178              21,406   21,228 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total transactions with shareholders
     963,503   182,743   (5,022     (888,584     (12,720  239,920 
Balance as of December 31, 2021
 US$1,763,440  US$2,394,113  US$14,289,524  US$   883,403  US$6,471  US$21,655,685  US$   (958,404 US$702,942  US$40,737,174 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
The above consolidated statements of changes in equity should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.
 

F-13

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
  
2021
 
            
Translation into
U.S. dollars
(Note 3)
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
  
(In thousands)
 
Cash flows from operating activities:
                 
Profit for the year
  3,312,628  3,515,578  4,384,381  US$3,698,339 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Adjustment for
non-cash
items
                 
Net gains on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
   (438,567  (566,447  (274,515  (231,561
Net losses (gains) on derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes
   (3,835  (52,696  213,996   180,511 
Adjustment of fair value of derivative financial instruments
   282   (3,198      
Provision for credit losses
   670,185   1,043,498   1,185,133   999,691 
Net losses (gains) on financial investments
   (206,192  (278,805  97,813   82,508 
Share of loss (profit) of associates and joint ventures
   (16,451  43,750   (93,526  (78,892
Depreciation and amortization expense
   784,431   874,911   850,614   717,515 
Depreciation and amortization expense on VOBA
   192,459   173,866   156,074   131,653 
Other net losses (gains) on property and equipment/intangible assets
   (33,238  (124,218  1,974   1,665 
Share-based payments
   49,418   49,364   101,935   85,985 
Provision for policy reserves
   1,546,271   2,709,818   2,761,135   2,329,089 
Post-employment benefits
   232,701   235,231   237,315   200,181 
Net interest income
   313,550   458,210   256,736   216,564 
Gains on foreign currency translation
   (74,488  (116,786  (665,282  (561,183
Gain on a bargain purchase
      (145,067  (288  (243
Other expenses
   390,074   524,742   721,459   608,569 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    3,406,600   4,826,173   5,550,573   4,682,052 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
                 
Financial asset at fair value through profit or loss
   (916,415  (7,139,647  (6,149,781  (5,187,500
Derivative financial instruments
   (644,342  (38,376  39,343   33,187 
Loans measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
   15,536   81,803   (24,618  (20,766
Loans measured at amortized cost
   (21,681,258  (31,126,636  (41,457,544  (34,970,514
Current income tax assets
   (9,091  (54,539  10,581   8,925 
Deferred income tax assets
   803   (15,108  (92,967  (78,420
Other assets
   (3,668,385  (9,126,046  (3,724,562  (3,141,764
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
   (77,231  (3,247,108  759,989   641,071 
Deposits
   28,480,993   27,381,662   32,497,922   27,412,840 
Current income tax liabilities
   (266,204  323,313   (102,273  (86,270
Deferred income tax liabilities
   234,992   (125,066  294,130   248,106 
Other liabilities
   1,212,080   3,216,600   1,314,561   1,108,866 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    2,681,478     (19,869,148    (16,635,219  (14,032,239
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net cash inflow (outflow) from operating activities
  9,400,706  (11,540,694 (6,700,265 US$(5,651,848
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
(Continued)
 

F-14

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE YEARS ENDED December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
  
2021
 
            
Translation into
U.S. dollars
(Note 3)
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
  
(In thousands)
 
Cash flows from investing activities:
                 
Net cash flows from derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes
  (206,680 (64,177 427  US$360 
Disposal of financial asset at fair value through profit or loss
   11,364,615   14,169,758   13,788,604   11,631,045 
Acquisition of financial asset at fair value through profit or loss
   (12,359,886  (13,923,371  (12,298,792  (10,374,350
Disposal of financial investments
   69,489,132   83,143,443   50,825,909   42,872,973 
Acquisition of financial investments
   (79,083,472  (92,206,817  (56,633,996  (47,772,245
Disposal of investments in associates and joint ventures
   26,185   210,266   678,636   572,447 
Acquisition of investments in associates and joint ventures
   (92,200  (515,342  (261,881  (220,903
Disposal of property and equipment
   12,786   6,465   7,016   5,918 
Acquisition of property and equipment
   (608,736  (424,862  (286,613  (241,765
Disposal of investment property
   94,207   646,263   177,033   149,332 
Acquisition of investment property
   (806,088  (53,196  (118,961  (100,347
Disposal of intangible assets
   14,694   14,303   8,203   6,919 
Acquisition of intangible assets
   (333,557  (182,859  (191,696  (161,701
Net cash flows from changes in ownership of subsidiaries
   91,592   (1,951,245  374,992   316,316 
Others
   62,984   142,961   75,105   63,353 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net cash outflow from investing activities
   (12,334,424  (10,988,410  (3,856,014  (3,252,648
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Cash flows from financing activities:
                 
Net cash flows from derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes
   (28,631  (16,202  5,870   4,952 
Net increase in borrowings
   5,027,313   10,683,659   7,321,582   6,175,944 
Increase in debentures
   93,655,747   119,705,016   121,767,039   102,713,656 
Decrease in debentures
   (96,145,669  (107,760,800  (117,509,585  (99,122,383
Increase (decrease) in other payables to trust accounts
   (68,648  2,326,495   (509,106  (429,444
Dividends paid to shareholders of the Parent Company
   (759,736  (861,092  (981,879  (828,240
Dividends paid on hybrid securities
   (6,513  (22,860  (71,537  (60,344
Acquisition of treasury shares
   (274,317         
Issuance of hybrid securities
   399,205   1,296,783   1,142,233   963,503 
Increase (decrease) in
non-controlling
interests
   574,580   (25,658  (24,145  (20,367
Redemption of principal elements of lease payments
   (229,750  (235,498  (253,248  (213,621
Others
   134,027   172,433   (65,826  (55,526
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net cash inflow from financing activities
   2,277,608   25,262,276   10,821,398   9,128,130 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
   137,019   (171,805  158,249   133,488 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
   (519,091  2,561,367   423,368   357,122 
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year
   6,642,816   6,123,725   8,685,092   7,326,100 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year
  6,123,725  8,685,092  9,108,460  US$7,683,222 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
The above consolidated statements of cash flows should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.
 

F-15

1. The Parent Company
KB Financial Group Inc. (the “Parent Company”) was incorporated on September 29, 2008, under the Financial Holding Companies Act of Korea. KB Financial Group Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Group”) derive substantially all of their revenue and income from providing a broad range of banking and related financial services to consumers and corporations. The Parent Company’s main business purpose is to control subsidiaries that engage in the financial business or subsidiaries closely related to the financial business through the stock ownership. The Parent Company’s headquarter is located at 26,
Gukjegeumyung-ro
8-gil,
Yeongdeungpo-gu,
Seoul. In 2011, Kookmin Bank spun off its credit card business segment and established a new separate credit card company, KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd. and KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd. merged with KB Futures Co., Ltd. The Group established KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd. in January 2012, acquired Yehansoul Savings Bank Co., Ltd. in September 2013, and KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd. merged with Yehansoul Savings Bank Co., Ltd. in January 2014. In March 2014, the Group acquired Woori Financial Co., Ltd. and changed the name to KB Capital Co., Ltd. Meanwhile, the Group included LIG Insurance Co., Ltd. as an associate and changed the name to KB Insurance Co., Ltd. in June 2015, and KB Insurance Co., Ltd. became one of the subsidiaries through a tender offer in May 2017. Also, the Group included Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd. as an associate in June 2016 and included as a subsidiary in October 2016 by comprehensive exchange of shares. Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd. merged with KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd. in December 2016 and changed its name to KB Securities Co., Ltd. in January 2017. In August 2020, the Group acquired Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd., which was classified as a subsidiary.
The Parent Company’s share capital as of December 31, 2021, is ₩ 2,090,558 million. The Parent Company has been listed on the Korea Exchange (“KRX”) since October 10, 2008, and on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) for its American Depositary Shares (“ADS”) since September 29, 2008. Number of shares authorized in its Articles of Incorporation is 1,000 million.
2. Basis of Preparation
2.1 Application of IFRS
The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”). IFRS are the standards and related interpretations issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. Management also needs to exercise judgment in applying the Group’s accounting policies. The areas that require a more complex and higher level of judgment or areas that require significant assumptions and estimations are disclosed in Note 2.4.
2.1.1 The Group has applied the following amended standards for the first time for its annual reporting period commencing January 1, 2021.
 
  
Amendments to IFRS No.16 Leases – Practical Expedient for
COVID-19-Related
Rent Exemption, Concessions, Suspension
As a practical expedient, a lessee may elect not to assess whether a rent concession occurring as a direct consequence of the
COVID-19
pandemic is a lease modification, and the amounts recognized in profit or loss as a result of applying this exemption should be disclosed. These amendments do not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.
 
 
 
Amendments to IFRS No.9 Financial Instruments, IAS No.39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, IFRS No.7 Financial Instruments: Disclosure, IFRS No.4 Insurance Contracts, and IFRS No.16 Leases – Interest Rate Benchmark Reform
In relation to interest rate benchmark reform, the amendments provide a practical expedient allowing entities to change the effective interest rate instead of changing the carrying amount and apply hedge accounting
F-16

without discontinuance although the interest rate benchmark is replaced in hedging relationship. These amendments do not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.
2.1.2 The Group has changed the following accounting policy for its annual reporting period commencing January 1, 2021.
 
  
IAS No.19 Employee Benefits – Attributing Retirement Benefit to Periods of Services
The Group maintains defined benefit plan which pays a lump sum retirement benefit to employees who retire at a specific age before the mandatory retirement age and meet required minimum service periods as of retirement date. For the periods prior to the year beginning on January 1, 2021, the Group attributed the retirement benefit of this plan from the date the employee starts working with the Group until the retirement date, regardless of minimum service periods. However, from 2021, the Group retrospectively applied the accounting policy in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Interpretation Committee (“IFRIC”) agenda decision in May 2021, which requires attribution of the retirement benefit over the minimum service periods just before the retirement date. The restated comparative consolidated financial statements reflect adjustments resulting from the retrospective application.
The effects of this change in accounting policy to the consolidated statements of financial position as of January 1, 2020, December 31, 2020 and 2021 and to the consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
2.1.2.1 Effects on consolidated statements of financial position
 
   
January 1,

2020
  
December 31,

2020
  
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Increase in net defined benefit assets
  25,019       47,752        46,420  
Decrease in net defined benefit liabilities
       17,258   8,659    
Increase in deferred income tax liabilities
   11,627   15,513   12,766 
Increase in accumulated other comprehensive income
   20,723   17,674   11,034 
Increase in retained earnings
   9,927   23,224   22,620 
 
2.1.2.2 Effects on consolidated statements of comprehensive income
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won, except for per share
amounts)
 
Increase (decrease) in general and administrative expenses
  788      (18,340 833 
Increase (decrease) in income tax expense
   (217  5,043   (229
Increase (decrease) in other comprehensive income
         1,304   (3,049        (6,640
Increase (decrease) in basic earnings per share
   (2  34   (2
Increase (decrease) in diluted earnings per share
   (2  33   (2
2.1.3 The following new and amended standards have been published that are not mandatory for December 31, 2021 reporting period and have not been adopted by the Group.
 
 
 
Amendments to IFRS No.16 Leases
– COVID-19-Related
Rent Concessions, etc. beyond June 30, 2021
The application of the practical expedient, a lessee may elect not to assess whether a rent concession occurring as a direct consequence of the
COVID-19
pandemic is a lease modification, is extended to lease payments originally due on or before 30 June 2022. A lessee shall apply the practical expedient consistently to eligible contracts with similar characteristics and in similar circumstances. The amendments should be applied
 

F-17

for annual reporting periods beginning on or after April 1, 2021, and earlier application is permitted. The Group does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.
 
 
 
Amendments to IFRS No.3 Business Combination – Reference to the Conceptual Framework
The amendments update a reference of definition of assets and liabilities to qualify for recognition in revised Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. However, the amendments add an exception for the recognition of liabilities and contingent liabilities within the scope of IAS No.37
Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets
, and IFRIC No.21
Levies
. The amendments also confirm that contingent assets should not be recognized at the acquisition date. The amendments should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022, and earlier application is permitted. The Group does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.
 
 
 
Amendments to IAS No.16 Property, Plant and Equipment – Proceeds Before Intended Use
The amendments prohibit an entity from deducting from the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment any proceeds from selling items produced while the entity is preparing the asset for its intended use. Instead, the entity will recognize the proceeds from selling such items, and the costs of producing those items, as profit or loss. The amendments should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022, and earlier application is permitted. The Group does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.
 
 
 
Amendments to IAS No.37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets – Onerous Contracts: Cost of Fulfilling a Contract
The amendments clarify that the direct costs of fulfilling a contract include both the incremental costs of fulfilling the contract and an allocation of other costs directly related to fulfilling contracts when assessing whether the contract is onerous. The amendments should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022, and earlier application is permitted. The Group does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.
 
 
 
Amendments to IAS No.1 Presentation of Financial Statements – Classification of Liabilities as Current or
Non-current
The amendments clarify that liabilities are classified as either current or
non-current,
depending on the substantive rights that exist at the end of the reporting period. Classification is unaffected by the likelihood that an entity will exercise the right to defer settlement of the liability or the management’s expectations thereof. Also, the settlement of liability includes the transfer of the entity’s own equity instruments; however, it would be excluded if an option to settle the liability by the transfer of the entity’s own equity instruments is recognized separately from the liability as an equity component of a compound financial instrument. The amendments should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023, and earlier application is permitted. The Group does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.
 
 
 
Issuance of IFRS No.17 Insurance Contracts
(a) Major changes in accounting policy
IFRS No.17
 Insurance Contracts
 will replace IFRS No.4
 Insurance Contracts
. This standard requires an entity to estimate future cash flows of an insurance contract and measure insurance liabilities using discount rates applied with assumptions and risks at the measurement date and recognize insurance revenue on an accrual basis including services (insurance coverage) provided to the policyholder by each annual reporting period. In
 

F-18

addition, investment components (refunds due to termination and maturity) repaid to a policyholder even if an insured event does not occur, are excluded from insurance revenue, and net insurance income and net investment income are presented separately to enable users of the information to understand the sources of net income. This standard should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023, and earlier application is permitted for entities that applied IFRS No.9
 Financial Instruments
. The Group is scheduled to apply this standard for annual reporting period beginning on January 1, 2023. If the Group prepares consolidated financial statements by applying IFRS No.17, the following parts are expected to make significant differences with the current consolidated financial statements. It does not mean to include all differences that are arising in the future and can be changed based on the future additional analysis results.
(Measurement of Insurance liabilities, etc.)
Under IFRS No.17, the Group estimates all cash flows from insurance contracts and measures the insurance liabilities using discount rate that reflects assumptions and risks at the reporting date.
In details, the Group identifies a portfolio of insurance contracts that comprises contracts exposed to similar risks and managed together, then separates the contracts with similar profitability within the portfolio as groups of insurance contracts. The groups of insurance contracts are measured as the sum of the estimate of future cash flows (including cash flows related to policy loans and reflecting time value of money, etc.), risk adjustment, and the contractual service margin. With the adoption of IFRS No.17, account of the contractual service margin will be introduced, which means unearned profit that would be recognized by providing insurance service in the future.
Meanwhile, reinsurance contracts mean insurance contracts issued by a reinsurance company to compensate claims arising from original insurance contracts issued by other insurance companies. The groups of insurance contracts also apply assumptions consistent with the groups of original insurance contracts when estimating the present value of future cash flows for the groups of insurance contracts ceded.
(Recognition and measurement of financial performance)
Under IFRS No.17, the Group recognizes insurance revenue on an accrual basis for services (insurance coverage) provided to the policyholder by each annual reporting period, excluding investment component (refunds due to termination and maturity) to be paid to the policyholder regardless of the insured event. In addition, net insurance income and net investment income are presented separately to enable users of the information to understand the sources of net income.
The Group also includes the time value of money, financial risk and effects of their fluctuations related to the group of insurance contracts and the Group should select accounting policy whether the insurance finance income or expenses for the periods are divided to profit or loss, or other comprehensive income.
(Accounting policy for transition of insurance contracts)
Under transition requirements of IFRS No.17, the Group shall adjust the original cost-based measurement to current measurement by applying the fully retrospective approach, modified retrospective approach or fair value approach, for the group of insurance contracts issued before the transition date (the beginning of the annual reporting period immediately preceding initial application date of January 1, 2022).
In principle, the Group shall identify, recognize and measure each group of insurance contracts as if IFRS No.17 had always applied before the transition date. If this method is impracticable, the Group can apply the modified retrospective approach or the fair value approach. However, the fair value approach can be applied even though it is possible to apply the fully retrospective approach for the group of insurance contracts with direct participation features that meet specific requirements.
 

F-19

Meanwhile, the modified retrospective approach is a way to obtain results very close to the fully retrospective approach by using all reasonable and supportable information available without undue cost or effort. The fair value approach is a way to measure group of insurance contracts using fair value measurements based on IFRS No.13
Fair Value Measurements
. When applying the fair value approach, contractual service margin or loss component of the liability for remaining coverage at the transition date are measured as the difference between the fair value of a group of insurance contracts at that date and the fulfilment cash flows measured at that date.
Key changes in accounting policies expected by adopting IFRS No.17 are as follows:
 
  
IFRS No.4
 
IFRS No.17
Insurance liability measurement
 
Measure at cost using the past information
 
Measure at current value using information at the reporting date
 
Need to choose transition method to adjust the existing group of insurance contracts to current measurement at the transition date (among the fully retrospective approach, modified retrospective approach or fair value approach)
Recognition of insurance revenue
 
Apply cash basis to recognize the received premium as insurance revenue
 
Recognize revenue by reflecting services provided to the policyholder by each annual reporting period (accrual basis)
 
Include investment component, such as refunds due to termination and maturity, to insurance revenue
 
Exclude investment component (refunds due to termination and maturity) from insurance revenue
Net insurance income and net investment income (financial income) are presented separately
Deferred acquisition cost
 
Recognize deferred acquisition cost as a separate asset
 
Do not recognize deferred acquisition cost as a separate asset
 
Estimate insurance liability based on net insurance premium (excluding administration expenses)
 
Estimate insurance liability based on operating insurance premium (including administration expenses)
(b) Status of preparation for IFRS No.17 adoption
In order for the Group to smoothly adopt IFRS No.17, it is necessary to prepare a separate implementation department, implement an accounting system, train executives and employees, and analyze financial impact and etc.
Above all, for the adequacy of insurance liability evaluation, the stability of the accounting system and the conformity of system calculations must be secured, and accounting policies and actuarial assumptions must be established reasonably and applied consistently every period. For this, the Group needs to verify the system continually, and prepare various internal control procedures. In particular, the Group shall implement and comply with an internal control over financial reporting suitable for the changed accounting environment so that reliable accounting information can be prepared and disclosed after the adoption of the new accounting standard.
The adoption of IFRS No.17 will not only change accounting standard, but will also affect insurance product development, sales strategies, and long-term business strategies. Accordingly, it is necessary for the Group to
re-establish
various business strategies after the adoption of the new accounting standard, provide continual training for related executives and employees and report preparations for adoption and future plans to management.
 

F-20

The detailed preparations for adoption and future plans are as follows:
(KB Insurance Co., Ltd.)
 
Key activity
 
Progress (at the reporting date)
 
Future plan
Implementation department
 
(Feb. 2017) Organize the implementation department of IFRS No.17
 
Continuous operation of the implementation department
 
(Apr. 2018) Expand the implementation department of IFRS No.17 (currently, total 14 personnel who are fully in charge of)
Implementation of accounting system
 
(Feb. 2017) Start implementation of the integrated actuarial system
(Jun. 2018) Complete implementation of the system
 
Stabilization of the system (dual closing)
Implementation of the internal control over financial reporting
 
(Sep. 2018) Start implementation of the accounting system
(Nov. 2020) Complete implementation of the system
 
Currently, pilot operation
Training for executives and employees
 
Prepare and implement training for executives/head of departments and employees in related departments
 
Plan to expand training target
Reporting to management
 
Report implementation of the system, financial effects, etc.
 
Report issues in relation to the dual closing
 
(Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd.)
 
Key activity
 
Progress (at the reporting date)
 
Future plan
Implementation department
 
(Apr. 2016) Organize the implementation department of IFRS No.17 (currently, total 10 personnel who are fully in charge of)
 
Continuous operation of the implementation department
Implementation of accounting system
 
(Nov. 2017) Start implementation of the integrated actuarial system
(Nov. 2018) Complete implementation of the system
 
Advancement of the system (dual closing)
Implementation of the internal control over financial reporting
 
(Nov. 2020) Start implementation of the accounting system
(Dec. 2021) Complete implementation of the system
Training for executives and employees
 
Implement training for employees
 
Expansion of training target etc.
Reporting to management
 
Report the implementation of the system, financial effect of insurance supervisory accounting for adoption of IFRS No.17
 
Report issues in relation to dual closing
 

F-21

(KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd)
 
Key activity
 
Progress (at the reporting date)
 
Future plan
Implementation department
 
(Jul. 2018) Organize the responsive team for IFRS No.17
(Mar. 2019) Organize and operate TF for IFRS No.17
 
Progress works in relation to transition to new accounting standards
Supplement personnel who are fully in charge of, etc.
Implementation of accounting system
 
(Mar. 2019) Start implementation of the accounting system
(Dec. 2020) Complete implementation of the system
Currently, pilot operation
 
Stabilization of the system (dual closing)
Implementation of internal control over financial reporting
Training for executives and employees
 
Prepare and implement training for executives/head of departments and employees in related departments (total 20 trainings)
(Nov. 2020) Open online training
(Dec. 2021) Implement
non-face-to-face
training
 
Plan to increase training courses and expand training target
Reporting to management
 
Report implementation of the system, financial effects, etc.
 
Report issues in relation to the dual closing and financial effect
(c) Financial effect evaluation
As the adoption of IFRS No.17 changes the measurement method of insurance liability and insurance revenue recognition, financial volatility is expected to occur in the consolidated financial statements for 2023.
In 2021, the Group carried out continual system conformity verification and stabilization, and preparation for dual closing in 2022. Accordingly, in 2021, the preliminary and potential impact of the adoption of IFRS No.17 are disclosed, and detailed results of financial impact will be disclosed in the annual consolidated financial statements for 2022.
The Group is currently analyzing the impact of the measurement of insurance contract liabilities after the adoption of IFRS No.17 due to changes in the insurance liability measurement method and revenue recognition method.
As of December 31, 2021, the Group has a total insurance contract liabilities of ₩ 57,165,936 million, and savings type insurance accounts for 28% (₩ 4,467,242 million) of the total insurance premium income.
 
  
Amendments to IAS No.1 Presentation of Financial Statements – Accounting Policy Disclosure
The amendments require an entity to define and disclose their material accounting policy information. IFRS Practice Statement 2
 Making Materiality Judgements
was amended to explain and demonstrate how to apply the concept of materiality. The amendments should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023, and earlier application is permitted. The Group does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.
 
  
Amendments to IAS No.8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors – Definition of Accounting Estimates
The amendments introduce the definition of accounting estimates and clarify how to distinguish changes in accounting estimates from changes in accounting policies. The amendments should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023, and earlier application is permitted. The Group does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.
 
F-22

  
Amendments to IAS No.12 Income Taxes – Deferred Tax Related to Assets and Liabilities Arising from a Single Transaction
The amendments narrow the scope of the deferred tax recognition exemption so that it no longer applies to transactions that, on initial recognition, give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences. The amendments should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023, and earlier application is permitted. The Group does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.
 
  
Annual improvements to IFRS 2018-2020
Annual improvements of IFRS 2018-2020 Cycle should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022, and earlier application is permitted. The Group does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.
 
  
IFRS No.1
First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards
– Subsidiaries that are first-time adopters
 
  
IFRS No.9
Financial Instruments
– Fees related to the 10% test for derecognition of financial liabilities
 
  
IFRS No.16
Leases
– Lease incentives
 
  
IAS No.41
Agricultur
e – Measuring fair value
2.2 Measurement Basis
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared based on the historical cost accounting model unless otherwise specified.
2.3 Functional and Presentation Currency
Items included in the financial statements of each entity of the Group are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (“functional currency”). The consolidated financial statements are presented in Korean won, which is the Parent Company’s functional and presentation currency.
2.4 Critical Accounting Estimates
The Group applies accounting policies and uses judgements, accounting estimates, and assumptions that may have a significant impact on the assets (liabilities) and incomes (expenses) in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Management’s estimates of outcomes may differ from actual outcomes if management’s estimates and assumptions based on management’s best judgment are different from the actual environment.
Estimates and underlying assumptions are continually evaluated, and changes in accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are changed and in any future periods affected.
Uncertainties in estimates and assumptions with significant risks that may result in material adjustments to the consolidated financial statements are as follows:
2.4.1 Income taxes
As the income taxes on the Group’s taxable income is calculated by applying the tax laws of various countries and the decisions of tax authorities, there is uncertainty in calculating the final tax effect.

F-23

If a certain portion of the taxable income is not used for investments, wages, etc. in accordance with the Korean regulation called ‘Special Taxation for Facilitation of Investment and Mutually-beneficial Cooperation’, the Group is liable to pay additional income tax calculated based on the tax laws. Therefore, the effect of recirculation of corporate income should be reflected in current and deferred income tax. As the Group’s income tax is dependent on the actual investments, wages, etc. per each year, there are uncertainties in measuring the final tax effects during the period when the tax law is applied.
2.4.2 Fair value of financial instruments
The fair value of financial instruments where no active market exists or where quoted prices are not otherwise available is determined by using valuation techniques. Financial instruments, which are not actively traded in the market and those with less transparent market prices, will have less objective fair values and require broad judgment on liquidity, concentration, uncertainty in market factors, assumptions in fair value determination, and other risks.
As described in the significant accounting policies in Note 3.3 Recognition and Measurement of Financial Instruments, diverse valuation techniques are used to determine the fair value of financial instruments, from generally accepted market valuation models to internally developed valuation models that incorporate various types of assumptions and variables.
2.4.3 Allowances and provisions for credit losses
The Group recognizes and measures allowances for credit losses of debt instruments measured at amortized cost, debt instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, and lease receivables. Also, the Group recognizes and measures provisions for credit losses of acceptances and guarantees, and unused loan commitments. Accuracy of allowances and provisions for credit losses is dependent upon estimation of expected cash flows of the borrower subject to individual assessment of impairment, and upon assumptions and variables of model used in collective assessment of impairment and estimation of provisions for credit losses of acceptances and guarantees, and unused loan commitments.
2.4.4 Net defined benefit liability
The present value of the net defined benefit liability is affected by changes in the various factors determined by the actuarial method.
2.4.5 Impairment of goodwill
The recoverable amounts of cash-generating units are determined based on
value-in-use
calculations to test whether impairment of goodwill has occurred.
2.4.6 Estimated claims for Incurred But Not Reported (“IBNR”)
An amount of IBNR is the total sum of estimated insurance claims that shall be paid for accidents that occurred but have not been reported to the Group and estimated insurance claims that shall be additionally paid upon resumption of payment claims. The Group calculates IBNR by applying statistical methods in risk units prescribed in Detailed Regulations on Supervision of Insurance Business, and records IBNR in reserve for outstanding claims of insurance liability. IBNR based on statistical methods requires significant accounting estimates in determining the application methodology for each accident year (PLDM, ILDM, BFM, and others) and determining the loss development factor.

F-24

2.4.7 Assessment of expected credit losses of financial instruments related to
COVID-19
The proliferation of
COVID-19
in 2021 negatively affected the global economy, despite various forms of government support policy. Accordingly, the Group was provided with various economic forecasting scenarios from KB Research, assuming macroeconomic changes due to the level of
COVID-19
pandemic. The Group reviewed the possibilities of each scenario comprehensively, updated the forward-looking information, and reflected its effect on expected credit losses through the statistical method. In addition, for financial assets in risky industries vulnerable to the impact of
COVID-19,
the Group measured expected credit losses using a conservative scenario comparing to the forecasted forward-looking information and reflected credit risk that will increase in the future, such as by expanding the scope of loans subject to lifetime expected credit losses
(non-impaired).
The Group will continue to monitor the impact of
COVID-19
on the expected credit losses by comprehensively considering the duration of the impact on the entire economy and the government’s policies.
3. Significant Accounting Policies
The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.
For the comparative purpose, certain information in the notes for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020 have been reclassified to conform to the presentation for the year ended December 31, 2021.
3.1 Consolidation
3.1.1 Subsidiaries
Subsidiaries are companies that are controlled by the Group. The Group controls an investee when it is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. Also, the existence and effects of potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible are considered when assessing whether the Group controls the investee. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date when control is transferred to the Group and
de-consolidated
from the date when control is lost.
If a subsidiary uses accounting policies other than those adopted in the consolidated financial statements for like transactions and events in similar circumstances, appropriate adjustments are made to that subsidiary’s financial statements in preparing the consolidated financial statements to ensure conformity with the Group’s accounting policies.
Profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income are attributed to the owners of the parent and to the
non-controlling
interests, if any. Total comprehensive income is attributed to the owners of the parent and to the
non-controlling
interests even if this results in the
non-controlling
interests having a deficit balance.
Transactions with
non-controlling
interests that do not result in loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions (i.e., transactions with owners in their capacity as owners). The difference between fair value of any consideration paid and carrying amount of the subsidiary’s net assets attributable to the additional interests acquired, is recorded in equity. Gains or losses on disposals to
non-controlling
interests are also recorded in equity.
When the Group loses control, any investment retained in the former subsidiary is recognized at its fair value at the date when control is lost, with the resulting difference recognized in profit or loss. This fair value will be the fair value on initial recognition of a financial asset in accordance with IFRS No.9 or, when appropriate, the cost on initial recognition of an investment in an associate or joint venture. In addition, all amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income in relation to that subsidiary are accounted for on

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the same basis as would be required if the Group had directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities. Therefore, amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss.
The Group accounts for each business combination by applying the acquisition method. The consideration transferred is measured at fair value, and identifiable assets acquired, and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are initially measured at acquisition-date fair values. For each business combination, the Group measures
non-controlling
interests in the acquiree that entitle their holders to a proportionate share of the acquiree’s net assets in the event of liquidation at either (a) fair value or (b) the proportionate share in the recognized amounts of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets. Acquisition-related costs are expensed in the periods in which the costs are incurred.
In a business combination achieved in stages, the Group shall remeasure its previously held equity interest in the acquiree at its acquisition-date fair value and recognize the resulting gain or loss, if any, in profit or loss or other comprehensive income, as appropriate. In prior reporting periods, the Group may have recognized changes in the value of its equity interest in the acquiree in other comprehensive income. If so, the amount that was recognized in other comprehensive income shall be reclassified as profit or loss, or retained earnings, on the same basis as would be required if the Group had directly disposed of the previously held equity interest.
The Group applies the book-value method to account for business combinations of entities under common control. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured at their book value on the consolidated financial statements of the Group. In addition, the difference between (a) the sum of consolidated net book value of the assets and liabilities transferred and accumulated other comprehensive income and (b) the consideration paid, is recognized as capital surplus.
3.1.2 Associates and joint ventures
Associates are entities over which the Group has significant influence over the financial and operating policy decisions. Generally, if the Group holds 20% or more of the voting power of the investee, it is presumed that the Group has significant influence.
Joint ventures are investments in which the Group has joint control over economic activities pursuant to contractual arrangement. Decisions about strategic financial and operating policies require unanimous consent of the parties sharing control.
Investments in associates and joint ventures are initially recognized at cost and equity method is applied after initial recognition. The carrying amount is increased or decreased to recognize the Group’s share of the profit or loss of the investee and changes in the investee’s equity after the date of acquisition. Distributions received from an investee reduce the carrying amount of the investment. Unrealized gains and losses resulting from transactions between the Group and associates are eliminated to the extent of the Group’s share in associates. If unrealized losses are an indication of an impairment that requires recognition in the consolidated financial statements, those losses are recognized for the period.
If associates or joint ventures use accounting policies other than those of the Group for like transactions and events in similar circumstances, if necessary, adjustments shall be made to make the associates or joint ventures’ accounting policies conform to those of the Group when the associates or joint ventures’ financial statements are used by the Group in applying the equity method.
If the Group’s share of losses of associates and joint ventures equals or exceeds its interest in the associates (including long-term interests that, in substance, form part of the Group’s net investment in the associates), the Group discontinues recognizing its share of further losses. After the Group’s interest is reduced to zero, additional losses are provided for, and a liability is recognized, only to the extent that the Group has incurred legal or constructive obligations or made payments on behalf of the investee.

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The Group determines at each reporting period whether there is any objective evidence that the investments in the associates are impaired. If this is the case, the Group calculates the amount of impairment as the difference between the recoverable amount of the associates and its carrying amount and recognizes the amount as
non-operating
expenses in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income.
3.1.3 Structured entity
A structured entity is an entity that has been designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity. When the Group decides whether it has power over the structured entities in which the Group has interests, it considers factors such as the purpose, the form, the substantive ability to direct the relevant activities of a structured entity, the nature of its relationship with a structured entity, and the amount of exposure to variable returns.
3.1.4 Funds management
The Group manages and operates trust assets, collective investment, and other funds on behalf of investors. These trusts and funds are not consolidated, except for trusts and funds over which the Group has control.
3.1.5 Intragroup transactions
Intragroup balances, income, expenses, and any unrealized gains and losses resulting from intragroup transactions are eliminated in full, in preparing the consolidated financial statements. If unrealized losses are an indication of an impairment that requires recognition in the consolidated financial statements, those losses are recognized for the period.
3.2 Foreign Currency
3.2.1 Foreign currency transactions
A foreign currency transaction is recorded, at initial recognition in the functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction. At the end of each reporting period, foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate which is the spot exchange rate at the end of the reporting period.
Non-monetary
items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date when the fair value was measured and
non-monetary
items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction.
Except for the exchange differences for the net investment in a foreign operation and the financial liability designated as a hedging instrument of net investment, exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items are recognized in profit or loss. When a gain or loss on a
non-monetary
item is recognized in other comprehensive income, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognized in other comprehensive income, conversely, when a gain or loss on a
non-monetary
item is recognized in profit or loss, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss.
3.2.2 Foreign operations
The results and financial position of a foreign operation, whose functional currency differs from the Group’s presentation currency, are translated into the Group’s presentation currency based on the following procedures.
If the functional currency of a foreign operation is not the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, assets and liabilities for each statement of financial position presented (including comparatives) are translated at the closing rate at the end of the reporting period, income and expenses for each statement of comprehensive income

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presented (including comparatives) are translated using the average exchange rates for the period. All resulting exchange differences are recognized in other comprehensive income.
Any goodwill arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising on the acquisition of that foreign operation are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation. Thus, they are expressed in the functional currency of the foreign operation and are translated into the presentation currency at the closing rate.
On the disposal of a foreign operation, the cumulative amount of the exchange differences relating to that foreign operation, recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the separate component of equity, is reclassified from equity to profit or loss (as a reclassification adjustment) when the gain or loss on disposal is recognized. On the partial disposal of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, the Group
re-attributes
the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognized in other comprehensive income to the
non-controlling
interests in that foreign operation. In any other partial disposal of a foreign operation, the Group reclassifies to profit or loss only the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognized in other comprehensive income.
3.2.3 Translation of the net investment in a foreign operation
A monetary item that is receivable from or payable to a foreign operation, for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future is, in substance, a part of the Group’s net investment in that foreign operation, then foreign currency difference arising from that monetary item is recognized in the other comprehensive income and shall be reclassified to profit or loss on disposal of the net investment.
3.3 Recognition and Measurement of Financial Instruments
3.3.1 Initial recognition
The Group recognizes a financial asset or a financial liability in its consolidated statement of financial position when the Group becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (a purchase or sale of a financial asset under a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned) is recognized and derecognized using trade date accounting.
For financial reporting purpose, the Group classifies (a) financial assets as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income, or financial assets at amortized cost and (b) financial liabilities as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, or other financial liabilities. These classifications are based on the business model for managing financial instruments and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial instrument at initial recognition.
At initial recognition, a financial asset or financial liability is measured at its fair value plus or minus, in the case of a financial asset or financial liability not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial asset or financial liability. The fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is normally the transaction price (that is, the fair value of the consideration given or received) in an arm’s length transaction.
3.3.2 Subsequent measurement
After initial recognition, financial instruments are measured at amortized cost or fair value based on classification at initial recognition.

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3.3.2.1 Amortized cost
The amortized cost of a financial asset or financial liability is the amount at which the financial asset or financial liability is measured at initial recognition minus the principal repayments, plus or minus the cumulative amortization using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount and the maturity amount and, for financial assets, adjusted for any loss allowance.
3.3.2.2 Fair value
The Group uses quoted price in an active market which is based on listed market price or dealer price quotations of financial instruments traded in an active market as best estimate of fair value. A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange, dealer, broker, industry group, pricing service or regulatory agency, and those prices represent actual and regularly occurring market transactions on an arm’s length basis.
If there is no active market for a financial instrument, fair value is determined either by using a valuation technique or independent third-party valuation service. Valuation techniques include using recent arm’s length market transactions between knowledgeable and willing parties, if available, referencing the current fair value of another instrument that is substantially the same, discounted cash flow analysis, and option pricing models.
The Group uses valuation models that are commonly used by market participants and customized for the Group to determine fair values of common
over-the-counter
(“OTC”) derivatives such as options, interest rate swaps, and currency swaps which are based on the inputs observable in markets. However, for some complex financial instruments that require fair value measurement by valuation techniques based on certain assumptions because some or all inputs used in the model are not observable in the market, the Group uses internal valuation models developed from general valuation models or valuation results from independent external valuation institutions.
In addition, the fair value information recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position is classified into the following fair value hierarchy, reflecting the significance of the input variables used in the fair value measurement.
 
Level 1 :
  Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Group can access at the measurement date
  
Level 2 :  Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly
  
Level 3 :  Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability
The fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety in the same level of the fair value hierarchy as the lowest level input that is significant to the entire measurement. For this purpose, the significance of an input is assessed against the fair value measurement in its entirety.
If a fair value measurement uses observable inputs that require significant adjustment using unobservable inputs, that measurement is a Level 3 measurement.
If the valuation technique does not reflect all factors which market participants would consider in pricing the asset or liability, the fair value is adjusted to reflect those factors. Those factors include counterparty credit risk,
bid-ask
spread, liquidity risk, and others.
The Group uses valuation technique which maximizes the use of market inputs and minimizes the use of entity-specific inputs. It incorporates all factors that market participants would consider in pricing the asset or

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liability and is consistent with economic methodologies applied for pricing financial instruments. Periodically, the Group calibrates the valuation technique and tests its validity using prices of observable current market transactions of the same instrument or based on other relevant observable market data.
3.3.3 Derecognition
Derecognition is the removal of a previously recognized financial asset or financial liability from the consolidated statement of financial position. The derecognition criteria for financial assets and financial liabilities are as follows:
3.3.3.1 Derecognition of financial assets
A financial asset is derecognized when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial assets expire or the Group transfers substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, or the Group neither transfers nor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset and the Group has not retained control. Therefore, if the Group does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the Group continues to recognize the financial asset to the extent of its continuing involvement in the financial asset.
If the Group transfers the contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the financial asset but retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the Group continues to recognize the transferred asset in its entirety and recognize a financial liability for the consideration received.
The Group writes off a financial asset when the Group has no reasonable expectations of recovering a financial asset in its entirety or a portion thereof. In general, the Group considers
write-off
when it is determined that the debtor does not have sufficient funds or income to cover the principal and interest. The
write-off
decision is made in accordance with internal regulations. After the
write-off,
the Group can continue to collect the
written-off
loans according to the internal policy. Recovered amounts from financial assets previously
written-off
are recognized in profit or loss.
3.3.3.2 Derecognition of financial liabilities
A financial liability is derecognized from the consolidated statement of financial position when it is extinguished (i.e., the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, canceled or expires).
3.3.4 Offsetting
A financial asset and a financial liability are offset, and the net amount is presented in the consolidated statement of financial position when, and only when, the Group currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. The legally enforceable right must not be contingent on a future event and must be legally enforceable in the normal course of business, the event of default, and the event of insolvency or bankruptcy of the Group and all of the counterparties.
3.4 Cash and Due from Financial Institutions
Cash and due from financial institutions include cash on hand, foreign currency, and short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value, and due from financial institutions. Cash and due from financial institutions are measured at amortized cost.
 

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3.5
Non-derivative
Financial Assets
3.5.1 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Financial assets are classified as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss unless they are classified as financial assets at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income.
The Group may designate certain financial assets upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss when the designation eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency (sometimes referred to as an ‘accounting mismatch’) that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognizing the gains and losses on them on different bases.
After initial recognition, a financial asset at fair value through profit or loss is measured at fair value and gains or losses arising from a change in fair value are recognized in profit or loss. Interest income using the effective interest method and dividend income from financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are also recognized in profit or loss.
3.5.2 Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
The Group classifies below financial assets as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
 
  
Debt instruments that are held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets, and where the assets’ cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding and;
 
  
Equity instruments that are not held for short-term trading but held for strategic investment, and designated as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
After initial recognition, a financial asset at fair value through other comprehensive income is measured at fair value. Gains or losses arising from a change in fair value, other than dividend income, interest income calculated using the effective interest method and exchange differences arising on monetary items which are recognized directly in profit or loss, are recognized in other comprehensive income in equity.
When the financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income is disposed of, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in other comprehensive income is reclassified from equity to profit or loss. However, cumulative gain or loss of equity instruments designated at fair value through other comprehensive income is reclassified to retained earnings not to profit or loss at disposal.
A financial asset at fair value through other comprehensive income denominated in foreign currency is translated at the closing rate. Exchange differences resulting from changes in amortized cost are recognized in profit or loss, and other changes are recognized in equity.
3.5.3 Financial assets at amortized cost
A financial asset, which is held within the business model whose objective is achieved by collecting contractual cash flows, and where the assets’ cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding, is classified as a financial asset at amortized cost. After initial recognition, a financial asset at amortized cost is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method and interest income is calculated using the effective interest method.
 

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3.6 Expected Credit Losses of Financial Assets (Debt Instruments)
The Group recognizes loss allowances for expected credit losses at the end of the reporting period for financial assets at amortized cost and fair value through other comprehensive income except for financial assets at fair value through profit or loss.
Expected credit losses are estimated at present value of probability-weighted amount that is determined by evaluating a range of possible outcomes. The Group measures expected credit losses by reflecting all reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort at the reporting date about past events, current conditions, and forecasts of future economic conditions.
The approaches of measuring expected credit losses in accordance with IFRS are as follows:
 
  
General approach: for financial assets and unused loan commitments not subject to the below 2 approaches
 
  
Simplified approach: for trade receivables, contract assets, and lease receivables
 
  
Credit-impaired approach: for financial assets that are credit-impaired at the time of acquisition
Application of general approach is differentiated depending on whether credit risk has increased significantly after initial recognition. If the credit risk on a financial instrument has not increased significantly since initial recognition, the Group measures loss allowances for that financial instrument at an amount equal to
12-month
expected credit losses, whereas if the credit risk on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition, the Group measures loss allowances for a financial instrument at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses. Lifetime is the period until the contractual maturity date of financial instruments and means the expected life.
The Group assesses whether the credit risk has increased significantly using the following criteria, and if one or more of the following criteria are met, it is deemed as significant increase in credit risk. Criterion of more than 30 days past due is applied to all subsidiaries, and other criteria are applied selectively considering specific indicators of each subsidiary or additionally considering specific indicators of each subsidiary. If the contractual cash flows of a financial asset have been renegotiated or modified, the Group assesses whether the credit risk has increased significantly using the same following criteria.
 
  
More than 30 days past due
 
  
Decline in credit rating at the end of the reporting period by certain notches or more compared to the time of initial recognition
 
  
Subsequent managing ratings below certain level in the early warning system
 
  
Debt restructuring (except for impaired financial assets) and
 
  
Credit delinquency information of Korea Federation of Banks, etc.
Under simplified approach, the Group always measures loss allowances at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses. Under credit-impaired approach, the Group only recognizes the cumulative changes in lifetime expected credit losses since initial recognition as loss allowances at the end of the reporting period. In assessing credit impairment, the Group uses definition of default as in the new Basel Accord which rules calculation of Capital Adequacy Ratio.
The Group generally considers the loan to be credit-impaired if one or more of the following criteria are met:
 
  
90 days or more past due

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Legal proceedings related to collection
 
  
A borrower registered on the credit management list of Korea Federation of Banks
 
  
A corporate borrower with the credit rating C and D
 
  
Refinancing and
 
  
Debt restructuring, etc.
3.6.1 Forward-looking information
The Group uses forward-looking information, when determining whether credit risk has increased significantly and measuring expected credit losses.
The Group assumes that the risk components have a constant correlation with the economic cycle and uses statistical methodologies to estimate the relation between key macroeconomic variables and risk components for the expected credit losses.
The correlation between the major macroeconomic variables and the credit risk are as follows:
 
Key macroeconomic variables
  
Correlation between the major macroeconomic
variables and the credit risk
Domestic GDP growth rate
  (-)
Composite stock index
  (-)
Rate of change of construction investment
  (-)
Rate of change of housing transaction price index
  (-)
Interest rate spread
  (+)
Private consumption growth rate
  (-)
Change of call rate compared to the previous year (%p)
  (+)
Rate of change of household loan
  (-)
Forward-looking information used in calculation of expected credit losses is based on the macroeconomic forecasts utilized by management of the Group for its business plan considering reliable external agency’s forecasts and others. The forward-looking information is generated by KB Research with a comprehensive approach to capture the possibility of various economic forecast scenarios that are derived from the internal and external viewpoints of the macroeconomic situation. The Group determines the macroeconomic variables to be used in forecasting future conditions of the economy, considering the direction of the forecast scenario and the significant relationship between macroeconomic variables and time series data. And there are some changes compared to the macroeconomic variables used in the previous year.
In order to reflect additional credit risk for financial assets whose industries are highly affected by
COVID-19,
the Group measures expected credit losses using a conservative scenario compared to the forecasted forward-looking information.
3.6.2 Measuring expected credit losses on financial assets at amortized cost
The expected credit losses of financial assets at amortized cost are measured as present value of the difference between the contractual cash flows to be received and the cash flows expected to be received. The Group estimates expected future cash flows for financial assets that are individually significant. The Group selects the individually significant financial assets by comprehensively considering quantitative and qualitative factors (such as debt restructuring or negative net assets, etc.) among financial assets with the credit risk has increased significantly or credit-impaired (individual assessment of impairment).

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For financial assets that are not individually significant, the Group collectively estimates expected credit losses by grouping loans with a homogeneous credit risk profile (collective assessment of impairment).
3.6.2.1 Individual assessment of impairment
Individual assessment of impairment losses is performed using management’s best estimate on the present value of expected future cash flows. The Group uses all the available information including financial condition of the borrower such as operating cash flow and net realizable value of any collateral held.
3.6.2.2 Collective assessment of impairment
Collective assessment of impairment losses is performed by using a methodology based on historical loss experience and reflecting forward-looking information. Such a process incorporates factors such as type of collateral, type of product, type of borrower, credit rating, size of portfolio, and recovery period and applies Probability of Default (“PD”) on a group of assets and Loss Given Default (“LGD”) by type of recovery method. Also, the Group applies certain assumptions to model expected credit losses assessment and to determine input based on loss experience and forward-looking information. These models and assumptions are periodically reviewed to reduce the gap between loss estimate and actual loss experience.
The lifetime expected credit losses are measured by applying the PD to the carrying amount calculated by deducting the expected principal repayment amount from the carrying amount as of the reporting date and the LGD adjusted to reflect changes in the carrying amount.
3.6.3 Measuring expected credit losses on financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
The Group measures expected credit losses on financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income in a manner that is consistent with the requirements that are applicable to financial assets at amortized cost. However, loss allowances are recognized in other comprehensive income. Upon disposal or repayment of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income, the amount of loss allowances is reclassified from other comprehensive income to profit or loss.
3.7 Derivative Financial Instruments
The Group enters into numerous derivative financial instrument contracts such as currency forwards, interest rate swaps, currency swaps, and others for trading purposes or to manage its interest rate risk, currency risk, and others. The Group’s derivative financial instruments business focuses on addressing the needs of the Group’s corporate clients to hedge their risk exposure and to hedge the Group’s risk exposure that results from such client contracts. These derivative financial instruments are presented as derivative financial instruments in the consolidated financial statements irrespective of transaction purpose and subsequent measurement requirement.
The Group designates certain derivative financial instruments as hedging instruments to hedge the risk of changes in fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (fair value hedge) and the risk of changes in cash flow (cash flow hedge). The Group designates certain derivative and
non-derivative
financial instruments as hedging instruments to hedge the currency risk of the net investment in a foreign operation (hedge of net investment).
At the inception of the hedging relationship, there is formal designation and documentation of the hedging relationship and the Group’s risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. This documentation includes identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item, the nature of the risk being hedged, the inception date of hedging relationship and how the Group will assess the hedging instrument’s effectiveness in offsetting the changes in the hedged item’s fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk.

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Derivative financial instruments are initially recognized at fair value. After initial recognition, derivative financial instruments are measured at fair value, and changes therein are accounted for as described below.
3.7.1 Derivative financial instruments held for trading
All derivative financial instruments, except for derivatives that are designated and qualify for hedge accounting, are measured at fair value. Gains or losses arising from changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss as part of net gains or losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss.
3.7.2 Derivative financial instruments for fair value hedges
If derivative financial instruments are designated and qualify for fair value hedges, changes in fair value of the hedging instrument and changes in fair value of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in profit or loss as part of other operating income or expenses. If the hedged items are equity instruments for which the Group has elected to present changes in fair value in other comprehensive income, changes in fair value of the hedging instrument and changes in fair value of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in other comprehensive income.
Fair value hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively if the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or the hedging relationship ceases to meet the qualifying criteria. Once fair value hedge accounting is discontinued, the adjustment to the carrying amount of a hedged item is amortized to profit or loss by the maturity of the financial instrument using the effective interest method.
3.7.3 Derivative financial instruments for cash flow hedges
The effective portion of changes in fair value of derivative financial instruments that are designated and qualify for cash flow hedges is recognized in other comprehensive income, limited to the cumulative change in fair value (present value) of the hedged item (the present value of the cumulative change in the hedged expected future cash flows) from inception of the hedge. The ineffective portion is recognized in profit or loss as other operating income or expenses. The associated gains or losses that were previously recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified from equity to profit or loss (other operating income or expenses) as a reclassification adjustment in the same period or periods during which the hedged forecast cash flows affect profit or loss. Cash flow hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively if the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or the hedging relationship ceases to meet the qualifying criteria. When the cash flow hedge accounting is discontinued, the cumulative gains or losses on the hedging instrument that have been recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss over the period in which the forecast transaction occurs. If the forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gains or losses that have been recognized in other comprehensive income are immediately reclassified to profit or loss.
3.7.4 Derivative and
non-derivative
financial instruments designated for net investments hedges
If derivative and
non-derivative
financial instruments are designated and qualify for the net investment hedge, the effective portion of changes in fair value of the hedging instrument is recognized in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion is recognized in profit or loss as other operating income or expenses. The cumulative gains or losses on the hedging instrument relating to the effective portion of the hedge that have been accumulated in other comprehensive income will be reclassified from other comprehensive income to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment on the disposal or partial disposal of the foreign operation.

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3.7.5 Embedded derivatives
An embedded derivative is separated from the host contract and accounted for as a derivative if, and only if, (a) the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative are not closely related to those of the host contract, (b) a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and (c) the hybrid contract contains a host that is not a financial asset and is not designated as at fair value through profit or loss. Gains or losses arising from a change in fair value of an embedded derivative separated from the host contract are recognized in profit or loss as part of net gains or losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss.
3.7.6 Day one gains or losses
If the Group uses a valuation technique that incorporates unobservable inputs for the fair value of the OTC derivatives at initial recognition, there may be a difference between the transaction price and the amount determined using that valuation technique. In these circumstances, the difference is not recognized in profit or loss but deferred and amortized using the straight-line method over the life of the financial instrument. If the fair value is subsequently determined using observable inputs, the remaining deferred amount is recognized in profit or loss as part of net gains or losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss or other operating income or expenses.
3.8 Property and Equipment
3.8.1 Recognition and measurement
Property and equipment that qualify for recognition as an asset are measured at cost and subsequently carried at its cost less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.
The cost of property and equipment includes any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management and the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.
Subsequent expenditures are capitalized only when they prolong the useful life or enhance values of the assets but the costs of the
day-to-day
servicing of the assets such as repair and maintenance costs are recognized in profit or loss as incurred. When part of an item of property and equipment has a useful life different from that of the entire asset, it is recognized as a separate asset.
3.8.2 Depreciation
Land is not depreciated, whereas other property and equipment are depreciated using the method that reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Group. The depreciable amount of an asset is determined after deducting its residual value.
Each part of an item of property and equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item is depreciated separately.
The depreciation method and estimated useful life of property and equipment are as follows:
 
Property and equipment
 
Depreciation method
 
Estimated useful life
Buildings
 Straight-line 20~40 years
Leasehold improvements
 Declining-balance/ Straight-line 4~15 years
Equipment and vehicles
 Declining-balance/ Straight-line 3~15 years
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The residual value, the useful life, and the depreciation method applied to an asset are reviewed at each financial
year-end
and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the changes are accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate.
3.9 Investment Properties
3.9.1 Recognition and measurement
Properties held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both are classified as investment properties. Investment properties are measured initially at their cost and subsequently the cost model is used.
3.9.2 Depreciation
Land is not depreciated, whereas other investment properties are depreciated using the method that reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Group. The depreciable amount of an asset is determined after deducting its residual value.
The depreciation method and estimated useful life of investment properties are as follows:
 
Investment properties
 
Depreciation method
 
Estimated useful life
Buildings Straight-line 20~40 years
The residual value, the useful life, and the depreciation method applied to an asset are reviewed at each financial
year-end
and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the changes are accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate.
3.10 Intangible Assets
Intangible assets are measured initially at cost and subsequently carried at their cost less any accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses.
Intangible assets, except for goodwill and membership rights, are amortized using the straight-line or declining-balance method with no residual value over their estimated useful life since the assets are available for use.
 
Intangible assets
 
Amortization method
 
Estimated useful life
Industrial property rights Straight-line 3 ~ 19 years
Software Straight-line 3 ~ 5 years
Value of business acquired Declining-balance 30, 60 years
Others Straight-line / Declining-balance 1 ~ 13 years
The amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at each financial
year-end.
Where an intangible asset is not being amortized because its useful life is indefinite, the Group carries out a review in each accounting period to confirm whether events and circumstances still support an indefinite useful life assessment. If they do not, the change in the useful life assessment from indefinite to finite is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate.
3.10.1 Value of business acquired (“VOBA”)
In the case of acquisition of insurance company, the Group recognizes the difference amount as VOBA in intangible assets, if the fair value of the acquired insurance liability is less than the carrying amount based on the acquiree’s accounting policy. In the opposite case, the difference amount is recognized as negative VOBA and

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included in premium reserve. VOBA is an estimated present value of profits inherent in the future cash flow of insurance contracts at the acquisition date. VOBA is amortized over the above estimated useful life using declining balance method, and the amortization is recognized as insurance expense.
3.10.2 Goodwill
3.10.2.1 Recognition and measurement
Goodwill related to business combinations before January 1, 2010, is stated at its carrying amount, which was recognized under the Group’s previous accounting policy, prior to the transition to IFRS.
Goodwill acquired from business combinations after January 1, 2010, is initially measured as the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. If the fair value of net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed exceeds the consideration transferred, the difference is recognized in profit or loss.
For each business combination, the Group decides at the acquisition date whether the
non-controlling
interests in the acquiree are initially measured at fair value or at the
non-controlling
interests’ proportionate share in the recognized amounts of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets.
Acquisition-related costs incurred to effect a business combination are charged to expenses in the periods in which the costs are incurred and the services are received, except for the costs to issue debt or equity securities.
3.10.2.2 Additional acquisitions of
non-controlling
interests
Additional acquisitions of
non-controlling
interests are accounted for as equity transactions. Therefore, no additional goodwill is recognized.
3.10.2.3 Subsequent measurement
Goodwill is not amortized and is stated at cost less accumulated impairment losses. However, goodwill that forms part of the carrying amount of an investment in associates is not separately recognized and an impairment loss recognized is not allocated to any asset, including goodwill, which forms part of the carrying amount of the investment in the associates.
3.10.3 Subsequent expenditures
Subsequent expenditures are capitalized only when they enhance values of the assets. Internally generated intangible assets, such as goodwill and trade name, are not recognized as assets but expensed as incurred.
3.11 Impairment of
Non-financial
Assets
The Group assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is any indication that a
non-financial
asset, except for (a) deferred income tax assets, (b) assets arising from employee benefits and
(c) non-current
assets (or group of assets to be sold) classified as held for sale, may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the Group estimates the recoverable amount of the asset. However, irrespective of whether there is any indication of impairment, the Group tests (a) goodwill acquired in a business combination, (b) intangible assets with an indefinite useful life and (c) intangible assets not yet available for use for impairment annually by comparing their carrying amount with their recoverable amount.
The recoverable amount is estimated for the individual asset. If it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of the individual asset, the Group determines the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to

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which the asset belongs. A cash-generating unit is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. The recoverable amount of an asset is the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Value in use is the present value of the future cash flows expected to be derived from an asset or cash-generating unit that are discounted by a
pre-tax
rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the future cash flow estimates have not been adjusted.
If the recoverable amount of an asset is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to its recoverable amount. That reduction is an impairment loss and recognized immediately in profit or loss. For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is allocated to each of the cash-generating units that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination. The impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the cash-generating unit and then to the other assets of the unit pro rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset in the unit.
An impairment loss recognized for goodwill is not reversed in a subsequent period. The Group assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is any indication that an impairment loss recognized in prior periods for an asset, other than goodwill, may no longer exist or may have decreased, and an impairment loss recognized in prior periods for an asset other than goodwill shall be reversed if, and only if, there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The increased carrying amount of an asset other than goodwill attributable to a reversal of an impairment loss cannot exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of amortization or depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years.
3.12
Non-current
Assets Held for Sale
A
non-current
asset or disposal group is classified as held for sale if its carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. For this to be the case, the asset (or disposal group) must be available for immediate sale in its present condition and its sale must be highly probable. A
non-current
asset (or disposal group) classified as held for sale is measured at the lower of (a) its carrying amount measured in accordance with the applicable IFRS, immediately before the initial classification of the asset (or disposal group) as held for sale and (b) fair value less costs to sell.
A
non-current
asset while it is classified as held for sale or while it is part of a disposal group classified as held for sale is not depreciated (or amortized).
Impairment loss is recognized for any initial or subsequent write-down of the asset (or disposal group) to fair value less costs to sell. Gain is recognized for any subsequent increase in fair value less costs to sell of an asset, but not in excess of the cumulative impairment loss that has been recognized.
3.13 Financial Liabilities
The Group classifies financial liabilities into financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss or other financial liabilities in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangement and the definitions of financial liabilities. The Group recognizes financial liabilities in the consolidated statement of financial position when the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the financial liability.
3.13.1 Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading or designated as such at initial recognition. After initial recognition, financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value, and changes therein are recognized in profit or loss. At initial recognition, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.

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In relation to securities lending or borrowing transactions, when the Group borrows securities from the Korea Securities Depository and others, these transactions are managed as
off-balance
sheet items. The borrowed securities are treated as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss when they are sold. Changes in fair value at the end of the reporting period and difference between carrying amount at redemption and purchased amount are recognized in profit or loss.
In addition, the change in fair value of the financial liability designated at fair value through profit or loss that is attributable to change in the credit risk of that liability, the Group presents this change in other comprehensive income, and does not recycle this to profit or loss in accordance with IFRS No.9. However, if this treatment creates or enlarges an accounting mismatch, the Group recognizes this change in profit or loss.
3.13.2 Other financial liabilities
Non-derivative
financial liabilities other than financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are classified as other financial liabilities. Other financial liabilities include deposits, borrowings, debentures, and others. At initial recognition, other financial liabilities are measured at fair value minus transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition. After initial recognition, other financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost, and its interest expense is recognized, using the effective interest method.
When an asset is sold under repurchase agreement, the Group continues to recognize the asset with the amount sold being accounted for as borrowings. The Group derecognizes a financial liability from the consolidated statement of financial position only when it is extinguished (i.e., when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, canceled or expires).
3.14 Insurance Contracts
KB Insurance Co., Ltd., KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd., and Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd., the subsidiaries of the Group, issue insurance contracts.
Insurance contracts are defined as “a contract under which one party (the insurer) accepts significant insurance risk from another party by agreeing to compensate the policyholder if a specified uncertain future event adversely affects the policyholder”. A contract that qualifies as an insurance contract remains an insurance contract until all rights and obligations are extinguished or expire. Such a contract that does not contain significant insurance risk is classified as an investment contract and is within the scope of IFRS No.9
Financial Instruments
to the extent that it gives rise to a financial asset or financial liability, except if the investment contract contains a Discretionary Participation Features (DPF). If the contract has a DPF, the contract is subject to IFRS No.4
Insurance Contracts
. The Group recognizes assets and liabilities relating to insurance contracts as other assets and insurance liabilities in the consolidated statement of financial position, and income and expense relating to insurance contracts as insurance income and expenses in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income, respectively.
3.14.1 Insurance premiums
The Group recognizes collected premiums as revenue on the due date of collection of premiums from insurance contracts and the collected premium which is not earned at the end of the reporting period is recognized as unearned premium.
 

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3.14.2 Insurance liabilities
The Group recognizes a liability for future claims, refunds, dividends to policyholders, and related expenses as follows:
3.14.2.1 Premium reserve
The Group accumulates the amount calculated based on the net insurance premium already received for future claim payments for insurance contracts maintained at the end of the reporting period. It is calculated as the greater of the amount using standard interest rate and standard risk ratio defined by director of the Financial Supervisory Services and the amount using the basic ratios that have been used in premium calculation.
3.14.2.2 Reserve for outstanding claims
When the insured event has occurred before the end of the reporting period, but the claim amount is not confirmed, reserve for outstanding claims is calculated based on the estimated amount to be paid.
3.14.2.3 Unearned premium reserve
Unearned premium reserve is the premium which is to be allocated to the following period among the premium which is due before the end of the reporting period.
3.14.2.4 Reserve for dividend to policyholders
Reserve for dividend to policyholders including dividend of interest rate differential, rate of risk differential, and business expenses differential is recognized for the purpose of provisioning for policyholders’ dividends in the future in accordance with statutes or insurance terms and conditions.
3.14.3 Liability adequacy test (“LAT”)
The Group conducts a liability adequacy test for all contracts to which IFRS No.4
Insurance Contracts
apply, in consideration of current estimates of all cash inflows and cash outflows from the insurance contracts at the end of the reporting period including options, guarantees, claims handling costs, and policy loans. If the assessment shows that the carrying amount of its insurance liabilities is inadequate in the light of the estimated future cash flows, the entire deficiency is recognized in profit or loss.
Future cash flows from long-term insurance are discounted at interest rate scenario, which is a risk-free rate scenario adjusted by liquidity premium, whereas future cash flows from general insurance are not discounted to present value. In the case of insurance premium and unearned premium reserve, all future cash flows such as payment of claims, administration expenses, and premium received from policyholders are considered for the liability adequacy test. And in the case of reserve for outstanding claims, the adequacy of individually estimated claims is evaluated by applying models among various statistical methods that are considered appropriate for claim development trend.
3.14.4 Deferred acquisition costs
The Group recognizes acquisition cost incurred by the long-term insurance contract as an asset and amortizes it evenly over the premium payment period. If the premium payment period exceeds seven years, the amortization period shall be seven years. If the insurance contract is surrendered or lapsed due to payment overdue, the remaining balances of deferred acquisition cost are fully amortized in the period in which the contract is surrendered or lapsed.
 

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3.15 Provisions
Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Inevitable risks and uncertainties surrounding related events and circumstances are considered in measuring the best estimate of the provisions, and where the effect of the time value of money is material, the amount of provisions is the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation.
Provisions for confirmed and unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees, and unused credit lines of consumer and corporate loans are recognized using a valuation model that applies the credit conversion factor, PD, and LGD.
Provisions are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, the provisions are reversed.
An onerous contract is a contract in which the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it. The unavoidable costs under a contract reflect the least net cost of exiting from the contract, which is the lower of the cost of fulfilling it and any compensation or penalties arising from failure to fulfill it. If the Group has a contract that is onerous, the present obligation under the contract is recognized and measured as provisions.
3.16 Financial Guarantee Contracts
Financial guarantee contracts require the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payments when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument.
Financial guarantee contracts are initially recognized at fair value and classified as other liabilities and are amortized over the contractual term. After initial recognition, financial guarantee contracts are measured at the higher of:
 
  
The amount determined in accordance with IFRS No.9
Financial Instruments
and
 
  
The amount initially recognized less, when appropriate, the cumulative amount of income recognized in accordance with IFRS No.15
Revenue from Contracts with Customers.
3.17 Equity Instrument Issued by the Group
An equity instrument is any contract or agreement that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.
3.17.1 Ordinary shares
Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares or the exercise of stock option are deducted from the equity, net of any tax effects.
3.17.2 Hybrid securities
The financial instruments can be classified as either financial liabilities or equity in accordance with the terms of the contract. The Group classifies hybrid securities as an equity if the Group has the unconditional right to avoid any contractual obligation to deliver cash or another financial asset in relation to the financial

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instruments. However, hybrid securities issued by subsidiaries are classified as
non-controlling
interests, dividends are recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income as profit attributable to
non-controlling
interests.
3.17.3 Treasury shares
If the Group acquires its own equity instruments, these are accounted for as treasury shares and are deducted directly from equity. No gains or losses are recognized in profit or loss on the purchase, sale, issue or retirement of own equity instruments. If an entity within the Group acquires and retains treasury shares, the consideration paid or received is directly recognized in equity.
3.17.4 Compound financial instruments
A compound financial instrument is classified as a financial liability or an equity instrument depending on the substance of the contractual arrangement of such financial instrument. The liability component of the compound financial instrument is measured at fair value of the similar liability without conversion option at initial recognition and subsequently measured at amortized cost using effective interest method until it is extinguished by conversion or matured. Equity component is initially measured at fair value of compound financial instrument in its entirety less fair value of liability component net of tax effect, and it is not remeasured subsequently.
3.18 Revenue Recognition
The Group recognizes revenues in accordance with the following steps determined in accordance with IFRS No.15
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
.
 
  
Step 1: Identify the contract with a customer.
 
  
Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract.
 
  
Step 3: Determine the transaction price.
 
  
Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract.
 
  
Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.
3.18.1 Interest income and expense
Interest income and expense on debt securities at fair value through profit or loss (excluding beneficiary certificates, equity investments, and other debt instruments), loans, financial instruments at amortized cost, and debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income are recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income using the effective interest method in accordance with IFRS No.9
Financial Instruments
. The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial asset or a financial liability and allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period.
The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts or payments through the expected life of the financial instrument or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset or to the amortized cost of a financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Group estimates expected cash flows by considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument but does not consider expected credit losses. The calculation includes all fees and points paid (main components of effective interest rate only) or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs, and all other premiums or discounts. In those rare cases when it is not possible to reliably estimate the cash flows and the expected life of a financial instrument, the Group uses the contractual cash flows over the full contractual term of the financial instrument.

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Interest income on impaired financial assets is recognized using the interest rate used to discount the expected cash flows for the purpose of measuring the impairment loss.
Interest income on debt securities at fair value through profit or loss is also classified as interest income in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income.
3.18.2 Fee and commission income
The Group recognizes financial service fees in accordance with the purpose of charging the fees and the accounting standards of the financial instrument related to the fees earned.
3.18.2.1 Fees that are an integral part of the effective interest of a financial instrument
Such fees are generally treated as adjustments of effective interest rate. Such fees may include compensation for activities such as evaluating the borrower’s financial condition, evaluating and recording guarantees, collateral and other security arrangements, negotiating the terms of the instrument, preparing and processing documents, and closing the transaction and origination fees received on issuing financial liabilities at amortized cost. However, fees relating to the creation or acquisition of a financial instrument at fair value through profit or loss are recognized as revenue immediately.
3.18.2.2 Fees related to performance obligations satisfied over time
If the control of a good or service is transferred over time, the Group recognizes revenue related to performance obligations over the period of performance obligations. Fees charged in return for the services for a certain period of time, such as asset management fees, consignment business fees, etc. are recognized over the period of performance obligations.
3.18.2.3 Fees related to performance obligations satisfied at a point in time
Fees earned at a point in time are recognized as revenue when a customer obtains controls of a promised good or service and the Group satisfies a performance obligation.
Commission on negotiation or participation in negotiation for the third party such as trading stocks or other securities, arranging merger and acquisition of business, is recognized as revenue when the transaction has been completed.
If the Group arranges a syndicated loan but does not participate in the syndicated loan or participates in the syndicated loan with the same effective profit as other participants, a syndication arrangement fee is recognized as revenue at the completion of the syndication service.
3.18.3 Net gains or losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
Net gains or losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss (including changes in fair value, dividends, and gains or losses from foreign currency translation) include gains or losses on financial instruments as follows:
 
  
Gains or losses relating to financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss (excluding interest income using the effective interest rate method)
 
  
Gains or losses relating to derivative financial instruments for trading (including derivative financial instruments for hedging purpose but do not qualify for hedge accounting)
 

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3.18.4 Dividend income
Dividend income is recognized in profit or loss when the right to receive payment is established. Dividend income is recognized as net gains or losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss or other operating income depending on the classification of equity securities.
3.19 Employee Compensation and Benefits
3.19.1 Post-employment benefits
3.19.1.1 Defined contribution plans
When an employee has rendered service to the Group during a period, the Group recognizes the contribution payable to a defined contribution plan in exchange for that service as post-employment benefits for the period.
3.19.1.2 Defined benefit plans
All post-employment benefits, other than defined contribution plans, are classified as defined benefit plans. The amount recognized as a net defined benefit liability is the present value of the defined benefit obligation less the fair value of plan assets at the end of the reporting period.
The present value of the defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method. The rate used to discount post-employment benefit obligations is determined by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on high quality corporate bonds. The currency and term of the corporate bonds are consistent with the currency and estimated term of the post-employment benefit obligations. Actuarial gains and losses resulted from changes in actuarial assumptions and experience adjustments are recognized in other comprehensive income.
When the present value of the defined benefit obligation minus the fair value of plan assets results in an asset, it is recognized to the extent of the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan.
Past service cost is the change in the present value of the defined benefit obligation for employee service in prior periods, resulting from the introduction or changes to a defined benefit plan. Such past service cost is immediately recognized as an expense for the period.
3.19.2 Short-term employee benefits
Short-term employee benefits are employee benefits that are expected to be settled wholly before twelve months after the end of the annual reporting period in which the employees render the related service. When an employee has rendered service to the Group during an accounting period, the Group recognizes the undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service as an expense for the period.
The expected cost of profit-sharing and bonus payments is recognized as liabilities when the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation to make payments as a result of past events, such as service rendered by employees, and a reliable estimate of the obligation can be made.
3.19.3 Share-based payment
The Group provides its executives and employees with stock grants, mileage stock, and long-term share-based payments programs. When stock grants are exercised, the Group can either select to distribute newly issued shares or treasury shares or compensate in cash based on the share price. When mileage stock and long-term share-based payments are exercised, the Group pays the amount equivalent to share price of KB Financial Group Inc. in cash.
 

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For a share-based payment transaction in which the terms of the arrangement provide the Group with the choice of whether to settle in cash or by issuing equity instruments, the Group accounts for the transaction in accordance with the requirements applying to cash-settled share-based payment transactions because the Group determines that it has a present obligation to settle in cash based on a past practice and a stated policy of settling in cash. Therefore, the Group measures the liability incurred as consideration for the service received at fair value and recognizes related expense and accrued expense over the vesting periods. For mileage stock and long-term share-based payments program, the Group accounts for the transaction in accordance with the requirements applying to cash-settled share-based payment transactions, which are recognized as expense and accrued expenses at the time of vesting.
Until the liability is settled, the Group remeasures the fair value of the liability at the end of each reporting period and at the date of settlement, with any changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss as share-based payments.
3.19.4 Termination benefits
Termination benefits are payable when employment is terminated by the Group before the normal retirement date, or an employee’s decision to accept an offer of benefits in exchange for the termination of employment. The Group recognizes a liability and expense for termination benefits at the earlier of the following dates; when the Group can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits and when the Group recognizes costs for a restructuring that is within the scope of IAS No.37 and involves the payment of termination benefits. If the termination benefits are not expected to be settled wholly before twelve months after the end of the annual reporting period, then the termination benefits are discounted to present value.
3.20 Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense comprises current tax expense and deferred income tax expense. Current and deferred income tax are recognized as income or expense and included in profit or loss for the period, except to the extent that the tax arises from (a) a transaction or event which is recognized, in the same or a different period, outside profit or loss, either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity and (b) a business combination.
3.20.1 Current income tax
Current income tax is the amount of income tax payable (recoverable) in respect of the taxable profit (tax loss) for a period. A difference between the taxable profit and accounting profit may arise when income or expense is included in accounting profit in one period but is included in taxable profit in a different period. Differences may also arise if there is revenue that is exempt from taxation, or expense that is not deductible in determining taxable profit (loss). Current income tax liabilities for the current and prior periods are measured using the tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.
The Group offsets current income tax assets and current income tax liabilities if, and only if, the Group (a) has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and (b) intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
3.20.2 Deferred income tax
Deferred income tax is recognized, using the asset-liability method, on temporary differences arising between the
tax-based
amount of assets and liabilities and their carrying amount in the financial statements. Deferred income tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences and deferred income tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary difference can be utilized. However, deferred income tax liabilities are not recognized if they arise from the initial recognition of goodwill; deferred income tax assets and liabilities are not recognized if they arise from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination, and at the time of the transaction, affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss.
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The Group recognizes a deferred income tax liability for all taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures, except to the extent that the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference, and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
The carrying amount of a deferred income tax asset is reviewed at the end of each reporting period. The Group reduces the carrying amount of a deferred income tax asset to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow the benefit of part or all of that deferred income tax asset to be utilized.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. The measurement of deferred income tax liabilities and deferred income tax assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Group expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.
The Group offsets deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities if, and only if the Group has a legally enforceable right to set off current income tax assets against current income tax liabilities and the deferred income tax assets and the deferred income tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity or different taxable entities which intend either to settle current income tax liabilities and assets on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred income tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered.
3.20.3 Uncertain tax positions
Uncertain tax positions arise from tax treatments applied by the Group which may be challenged by the tax authorities due to the complexity of the transaction or different interpretation of the tax laws, such as a claim for rectification, a claim for a refund related to additional tax or a tax investigation by the tax authorities. The Group recognizes its uncertain tax positions in the consolidated financial statements in accordance with IAS No.12 and IFRIC No.23. The income tax asset is recognized if a tax refund is probable for taxes levied by the tax authority, and the amount to be paid as a result of the tax investigation and others is recognized as the current tax payable. However, penalty tax and additional refund on tax are regarded as penalty or interest and are accounted for in accordance with IAS No.37.
3.21 Earnings per Share
The Group calculates basic earnings per share amounts and diluted earnings per share amounts for profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders of the Parent Company and presents them in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders of the Parent Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by adjusting the profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders of the Parent Company and weighted average number of shares outstanding, taking into account all potential dilution effects, such as exchangeable bonds and share-based payments given to employees.
3.22 Lease
The Group as a lessor recognizes lease payments from operating leases as income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Initial direct costs incurred in obtaining an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the underlying asset and recognized as expense over the lease term on the same basis as lease income. The respective leased assets are included in the consolidated statement of financial position based on their nature.

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A lessee is required to recognize a
right-of-use
asset (lease assets) representing its right to use the underlying leased asset and a lease liability representing its obligation to make lease payments. Assets and liabilities arising from a lease are initially measured at the present value.
Lease liabilities include the net present value of the following lease payments:
 
  
Fixed payments (including
in-substance
fixed payments), less any lease incentives receivable
 
  
Variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate
 
  
Amounts expected to be payable by the lessee under residual value guarantees
 
  
The exercise price of a purchase option if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option, and
 
  
Payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising an option to terminate the lease
The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease if that rate can be readily determined. If that rate cannot be readily determined, the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate is used, which is the rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow over a similar term, and with a similar security, the funds necessary to obtain an asset of a similar value to the
right-of-use
asset in a similar economic environment.
Right-of-use
assets are measured at cost comprising the following:
 
  
The amount of the initial measurement of the lease liability
 
  
Any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, less any lease incentives received
 
  
Any initial direct costs incurred by the lessee, and
 
  
An estimate of restoration costs
However, the Group can elect not to apply the requirements of IFRS No.16 to short-term lease (lease that, at the commencement date, has a lease term of 12 months or less) and leases for which the underlying asset is of low value (for example, underlying leased asset under USD 5,000).
The
right-of-use
asset is depreciated from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the
right-of-use
asset or the end of the lease term.
For sale and leaseback transactions, the Group applies the requirements of IFRS No.15
Revenue from Contracts with
Customers
, to determine whether the transfer of an asset is accounted for as a sale of that asset.
3.23 Operating Segments
The Group identifies its operating segments based on internal reports which are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance.
Segment information includes items which are directly attributable and can be allocated to the segment on a reasonable basis.
3.24 Overlay Approach
The Group applies the overlay approach in accordance with IFRS No.4 and a financial asset is eligible for designation for the overlay approach if, and only if, the following criteria are met:
 
  
It is measured at fair value through profit or loss applying IFRS No.9 but would not have been measured at fair value through profit or loss in its entirety applying IAS No.39 and
  
It is not held in respect of an activity that is unconnected with contracts within the scope of IFRS No.4.
 
F-48

The Group reclassifies between profit or loss and other comprehensive income, and the amount reclassified is equal to the difference between:
 
  
The amount reported in profit or loss for the designated financial assets applying IFRS No.9 and
 
  
The amount that would have been reported in profit or loss for the designated financial assets if the insurer had applied IAS No.39.
The Group is permitted to apply the overlay approach either at initial recognition or it may subsequently designate financial assets that newly meet criterion of not being held in respect of an activity that is unconnected with insurance contract, having previously not met that criterion.
The Group continues to apply the overlay approach to a designated financial asset until that financial asset is derecognized. However, the Group
de-designates
a financial asset when the financial asset no longer meets the criterion. In this case, the Group reclassifies from accumulated other comprehensive income to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment any balance relating to that financial asset.
At the beginning of any annual period, the Group may stop applying the overlay approach to all designated financial assets, and cannot subsequently apply the overlay approach, if it stops using this approach because it is no longer an insurer.
3.25 United States dollar amounts
The Group operates primarily in Korea and its official accounting records are maintained in Korean won. The U.S. dollar amounts are provided herein as supplementary information solely for the convenience of the reader. Korean won amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars at the rate of ₩1,185.50 to U.S. $1.00, the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank of New York buying exchange rate in effect at noon, December 31, 2021. Such convenience translation into US dollars should not be construed as representations that the Korean won amounts have been, could have been, or could in the future be, converted at this or any other rate of exchange.
4. Financial Risk Management
4.1 Summary
4.1.1 Overview of financial risk management policy
The financial risks that the Group is exposed to are credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, and others.
This note regarding financial risk management provides information about the risks that the Group is exposed to and about its objectives, policies, risk assessment and management procedures, and capital management. Additional quantitative information is disclosed throughout the consolidated financial statements.
The Group’s risk management system focuses on efficiently supporting long-term strategy and management decisions of the Group by increasing risk transparency, preventing risk transfer between subsidiaries and preemptive response to rapidly changing financial environments. Credit risk, market risk, operational risk, interest rate risk, insurance risk, liquidity risk, credit concentration risk, strategy risk, and reputation risk are recognized as the Group’s significant risks and measured and managed by quantifying them in the form of internal capital or Value at Risk (“VaR”) using statistical methods.
 

F-49

4.1.2 Risk management organization
4.1.2.1 Risk Management Committee
The Risk Management Committee, as the ultimate decision-making body, deals with risk-related issues, such as establishing risk management strategies in accordance with the strategic direction determined by the board of directors, determining the affordable level of risk appetite, reviewing the level of risk and the status of risk management activities, approving the application of risk management systems, methodologies, and major improvements, and establishing and approving risk management policies and procedures to timely recognize, measure, monitor, and control risks arising from various transactions by the Group.
4.1.2.2 Risk Management Council
The Risk Management Council is responsible for consulting on matters delegated by the Risk Management Committee and requests for review by the Management Executive Committee, consulting on details of each subsidiary’s risk management policies and procedures, monitoring the Group’s risk management status, and establishing and implementing necessary measures.
4.1.2.3 Risk Management Department
The Risk Management Department performs the Group’s risk management detailed policies, procedures, and business processes, and is responsible for calculating the Group’s risk-weighted assets, monitoring and managing internal capital limits.
4.2 Credit Risk
4.2.1 Overview of credit risk
Credit risk is the risk of loss from the portfolio of assets held due to the counterparty’s default, breach of contract, and deterioration of credit quality. For risk management purposes, the Group manages all factors of credit risk exposure, such as default risk of individual borrowers, country risk, and risk of specific sectors in an integrated way.
4.2.2 Credit risk management
The Group measures the expected loss and internal capital for the assets subject to credit risk management, including
on-balance
and
off-balance
assets, and uses them as management indicators. The Group allocates and manages credit risk internal capital limits.
In addition, to prevent excessive concentration of exposures by borrower and industry, the total exposure limit at the Group level is introduced, applied, and managed to control the credit concentration risk.
All of the Kookmin Bank’s loan customers (individuals and corporates) are assigned a credit rating and managed by a comprehensive internal credit evaluation system. For individuals, the credit rating is evaluated by utilizing personal information, income and job information, asset information, and bank transaction information. For corporates, the credit rating is evaluated by analyzing and utilizing financial and
non-financial
information which measures current and future corporate value and ability to repay the debt. Also, the extent to which corporates have the ability to meet debt obligations is comprehensively considered.
The credit rating, once assigned, serves as the fundamental instrument in Kookmin Bank’s credit risk management, and is applied in a wide range of credit risk management processes, including credit approval, credit limit management, loan pricing, and assessment of allowances for credit losses. For corporates, Kookmin Bank conducts a regular credit evaluation at least once a year, and the review and supervision departments regularly validate the adequacy of credit ratings to manage credit risks.

F-50

KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.’s credit scoring system is divided into Application Scoring System (“ASS”) and Behavior Scoring System (“BSS”). For applications that meet the eligibility criteria for card issuance, the card will be issued only if the ASS credit rating is above the standard. KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.’s internal information, external information from the credit bureau company and others, and personal information on the application are used to calculate the ASS credit rating. The BSS, which is recalculated on a weekly basis, predicts the delinquency probability of cardholders, and utilizes it to monitor cardholders and portfolio risk.
In order to establish a credit risk management system, the Group manages credit risk by forming a separate risk management organization. In particular, independently of the Sales Group, the Credit Management & Analysis Group of Kookmin Bank, a subsidiary, is in charge of loan policy, loan system, credit rating, credit analysis,
follow-up
management, and corporate restructuring. The Risk Management Group of Kookmin Bank is responsible for establishing policies on credit risk management, measuring and limiting internal capital of credit risk, setting credit limits, credit review, and verification of credit rating models.
4.2.3 Maximum exposure to credit risk
The Group’s maximum exposures to credit risk without consideration of collateral values in relation to financial instruments other than equity securities as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets
          
Due from financial institutions measured at amortized cost*
  22,720,091   28,362,387 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:
          
Due from financial institutions measured at fair value through profit or loss
   100,094    200,742 
Securities measured at fair value through profit or loss
   58,415,100    63,002,692 
Loans measured at fair value through profit or loss
   337,983    269,296 
Financial instruments indexed to the price of gold
   89,965    113,622 
Derivatives
   5,545,385    3,721,370 
Loans measured at amortized cost*
   377,166,984    417,900,273 
Financial investments:
          
Securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
   58,456,889    56,259,511 
Securities measured at amortized cost*
   36,870,229    44,471,628 
Loans measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
   293,409    313,604 
Other financial assets*
   14,167,689    10,755,350 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    574,163,818    625,370,475 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Off-balance
sheet items
          
Acceptances and guarantees contracts
   8,548,928    10,199,689 
Financial guarantee contracts
   4,964,468    6,892,464 
Commitments
   159,133,983    170,218,143 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    172,647,379    187,310,296 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
       746,811,197       812,680,771 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
*
After netting of allowance
4.2.4 Credit risk of loans
The Group maintains allowances for loan losses associated with credit risk of loans to manage its credit risk.

F-51

The Group assesses expected credit losses and recognizes loss allowances of financial assets at amortized cost and financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income. Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are excluded. Expected credit losses are a probability-weighted estimate of possible credit losses occurring in a certain range by reflecting reasonable and supportable information that is reasonably available at the end of the reporting period without undue cost or effort, including information about past events, current conditions, and forecasts of future economic conditions. The Group measures the expected credit losses of loans classified as financial assets at amortized cost, by deducting allowances for credit losses. The expected credit losses of loans classified as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income are presented in other comprehensive income in the consolidated financial statements.
4.2.4.1 Credit risk exposure
Credit qualities of loans as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
12-month

expected credit
losses
   
Lifetime expected credit losses
   
Not applying
expected credit
losses
   
Total
 
  
Non-impaired
   
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Loans measured at amortized cost*
 
               
Corporate
                         
Grade 1
  93,033,311   4,646,801   7,042      97,687,154 
Grade 2
   61,701,031    7,060,916    7,817        68,769,764 
Grade 3
   2,702,369    2,507,455    3,055        5,212,879 
Grade 4
   611,743    1,085,704    8,562        1,706,009 
Grade 5
   18,792    394,935    2,162,732        2,576,459 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    158,067,246    15,695,811    2,189,208        175,952,265 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Retail
                         
Grade 1
   163,261,012    3,536,290    6,789        166,804,091 
Grade 2
   8,828,445    4,197,409    34,896        13,060,750 
Grade 3
   2,519,004    1,322,878    9,012        3,850,894 
Grade 4
   225,262    402,881    8,352        636,495 
Grade 5
   39,466    636,361    672,397        1,348,224 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    174,873,189    10,095,819    731,446        185,700,454 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Credit card
                         
Grade 1
   8,210,540    412,555            8,623,095 
Grade 2
   5,831,625    708,405            6,540,030 
Grade 3
   1,526,382    1,216,434            2,742,816 
Grade 4
   16,978    247,241            264,219 
Grade 5
   2,101    118,907    506,462        627,470 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    15,587,626    2,703,542    506,462        18,797,630 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    348,528,061    28,495,172    3,427,116        380,450,349 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Loans measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
     
Corporate
                         
Grade 1
   235,469                235,469 
Grade 2
   57,940                57,940 
Grade 3
                    
Grade 4
                    
Grade 5
                    
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    293,409                293,409 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    293,409                293,409 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   348,821,470   28,495,172   3,427,116      380,743,758 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 

F-52

   
December 31, 2021
 
   
12-month

expected credit
losses
   
Lifetime expected credit losses
   
Not applying
expected credit
losses
   
Total
 
  
Non-impaired
   
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Loans measured at amortized cost*
 
               
Corporate
                         
Grade 1
  111,284,284   5,345,956   3,705      116,633,945 
Grade 2
   68,050,042    7,847,126    4,338        75,901,506 
Grade 3
   5,323,745    2,850,266    2,949        8,176,960 
Grade 4
   586,857    1,037,461    7,570        1,631,888 
Grade 5
   12,877    352,046    2,143,708        2,508,631 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    185,257,805    17,432,855    2,162,270        204,852,930 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Retail
                         
Grade 1
   170,810,128    4,593,302    11,609        175,415,039 
Grade 2
   9,093,868    4,209,451    35,097        13,338,416 
Grade 3
   3,410,624    1,414,439    23,467        4,848,530 
Grade 4
   235,150    400,029    17,998        653,177 
Grade 5
   495,987    445,588    710,341        1,651,916 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    184,045,757    11,062,809    798,512        195,907,078 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Credit card
                         
Grade 1
   10,640,412    1,113,400            11,753,812 
Grade 2
   3,919,053    1,027,546            4,946,599 
Grade 3
   1,360,908    1,412,951            2,773,859 
Grade 4
   82,565    608,250            690,815 
Grade 5
   1,267    130,712    527,256        659,235 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    16,004,205    4,292,859    527,256        20,824,320 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    385,307,767    32,788,523    3,488,038        421,584,328 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Loans measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
     
Corporate
                         
Grade 1
   233,868                233,868 
Grade 2
   79,736                79,736 
Grade 3
                    
Grade 4
                    
Grade 5
                    
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    313,604                313,604 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    313,604                313,604 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   385,621,371   32,788,523   3,488,038      421,897,932 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
*
Before netting of allowance
 

F-53

Credit qualities of loans graded according to internal credit ratings as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Range of probability
of default (%)
 
Retail
  
Corporate
   
 
 
 
  
 
Grade 1
  0.0 ~ 1.0 1 ~ 5 grade  AAA
 ~ BBB+
Grade 2
  1.0 ~ 5.0 6 ~ 8 grade  BBB ~ BB
Grade 3
  5.0 ~ 15.0 9 ~ 10 grade  
BB-
~ B
Grade 4
  15.0 ~ 30.0 11 grade  
B-
~ CCC
Grade 5
  30.0 ~ 12
 grade or under
  CC or under
4.2.4.2 Quantification of the extent to which collateral and other credit enhancements mitigate credit risk of loans as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
12-month

expected credit
losses
   
Lifetime expected credit losses
   
Total
 
   
Non-impaired
   
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Guarantees
  79,088,720   5,732,814   187,512   85,009,046 
Deposits and savings
   5,210,681    149,745    67,047    5,427,473 
Property and equipment
   11,607,675    808,476    120,471    12,536,622 
Real estate
   170,171,707    12,836,286    1,836,865    184,844,858 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   266,078,783   19,527,321   2,211,895   287,817,999 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
12-month

expected credit
losses
   
Lifetime expected credit losses
   
Total
 
   
Non-impaired
   
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Guarantees
  90,696,507   6,604,758   396,097   97,697,362 
Deposits and savings
   5,723,090    98,389    79,229    5,900,708 
Property and equipment
   13,205,822    597,251    319,697    14,122,770 
Real estate
   182,139,890    13,736,634    1,990,847    197,867,371 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   291,765,309   21,037,032   2,785,870   315,588,211 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 

F-54

4.2.5 Credit risk of securities
Credit qualities of securities exposed to credit risk other than equity securities among financial investments as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
12-month

expected credit
losses
   
Lifetime expected credit
losses
   
Not applying
expected credit
losses
   
Total
 
  
Non-impaired
   
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Securities measured at amortized cost*
 
Grade 1
  36,467,719            36,467,719 
Grade 2
   359,551                359,551 
Grade 3
   38,847    7,061            45,908 
Grade 4
                    
Grade 5
                    
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    36,866,117    7,061            36,873,178 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   
Securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
          
Grade 1
   54,576,777                54,576,777 
Grade 2
   3,746,200                3,746,200 
Grade 3
   126,391                126,391 
Grade 4
   7,521                7,521 
Grade 5
                    
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    58,456,889                58,456,889 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   95,323,006   7,061         95,330,067 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
12-month

expected credit
losses
   
Lifetime expected credit
losses
   
Not applying
expected credit
losses
   
Total
 
  
Non-impaired
   
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Securities measured at amortized cost*
 
Grade 1
  43,427,028            43,427,028 
Grade 2
   1,039,757                1,039,757 
Grade 3
   1,371    7,641            9,012 
Grade 4
                    
Grade 5
                    
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    44,468,156    7,641            44,475,797 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   
Securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
          
Grade 1
   51,490,960                51,490,960 
Grade 2
   4,682,582                4,682,582 
Grade 3
   42,861    3,973            46,834 
Grade 4
   39,135                39,135 
Grade 5
                    
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    56,255,538    3,973            56,259,511 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   100,723,694   11,614         100,735,308 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
*
Before netting of allowance
F-55

Credit qualities of securities other than equity securities, according to the credit ratings by external credit rating agencies as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
Domestic
  
Foreign
 
Credit quality
 
KIS
  
NICE P&I
  
KAP
  
FnPricing Inc.
  
S&P
  
Fitch-IBCA
  
Moody’s
 
Grade 1
  AA0 to AAA   AA0 to AAA   AA0 to AAA   AA0 to AAA   
A- to AAA
   
A- to AAA
   A3 to Aaa 
Grade 2
  
A-
to AA-
   
A-
to AA-
   
A-
to AA-
   
A-
to AA-
   
BBB- to BBB+
   
BBB- to BBB+
   Baa3 to Baa1 
Grade 3
  BBB0 to BBB+   BBB0 to BBB+   BBB0 to BBB+   BBB0 to BBB+   BB to BB+   BB to BB+   Ba2 to Ba1 
Grade 4
  BB0 to BBB-   BB0 to BBB-   BB0 to BBB-   BB0 to BBB-   B+ to BB-   B+ to BB-   B1 to Ba3 
Grade 5
  
BB-
or under
   
BB-
or under
   
BB-
or under
   
BB-
or under
   B or under   B or under   B2 or under 
Credit qualities of debt securities denominated in Korean won are based on the lowest credit rating by the domestic credit rating agencies above, and those denominated in foreign currencies are based on the lowest credit rating by the foreign credit rating agencies above.
4.2.6 Credit risk of due from financial institutions
Credit qualities of due from financial institutions as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
12-month expected

credit losses
   
Lifetime expected credit losses
   
Not applying
expected credit
losses
   
Total
 
  
Non-impaired
   
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Due from financial institutions measured at amortized cost*
 
Grade 1
  21,437,207            21,437,207 
Grade 2
   334,371                334,371 
Grade 3
   445,732    13,099            458,831 
Grade 4
   479,142                479,142 
Grade 5
   13,520        283        13,803 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   22,709,972   13,099   283      22,723,354 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
12-month expected

credit losses
   
Lifetime expected credit losses
   
Not applying
expected credit
losses
   
Total
 
  
Non-impaired
   
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Due from financial institutions measured at amortized cost*
 
Grade 1
  26,548,145            26,548,145 
Grade 2
   1,305,539                1,305,539 
Grade 3
   61,177                61,177 
Grade 4
   439,511                439,511 
Grade 5
   10,984                10,984 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   28,365,356            28,365,356 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
*
Before netting of allowance
The classification criteria of the credit qualities of due from financial institutions as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are the same as the criteria for securities other than equity securities.

F-56

4.2.7 Credit risk mitigation of derivative financial instruments
Quantification of the extent to which collateral mitigates credit risk of derivative financial instruments as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Deposits, savings, securities, and others
  1,651,322   834,175 
4.2.8 Credit risk concentration analysis
4.2.8.1 Classifications of loans by country as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020 *
 
  
Retail
  
Corporate
  
Credit card
  
Total
  
%
  
Allowances
  
Carrying

amount
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Korea
 182,344,832  160,385,598  18,734,570  361,465,000   94.85  (2,433,702 359,031,298 
Europe
     2,042,979      2,042,979   0.54   (11,141  2,031,838 
China
     4,518,737   654   4,519,391   1.19   (20,489  4,498,902 
Japan
  94   923,354   10   923,458   0.24   (1,249  922,209 
United States
     1,962,377      1,962,377   0.51   (21,489  1,940,888 
Cambodia
  1,444,906   2,280,180      3,725,086   0.98   (89,652  3,635,434 
Indonesia
  1,483,345   3,637,351   60,959   5,181,655   1.36   (699,947  4,481,708 
Others
  427,276   833,080   1,437   1,261,793   0.33   (5,694  1,256,099 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  185,700,453  176,583,656  18,797,630  381,081,739   100.00  (3,283,363 377,798,376 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
December 31, 2021 *
 
  
Retail
  
Corporate
  
Credit card
  
Total
  
%
  
Allowances
  
Carrying

amount
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Korea
 191,601,232  183,222,201  20,766,535  395,589,968   93.70  (2,653,256 392,936,712 
Europe
     2,673,817      2,673,817   0.63   (29,015  2,644,802 
China
  34,982   6,743,756   327   6,779,065   1.61   (34,316  6,744,749 
Japan
  86   1,039,453   8   1,039,547   0.25   (2,227  1,037,320 
United States
     3,555,723      3,555,723   0.84   (28,113  3,527,610 
Cambodia
  1,985,808   3,115,992      5,101,800   1.21   (70,660  5,031,140 
Indonesia
  1,666,850   3,710,586   55,520   5,432,956   1.29   (841,145  4,591,811 
Others
  618,120   1,374,302   1,930   1,994,352   0.47   (25,323  1,969,029 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  195,907,078  205,435,830  20,824,320  422,167,228   100.00  (3,684,055 418,483,173 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
*
Amount includes loans measured at fair value through profit or loss, other comprehensive income, and amortized cost.
 

F-57

4.2.8.2 Classifications of corporate loans by industry as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Loans
   
%
   
Allowances
  
Carrying amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial institutions
  16,044,243    9.09   (20,987 16,023,256 
Manufacturing
   45,884,606    25.98    (473,360  45,411,246 
Service
   76,001,877    43.04    (385,093  75,616,784 
Wholesale and retail
   23,129,457    13.10    (241,021  22,888,436 
Construction
   4,397,814    2.49    (190,819  4,206,995 
Public sector
   1,660,370    0.94    (74,839  1,585,531 
Others
   9,465,289    5.36    (285,660  9,179,629 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   176,583,656    100.00   (1,671,779 174,911,877 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Loans
   
%
   
Allowances
  
Carrying amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial institutions
  22,059,895    10.74   (32,856 22,027,039 
Manufacturing
   49,149,918    23.92    (510,762  48,639,156 
Service
   86,926,095    42.31    (450,272  86,475,823 
Wholesale and retail
   26,862,247    13.08    (257,541  26,604,706 
Construction
   5,683,471    2.77    (228,803  5,454,668 
Public sector
   2,070,960    1.01    (95,053  1,975,907 
Others
   12,683,244    6.17    (311,629  12,371,615 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   205,435,830    100.00   (1,886,916 203,548,914 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
4.2.8.3 Classifications of retail loans and credit card receivables as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Loans
   
%
   
Allowances
  
Carrying amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Housing loan
  87,312,052    42.70   (61,155 87,250,897 
General loan
   98,388,401    48.11    (848,933  97,539,468 
Credit card
   18,797,630    9.19    (701,496  18,096,134 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   204,498,083    100.00   (1,611,584 202,886,499 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Loans
   
%
   
Allowances
  
Carrying amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Housing loan
  93,695,479    43.23   (71,424 93,624,055 
General loan
   102,211,599    47.16    (933,571  101,278,028 
Credit card
   20,824,320    9.61    (792,144  20,032,176 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   216,731,398    100.00   (1,797,139 214,934,259 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
F-58

4.2.8.4 Classifications of due from financial institutions, securities other than equity securities, and derivative financial assets by industry as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Amount
   
%
   
Allowances
  
Carrying amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Due from financial institutions measured at amortized cost
 
Finance and insur
a
nce
  22,723,354    100.00   (3,263 22,720,091 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    22,723,354    100.00    (3,263  22,720,091 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Due from financial institutions measured at fair value through profit or loss
 
Finance and insurance
   100,094    100.00       100,094 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    100,094    100.00       100,094 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Securities measured at fair value through profit or loss
 
Government and government funded institutions
   16,902,284    28.94       16,902,284 
Finance and insurance
   34,244,398    58.62       34,244,398 
Others
   7,268,418    12.44       7,268,418 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    58,415,100    100.00       58,415,100 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Derivative financial assets
 
Government and government funded institutions
   44,670    0.81       44,670 
Finance and insurance
   4,925,535    88.82       4,925,535 
Others
   575,180    10.37       575,180 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    5,545,385    100.00       5,545,385 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
Government and government funded institutions
   26,205,864    44.83       26,205,864 
Finance and insurance
   24,847,602    42.51       24,847,602 
Others
   7,403,423    12.66       7,403,423 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    58,456,889    100.00       58,456,889 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Securities measured at amortized cost
 
Government and government funded institutions
   24,018,884    65.14    (30  24,018,854 
Finance and insurance
   11,019,911    29.89    (2,475  11,017,436 
Others
   1,834,383    4.97    (445  1,833,938 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    36,873,178    100.00    (2,950  36,870,228 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   182,114,000        (6,213 182,107,787 
   
 
 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-59

   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Amount
   
%
   
Allowances
  
Carrying amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Due from financial institutions measured at amortized cost
 
Finance and insurance
  28,365,356    100.00   (2,969 28,362,387 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    28,365,356    100.00    (2,969  28,362,387 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Due from financial institutions measured at fair value through profit or loss
 
Finance and insurance
   200,742    100.00       200,742 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    200,742    100.00       200,742 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Securities measured at fair value through profit or loss
 
Government and government funded institutions
   16,101,187    25.56       16,101,187 
Finance and insurance
   35,025,800    55.59       35,025,800 
Others
   11,875,705    18.85       11,875,705 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    63,002,692    100.00       63,002,692 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Derivative financial assets
 
Government and government funded institutions
   6,985    0.19       6,985 
Finance and insurance
   3,554,783    95.52       3,554,783 
Others
   159,602    4.29       159,602 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    3,721,370    100.00       3,721,370 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
Government and government funded institutions
   24,609,458    43.74       24,609,458 
Finance and insurance
   22,669,379    40.29       22,669,379 
Others
   8,980,674    15.97       8,980,674 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    56,259,511    100.00       56,259,511 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Securities measured at amortized cost
 
Government and government funded institutions
   31,996,180    71.94    (34  31,996,146 
Finance and insurance
   10,450,497    23.50    (3,337  10,447,160 
Others
   2,029,120    4.56    (798  2,028,322 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    44,475,797    100.00    (4,169  44,471,628 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   196,025,468        (7,138 196,018,330 
   
 
 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-60

4.2.8.5 Classifications of due from financial institutions, securities other than equity securities, and derivative financial assets by country as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Amount
   
%
   
Allowances
  
Carrying amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Due from financial institutions measured at amortized cost
 
Korea
  16,535,849    72.78   (607 16,535,242 
United States
   2,030,614    8.94    (283  2,030,331 
Others
   4,156,891    18.28    (2,373  4,154,518 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    22,723,354    100.00    (3,263  22,720,091 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Due from financial institutions measured at fair value through profit or loss
 
Korea
   100,094    100.00       100,094 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    100,094    100.00       100,094 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Securities measured at fair value through profit or loss
 
Korea
   53,991,978    92.43       53,991,978 
United States
   2,370,538    4.06       2,370,538 
Others
   2,052,584    3.51       2,052,584 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    58,415,100    100.00       58,415,100 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Derivative financial assets
 
Korea
   2,885,214    52.03       2,885,214 
United States
   706,866    12.75       706,866 
Others
   1,953,305    35.22       1,953,305 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    5,545,385    100.00       5,545,385 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
Korea
   54,786,461    93.72       54,786,461 
United States
   942,151    1.61       942,151 
Others
   2,728,277    4.67       2,728,277 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    58,456,889    100.00       58,456,889 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Securities measured at amortized cost
 
Korea
   34,545,872    93.69    (2,283  34,543,589 
United States
   1,049,387    2.85    (241  1,049,146 
Others
   1,277,919    3.46    (426  1,277,493 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    36,873,178    100.00    (2,950  36,870,228 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   182,114,000        (6,213 182,107,787 
   
 
 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

F-61

   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Amount
   
%
   
Allowances
  
Carrying amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Due from financial institutions measured at amortized cost
 
Korea
  21,051,229    74.21   (574 21,050,655 
United States
   2,875,884    10.14    (136  2,875,748 
Others
   4,438,243    15.65    (2,259  4,435,984 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    28,365,356    100.00    (2,969  28,362,387 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Due from financial institutions measured at fair value through profit or loss
 
Korea
   200,742    100.00       200,742 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    200,742    100.00       200,742 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Securities measured at fair value through profit or loss
 
Korea
   56,920,225    90.35       56,920,225 
United States
   3,334,888    5.29       3,334,888 
Others
   2,747,579    4.36       2,747,579 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    63,002,692    100.00       63,002,692 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Derivative financial assets
 
Korea
   1,639,657    44.06       1,639,657 
United States
   753,896    20.26       753,896 
France
   370,787    9.96       370,787 
Singapore
   117,964    3.17       117,964 
Japan
   96,438    2.59       96,438 
Others
   742,628    19.96       742,628 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    3,721,370    100.00       3,721,370 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
Korea
   51,484,332    91.51       51,484,332 
United States
   1,417,898    2.52       1,417,898 
Others
   3,357,281    5.97       3,357,281 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    56,259,511    100.00       56,259,511 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Securities measured at amortized cost
 
Korea
   41,912,154    94.24    (3,183  41,908,971 
United States
   1,188,427    2.67    (466  1,187,961 
Others
   1,375,216    3.09    (520  1,374,696 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    44,475,797    100.00    (4,169  44,471,628 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   196,025,468        (7,138 196,018,330 
   
 
 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
Due from financial institutions, financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss linked to gold price, and derivative financial instruments are mostly related to the finance and insurance industry with high credit ratings.

F-62

4.3 Liquidity Risk
4.3.1 Overview of liquidity risk
Liquidity risk is a risk that the Group becomes insolvent due to the mismatch between the inflow and outflow of funds, unexpected cash outflows, or a risk of loss due to financing funds at a high interest rate or disposing of securities at an unfavorable price due to lack of available funds. The Group manages its liquidity risk through analysis of the contractual maturity of interest-bearing assets and liabilities, assets and liabilities related to the other inflows and outflows of funds, and
off-balance
sheet items related to the inflows and outflows of funds such as currency derivative instruments and others.
4.3.2 Liquidity risk management and indicator
The liquidity risk is managed by risk management policies and liquidity risk management guidelines set forth in these policies that apply to all risk management policies and procedures that may arise throughout the overall business of the Group.
The Group calculates and manages liquidity ratio and others for all transactions and
off-balance
transactions related to liquidity, that affect the cash flows in Korean won and foreign currency funds raised and operated for the management of liquidity risks and periodically reports them to the Risk Management Committee.
4.3.3 Analysis of remaining contractual maturity of financial liabilities
The cash flows disclosed in the maturity analysis are undiscounted contractual amounts including principal and future interest payments; as such, amounts in the table below do not match with those in the consolidated statements of financial position which are based on discounted cash flows. The future interest payments for floating-rate liabilities are calculated on the assumption that the current interest rate is the same until maturity.

F-63

4.3.3.1 Remaining contractual maturity of financial liabilities other than derivatives held for cash flow hedge, and
off-balance
sheet items as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
 
  
On demand
  
Up to 1 month
  
1-3
months
  
3-12
months
  
1-5
years
  
Over 5 years
  
Total
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial liabilities
                            
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
1
 2,025,952            2,025,952 
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
1
  9,784,107                  9,784,107 
Derivatives held for trading
1
  5,014,072                  5,014,072 
Derivatives held for hedging
2
     3,123   4,120   62,147   35,198   109   104,697 
Deposits
3
  182,111,594   17,207,360   28,485,765   99,879,946   12,133,364   1,664,509   341,482,538 
Borrowings
  9,333,894   17,730,230   4,923,897   9,617,100   7,616,809   938,374   50,160,304 
Debentures
  18,105   2,806,105   6,769,859   14,330,686   35,512,544   6,241,226   65,678,525 
Lease liabilities
  205   22,372   40,376   152,084   332,033   44,882   591,952 
Other financial liabilities
  217,866   24,153,880   208,745   329,291   748,593   215,447   25,873,822 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  208,505,795  61,923,070  40,432,762  124,371,254  56,378,541  9,104,547  500,715,969 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Off-balance
sheet items
                            
Commitments
4
 159,133,983            159,133,983 
Acceptances and guarantees contracts
  8,548,928                  8,548,928 
Financial guarantee contracts
5
  4,964,468                  4,964,468 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  172,647,379            172,647,379 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
December 31, 2021
 
  
On demand
  
Up to 1 month
  
1-3
months
  
3-12
months
  
1-5
years
  
Over 5 years
  
Total
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial liabilities
                            
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
1
 2,939,584            2,939,584 
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
1
  9,149,396                  9,149,396 
Derivatives held for trading
1
  3,509,789                  3,509,789 
Derivatives held for hedging
2
     11,355   9,993   31,135   31,640   1,423   85,546 
Deposits
3
  204,616,202   16,556,213   31,123,968   111,140,222   10,157,238   1,329,120   374,922,963 
Borrowings
  8,504,084   17,807,785   5,825,350   13,861,238   10,380,171   1,003,369   57,381,997 
Debentures
  14,528   3,438,621   5,318,699   20,496,869   34,863,044   6,509,966   70,641,727 
Lease liabilities
  139   23,387   42,406   157,536   334,359   50,555   608,382 
Other financial liabilities
  217,874   22,953,515   203,897   354,876   934,389   372,745   25,037,296 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  228,951,596  60,790,876  42,524,313  146,041,876  56,700,841  9,267,178  544,276,680 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Off-balance
sheet items
                            
Commitments
4
 170,218,143            170,218,143 
Acceptances and guarantees contracts
  10,199,689                  10,199,689 
Financial guarantee contracts
5
  6,892,464                  6,892,464 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  187,310,296            187,310,296 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
1
 
Financial liabilities measured or designated at fair value through profit or loss and derivatives held for trading are not managed by contractual maturity because they are expected to be traded or redeemed before maturity. Therefore, the carrying amounts of those financial instruments are included in the ‘On demand’ category.
2
Cash flows of derivatives held for hedging are shown at net amount of cash inflows and outflows by remaining contractual maturity.
3
Deposits that are contractually repayable on demand or on short notice are included in the ‘On demand’ category.
4
Commitments are included in the ‘On demand’ category because payments can be requested at any time.
5
Cash flows under financial guarantee contracts are classified based on the earliest period that the contract can be executed.

F-64

4.3.3.2 Contractual cash flows of derivatives held for cash flow hedge as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
 
  
Up to
1 month
  
1-3
months
  
3-12
months
  
1-5
years
  
Over 5 years
  
Total
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Cash flow to be received (paid) of
net-settled
derivatives
 (1,082 (5,569 (15,132 (25,354 290  (46,847
Cash flow to be received of gross-settled derivatives
  85,064   220,339   517,929   2,289,277      3,112,609 
Cash flow to be paid of gross-settled derivatives
  (88,952  (221,261  (523,442  (1,616,530     (2,450,185
  
  
December 31, 2021
 
  
Up to
1 month
  
1-3
months
  
3-12
months
  
1-5
years
  
Over 5 years
  
Total
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Cash flow to be received (paid) of
net-settled
derivatives
 (102 (2,647 (252 24,812  (11 21,800 
Cash flow to be received of gross-settled derivatives
  126,429   325,664   619,100   2,084,618      3,155,811 
Cash flow to be paid of gross-settled derivatives
  (130,919  (329,546  (630,023  (1,428,759     (2,519,247
4.4 Market Risk
4.4.1 Concept
Market risk refers to risks that can result in losses due to changes in market factors such as interest rate, stock price, and foreign exchange rate, etc., which arise from securities, derivatives, and others. The most significant risks associated with trading positions are interest rate risk, currency risk, and additional risks include stock price risk. The
non-trading
position is also exposed to interest rate risk. The Group manages the market risks by dividing them into those arising from the trading position and those arising from the
non-trading
position. The above market risks are measured and managed by each subsidiary.
4.4.2 Risk management
The Group sets and monitors internal capital limits for market risk and interest rate risk to manage the risks of trading and
non-trading
positions. In order to manage market risk efficiently, the Group maintains risk management systems and procedures such as trading policies and procedures, market risk management guidelines for trading positions, and interest rate risk management guidelines for
non-trading
positions. The entire process is carried out through consultation with the Risk Management Council and approval by the Risk Management Committee of the Group.
In the case of Kookmin Bank, a major subsidiary, the Risk Management Council establishes and enforces overall market risk management policies for market risk management and decides to establish position limits, loss limits, VaR limits, and approves
non-standard
new products. In addition, the Market Risk Management Subcommittee, chaired by Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”), is a practical decision-making body for market risk management and determines position limits, loss limits, VaR limits, sensitivity limits, and scenario loss limits for each department of the business group.

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Kookmin Bank’s Asset-Liability Management Committee (“ALCO”) determines interest rate and commission operating standards and Asset Liability Management (“ALM”) operation policies and enacts and revises relevant guidelines. The Risk Management Committee and the Risk Management Council monitor the establishment and enforcement of ALM risk management policies and enact and revise ALM risk management guidelines. Interest rate risk limits are set based on future asset and liability positions and expected interest rate volatility, which reflect annual business plans. The ALM Department and the Risk Management Department regularly measure and monitor interest rate risk and report the status and limit of interest rate risk including changes in Economic Value of Equity (“ΔEVE”), changes in Net Interest Income (“ΔNII”), and duration gap to the ALCO and the Risk Management Council on a monthly basis, and to the Risk Management Committee on a quarterly basis. To ensure the adequacy of interest rate risk and liquidity risk management, the Risk Management Department assigns the limits, monitors and reviews the procedures and tasks of ALM operations conducted by the ALM department, and reports related matters to the management independently.
Kookmin Bank is closely monitoring the outputs of various industry groups and markets that manage the transition to the new interest rate benchmark, including announcements by LIBOR regulation authority and various consultative bodies related to the transition to alternative interest rate. In response to these announcements, Kookmin Bank has completed most of the transition and replacement plans according to LIBOR transition programs and plans consisting of major business areas such as finance, accounting, tax, legal, IT, and risk. The program is under the control of the CFO and related matters are reported to the board of directors and consultative bodies with senior management as members. Kookmin Bank continues its efforts as a market participant to actively express opinions so that the index interest rate benchmark reform can be carried out in the direction of minimizing the financial and
non-financial
impacts and operational risks and minimizing confusion among stakeholders.
Details of financial instruments that have not been converted to alternative interest rate benchmark as of December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Exposure amount*
 
   
USD LIBOR
   
Others
 
         
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Measured at fair value:
          
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  4,695    
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
   92,833     
Financial investments
   231,702     
Measured at amortized cost:
          
Loans
   3,734,401    55,800 
Borrowings and debentures
   867,731     
Others:
          
Derivative financial instruments
   1,398,607     
 
*
Financial instruments to be expired before transition to alternative interest rate benchmark are excluded, and
non-derivative
financial instruments are the carrying amount and others are the nominal amount.
4.4.3 Trading position
4.4.3.1 Definition of a trading position
The trading position, which is subject to market risk management, is the trading position defined in “Trading Policy and Guidelines” and the basic requirements for the trading position are as follows:
 
  
The target position has no restrictions on the sale, and the daily fair value assessment should be made, and the embedded significant risk can be hedged in the market.

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The trading position classification criteria should be clearly defined in the Trading Policy and Guidelines, and the trading position should be managed by a separate trading department.
 
  
The target position must be operated according to the documented trading strategy and the management of position limit must be carried out.
 
  
The specialized dealer or operating department shall have the authority to execute the transaction without prior approval from the Risk Management Department, etc. within the predetermined limits of the target position.
 
  
The target positions should be periodically reported to management for risk management of the Group.
4.4.3.2 Observation method of market risk arising from trading positions
Subsidiaries of the Group measure market risk by calculating VaR through the market risk management system for all trading positions. Generally, the Group manages market risk arising from trading positions at the portfolio level. In addition, the Group controls and manages the risk of derivative financial instrument transactions in accordance with the Financial Supervisory Service regulations and guidelines.
4.4.3.3 VaR
(a) VaR
Kookmin Bank, a major subsidiary, uses the risk-based valuation method (VaR) to measure the market risk of the trading position. Kookmin Bank uses the
10-day
VaR, which represents the maximum amount of possible loss of 10 business days based on the historical simulation model of the full valuation method. The distribution of value changes in the portfolio is estimated based on data from the past 250 business days, and
10-day
VaR is calculated by the difference between the value of the portfolio at a 99% confidence level of distribution of value changes in the portfolio and the current market value.
VaR is a commonly used market risk measurement technique. However, this approach has some limitations. VaR estimates possible losses under a certain confidence level based on historical market change data. However, since past market changes cannot reflect all future conditions and circumstances, the timing and magnitude of actual losses may vary depending on assumptions in the calculation process. If one day or ten days of the holding period which is generally used for the normal period of liquidating the position, is not sufficient or too long, the VaR result may underestimate or overestimate the potential loss.
When a subsidiary with a trading position measures market risk for trading position, it uses an internal model (VaR) for general risk and a standard method for individual risks. Standard method is used if the internal model is not authorized for certain market risk. Therefore, disclosed market risk VaR does not reflect the market risk for individual risks and for some positions. In addition,
non-bank
subsidiaries use the same standard method as the regulatory capital calculation method in order to enhance the effectiveness of market risk VaR management (improving the link with regulatory capital).
(b) Back-Testing
To verify the appropriateness of the VaR model, back-testing is performed by comparing actual and hypothetical gains and losses with the VaR calculation results.
(c) Stress Testing
The Group carries out stress testing of the trading and
available-for-sale
portfolio to reflect changes in individual risk factors such as interest rate, stock price, foreign exchange rate, and implied volatility of

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derivatives that have a significant impact on portfolio value in a crisis. The Group carries out stress testing through historical and hypothetical scenarios. This stress testing is carried out at least once a year.
Ten-day
VaR at a 99% confidence level of interest rate risk, stock price risk, and currency risk for trading positions of Kookmin Bank for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
Kookmin Bank
 
   
2020
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2020
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest rate risk
  59,147   9,588   105,983   50,795 
Stock price risk
   15,379    3,787    24,821    24,821 
Currency risk
   36,281    5,302    67,766    49,338 
Diversification effect
                  (7,320
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total VaR
  105,428        14,225   158,798   117,634 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
2021
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31,2021
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest rate risk
   20,051    6,372    55,670   16,534 
Stock price risk
   9,067    4,537    24,824    5,513 
Currency risk
   27,886    17,820    49,264    21,522 
Diversification effect
                  (13,039
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total VaR
  40,915        15,986   115,347   30,530 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Meanwhile, the positions which are not measured by VaR as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 and required equity capital of
non-bank
subsidiaries using the standard method for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
Kookmin Bank
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
         
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest rate risk
   40,290    25,432 
Stock price risk
   7,088    6 
Currency risk
   23,938    46,173 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    71,316    71,611 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
KB Securities Co., Ltd.
 
   
2020
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2020
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest rate risk
  656,651   575,053   755,704   755,704 
Stock price risk
   267,186    213,639    317,478    213,639 
Currency risk
   15,113    8,759    21,907    10,588 
Commodity risk
   18    1    56    18 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   938,968      797,452   1,095,145   979,949 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 

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2021
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2021
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest rate risk
  724,482   657,094   821,864   821,864 
Stock price risk
   249,320    207,425    299,221    278,356 
Currency risk
   14,275    6,808    22,543    22,543 
Commodity risk
   88    3    210    19 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   988,165      871,330   1,143,838   1,122,782 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
KB Insurance Co., Ltd.
 
   
2020
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2020
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest rate risk
  5,682   2,850   7,652   7,055 
Currency risk
     26,529         23,491         29,339      28,891 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   32,211   26,341   36,991   35,946 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
2021
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2021
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest rate risk
  5,445   3,854   6,553   5,906 
Currency risk
     34,560         28,035         40,853      40,853 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   40,005   31,889   47,406   46,759 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.
 
   
2020
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2020
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Currency risk
      2,712             169          7,861       7,546 
 
   
2021
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2021
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Currency risk
    13,029         7,744          16,094       15,637 
Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd.
 
   
2020
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2020
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Currency risk
  7,977   7,977   7,977   7,977 
 
   
2021
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2021
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Currency risk
  4,676   1,337   7,211   6,963 
 

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KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.
 
   
2020
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2020
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest rate risk
  1,298      2,589    
Stock price risk
   3,382        9,484     
Currency risk
   812    1,208    1,523    1,141 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   5,492   1,208   13,596   1,141 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
2021
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2021
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Currency risk
  2,151   1,053   3,085   2,405 
KB Capital Co., Ltd.
 
   
2020
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2020
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Currency risk
  810   297   1,315   896 
 
   
2021
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2021
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Currency risk
    1,121            867           1,280     1,280 
KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.
 
   
2020
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2020
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest rate risk
  3,054   1,784   4,389   2,743 
 
   
2021
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2021
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest rate risk
  2,095   1,072   2,932   1,072 
Currency risk
   4,216    1,725    6,651    6,378 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   6,311   2,797   9,583   7,450 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
     
KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd.
                    
  
   
2020
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2020
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Stock price risk
  399      435    
  
   
2021
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2021
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Stock price risk
            
 

F-70

KB Investment Co., Ltd.
 
   
2020
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2020
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Stock price risk
  1,153      7,588   6,253 
Currency risk
   11,864    10,167    12,625    11,655 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
     13,017        10,167        20,213     17,908 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
2021
 
   
Average
   
Minimum
   
Maximum
   
Dec. 31, 2021
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Stock price risk
  5,114   3,518   10,518   10,518 
Currency risk
   13,706    11,269    18,452    18,301 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
     18,820        14,787        28,970     28,819 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
4.4.3.4 Details of risk factors
(a) Interest rate risk
Interest rate risk for trading positions usually arises from debt securities denominated in Korean won. The Group’s trading strategy is to gain short-term trading gains from interest rate fluctuations. The Group manages interest rate risk associated with trading accounts using VaR and sensitivity analysis (Price Value of a Basis Point: PVBP).
(b) Stock price risk
Stock price risk occurs mainly in trading stocks denominated in Korean won. The portfolio of trading stocks denominated in Korean won consists of stocks listed on the exchange and derivatives linked to stocks and is managed by strict distributed investment limits.
(c) Currency risk
Currency risk arises from holding assets and liabilities which are denominated in foreign currency, and currency-related derivatives. Most of the net foreign currency exposures occur in the US dollars and the Chinese Yuan. The Group also manages net foreign exchange exposures across trading and
non-trading
portfolios by setting a net foreign currency exposure limit at the same time setting a loss limit.
4.4.4
Non-trading
position (Interest Rate Risk of Banking Book (“IRRBB”))
4.4.4.1 Qualitative disclosure
(a) Definition of interest rate risk for risk management and measurement purposes
Interest rate risk is a change in equity and earnings due to the changes in value of interest-sensitive assets and liabilities, etc., and is measured by ΔEVE and ΔNII.
(b) Overall interest rate risk management and mitigation strategy
The interest rate risk management department establishes and sets interest rate risk management policies and limit once a year by a resolution of the Risk Management Council considering the mid to long-term management strategy and macroeconomic status. The interest rate risk management department analyzes interest rate risk crisis situations assuming abnormal interest rate fluctuations and reports the results to the Risk Management Council and observes changes in interest rate risk and compliance with risk limits to devise timely countermeasures and reports the management status regularly and frequently to the Risk Management Council.

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The interest rate risk model adequacy test is carried out regularly at least once a year by the verification department independent of the management department.
(c) Specific methodologies used to calculate interest rate risk measurement cycles and sensitivity
In order to measure the sensitivity of the economic value and earnings to changes in interest rates, the Group calculates monthly interest rate gap and duration gap for assets and liabilities.
(d) Interest rate shock and stress scenarios used to estimate changes in the economic value and in earnings
The Group calculates ΔEVE by applying following six interest rate shock and stress scenarios, and ΔNII by applying parallel shock up and parallel shock down scenarios.
 
  
Scenario 1 : Parallel shock up
 
  
Scenario 2 : Parallel shock down
 
  
Scenario 3 : Steepener shock (short rates down and long rates up)
 
  
Scenario 4 : Flattener shock (short rates up and long rates down)
 
  
Scenario 5 : Short rates shock up
 
  
Scenario 6 : Short rates shock down
(e) Key modeling assumptions used separately
The Group calculates interest rate risk for internal management purpose, assuming a historical-simulation based on interest rate volatility during the past financial crisis (FY2008-FY2009), distribution of assets/liabilities portfolio, and 27 interest rate gaps considering management strategy direction.
(f) Interest rate risk hedging methodology and related accounting
Subsidiaries which are subject to interest rate risk measurement hedges interest rate risk through
back-to-back
interest rate swap transactions, which are the same as interest payment cash flows and officially document and manage the risk management strategy for hedge accounting, risk management objectives, hedging relationship, and assessment method for hedge effectiveness.
(g) Key modeling and parametric assumptions used in calculating ΔEVE and ΔNII
Subsidiaries which are subject to interest rate risk measurement calculate interest rate risk, including all cash flow of interest-sensitive assets and liabilities, and
off-balance
sheet items. The main assumptions of the IRRBB standard method for calculating ΔEVE, ΔNII are as follows:
(Classification of time buckets of cash flows (19 buckets in total))
 
  
Time bucket intervals (D:Day M:Months Y:Years t
cf
:Repricing date)
Short-term rates
 
1D

(
0.0028Y
)
 1D< t
cf

≤1M
(
0.0417Y
)
 1M< t
cf

≤3M
(0.1667Y)
 3M< t
cf

≤6M
(0.375Y)
 6M< t
cf

≤9M
(0.625Y)
 9M< t
cf

≤1Y
(0.875Y)
 1Y< t
cf

≤1.5Y
(1.25Y)
 1.5Y< t
cf

≤2Y
(1.75Y)
         
Medium-term rates
 2Y< t
cf

≤3Y
(2.5Y)
 3Y< t
cf

≤4Y
(3.5Y)
 4Y< t
cf

≤5Y
(4.5Y)
 5Y< t
cf

≤6Y
(5.5Y)
 6Y< t
cf

≤7Y
(6.5Y)
      
         
Long-term rates
 7Y< t
cf

≤8Y
(7.5Y)
 8Y< t
cf

≤9Y
(8.5Y)
 9Y< t
cf

≤10Y
(9.5Y)
 10Y< t
cf

≤15Y
(12.5Y)
 15Y< t
cf

≤20Y
(17.5Y)
 t
cf
>20Y
(25Y)
    
 
*
The number in brackets is the time bucket’s midpoint.
 

F-72

(Caps on core deposit and average maturity by category for
non-maturity
deposits)
 
   
Cap on proportion of

core deposits (%)
   
Cap on average maturity of

core deposits (years)
 
         
Retail/transactional
   90    5 
Retail/non-transactional
   70    4.5 
Wholesale
   50    4 
4.4.4.2 Quantitative disclosure
The average repricing maturity of
non-maturity
deposits is 2.5 years for core deposits, 1 day for
non-core
deposits, and the longest repricing maturity is five years.
(a) Kookmin Bank
ΔEVE is calculated by applying six interest rate shock and stress scenarios, and ΔNII is calculated by applying parallel shock up and parallel shock down scenarios. Results as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
   
December 31, 2021
 
   Δ
EVE
   Δ
NII
   Δ
EVE
   Δ
NII
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Scenario 1 (Parallel shock up)
      544,087       415,339       936,965       564,771 
Scenario 2 (Parallel shock down)
                
Scenario 3 (Short rates down, long rates up)
   245,337         273,951      
Scenario 4 (Short rates up, long rates down)
   423,673         311,497      
Scenario 5 (Short rates shock up)
   466,220         568,246      
Scenario 6 (Short rates shock down)
   480,246         345,987      
Maximum out of six scenarios
   544,087    415,339    936,965    564,771 
Basic capital
   28,234,310         30,491,173      
(b)
Non-bank
subsidiaries
ΔEVE is maximum out of six interest rate shock and stress scenarios, and ΔNII is maximum of parallel shock up and parallel shock down scenarios. Results as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
   
December 31, 2021
 
   Δ
EVE
   Δ
NII
   Δ
EVE
   Δ
NII
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
KB Securities Co., Ltd.
       134,136       469,043        173,199       272,676 
KB Insurance Co., Ltd.
   730,313    38,697    939,720    37,119 
KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.
   283,780    135,628    93,232    225,581 
Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd.
   497,798    14,434    611,930    24,135 
KB Capital Co., Ltd.
   108,306    26,166    105,728    41,112 
KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.
   48,879    35,071    143,393    33,942 
KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.
   25,878    499    20,077    786 
 

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4.4.5 Financial assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies
Details of financial instruments denominated in foreign currencies and translated into Korean won as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
 
  
USD
  
JPY
  
EUR
  
GBP
  
CNY
  
Others
  
Total
 
                      
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets
                            
Cash and due from financial institutions
 4,482,459  583,545  558,793  113,586  878,798  1,152,515  7,769,696 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  5,464,176   39,817   508,587   30,030   6,046   177,545   6,226,201 
Derivatives held for trading
  339,190   18,061   41,834   1,774   4,344   9,724   414,927 
Derivatives held for hedging
  112,431                  112,431 
Loans measured at amortized cost
  18,783,163   565,918   1,387,089   259,787   1,617,715   5,597,016   28,210,688 
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
  5,446,539   5,271   35,478      342,804   224,801   6,054,893 
Financial assets at amortized cost
  1,660,713      300,315      108,594   537,966   2,607,588 
Other financial assets
  2,747,958   50,573   231,435   20,162   122,642   353,707   3,526,477 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  39,036,629  1,263,185  3,063,531  425,339  3,080,943  8,053,274  54,922,901 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Financial liabilities
                            
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
 1,267,690            1,267,690 
Derivatives held for trading
  497,975   21,221   84,712   1,817   42,023   36,625   684,373 
Derivatives held for hedging
  139,528               14,050   153,578 
Deposits
  16,441,107   933,268   991,872   66,440   1,755,272   4,331,641   24,519,600 
Borrowings
  10,068,379   485,618   402,802   501,716   439   1,728,281   13,187,235 
Debentures
  5,135,667      666,873         308,675   6,111,215 
Other financial liabilities
  3,407,300   38,979   98,093   9,911   51,331   237,281   3,842,895 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  36,957,646  1,479,086  2,244,352  579,884  1,849,065  6,656,553  49,766,586 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Off-balance
sheet items
 14,991,859  32,200  248,007  741  253,472  906,502  16,432,781 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
December 31, 2021
 
  
USD
  
JPY
  
EUR
  
GBP
  
CNY
  
Others
  
Total
 
                      
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets
                            
Cash and due from financial institutions
 6,995,653  420,964  482,144  96,951  570,186  1,646,253  10,212,151 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  7,217,843   12,047   514,047   11,024   16,113   261,029   8,032,103 
Derivatives held for trading
  222,759   221   44,384   534   5,549   21,762   295,209 
Derivatives held for hedging
  104,091               4,541   108,632 
Loans measured at amortized cost
  26,605,737   597,413   1,777,967   234,612   1,774,589   6,518,650   37,508,968 
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
  6,604,010   5,152   121,573   6,272   536,747   405,391   7,679,145 
Financial assets at amortized cost
  2,267,233      300,856      48,435   710,950   3,327,474 
Other financial assets
  1,893,691   37,036   100,041   7,082   69,307   252,337   2,359,494 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  51,911,017  1,072,833  3,341,012  356,475  3,020,926  9,820,913  69,523,176 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Financial liabilities
                            
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
 1,496,712  
          1,496,712 
Derivatives held for trading
  376,230   6,099   61,941   19,833   18,223   117,217   599,543 
Derivatives held for hedging
  42,470                  42,470 
Deposits
  21,324,104   900,044   1,873,026   106,456   1,943,015   5,402,000   31,548,645 
Borrowings
  15,597,440   456,029   386,023   496,084      2,176,532   19,112,108 
Debentures
  6,366,475      1,338,391      102,443   708,353   8,515,662 
Other financial liabilities
  1,834,429   23,158   140,779   16,543   93,933   211,516   2,320,358 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  47,037,860  1,385,330  3,800,160  638,916  2,157,614  8,615,618  63,635,498 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Off-balance
sheet items
 19,149,581  353  262,116  2,991  250,239  844,384  20,509,664 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

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4.5 Operational Risk
4.5.1 Concept
Operational risk of the Group refers to the risk of loss that may occur due to improper or incorrect internal procedures, personnel, systems or external events. Operational risk management plays a role in enhancing the stability and soundness of financial institutions by managing the appropriate level of capital and supplementing the internal control system.
4.5.2 Risk management
The purpose of operational risk management is not only to comply with supervisory and regulatory requirements, but also to spread risk management culture, strengthen internal control, improve processes, and provide timely feedback to management and all employees. The Parent Company manages the Group’s overall operational risk, and each subsidiary establishes and implements operational risk management policies according to its own risk level and implements and operates related systems. The Group Risk Management Committee establishes and allocates risk capital of operational risk for each subsidiary, and subsidiaries manage operational risks at an appropriate level within the allocated risk capital.
4.6 Capital Management
The Group complies with the capital adequacy standard established by the financial supervisory authority. This capital adequacy standard is based on Basel III revised by Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in Bank for International Settlements (“BIS”) in June 2011 and was implemented in Korea in December 2013. According to this standard, the Group is required to maintain a minimum capital adequacy ratio to risk-weighted assets (Common Equity Tier 1 Capital ratio of 8.0%, Tier 1 Capital ratio of 9.5%, and Total Capital ratio of 11.5%) as of December 31, 2021.
The Group’s capital is classified into three categories in accordance with the Detailed Regulations on Supervision of Financial Holding Companies as follows:
 
  
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital: Common equity Tier 1 Capital is the first to take losses of the Group and is the last to be compensated in liquidation of the Group and not repaid except for liquidation. It includes capital, capital surplus, retained earnings,
non-controlling
interests of the consolidated subsidiaries, accumulated other comprehensive income, and other capital surplus, etc.
 
  
Additional Tier 1 Capital: Additional Tier 1 Capital includes capital, capital surplus, etc. related to the issuance of capital securities of a permanent nature that meets the conditional capital securities requirements.
 
  
Tier 2 Capital: Tier 2 Capital means capital that can compensate for losses of the Group upon liquidation, including (a) the amount of subordinated bonds with maturity of not less than 5 years that meet the conditional capital securities requirements, and (b) the allowances for credit losses accumulated on the loans which are classified as normal or precautionary in accordance with Regulations on Supervision of Financial Holding Companies, and others.
The risk-weighted assets are the magnitude of the amount of risk inherent in the total asset held by the Group. The Group calculates risk-weighted assets by each risk (credit risk, market risk, and operational risk) based on the Detailed Regulations on Supervision of Financial Holding Companies and uses them to calculate capital adequacy ratio.
The Group evaluates and manages capital adequacy through separate internal policies. The evaluation of capital adequacy compares the size of available capital (the amount of capital actually available) to the size of

F-75

internal capital (the amount of capital required to cover all the significant risks faced by the Group under its target credit rating), which monitors financial soundness and provides a risk-adjusted performance measurement basis.
Internal capital refers to the capital required to prevent the insolvency from future unexpected losses. The Group operates a system to measure, allocate, and manage internal capital to major subsidiaries by risk type.
4.6 Capital Management
The Risk Management Committee of the Group determines the risk appetite of the Group, allocates internal capital by risk type and major subsidiaries, and major subsidiaries operate capital efficiently within the range of the allocated internal capital. The Risk Management Department of the Group monitors internal capital limit management and reports it to management and the Risk Management Committee. If the limit of internal capital is expected to be exceeded due to new businesses or business expansion, the Group’s capital adequacy management is carried out through review and approval by the Risk Management Committee in advance.
Details of the Group’s capital adequacy ratio in accordance with Basel III requirements as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
         
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Total Capital:
  40,080,136   45,882,765 
Tier 1 Capital
   36,895,778    42,305,442 
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital
   34,886,283    39,144,259 
Additional Tier 1 Capital
   2,009,495    3,161,183 
Tier 2 Capital
   3,184,358    3,577,323 
Risk-Weighted Assets:
   262,349,242    290,913,570 
Total Capital ratio (%):
   15.28    15.77 
Tier 1 Capital ratio (%)
   14.06    14.54 
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital ratio (%)
   13.30    13.46 
5. Segment Information
5.1 Overall Segment Information and Business Segments
The Group classifies reporting segments based on the nature of the products and services provided, the type of customer, and the Group’s management organization.
 
Banking business
  
Corporate banking
 
Loans, deposit products, and other related financial services to large, small and
medium-sized
enterprises and SOHOs
 
   
Retail banking
 
Loans, deposit products, and other related financial services to individuals and households
 
   
Other banking services
 
 Trading activities in securities and derivatives, funding, and other supporting activities
Securities business
 
Investment banking, brokerage services, and other supporting activities
 
Non-life
insurance business
 
 
Non-life
insurance and other supporting activities
 
Credit card business
 
Credit sale, cash advance, card loan, and other supporting activities
 
Life insurance business
 Life insurance and other supporting activities
 

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Financial information by business segment as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
2020
 
  
Banking business
                      
  
Corporate
banking
  
Retail

banking
  
Other
banking
services
  
Sub-total
  
Securities
  
Non-life

insurance
  
Credit card
  
Life
insurance
  
Others
  
Consolidation
adjustments
  
Total
 
                                  
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Net operating revenues from external customers
 2,833,601  2,918,826  1,797,921  7,550,348  1,448,409  1,027,269  1,538,230  237,416  690,970    12,492,642 
Intersegment net operating revenues (expenses)
  178,199      108,118   286,317   (6,366  5,976   (183,480  (9,655  324,910   (417,702   
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   3,011,800   2,918,826   1,906,039   7,836,665   1,442,043   1,033,245   1,354,750   227,761   1,015,880   (417,702  12,492,642 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net interest income
  3,238,002   3,178,280   338,484   6,754,766   510,566   615,951   1,265,703   260,925   314,832   (469  9,722,274 
Interest income
  4,899,943   4,519,579   1,036,643   10,456,165   820,100   616,852   1,631,520   261,056   726,668   (26,614  14,485,747 
Interest expense
  (1,661,941  (1,341,299  (698,159  (3,701,399  (309,534  (901  (365,817  (131  (411,836  26,145   (4,763,473
Net fee and commission income (expenses)
  363,459   406,603   297,860   1,067,922   916,758   (171,220  400,485   (18,059  776,282   (13,229  2,958,939 
Fee and commission income
  480,190   529,178   440,319   1,449,687   1,037,545   8,571   1,485,718   98   871,499   (326,094  4,527,024 
Fee and commission expense
  (116,731  (122,575  (142,459  (381,765  (120,787  (179,791  (1,085,233  (18,157  (95,217  312,865   (1,568,085
Net insurance income (expenses)
                 376,827   13,283   (91,410     1,293   299,993 
Insurance income
                 12,367,894   23,989   2,026,052      (31,295  14,386,640 
Insurance expense
                 (11,991,067  (10,706  (2,117,462     32,588   (14,086,647
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
  (52,493     296,676   244,183   117,792   259,274   5,904   71,350   396,626   (83,763  1,011,366 
Net other operating income (expenses)
  (537,168  (666,057  973,019   (230,206  (103,073  (47,587  (330,625  4,955   (471,860  (321,534  (1,499,930
General and administrative expenses
 (1,555,089 (2,072,515 (573,742 (4,201,346 (844,503 (810,923 (514,845 (152,271 (405,530 114,606  (6,814,812
Operating income before provision for credit losses
  1,456,711   846,311   1,332,297   3,635,319   597,540   222,322   839,905   75,490   610,350   (303,096  5,677,830 
Reversal (provision) of credit losses
  (204,302  (264,943  (14,937  (484,182  (23,827  7,569   (396,376  472   (148,127  973   (1,043,498
Net operating income
  1,252,409   581,368   1,317,360   3,151,137   573,713   229,891   443,529   75,962   462,223   (302,123  4,634,332 
Share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures
        (48,158  (48,158  3,598   (42  1,127   1   553   (829  (43,750
Net other
non-operating
income (expenses)
  5,490      23,354   28,844   4,472   16,142   (6,636  (16,270  40,927   121,911   189,390 
Segment profit before income tax expense
  1,257,899   581,368   1,292,556   3,131,823   581,783   245,991   438,020   59,693   503,703   (181,041  4,779,972 
Income tax expense
  (339,728  (159,876  (312,700  (812,304  (156,135  (68,821  (114,027  (27,167  (97,268  11,328   (1,264,394
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Profit for the year
 918,171  421,492  979,856  2,319,519  425,648  177,170  323,993  32,526  406,435  (169,713 3,515,578 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Profit attributable to shareholders of the Parent Company
  917,956   421,492   958,747   2,298,195   425,622   177,181   324,662   32,526   404,381   (194,119  3,468,448 
Profit (loss) attributable to
non-controlling
interests
  215      21,109   21,324   26   (11  (669     2,054   24,406   47,130 
Total assets*
  164,323,181   161,330,053   112,790,880   438,444,114   57,570,654   39,125,869   24,071,645   35,546,572   47,408,052   (31,446,962  610,719,944 
Total liabilities*
  167,236,387   176,571,944   64,227,709   408,036,040   52,516,488   35,093,312   19,789,959   32,524,518   21,598,232   (2,240,962  567,317,587 

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2021
 
  
Banking business
  
Securities
  
Non-life

insurance
  
Credit card
  
Life
insurance
  
Others
  
Consolidation
adjustments
  
Total
 
  
Corporate
banking
  
Retail
banking
  
Other
banking
services
  
Sub-total
 
                                  
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Net operating revenues from external customers
 3,589,404  2,958,198  1,585,192  8,132,794  1,675,977  1,285,593  1,773,989  631,065  984,185    14,483,603 
Intersegment net operating revenues (expenses)
  34,771      271,887   306,658   11,002   (53,017  (158,545  (7,273  98,215   (197,040   
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   3,624,175   2,958,198   1,857,079   8,439,452   1,686,979   1,232,576   1,615,444   623,792   1,082,400   (197,040  14,483,603 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net interest income
  3,802,477   3,541,539   384,460   7,728,476   556,386   625,228   1,390,753   519,609   411,874   (2,754  11,229,572 
Interest income
  5,317,800   4,437,930   918,631   10,674,361   824,775   634,816   1,768,215   523,882   816,515   (31,686  15,210,878 
Interest expense
  (1,515,323  (896,391  (534,171  (2,945,885  (268,389  (9,588  (377,462  (4,273  (404,641  28,932   (3,981,306
Net fee and commission income (expenses)
  390,619   392,060   405,202   1,187,881   1,014,801   (173,348  546,022   (26,895  1,068,648   8,474   3,625,583 
Fee and commission income
  534,749   535,530   516,665   1,586,944   1,201,670   10,418   1,644,806   433   1,187,661   (308,326  5,323,606 
Fee and commission expense
  (144,130  (143,470  (111,463  (399,063  (186,869  (183,766  (1,098,784  (27,328  (119,013  316,800   (1,698,023
Net insurance income
                 493,271   11,589   56,871      (5,020  556,711 
Insurance income
                 12,722,178   21,711   3,406,145      (42,176  16,107,858 
Insurance expense
                 (12,228,907  (10,122  (3,349,274     37,156   (15,551,147
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
  29,407      313,427   342,834   123,183   369,864   3,431   137,343   184,467   (165,818  995,304 
Net other operating income (expenses)
  (598,328  (975,401  753,990   (819,739  (7,391  (82,439  (336,351  (63,136  (582,589  (31,922  (1,923,567
General and administrative expenses
 (1,831,948 (2,036,855 (533,928 (4,402,731 (855,142 (833,597 (577,734 (203,198 (438,170 109,719  (7,200,853
Operating income before provision for credit losses
  1,792,227   921,343   1,323,151   4,036,721   831,837   398,979   1,037,710   420,594   644,230   (87,321  7,282,750 
Reversal (provision) of credit losses
  (392,956  (125,876  (3,896  (522,728  (18,438  (5,476  (465,342  1,677   (175,568  742   (1,185,133
Net operating income
  1,399,271   795,467   1,319,255   3,513,993   813,399   393,503   572,368   422,271   468,662   (86,579  6,097,617 
Share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures
        57,156   57,156   14,484   (143  785      9,411   11,833   93,526 
Net other
non-operating
income (expenses)
  (9,237     (70,368  (79,605  (18,307  17,446   (7,378  (158  2,408   (23,943  (109,537
Segment profit before income tax expense
  1,390,034   795,467   1,306,043   3,491,544   809,576   410,806   565,775   422,113   480,481   (98,689  6,081,606 
Income tax expense
  (368,577  (218,753  (366,185  (953,515  (215,424  (108,715  (144,611  (132,510  (148,044  5,594   (1,697,225
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Profit for the year
 1,021,457  576,714  939,858  2,538,029  594,152  302,091  421,164  289,603  332,437  (93,095 4,384,381 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Profit attributable to shareholders of the Parent Company
  1,022,699   576,714   991,351   2,590,764   594,301   301,836   418,898   289,603   330,563   (116,422  4,409,543 
Profit (loss) attributable to
non-controlling
interests
  (1,242     (51,493  (52,735  (149  255   2,266      1,874   23,327   (25,162
Total assets*
  189,310,448   169,513,344   124,741,106   483,564,898   55,493,984   41,472,227   27,349,561   36,921,678   52,929,567   (33,836,081  663,895,834 
Total liabilities*
  197,834,530   180,815,013   72,026,442   450,675,985   50,008,422   37,328,955   22,793,919   34,166,882   23,191,051   (2,563,300  615,601,914 
 
*
Assets and liabilities of the reporting segments are amounts before intersegment transactions.
 

F-78

5.2 Services and Geographical Segments
5.2.1 Services information
Net operating revenues from external customers by service for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
             
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Banking service
  6,946,626   7,550,348   8,132,794 
Securities service
   1,113,200    1,448,409    1,675,977 
Non-life
insurance service
   1,185,600    1,027,269    1,285,593 
Credit card service
   1,470,910    1,538,230    1,773,989 
Life insurance service
   107,404    237,416    631,065 
Others
   608,111    690,970    984,185 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   11,431,851   12,492,642   14,483,603 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
5.2.2 Geographical information
Geographical net operating revenues from external customers for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, and major
non-current
assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Net operating revenues

from external customers
   
Major
non-current
assets
 
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
                     
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Domestic
  11,142,264   11,891,540   13,525,769   10,216,017   9,853,970 
United States
   72,945    114,044    112,388    45,353    45,530 
New Zealand
   6,946    3,554    12,857    2,385    1,932 
China
   109,574    84,821    127,939    13,971    21,416 
Cambodia
   19,534    250,426    410,482    32,354    35,668 
United Kingdom
   10,037    28,681    29,764    81,879    86,361 
Indonesia
       44,392    166,683    387,237    437,088 
Others
   70,551    75,184    97,721    51,288    20,446 
Consolidation
adjustments
               487,742    518,788 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   11,431,851   12,492,642   14,483,603   11,318,226   11,021,199 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 

F-79

6. Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
6.1 Classification and Fair Value of Financial Instruments
6.1.1 Carrying amount and fair value of financial assets and liabilities by category as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Carrying amount
   
Fair value
 
         
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets
          
Cash and due from financial institutions
  25,608,842   25,612,273 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:
   61,035,455    61,035,455 
Due from financial institutions
   100,094    100,094 
Debt securities
   58,415,100    58,415,100 
Equity securities
   2,092,313    2,092,313 
Loans
   337,983    337,983 
Others
   89,965    89,965 
Derivatives held for trading
   5,210,512    5,210,512 
Derivatives held for hedging
   334,873    334,873 
Loans measured at amortized cost
   377,166,984    378,791,808 
Securities measured at amortized cost
   36,870,229    38,026,073 
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
   61,825,197    61,825,197 
Debt securities
   58,456,889    58,456,889 
Equity securities
   3,074,899    3,074,899 
Loans
   293,409    293,409 
Other financial assets
   14,167,689    14,167,689 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   582,219,781   585,003,880 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial liabilities
          
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
  2,025,951   2,025,951 
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
   9,784,107    9,784,107 
Derivatives held for trading
   5,014,072    5,014,072 
Derivatives held for hedging
   208,825    208,825 
Deposits
   338,580,220    338,833,784 
Borrowings
   49,827,156    50,081,900 
Debentures
   62,760,687    63,189,132 
Other financial liabilities
   28,612,288    28,612,288 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   496,813,306   497,750,059 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 

F-80

   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Carrying amount
   
Fair value
 
         
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets
          
Cash and due from financial institutions
  31,009,374   31,081,231 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:
   66,005,815    66,005,815 
Due from financial institutions
   200,742    200,742 
Debt securities
   63,002,692    63,002,692 
Equity securities
   2,419,463    2,419,463 
Loans
   269,296    269,296 
Others
   113,622    113,622 
Derivatives held for trading
   3,532,542    3,532,542 
Derivatives held for hedging
   188,828    188,828 
Loans measured at amortized cost
   417,900,273    417,775,260 
Securities measured at amortized cost
   44,471,628    44,392,419 
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
   60,376,243    60,376,243 
Debt securities
   56,259,511    56,259,511 
Equity securities
   3,803,128    3,803,128 
Loans
   313,604    313,604 
Other financial assets
   10,755,350    10,755,350 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   634,240,053   634,107,688 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial liabilities
          
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
  2,939,584   2,939,584 
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
   9,149,396    9,149,396 
Derivatives held for trading
   3,509,789    3,509,789 
Derivatives held for hedging
   172,469    172,469 
Deposits
   372,023,918    371,936,631 
Borrowings
   56,912,374    56,805,938 
Debentures
   67,430,188    67,288,409 
Other financial liabilities
   29,494,402    29,494,402 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   541,632,120   541,296,618 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. The Group discloses the fair value of each class of assets and liabilities in a way that permits it to be compared with its carrying amount at the end of each reporting period. The best evidence of fair value of financial instruments is a quoted price in an active market.
 

F-81

Methods of determining fair value of financial instruments are as follows:
 
Cash and due from financial institutions
  Fair value of cash is same as carrying amount. Carrying amount of demand deposit and settlement deposit is a reasonable approximation of fair value because these financial instruments do not have a fixed maturity and are receivable on demand. Fair value of general deposit is measured using Discounted Cash Flow (“DCF”) Model.
  
Securities
  Fair value of securities and others that are traded in an active market is determined using the quoted prices. If there is no quoted price, fair value is determined using external professional valuation institutions. The institutions use one or more valuation techniques that are deemed appropriate considering the characteristics of the financial instruments among DCF Model, Free Cash Flow to Equity Model, Comparable Company Analysis, Dividend Discount Model, Risk Adjusted Discount Rate Method, and Net Asset Value Method.
  
Loans measured at amortized cost
  Fair value of loans is determined using DCF Model discounting the expected cash flows, which are contractual cash flows adjusted by the expected prepayment rate, at an appropriate discount rate.
  
Derivatives and financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
  Fair value of exchange traded derivatives is determined using quoted price in an active market, and fair value of OTC derivatives is determined using valuation techniques. The Group uses internally developed valuation models that are widely used by market participants to determine fair value of plain vanilla OTC derivatives including options, interest rate swaps, and currency swaps, based on observable market parameters. However, some complex financial instruments are valued using appropriate models developed from generally accepted market valuation models including Finite Difference Method (“FDM”), MonteCarlo Simulation, Black-Scholes Model, Hull and White Model, Closed Form, and Tree Model or valuation results from independent external professional valuation institutions.
  
Deposits
  Carrying amount of demand deposits is a reasonable approximation of fair value because they do not have a fixed maturity and are payable on demand. Fair value of time deposits is determined using DCF Model discounting the expected cash flows, which are contractual cash flows adjusted by the expected prepayment rate, at an appropriate discount rate.
  
Borrowings
  Carrying amount of overdrafts in foreign currency is a reasonable approximation of fair value because they do not have a fixed maturity and are payable on demand. Fair value of other borrowings is determined using DCF Model.
  
Debentures
  Fair value is determined using valuation results of external professional valuation institutions, which are calculated using market inputs.
  
Other financial assets and other financial liabilities
  Carrying amount is a reasonable approximation of fair value because other financial assets and other financial liabilities are temporary accounts used for other various transactions and their maturities are relatively short or not defined.
6.1.2 Fair value hierarchy
The Group believes that valuation techniques used for measuring the fair value of financial instruments are reasonable and that the fair value recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position is appropriate. However, the fair value of the financial instruments recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position may be different if other valuation techniques or assumptions are used. Additionally, as there are a variety of

F-82

valuation techniques and assumptions used in measuring fair value, it may be difficult to reasonably compare the fair value with that of other financial institutions.
The Group classifies and discloses fair value of the financial instruments into the three fair value levels as follows:
Level 1: The fair values are based on quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date.
Level 2: The fair values are based on inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
Level 3: The fair values are based on unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
The fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety in the same level of the fair value hierarchy as the lowest level input that is significant to the entire measurement. If an observable input requires an adjustment using an unobservable input and that adjustment results in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement, the resulting measurement would be categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
6.1.2.1 Fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities at fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position
Fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities at fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Fair value hierarchy
   
Total
 
   
Level 1
   
Level 2
   
Level 3
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets
                    
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:
  14,508,028   35,298,665   11,228,762   61,035,455 
Due from financial institutions
       10,011    90,083    100,094 
Debt securities
   13,316,819    34,580,168    10,518,113    58,415,100 
Equity securities
   1,101,244    409,259    581,810    2,092,313 
Loans
       299,227    38,756    337,983 
Others
   89,965            89,965 
Derivatives held for trading
   90,459    4,678,185    441,868    5,210,512 
Derivatives held for hedging
       334,873        334,873 
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
   18,731,801    40,645,505    2,447,891    61,825,197 
Debt securities
   18,147,167    40,309,722        58,456,889 
Equity securities
   584,634    70,357    2,419,908    3,074,899 
Loans
       265,426    27,983    293,409 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   33,330,288   80,957,228   14,118,521   128,406,037 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial liabilities
                    
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
  2,025,951         2,025,951 
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
   1,040    581,636    9,201,431    9,784,107 
Derivatives held for trading
   204,470    4,668,155    141,447    5,014,072 
Derivatives held for hedging
       208,825        208,825 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   2,231,461   5,458,616   9,342,878   17,032,955 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 

F-83

   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Fair value hierarchy
   
Total
 
   
Level 1
   
Level 2
   
Level 3*
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets
                    
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:
  13,108,985   40,205,783   12,691,047   66,005,815 
Due from financial institutions
       128,726    72,016    200,742 
Debt securities
   12,146,181    39,300,923    11,555,588    63,002,692 
Equity securities
   849,182    600,768    969,513    2,419,463 
Loans
       175,366    93,930    269,296 
Others
   113,622            113,622 
Derivatives held for trading
   81,408    3,241,129    210,005    3,532,542 
Derivatives held for hedging
       188,828        188,828 
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
   20,027,158    38,900,548    1,448,537    60,376,243 
Debt securities
   17,706,456    38,553,055        56,259,511 
Equity securities
   2,320,702    47,859    1,434,567    3,803,128 
Loans
       299,634    13,970    313,604 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   33,217,551   82,536,288   14,349,589   130,103,428 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial liabilities
                    
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
  2,939,584         2,939,584 
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
   36,938    1,294,944    7,817,514    9,149,396 
Derivatives held for trading
   211,132    3,124,057    174,600    3,509,789 
Derivatives held for hedging
       172,469        172,469 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   3,187,654   4,591,470   7,992,114   15,771,238 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
*
Includes KB Securities Co., Ltd.’s OTC derivatives consisting of ₩ 128,083 million of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (debt instruments), ₩ 7,817,514 million of financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss, ₩ 209,809 million of derivative financial assets, and ₩ 168,464 million of derivative financial liabilities.
 

F-84

Valuation techniques and inputs of financial assets and liabilities classified as Level 2 and measured at fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
   
Fair value
   
Valuation techniques
  
Inputs
           
   
(In millions of Korean won)
Financial assets
           
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:
  35,298,665       
Due from financial institutions
   10,011   
DCF Model
  
Projected cash flow, Discount rate
Debt securities
   34,580,168   
DCF Model, Closed Form, MonteCarlo Simulation, Black-Scholes Model, Hull and White Model, Net Asset Value Method, and others
  
Projected cash flow, Fair value of underlying asset, Dividend yield, Price of underlying asset, Interest rate, Discount rate, Volatility, Correlation coefficient, and others
Equity securities
   409,259   
DCF Model
  
Interest rate, Discount rate, and others
Loans
   299,227   
DCF Model
  
Interest rate, Discount rate, and others
Derivatives held for trading
   4,678,185   
DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, MonteCarlo Simulation, Black-Scholes Model, Hull and White Model, and others
  
Discount rate, Underlying asset index, Volatility, Interest rate, Stock price, Foreign exchange rate, Dividend yield, and others
Derivatives held for hedging
   334,873   
DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, and others
  
Discount rate, Volatility, Foreign exchange rate, and others
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
   40,645,505       
Debt securities
   40,309,722   
DCF Model, Market Value Approach
  
Discount rate, Volatility, and others
Equity securities
   70,357   
DCF Model
  
Interest rate, Discount rate, and others
Loans
   265,426   
DCF Model
  
Discount rate, Volatility, and others
   
 
 
       
   80,957,228       
   
 
 
       
    
Financial liabilities
           
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
  
 
 
581,636
 
 
  
DCF Model, Closed Form, MonteCarlo Simulation, Black-Scholes Model, Hull and White Model, Binomial Model, and others
  
Price of underlying asset, Interest rate, Dividend yield, Volatility, Discount rate, and others
Derivatives held for trading
   4,668,155   
DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, MonteCarlo Simulation, Black-Scholes Model, Hull and White Model, and others
  
Discount rate, Underlying asset index, Volatility, Interest rate, Stock price, Foreign exchange rate, Dividend yield, and others
Derivatives held for hedging
   208,825   
DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, and others
  
Discount rate, Foreign exchange rate, and others
   
 
 
       
   5,458,616       
   
 
 
       
 

F-85

   
December 31, 2021
   
Fair value
   
Valuation techniques
  
Inputs
           
   
(In millions of Korean won)
Financial assets
           
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:
  40,205,783       
Due from financial institutions
   128,726   
DCF Model, Hull and White Model
  
Projected cash flow, Discount rate, Volatility, Correlation coefficient
Debt securities
   39,300,923   
DCF Model, Hull and White Model, Closed Form, MonteCarlo Simulation, Black-Scholes Model, Net Asset Value Method, Binomial Model, and others
  
Projected cash flow, Fair value of underlying asset, Dividend yield, Price of underlying asset, Interest rate, Discount rate, Volatility, Correlation coefficient, and others
Equity securities
   600,768   
DCF Model
  
Interest rate, Discount rate, and others
Loans
   175,366   
DCF Model
  
Interest rate, Discount rate, and others
Derivatives held for trading
   3,241,129   
DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, MonteCarlo Simulation, Black-Scholes Model, Hull and White Model, Binomial Model, and others
  
Interest rate, Price of underlying asset, Foreign exchange rate, Credit spread, Discount rate, Volatility, and others
Derivatives held for hedging
   188,828   
DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM
  
Projected cash flow, Discount rate, Forward foreign exchange rate, Volatility, Foreign exchange rate, and others
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
   38,900,548       
Debt securities
   38,553,055   
DCF Model, Market Value Approach, Option Model
  
Underlying asset index, Interest rate, Discount rate, and others
Equity securities
   47,859   
DCF Model
  
Discount rate
Loans
   299,634   
DCF Model
  
Discount rate
   
 
 
       
   82,536,288       
   
 
 
       
    
Financial liabilities
           
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
  
 
 
1,294,944
 
 
  
DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, MonteCarlo Simulation, Black-Scholes Model, Hull and White Model, Binomial Model
  
Price of underlying asset, Interest rate, Dividend yield, Volatility, Discount rate
Derivatives held for trading
   3,124,057   
DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, MonteCarlo Simulation, Black-Scholes Model, Hull and White Model, Binomial Model, and others
  
Interest rate, Price of underlying asset, Foreign exchange rate, Credit spread, Discount rate, Volatility, and others
Derivatives held for hedging
   172,469   
DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM
  
Projected cash flow, Discount rate, Forward foreign exchange rate, Volatility, Foreign exchange rate, and others
   
 
 
       
   4,591,470       
   
 
 
      
F-86

6.1.2.2 Fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities whose fair value is disclosed
Fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities whose fair value is disclosed as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Fair value hierarchy
   
Total
 
   
Level 1
   
Level 2
   
Level 3
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets
                    
Cash and due from financial institutions
1
  3,362,096   19,573,075   2,677,102   25,612,273 
Loans measured at amortized cost
       271,241    378,520,567    378,791,808 
Securities measured at amortized cost
   19,438,941    18,584,264    2,868    38,026,073 
Other financial assets
2
           14,167,689    14,167,689 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   22,801,037   38,428,580   395,368,226   456,597,843 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial liabilities
                    
Deposits
1
     181,472,846   157,360,938   338,833,784 
Borrowings
3
       1,149,734    48,932,166    50,081,900 
Debentures
       57,916,235    5,272,897    63,189,132 
Other financial liabilities
2
           28,612,288    28,612,288 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
      240,538,815   240,178,289   480,717,104 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Fair value hierarchy
   
Total
 
   
Level 1
   
Level 2
   
Level 3
 
                 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets
                    
Cash and due from financial institutions
1
  3,330,920   25,791,556   1,958,755   31,081,231 
Loans measured at amortized cost
       260,101    417,515,159    417,775,260 
Securities measured at amortized
cost
2
   18,263,895    26,125,391    3,133    44,392,419 
Other financial assets
2
           10,755,350    10,755,350 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   21,594,815   52,177,048   430,232,397   504,004,260 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial liabilities
                    
Deposits
1
     204,299,174   167,637,457   371,936,631 
Borrowings
3
       3,137,427    53,668,511    56,805,938 
Debentures
       60,824,743    6,463,666    67,288,409 
Other financial liabilities
2
           29,494,402    29,494,402 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
      268,261,344   257,264,036   525,525,380 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
1
The amounts included in Level 2 are the carrying amounts which are reasonable approximations of fair value.
2
The amounts included in Level 3 are the carrying amounts which are reasonable approximations of fair value.
3
Borrowings of ₩ 292 million and ₩ 2,143 million included in Level 2 are the carrying amounts which are reasonable approximations of fair value as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.

For financial assets and liabilities whose carrying amount is a reasonable approximation of fair value, valuation techniques and inputs are not disclosed.
Valuation techniques and inputs of financial assets and liabilities classified as Level 2, and whose fair value is disclosed as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
 
  
Fair value
  
Valuation techniques
 
Inputs
 
         
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets
          
Loans measured at amortized cost
 271,241  DCF Model  Discount rate 
Securities measured at amortized cost
  18,584,264  DCF Model, MonteCarlo Simulation  Discount rate, Interest rate 
 
  
 
 
       
  18,855,505       
  
 
 
       
Financial liabilities
          
Borrowings
 1,149,442  DCF Model  Discount rate 
Debentures
  57,916,235  DCF Model  Discount rate 
  
 
 
       
  59,065,677       
  
 
 
       
 
  
December 31, 2021
 
  
Fair value
  
Valuation techniques
 
Inputs
 
         
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets
          
Loans measured at amortized cost
 260,101  DCF Model  Discount rate 
Securities measured at amortized cost
  26,125,391  DCF Model, MonteCarlo Simulation  Discount rate, Interest rate 
 
  
 
 
       
  26,385,492       
  
 
 
       
Financial liabilities
          
Borrowings
 3,135,284  DCF Model  Discount rate 
Debentures
  60,824,743  DCF Model  Discount rate 
  
 
 
       
  63,960,027       
  
 
 
       

F-88

Valuation techniques and inputs of financial assets and liabilities classified as Level 3, and whose fair value is disclosed as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
   
Fair value
   
Valuation
techniques
  
Inputs
           
   
(In millions of Korean won)
Financial assets
           
Cash and due from financial institutions
  2,677,102   DCF Model  
 
 
Credit spread, Other spread, Interest rate
Loans measured at amortized cost
   378,520,567   DCF Model  
 
 
Credit spread, Other spread, Prepayment rate, Interest rate
Securities measured at amortized cost
   2,868   DCF Model  Interest rate
   
 
 
       
   381,200,537       
   
 
 
       
Financial liabilities
           
Deposits
  157,360,938   DCF Model  
Other spread, Prepayment rate, Interest rate
Borrowings
   48,932,166   DCF Model  
Other spread, Interest rate
Debentures
   5,272,897   DCF Model  
Other spread, Interest rate
   
 
 
       
   211,566,001       
   
 
 
       
 
   
December 31, 2021
   
Fair value
   
Valuation
techniques
  
Inputs
           
   
(In millions of Korean won)
Financial assets
           
Cash and due from financial institutions
  1,958,755   DCF Model  
Credit spread, Other spread, Interest rate
Loans measured at amortized cost
   417,515,159   DCF Model  
Credit spread, Other spread, Prepayment rate, Interest rate
   
 
 
       
   419,473,914       
   
 
 
       
Financial liabilities
           
Deposits
  167,637,457   DCF Model  
Other spread, Prepayment rate, Interest rate
Borrowings
   53,668,511   DCF Model  
Other spread, Interest rate
Debentures
   6,463,666   DCF Model  
Other spread, Interest rate
   
 
 
       
   227,769,634       
   
 
 
       
6.2 Disclosure of Fair Value Hierarchy Level 3
6.2.1 Valuation policy and process of Level 3 fair value
The Group uses external, independent and qualified valuation service in addition to internal valuation models to determine the fair value of financial instruments at the end of every reporting period.
If the changes in situation and events which cause transfers between the fair value hierarchy level for a financial asset or liability occur, the Group’s policy is to recognize such transfers as having occurred at the beginning of the reporting period.
 

F-89

6.2.2 Changes in fair value (Level 3) measured using valuation technique based on unobservable inputs in the market
6.2.2.1 Changes in financial instruments classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
2020
 
  
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  
Financial investments
  
Financial liabilities at
fair value through
profit or loss
  
Net derivative
financial instruments
 
  
Due from financial
institutions measured
at fair value through
profit or loss
  
Securities
measured at fair
value through
profit or loss
  
Loans measured at
fair value through
profit or loss
  
Equity securities
measured at fair
value through other
comprehensive
income
  
Loans measured
at fair value
through other
comprehensive
income
  
Financial liabilities
designated at fair
value through profit or
loss
  
Derivatives held for
trading
 
                      
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
 51,125  10,656,042  188,133  1,482,398    (11,222,032 309,966 
Total gains or losses:
                            
Profit or loss
  (2,021  22,069   627   (206     (406,788  400,241 
Other comprehensive income (loss)
  (7,693  144,963      815,244   (217  (27,876   
Purchases
  135,227   3,519,573      122,827   40,000      (24,165
Sales
  (86,555  (3,263,111  (150,004  (355  (11,800     (328,348
Issues
                 (9,333,419  (42,732
Settlements
                 11,788,684   90 
Transfers into Level 3*
     129,580               (1,044
Transfers out of Level 3*
     (109,193              (13,587
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
 90,083  11,099,923  38,756  2,419,908  27,983  (9,201,431 300,421 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
2021
 
  
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  
Financial investments
  
Financial liabilities at
fair value through
profit or loss
  
Net derivative
financial instruments
 
  
Due from financial
institutions measured
at fair value through
profit or loss
  
Securities
measured at fair
value through
profit or loss
  
Loans measured at
fair value through
profit or loss
  
Equity securities
measured at fair
value through other
comprehensive
income
  
Loans measured
at fair value
through other
comprehensive
income
  
Financial liabilities
designated at fair
value through profit
or loss
  
Derivatives held for
trading
 
                      
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
 90,083  11,099,923  38,756  2,419,908  27,983  (9,201,431 300,421 
Total gains or losses:
                            
Profit or loss
  212   346,982   (431        61,756   (66,116
Other comprehensive income (loss)
  1,720   223,545      (101,876  87   (5,446   
Purchases
     3,567,937   55,605   74,602         3,953 
Sales
  (19,999  (2,360,801     (5,618  (14,100     (170,055
Issues
                 (8,233,128  (32,516
Settlements
                 9,560,735    
Transfers into Level 3*
     4,307               (282
Transfers out of Level 3*
     (356,792     (952,449         
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
 72,016  12,525,101  93,930  1,434,567  13,970  (7,817,514 35,405 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
*
Transfers into or out of Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy occurred due to the change in the availability of observable market data.

F-90

6.2.2.2 In relation to changes in financial instruments classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, total gains or losses recognized in profit or loss for the period, and total gains or losses recognized in profit or loss from financial instruments held at the end of the reporting period for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
2019
  
2020
 
  
Net losses

on financial
instruments at
fair value
through profit
or loss
  
Other operating
income
  
Net interest

income
  
Net gains on
financial
instruments at
fair value
through profit
or loss
  
Other operating
expenses
  
Net interest

income
 
                   
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Total gains (losses) recognized in profit or loss for the period
 (489,703 1,388  22  70,251  (56,329  
Total gains (losses) recognized in profit or loss from financial instruments held at the end of the reporting period
  (37,668  1,331      129,824   (60,884   
 
   
2021
 
   
Net gains on financial
instruments at fair value
through profit or loss
   
Other operating
income
   
Net interest income
 
             
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Total gains recognized in profit or loss for the period
  256,167   86,236    
Total gains recognized in profit or loss from financial instruments held at the end of the reporting period
   126,516    85,256     
 

F-91

6.2.3 Sensitivity analysis of changes in unobservable inputs
6.2.3.1 Information about fair value measurements using unobservable inputs as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
  
Fair value
  
Valuation techniques
 
Unobservable inputs
 
Range of
unobservable
inputs (%)
  
Relationship of unobservable inputs to
fair value
             
  
(In millions of
Korean won)
          
Financial assets
              
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:
                         
Due from financial institutions
 90,083  MonteCarlo Simulation Volatility of underlying asset  19.40 ~ 36.76  The higher the volatility of underlying asset, the higher the fair value fluctuation
        Correlation coefficient  12.27  The higher the correlation coefficient, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Debt securities
  10,518,113  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, MonteCarlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes Model, Option Model, Binomial Model, Net Asset Value Method, Income Approach, Market Value Approach, and others Growth rate  0.00 ~ 2.00  The higher the growth rate, the higher the fair value
  Volatility  8.00 ~ 179.75  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  Discount rate  0.00 ~ 21.37  The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
  Recovery rate  40  The higher the recovery rate, the higher the fair value
  Correlation coefficient between underlying assets  -61.12 ~ 100.00  The higher the correlation coefficient, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  Liquidation value  0.00  The higher the liquidation value, the higher the fair value
  Rate of real estate price fluctuation  0.00  The higher the sale price of real estate, the higher the fair value
Equity securities
  581,810  Income Approach, Market Value Approach, Asset Value Approach, DCF Model, Comparable Company Analysis, Risk Adjusted Discount Rate Method, Dividend Discount Model, Usage of Past Transactions, Binomial Model, and others Growth rate  0.00 ~ 1.10  The higher the growth rate, the higher the fair value
  Discount rate  0.60 ~ 18.67  The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
  Liquidation value  0.00  
The higher the liquidation value, the higher the fair value
Loans
  38,756  Binomial Model, DCF Model Volatility of stock price  0.00  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
        Discount rate  7.86  The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
 

F-92

  
December 31, 2020
  
Fair value
  
Valuation techniques
 
Unobservable inputs
 
Range of
unobservable
inputs (%)
  
Relationship of unobservable inputs to
fair value
             
  
(In millions of
Korean won)
          
Derivatives held for trading:
              
Stock and index
  382,337  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, MonteCarlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes Model, Binomial Model Volatility of underlying asset  20.00 ~ 72.00  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  Correlation coefficient between underlying assets  -61.12 ~ 89.01  The higher the correlation coefficient, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Currency, interest rate, and others
 
 
 
 
59,531
 
 
 
DCF Model, Hull and White Model
 
 
Volatility
 
 
 
 
0.00 ~ 68.00
 
 
 
The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
    Correlation coefficient between underlying assets  -50.48 ~ 90.95  The higher the correlation coefficient, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
        
Equity securities
    2,419,908  Risk Adjusted Discount Rate Method, IMV Model, DCF Model, Comparable Company Analysis, Dividend Discount Model, Option Model, Net Asset Value Method, Market Value Approach, One Factor Hull and White Model, and others Growth rate  0.00 ~ 2.00  The higher the growth rate, the higher the fair value
  Discount rate  7.60 ~ 19.67  The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
  Volatility  22.11 ~ 24.16  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Loans
  27,983  DCF Model Discount rate  2.21 ~ 4.21  The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
  
 
 
           
  14,118,521           
  
 
 
           
 

F-93

  
December 31, 2020
  
Fair value
  
Valuation techniques
 
Unobservable inputs
 
Range of
unobservable
inputs (%)
  
Relationship of unobservable inputs to
fair value
             
  
(In millions of
Korean won)
          
Financial liabilities
              
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss:
        
Derivative-linked securities
 9,201,431  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, MonteCarlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes Model Volatility of underlying asset  1.00 ~ 72.00  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  Correlation coefficient between underlying assets  -61.12 ~ 90.95  The higher the absolute value of correlation coefficient, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Derivatives held for trading:
              
Stock and index
  60,291  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, MonteCarlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes Model, Binomial Model Volatility  20.00 ~ 68.00  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  Correlation coefficient between underlying assets  -61.12 ~ 90.95  The higher the correlation coefficient, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Others
  81,156  MonteCarlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, DCF Model, Closed Form Volatility  21.00 ~ 68.00  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  Discount rate  1.15 ~ 1.29  The higher the discount rate, the lower the fair value
  Correlation coefficient between underlying assets  -50.48 ~ 90.95  The higher the absolute value of correlation coefficient, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  
 
 
           
  9,342,878           
  
 
 
          

F-94

  
December 31, 2021
  
Fair value
  
Valuation techniques
 
Unobservable inputs
 
Range of
unobservable
inputs (%)
 
Relationship of unobservable inputs to
fair value
            
  
(In millions of
Korean won)
         
Financial assets
            
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:
    
Due from financial institutions
 72,016  MonteCarlo Simulation, Hull and White Model Volatility of underlying asset 14.30 ~ 39.66 The higher the volatility of underlying asset, the higher the fair value fluctuation
        Correlation coefficient -3.36 The higher the correlation coefficient, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Debt securities
  11,555,588  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, MonteCarlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes Model, Option Model, Binomial Model, Net Asset Value Method, Milestone Method, Income Approach, Market Value Approach, and others Growth rate 0.00 ~ 2.00 The higher the growth rate, the higher the fair value
  Volatility 13.87 ~ 58.39 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  Discount rate 0.60 ~ 21.37 The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
  Stock price 18.87 ~ 19.48 The higher the stock price, the higher the fair value
  Correlation coefficient between underlying assets -60.35 ~ 100.00 The higher the correlation coefficient, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  Liquidation value -1.00 ~ 1.00 The higher the liquidation value, the higher the fair value
  Recovery rate 40 The higher the recovery rate, the higher the fair value
        Rate of real estate price fluctuation -1.00 ~ 1.00 The higher the sale price of real estate, the higher the fair value
Equity securities
  969,513  Income Approach, Market Value Approach, Asset Value Approach, DCF Model, Comparable Company Analysis, Risk Adjusted Discount Rate Method, Dividend Discount Model, Usage of Past Transactions, Binomial Model, and others Growth rate 0.50 ~ 2.00 The higher the growth rate, the higher the fair value
 Discount rate 8.80 ~ 24.60 The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
 Stock price 23.36 ~ 25.49 The higher the stock price, the higher the fair value
  
  
  
Loans
  93,930  DCF Model Discount rate 8.21 The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
 

F-95

  
December 31, 2021
  
Fair value
  
Valuation techniques
 
Unobservable inputs
 
Range of
unobservable
inputs (%)
  
Relationship of unobservable inputs to
fair value
             
  
(In millions of
Korean won)
          
             
Derivatives held for trading:
              
Stock and index
 184,165  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, MonteCarlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes Model, Binomial Model Volatility of underlying asset  15.07 ~ 80.58  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
      Correlation coefficient  -60.35 ~ 88.17  The higher the correlation coefficient, the higher the fair value fluctuation
      Stock price  -10.00 ~ 10.00  The higher the stock price, the higher the fair value
Currency, interest rate, and others
  25,840  DCF Model, Hull and White Model, MonteCarlo Simulation, Closed Form Volatility  2.67 ~ 81.32  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
 Correlation coefficient  -48.31 ~ 90.16  The higher the correlation coefficient, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
        
Equity securities
  1,434,567  Risk Adjusted Discount Rate Method, IMV Model, DCF Model, Comparable Company Analysis, Dividend Discount Model, Net Asset Value Method, Market Value Approach, Hull and White Model, and others Growth rate  0.00 ~ 2.00  The higher the growth rate, the higher the fair value
      Discount rate  8.80 ~ 18.02  The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
      Volatility  23.36 ~ 31.65  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
             
             
Loans
  13,970  DCF Model Discount rate  2.87 ~ 4.87  The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
 
 
 
           
  14,349,589           
  
 
 
          
 

F-96

  
December 31, 2021
  
Fair value
  
Valuation techniques
 
Unobservable inputs
 
Range of
unobservable
inputs (%)
 
Relationship of unobservable inputs to
fair value
            
  
(In millions of
Korean won)
         
            
            
Financial liabilities
            
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss:
      
Derivative-linked securities
 7,817,514  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, MonteCarlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes Model Volatility of underlying asset 1.00 ~ 81.32 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
 Correlation coefficient between underlying assets -60.35 ~ 90.16 The higher the correlation coefficient, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Derivatives held for trading:
            
Stock and index
  92,757  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, MonteCarlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes Model, Binomial Model Volatility of underlying asset 15.07 ~ 80.58 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
 Correlation coefficient between underlying assets -60.35 ~ 88.17 The higher the correlation coefficient, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Others
  81,843  DCF Model, Hull and White Model, MonteCarlo Simulation, Closed Form Discount rate 1.46 ~ 2.83 The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
 Volatility of underlying asset 5.29 ~ 53.57 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
 Correlation coefficient between underlying assets -48.31 ~ 90.16 The higher the correlation coefficient, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  
 
 
         
  7,992,114         
  
 
 
         
 

F-97

6.2.3.2 Sensitivity analysis of changes in unobservable inputs
Sensitivity analysis of financial instruments is performed to measure favorable and unfavorable changes in fair value of financial instruments which are affected by unobservable parameters, using a statistical technique. When the fair value is affected by more than one input parameter, the amounts represent the most favorable or most unfavorable outcome. Level 3 financial instruments subject to sensitivity analysis are (a) equity-related derivatives, currency-related derivatives, and interest rate related derivatives whose fair value changes are recognized in profit or loss, (b) financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss, and (c) due from financial institutions, debt securities (including beneficiary certificates), equity securities, and loans whose fair value changes are recognized in profit or loss or other comprehensive income or loss. If the overlay approach is applied in accordance with IFRS No.4, changes in fair value of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are recognized in other comprehensive income.
Results of the sensitivity analysis of changes in unobservable inputs as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Profit or loss
  
Other comprehensive

income or loss
 
  
Favorable

changes
   
Unfavorable

changes
  
Favorable

changes
   
Unfavorable

changes
 
                
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets
                   
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:
1
                   
Due from financial institutions
  2   (2 199   (222
Debt securities
4
   35,790    (12,826  2,123    (2,122
Equity securities
3
   16,125    (8,275  973    (744
Loans
5
   3,316    (2,952       
Derivatives held for trading
2
   22,783    (25,013       
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
                   
Equity securities
3
          120,652    (73,434
Loans
6
          534    (518
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
   78,016   (49,068 124,481   (77,040
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial liabilities
                   
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
1
  46,859   (42,995     
Derivatives held for trading
2
   7,255    (7,139       
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
   54,114   (50,134     
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 

F-98

   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Profit or loss
  
Other comprehensive

income or loss
 
  
Favorable

changes
   
Unfavorable

changes
  
Favorable

changes
   
Unfavorable

changes
 
                
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets
                   
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:
1
                   
Due from financial institutions
       19   (18
Debt securities
4
   13,149    (12,562  1,458    (1,402
Equity securities
3
   11,259    (8,192  1,049    (813
Loans
5
   3,062    (2,742       
Derivatives held for trading
2
   19,328    (20,005       
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income:
                   
Equity securities
3
   6,495    (5,145  95,599    (71,171
Loans
6
          133    (131
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
   53,293   (48,646 98,258   (73,535
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial liabilities
                   
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
1
  78,355   (82,797 78,356   (82,797
Derivatives held for trading
2
   31,310    (29,309  31,114    (29,105
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
   109,665   (112,106 109,470   (111,902
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
1
 
For financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss, changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such as discount rate, recovery rate, liquidation value by ±1%p and volatility of underlying asset, growth rate by ±1%p or ±10% and correlation coefficient by ±10%.
2
 
For derivative financial instruments, changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such as price of underlying asset and volatility by ± 10%.
3
 
For equity securities, changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such as correlation between discount rate
(-1%p~1%p)
and growth rate
(-1%p~1%p)
or correlation between liquidation value
(-1%p~1%p)
and discount rate
(-1%p~1%p).
4
 
For beneficiary certificates, it is practically impossible to analyze sensitivity of changes in unobservable inputs. However, for beneficiary certificates whose underlying assets are real estates, changes in fair value are calculated by shifting rate of real estate price fluctuation by -1%p~1%p, and for beneficiary certificates whose underlying assets are equity investments, changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such as liquidation value by -1%p~1%p and discount rate by -1%p~1%p. There is no significant correlation among major unobservable inputs.
5
 
For loans, changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such as discount rate by -1%p~1%p.
6
For loans measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such as discount rate and growth rate by ±1%p.
6.2.4 Day one gains or losses
When the Group measures the fair value of OTC derivatives using inputs that are not based on observable market data, there could be a difference between the transaction price and the amount determined using that valuation technique. In these circumstances, the fair value of financial instruments is recognized as the transaction price, and the difference is not recognized in profit or loss but deferred and amortized using the straight-line method over the life of the financial instrument. When the fair value of the financial instruments is subsequently determined using observable market inputs, the remaining deferred amount is recognized in profit or loss.

F-99

Changes in deferred day one gains or losses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
  
2021
 
        
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Balance at the beginning of the year
  45,767  61,393 
New transactions
   166,555   166,443 
Changes during the year
   (150,929  (150,628
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Balance at the end of the year
  61,393  77,208 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
6.3 Carrying Amount of Financial Instruments by Category
Financial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value or amortized cost. Carrying amount of financial assets and liabilities by category as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
 
  
Financial
instruments
at fair value
through
profit or loss
  
Financial
instruments at
fair value
through other
comprehensive
income
  
Financial
instruments
designated at
fair value
through other
comprehensive
income
  
Financial
instruments at
amortized cost
  
Derivatives
held for
hedging
  
Total
 
                   
                   
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets
                        
Cash and due from financial institutions
       25,608,842    25,608,842 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  61,035,455               61,035,455 
Derivative financial assets
  5,210,512            334,873   5,545,385 
Loans measured at amortized cost
           377,166,984      377,166,984 
Financial investments
     58,750,298   3,074,899   36,870,229      98,695,426 
Other financial assets
           14,167,689      14,167,689 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  66,245,967  58,750,298  3,074,899  453,813,744  334,873  582,219,781 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
December 31, 2020
 
  
Financial
instruments
at fair value
through
profit or loss
  
Financial instruments
designated at fair value
through profit or loss
  
Financial
instruments at
amortized cost
  
Derivatives
held for
hedging
  
Total
 
                
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial liabilities
                    
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
 2,025,951  9,784,107      11,810,058 
Derivative financial liabilities
  5,014,072         208,825   5,222,897 
Deposits
        338,580,220      338,580,220 
Borrowings
        49,827,156      49,827,156 
Debentures
        62,760,687      62,760,687 
Other financial liabilities
        28,612,288      28,612,288 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  7,040,023  9,784,107  479,780,351  208,825  496,813,306 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-100

  
December 31, 2021
 
  
Financial
instruments
at fair value
through
profit or loss
  
Financial
instruments at
fair value
through other
comprehensive
income
  
Financial
instruments
designated at
fair value
through other
comprehensive
income
  
Financial
instruments at
amortized cost
  
Derivatives
held for
hedging
  
Total
 
                   
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets
                        
Cash and due from financial institutions
       31,009,374    31,009,374 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  66,005,815               66,005,815 
Derivative financial assets
  3,532,542            188,828   3,721,370 
Loans measured at amortized cost
           417,900,273      417,900,273 
Financial investments
     56,573,115   3,803,128   44,471,628      104,847,871 
Other financial assets
           10,755,350      10,755,350 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  69,538,357  56,573,115  3,803,128  504,136,625  188,828  634,240,053 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
December 31, 2021
 
  
Financial
instruments
at fair value
through
profit or loss
  
Financial instruments
designated at fair value
through profit or loss
  
Financial
instruments at
amortized cost
  
Derivatives
held for
hedging
  
Total
 
                
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial liabilities
                    
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
 2,939,584  9,149,396      12,088,980 
Derivative financial liabilities
  3,509,789         172,469   3,682,258 
Deposits
        372,023,918      372,023,918 
Borrowings
        56,912,374      56,912,374 
Debentures
        67,430,188      67,430,188 
Other financial liabilities
        29,494,402      29,494,402 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  6,449,373  9,149,396  525,860,882  172,469  541,632,120 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-101

6.4 Transfer of Financial Assets
6.4.1 Transferred financial assets that are derecognized in their entirety
The Group transferred loans and other financial assets to companies specialized in asset-backed securitization and derecognized them from the consolidated financial statement, while the maximum exposure to loss (carrying amount) from its continuing involvement and fair value of its continuing involvement of the derecognized financial assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
 
  
Type of continuing
involvement
 
Classification of financial
instruments
 
Carrying amount
of continuing
involvement
  
Fair value of
continuing
involvement
 
        
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Discovery 2
nd
Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd.
 Subordinated bond 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
 
5,190
 
 5,190 
FK 1411 ABS Ltd.
 Subordinated bond 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  1,062   1,062 
AP 3B ABS Ltd.
 Subordinated bond 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  646   646 
AP 4D ABS Ltd.
 Subordinated bond 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  6,304   6,304 
      
 
 
  
 
 
 
      13,202  13,202 
      
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
December 31, 2021
 
  
Type of continuing
involvement
 
Classification of financial
instruments
 
Carrying amount
of continuing
involvement
  
Fair value of
continuing
involvement
 
        
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Discovery 2
nd
Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd.
 Subordinated bond 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
 5,189  5,189 
AP 4D ABS Ltd.
 Subordinated bond 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  5,463   5,463 
      
 
 
  
 
 
 
      10,652  10,652 
      
 
 
  
 
 
 
6.4.2 Transferred financial assets that are not derecognized in their entirety
The Group issued securitized debentures using loans as underlying assets. Details of underlying assets and senior debentures in relation to securitization as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
 
  
Carrying amount
of underlying
assets
  
Fair value of
underlying
assets
  
Carrying amount
of senior
debentures
  
Fair value of
senior
debentures
 
             
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
KB Kookmin Card 4
th
Securitization Co., Ltd.
1
 490,465  488,251  219,419  226,401 
KB Kookmin Card 5
th
Securitization Co., Ltd.
1
  476,523   474,481   299,838   304,914 
KB Kookmin Card 6
th
Securitization Co., Ltd.
1
  701,360   698,421   434,492   472,861 
KB Kookmin Card 7
th
Securitization Co., Ltd.
1
  924,159   919,775   553,711   591,609 
KB Auto Second Asset Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd.
2
  307,270   308,861   249,689   250,306 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  2,899,777    2,889,789  1,757,149    1,846,091 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

F-102

  
December 31, 2021
 
  
Carrying amount
of underlying
assets
  
Fair value of
underlying
assets
  
Carrying amount
of senior
debentures
  
Fair value of
senior
debentures
 
             
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
KB Kookmin Card 5
th
Securitization Co., Ltd.
1
 492,108  490,113  299,881  302,564 
KB Kookmin Card 6
th
Securitization Co., Ltd.
1
  726,803   723,835   474,000   474,766 
KB Kookmin Card 7
th
Securitization Co., Ltd.
1
  948,129   943,689   598,180   596,272 
KB Kookmin Card 8
th
Securitization Co., Ltd.
1
  545,750   543,982   299,844   306,264 
KB Auto Second Asset Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd.
2
  129,867   129,385   59,968   59,935 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  2,842,657    2,831,004  1,731,873    1,739,801 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
1
 
The Group has an obligation to early redeem the securitized debentures in the event of situations prescribed by the asset securitization contract, such as the remaining balance of the eligible underlying assets in trust-type asset securitization is below the solvency ratio (minimum ratio: 104.5%) of the beneficiary interest in the trust. To avoid such early redemption, the Group entrusts credit card accounts and deposits in addition to the previously entrusted credit card accounts
.
2
 
The Group has an obligation to early redeem the securitized debentures in the event of situations prescribed by the asset securitization contract, such as when the trusted assets do not meet the eligibility requirements.
6.4.3 Bonds sold under repurchase agreements and loaned securities
The Group continues to recognize the financial assets related to bonds sold under repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions in the consolidated statement of financial position since those transactions are not qualified for derecognition even though the Group transfers the financial assets. Bonds sold under repurchase agreements are sold on the condition that they will be repurchased at a fixed price and loaned securities will be returned at the expiration of the loan period. Thus, the Group retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial assets.
The carrying amount of transferred assets and related liabilities as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Carrying amount of
transferred assets
   
Carrying amount of
related liabilities
 
         
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Bonds sold under repurchase agreements*
  13,994,352   13,398,140 
Loaned securities:
          
Government and public bonds
   1,831,673     
Stock
   19,811     
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   15,845,836   13,398,140 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Carrying amount of
transferred assets
   
Carrying amount of
related liabilities
 
         
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Bonds sold under repurchase agreements*
  11,273,036   10,978,971 
Loaned securities:
          
Government and public bonds
   1,035,736     
Stock
   253     
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   12,309,025   10,978,971 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 

F-103

 
*
Bonds sold under repurchase agreements using borrowed securities as collateral amount to ₩ 2,147,975 million and ₩ 2,050,635 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
6.4.4 Purchase commitments of securitized debentures
The Group provided additional credit enhancement, such as purchase commitments, for the underlying assets of subsidiaries established for asset-backed securitization. Details of carrying amounts of the underlying assets and the associated liabilities as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,
2020
   
December 31,
2021
 
     
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Underlying assets
 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  180,180   289,188 
  Loans measured at amortized cost*   3,272,228    3,724,204 
     
 
 
   
 
 
 
     3,452,408   4,013,392 
     
 
 
   
 
 
 
Associated liabilities
 Debentures  3,450,505   4,010,436 
 
*
Before netting of allowance
6.5 Offsetting Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
The Group enters into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) master netting agreements and other similar arrangements with the Group’s OTC derivative and spot exchange counterparties. Similar netting agreements are also entered into with the Group’s (a) sales or purchases of bonds under repurchase agreements and (b) securities lending and borrowing transactions, etc. Pursuant to these agreements, in the event of default by one party, contracts are to be terminated and receivables and payables are to be offset. Domestic exchange settlement debits and domestic exchange settlement credits are recognized in its net settlement balance in the consolidated statement of financial position because the Group has the legal right of offset and settles in net amount.
F-104

6.5.1 Details of financial assets subject to enforceable master netting agreements or similar arrangements as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
 
  
Gross assets
  
Gross liabilities
offset
  
Net amount in
the statement of
financial
position
  
Non-offsetting
amount
  
Net amount
 
 
Financial
instruments
  
Cash
collateral
 
                   
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Derivatives held for trading and derivative-linked securities
 5,425,708    5,425,708             
Derivatives held for hedging
  334,874      334,874  (3,940,729 (263,564 1,556,289 
Unsettled spot exchange receivable
  3,435,657             —    3,435,657   (3,434,222            —    1,435 
Bonds purchased under repurchase agreements
  3,600,447      3,600,447   (3,600,447      
Domestic exchange settlement debits
  37,549,292   (36,823,836  725,456         725,456 
Other financial instruments
  4,560,879   (4,474,909  85,970             —       85,970 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  54,906,857  (41,298,745 13,608,112  (10,975,398 (263,564 2,369,150 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
December 31, 2021
 
  
Gross assets
  
Gross liabilities
offset
  
Net amount in
the statement of
financial
position
  
Non-offsetting
amount
  
Net amount
 
  
Financial
instruments
  
Cash
collateral
 
                   
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Derivatives held for trading and derivative-linked securities
 3,673,348    3,673,348             
Derivatives held for hedging
  188,828      188,828  (2,352,365 (235,749 1,274,062 
Unsettled spot exchange receivable
  2,384,503             —    2,384,503   (2,380,556            —    3,947 
Bonds purchased under repurchase agreements
  5,955,194      5,955,194   (5,955,194      
Domestic exchange settlement debits
  43,497,849   (42,482,911  1,014,938             —       1,014,938 
Other financial instruments
  2,341,992   (2,327,904  14,088   (3,209     10,879 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  58,041,714  (44,810,815 13,230,899  (10,691,324 (235,749 2,303,826 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-105

6.5.2 Details of financial liabilities subject to enforceable master netting agreements or similar arrangements as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
 
 
Gross liabilities
  
Gross assets
offset
  
Net amount in
the statement of
financial
position
  
Non-offsetting
amount
  
Net amount
 
  
Financial
instruments
  
Cash
collateral
 
                   
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Derivatives held for trading and derivative-linked securities
 5,300,028    5,300,028             
Derivatives held for hedging
  208,825      208,825  (3,365,443 (77,324 2,066,086 
Unsettled spot exchange payable
  3,434,887             —    3,434,887   (3,434,222            —    665 
Bonds sold under repurchase agreements*
  16,329,799   (11,800  16,317,999   (16,317,999      
Securities borrowing agreements
  1,934,736      1,934,736   (1,934,736      
Domestic exchange settlement credits
  37,757,164   (36,823,835  933,329   (933,329      
Other financial instruments
  4,764,991   (4,474,909  290,082         290,082 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  69,730,430  (41,310,544 28,419,886  (25,985,729 (77,324 2,356,833 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
December 31, 2021
 
 
Gross liabilities
  
Gross assets
offset
  
Net amount in
the statement of
financial
position
  
Non-offsetting
amount
  
Net amount
 
  
Financial
instruments
  
Cash
collateral
 
                   
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Derivatives held for trading and derivative-linked securities
 4,132,915    4,132,915             
Derivatives held for hedging
  172,470      172,470  (3,069,591 (75,253 1,160,541 
Unsettled spot exchange payable
  2,383,399             —    2,383,399   (2,380,556            —    2,843 
Bonds sold under repurchase agreements*
  14,372,761      14,372,761   (14,372,761      
Securities borrowing agreements
  2,826,885      2,826,885   (2,826,885      
Domestic exchange settlement credits
  47,608,341   (42,482,911  5,125,430   (5,125,430      
Other financial instruments
  2,738,984   (2,327,904  411,080   (3,209     407,871 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  74,235,755  (44,810,815 29,424,940  (27,778,432 (75,253 1,571,255 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
*
Includes bonds sold under repurchase agreements to customers.
 

F-106

7. Due from Financial Institutions Measured at Amortized Cost
7.1 Details of due from financial institutions as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
Financial institutions
  
Interest rate
(%) as of

December 31,
2021
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
           
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Due from financial institutions in Korean won
 
Due from the Bank of Korea
 The Bank of Korea   0.00 ~ 0.97   11,242,803   15,317,033 
 
Due from banks
 
Hana Bank and others
   0.00 ~ 5.20    3,692,044    3,390,521 
 
Due from others
 
Korea Securities Finance Corporation and others
   0.00 ~ 1.98    753,581    686,236 
            
 
 
   
 
 
 
             15,688,428    19,393,790 
            
 
 
   
 
 
 
Due from financial institutions in foreign currencies
 
Due from banks in foreign currencies
 The Bank of Korea and others   0.00 ~ 4.00    4,215,918    6,329,310 
 
Time deposits in foreign currencies
 
Bank of Communications Co., Ltd. and others
   0.00 ~ 6.10    739,637    587,782 
 
Due from others
 
Societe Generale (Paris) and others
   0.00 ~ 6.50    2,079,371    2,054,474 
            
 
 
   
 
 
 
             7,034,926    8,971,566 
            
 
 
   
 
 
 
            22,723,354   28,365,356 
            
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
*
Before netting of allowance
7.2 Details of restricted due from financial institutions as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
Financial institutions
  
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
   
Reasons of restriction
       
(In millions of Korean won)
    
Due from financial institutions in Korean won
 
Due from the Bank of Korea
 The Bank of Korea  11,242,803   15,317,033   Bank of Korea Act
 
Due from banks
 
Shinhan Bank and others
   772,986    803,445   Net settlement and others
 
Due from others
 
NH Investment & Securities Co., Ltd. and others
   545,457    528,642   Derivatives margin account and others
      
 
 
   
 
 
    
        12,561,246    16,649,120    
       
 
 
   
 
 
    
Due from financial institutions in foreign currencies
 
Due from banks in foreign currencies
 Bank of Indonesia and others   1,097,729    2,262,610   Indonesian law and others
 
Time deposits in foreign currencies
 
Bank of Communications Co., Ltd. and others
   46,428    68,588   Bank Act of the State of New York and others
 
Due from others
 
Societe Generale (Paris) and others
   1,597,960    1,774,388   Derivatives margin account and others
       
 
 
   
 
 
    
        2,742,117    4,105,586    
       
 
 
   
 
 
    
        15,303,363    20,754,706    
       
 
 
   
 
 
    
 
*
Before netting of allowance
 

F-107

7.3 Changes in allowances for credit losses of due from financial institutions for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
   
12-month expected

credit losses
  
Lifetime expected credit losses
 
 
Non-impaired
  
Impaired
 
           
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  3,164  1,188  360 
Transfer between stages:
             
Transfer to
12-month
expected credit losses
          
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses
          
Impairment
          
Reversal of credit losses
   (416  (1,128   
Business combination
   154       
Others
   45   (26    (78
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
  2,947  34  282 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
   
2021
 
   
12-month expected

credit losses
  
Lifetime expected credit losses
 
 
Non-impaired
  
Impaired
 
           
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  2,947       34  282 
Transfer between stages:
             
Transfer to
12-month
expected credit losses
          
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses
          
Impairment
          
Reversal of credit losses
     (51       (35  (282
Others
   73   1    
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
  2,969     
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
F-108

8. Assets Pledged as Collateral
8.1 Details of assets pledged as collateral as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
Assets pledged
 
Pledgee
 
Carrying amount
  
Reasons of pledge
    
(In millions of
Korean won)
   
Due from financial institutions
 
Korea Federation of Savings Banks and others
 1,293,930  Borrowings from bank and others
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
 
The Korea Securities Depository and others
  10,733,047  Repurchase agreements
  
The Korea Securities Depository and others
  7,009,580  Securities borrowing transactions
  
Samsung Futures Inc. and others
  730,774  Derivatives transactions
    
 
 
   
     18,473,401   
    
 
 
   
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
The Korea Securities Depository and others
  2,216,165  Repurchase agreements
  
The Korea Securities Depository and others
  1,322,998  Securities borrowing transactions
  
The Bank of Korea
  2,837,452  
Borrowings from the Bank of Korea
  
The Bank of Korea
  1,610,691  
Settlement risk of the Bank of Korea
  
Samsung Futures Inc. and others
  270,089  
Derivatives transactions
    
 
 
   
     8,257,395   
    
 
 
   
Securities measured at amortized cost
 
The Korea Securities Depository and others
  664,438  
Repurchase agreements
  
The Bank of Korea
  4,295,149  
Borrowings from the Bank of Korea
  
The Bank of Korea
  3,677,922  
Settlement risk of the Bank of Korea
  
Samsung Futures Inc. and others
  103,748  Derivatives transactions
  Others  598,187  Others
    
 
 
   
     9,339,444   
    
 
 
   
Mortgage loans
 Others  10,699,721  Covered bond
    
 
 
   
Real estate
 
LGIM COMMERCIAL LENDING Ltd. and others
  1,480,942  Borrowings from bank and others
    
 
 
   
    49,544,833   
    
 
 
   
F-109

  
December 31, 2021
Assets pledged
 
Pledgee
 
Carrying amount
  
Reasons of pledge
    
(In millions of
Korean won)
   
Due from financial institutions
 
Shinhan Banks and others
 1,163,138  Borrowings from bank and others
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
 
The Korea Securities Depository and others
  8,689,639  Repurchase agreements
  
The Korea Securities Depository and others
  9,294,924  Securities borrowing transactions
  
Samsung Futures Inc. and others
  1,039,656  Derivatives transactions
    
 
 
   
     19,024,219   
    
 
 
   
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
The Korea Securities Depository and others
  2,048,029  
Repurchase agreements
  
The Korea Securities Depository and others
  1,523,593  Securities borrowing transactions
  
The Bank of Korea
  2,843,426  
Borrowings from the Bank of Korea
  
The Bank of Korea
  1,249,049  
Settlement risk of the Bank of Korea
  
Samsung Futures Inc. and others
  709,390  
Derivatives transactions
    
 
 
   
     8,373,487   
    
 
 
   
Securities measured at amortized cost
 
The Korea Securities Depository and others
  494,973  
Repurchase agreements
  
The Bank of Korea
  4,847,855  
Borrowings from the Bank of Korea
  
The Bank of Korea
  3,948,622  
Settlement risk of the Bank of Korea
  
Samsung Futures Inc. and others
  144,014  Derivatives transactions
  
Others
  268,767  Others
    
 
 
   
     9,704,231   
    
 
 
   
Loans
 
Others
  9,659,575  Covered bond and others
    
 
 
   
Real estate
 
LGIM COMMERCIAL LENDING Ltd. and others
  1,598,553  Borrowings from bank and others
    
 
 
   
    49,523,203   
    
 
 
  
In addition, the Group provided ₩ 4,680,816 million and ₩ 6,165,555 million of debt securities among its borrowed securities and other assets held as collateral to Korea Securities Finance Corporation and others as collateral as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.

F-110

8.2 Fair value of collateral available to sell or repledge, and collateral sold or repledged, regardless of debtor’s default as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Fair value of collateral
held
   
Fair value of collateral


sold or repledged
   
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Securities
  3,732,013      3,732,013 
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Fair value of collateral
held
   
Fair value of collateral
sold or repledged
   
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Securities
  6,451,850      6,451,850 
9. Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedge Accounting
The Group’s derivative operations focus on addressing the needs of the Group’s corporate clients to hedge their risk exposure and hedging the Group’s risk exposure that results from such client contracts. The Group also engages in derivative trading activities to hedge the interest rate risk and currency risk arising from the Group’s own assets and liabilities. In addition, the Group engages in proprietary trading of derivatives within the predetermined transaction limit.
The Group provides and trades a range of derivative financial instruments, including:
 
  
Interest rate swaps relating to interest rate risk in Korean won
 
  
Cross-currency swaps, forwards, and options relating to currency risk
 
  
Stock index options linked with the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (“KOSPI”)
In particular, the Group applies fair value hedge accounting using interest rate swaps, currency forwards, and others to hedge the risk of changes in fair value due to the changes in interest rate and foreign exchange rate of structured debentures in Korean won, debentures in foreign currencies, structured deposits in foreign currencies, and others. The Group applies cash flow hedge accounting using interest rate swaps, currency swaps, and others to hedge the risk of changes in cash flows of floating rate debt securities in Korean won, borrowings in foreign currencies, group of loans measured at amortized cost, and others. In addition, the Group applies net investments in foreign operations hedge accounting by designating debentures in foreign currencies and cross currency forwards as hedging instruments to hedge the currency risk of net investments in foreign operations.

F-111

9.1 Details of derivative financial instruments held for trading as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
  
December 31, 2021
 
  
Notional amount
  
Assets
  
Liabilities
  
Notional amount
  
Assets
  
Liabilities
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest rate
                        
Forwards
 1,824,000  50,580  107,218  4,037,717  140,126  126,610 
Futures*
  4,540,235   43   1,834   6,479,692   1,903   2,464 
Swaps
  300,105,350   631,917   682,401   334,721,395   354,686   397,046 
Options
  14,779,000   248,437   302,134   12,547,000   176,274   199,567 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   321,248,585   930,977   1,093,587   357,785,804   672,989   725,687 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Currency
                        
Forwards
  78,255,991   1,712,560   1,986,239   105,509,405   1,296,083   934,944 
Futures*
  376,281   158   695   361,791   464   877 
Swaps
  49,756,478   1,897,636   1,349,919   65,028,025   1,082,873   1,331,597 
Options
  2,377,775   33,421   28,012   1,885,064   7,643   11,044 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   130,766,525   3,643,775   3,364,865   172,784,285   2,387,063   2,278,462 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Stock and index
                        
Futures*
  1,027,347   20,061   2,246   1,612,965   14,338   6,530 
Swaps
  5,434,057   423,297   123,242   5,207,198   322,888   132,619 
Options
  6,482,510   135,805   275,282   7,617,703   95,338   241,371 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   12,943,914   579,163   400,770   14,437,866   432,564   380,520 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Credit
                        
Swaps
  3,015,782   19,395   9,700   2,602,382   18,979   7,409 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   3,015,782   19,395   9,700   2,602,382   18,979   7,409 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Commodity
                        
Futures*
  11,609   151   81   6,370   43   82 
Swaps
  13,923   268   991          
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   25,532   419   1,072   6,370   43   82 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Others
  1,476,310   36,783   144,076   1,695,540   20,904   117,629 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  469,476,648  5,210,512  5,014,070  549,312,247  3,532,542  3,509,789 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
*
Gains or losses arising from some daily
mark-to-market
futures are reflected in the margin accounts.

F-112

9.2 Average price conditions of future nominal cash flows by type of hedge accounting as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
 
  
1 year
  
2 years
  
3 years
  
4 years
  
5 years
  
Over
5 years
  
Total
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Fair value hedge
                            
Nominal amount of the hedging instrument
 5,266,994  1,083,877  512,608     620,788  1,462,964  2,442,692  11,389,923 
Average price condition (%)
  0.76   0.81   1.00   1.07   1.21   1.14   0.97 
Average price condition (USD/KRW)
  1,160.33   1,115.45   1,151.50            1,157.28 
Average price condition (EUR/KRW)
  1,353.28      1,366.30            1,353.36 
Average price condition (AUD/KRW)
  835.43                  835.43 
Average price condition (GBP/KRW)
  1,546.54                  1,546.54 
Cash flow hedge
                            
Nominal amount of the hedging instrument
 2,568,922  1,767,357  1,277,053  166,643  509,940  100,000  6,389,915 
Average price condition (%)
  0.83   1.66   2.48   2.00   1.63   1.67   1.36 
Average price condition (USD/KRW)
  1,113.33   1,160.46   1,181.36   1,128.30   1,142.05      1,152.37 
Average price condition (EUR/KRW)
  1,306.76   1,312.75   1,321.00      1,340.64      1,312.93 
Average price condition (AUD/KRW)
  837.00                  837.00 
Average price condition (SGD/KRW)
  831.49      866.14            858.33 
Hedge of net investments in foreign operations
                            
Nominal amount of the hedging instrument
 217,274  26,683          243,957 
Average price condition (USD/KRW)
  1,111.45                  1,111.45 
Average price condition (GBP/KRW)
     1,465.26               1,465.26 

F-113

  
December 31, 2021
 
  
1 year
  
2 years
  
3 years
  
4 years
  
5 years
  
Over
5 years
  
Total
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Fair value hedge
                            
Nominal amount of the hedging instrument
 2,223,113  1,423,760  967,376  2,153,200  1,428,673  2,419,230  10,615,352 
Average price condition (%)
  0.94   1.23   1.04   1.16   1.06   1.39   1.18 
Average price condition (USD/KRW)
  1,144.74   1,154.78   1,169.72            1,150.30 
Average price condition (EUR/KRW)
  1,359.59   1,363.95   1,394.84      1,458.92      1,409.23 
Average price condition (AUD/KRW)
  859.41                  859.41 
Average price condition (GBP/KRW)
  1,554.65         1,620.05         1,557.47 
Cash flow hedge
                            
Nominal amount of the hedging instrument
 4,150,546  1,763,372     322,735  641,733  580,128  150,000  7,608,514 
Average price condition (%)
  1.01   1.51   2.06   1.87   1.84   2.12   1.21 
Average price condition (USD/KRW)
  1,159.92   1,178.13   1,145.05   1,139.40   1,123.13      1,152.89 
Average price condition (EUR/KRW)
  1,312.75   1,321.00   1,364.00   1,374.73         1,351.76 
Average price condition (AUD/KRW)
        856.40   851.50         853.40 
Average price condition (SGD/KRW)
     866.14               866.14 
Hedge of net investments in foreign operations
                            
Nominal amount of the hedging instrument
 91,636            91,636 
Average price condition (USD/KRW)
  1,071.00                  1,071.00 
Average price condition (GBP/KRW)
  1,465.26                  1,465.26 

F-114

9.3 Fair Value Hedge
9.3.1 Details of fair value hedged items as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 and changes in fair value for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
  
2020
 
    
Carrying amount
  
Accumulated amount of
hedge adjustments
  
Changes in

fair value
 
    
Assets
  
Liabilities
  
Assets
  
Liabilities
 
    
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Hedge accounting
 
Interest rate
 
Debt securities in Korean won
 1,001,957    5,888    402 
 
Debt securities in foreign currencies
  2,712,980      62,922      42,382 
 
Deposits in foreign currencies
     121,768      2,088   (4,491
 
Debentures in Korean won
     3,623,161      (6,839  27,909 
 
Debentures in foreign currencies
     1,985,333      81,333   (37,438
    
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
     3,714,937   5,730,262   68,810   76,582   28,764 
    
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Currency
 
Debt securities in foreign currencies
  2,669,410      310,745      (40,710
    
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
     2,669,410      310,745      (40,710
    
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    6,384,347  5,730,262  379,555   76,582     (11,946
    
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   
  
December 31, 2021
  
2021
 
    
Carrying amount
  
Accumulated amount of
hedge adjustments
  
Changes in

fair value
 
    
Assets
  
Liabilities
  
Assets
  
Liabilities
 
    
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Hedge accounting
 
Interest rate
 
Debt securities in Korean won
 1,627,228    (20,272   (26,247
 
Debt securities in foreign currencies
  3,567,662      (22,384     (71,246
 
Deposits in foreign currencies
     93,521      (1,319  3,222 
 
Debentures in Korean won
     2,470,123      (79,877  70,308 
 
Debentures in foreign currencies
     1,154,178      27,953   45,132 
    
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
     5,194,890   3,717,822   (42,656  (53,243  21,169 
    
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Currency
 
Debt securities in foreign currencies
  2,443,893      133,268      180,676 
    
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
     2,443,893      133,268      180,676 
    
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
     7,638,783   3,717,822    90,612  (53,243)   201,845  
    
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

9.3.2 Details of derivative instruments designated as fair value hedge as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 and changes in fair value for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
   
2020
 
   
Notional amount
   
Assets
   
Liabilities
   
Changes in

fair value
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest rate
                    
Swaps
  9,217,731   158,914   51,842   (23,022
Currency
                    
Forwards
   2,172,192    128,038    2,616    97,394 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
      11,389,923   286,952    54,458   74,372 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2021
   
2021
 
   
Notional amount
   
Assets
   
Liabilities
   
Changes in

fair value
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest rate
                    
Swaps
  8,910,139   127,290   38,253   (33,227
Currency
                    
Forwards
   1,705,213    2,436    54,855    (174,707
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    10,615,352   129,726    93,108   (207,934
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
9.3.3 Details of hedge ineffectiveness recognized in profit or loss on derivative instruments designated as fair value hedge for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Hedge accounting
        
Interest rate
 2,753  5,742  (12,058
Currency
  (13,239  56,684   5,969 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  (10,486 62,426  (6,089
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
9.3.4 Gains or losses on fair value hedging instruments and hedged items attributable to the hedged risk for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Gains (losses) on hedging instruments
 34,070  89,179  (187,364
Gains (losses) on hedged items attributable to the hedged risk
  (44,655  (26,899  188,556 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  (10,585 62,280  1,192 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-116

9.4 Cash Flow Hedge
9.4.1 Details of cash flow hedged items as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 and changes in fair value for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Cash flow hedge reserve
  
Changes in fair value
 
   
December 31,

2020
  
December 31,

2021
  
2020
   
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Hedge accounting
                  
Interest rate risk
  (22,439 4,864  12,172   (36,428
Currency risk
   (6,158  (12,597  1,065    12,605 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
   (28,597 (7,733    13,237   (23,823
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
9.4.2 Details of derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedge as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 and changes in fair value for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
   
2020
 
   
Notional
amount
   
Assets
   
Liabilities
   
Changes in

fair value
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest rate
                    
Swaps
  3,532,480   1,286   37,120   (11,940
Currency
                    
Swaps
   2,857,435    40,835    116,124    (43,300
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    6,389,915    42,121    153,244    (55,240
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2021
   
2021
 
   
Notional
amount
   
Assets
   
Liabilities
   
Changes in

fair value
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest rate
                    
Swaps
  4,553,250   12,575   9,532   36,164 
Currency
                    
Swaps
   3,055,264    46,527    61,331    60,327 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    7,608,514    59,102      70,863     96,491  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
9.4.3 Gains or losses on cash flow hedging instruments and hedged items attributable to the hedged risk for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Gains (losses) on hedging instruments:
  (64,531 (55,240 96,491 
Effective portion of gains (losses) on cash flow hedging instruments (recognized in other comprehensive income or loss)
   (65,323  (48,034    95,478  
Ineffective portion of gains (losses) on cash flow hedging instruments (recognized in profit or loss)
   792   (7,206  1,013 

F-117

9.4.4 Amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified from equity to profit or loss related to derivative instruments designated as cash allow hedge for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Other comprehensive income (loss)
  (65,323 (48,034 95,478 
Reclassification to profit or loss
   21,604   39,190   (53,080
Income tax effect
   10,537   7,580   (21,534
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   (33,182 (1,264 20,864 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
9.5 Hedge of Net Investments in Foreign Operations
9.5.1 Details of net investments in foreign operations hedged items as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 and changes in fair value for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Foreign currency

translation reserve
  
Changes in fair value
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Hedge accounting
                  
Currency risk
  22,278   (35,658 (88,769 88,729 
9.5.2 Details of financial instruments designated as hedge of net investments in foreign operations as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 and changes in fair value for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
   
2020
 
   
Notional

amount
   
Assets
   
Liabilities
   
Changes in

fair value
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Currency
                    
Forwards
  243,957   5,800   1,125   14,406 
Debentures in foreign currencies
   842,112        842,112    74,363 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   1,086,069   5,800      843,237    88,769  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2021
   
2021
 
   
Notional

amount
   
Assets
   
Liabilities
   
Changes in

fair value
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Currency
                    
Forwards
  91,636      8,498   (8,494
Debentures in foreign currencies
   1,273,227        1,273,227    (80,235
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   1,364,863           1,281,725   (88,729
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
9.5.3 Fair value of
non-derivative
financial instruments designated as hedge of net investments in foreign operations as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Debentures in for
e
ign currencies
  852,570   1,275,291 

F-118

9.5.4 Gains or losses on net inv
e
stments in foreign operations hedging instruments and hedged items attributable to the hedged risk for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Gains (losses) on hedging instruments:
   (13,410  88,769    (88,729
Effective portion of gains (losses) on hedge of net investments in foreign operations (recognized in other comprehensive income or loss)
   (13,410  88,769   (88,729
Ineffective portion of gains (losses) on hedge of net investments in foreign operations (recognized in profit or loss)
          
9.5.5 Effective portion of gains or losses on net investments in foreign operations hedging instruments recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Other comprehensive income (loss)
   (13,410 88,769   (88,729
Reclassification to profit or loss
   1,316      5,195 
Income tax eff
e
ct
   3,194   (24,500  25,599 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   (8,900 64,269  (57,935
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
9.6 Interest Rate Benchmark Reform
The USD LIBOR interest rate will be replaced by the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) based on actual transactions. In the case of KRW, the Korean government bond/monetary stabilization bond RP rate has been finally decided as the Risk-Free Reference Rate (“RFR”) and will replace the Certificate of Deposit (“CD”) rate in the mid to long-term. Within the corresponding hedging relationship of related significant interest rate benchmark, the Group assumed that the spread to be changed on the RFR basis including SOFR would be similar to that included in the interest rate swap used as a hedging instrument, and no other changes were assumed.
Details of the Group’s exposure to hedging relationships related to the interest rate benchmark reform as of December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
       
December 31, 2021
 
Interest rate benchmark
  
Currency
   
Carrying amount of
non-derivative assets
   
Carrying amount of
non-derivative liabilities
   
Notional amount of
hedging instruments
 
   
(In millions of Korean won and millions of US dollars)
 
CD#3M   KRW    3,123,388    2,470,123    5,690,000 
USD#LIBOR#3M   USD    2,695    2,829    5,511 
USD#LIBOR#6M   USD    224        225 
10. Loans Measured at Amortized Cost
10.1 Details of loans as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
  
December 31, 2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Loans measured at amortized cost
  379,734,020  420,910,259 
Deferred loan origination fees and costs
   716,327   674,069 
Less: Allowances for credit losses
   (3,283,363  (3,684,055
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   377,166,984  417,900,273 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-119

10.2 Details of loans to banks as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
  
December 31, 2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Loans measured at amortized cost
  5,577,728  8,325,177 
Less: Allowances for credit losses
   (682  (443
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
       5,577,046      8,324,734 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
10.3 Details of loan types and customer types of loans to customers other than banks as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Retail
  
Corporate
  
Credit card
  
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Loans in Korean won
  175,062,187  142,812,751    317,874,938 
Loans in foreign currencies
   3,092,630   16,159,722      19,252,352 
Domestic import usance bills
      2,152,059      2,152,059 
Off-shore
funding loans
      1,203,737      1,203,737 
Call loans
      1,582,251      1,582,251 
Bills bought in Korean won
      1,620      1,620 
Bills bought in foreign currencies
      1,739,262      1,739,262 
Guarantee payments under acceptances and guarantees
   10   8,011      8,021 
Credit card receivables in Korean won
         18,734,560   18,734,560 
Credit card receivables in foreign currencies
         63,071   63,071 
Bonds purchased under repurchase agreements
      3,175,080      3,175,080 
Privately placed bonds
      1,154,162      1,154,162 
Factored receivables
   104   3      107 
Lease receivables
   1,105,001   335,582      1,440,583 
Loans for installment credit
   6,440,521   50,295      6,490,816 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    185,700,453   170,374,535   18,797,631   374,872,619 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Proportion (%)
   49.54   45.45   5.01   100.00 
Less: Allowances for credit losses
   (910,088  (1,671,098  (701,495  (3,282,681
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   184,790,365  168,703,437  18,096,136  371,589,938 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-120

   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Retail
  
Corporate
  
Credit card
  
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Loans in Korean won
  184,872,384  162,081,901    346,954,285 
Loans in foreign currencies
   3,990,253   20,865,495      24,855,748 
Domestic import usance bills
      3,311,142      3,311,142 
Off-shore
funding loans
      1,064,623      1,064,623 
Call loans
      902,301      902,301 
Bills bought in Korean won
      2,209      2,209 
Bills bought in foreign currencies
      2,001,046      2,001,046 
Guarantee payments under acceptances and guarantees
   7   20,773      20,780 
Credit card receivables in Korean won
         20,766,340   20,766,340 
Credit card receivables in foreign currencies
         57,980   57,980 
Bonds purchased under repurchase agreements
      4,855,194      4,855,194 
Privately placed bonds
      758,557      758,557 
Factored receivables
   113   458      571 
Lease receivables
   778,425   513,714      1,292,139 
Loans for installment credit
   6,265,896   150,340      6,416,236 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    195,907,078   196,527,753   20,824,320   413,259,151 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Proportion (%)
   47.40   47.56   5.04   100.00 
Less: Allowances for credit losses
   (1,004,995  (1,886,473  (792,144  (3,683,612
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   194,902,083  194,641,280  20,032,176  409,575,539 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
10.4 Changes in deferred loan origination fees and costs for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
   
Beginning
   
Increase
   
Decrease
  
Business

combination
  
Others
  
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Deferred loan origination costs
                           
Loans in Korean won
  645,305   502,044   (473,392     673,957 
Others
1
   96,378    53,345    (63,509  9,376      95,590 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    741,683    555,389    (536,901  9,376      769,547 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Deferred loan origination fees
                           
Loans in Korean won
   8,600    6,681    (6,133         9,148 
Others
2
   4,813    21,636    (26,396  48,117   (4,098  44,072 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    13,413    28,317    (32,529  48,117   (4,098  53,220 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   728,270   527,072   (504,372 (38,741 4,098  716,327 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

F-121

   
2021
 
   
Beginning
   
Increase
   
Decrease
  
Others
  
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Deferred loan origination costs
                       
Loans in Korean won
  673,957   418,732   (424,785   667,904 
Others
1
   95,590    44,728    (63,619  (4  76,695 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    769,547    463,460    (488,404  (4  744,599 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Deferred loan origination fees
                       
Loans in Korean won
   9,148    11,909    (3,556     17,501 
Others
2
   44,072    32,667    (27,332  3,622   53,029 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    53,220    44,576    (30,888  3,622   70,530 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   716,327   418,884   (457,516 (3,626 674,069 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
1
 
Includes deferred loan origination costs related to credit card receivables, loans for installment credit, and finance lease receivables.
2
 
Includes deferred loan origination fees related to loans in foreign currencies executed by PT Bank KB Bukopin Tbk and PRASAC Microfinance Institution Plc.

F-122

11. Allowances for Credit Losses
11.1 Changes in allowances for credit losses of loans measured at amortized cost for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
2020
 
  
Retail
  
Corporate
  
Credit card
 
  
12-month

expected

credit losses
  
Lifetime expected credit
losses
  
12-month

expected

credit losses
  
Lifetime expected credit
losses
  
12-month

expected
credit losses
  
Lifetime expected credit
losses
 
  
Non-impaired
  
Impaired
  
Non-impaired
  
Impaired
  
Non-impaired
  
Impaired
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
 278,380  224,905  208,037  215,069  290,310  451,607  209,651  266,183  263,874 
Transfer between stages:
                                    
Transfer to
12-month
expected credit losses
  123,666   (121,970  (1,696  119,723   (111,708  (8,015  48,959   (47,611  (1,348
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses
  (91,410  182,076   (90,666  (56,655  146,690   (90,035  (25,227  26,379   (1,152
Impairment
  (3,301  (131,852  135,153   (3,365  (48,773  52,138   (2,273  (13,657  15,930 
Write-offs
     (5  (460,734     (1  (321,583        (502,275
Sales
  (1,561  (99  (1,131  (8     (21,069         
Provision (reversal) for credit losses
1,2
  49,459   78,413   428,220   (2,059  113,335   180,162   (26,042  2,925   496,162 
Business combination
  50,664   9,545   53,532   99,824   24,303   668,426   89      4,409 
Others (exchange differences, etc.)
  (2,092  (435  (5,010  (3,747  (3,219  (19,570        (13,481
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
3
 403,805  240,578  265,705  368,782  410,937  892,061  205,157  234,219  262,119 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
F-123

  
2021
 
  
Retail
  
Corporate
  
Credit card
 
  
12-month

expected

credit losses
  
Lifetime expected credit
losses
  
12-month

expected

credit losses
  
Lifetime expected credit
losses
  
12-month

expected
credit losses
  
Lifetime expected credit
losses
 
  
Non-impaired
  
Impaired
  
Non-impaired
  
Impaired
  
Non-impaired
  
Impaired
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
 403,805  240,578  265,705  368,782  410,937  892,061  205,157  234,219  262,119 
Transfer between stages:
                                    
Transfer to
12-month
expected credit losses
  125,634   (120,132  (5,502  133,798   (71,772  (62,026  45,938   (44,858  (1,080
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses
  (97,040  115,427   (18,387  (71,902  92,245   (20,343  (34,208  35,846   (1,638
Impairment
  (6,312  (49,244  55,556   (2,942  (42,158  45,100   (2,228  (12,580  14,808 
Write-offs
     12   (411,083     (3  (239,815        (440,721
Sales
  (1,112  (53  (3,592  (179     (16,257         
Provision (reversal) for credit losses
1,2
  40,616   52,528   397,492   14,299   88,230   338,746   (39,533  110,022   474,041 
Business combination
  8,315   2,223   7,194         1,654          
Others (exchange differences, etc.)
  77   532   1,758   5,942   675   21,844   42      (13,202
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
3
 473,983  241,871  289,141  447,798  478,154  960,964  175,168  322,649  294,327 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
1
 
Provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income also includes provision (reversal) for credit losses of due from financial institutions (Note 7.3), provision (reversal) for credit losses of financial investments (Note 12.5), provision (reversal) for credit losses of unused commitments, acceptances and guarantees (Note 24.2), provision (reversal) for credit losses of financial guarantee contracts (Note 24.3), and provision (reversal) for credit losses of other financial assets (Note 19.2).
2
 
Includes ₩ 379,179 million and ₩ 387,860 million of collections from
written-off
loans for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
3
 
Includes additional allowances of ₩ 43,777 million and ₩ 50,360 million for industries and borrowers which are highly affected by
COVID-19
and ₩ 29,861 million and ₩ 53,490 million due to expanding the scope of the loans subject to lifetime expected credit losses
(non-impaired)
as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Includes additional allowances of ₩ 23,325 million due to expanding the scope of the loans subject to individual assessment as of December 31, 2020.
The Group manages the
written-off
loans that their legal extinctive prescriptions have not been completed, and that have not been collected. The balances of those loans are ₩ 10,566,603 million and ₩ 9,945,130 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.

F-124

11.2 Changes in gross carrying amount of loans for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
   
12-month

expected

credit losses
  
Lifetime expected credit losses
 
  
Non-impaired
  
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  316,377,009  23,814,108  1,900,958 
Transfer between stages:
             
Transfer to
12-month
expected credit losses
   26,751,021   (26,629,210  (121,811
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses
(non-impaired)
   (33,475,491  34,603,648   (1,128,157
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses (impaired)
   (596,861  (2,287,196  2,884,057 
Write-offs
      (6  (1,284,592
Sales
   (4,324,146  (20,907  (200,182
Business combination
   7,029,580   570,710   1,711,823 
Net increase (decrease) (execution, repayment, and others)
   36,757,668   (1,546,945  (334,731
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
  348,518,780  28,504,202  3,427,365 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
2021
 
   
12-month

expected

credit losses
  
Lifetime expected credit losses
 
  
Non-impaired
  
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  348,518,780  28,504,202  3,427,365 
Transfer between stages:
             
Transfer to
12-month
expected credit losses
   31,046,440   (30,615,747  (430,693
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses
(non-impaired)
   (36,815,970  37,276,737   (460,767
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses (impaired)
   (668,120  (1,486,835  2,154,955 
Write-offs
      9   (1,091,619
Sales
   (2,892,774  (8,541  (151,714
Business combination
   116,067   3,924   12,808 
Net increase (decrease) (execution, repayment, and others)
   46,013,068   (895,012  27,765 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
  385,317,491  32,778,737  3,488,100 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-125

12. Financial Assets at Fair Value through Profit or Loss and Financial Investments
12.1 Details of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and financial investments as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
  
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
         
Debt securities:
         
Government and public bonds
  9,315,317  8,294,084 
Financial bonds
   17,897,348   16,887,594 
Corporate bonds
   3,997,753   5,433,010 
Asset-backed securities
   236,130   197,865 
Beneficiary certificates
   14,200,802   15,849,129 
Derivative-linked securities
   2,218,502   1,543,188 
Other debt securities
   10,549,248   14,797,822 
Equity securities:
         
Stocks
   1,632,619   1,804,507 
Other equity securities
   459,694   614,956 
Loans:
         
Privately placed bonds
   212,021   230,006 
Other loans
   125,962   39,290 
Due from financial institutions:
         
Other due from financial institutions
   100,094   200,742 
Others
   89,965   113,622 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   61,035,455  66,005,815 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Financial investments
 
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
Debt securities:
         
Government and public bonds
  14,735,340  14,317,477 
Financial bonds
   23,194,387   21,928,735 
Corporate bonds
   18,721,327   18,986,005 
Asset-backed securities
   1,795,840   996,428 
Other debt securities
   9,995   30,866 
Equity securities:
         
Stocks
   2,852,158   3,588,415 
Equity investments
   37,602   27,211 
Other equity securities
   185,139   187,502 
Loans:
         
Privately placed bonds
   265,426   299,634 
Other loans
   27,983   13,970 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    61,825,197   60,376,243 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Financial assets at amortized cost
         
Debt securities:
         
Government and public bonds
   17,193,289   21,447,622 
Financial bonds
   5,678,949   3,850,954 
Corporate bonds
   8,181,961   12,246,441 
Asset-backed securities
   5,788,587   6,899,675 
Other debt securities
   30,392   31,105 
Less: Allowances for credit losses
   (2,949  (4,169
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    36,870,229   44,471,628 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   98,695,426  104,847,871 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

F-126

12.2 Dividend income from equity securities designated at fair value through other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
From the

equity securities
derecognized
   
From the

equity securities

held
   
From the

equity securities
derecognized
   
From the

equity securities

held
 
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Equity securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income:
                    
Stocks
  Listed  7,000   11,843   7,106   300 
  Unlisted       22,241    372    19,035 
Equity investments
       285        114 
Other equity securities
       3,755        6,877 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   7,000   38,124   7,478   26,326 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
12.3 Derecognized equity securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
Disposal

price
   
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income as of

disposal date
   
Disposal

price
   
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)
as of

disposal date
 
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Equity securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income:
                    
Stocks
  Listed  516,883   326,394   575,288   (313,427
  Unlisted   13    13    5,577    4,559 
Equity investments
   3    3         
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   516,899   326,410   580,865   (308,868
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
12.4 Provision (reversal) for credit losses of financial investments for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
 
   
Provision
   
Reversal
  
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
  1,537   (1,144    393 
Loans measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
   170    (982  (812
Securities measured at amortized cost
   216    (280  (64
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   1,923   (2,406 (483
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
2020
 
   
Provision
   
Reversal
  
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
  4,297   (229 4,068 
Loans measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
   202    (316  (114
Securities measured at amortized cost
   1,916    (636  1,280 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   6,415   (1,181 5,234 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-127

   
2021
 
   
Provision
   
Reversal
  
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
  7,466   (385 7,081 
Loans measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
   237    (15  222 
Securities measured at amortized cost
   1,892    (691  1,201 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   9,595   (1,091 8,504 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
12.5 Changes in allowances for credit losses of financial investments for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
   
12-month expected

credit losses
  
Lifetime expected credit losses
 
  
Non-impaired
   
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  5,370      
Transfer between stages:
              
Transfer to
12-month
expected credit losses
           
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses
           
Sales
   (589       
Provision for credit losses
   5,195   39     
Others
   (68      73 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Ending
  9,908  39   73 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
2021
 
   
12-month expected

credit losses
  
Lifetime expected credit losses
 
  
Non-impaired
  
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  9,908  39  73 
Transfer between stages:
             
Transfer to
12-month
expected credit losses
          
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses
          
Sales
   (1,568  (4   
Provision (reversal) for credit losses
   8,512   (11  3 
Others
   (32  4    
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
  16,820  28  76 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-128

13. Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures
13.1 Details of investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
  
Ownership
(%)
  
Acquisition
cost
  
Share of net
asset amount
  
Carrying
amount
  
Industry
 
Location
  
(In millions of Korean won)
KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund No.1
1
  15.19  551  1,279  1,279  Investment finance Korea
KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust
  26.74   113,880   142,799   141,359  Investment finance Korea
KB-KDBC
Pre-IPO
New Technology Business Investment Fund
2
  66.66   13,601   16,042   16,042  Investment finance Korea
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
  21.05   20,000   20,413   20,066  Investment finance Korea
Balhae Infrastructure Company
1
  12.61   106,107   106,624   106,624  Investment finance Korea
Aju Good Technology Venture Fund
  38.46   17,113   21,351   21,348  Investment finance Korea
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.
  49.00   9,800   18,713   16,144  Auto loans Korea
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
1
  14.99   9,158   (18,100    Operation of highways and related facilities Korea
Big Dipper Co., Ltd.
  25.14   440   (5    Research, consulting, and big data Korea
Paycoms Co., Ltd.
3
  11.70   800   72   198  System software publishing Korea
Food Factory Co., Ltd.
4
  22.22   1,000   632   1,281  Farm product distribution Korea
KBSP Private Equity Fund No.4
1
  14.95   6,100   5,950   5,950  Investment finance Korea
KB Private Equity Fund No.3
1
  15.69      94   94  Investment finance Korea
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
1
  9.00   4,500   7,153   7,153  Credit information Korea
KoFC POSCO Hanwha KB Shared Growth Private Equity Fund No.2
  25.00   9,739   9,845   9,845  Investment finance Korea
Keystone-Hyundai Securities No.1 Private Equity Fund
1
  4.49   1,908   1,556   1,556  Investment finance Korea
KB Social Impact Investment Fund
  30.00   3,000   2,874   2,874  Investment finance Korea
KB-Solidus
Global Healthcare Fund
2
  43.33   48,677   45,516   46,213  Investment finance Korea
POSCO-KB
Shipbuilding Fund
  31.25   10,375   12,895   12,895  Investment finance Korea
KB-TS
Technology Venture Private Equity Fund
2
  56.00   16,576   17,630   17,630  Investment finance Korea
KB-Brain
KOSDAQ
Scale-up
New Technology Business Investment Fund
2
  42.55   26,050   27,513   26,763  Investment finance Korea
KB-SJ
Tourism Venture Fund
1
  18.52   4,500   4,133   4,133  Investment finance Korea
UNION Media Commerce Fund
  28.99   1,000   960   960  Investment Korea
KB-Stonebridge
Secondary Private Equity Fund
1
  14.56   14,308   16,636   16,636  Investment finance Korea
KB SPROTT Renewable Private Equity Fund No.1
2
  37.69   5,795   5,049   5,049  Investment finance Korea
KB-UTC
Inno-Tech Venture Fund
2
  44.29   17,416   16,999   16,999  Investment finance Korea
WJ Private Equity Fund No.1
  26.95   10,000   9,711   9,711  Investment finance Korea
All Together Korea Fund No.2
5
  99.99   10,000   10,023   10,023  Asset management Korea
KB-NAU
Special Situation Corporate Restructuring Private Equity Fund
1
  12.00   5,700   5,611   5,611  Asset management Korea
JR Global REIT
  26.07   215,854   215,854   215,854  Real estate management Korea
Project Vanilla Co., Ltd.
  49.00   2,450   2,151   2,151  Investment finance Korea
December & Company Inc.
1
  17.63   24,849   24,402   24,402  Investment finance Korea
2020 KB Fintech Renaissance Fund
1
  5.05   550   547   547  Investment finance Korea
KB Material and Parts No.1 PEF
1
  14.47   3,400   3,371   3,371  Investment finance Korea
FineKB Private Equity Fund No.1
  25.00           Investment finance Korea
Others
      2,475   1,004   674     
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
     
      737,672  757,297  771,435     
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
     

F-129

  
December 31, 2021
  
Ownership
(%)
  
Acquisition
cost
  
Share of net
asset amount
  
Carrying
amount
  
Industry
 
Location
  
(In millions of Korean won)
KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund No.1
1
  15.19  259  1,622  1,622  Investment finance Korea
KB-KDBC
Pre-IPO
New Technology Business Investment Fund
2
  66.66   8,801   11,789   11,789  Investment finance Korea
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
  21.05   20,000   26,240   26,240  Investment finance Korea
Balhae Infrastructure Company
1
  12.61   105,924   99,785   99,785  Investment finance Korea
Aju Good Technology Venture Fund
  38.46   12,343   22,921   22,921  Investment finance Korea
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.
  49.00   9,800   19,835   18,222  Auto loans Korea
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
1
  14.99   9,158   (19,481    Operation of highways and related facilities Korea
Big Dipper Co., Ltd.
  25.14   440   (147    Research, consulting, and big data Korea
Paycoms Co., Ltd.
3
  11.05   800   181   525  System software publishing Korea
Food Factory Co., Ltd.
4
  22.22   1,000   633   1,320  Farm product distribution Korea
KBSP Private Equity Fund No.4
1
  14.95   6,100   5,628   5,628  Investment finance Korea
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
1
  9.00   4,500   4,497   4,497  Credit information Korea
KB Social Impact Investment Fund
  30.00   4,500   4,282   4,282  Investment finance Korea
KB-Solidus
Global Healthcare Fund
2
  43.33   45,557   48,201   48,898  Investment finance Korea
POSCO-KB
Shipbuilding Fund
  31.25   2,776   5,413   5,413  Investment finance Korea
KB-TS
Technology Venture Private Equity Fund
2
  56.00   14,280   16,828   16,828  Investment finance Korea
KB-Brain
KOSDAQ
Scale-up
New Technology Business Investment Fund
2
  42.55   25,250   29,669   28,919  Investment finance Korea
KB-SJ
Tourism Venture Fund
1
  18.52   4,999   4,146   4,146  Investment finance Korea
UNION Media Commerce Fund
  28.99   1,000   959   959  Investment finance Korea
KB-Stonebridge
Secondary Private Equity Fund
1
  14.56   21,641   21,948   21,948  Investment finance Korea
KB SPROTT Renewable Private Equity Fund No.1
2
  37.69   5,795   4,680   4,680  Investment finance Korea
KB-UTC
Inno-Tech Venture Fund
2
  44.29   21,375   20,972   20,972  Investment finance Korea
WJ Private Equity Fund No.1
  26.95   10,000   9,604   9,604  Investment finance Korea
All Together Korea Fund No.2
5
  99.99   10,000   10,070   10,070  Asset management Korea
KB-NAU
Special Situation Corporate Restructuring Private Equity Fund
1
  12.00   13,392   15,254   15,254  Asset management Korea
Project Vanilla Co., Ltd.
  49.00   2,450   525   525  Investment finance Korea
December & Company Inc.
1
  16.78   25,330   9,054   21,388  Investment finance Korea
2020 KB Fintech Renaissance Fund
1
  5.05   550   618   618  Investment finance Korea
KB Material and Parts No.1 PEF
1
  14.47   3,400   3,343   3,343  Investment finance Korea
FineKB Private Equity Fund No.1
  25.00   8,375   8,067   8,067  Investment finance Korea
KB Bio Private Equity No.3 Ltd.
1
  12.20   10,000   9,950   9,950  Investment finance Korea
G payment Joint Stock Company
  43.84   9,029   3,175   9,350  Investment advisory and securities trading Vietnam
498 Seventh Owners LLC
6
  49.90   166,851        Real estate investment United States
Smart Korea KB Future9-Sejong Venture Fund
  38.46   1,000   962   962  Investment finance Korea
KB-KTB
Technology Venture Fund
2
  50.50   5,600   5,503   5,554  Investment finance Korea
KB-SOLIDUS
Healthcare Investment Fund
2
  88.23   1,800   1,800   1,800  Investment finance Korea
Paramark KB Fund No.1
  20.69   2,040   1,850   1,850  Investment finance Korea
Others
      2,475   81   789     
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
     
      598,590  410,457  448,718     
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
    
 
1
As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Group can exercise significant influence on the decision-making processes of the associate’s financial and business policies through participation in governing bodies.
2
 
In order to direct relevant activities, it is necessary to obtain the consent of the two
co-operative
members; the Group has applied the equity method as the Group cannot control the investee by itself.
F-130

3
The ownership of Paycoms Co., Ltd. would be
22.96
% and
21.84
% as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively, considering the potential voting rights of convertible bonds.
4
The ownership of Food Factory Co., Ltd. would be
30.00
% and
30.00
% as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively, considering the potential voting rights of convertible bonds.
5
 
As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Group participates in the investment management committee but cannot exercise control.
6
 
The investment was classified as assets of a disposal group held for sale as of December 31, 2021.
In accordance with IAS No.28
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures
, the Group elected an exemption from applying the equity method for 41 companies including Banksalad Co., Ltd., and classified them as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss.
Although the Group holds 20% or more of the ownership, investment trusts with limited influence on related activities according to trust contracts, and companies with limited influence on related activities due to bankruptcy and corporate rehabilitation proceedings are excluded from associates.
13.2 Condensed financial information, adjustments to the carrying amount, and dividend from major investments in associates and joint ventures as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020 *
 
  
Total

assets
  
Total
liabilities
  
Paid-in

capital
  
Equity
  
Share of net
asset
amount
  
Unrealized

gains
(losses)

and others
  
Consolidated
carrying

amount
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund No.1
 8,423  3  5,940  8,420  1,279    1,279 
KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust
  534,764   741   425,814   534,023   142,799   (1,440  141,359 
KB-KDBC
Pre-IPO
New Technology Business Investment Fund
  24,655   592   20,400   24,063   16,042      16,042 
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
  231,018   122,298   95,000   108,720   20,413   (347  20,066 
Balhae Infrastructure Company
  847,758   1,870   841,784   845,888   106,624      106,624 
Aju Good Technology Venture Fund
  57,776   2,265   44,500   55,511   21,351   (3  21,348 
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.
  89,462   51,272   20,000   38,190   18,713   (2,569  16,144 
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
  579,386   700,133   61,096   (120,747  (18,100  18,100    
Big Dipper Co., Ltd.
  285   306   1,750   (21  (5  5    
Paycoms Co., Ltd.
  2,690   2,073   855   617   72   126   198 
Food Factory Co., Ltd.
  7,613   4,767   450   2,846   632   649   1,281 
KBSP Private Equity Fund No.4
  39,795      40,800   39,795   5,950      5,950 
KB Private Equity Fund No.3
  1,132   533      599   94      94 
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
  117,077   37,599   10,000   79,478   7,153      7,153 
KoFC POSCO Hanwha KB Shared Growth Private Equity Fund No.2
  42,585   3,205   38,960   39,380   9,845      9,845 
Keystone-Hyundai Securities No.1 Private Equity Fund
  178,848   132,123   42,837   46,725   1,556      1,556 
KB Social Impact Investment Fund
  9,585   4   10,000   9,581   2,874      2,874 
KB-Solidus
Global Healthcare Fund
  106,215   1,179   75,600   105,036   45,516   697   46,213 
POSCO-KB
Shipbuilding Fund
  41,807   541   33,200   41,266   12,895      12,895 
KB-TS
Technology Venture Private Equity Fund
  34,972   3,490   29,600   31,482   17,630      17,630 
KB-Brain
KOSDAQ
Scale-up
New Technology Business Investment Fund
  64,968   313   62,980   64,655   27,513   (750  26,763 
KB-SJ
Tourism Venture Fund
  22,327   6   24,300   22,321   4,133      4,133 
UNION Media Commerce Fund
  3,318   7   3,450   3,311   960      960 
KB-Stonebridge
Secondary Private Equity Fund
  114,712   496   98,235   114,216   16,636      16,636 
KB SPROTT Renewable Private Equity Fund No.1
  13,896   497   15,376   13,399   5,049      5,049 
 

F-131

  
December 31, 2020 *
 
  
Total

assets
  
Total
liabilities
  
Paid-in

capital
  
Equity
  
Share of net
asset
amount
  
Unrealized

gains
(losses)

and others
  
Consolidated
carrying

amount
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
KB-UTC
Inno-Tech Venture Fund
  38,585   207   39,319   38,378   16,999      16,999 
WJ Private Equity Fund No.1
  36,197   170   37,100   36,027   9,711      9,711 
All Together Korea Fund No.2
  10,025   1   10,001   10,024   10,023      10,023 
KB-NAU
Special Situation Corporate Restructuring Private Equity Fund
  47,607   850   47,500   46,757   5,611      5,611 
JR Global REIT
  1,859,214   1,043,068   165,600   816,146   215,854      215,854 
Project Vanilla Co., Ltd.
  4,445   132   5,000   4,313   2,151      2,151 
December & Company Inc.
  68,173   3,305   35,441   64,868   24,402      24,402 
2020 KB Fintech Renaissance Fund
  10,841   5   10,900   10,836   547      547 
KB Material and Parts No.1 PEF
  23,296      23,500   23,296   3,371      3,371 
FineKB Private Equity Fund No.1
     77      (77         
 
   
2020*
 
   
Operating

revenue
   
Net
profit

(loss)
  
Other

comprehensive

income (loss)
  
Total

comprehensive

income (loss)
  
Dividends
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund No.1
  1,942   1,053    1,053   
KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust
   48,501    47,520      47,520   9,525 
KB-KDBC
Pre-IPO
New Technology Business Investment Fund
   5,151    4,421      4,421    
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
   2,392    1,076      1,076    
Balhae Infrastructure Company
   63,781    89,757      89,757   6,973 
Aju Good Technology Venture Fund
   8,685    2,815      2,815    
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.
   17,404    2,057   (49  2,008    
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
   70,345    (23,200     (23,200   
Big Dipper Co., Ltd.
   942    (305     (305   
Paycoms Co., Ltd.
   1,391    505      505    
Food Factory Co., Ltd.
   9,282    407      407    
KBSP Private Equity Fund No.4
   2    306      306    
KB Private Equity Fund No.3
       15,442      15,442   2,082 
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
   107,810    13,391      13,391   89 
KoFC POSCO Hanwha KB Shared Growth Private Equity Fund No.2
   1,629    626      626    
Keystone-Hyundai Securities No.1 Private Equity Fund
   16,586    (1,536     (1,536   
KB Social Impact Investment Fund
   8    (301     (301   
KB-Solidus
Global Healthcare Fund
   6,435    (12,655     (12,655   
POSCO-KB
Shipbuilding Fund
   12,842    10,154      10,154    
KB-TS
Technology Venture Private Equity Fund
   5,342    4,051      4,051    
KB-Brain
KOSDAQ
Scale-up
New Technology Business Investment Fund
   5,257    3,013      3,013    
KB-SJ
Tourism Venture Fund
       (689     (689   
UNION Media Commerce Fund
       (3     (3   
KB-Stonebridge
Secondary Private Equity Fund
   20,068    17,842      17,842    
KB SPROTT Renewable Private Equity Fund No.1
   1    (991     (991   
KB-UTC
Inno-Tech Venture Fund
       (866     (866   
WJ Private Equity Fund No.1
   2    (1,073     (1,073   
All Together Korea Fund No.2
   187    150      150    
KB-NAU
Special Situation Corporate Restructuring Private Equity Fund
   2,901    (743     (743   
JR Global REIT
                 
Project Vanilla Co., Ltd.
       (611     (611   
December & Company Inc.
   756    (2,469     (2,469   
2020 KB Fintech Renaissance Fund
   1    (64     (64   
KB Material and Parts No.1 PEF
       (204     (204   
FineKB Private Equity Fund No.1
       (77     (77   

F-132

  
December 31, 2021*
 
  
Total

assets
  
Total
liabilities
  
Paid-in

capital
  
Equity
  
Share of net
asset
amount
  
Unrealized

gains
(losses)

and others
  
Consolidated
carrying

amount
 
                      
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund No.1
      10,678                3  4,015  10,675  1,622    1,622 
KB-KDBC
Pre-IPO
New Technology Business Investment Fund
  18,069   385   13,200   17,684   11,789      11,789 
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
  247,259   122,620   95,000   124,639   26,240      26,240 
Balhae Infrastructure Company
  853,961   62,336   840,323   791,625   99,785      99,785 
Aju Good Technology Venture Fund
  64,303   4,703   32,100   59,600   22,921      22,921 
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.
  88,144   47,665   20,000   40,479   19,835   (1,613  18,222 
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
  560,570      690,530   61,096   (129,960  (19,481  19,481    
Big Dipper Co., Ltd.
  143   748   1,750   (605  (147  147    
Paycoms Co., Ltd.
  3,597   1,960   855   1,637   181   344   525 
Food Factory Co., Ltd.
  8,332   5,482   450   2,850   633   687   1,320 
KBSP Private Equity Fund No.4
  37,646   5   40,800   37,641   5,628      5,628 
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
  128,297   78,328   10,000   49,969   4,497      4,497 
KB Social Impact Investment Fund
  14,431   157   15,000   14,274   4,282      4,282 
KB-Solidus
Global Healthcare Fund
  112,358   1,126   68,400   111,232   48,201   697   48,898 
POSCO-KB
Shipbuilding Fund
  17,754   432   8,880   17,322   5,413      5,413 
KB-TS
Technology Venture Private Equity Fund
  35,279   5,228   25,500   30,051   16,828      16,828 
KB-Brain
KOSDAQ
Scale-up
New Technology Business Investment Fund
  69,943   221   61,100   69,722   29,669   (750  28,919 
KB-SJ
Tourism Venture Fund
  22,947   557   27,000   22,390   4,146      4,146 
UNION Media Comm
e
rce Fund
  3,318   10   3,450   3,308   959      959 
KB-Stonebridge
Secondary Private Equity Fund
  151,004   316   148,587   150,688   21,948      21,948 
KB SPROTT Renewable Private Equity Fund No.1
  13,886   1,467   15,376   12,419   4,680      4,680 
KB-UTC
Inno-Tech Venture Fund
  47,848   497   48,260   47,351   20,972      20,972 
WJ Private Equity Fund No.1
  35,799   170   37,100   35,629   9,604      9,604 
All Together Korea Fund No.2
  10,073   1   10,002   10,072   10,070      10,070 
KB-NAU
Special Situation Corporate Restructuring Private Equity Fund
     127,960   844   111,600   127,116   15,254      15,254 
Project Vanilla Co., Ltd.
  1,283   211   5,000   1,072   525      525 
December & Company Inc.
  71,219   17,276   37,241   53,943   9,054   12,334   21,388 
2020 KB Fintech Renaissance Fund
  12,252   5   10,900   12,247   618      618 
KB Material and Parts No.1 PEF
  23,104      23,500   23,104   3,343      3,343 
FineKB Private Equity Fund No.1
  32,583   315   33,500   32,268   8,067      8,067 
KB Bio Private Equity No.3 Ltd.
  81,691   101   82,000   81,590   9,950      9,950 
G payment Joint Stock Company
  7,797   557   2,950   7,240   3,175   6,175   9,350 
Smart Korea KB Future9-Sejong Venture Fund
  2,581   81   2,600   2,500   962      962 
KB-KTB
Technology Venture Fund
  11,008   101   11,000   10,907   5,503   51   5,554 
KB-SOLIDUS
Healthcare Investment Fund
  2,040      2,040   2,040   1,800      1,800 
Paramark KB Fund No.1
  8,943   3   9,860   8,940   1,850      1,850 
 

F-133

   
2021*
 
   
Operating

revenue
  
Net profit

(loss)
  
Other

comprehensive

income (loss)
   
Total

comprehensive

income (loss)
  
Dividends
 
                  
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund No.1
  4,594   4,180      4,180   
KB-KDBC
Pre-IPO
New Technology Business Investment Fund
   530   120       120    
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
   18   (127      (127  963 
Balhae Infrastructure Company
   97,833   19,559       19,559   9,121 
Aju Good Technology Venture Fund
   22,486   15,407       15,407    
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.
   14,316   2,193   104    2,297    
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
   84,068   (16,219      (16,219   
Big Dipper Co., Ltd.
   939   (583      (583   
Paycoms Co., Ltd.
   1,515   857       857    
Food Factory Co., Ltd.
   8,853   354       354    
KBSP Private Equity Fund No.4
   (1,358  (2,154      (2,154   
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
   128,150   (27,327      (27,327  90 
KB Social Impact Investment Fund
   7   (306      (306   
KB-Solidus
Global Healthcare Fund
   18,782   13,396       13,396    
POSCO-KB
Shipbuilding Fund
   1,880   376       376    
KB-TS
Technology Venture Private Equity Fund
   2,094   (1,151      (1,151   
KB-Brain
KOSDAQ
Scale-up
New Technology Business Investment Fund
   14,244   8,495       8,495    
KB-SJ
Tourism Venture Fund
   170   (2,631      (2,631   
UNION Media Commerce Fund
      (3      (3   
KB-Stonebridge
Secondary Private Equity Fund
   55,572   54,053       54,053   9,895 
KB SPROTT Renewable Private Equity Fund No.1
      (983      (983   
KB-UTC
Inno-Tech Venture Fund
   1,080   32       32    
WJ Private Equity Fund No.1
   291   (398      (398   
All Together Korea Fund No.2
   53   47       47    
KB-NAU
Special Situation Corporate Restructuring Private Equity Fund
   20,594   16,252       16,252    
Project Vanilla Co., Ltd.
      (3,231      (3,231   
December & Company Inc.
   3,982   (20,767      (20,767   
2020 KB Fintech Renaissance Fund
   1,566   1,411       1,411    
KB Material and Parts No.1 PEF
   451   42       42   34 
FineKB Private Equity Fund No.1
   2   (1,155      (1,155   
KB Bio Private Equity No.3 Ltd.
   4   (410      (410   
G payment Joint Stock Company
   819   (762      (762   
Smart Korea KB Future9-Sejong Venture Fund
   2   (100      (100   
KB-KTB
Technology Venture Fund
   8   (93      (93   
KB-SOLIDUS
Healthcare Investment Fund
                 
Paramark KB Fund No.1
      (920      (920   
 
*
The condensed financial information of the associates and joint ventures is adjusted to reflect adjustments, such as fair value adjustments recognized at the time of acquisition and adjustments for differences in accounting policies.
 

F-134

13.3 Changes in carrying amount of investments in associates and joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
2020
1
 
  
Beginning
  
Acquisition

and others
  
Disposal

and others
  
Dividends
  
Gains

(losses) on
equity-

method

accounting
  
Other
compre-

hensive

income

(loss)
  
Ending
 
                      
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund No.1
 1,705    (586   160    1,279 
KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust
  136,168         (9,525  14,716      141,359 
KB-KDBC
Pre-IPO
New Technology Business Investment Fund
  18,988      (6,399     3,453      16,042 
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
  19,839            227      20,066 
PT Bank KB Bukopin Tbk
2
  121,381   43,909   (54,069     (107,258  (3,963   
Balhae Infrastructure Company
  101,391   893      (6,973  11,313      106,624 
Aju Good Technology Venture Fund
  23,016      (2,885     1,217      21,348 
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.
  12,725            3,422   (3  16,144 
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
                     
Big Dipper Co., Ltd.
  125            (125      
Paycoms Co., Ltd.
  45            153      198 
Food Factory Co., Ltd.
  1,000            247   34   1,281 
KBSP Private Equity Fund No.4
  5,904            46      5,950 
KB Private Equity Fund No.3
  7,754      (8,000  (2,082  2,422      94 
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
  5,991         (89  1,251      7,153 
KoFC POSCO Hanwha KB Shared Growth Private Equity Fund No.2
  13,616      (3,231     (540     9,845 
Keystone-Hyundai Securities No.1 Private Equity Fund
  1,625            (69     1,556 
KB Social Impact Investment Fund
  1,465   1,500         (91     2,874 
KB-Solidus
Global Healthcare Fund
  45,718   10,920   (4,940     (5,485     46,213 
POSCO-KB
Shipbuilding Fund
  6,847   5,000   (2,125     3,173      12,895 
KB-TS
Technology Venture Private Equity Fund
  19,731   2,240   (5,488     1,232   (85  17,630 
KB-Brain
KOSDAQ
Scale-up
New Technology Business Investment Fund
  19,752   8,000   (3,200     2,211      26,763 
KB-SJ
Tourism Venture Fund
  2,761   1,500         (128     4,133 
UNION Media Commerce Fund
  961            (1     960 
KB-Stonebridge
Secondary Private Equity Fund
  4,944   9,093         2,599      16,636 
KB SPROTT Renewable Private Equity Fund No.1
  1,295   4,128         (374     5,049 
KB-UTC
Inno-Tech Venture Fund
  417   16,966         (384     16,999 
WJ Private Equity Fund No.1
     10,000         (289     9,711 
All Together Korea Fund No.2
     100,000   (90,000     150   (127  10,023 
KB-NAU
Special Situation Corporate Restructuring Private Equity Fund
     5,700         (89     5,611 
JR Global REIT
     219,493   (3,639           215,854 
Project Vanilla Co., Ltd.
     2,450         (299     2,151 
December & Company Inc.
     30,000   (5,151     (447     24,402 
2020 KB Fintech Renaissance Fund
     550         (3     547 
KB Material and Parts No.1 PEF
     3,400         (29     3,371 
FineKB Private Equity Fund No.1
                     
Others
  23,076   40,000   (61,862     (899  359   674 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  598,240  515,742  (251,575 (18,669 (68,518 (3,785 771,435 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-135

  
2021
1
 
  
Beginning
  
Acquisition
and others
  
Disposal
and others
  
Dividends
  
Gains
(losses) on
equity-
method
accounting
  
Other
compre-

hensive

income
(loss)
  
Ending
 
                      
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund No.1
 1,279    (292   635    1,622 
KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust
  141,359      (141,359            
KB-KDBC
Pre-IPO
New Technology Business Investment Fund
  16,042      (4,800     547      11,789 
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
  20,066         (963  7,137      26,240 
Balhae Infrastructure Company
  106,624   280   (463  (9,121  2,465      99,785 
Aju Good Technology Venture Fund
  21,348      (4,770     6,343      22,921 
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.
  16,144            2,027   51   18,222 
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
                     
Big Dipper Co., Ltd.
                     
Paycoms Co., Ltd.
  198            327      525 
Food Factory Co., Ltd.
  1,281            7   32   1,320 
KBSP Private Equity Fund No.4
  5,950            (322     5,628 
KB Private Equity Fund No.3
  94      (13  (81         
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
  7,153         (90  (2,566     4,497 
KoFC POSCO Hanwha KB Shared Growth Private Equity Fund No.2
  9,845      (9,725  (2,120  2,000       
Keystone-Hyundai Securities No.1 Private Equity Fund
  1,556      (1,044  (512         
KB Social Impact Investment Fund
  2,874   1,500         (92     4,282 
KB-Solidus
Global Healthcare Fund
  46,213      (3,120     5,805      48,898 
POSCO-KB
Shipbuilding Fund
  12,895      (7,599     117      5,413 
KB-TS
Technology Venture Private Equity Fund
  17,630   3,080   (5,376     1,494      16,828 
KB-Brain
KOSDAQ
Scale-up
New Technology Business Investment Fund
  26,763   10,000   (10,800     2,956      28,919 
KB-SJ
Tourism Venture Fund
  4,133   499         (486     4,146 
UNION Media Commerce Fund
  960            (1     959 
KB-Stonebridge
Secondary Private Equity Fund
  16,636   13,257   (5,924  (9,895  7,874      21,948 
KB SPROTT Renewable Private Equity Fund No.1
  5,049            (369     4,680 
KB-UTC
Inno-Tech Venture Fund
  16,999   5,085   (1,126     14      20,972 
WJ Private Equity Fund No.1
  9,711            (107     9,604 
All Together Korea Fund No.2
  10,023            47      10,070 
KB-NAU
Special Situation Corporate Restructuring Private Equity Fund
  5,611   7,692         1,951      15,254 
JR Global REIT
  215,854      (209,250  (6,604         
Project Vanilla Co., Ltd.
  2,151            (1,626     525 
December & Company Inc.
  24,402   481         (3,507  12   21,388 
2020 KB Fintech Renaissance Fund
  547            71      618 
KB Material and Parts No.1 PEF
  3,371         (34  6      3,343 
FineKB Private Equity Fund No.1
     8,375         (308     8,067 
KB Bio Private Equity No.3 Ltd.
     10,000         (50     9,950 
K The 15th REIT Co., Ltd.
     8,600   (8,600            
G payment Joint Stock Company
     9,684         (334     9,350 
498 Seventh Owners LLC
3
     172,907   (169,424  (3,483         
Smart Korea KB Future9-Sejong Venture Fund
     1,000         (38     962 
KB-KTB
Technology Venture Fund
     5,601         (47     5,554 
KB-SOLIDUS
Healthcare Investment Fund
     1,800               1,800 
Paramark KB Fund No.1
     2,040         (190     1,850 
Others
  674            (303  418   789 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  771,435  261,881  (583,685 (32,903    31,477       513   448,718 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
1
 
Gains on disposal of investments in associates and joint ventures amount to ₩ 24,768 million ₩ 62,048 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
2
 
The investment was reclassified from associates to subsidiaries during the year ended December 31, 2020 due to additional share purchase.
3
 
The investment was classified as assets of a disposal group held for sale as of December 31, 2021.
 

F-136

13.4 Unrecognized share of losses of investments in associates and joint ventures due to the discontinuation of recognizing share of losses, for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, and accumulated amount of unrecognized losses as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Unrecognized losses

for the period
  
Accumulated

unrecognized losses
 
   
2020
   
2021
  
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
                
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
DSMETAL Co., Ltd.
     38  65   103 
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
   3,354    1,381   18,100    19,481 
Jungdong Steel Co., Ltd.
          489    489 
DPAPS Co., Ltd.
   19       358     
Shinla Construction Co., Ltd.
          183    183 
Jaeyang Industry Co., Ltd.
          30    30 
Terra Corporation
          14    14 
Jungdo Co., Ltd.
   151    239   312    551 
Jinseung Tech Co., Ltd.
       12   21    33 
Korea NM Tech Co., Ltd.
          28    28 
Chongil Machine & Tools Co., Ltd.
       49   19    68 
Skydigital Inc.
       68   106    174 
Imt Technology Co., Ltd.
   3    (3  3     
Jo Yang Industrial Co., Ltd.
   96    9   96    105 
IDTECK Co., Ltd.
   216    (72  216    144 
MJT&I Corp.
       152       152 
Dae-A
Leisure Co., Ltd.
       202       202 
Il-Kwang
Electronic Materials Co., Ltd.
       160       160 
Inter Shipping Co., Ltd.
       117       117 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
   3,839   2,352  20,040   22,034 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
14. Property and Equipment, and Investment Properties
14.1 Property and Equipment
14.1.1 Details of property and equipment as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Acquisition

cost
   
Accumulated
depreciation
  
Accumulated
impairment
losses
  
Carrying
amount
 
               
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Land
  2,611,604     (1,018 2,610,586 
Buildings
   2,607,957    (830,516  (5,859  1,771,582 
Leasehold improvements
   929,120    (833,293     95,827 
Equipment and vehicles
   2,040,100    (1,699,442     340,658 
Construction
in-progress
   44,190          44,190 
Right-of-use
assets
   1,094,876    (524,165     570,711 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   9,327,847   (3,887,416 (6,877 5,433,554 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-137

   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Acquisition

cost
   
Accumulated
depreciation
  
Accumulated
impairment
losses
  
Carrying
amount
 
               
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Land
  2,548,185     (4 2,548,181 
Buildings
   2,534,134    (851,730  (5,747  1,676,657 
Leasehold improvements
   977,853    (889,602     88,251 
Equipment and vehicles
   2,093,461    (1,782,278     311,183 
Construction
in-progress
   39,579          39,579 
Right-of-use
assets
   1,301,864    (725,817     576,047 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   9,495,076   (4,249,427 (5,751 5,239,898 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
14.1.2 Changes in property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
2020
 
  
Beginning
  
Acquisition
  
Transfer
1
  
Disposal
  
Depreciation
2
  
Business

combination
  
Others
  
Ending
 
                         
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Land
 2,430,794  6,475  (116,264 (2,578   295,421  (3,262 2,610,586 
Buildings
  1,502,923   43,592   190,917   (4,442  (61,339  100,984   (1,053  1,771,582 
Leasehold improvements
  116,124   13,348   34,596   (574  (73,394  5,087   640   95,827 
Equipment and vehicles
  380,353   161,515   3,705   (1,990  (221,697  19,873     (1,101  340,658 
Construction
in-progress
  86,303   229,927   (291,336        20,022   (726  44,190 
Right-of-use
assets
  550,880   426,405   53   (203,376  (272,686  55,656   13,779   570,711 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  5,067,377  881,262  (178,329 (212,960 (629,116 497,043    8,277  5,433,554 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
2021
 
  
Beginning
  
Acquisition
  
Transfer
1
  
Disposal
  
Depreciation
2
  
Business

combination
  
Others
  
Ending
 
                         
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Land
 2,610,586  1,106  (81,690 (11,399     29,578  2,548,181 
Buildings
  1,771,582   2,412   (79,802  6,213   (69,118     45,370   1,676,657 
Leasehold improvements
  95,827   13,079   40,148   (891  (61,294     1,382   88,251 
Equipment and vehicles
  340,658   153,459   2,488   (1,819  (187,918  537   3,778   311,183 
Construction
in-progress
  44,190   129,682   (99,763  (8,435        (26,095  39,579 
Right-of-use
assets
  570,711   614,069   (9  (324,104  (288,980  20   4,340   576,047 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  5,433,554  913,807  (218,628 (340,435 (607,310        557  58,353  5,239,898 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
1
 
Includes transfers with investment properties and assets held for sale.
2
Includes depreciation expenses amounting to ₩ 123 million and ₩ 196 million recorded as other operating expenses and others for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
 

F-138

14.1.3 Changes in accumulated impairment losses of property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
  
 
 
 
   
Beginning
  
Impairment
  
Reversal
   
Disposal and
others
   
Ending
 
                   
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Accumulated impairment losses of property and equipment
  (6,877 (12    12   (6,877
Accumulated impairment losses of
right-of-use
assets
   (1,178         1,178     
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   (8,055 (12    1,190   (6,877
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
   
2021
 
  
Beginning
  
Impairment
  
Reversal
   
Disposal and
others
   
Ending
 
                   
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Accumulated impairment losses of property and equipment
  (6,877        1,126   (5,751
14.2 Investment Properties
14.2.1 Details of investment properties as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Acquisition

cost
   
Accumulated
depreciation
  
Accumulated
impairment
losses
  
Carrying
amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Land
  1,568,508     (410 1,568,098 
Buildings
   1,092,737    (122,833  (4,463  965,441 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   2,661,245   (122,833 (4,873 2,533,539 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Acquisition

cost
   
Accumulated
depreciation
  
Accumulated
impairment
losses
  
Carrying
amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Land
  1,577,800     (447 1,577,353 
Buildings
   1,089,761    (147,307  (4,863  937,591 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   2,667,561   (147,307 (5,310 2,514,944 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

F-139

14.2.2 Valuation techniques and inputs used to measure the fair value of investment properties as of December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2021
   
Fair value
   
Valuation techniques
  
Inputs
   
(In millions of
Korean won)
       
Land and buildings
  124,021   Cost approach method  
-  Price per square meter
-  Replacement cost
    1,118,793   Market comparison method  
-  Price per square meter
    1,236,638   Discounted cash flow
method
  
-  Prospective rental market growth rate
-  Period of vacancy
-  Rental ratio
-  Discount rate and others
    232,950   Income approach method  
-  Discount rate
-  Capitalization rate
-  Vacancy rate
Fair value of investment properties amounts to ₩ 2,712,653 million and ₩ 2,712,402 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Investment properties are measured by qualified independent appraisers with recent experience in valuing similar properties in the same area. In addition, all investment properties are classified as Level 3 in accordance with fair value hierarchy in Note 6.1.2.
Rental income from above investment properties amounts to ₩ 157,652 million and ₩ 123,313 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
14.2.3 Changes in investment properties for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
2020
 
  
Beginning
  
Acquisition
  
Transfer*
  
Disposal
  
Depreciation
  
Business

combination
  
Others
  
Ending
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Land
 1,537,240  34,529  61,383  (167,015   106,944  (4,983 1,568,098 
Buildings
  1,290,748   18,667   37,694   (378,332  (38,717  42,169   (6,788  965,441 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  2,827,988  53,196  99,077  (545,347 (38,717 149,113  (11,771 2,533,539 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
2021
 
   
Beginning
   
Acquisition
   
Transfer*
   
Disposal
  
Depreciation
  
Others
   
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Land
  1,568,098   28,568   22,410   (63,546   21,823   1,577,353 
Buildings
   965,441    90,393    1,802    (112,159  (28,933  21,047    937,591 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
   2,533,539   118,961   24,212   (175,705 (28,933 42,870   2,514,944 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
*
Includes transfers with property and equipment and assets held for sale.
 

F-140

15. Intangible Assets
15.1 Details of intangible assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
  
Acquisition

cost
   
Accumulated
amortization
  
Accumulated
impairment
losses
  
Others
  
Carrying

amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Goodwill
  887,259     (70,517 (53,160 763,582 
Other intangible assets
   4,928,003    (2,304,188  (36,264     2,587,551 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   5,815,262   (2,304,188 (106,781 (53,160 3,351,133 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Acquisition

cost
   
Accumulated
amortization
  
Accumulated
impairment
losses
  
Others
  
Carrying

amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Goodwill
  887,259     (70,517 (10,335 806,407 
Other intangible assets
   5,227,231    (2,732,394  (34,887      2,459,950 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   6,114,490   (2,732,394 (105,404 (10,335 3,266,357 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
15.2 Details of goodwill as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Acquisition

cost
   
Carrying
amount *
   
Acquisition

cost
   
Carrying
amount *
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Housing & Commercial Bank
  65,288   65,288   65,288   65,288 
Kookmin Bank Cambodia Plc.
   1,202        1,202     
KB Securities Co., Ltd.
   70,265    58,889    70,265    58,889 
KB Capital Co., Ltd.
   79,609    79,609    79,609    79,609 
KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.
   115,343    57,404    115,343    57,404 
KB Securities Vietnam Joint Stock Company
   13,092    12,234    13,092    13,533 
KB Daehan Specialized Bank Plc.
   1,515    1,470    1,515    1,601 
PRASAC Microfinance Institution Plc.
   396,942    356,570    396,942    388,524 
PT Sunindo Kookmin Best Finance
   2,963    2,963    2,963    2,894 
PT Bank KB Bukopin Tbk
   89,220    80,002    89,220    85,893 
PT. KB Finansia Multi Finance
   51,820    49,153    51,820    52,772 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   887,259   763,582   887,259   806,407 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
*
Includes the effect of exchange differences and others.
15.3 Changes in accumulated impairment losses of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
   
Beginning
  
Impairment
   
Others
   
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Accumulated impairment losses of goodwill
  (70,517       (70,517
 
   
2021
 
   
Beginning
  
Impairment
   
Others
   
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Accumulated impairment losses of goodwill
  (70,517       (70,517
 

F-141

15.4 Details of goodwill allocation to cash-generating units and related information for impairment testing as of December 31, 2021 are as follows:
 
    
December 31, 2021
 
       
Carrying
amount of
goodwill
   
Recoverable amount
exceeding carrying
amount
   
Discount rate
(%)
   
Permanent
growth rate
(%)
 
       
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Housing & Commercial Bank
   Retail banking   49,315   5,767,992    18.57    1.00 
    Corporate banking    15,973    2,004,756    18.96    1.00 
KB Securities Co., Ltd.
 
   58,889    1,369,331    21.27    1.00 
KB Capital Co., Ltd.
 
   79,609    204,215    24.01    1.00 
KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd. and Yehansoul Savings Bank Co., Ltd.
 
   57,404    542,790    14.37    1.00 
KB Securities Vietnam Joint Stock Company
 
   13,533    35,525    22.09    1.00 
KB Daehan Specialized Bank Plc.
 
   1,601    20,186    23.23    1.00 
PT Bank KB Bukopin Tbk
 
   85,893    175,872    17.30    3.00 
PRASAC Microfinance Institution Plc.
 
   388,524    247,992    23.02    3.00 
PT Sunindo Kookmin Best Finance
 
   2,894    574    18.96    0.00 
PT. KB Finansia Multi Finance
 
   52,772    49,744    17.57    1.00 
    
 
 
   
 
 
           
    806,407   10,418,977           
    
 
 
   
 
 
           
For impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to cash-generating units that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination, and cash-generating units consist of an operating segment or units which are not larger than an operating segment.
Cash-generating units to which goodwill has been allocated is tested for impairment annually and whenever there is an indication that the unit may be impaired, by comparing the carrying amount of the unit including the goodwill with the recoverable amount of the unit.
The recoverable amount of a cash-generating unit is measured at the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. The fair value less costs of disposal is the amount obtainable from the disposal in an arm’s length transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties, after deducting the costs of disposal. If it is difficult to measure the amount obtainable from the disposal of the cash-generating unit, the disposal amount of a similar cash-generating unit in the past transaction is used by reflecting the characteristics of the cash-generating unit to be measured. If it is not possible to obtain reliable information to measure the fair value less costs of disposal, the Group uses the asset’s value in use as its recoverable amount. Value in use is the present value of the future cash flows expected to be derived from an asset or cash-generating unit. The estimated future cash flows are based on the most recent financial budget approved by management with maximum period of 5 years. In relation to subsequent cash flows, it is assumed that cash flows will grow at a certain permanent growth rate. The key assumptions used for the estimation of the future cash flows are based on the market size and the Group’s market share. The discount rate is a
pre-tax
rate that reflects assumptions regarding risk-free interest rate, market risk premium, and the risks specific to the cash-generating unit.
 

F-142

15.5 Details of intangible assets other than goodwill as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Acquisition

cost
   
Accumulated
amortization
  
Accumulated
impairment
losses
  
Carrying
amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Industrial property rights
  6,222   (2,936 (940 2,346 
Software
   1,800,686    (1,225,173  (2,326  573,187 
Other intangible assets
   690,665    (285,893  (32,998  371,774 
VOBA
   2,395,291    (759,672     1,635,619 
Right-of-use
assets
   35,139    (30,514     4,625 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   4,928,003   (2,304,188 (36,264 2,587,551 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Acquisition

cost
   
Accumulated
amortization
  
Accumulated
impairment
losses
  
Carrying
amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Industrial property rights
  3,056   (1,953   1,103 
Software
   1,996,646    (1,417,705     578,941 
Other intangible assets
   797,107    (365,473  (34,887  396,747 
VOBA
   2,395,291    (915,746     1,479,545 
Right-of-use
assets
   35,131    (31,517     3,614 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   5,227,231   (2,732,394 (34,887 2,459,950 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
15.6 Changes in intangible assets other than goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
2020
 
  
Beginning
  
Acquisition &
transfer
  
Disposal
  
Amortization
1
  
Business

combination
  
Others
  
Ending
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Industrial property rights
 2,853  116  (147 (476     2,346 
Software
  373,519   340,045   (4,444  (153,876  18,252   (309  573,187 
Other intangible assets
2
  266,517   63,743   (9,527  (47,948  106,445   (7,456  371,774 
VOBA
  1,809,485         (173,866        1,635,619 
Right-of-use
assets
  9,698         (5,026     (47  4,625 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  2,462,072  403,904  (14,118 (381,192 124,697  (7,812 2,587,551 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
2021
 
 
 
Beginning
 
 
Acquisition &
transfer
 
 
Disposal
 
 
Amortization
1
 
 
Business

combination
 
 
Others
 
 
Ending
 
 
 
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Industrial property rights
 
2,346
 
 
207
 
 
(1,080
 
(370
 
 
 
 
 
1,103
 
Software
 
 
573,187
 
 
 
219,128
 
 
 
(838
 
 
(216,073
 
 
8,742
 
 
 
(5,205
 
 
578,941
 
Other intangible assets
2
 
 
371,774
 
 
 
100,460
 
 
 
(16,907
 
 
(59,761
 
 
 
 
 
1,181
 
 
 
396,747
 
VOBA
 
 
1,635,619
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(156,074
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,479,545
 
Right-of-use
assets
 
 
4,625
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1,012
 
 
 
 
 
1
 
 
 
3,614
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2,587,551
 
 
319,795
 
 
(18,825
 
(433,290
 
8,742
 
 
(4,023
 
2,459,950
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

F-143

 
1
Includes ₩ 173,992 million and ₩ 189,791 million recorded as insurance expenses and other operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
2
 
Impairment losses for membership right with indefinite useful life among other intangible assets are recognized when its recoverable amount is lower than its carrying amount, and reversal of impairment losses are recognized when its recoverable amount is higher than its carrying amount.
15.7 Changes in accumulated impairment losses of other intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
   
Beginning
  
Impairment
  
Reversal
   
Disposal and
others
   
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Accumulated impairment losses of other intangible assets
  (31,652 (9,312 3,669   1,031   (36,264
 
   
2021
 
   
Beginning
  
Impairment
  
Reversal
   
Disposal and
others
   
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Accumulated impairment losses of other intangible assets
  (36,264 (5,306 2,939   3,744   (34,887
16. Lease
16.1 The Group as a Lessee
16.1.1 Amounts recognized in the consolidated statements of financial position related to lease as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,
2020
   
December 31,
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Right-of-use
property and equipment:*
          
Real estate
  537,392   544,075 
Vehicles
   16,218    18,416 
Others
   17,101    13,556 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    570,711    576,047 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Right-of-use
intangible assets*
   4,626    3,614 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   575,337   579,661 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Lease liabilities*
  559,113   578,808 
 
*
Included in property and equipment, intangible assets, and other liabilities.
 

F-144

16.1.2 Amounts recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income related to lease for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Depreciation and amortization of
right-of-use
assets:
          
Real estate
  246,058   262,240 
Vehicles
   15,286    17,796 
Others
   11,342    8,944 
Intangible assets
   5,026    1,012 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   277,712   289,992 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Interest expenses on the lease liabilities
  13,492   14,678 
Expense relating to short-term lease
   6,169    5,920 
Expense relating to lease of
low-value
assets that are not short-term lease
   7,130    8,434 
Expense relating to variable lease payments not included in lease liabilities (included in administrative expenses)
   438    262 
Total cash outflows for lease for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021 are ₩ 245,151 million and ₩ 267,864 million, respectively.
16.2 The Group as a Lessor
16.2.1 The Group as a finance lessor
16.2.1.1 Gross investment in the lease and present value of minimum lease payments as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Gross
investment in
the lease
   
Present
value of
minimum
lease
payments
   
Gross
investment in
the lease
   
Present
value of
minimum
lease
payments
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Up to 1 year
  579,968   354,588   559,569   379,439 
1-5
years
   958,125    551,777    808,256    540,219 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   1,538,093   906,365   1,367,825   919,658 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
16.2.1.2 Unearned finance income on finance lease as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Gross investment in the lease
  1,538,093   1,367,825 
Net investment in the lease:
          
Present value of minimum lease payments
   906,365    919,658 
Present value of unguaranteed residual value
   496,969    349,478 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    1,403,334    1,269,136 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Unearned finance income
  134,759   98,689 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 

F-145

16.2.2 The Group as an operating lessor
Future minimum lease payments to be received from the
non-cancellable
lease contracts as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Minimum lease payments to be received:
          
Up to 1 year
  792,935   918,640 
1-5
years
   1,727,498    1,797,551 
Over 5 years
   84,733    299,984 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   2,605,166   3,016,175 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
17. Deferred Income Tax Assets and Liabilities
17.1 Details of deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Assets
  
Liabilities
  
Net amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Other provisions
  149,259    149,259 
Allowances for credit losses
   26,496   (3,356  23,140 
Impairment losses of property and equipment
   3,992   (1,889  2,103 
Share-based payments
   17,718      17,718 
Provisions for acceptances and guarantees
   17,046      17,046 
Gains or losses on valuation of derivatives
   20,645   (223,482  (202,837
Present value discount
   17,058   (3,041  14,017 
Gains or losses on fair value hedge
   21,060      21,060 
Accrued interest
      (125,835  (125,835
Deferred loan origination fees and costs
   7,224   (226,821  (219,597
Advanced depreciation provision
      (1,703  (1,703
Gains or losses on revaluation
   338   (319,698  (319,360
Investments in subsidiaries and others
   38,164   (111,589  (73,425
Gains or losses on valuation of security investment
   73,857   (1,232,689  (1,158,832
Defined benefit liabilities
   590,633      590,633 
Accrued expenses
   334,900      334,900 
Retirement insurance expense
      (541,317  (541,317
Adjustments to the prepaid contributions
      (28,261  (28,261
Derivative-linked securities
   78,202   (30,881  47,321 
Others
   1,081,691   (740,462  341,229 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    2,478,283   (3,591,024  (1,112,741
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Offsetting of deferred income tax assets and liabilities
   (2,413,225  2,413,225    
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   65,058  (1,177,799 (1,112,741
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

F-146

   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Assets
  
Liabilities
  
Net amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Other provisions
  178,027    178,027 
Allowances for credit losses
   28,770   (3,008  25,762 
Impairment losses of property and equipment
   9,198   (1,833  7,365 
Share-based payments
   24,249      24,249 
Provisions for acceptances and guarantees
   33,091      33,091 
Gains or losses on valuation of derivatives
   41,289   (139,281  (97,992
Present value discount
   14,254   (5,929  8,325 
Gains or losses on fair value hedge
      (14,642  (14,642
Accrued interest
      (140,852  (140,852
Deferred loan origination fees and costs
   10,473   (223,170  (212,697
Advanced depreciation provision
      (1,703  (1,703
Gains or losses on revaluation
      (318,539  (318,539
Investments in subsidiaries and others
   42,547   (159,411  (116,864
Gains or losses on valuation of security investment
   104,168   (1,192,004  (1,087,836
Defined benefit liabilities
   608,471      608,471 
Accrued expenses
   281,983      281,983 
Retirement insurance expense
      (573,895  (573,895
Adjustments to the prepaid contributions
      (29,273  (29,273
Derivative-linked securities
   2,241   (46,895  (44,654
Others*
   1,031,411   (871,625  159,786 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    2,410,172   (3,722,060  (1,311,888
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Offsetting of deferred income tax assets and liabilities
   (2,251,079  2,251,079    
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   159,093  (1,470,981 (1,311,888
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
*
Includes Purchase Price Allocation (“PPA”) amount arising from the acquisition of Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd., KB Insurance Co., Ltd., and others.
17.2 Unrecognized Deferred Income Tax Assets
17.2.1 No deferred income tax assets have been recognized for the deductible temporary differences of ₩ 372,410 million associated with investments in subsidiaries and others as of December 31, 2021, because it is not probable that these temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future.
17.2.2 No deferred income tax assets have been recognized for the deductible temporary differences of ₩ 107,067 million associated with others as of December 31, 2021, due to the uncertainty that these temporary differences will be realized in the future.
17.3 Unrecognized Deferred Income Tax Liabilities
17.3.1 No deferred income tax liabilities have been recognized for the taxable temporary differences of ₩ 404,147 million associated with investments in subsidiaries and others as of December 31, 2021, due to the following reasons:
 
  
The Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences.
 
  
It is probable that these temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
17.3.2 No deferred income tax liabilities have been recognized as of December 31, 2021, for the taxable temporary differences of ₩ 65,288 million related to the initial recognition of goodwill arising from the merger of Housing and Commercial Bank in 2001.
 

F-147

17.4 Changes in cumulative temporary differences for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
2020
 
  
Beginning
  
Business

combination
  
Decrease
  
Increase
  
Ending
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Deductible temporary differences
                    
Gains or losses on fair value hedge
 44,085    44,085  76,583  76,583 
Other provisions
  424,383   6,383   426,457   540,396   544,705 
Allowances for credit losses
  2,018   105,505   96,885   83,111   93,749 
Impairment losses of property and equipment
  15,985      9,658   8,189   14,516 
Deferred loan origination fees and costs
  1,930   35,863   15,098   3,574   26,269 
Share-based payments
  63,092   5   55,601   54,589   62,085 
Provisions for acceptances and guarantees
  76,214      76,214   61,984   61,984 
Gains or losses on valuation of derivatives
  186,035   5,201   191,236   76,238   76,238 
Present value discount
  29,978      29,732   61,783   62,029 
Investments in subsidiaries and others
  185,380      47,034   232,655   371,001 
Gains or losses on valuation of security investment
  136,236      136,070   251,524   251,690 
Defined benefit liabilities
  2,118,942   94,105   227,010   313,122   2,299,159 
Accrued expenses
  911,599   75,498   911,599   1,144,785   1,220,283 
Derivative-linked securities
  477,307      477,307   284,370   284,370 
Others*
  1,669,025   2,068,207   1,170,462   1,081,994   3,648,764 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   6,342,209   2,390,767   3,914,448   4,274,897   9,093,425 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Unrecognized deferred income tax assets
                    
Other provisions
  4,788               3,054 
Investments in subsidiaries and others
  67,645               242,875 
Others
  125,158               75,831 
  
 
 
              
 
 
 
   6,144,618               8,771,665 
Tax rate (%)
  27.5               27.5 
  
 
 
              
 
 
 
Total deferred income tax assets
 1,703,764              2,478,283 
  
 
 
              
 
 
 
Taxable temporary differences
                    
Accrued interest
 (401,337 (168,859 (394,255 (281,685 (457,626
Allowances for credit losses
  (11,877     (11,877  (12,203  (12,203
Impairment losses of property and equipment
  (4,163     (111  117   (3,935
Deferred loan origination fees and costs
  (752,178     (752,178  (820,223  (820,223
Advanced depreciation provision
  (6,192           (6,192
Gains or losses on valuation of derivatives
  (576,743     (576,743  (812,662  (812,662
Present value discount
  (15,278     (15,278  (10,916  (10,916
Goodwill arising from the merger
  (65,288           (65,288
Gains or losses on revaluation
  (1,197,566     (80,036  (45,008  (1,162,538
Investments in subsidiaries and others
  (419,055     (70,188  (297,809  (646,676
Gains or losses on valuation of security investment
  (906,790  (3,060,750  (899,660  (1,358,042  (4,425,922
Retirement insurance expense
  (1,775,740  (61,789  (162,764  (288,296  (1,963,061
Adjustments to the prepaid contributions
  (83,262     (83,262  (102,768  (102,768
Derivative-linked securities
  (125,947     (125,947  (112,293  (112,293
Others*
  (2,793,848  (1,613  (1,644,815  (1,555,740  (2,706,386
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   (9,135,264  (3,293,011  (4,817,114  (5,697,528  (13,308,689
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Unrecognized deferred income tax liabilities
                    
Goodwill arising from the merger
  (65,288              (65,288
Investments in subsidiaries and others
  (68,836              (260,739
Others
  (1,247              (1,042
  
 
 
              
 
 
 
   (8,999,893              (12,981,620
Tax rate (%)
  27.5               27.5 
  
 
 
              
 
 
 
Total deferred income tax liabilities
 (2,489,587             (3,591,024
  
 
 
              
 
 
 
F-148

   
2021
 
   
Beginning
  
Decrease
  
Increase
  
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Deductible temporary differences
                 
Gains or losses on fair value hedge
  76,583  76,583     
Other provisions
   544,705   527,058   631,800   649,447 
Allowances for credit losses
   93,749   69,023   75,452   100,178 
Impairment losses of property and equipment
   14,516   4,361   23,290   33,445 
Deferred loan origination fees and costs
   26,269   13,719   25,536   38,086 
Share-based payments
   62,085   55,002   78,225   85,308 
Provisions for acceptances and guarantees
   61,984   61,984   120,332   120,332 
Gains or losses on valuation of derivatives
   76,238   76,238   149,817   149,817 
Present value discount
   62,029   61,783   51,586   51,832 
Investments in subsidiaries and others
   371,001   203,470   346,809   514,340 
Gains or losses on valuation of security investment
   251,690   252,497   368,886   368,079 
Defined benefit liabilities
   2,299,159   315,719   393,189   2,376,629 
Accrued expenses
   1,220,283   1,220,283   1,026,651   1,026,651 
Derivative-linked securities
   284,370   284,370   8,147   8,147 
Others*
   3,648,764   554,628   100,539   3,194,675 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    9,093,425   3,776,718   3,400,259   8,716,966 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Unrecognized deferred income tax assets
                 
Other provisions
   3,054           404 
Investments in subsidiaries and others
   242,875           372,410 
Others
   75,831           107,067 
   
 
 
          
 
 
 
    8,771,665           8,237,085 
Tax rate (%)
   27.5           27.5 
   
 
 
          
 
 
 
Total deferred income tax assets
  2,478,283          2,410,172 
   
 
 
          
 
 
 
Taxable temporary differences
                 
Gains or losses on fair value hedge
      (53,243 (53,243
Accrued interest
   (457,626  (442,101  (496,663  (512,188
Allowances for credit losses
   (12,203  (12,203  (10,939  (10,939
Impairment losses of property and equipment
   (3,935  (204     (3,731
Deferred loan origination fees and costs
   (820,223  (820,223  (802,237  (802,237
Advanced depreciation provision
   (6,192        (6,192
Gains or losses on valuation of derivatives
   (812,662  (804,383  (498,197  (506,476
Present value discount
   (10,916  (10,916  (21,469  (21,469
Goodwill arising from the merger
   (65,288        (65,288
Gains or losses on revaluation
   (1,162,538  (48,981  (44,765  (1,158,322
Investments in subsidiaries and others
   (646,676  (150,480  (468,334  (964,530
Gains or losses on valuation of security investment
   (4,425,922  (2,552,447  (2,394,100  (4,267,575
Retirement insurance expense
   (1,963,061  (228,784  (346,368  (2,080,645
Adjustments to the prepaid contributions
   (102,768  (102,768  (106,446  (106,446
Derivative-linked securities
   (112,293  (112,293  (170,526  (170,526
Others*
   (2,706,386  (1,819,652  (2,208,579  (3,095,313
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    (13,308,689  (7,105,435  (7,621,866  (13,825,120
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Unrecognized deferred income tax liabilities
                 
Goodwill arising from the merger
   (65,288          (65,288
Investments in subsidiaries and others
   (260,739          (404,147
Others
   (1,042          (446
   
 
 
          
 
 
 
    (12,981,620          (13,355,239
Tax rate (%)
   27.5           27.5 
   
 
 
          
 
 
 
Total deferred income tax liabilities
  (3,591,024         (3,722,060
   
 
 
          
 
 
 
 
*
Includes PPA amount arising from the acquisition of Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd., KB Insurance Co., Ltd., and others.
 

F-149

18. Assets Held for Sale and Assets of a Disposal Group Held for Sale
18.1 Assets Held for Sale
18.1.1 Details of assets held for sale as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Acquisition
cost*
   
Accumulated
impairment losses
  
Carrying
amount
   
Fair value less
costs to sell
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Land held for sale
  80,740   (16,169 64,571   68,321 
Buildings held for sale
   152,426    (24,887  127,539    134,247 
Other assets held for sale
   10,676    (5,059  5,617    5,801 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
   243,842   (46,115 197,727   208,369 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Acquisition
cost*
   
Accumulated
impairment losses
  
Carrying
amount
   
Fair value less
costs to sell
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Land held for sale
  115,099   (16,528 98,571   135,192 
Buildings held for sale
   170,892    (36,923  133,969    149,569 
Other assets held for sale
   10,142    (5,364  4,778    4,778 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
   296,133   (58,815 237,318   289,539 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
*
Acquisition cost of buildings held for sale is net of accumulated depreciation amount immediately before the initial classification of the assets as held for sale.
18.1.2 Valuation techniques and inputs used to measure the fair value of assets held for sale as of December 31, 2021 are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2021
   
Fair value
   
Valuation
techniques
1
  
Unobservable
inputs
2
  
Estimated range of
unobservable
inputs (%)
  
Effect of
unobservable
inputs to fair value
   
(In millions of Korean won)
Land and buildings
  289,539   Market comparison
approach model
and others
  Adjustment index  0.68 ~ 1.95  Fair value increases
as the adjustment
index rises
 
1
 
The appraisal value is adjusted by the adjustment ratio in the event the public sale is unsuccessful.
2
 
Adjustment index is calculated using the time factor correction or local factors or individual factors.
Among assets held for sale, real estate was measured by independent appraisers with professional qualifications and recent experience in evaluating similar properties in the area of the property to be assessed. All assets held for sale are classified as Level 3 in accordance with fair value hierarchy in Note 6.1.2.

F-150

18.1.3 Changes in accumulated impairment losses of assets held for sale for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
   
Beginning
  
Provision
  
Reversal
   
Business
combination
  
Others
   
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Accumulated impairment losses of assets held for sale
  (2,782 (11,593    (45,433 13,693   (46,115
 
   
2021
 
   
Beginning
  
Provision
  
Reversal
   
Others
   
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Accumulated impairment losses of assets held for sale
  (46,115 (15,490    2,790   (58,815
18.1.4 As of December 31, 2021, assets held for sale consist of 16 real estates of closed offices and 861 foreclosure assets on loans of PT Bank KB Bukopin Tbk, which were determined to sell by management, but not yet sold as of December 31, 2021. Negotiation with buyers is in process for the one closed office and the remaining 876 assets are also being actively marketed.
18.2 Assets of a Disposal Group Held for Sale
The Group decided to sell all of its shares in 498 Seventh KOR Holdco LP held by Hanwha US Equity Strategy Private Real Estate Fund No.3, which is a subsidiary and 498 Seventh KOR LLC held by 498 Seventh KOR Holdco LP. The Group classified assets of 498 Seventh KOR Holdco LP and 498 Seventh KOR LLC as assets of a disposal group held for sale, and classified currency translation differences as accumulated other comprehensive income relating to assets of a disposal group held for sale and has entered into a share transfer contract with JR REIT No.28 and is in the process of selling it accordingly as of December 31, 2021.
18.2.1 There is no liabilities of a disposal group held for sale and details of assets of a disposal group held for sale as of December 31, 2021 are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
498 seventh Holdco LP
   
498 seventh KOR LLC
   
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Cash
  556   512   1,068 
Investments in associates
       169,424    169,424 
Other assets
       1,257    1,257 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   556   171,193   171,749 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Assets of a disposal group held for sale are measured at the lower of its carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. There is no impairment loss recognized as the fair value less costs to sell exceeds the carrying amount as of December 31, 2021.
18.2.2 Details of accumulated other comprehensive income relating to assets of a disposal group held for sale as of December 31, 2021 are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Currency translation differences
  7,671 
F-151

19. Other Assets
19.1 Details of other assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
  
December 31, 2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Other financial assets
         
Other receivables
  10,628,272  6,732,917 
Accrued income
   1,726,651   1,916,667 
Guarantee deposits
   1,099,618   1,035,522 
Domestic exchange settlement debits
   722,616   1,014,938 
Others
   117,330   204,940 
Less: Allowances for credit losses
   (119,762  (143,205
Less: Present value discount
   (7,036  (6,429
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    14,167,689   10,755,350 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Other
non-financial
assets
         
Other receivables
   1,091   1,764 
Prepaid expenses
   254,152   254,990 
Guarantee deposits
   3,906   7,268 
Insurance assets
   2,376,679   2,924,698 
Separate account assets
   10,210,047   10,556,935 
Others
   3,158,993   3,689,340 
Less: Allowances for credit losses
   (17,520  (16,172
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    15,987,348   17,418,823 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   30,155,037  28,174,173 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
19.2 Changes in allowances for credit losses of other assets for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
   
Other financial
assets
  
Other non-financial

assets
  
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  104,629  24,235  128,864 
Write-offs
   (6,517  (8,503  (15,020
Provision
   22,153   1,726   23,879 
Business combination
   7,946   59   8,005 
Others
   (8,449  3   (8,446
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
  119,762  17,520  137,282 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
   
2021
 
   
Other financial
assets
  
Other
non-financial

assets
  
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  119,762  17,520  137,282 
Write-offs
   (3,504  (380  (3,884
Provision (reversal)
   25,387   (447  24,940 
Business combination
   227      227 
Others
   1,333   (521  812 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
  143,205  16,172  159,377 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

F-152

20. Financial Liabilities at Fair Value through Profit or Loss
20.1 Details of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss and financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
          
Borrowed securities sold
  1,934,735   2,826,885 
Others
   91,216    112,699 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    2,025,951    2,939,584 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
          
Derivative-linked securities
   9,784,107    9,149,396 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    9,784,107       9,149,396 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   11,810,058   12,088,980 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
20.2 Difference between the amount contractually required to pay at maturity and carrying amount of financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
  
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Amount contractually required to pay at maturity
  9,583,186  8,957,602 
Carrying amount
       9,784,107       9,149,396 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Difference
  (200,921 (191,794
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
21. Deposits
Details of deposits as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Demand deposits
          
Demand deposits in Korean won
  162,155,728   180,560,022 
Demand deposits in foreign currencies
   14,473,832    15,955,246 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    176,629,560    196,515,268 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Time deposits
          
Time deposits in Korean won
   149,435,968    155,799,563 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    149,435,968    155,799,563 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Time deposits in foreign currencies
   10,043,679    15,594,718 
Fair value adjustments of fair value hedged time deposits in foreign currencies
   2,089    (1,319
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    10,045,768    15,593,399 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    159,481,736    171,392,962 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Certificates of deposits
   2,468,924    4,115,688 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   338,580,220   372,023,918 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
F-153

22. Borrowings
22.1 Details of borrowings as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
General borrowings
  32,312,859   40,859,845 
Bonds sold under repurchase agreements and others
   16,334,365    14,374,863 
Call money
   1,179,932    1,677,666 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   49,827,156   56,912,374 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
22.2 Details of general borrowings as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
Lenders
 
Interest rate
(%) as of
December 31,
2021
 
December 31,

2020
  
December 31,

2021
 
        
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Borrowings in Korean won
 
Borrowings from the Bank of Korea
 The Bank of Korea 0.25 6,463,267  7,131,019 
  
Borrowings from the government
 SEMAS and others 0.00 ~ 2.70  2,675,568   2,683,056 
  
Borrowings from banks
 Shinhan Bank and others 1.70 ~ 5.30  137,952   171,482 
  
Borrowings from
non-banking
financial institutions
 
Korea Securities Finance Corporation and others
 0.20 ~ 4.74  2,203,702   1,935,906 
  
Other borrowings
 
The Korea Development Bank and others
 0.00 ~ 4.90  9,717,382   13,292,759 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
         21,197,871   25,214,222 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
Borrowings in foreign currencies
 Due to banks 
Hana Bank and others
   292   2,143 
  
Borrowings from banks
 
Central Bank of Uzbekistan and others
 0.00 ~ 13.50  9,839,110   13,396,379 
  
Borrowings from other financial institutions
 
The Export-Import Bank of Korea and others
 0.60 ~ 1.36  23,827   24,867 
  
Other borrowings
 
Bank of New York Mellon and others
 0.00 ~ 2.80  1,251,759   2,222,234 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
         11,114,988   15,645,623 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
        32,312,859  40,859,845 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
22.3 Details of bonds sold under repurchase agreements and others as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Lenders
  
Interest rate
(%) as of

December 31,
2021
  
December 31,

2020
  
December 31,

2021
 
         
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Bonds sold under repurchase agreements
  
Individuals, groups, and corporations
   0.00~9.75  16,329,799  14,372,761 
Bills sold
  
Counter sale
   0.20~2.00   4,566   2,102 
          
 
 
  
 
 
 
          16,334,365  14,374,863 
          
 
 
  
 
 
 
F-154

22.4 Details of call money as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Lenders
  
Interest rate
(%) as of

December 31,
2021
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
          
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Call money in Korean won
  
The Export-Import Bank of Korea and others
   1.52   510,000   40,000 
Call money in foreign currencies
  
Bank Mandiri and others
   0.00~4.25    669,932    1,637,666 
           
 
 
   
 
 
 
           1,179,932   1,677,666 
           
 
 
   
 
 
 
23. Debentures
23.1 Details of debentures as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Interest rate
(%) as of

December 31,
2021
   
December 31,

2020
  
December 31,

2021
 
       
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Debentures in Korean won
              
Structured debentures
   5.65 ~ 8.62   1,960  910 
Exchangeable bonds*
   0.00    240,000   240,000 
Subordinated fixed rate debentures
   2.02 ~ 7.86    4,834,407   6,241,957 
Fixed rate debentures
   0.80 ~ 13.70    47,229,619   44,124,235 
Floating rate debentures
   1.24 ~ 2.57    3,190,000   6,893,782 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
         55,495,986   57,500,884 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
Fair value adjustments of fair value hedged debentures in Korean won
        (6,839  (79,877
Less: Discount on debentures in Korean won
        (32,028  (38,976
Less: Adjustment for exchange right of exchangeable bonds in Korean won
        (14,957  (11,719
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
         55,442,162   57,370,312 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
Debentures in foreign currencies
              
Floating rate debentures
   0.37 ~ 1.46    2,232,938   2,749,174 
Fixed rate debentures
   0.05 ~ 12.00    5,030,580   7,312,966 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
         7,263,518   10,062,140 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
Fair value adjustments of fair value hedged debentures in foreign currencies
        81,333   27,953 
Less: Discount on debentures in foreign currencies
        (26,326  (30,217
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
         7,318,525   10,059,876 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
        62,760,687  67,430,188 
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
*
Fair value of the liability component of exchangeable bonds is calculated by using market interest rate of bonds under the same conditions without the exchange right. The residual amount after deducting the liability component from the issuance amount, represents the value of the exchange right and is recorded in equity. Shares to be exchanged are 5 million treasury shares of KB Financial Group Inc. with the exchange price of ₩ 48,000. Exercise period for exchange right is from the 60th day of the issuance date to 10 days before the maturity date.

F-155

23.2 Changes in debentures based on par value for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
2020
 
  
Beginning
  
Issue
  
Repayment
  
Business
combination
  
Others
  
Ending
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Debentures in Korean won
                        
Structured debentures
 33,310    (1,350   (30,000 1,960 
Exchangeable bonds
     240,000            240,000 
Subordinated fixed rate debentures
  3,386,590   2,150,000   (702,183        4,834,407 
Fixed rate debentures
  40,596,755   111,677,084   (105,044,220        47,229,619 
Floating rate debentures
  1,580,000   2,010,000   (400,000        3,190,000 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   45,596,655   116,077,084   (106,147,753     (30,000  55,495,986 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Debentures in foreign currencies
                        
Floating rate debentures
  2,227,607   823,478   (675,075     (143,072  2,232,938 
Fixed rate debentures
  3,094,196   2,909,967   (937,972  277,087   (312,698  5,030,580 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   5,321,803   3,733,445   (1,613,047  277,087   (455,770  7,263,518 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  50,918,458  119,810,529  (107,760,800 277,087  (485,770 62,759,504 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
2021
 
   
Beginning
   
Issue
   
Repayment
  
Others
   
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Debentures in Korean won
                        
Structured debentures
  1,960      (1,050    910 
Exchangeable bonds
   240,000               240,000 
Subordinated fixed rate debentures
   4,834,407    1,409,000    (1,450      6,241,957 
Fixed rate debentures
   47,229,619    110,295,448    (113,400,832      44,124,235 
Floating rate debentures
   3,190,000    6,085,064    (2,381,282      6,893,782 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
    55,495,986    117,789,512    (115,784,614      57,500,884 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Debentures in foreign currencies
                        
Floating rate debentures
   2,232,938    810,920    (500,901  206,217    2,749,174 
Fixed rate debentures
   5,030,580    3,195,539    (1,224,070  310,917    7,312,966 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
    7,263,518    4,006,459    (1,724,971  517,134    10,062,140 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
   62,759,504   121,795,971   (117,509,585 517,134   67,563,024 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 

F-156

24. Provisions
24.1 Details of provisions as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Provisions for credit losses of unused loan commitments
  298,753   308,640 
Provisions for credit losses of acceptances and guarantees
   62,254    121,104 
Provisions for credit losses of financial guarantee contracts
   6,348    5,351 
Provisions for restoration costs
   151,696    152,186 
Others *

   195,852    221,323 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   714,903   808,604 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
*
Includes provisions for redemption-suspended funds.
24.2 Changes in provisions for credit losses of unused loan commitments, and acceptances and guarantees for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
  
Provisions for credit losses of

unused loan commitments
  
Provisions for credit losses of

acceptances and guarantees
 
   
12-month

expected
credit losses
  
Lifetime expected
credit losses
  
12-month

expected
credit losses
  
Lifetime expected
credit losses
 
  
Non-

impaired
  
Impaired
  
Non-

impaired
  
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  127,297  71,464  9,387  24,961  36,012  16,786 
Transfer between stages:
                         
Transfer to
12-month
expected credit losses
   23,318   (21,694  (1,624  194   (191  (3
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses
   (13,431  15,991   (2,560  (486  486    
Impairment
   (304  (3,474  3,778   (5  (461  466 
Provision (reversal) for credit losses
   24,583   65,449   (412  9,482   (20,389  (2,734
Business combination
   19,426                
Others (exchange differences, etc.)
   (18,168  (273     (1,058  (619  (187
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending*
  162,721  127,463  8,569  33,088  14,838  14,328 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

F-157

   
2021
 
   
Provisions for credit losses of

unused loan commitments
  
Provisions for credit losses of

acceptances and guarantees
 
   
12-month

expected
credit losses
  
Lifetime expected
credit losses
  
12-month

expected
credit losses
  
Lifetime expected
credit losses
 
  
Non-

impaired
  
Impaired
  
Non-

impaired
  
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  162,721  127,463  8,569  33,088  14,838  14,328 
Transfer between stages:
                         
Transfer to
12-month
expected credit losses
   38,831   (37,595  (1,236  3,958   (203  (3,755
Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses
   (27,308  28,203   (895  (3,973  3,982   (9
Impairment
   (457  (1,002  1,459   (10  (85  95 
Provision (reversal) for credit losses
   (22,543  29,145   127   (7,425  64,178   711 
Business combination
   813                
Others (exchange differences, etc.)
   1,940   405      1,759   (540  167 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending*
  153,997  146,619  8,024  27,397  82,170  11,537 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
*
Includes additional provisions of ₩ 14,974 million and ₩ 15,664 million for industries and borrowers which are highly affected by
COVID-19
and ₩ 28,385 million and ₩ 33,393 million due to expanding the scope of the loans subject to lifetime expected credit losses
(non-impaired)
as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
24.3 Changes in provisions for credit losses of financial guarantee contracts for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  6,063   6,348 
Provision (reversal)
   280   (830
Others
   5   (167
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
      6,348      5,351 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
24.4 Changes in provisions for restoration costs for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  120,340  151,696 
Provision
   14,192   11,350 
Reversal
   (2,010  (2,075
Used
   (9,469  (15,739
Unwinding of discount
   2,372   1,589 
Effect of changes in discount rate
   23,886   5,365 
Business combination
   2,385    
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
  151,696  152,186 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Provisions for restoration costs are the present value of estimated costs to be incurred for the restoration of the leased properties. The expenditure of the restoration cost will be incurred at the end of each lease contract,

F-158

and the lease period is used to reasonably estimate the time of expenditure. Also, the average restoration expense based on actual three-year historical data and three-year historical average inflation rate are used to estimate the present value of estimated costs.
24.5 Changes in other provisions for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
  
Membership
rewards
program
  
Dormant
accounts
  
Litigations
  
Others
  
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  14,669  3,579  28,690  68,681  115,619 
Increase
   76,138   2,607   19,186   89,361   187,292 
Decrease
   (71,306  (3,179  (9,725  (28,173  (112,383
Business combination
         2,366   2,958   5,324 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
  19,501  3,007  40,517  132,827  195,852 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
2021
 
  
Membership
rewards
program
  
Dormant
accounts
  
Litigations
  
Others
  
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  19,501  3,007  40,517  132,827  195,852 
Increase
   77,384   3,429   18,670   71,972   171,455 
Decrease
   (73,983  (3,374  (4,190  (64,614  (146,161
Others
           171   6   177 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
  22,902  3,062  55,168  140,191  221,323 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
25. Net Defined Benefit Liabilities
25.1 Defined Benefit Plan
The Group operates defined benefit plans which have the following characteristics:
 
  
The Group has the obligation to pay the agreed benefits to all its current and former employees.
 
  
The Group assumes actuarial risk (that benefits will cost more than expected) and investment risk.
The net defined benefit liabilities recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position are calculated by the independent actuary in accordance with actuarial valuation method. The defined benefit obligation is calculated using the projected unit credit method. Assumptions based on market data and historical data such as discount rate, future salary increase rate, mortality, and consumer price index are used which are updated annually.
Actuarial assumptions may differ from actual results, due to changes in the market conditions, economic trends, and mortality trends which may affect net defined benefit liabilities and future payments. Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in the period incurred through other comprehensive income.
 

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25.2 Changes in net defined benefit liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
   
Present value of
defined benefit
obligation
  
Fair value of plan
assets
  
Net defined benefit
liabilities
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  2,299,476  (2,088,710 210,766 
Current service cost
   233,273      233,273 
Past service cost
   (16,197     (16,197
Gains on settlement
   (1,912     (1,912
Interest expense (income)
   46,178   (41,435  4,743 
Remeasurements:
             
Actuarial gains and losses by changes in demographic assumptions
   (9,611     (9,611
Actuarial gains and losses by changes in financial assumptions
   4,995      4,995 
Actuarial gains and losses by experience adjustments
   16,292      16,292 
Return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in interest income)
      6,308   6,308 
Contributions by the Group
      (268,918  (268,918
Contributions by the employees
       (248  (248
Payments from plans (settlement)
   (8,162  8,162    
Payments from plans (benefit payments)
   (148,468  144,546   (3,922
Payments from the Group
   (34,361     (34,361
Transfer in
   9,673   (9,027  646 
Transfer out
   (8,635  8,635    
Effect of exchange differences
   (724  5   (719
Effect of business acquisition and disposal
   110,080   (62,271  47,809 
Others
   26      26 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending*
  2,491,923  (2,302,953 188,970 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

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2021
 
   
Present value of
defined benefit
obligation
  
Fair value of plan
assets
  
Net defined benefit
liabilities
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  2,491,923  (2,302,953 188,970 
Current service cost
   241,448      241,448 
Past service cost
   451      451 
Gains on settlement
   (4,311     (4,311
Interest expense (income)
   47,481   (44,560  2,921 
Remeasurements:
             
Actuarial gains and losses by changes in demographic assumptions
   27,611      27,611 
Actuarial gains and losses by changes in financial assumptions
   52,684      52,684 
Actuarial gains and losses by experience adjustments
   (24,592     (24,592
Return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in interest income)
      9,438   9,438 
Contributions by the Group
      (319,601  (319,601
Contributions by the employees
      (17,574  (17,574
Payments from plans (settlement)
   (6,961  6,944   (17
Payments from plans (benefit payments)
   (221,276  221,274   (2
Payments from the Group
   (34,242     (34,242
Transfer in
   9,854   (9,292  562 
Transfer out
   (9,292  9,292    
Effect of exchange differences
   1,670   (47  1,623 
Effect of business acquisition and disposal
   21      21 
Others
   48      48 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending*
  2,572,517  (2,447,079 125,438 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
*
The net defined benefit liabilities of ₩ 188,970 million is calculated by subtracting ₩ 50,597 million of net defined benefit assets from ₩ 239,567 million of net defined benefit liabilities as of December 31, 2020. The net defined benefit liabilities of ₩ 125,438 million is calculated by subtracting ₩ 100,083 million of net defined benefit assets from ₩ 225,521 million of net defined benefit liabilities as of December 31, 2021.
25.3 Details of net defined benefit liabilities as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
  
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Present value of defined benefit obligation
  2,491,923  2,572,517 
Fair value of plan assets
   (2,302,953  (2,447,079
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net defined benefit liabilities
  188,970  125,438 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

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25.4 Details of post-employment benefits recognized in profit or loss for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
   
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Current service cost
  227,576   233,273  241,448 
Past service cost
   2,276    (16,197  451 
Net interest expense on net defined benefit liabilities
   5,545    4,743   2,921 
Gains on settlement
       (1,912  (4,311
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Post-employment benefits *
  235,397   219,907  240,509 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
*
Includes post-employment benefits amounting to ₩ 2,575 million and₩ 2,840 million recognized as other operating expenses and ₩ 121 million and ₩ 176 million recognized as prepayment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, and post-employment benefits amounting to ₩ 3,194 million recognized as other operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021.
25.5 Details of remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Remeasurements:
             
Return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in interest income)
  (11,116 (6,308 (9,438
Actuarial gains and losses
   (64,083  (11,676  (55,703
Income tax effect
   20,676   4,949   18,638 
Effect of exchange differences
      (399  993 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Remeasurements after income tax expense
  (54,523 (13,434 (45,510
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
25.6 Details of fair value of plan assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Assets quoted
in an active
market
   
Assets not
quoted in
an active
market
   
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Cash and due from financial institutions
     2,299,500   2,299,500 
Derivative instruments
       1,930    1,930 
Investment fund
       1,523    1,523 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
      2,302,953   2,302,953 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Assets quoted
in an active
market
   
Assets not
quoted in
an active
market
   
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Cash and due from financial institutions
     2,441,324   2,441,324 
Derivative instruments
       3,427    3,427 
Investment fund
       2,328    2,328 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
      2,447,079   2,447,079 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 

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25.7 Details of significant actuarial assumptions used as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
Discount rate (%)
   0.90~2.00    1.80~2.70 
Salary increase rate (%)
   0.00~7.50    0.00~7.50 
Turnover rate (%)
   0.00~50.00    0.00~50.00 
Mortality assumptions are based on the experience-based mortality table issued by Korea Insurance Development Institute in 2019.
25.8 Results of sensitivity analysis of significant actuarial assumptions as of December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Changes in
assumptions
  
Effect on defined benefit obligation
 
 
Increase in assumptions
   
Decrease in assumptions
 
Discount rate
   0.5%p   4.24% decrease    4.56% increase 
Salary increase rate
   0.5%p   4.27% increase    4.02% decrease 
Turnover rate
   0.5%p   0.37% decrease    0.38% increase 
The above sensitivity analysis is based on a change in an assumption while holding all other assumptions constant. In practice, this is unlikely to occur, and changes in some of the assumptions may be correlated. The sensitivity of the defined benefit obligation to changes in significant actuarial assumptions is calculated using the same projected unit credit method used in calculating the defined benefit obligation recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position.
25.9 Expected maturity analysis of undiscounted pension benefit payments (including expected future benefit) as of December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Up to 1 year
   
1~2 years
   
2~5 years
   
5~10 years
   
Over 10 years
   
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Pension benefits *
  89,554   177,777   709,744   1,466,517   5,258,052   7,701,644 
 
*
Amount determined under the promotion compensation type defined contribution plan is excluded.
The weighted average duration of the defined benefit obligation is 1 ~ 11 years
.
25.10 Reasonable estimation of expected contribution to plan assets for the next annual reporting period after December 31, 2021 is
224,658 million.
 

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26. Other Liabilities
Details of other liabilities as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Other financial liabilities
          
Other payables
  14,247,067   11,175,682 
Prepaid card and debit card payables
   31,184    33,972 
Accrued expenses
   2,787,360    2,620,819 
Financial guarantee contracts liabilities
   49,286    52,603 
Deposits for letter of guarantees and others
   1,103,876    1,093,680 
Domestic exchange settlement credits
   938,039    5,125,430 
Foreign exchange settlement credits
   134,678    169,264 
Due to trust accounts
   7,542,955    7,033,849 
Liabilities incurred from agency relationships
   765,844    739,276 
Account for agency business
   400,507    423,798 
Dividend payables
   478    474 
Lease liabilities
   559,113    578,808 
Others
   51,901    446,747 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    28,612,288    29,494,402 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Other
non-financial
liabilities
          
Other payables
   386,094    348,003 
Unearned revenue
   669,908    656,375 
Accrued expenses
   815,941    956,461 
Deferred revenue on credit card points
   211,815    214,053 
Withholding taxes
   180,092    164,333 
Separate account liabilities
   10,701,404    11,071,159 
Others
   226,481    225,696 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    13,191,735    13,636,080 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   41,804,023   43,130,482 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
27. Equity
27.1 Share Capital
27.1.1 Details of share capital as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
Type of share
  
Ordinary share
   
Ordinary share
 
   
(In millions of Korean won
and in number of shares)
 
Number of authorized shares
   1,000,000,000    1,000,000,000 
Par value per share
(In Korean won)
  5,000   5,000 
Number of issued shares
   415,807,920    415,807,920 
Share capital
  2,090,558   2,090,558 
 

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27.1.2 Changes in outstanding shares for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(In number of shares)
 
Beginning
   389,634,335    389,634,335 
Increase
        
Decrease
        
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Ending
         389,634,335          389,634,335 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
27.2 Hybrid Securities
Details of hybrid securities classified as equity as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
Hybrid securities
  
Issuance date
  
Maturity
   
Interest rate (%)

as of

December 31, 2021
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
              
(In millions of Korean won)
 
The
1-1
st
  May 2, 2019   Perpetual bond    3.23   349,309   349,309 
The
1-2
nd
  May 2, 2019   Perpetual bond    3.44    49,896    49,896 
The
2-1
st
  May 8, 2020   Perpetual bond    3.30    324,099    324,099 
The
2-2
nd
  May 8, 2020   Perpetual bond    3.43    74,812    74,812 
The
3-1
st
  Jul. 14, 2020   Perpetual bond    3.17    369,099    369,099 
The
3-2
nd
  Jul. 14, 2020   Perpetual bond    3.38    29,922    29,922 
The
4-1
st
  Oct. 20, 2020   Perpetual bond    3.00    433,996    433,996 
The
4-2
nd
  Oct. 20, 2020   Perpetual bond    3.28    64,855    64,855 
The
5-1
st
  Feb. 19, 2021   Perpetual bond    2.67        419,071 
The
5-2
nd
  Feb. 19, 2021   Perpetual bond    2.87        59,862 
The
5-3
rd
  Feb. 19, 2021   Perpetual bond    3.28        119,727 
The
6-1
st
  May 28, 2021   Perpetual bond    3.20        165,563 
The
6-2
nd
  May 28, 2021   Perpetual bond    3.60        109,708 
The
7-1
st
  Oct. 8, 2021   Perpetual bond    3.57        208,468 
The
7-2
nd
  Oct. 8, 2021   Perpetual bond    3.80        59,834 
                
 
 
   
 
 
 
             1,695,988   2,838,221 
                
 
 
   
 
 
 
The above hybrid securities are early redeemable by the Group after 5 or 7 or 10 years from the issuance date. On the other hand, hybrid securities of ₩ 574,580 million issued by Kookmin Bank are recognized as
non-controlling
interests and are early redeemable after 5 years from the issuance date and each interest payment date thereafter.
27.3 Capital Surplus
Details of capital surplus as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows
 
   
December 31,

2020
  
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Paid-in
capital in excess of par value
  13,190,274  13,190,274 
Losses on sales of treasury shares
   (481,332  (481,332
Other capital surplus
   4,002,714   4,219,356 
Consideration for exchange right of exchangeable bonds
   11,933   11,933 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   16,723,589  16,940,231 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

F-165

27.4 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Details of accumulated other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
   
December 31,

2020
  
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities
  (282,650 (328,392
Currency translation differences
   (131,113  96,534 
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income
   717,230   918,927 
Share of other comprehensive loss of associates and joint ventures
   (3,529  (2,980
Losses on cash flow hedging instruments
   (28,597  (7,733
Gains (losses) on hedging instruments of net investments in foreign operations
   22,277   (35,658
Other comprehensive income (loss) arising from separate account
   8,698   (55,116
Fair value changes of financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss due to own credit risk
   (11,507  2,208 
Gains on overlay adjustment
   339,202   459,484 
Assets of a disposal group held for sale
      7,671 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
        630,011    1,054,945 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
27.5 Retained Earnings
Details of retained earnings as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Legal reserves
1
  557,405   695,347 
Voluntary reserves
   982,000    982,000 
Unappropriated retained earnings
2
   21,001,211    23,995,468 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   22,540,616   25,672,815 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
1
 
With respect to the allocation of net profit earned in a fiscal term, the Parent Company must set aside in its legal reserve an amount equal to at least 10% of its profit after tax as reported in the financial statements, each time it pays dividends on its net profits earned until its legal reserve reaches the aggregate amount of its
paid-in
capital in accordance with Article 53 of the Financial Holding Company Act. This reserve is not available for the payment of cash dividends, but may be transferred to share capital, or used to reduce accumulated deficit.
2
 
Retained earnings restricted for dividend at subsidiaries level pursuant to laws and regulations amounts to ₩ 4,116,579 million as of December 31, 2021.
 

F-166

27.6 Treasury Shares
Changes in treasury shares for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
   
Beginning
   
Acquisition
   
Disposal
   
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won and in number of shares)
 
Number of treasury shares *
   26,173,585            26,173,585 
Carrying amount
  1,136,188         1,136,188 
 
   
2021
 
   
Beginning
   
Acquisition
   
Disposal
   
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won and in number of shares)
 
Number of treasury shares *
   26,173,585            26,173,585 
Carrying amount
  1,136,188         1,136,188 
 
*
5 million treasury shares are deposited at the Korea Securities Depository for the exchange of exchangeable bonds.
28. Net Interest Income
Details of interest income, interest expense, and net interest income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest income
               
Due from financial institutions measured at fair value through profit or loss
  2,685   649   1,723 
Securities measured at fair value through profit or loss
   668,377    647,840    579,128 
Loans measured at fair value through profit or loss
   33,001    10,876    9,537 
Securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
   774,864    719,434    784,980 
Loans measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
   14,708    7,899    4,618 
Due from financial institutions measured at amortized cost
   150,635    92,155    66,375 
Securities measured at amortized cost
   599,519    627,201    765,656 
Loans measured at amortized cost
   12,247,493    12,177,822    12,745,780 
Others
   147,905    201,871    253,081 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    14,639,187    14,485,747    15,210,878 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Interest expense
               
Deposits
   3,481,121    2,916,794    2,218,556 
Borrowings
   596,425    572,946    510,385 
Debentures
   1,240,566    1,186,310    1,169,708 
Others
   124,288    87,423    82,657 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    5,442,400    4,763,473    3,981,306 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Net interest income
  9,196,787   9,722,274   11,229,572 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Interest income recognized on impaired loans is ₩ 54,033 million, ₩ 56,606 million and ₩ 52,638 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
 

F-167

29. Net Fee and Commission Income
Details of fee and commission income, fee and commission expense, and net fee and commission income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Fee and commission income
               
Banking activity fees
  214,512   189,100   178,412 
Lending activity fees
   83,916    91,663    82,184 
Credit card and debit card related fees
   1,316,636    1,378,450    1,526,911 
Agent activity fees
   172,211    196,518    205,206 
Trust and other fiduciary fees
   388,352    331,827    408,834 
Fund management related fees
   153,798    154,612    178,090 
Acceptances and guarantees fees
   48,122    54,108    49,782 
Foreign currency related fees
   134,145    173,313    245,299 
Securities agency fees
   145,846    172,097    174,709 
Other business account commission on consignment
   36,813    40,461    39,178 
Commissions received on securities business
   445,987    793,278    881,407 
Lease fees
   428,195    636,301    897,983 
Others
   310,714    315,296    455,611 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    3,879,247    4,527,024    5,323,606 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Fee and commission expense
               
Trading activity related fees *
   28,869    38,497    54,857 
Lending activity fees
   26,040    33,444    42,981 
Credit card and debit card related fees
   892,391    848,823    831,724 
Outsourcing related fees
   190,312    216,962    210,480 
Foreign currency related fees
   42,902    49,435    51,931 
Others
   343,729    380,924    506,050 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    1,524,243    1,568,085    1,698,023 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Net fee and commission income
  2,355,004   2,958,939   3,625,583 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
*
Fees from financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
 

F-168

30. Net Gains or Losses on Financial Instruments at Fair Value through Profit or Loss
30.1 Net Gains or Losses on Financial Instruments at Fair Value through Profit or Loss
Net gains or losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss include dividend income, gains or losses arising from changes in fair value, and gains or losses arising from sales and redemptions. Details of net gains or losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
               
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:
               
Debt securities
  1,613,946   2,061,505   1,804,112 
Equity securities
   428,646    725,072    733,823 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    2,042,592    2,786,577    2,537,935 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Derivatives held for trading:
               
Interest rate
   2,685,998    2,632,246    4,820,712 
Currency
   5,251,597    8,335,594    7,492,806 
Stock or stock index
   2,612,422    2,808,284    1,603,501 
Credit
   41,548    28,434    20,147 
Commodity
   15,240    18,097    21,864 
Others
   212,731    231,901    145,879 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    10,819,536    14,054,556    14,104,909 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
   46,750    28,160    72,585 
Other financial instruments
   5,811    689    6,753 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    12,914,689    16,869,982    16,722,182 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
               
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:
               
Debt securities
   752,999    1,040,285    1,280,960 
Equity securities
   315,743    444,554    426,431 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    1,068,742    1,484,839    1,707,391 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Derivatives held for trading:
               
Interest rate
   2,758,205    2,687,114    4,669,893 
Currency
   5,118,095    8,191,456    7,422,604 
Stock or stock index
   1,585,086    2,558,205    1,604,027 
Credit
   42,172    19,213    14,051 
Commodity
   9,437    21,797    14,815 
Others
   190,979    253,406    175,411 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    9,703,974    13,731,191    13,900,801 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
   94,426    153,227    80,790 
Other financial instruments
   5,704    116    6,839 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    10,872,846    15,369,373    15,695,821 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
  2,041,843   1,500,609   1,026,361 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 

F-169

30.2 Net Gains or Losses on Financial Instruments Designated at Fair Value through Profit or Loss
Net gains or losses on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss include gains or losses arising from changes in fair value, and gains or losses arising from sales and redemptions. Details of net gains or losses on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Gains on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss
             
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
  555,749  654,045  623,929 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    555,749   654,045   623,929 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Losses on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss
             
Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
   1,953,720   1,143,288   654,986 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    1,953,720   1,143,288   654,986 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net losses on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss
  (1,397,971 (489,243 (31,057
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

F-170

31. Net Other Operating Income and Expenses
Details of other operating income and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Other operating income
             
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income:
             
Gains on redemption of financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income
  796  351  2 
Gains on disposal of financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income
   222,371   304,217   126,710 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    223,167   304,568   126,712 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Gains on financial assets at amortized cost:
             
Gains on sale of loans measured at amortized cost
   80,746   180,038   136,620 
Gains on redemption of securities measured at amortized cost
         126 
Gains on disposal of securities measured at amortized cost
      229   41 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    80,746   180,267   136,787 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Gains on loans measured at fair value through other comprehensive income:
             
Gains on sale of loans measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
         226 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
          226 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Gains on foreign exchange transactions
   2,183,703   3,634,987   3,878,089 
Dividend income
   54,768   45,125   33,805 
Others
   321,244   591,798   753,575 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    2,863,628   4,756,745   4,929,194 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Other operating expenses
             
Losses on financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income:
             
Losses on redemption of financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income
      320   2,172 
Losses on disposal of financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income
   16,975   19,159   222,512 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    16,975   19,479   224,684 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Losses on financial assets at amortized cost:
             
Losses on sale of loans measured at amortized cost
   19,439   16,061   14,669 
Losses on redemption of securities measured at amortized cost
         6 
Losses on disposal of securities measured at amortized cost
      6,513   2 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    19,439   22,574   14,677 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Losses on foreign exchange transactions
   1,970,294   3,530,618   3,570,783 
Deposit insurance fee
   469,015   507,621   550,677 
Credit guarantee fund fee
   213,911   242,216   263,297 
Depreciation expenses of operating lease assets
   247,374   423,684   602,908 
Others
   989,944   1,510,483   1,625,735 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    3,926,952   6,256,675   6,852,761 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net other operating expenses
  (1,063,324 (1,499,930 (1,923,567
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

F-171

32. General and Administrative Expenses
32.1 Details of general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Expenses related to employee
               
Employee benefits—salaries
  2,557,821   2,789,201   3,007,439 
Employee benefits—others
   848,421    871,014    927,665 
Post-employment benefits—defined benefit plans
   232,701    216,891    237,315 
Post-employment benefits—defined contribution plans
   27,924    37,328    37,731 
Termination benefits
   239,790    361,098    322,970 
Share-based payments
   49,418    49,364    101,935 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    3,956,075    4,324,896    4,635,055 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
   784,431    874,911    850,614 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Other general and administrative expenses
               
Rental expense
   109,745    116,325    112,902 
Tax and dues
   238,670    260,071    268,383 
Communication
   48,749    53,596    60,221 
Electricity and utilities
   29,161    32,298    36,565 
Publication
   15,136    13,988    13,417 
Repairs and maintenance
   23,947    32,448    53,218 
Vehicle
   11,537    14,314    16,901 
Travel
   21,452    12,251    13,271 
Training
   31,451    27,610    34,056 
Service fees
   227,631    238,787    260,298 
Electronic data processing expenses
   258,456    280,773    314,511 
Advertising
   228,826    236,618    210,187 
Others
   286,538    295,926    321,254 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    1,531,299    1,615,005    1,715,184 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   6,271,805   6,814,812   7,200,853 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 

F-172

32.2 Share-based Payments
32.2.1 Stock grants
The Group changed the scheme of share-based payments awarded to executives and employees from stock options to stock grants in November 2007. The stock grants award program is an incentive plan that sets, on grant date, the maximum number of shares that can be awarded. Actual shares to be granted is determined in accordance with achievement of
pre-set
performance targets over the vesting period.
32.2.1.1 Details of stock grants linked to long-term performance as of December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Grant date
  
Number of

granted shares
1
   
Vesting conditions
2
      
(In number of shares)
    
KB Financial Group Inc.
           
Series 22
  Apr. 1, 2019   3,278   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
30%, and
non-market
performance
4
70%
Series 23
  May 27, 2019   1,436   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
30%, and
non-market
performance
4
70%
Series 25
  Jan. 1, 2020   36,103   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
0~30%, and
non-market
performance
4
70~100%
Series 27
  Jun. 16, 2020   184   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
30%, and
non-market
performance
4
70%
Series 28
  Nov. 21, 2020   68,135   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
35%, and
non-market
performance
5
65%
Series 29
  Jan. 1, 2021   94,120   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
0~30%, and
non-market
performance
4
70~100%
Series 30
  Apr. 1, 2021   3,069   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
30%, and
non-market
performance
4
70%
Series 31
  May 27, 2021   1,344   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
30%, and
non-market
performance
4
70%
Series 32
  Aug. 20, 2021   125   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
30%, and
non-market
performance
4
70%
Deferred grant in 2015
      5,303   Satisfied
Deferred grant in 2016
      6,119   Satisfied
Deferred grant in 2017
      2,249   Satisfied
Deferred grant in 2018
      3,863   Satisfied
Deferred grant in 2019
      15,189   Satisfied
Deferred grant in 2020
      45,661   Satisfied
      
 
 
    
       286,178    
      
 
 
    
Kookmin Bank
           
Series 76
  Apr. 1, 2019   5,765   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
30~50%, and
non-market
performance
4
50~70%
Series 77
  May 27, 2019   4,396   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
30~50%, and
non-market
performance
4
50~70%
Series 78
  Nov. 21, 2019   36,443   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
30%, and
non-market
performance
6
70%
Series 79
  Jan. 1, 2020   223,517   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
0~50%, and
non-market
performance
4
50~100%
Series 80
  Mar. 1, 2020   7,943   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
30~50%, and
non-market
performance
4
50~70%
Series 81
  Jan. 1, 2021   234,366   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
0~30%, and
non-market
performance
4
70~100%
 

F-173

   
Grant date
  
Number of

granted shares
1
   
Vesting conditions
2
      
(In number of shares)
    
Series 82
  Mar. 1, 2021   18,202   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
0~30%, and
non-market
performance
4
70~100%
Series 83
  Apr. 1, 2021   7,871   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
0~30%, and
non-market
performance
4
70~100%
Series 84
  May 27, 2021   4,032   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
0~30%, and
non-market
performance
4
70~100%
Deferred grant in 2015
      760   Satisfied
Deferred grant in 2016
      12,671   Satisfied
Deferred grant in 2017
      9,763   Satisfied
Deferred grant in 2018
      33,916   Satisfied
Deferred grant in 2019
      66,067   Satisfied
Deferred grant in 2020
      80,634   Satisfied
      
 
 
    
       746,346    
      
 
 
    
Other subsidiaries
           
Stock granted in 2010
      106   Services fulfillment, market performance
3
0~50%, and
non-market
performance
4
50~100%
Stock granted in 2011
      146    
Stock granted in 2012
      420    
Stock granted in 2013
      544    
Stock granted in 2014
      1,028    
Stock granted in 2015
      2,602    
Stock granted in 2016
      5,713    
Stock granted in 2017
      17,820    
Stock granted in 2018
      62,610    
Stock granted in 2019
      76,872    
Stock granted in 2020
      375,558    
Stock granted in 2021
      425,583    
      
 
 
    
       969,002    
      
 
 
    
       2,001,526    
      
 
 
   
 
1
Granted shares represent the total number of shares initially granted to executives and employees who have residual shares as of December 31, 2021 (Deferred grants are residual shares vested as of December 31, 2021).
2
Executives and employees were given the right of choice about the timing of the deferred payment (after the date of retirement), payment ratio, and payment period. Accordingly, a certain percentage of the granted shares is deferred for up to five years after the date of retirement after the deferred grant has been confirmed.
3
Relative TSR (Total Shareholder Return): [(Fair value at the end of the contract—Fair value at the beginning of the contract) + (Total amount of dividend per share paid during the contract period)] / Fair value at the beginning of the contract
4
Performance results of company and employee
5
EPS (Earnings Per Share), Asset Quality, HCROI (Human Capital Return on Investment), Profit from
non-banking
segments
6
 
EPS, Asset Quality
 

F-174

32.2.1.2 Details of stock grants linked to short-term performance as of December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Estimated number of

vested shares*
   
Vesting conditions
   
(In number of shares)
    
KB Financial Group Inc.
        
Stock granted in 2015
   5,352   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2016
   5,409   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2017
   2,489   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2018
   7,400   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2019
   18,692   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2020
   34,658   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2021
   34,965   Proportional to service period
Kookmin Bank
        
Stock granted in 2015
   5,019   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2016
   12,867   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2017
   3,862   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2018
   38,067   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2019
   83,778   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2020
   135,336   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2021
   109,561   Proportional to service period
Other subsidiaries
        
Stock granted in 2015
   7,777   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2016
   34,345   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2017
   58,052   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2018
   226,242   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2019
   408,353   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2020
   606,891   Satisfied
Stock granted in 2021
   267,649   Proportional to service period
   
 
 
    
    2,106,764    
   
 
 
    
 
*
Executives and employees were given the right of choice about the timing of the deferred payment (after the date of retirement), payment ratio, and payment period. Accordingly, a certain percentage of the granted shares is deferred for up to five years after the date of retirement after the deferred grant has been confirmed.
 

F-175

32.2.1.3 Stock grants are measured at fair value using the MonteCarlo simulation model and assumptions used in measuring the fair value as of December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Risk-free

rate (%)
   
Fair value
(market
performance
condition)
   
Fair value
(non-market

performance
condition)
 
   
(In Korean won)
 
Linked to long-term performance
 
          
(KB Financial Group Inc.)
               
Series 22
   1.35    50,023~56,379    50,023~56,379 
Series 23
   1.35    50,023~56,379    50,023~56,379 
Series 25
   1.35    50,023~56,379    50,023~56,379 
Series 27
   1.35        48,344~51,523 
Series 28
   1.35    43,391~47,774    46,978~51,724 
Series 29
   1.35    48,344~56,379    48,344~56,379 
Series 30
   1.35    46,800~51,523    46,800~51,523 
Series 31
   1.35    46,800~51,523    46,800~51,523 
Series 32
   1.35    50,023~56,379    50,023~56,379 
Deferred grant in 2015
   1.35        48,344~56,379 
Deferred grant in 2016
   1.35        51,523~56,379 
Deferred grant in 2017
   1.35        53,308~56,379 
Deferred grant in 2018
   1.35        51,523~56,379 
Deferred grant in 2019
   1.35        53,308~56,379 
Deferred grant in 2020
   1.35        48,344~56,379 
(Kookmin Bank)
               
Series 76
   1.35    50,023~56,379    50,023~56,379 
Series 77
   1.35    50,023~56,379    50,023~56,379 
Series 78
   1.35    49,885~56,223    50,023~56,379 
Series 79
   1.35    50,023~56,379    50,023~56,379 
Series 80
   1.35    48,344~53,308    48,344~53,308 
Series 81
   1.35    48,344~56,379    48,344~56,379 
Series 82
   1.35    46,800~51,523    46,800~51,523 
Series 83
   1.35    46,800~51,523    46,800~51,523 
Series 84
   1.35    46,800~51,523    46,800~51,523 
Grant deferred in 2015
   1.35        56,379~56,379 
Grant deferred in 2016
   1.35        47,153~56,379 
Grant deferred in 2017
   1.35        51,523~56,379 
Grant deferred in 2018
   1.35        51,523~56,379 
Grant deferred in 2019
   1.35        45,096~56,379 
Grant deferred in 2020
   1.35        51,523~56,379 
(Other subsidiaries)
 
          
Stock granted in 2010
   1.35        53,308~53,308 
Stock granted in 2011
   1.35        53,308~53,308 
Stock granted in 2012
   1.35        51,523~53,308 
Stock granted in 2013
   1.35        51,523~53,308 
Stock granted in 2014
   1.35        51,523~51,523 
Stock granted in 2015
   1.35        46,800~56,379 
Stock granted in 2016
   1.35        46,436~56,502 
Stock granted in 2017
   1.35        45,096~61,294 
Stock granted in 2018
   1.35        45,096~56,502 
Stock granted in 2019
   1.35    46,800~56,502    45,096~56,502 
Stock granted in 2020
   1.35    48,344~56,502    45,096~56,502 
Stock granted in 2021
   1.35    46,800~56,379    46,800~56,502 
 

F-176

   
Risk-free

rate (%)
   
Fair value
(market
performance
condition)
   
Fair value
(non-market

performance
condition)
 
   
(In Korean won)
 
Linked to short-term performance
 
          
(KB Financial Group Inc.)
 
          
Stock granted in 2015
   1.35        48,344~56,379 
Stock granted in 2016
   1.35        45,304~56,379 
Stock granted in 2017
   1.35        51,523~56,379 
Stock granted in 2018
   1.35        51,523~56,379 
Stock granted in 2019
   1.35        53,308~56,379 
Stock granted in 2020
   1.35        48,344~56,379 
Stock granted in 2021
   1.35        50,023~53,308 
(Kookmin Bank)
               
Stock granted in 2015
   1.35        47,153~56,379 
Stock granted in 2016
   1.35        47,153~56,379 
Stock granted in 2017
   1.35        51,523~56,379 
Stock granted in 2018
   1.35        51,523~56,379 
Stock granted in 2019
   1.35        53,308~56,379 
Stock granted in 2020
   1.35        51,523~56,379 
Stock granted in 2021
   1.35        50,023~54,229 
(Other subsidiaries)
 
          
Stock granted in 2015
   1.35        46,800~56,502 
Stock granted in 2016
   1.35        46,800~56,502 
Stock granted in 2017
   1.35        45,096~56,502 
Stock granted in 2018
   1.35        45,096~56,502 
Stock granted in 2019
   1.35        45,096~56,502 
Stock granted in 2020
   1.35        46,800~56,502 
Stock granted in 2021
   1.35        46,800~54,649 
The Group uses the volatility of the stock price over the previous year as the expected volatility, and uses the arithmetic mean of the price-dividend ratio of one year before, two years before, and three years before the base year as the dividend yield and uses
one-year
risk-free rate of Korea Treasury Bond in order to measure the fair value.
32.2.1.4 The accrued expenses for share-based payments related to stock grants are ₩ 135,327 million and ₩ 193,023 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively, and the compensation costs amounting to ₩ 48,712 million and ₩ 101,897 million were recognized for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
 

F-177

32.2.2 Mileage stock
32.2.2.1 Details of mileage stock as of December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
Grant date
    
Number of

granted shares
1
   
Expected exercise
period (years)
2
  
Remaining
shares
 
     
(In number of shares)
 
Stock granted in 2019
 Jan. 11, 2019   26,580   0.00~0.03   14,907 
  Apr. 1, 2019   167   0.00~0.25   73 
  Apr. 18, 2019   105   0.00~0.29   45 
  Apr. 22, 2019   33   0.00~0.30   17 
  Jul. 1, 2019   109   0.00~0.50   87 
  Aug. 29, 2019   39   0.00~0.66   35 
  Sep. 2, 2019   50   0.00~0.67   28 
  Nov. 1, 2019   119   0.00~0.83   71 
  Nov. 8, 2019   14   0.00~0.85   6 
  Dec. 5, 2019   56   0.00~0.93   43 
  Dec. 6, 2019   84   0.00~0.93   82 
  Dec. 31, 2019   87   0.00~1.00   65 
Stock granted in 2020
 Jan. 18, 2020   28,645   0.00~1.05   19,435 
  May 12, 2020   46   0.00~1.36   44 
  Jun. 30, 2020   206   0.00~1.50   206 
  Aug. 26, 2020   40   0.00~1.65   40 
  Oct. 29, 2020   160   0.00~1.83   160 
  Nov. 6, 2020   45   0.00~1.85   37 
  Nov. 30, 2020   35   0.00~1.92   34 
  Dec. 2, 2020   57   0.00~1.92   53 
  Dec. 4, 2020   154   0.00~1.93   141 
  Dec. 30, 2020   88   0.00~2.00   86 
Stock granted in 2021
 Jan. 15, 2021   28,156   0.00~2.04   26,708 
  Apr. 1, 2021   89   0.00~2.26   89 
  Jul. 1, 2021   54   0.00~2.50   54 
  Jul. 2, 2021   11   0.00~2.50   11 
  Jul. 27, 2021   70   0.00~2.57   70 
  Nov. 1, 2021   71   0.00~2.84   71 
  Nov. 16, 2021   53   0.00~2.88   53 
  Dec. 3, 2021   91   0.00~2.92   91 
  Dec. 6, 2021   87   0.00~2.93   87 
  Dec. 30, 2021   76   0.00~3.00   76 
     
 
 
      
 
 
 
     
85,677
      
63,005
 
     
 
 
      
 
 
 
 
1
Mileage stock is exercisable for two years after one year from the grant date at the closing price of the end of the previous month. However, mileage stock can be exercised at the closing price of the end of the previous month on the date of occurrence of retirement or transfer despite a
one-year
grace period.
2
Assessed based on the stock price as of December 31, 2021. These shares are vested immediately at grant date.
32.2.2.2 The accrued expenses for share-based payments related to mileage stock are ₩ 2,862 million and ₩ 3,465 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. The compensation costs amounting to ₩ 1,086 million and ₩ 2,116 million were recognized as expenses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
 

F-178

32.2.3 Long-term share-based payments
The Group calculates the short-term performance bonus of executives of Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd. based on the result of performance evaluation as of the grant date and defers the bonus for three years and pays it in cash reflecting the stock price of KB Financial Group Inc. at that time.
32.2.3.1 Details of long-term share-based payments as of December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Grant date
   
Vested shares
   
Expected exercise period (years)
   
Vesting condition
 
   
(In number of shares)
 
Granted in 2020
   2020    13,402    2.00    Services fulfillment 
32.2.3.2 Long-term share-based payments are measured at fair value using the MonteCarlo simulation model and assumptions used in measuring the fair value as of December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Risk-free

rate (%)
   
Fair value

(market performance condition)
   
Fair value

(non-market performance

condition)
 
   
(In Korean won)
 
Granted in 2020
   1.35        51,523 
The Group uses the volatility of the stock price over the previous year as the expected volatility, and uses the arithmetic mean of the price-dividend ratio of one year before, two years before, and three years before the base year as the dividend yield and uses
one-year
risk-free rate of Korea Treasury Bond in order to measure the fair value.
32.2.3.3 The accrued expenses for long-term share-based payments are ₩ 652 million and ₩ 690 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. The compensation costs amounting to ₩ 652 million and ₩ 38 million were recognized as expenses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
33. Net Other
Non-Operating
Income and Expenses
Details of other
non-operating
income and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Other
non-operating
income
               
Gains on disposal of property and equipment
  35,747   111,132   9,045 
Rental income
   85,720    113,075    34,791 
Gains on a bargain purchase
       145,067    288 
Gain on sales of disposal group held for sale
   2,731         
Others
   84,793    96,931    81,210 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    208,991    466,205    125,334 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Other
non-operating
expenses
               
Losses on disposal of prop
e
rty and equipment
   8,587    11,945    6,552 
Donation
   102,711    113,083    103,647 
Restoration costs
   2,902    5,043    3,436 
Management cost for
written-off
loans
   3,382    3,018    4,054 
Others
   64,523    143,726    117,182 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    182,105    276,815    234,871 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Net other
non-operating
income (expenses)
  26,886   189,390   (109,537
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 

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34. Income Tax Expense
34.1 Details of income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Income tax payable
             
Current income tax expense
  1,043,047  1,099,171  1,571,947 
Adjustments of income tax of prior years recognized in current tax
   (51,130  (13,434  7,952 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    991,917   1,085,737   1,579,899 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Changes in deferred income tax assets and liabilities*
   286,099   326,918   214,660 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Income tax recognized directly in equity and others
             
Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities
   20,676   4,949   18,638 
Currency translation differences
   (5,714  14,988   (15,675
Net gains or losses on financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
   (13,168  (88,907  (71,421
Share of other comprehensive income or loss of associates and joint ventures
   (3,147  2,976   (7
Gains or losses on cash flow hedging instruments
   10,537   7,580   (21,534
Gains or losses on hedging instruments of net investments in foreign operations
   3,194   (24,500  25,599 
Other comprehensive income or loss arising from separate account
   (1,301  3,671   24,206 
Fair value changes of financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss due to own credit risk
   4,294   (3,350  (5,202
Net gains or losses on overlay adjustment
   (72,817  (61,637  (46,834
Consideration for exchange right of exchangeable bonds
      (4,526   
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    (57,446  (148,756  (92,230
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Others
      495   (5,104
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Income tax expense
  1,220,570  1,264,394  1,697,225 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
*
Effect of business combination is excluded.
 

F-180

34.2 Analysis of the relationship between net profit before income tax expense and income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
Tax rate
(%)
  
Amount
  
Tax rate
(%)
  
Amount
  
Tax rate
(%)
  
Amount
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Profit before income tax expense
      4,533,198      4,779,972      6,081,606 
Income tax at the applicable tax rate*
   27.27   1,236,267   27.28   1,304,130   27.33   1,662,080 
Non-taxable
income
   (0.52  (23,601  (1.55  (73,855  (0.67  (40,708
Non-deductible
expenses
   0.42   19,086   0.35   16,541   0.42   25,739 
Tax credit and tax exemption
   (0.01  (627  (0.08  (4,016  (0.01  (361
Temporary difference for which no deferred tax is recognized
   (0.11  (4,860  0.47   22,189   0.08   5,065 
Changes in recognition and measurement of deferred tax
      (100  0.24   11,616   0.10   5,997 
Income tax refund for tax of prior years
   (0.20  (9,105  (0.46  (22,139  (0.23  (13,953
Income tax expense of overseas branches
   0.11   5,004   0.23   10,739   0.31   18,571 
Others
   (0.03  (1,494  (0.02  (811  0.57   34,795 
       
 
 
      
 
 
      
 
 
 
Average effective tax rate and income tax expense
   26.93  1,220,570   26.45  1,264,394   27.90  1,697,225 
       
 
 
      
 
 
      
 
 
 
 
*
Applicable income tax rate for ₩ 200 million and below is 11%, for over ₩ 200 million to ₩ 20 billion is 22%, for over ₩ 20 billion to ₩ 300 billion is 24.2% and for over ₩ 300 billion is 27.5% for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021.
35. Dividends
The annual dividends paid to the shareholders of the Parent Company in 2020 and 2021 were ₩ 861,092 million (₩ 2,210 per share) and ₩ 689,653 million (₩ 1,770 per share), respectively. Meanwhile, the quarterly dividends of ₩ 292,226 million (₩ 750 per share) with dividends record date of June 30, 2021 were paid on August 6, 2021 according to the resolution of the board of directors on July 22, 2021. The annual dividends to the shareholders of the Parent Company for the year ended December 31, 2021, amounting to ₩ 853,299 million (₩ 2,190 per share) is to be proposed at the general shareholders’ meeting scheduled for March 25, 2022. The Group’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021, do not reflect this dividend payable.
 

F-181

36. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
   
Beginning
  
Changes

except for
reclassification
  
Reclassification
to profit or loss
  
Transfer

within equity
  
Tax effect
  
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities
  (269,505 (18,094     4,949  (282,650
Currency translation differences
   31,793   (177,894        14,988   (131,113
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income
   487,331   757,236   (112,020  (326,410  (88,907  717,230 
Share of other comprehensive income (loss) of associates and joint ventures
   3,318   (3,923  (5,900     2,976   (3,529
Losses on cash flow hedging instruments
   (27,333  (48,034  39,190      7,580   (28,597
Gains (losses) on hedging instruments of net investments in foreign operations
   (41,992  88,769         (24,500  22,277 
Other comprehensive income arising from separate account
   18,381   2,834   (16,188     3,671   8,698 
Fair value changes of financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss due to own credit risk
   (20,326  12,169         (3,350  (11,507
Gains on overlay adjustment
   187,077   248,688   (34,926     (61,637  339,202 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   368,744  861,751  (129,844 (326,410 (144,230 630,011 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

F-182

   
2021
 
   
Beginning
  
Changes

except for
reclassification
  
Reclassification
to profit or loss
  
Transfer

within
equity
  
Tax effect
  
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities
  (282,650 (64,380     18,638  (328,392
Currency translation differences
   (131,113  248,998   1,995   (7,671  (15,675  96,534 
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income
   717,230   (62,043  20,537   314,624   (71,421  918,927 
Share of other comprehensive income (loss) of associates and joint ventures
   (3,529  3,276   (2,720     (7  (2,980
Losses on cash flow hedging instruments
   (28,597  95,478   (53,080     (21,534  (7,733
Gains (losses) on hedging instruments of net investments in foreign operations
   22,277   (88,729  5,195      25,599   (35,658
Other comprehensive income (loss) arising from separate account
   8,698   (81,601  (6,419     24,206   (55,116
Fair value changes of financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss due to own credit risk
   (11,507  18,917         (5,202  2,208 
Gains on overlay adjustment
   339,202   257,574   (90,458     (46,834  459,484 
Assets of a disposal group held for sale
            7,671      7,671 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   630,011  327,490  (124,950 314,624  (92,230 1,054,945 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

F-183

37. Earnings per Share
37.1 Basic Earnings per Share
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing profit attributable to ordinary equity holders of the Parent Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding.
37.1.1 Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
Number of

shares
  
Accumulated
number of shares
  
Number of

shares
  
Accumulated
number of shares
  
Number of

shares
  
Accumulated
number of shares
 
   
(In number of shares)
 
Number of issued ordinary shares
   415,807,920   152,564,638,665   415,807,920   152,185,698,720   415,807,920   151,769,890,800 
Number of treasury shares
   (26,173,585  (9,801,574,522  (26,173,585  (9,579,532,110  (26,173,585  (9,553,358,525
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Average number of ordinary shares outstanding
   389,634,335   142,763,064,143   389,634,335   142,606,166,610   389,634,335   142,216,532,275 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Number of days
       365       366       365 
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding
       391,131,683       389,634,335       389,634,335 
37.1.2 Basic earnings per share
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In Korean won and in number of shares)
 
Profit attributable to shareholders of the Parent Company
  3,311,255,938,055  3,468,447,701,501  4,409,543,288,213 
Deduction: Dividends on hybrid securities
   (6,512,500,000  (22,859,500,000  (71,537,500,000
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Profit attributable to ordinary equity holders of the Parent Company (A)
   3,304,743,438,055   3,445,588,201,501   4,338,005,788,213 
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding (B)
   391,131,683   389,634,335   389,634,335 
Basic earnings per share (A/B)
  8,449  8,843  11,134 
37.2 Diluted Earnings per Share
Diluted earnings per share is calculated through increasing the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding by the weighted average number of additional ordinary shares that would have been outstanding assuming the conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares. The Group has dilutive potential ordinary shares such as stock grants and ordinary share exchange right of exchangeable bonds.
A calculation is done to determine the number of shares that could have been acquired at fair value (determined as the average market share price for the year) based on the monetary value of stock grants. The number of shares calculated above is compared with the number of shares that would have been issued assuming the settlement of stock grants.

F-184

Exchangeable bonds are included in potential ordinary shares from the exercisable date of the exchange right, and interest expense after tax for the period is added to profit for diluted earnings per share.
37.2.1 Adjusted profit for diluted earnings per share
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In Korean won)
 
Profit attributable to shareholders of the Parent Company
  3,311,255,938,055  3,468,447,701,501  4,409,543,288,213 
Deduction: Dividends on hybrid securities
   (6,512,500,000  (22,859,500,000  (71,537,500,000
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Profit attributable to ordinary equity holders of the Parent Company
   3,304,743,438,055   3,445,588,201,501   4,338,005,788,213 
Adjustments: Interest expense on exchangeable bonds
      798,012,332   2,347,186,871 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Adjusted profit for diluted earnings per share
  3,304,743,438,055  3,446,386,213,833  4,340,352,975,084 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
37.2.2 Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share
 
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(In number of shares)
 
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding
   391,131,683    389,634,335    389,634,335 
Adjustment:
               
Stock grants
   2,890,513    3,416,737    3,945,208 
Exchangeable bonds
       1,707,650    5,000,000 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Adjusted weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share
   394,022,196    394,758,722    398,579,543 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
37.2.3 Diluted earnings per share
 
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(In Korean won and in number of shares)
 
Adjusted profit for diluted earnings per share
  3,304,743,438,055   3,446,386,213,833   4,340,352,975,084 
Adjusted weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share
   394,022,196    394,758,722    398,579,543 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Diluted earnings per share
  8,387   8,730   10,890 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
F-185

38. Insurance Contracts
38.1 Insurance Assets
38.1.1 Details of deferred acquisition costs included in other assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Non-life
insurance
  965,683   1,230,375 
Life insurance
   205,289    345,831 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   1,170,972   1,576,206 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
38.1.2 Changes in deferred acquisition costs included in other assets for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
   
Beginning
   
Increase
   
Amortization
  
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Non-life
insurance
  786,626   872,811   (693,754 965,683 
Life insuranc
e
   134,739    144,429    (73,879  205,289 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
      921,365   1,017,240   (767,633 1,170,972 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
2021
 
   
Beginning
   
Increase
   
Amortization
  
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Non-life
insurance
  965,683   965,735   (701,043 1,230,375 
Life insurance
   205,289    258,653    (118,111  345,831 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   1,170,972   1,224,388   (819,154 1,576,206 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-186

38.1.3 Details of reinsurance assets included in other assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
      
December 31,

2020
  
December 31,

2021
 
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Non-life
insurance
  Reserve for outstanding claims:         
  
General insurance
  732,579  879,936 
  
Automobile insurance
   14,916   16,989 
  
Long-term insurance
   156,234   178,531 
  Unearned premium reserve:         
  
General insurance
   285,634   262,020 
  
Automobile insurance
   10,870   5,575 
     
 
 
  
 
 
 
       1,200,233   1,343,051 
      
 
 
  
 
 
 
Life insurance
  Reserve for outstanding claims   2,081   2,169 
   Unearned premium reserve   951   985 
      
 
 
  
 
 
 
       3,032   3,154 
      
 
 
  
 
 
 
Others
  Reserve for outstanding claims   2,427   2,103 
  Unearned premium reserve   895   620 
      
 
 
  
 
 
 
       3,322   2,723 
      
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total reinsurance assets
   1,206,587   1,348,928 
Less: Allowances for impairment losses
   (879  (436
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   1,205,708  1,348,492 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-187

38.1.4 Changes in reinsurance assets included in other assets for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
      
Beginning
  
Net increase
(decrease)
  
Business

combination
   
Ending
 
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Non-life insurance
  Reserve for outstanding claims:
 
     
  
General insurance
  361,065  371,514     732,579 
  
Automobile insurance
   16,555   (1,639      14,916 
  
Long-term insurance
   130,758   25,476       156,234 
  
Unearned premium reserve:
 
     
  
General insurance
   208,820   76,814       285,634 
  
Automobile insurance
   19,952   (9,082      10,870 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
       737,150   463,083       1,200,233 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Life insurance
  
Reserve for outstanding claims
   1,639   (564  1,006    2,081 
  
Unearned premium reserve
   408   (27  570    951 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
       2,047   (591  1,576    3,032 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Others
  
Reserve for outstanding claims
   2,563   (136      2,427 
  
Unearned premium reserve
   844   51       895 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
       3,407   (85      3,322 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total reinsurance assets
   742,604   462,407   1,576    1,206,587 
Less: Allowances for impairment losses
   (1,953  1,074       (879
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
   740,651  463,481  1,576   1,205,708 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
2021
 
      
Beginning
  
Net increase
(decrease)
  
Ending
 
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Non-life insurance
  Reserve for outstanding claims:
 
  
General insurance
  732,579  147,357  879,936 
  
Automobile insurance
   14,916   2,073   16,989 
  
Long-term insurance
   156,234   22,297   178,531 
  
Unearned premium reserve:
 
  
General insurance
   285,634   (23,614  262,020 
  
Automobile insurance
   10,870   (5,295  5,575 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
       1,200,233   142,818   1,343,051 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Life insurance
  
Reserve for outstanding claims
   2,081   88   2,169 
  
Unearned premium reserve
   951   34   985 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
       3,032   122   3,154 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Others
  
Reserve for outstanding claims
   2,427   (324  2,103 
  
Unearned premium reserve
   895   (275  620 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
       3,322   (599  2,723 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total reinsurance assets
   1,206,587   142,341   1,348,928 
Less: Allowances for impairment losses
   (879  443   (436
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   1,205,708  142,784  1,348,492 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-188

38.2 Insurance Liabilities
38.2.1 Details of insurance liabilities by insurance type as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Non-life

insurance
   
Life

insurance
   
Others
   
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Premium reserve*
  24,990,530   23,264,955      48,255,485 
Reserve for outstanding claims
   2,885,006    252,883    2,426    3,140,315 
Unearned premium reserve
   1,859,367    9,450    896    1,869,713 
Reserve for dividend to policyholders
   129,660    41,024        170,684 
Reserve for distribution of earnings to policyholders
   51,292    5,009        56,301 
Reserve for loss compensation on participating insurance
   20,090    6,818        26,908 
Guarantee reserve
       895,890        895,890 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   29,935,945   24,476,029   3,322   54,415,296 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Non-life

insurance
   
Life

insurance
   
Others
   
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Premium reserve*
  26,086,004   24,363,509      50,449,513 
Reserve for outstanding claims
   3,378,427    259,848    2,102    3,640,377 
Unearned premium reserve
   1,909,327    9,358    622    1,919,307 
Reserve for dividend to policyholders
   122,025    40,960        162,985 
Reserve for distribution of earnings to policyholders
   63,093    4,857        67,950 
Reserve for loss compensation on participating insurance
   24,790    6,108        30,898 
Guarantee reserve
       894,906        894,906 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   31,583,666   25,579,546   2,724   57,165,936 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
*
Includes negative VOBA amounting to ₩2,698,010 million and ₩2,390,985 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
38.2.2 Changes in insurance liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
2020
 
  
Beginning
  
Net increase
(decrease)
1
  
Business

combination
  
Ending
 
     
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Non-life insurance
  General insurance 1,064,913  503,828    1,568,741 
  Automobile insurance  1,623,846   274,026      1,897,872 
  Long-term insurance  25,006,078   1,356,401      26,362,479 
  Long-term investment contract  108,938   (2,085     106,853 
Life insurance
  Pure endowment insurance  5,236,128   318,109   2,016,112   7,570,349 
  Death insurance  642,963   404,456   14,658,632   15,706,051 
  Endowment insurance  1,270,855   (156,688  74,132   1,188,299 
  Group insurance and others
2
  9,555   (2,238  4,013   11,330 
Others
  3,407   (85     3,322 
     
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  34,966,683  2,695,724  16,752,889  54,415,296 
     
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-189

   
2021
 
   
Beginning
   
Net increase
(decrease)
1
  
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Non-life insurance
  General insurance  1,568,741   222,543  1,791,284 
  Automobile insurance   1,897,872    127,693   2,025,565 
  Long-term insurance   26,362,479    1,373,257   27,735,736 
  Long-term investment contract   106,853    (75,772  31,081 
Life insurance
  Pure endowment insurance   7,570,349    436,999   8,007,348 
  Death insurance   15,706,051    810,366   16,516,417 
  Endowment insurance   1,188,299    (142,962  1,045,337 
  Group insurance and others
2
   11,330    (886  10,444  
Others
   3,322    (598  2,724  
      
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   54,415,296   2,750,640  57,165,936 
      
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
1
 
Includes exchange differences effect and decrease in liabilities related to investment contracts.
2
 
Includes reserve for distribution of earnings to policyholders and reserve for loss compensation on participating insurance.
38.3 Liability Adequacy Test
According to the revision of the Detailed Regulations on Supervision of Insurance Business, the criteria for the insurance liability adequacy test were changed, and the Group accounted for the change as a change in accounting policy because it provided reliable and more relevant information about current estimates of future cash flows. This change in accounting policy has no effect on the consolidated financial statements, but comparative notes have been restated.
38.3.1 KB Insurance Co., Ltd.
Assumptions and calculation basis for the insurance liability adequacy test of KB Insurance Co., Ltd. as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Assumptions (%)
   
Calculation
basis
   
December 31,
2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
Long-term insurance
             
Discount rate
   -3.98~23.96    -3.39~19.54   Calculated by applying an interest rate scenario which is a risk-free rate scenario adjusted by liquidity premium presented by director of the Financial Supervisory Service
Expense ratio
   6.46    6.25   Calculated using future expense plan based on the recent one-year experience statistics
Lapse ratio
   1.48~35.44    1.49~35.98   Calculated based on the recent five-year experience statistics
Risk ratio
   11.9~1,055.2    7.4~1,143.8   Calculated by ratio of insurance claim payments to risk premiums based on the recent seven-year experience statistics
General insurance
             
Lapse ratio
   1.1    0.9   Ratio of surrender value to direct insurance premiums by type of contracts for the preceding five years

F-190

   
Assumptions (%)
  
Calculation
basis
   
December 31,
2020
  
December 31,

2021
Sales cost ratio
  6.5  6.3  Ratio of sales cost to direct insurance premiums by type of contracts for the preceding year (applicable only to unpaid premiums)
Maintenance cost ratio
  10.7  10.5  Ratio of maintenance cost to earned premiums by type of contracts for the preceding year
Claim survey cost ratio
  4.7  4.7  Ratio of claim survey cost to insurance claim payments by type of contracts for the preceding three years
Loss ratio
  71.0  78.5  Ratio of final loss incurred to earned premiums by type of contracts for the preceding five years
Automobile insurance
      
Lapse ratio
  4.6  4.7  Ratio of surrender value to direct insurance premiums by type of contracts for the preceding five years
Sales cost ratio
  8.1  7.6  Ratio of sales cost to direct insurance premiums by type of contracts for the preceding year (applicable only to unpaid premiums)
Maintenance cost ratio
  9.0  8.8  Ratio of maintenance cost to earned premiums by type of collaterals for the preceding year
Claim survey cost ratio
  8.4  8.1  Ratio of claim survey cost to insurance claim payments by type of collaterals for the preceding three years
Loss ratio
  78.2  78.2  Ratio of final loss incurred to earned premiums by type of collaterals for the preceding five years
Results of the insurance liability adequacy test of KB Insurance Co., Ltd. as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
  
Recognized
liabilities*
   
Estimated adequate
liabilities
   
Surplus

(shortfall)
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
General insurance
  461,227   391,040   70,187 
Automobile insurance
   1,363,104    1,290,439    72,665 
Long-term insurance
   20,892,077    13,671,990    7,220,087 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   22,716,408   15,353,469   7,362,939 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
  
Recognized

liabilities*
   
Estimated adequate
liabilities
   
Surplus

(shortfall)
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
General insurance
  465,812   437,555   28,257 
Automobile insurance
   1,401,462    1,322,026    79,436 
Long-term insurance
   21,812,939    14,277,162    7,535,777 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    23,680,213   16,036,743   7,643,470 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
*
In the case of long-term insurance, premium reserve and unearned premium reserve are recognized; the premium reserve is the amount of subtracting deferred acquisition costs and insurance contract loans from the net insurance premium reserve in accordance with Article 6-3 of the Regulations on Supervision of Insurance Business.

F-191

As a result of the liability adequacy test, the Group did not set additional reserve as it shows net surplus. As such, there was no amount recorded as a result of the liability adequacy test as of December 31, 2021.
38.3.2 KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.
Assumptions and calculation basis for the insurance liability adequacy test of KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd. as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Assumptions (%)
  
Calculation
basis
   
December 31,

2020
  
December 31,

2021
Lapse ratio
  0~65.50  0~65.57  Ratio of canceled premiums to premiums by product group, method of payment, channel, and elapsed period, based on the recent five-year experience statistics
    
Loss ratio
  24~156  22~162  Ratio of number of accidents to the number of holding contracts, by collateral, gender, and elapsed period, based on the recent seven-year experience statistics
    
Discount rate
  -3.62~23.48  -3.39~19.54  Estimated investment yield based on the interest rate scenario provided by the Financial Supervisory Service adjusted by risk spread
Indirect costs included in administration expenses were calculated by applying the unit cost based on the experience statistics of the actual executed costs over the past year according to the expense allocations standard set by the Detailed Regulations on Supervision of Insurance Business. Direct costs such as acquisition cost were calculated based on estimates of future expense according to the Group’s internal policies such as solicitation commission policy.
The insurance liability adequacy test of KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd. is performed by contract type such as interest rate type and dividend type. Results of the insurance liability adequacy test as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
      
December 31, 2020
 
      
Recognized

liabilities
  
Estimated adequate
liabilities
  
Surplus

(shortfall)
 
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Fixed interest type
  Participating  30,447  57,162  (26,715
  Non-participating   395,766   66,380   329,386 
Variable interest type
  Participating   970,376   1,010,383   (40,007
  Non-participating   5,508,172   5,275,939   232,233 
Variable type
   (26,685  (125,530  98,845 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total
  6,878,076  6,284,334  593,742 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
      
December 31, 2021
 
      
Recognized

liabilities
  
Estimated adequate
liabilities
  
Surplus

(shortfall)
 
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Fixed interest type
  Participating  30,828  51,443  (20,615
  Non-participating   664,569   5,876   658,693 
Variable interest type
  Participating   896,754   913,067   (16,313
  Non-participating   5,754,214   5,263,775   490,439 
Variable type
   (7,822  (101,418  93,596 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   7,338,543  6,132,743  1,205,800 
      
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

F-192

As a result of the liability adequacy test, the Group did not set additional reserve as it shows net surplus. As such, there was no amount recorded as a result of the liability adequacy test as of December 31, 2021.
38.3.3 Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd.
Assumptions and calculation basis for the insurance liability adequacy test of Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd. as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Assumptions (%)
   
   
December 31,

2020
  
December 31,

2021
  
Calculation
basis
Discount rate
  -3.98~23.96  -3.39~19.54  Calculated by applying an interest rate scenario which is a risk-free rate scenario adjusted by liquidity premium presented by the Financial Supervisory Service
    
Lapse ratio
  2~28  1~26  Calculated based on the amount of insurance coverage by elapsed period based on the recent five-year experience statistics
    
Risk ratio
  21~312  28~545  Calculated by ratio of insurance claim payments to risk premiums by elapsed period based on the recent five-year experience statistics
The insurance liability adequacy test of Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd. is performed by contract type such as interest rate type and dividend type. Results of the insurance liability adequacy test as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
      
Surplus (shortfall)
 
      
December 31, 2020
  
December 31, 2021
 
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Fixed interest type
  Participating  (14,701 (7,687
   Non-participating   (865,083  787,200 
Variable interest type
  Non-participating   100,825   128,963 
Variable type
   1,584,469   1,278,620 
      
 
 
  
 
 
 
      805,510  2,187,096 
      
 
 
  
 
 
 
As a result of the liability adequacy test, the Group did not set additional reserve as it shows net surplus. As such, there was no amount recorded as a result of the liability adequacy test as of December 31, 2021.

F-193

38.4 Net Insurance Income
Details of insurance income and insurance expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Insurance income
  Premium income  11,173,367   12,872,727   14,684,383 
  Reinsurance income   850,871    823,500    990,437 
  Reversal of policy reserve   993    85    599 
  Separate account income   216,429    216,485    286,967 
  
Income from changes in reinsurance assets
   42,432    467,729    135,159 
  Other insurance income   33,090    6,114    10,313 
      
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
       12,317,182    14,386,640    16,107,858 
      
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Insurance expenses
  Insurance claims paid   5,046,772    5,264,829    5,777,899 
  Dividend expenses   9,902    11,661    14,038 
  Refunds of surrender value   2,870,543    3,286,150    4,032,209 
  Reinsurance expenses   1,018,007    1,127,304    1,163,056 
  Provision for policy reserve   1,547,264    2,709,903    2,761,735 
  Separate account expenses   139,810    113,703    112,180 
  Administration expenses   453,016    563,085    644,947 
  
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs
   679,279    767,633    819,154 
  
Expenses from changes in reinsurance assets
   314    163     
  Claim survey expenses paid   52,123    58,873    60,234 
  Other insurance expenses   200,640    183,343    165,695 
      
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
       12,017,670    14,086,647    15,551,147 
      
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Net insurance income
  299,512   299,993   556,711 
      
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
38.5 Risk Management of KB Insurance Co., Ltd.
38.5.1 Overview of insurance risk
Insurance risk is the risk that arises from a primary operation of insurance companies that is associated with underwriting of insurance contracts and payment of claims and is classified as insurance price risk and reserves risk. Insurance price risk is the risk of loss that might occur when the actual risk exceeds the expected risk ratio or expected expense ratio set at the time of calculating insurance premium, that is, the possibility of loss due to the differences between actual payment of claims and premiums received from policyholders. Reserve risk means the risk of not being able to cover actual claim payments in the future due to a lack of reserve accumulated at the time of assessment.
38.5.2 Purposes, policies, and procedures to manage risk arising from insurance contracts
The risks associated with insurance contracts that the Group faces are insurance actuarial risk and underwriting risk. Each risk occurs due to insurance contract’s pricing and conditions of underwriting. In order to minimize the possibility of acquiring a bad contract, the Group has established and operated detailed underwriting guidelines and underwriting procedures by insurance type that specify detailed underwriting conditions according to the type of risk covered through pre-analysis of insured property. In addition, the Group is making efforts to reduce insurance actuarial risk by follow-up measures such as adjustments of premium rate,

F-194

changes of sales conditions, termination of selling specific product, development of new product, and others through comparing and analyzing the expected risk level at the date of pricing and actual risk level after the acceptance. The Group has prepared a process to minimize management risk other than insurance actuarial risk and underwriting risk by operating a committee that shares opinions on underwriting policies and premium rate policies and decides important matters.
In addition, by establishing a reinsurance operating strategy according to the reinsurance operating standards, the Group is preparing for the possibility of incurring high claim expenses at once due to unexpected catastrophic accidents while maintaining an appropriate holding level considering the solvency of the Group. The Group supports the protection and stable interests of policyholders, and comprehensively manages risks to maximize corporate value in the mid to long term.
38.5.3 Exposure to insurance price risk
According to Risk Based Capital (“RBC”) standard, exposure to insurance price risk is measured as the risk retained premium for all insurance contracts based on the track record for one year up to reference date of calculation. The risk retained premium is measured by adding assumed risk reinsurance premium to direct risk premium and deducting ceded risk reinsurance premium.
The Group’s exposure to insurance price risk as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Direct

risk premium
   
Assumed risk
reinsurance
premium
   
Ceded risk
reinsurance
premium
  
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
General
  1,088,791   79,429   (663,750 504,470 
Automobile
   2,491,412        (21,433  2,469,979 
Long-term
   2,803,532        (415,439  2,388,093 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   6,383,735   79,429   (1,100,622 5,362,542 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Direct

risk premium
   
Assumed risk
reinsurance
premium
   
Ceded risk
reinsurance
premium
  
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
General
  1,161,427   93,191   (630,231 624,387 
Automobile
   2,538,277        (13,683  2,524,594 
Long-term
   3,128,821        (462,261  2,666,560 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   6,828,525   93,191   (1,106,175 5,815,541 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
38.5.4 Concentration of insurance risk
The Group is selling various insurance contracts such as general non-life insurances (fire, maritime, injury, technology, liability, package, title, guarantee, and other special type insurances), automobile insurances (for private use, for business use, for commercial use, bicycle, and others), long-term insurances (long-term non-life, property damage, injury, driver, savings, illness, nursing, and pension), and others. The Group’s risk is distributed through reinsurance, joint acceptance, and sales of diversified insurance products. In addition, insurances such as storm and flood insurance, which have a very low probability of occurrence but cover severe levels of risk, are controlled through acceptance limit and joint acquisition.

F-195

38.5.5 Claims development tables
The Group verifies and evaluates the adequacy of reserve for outstanding claims for general, automobile, and long-term insurance with two or more methods, including paid loss development trend and incurred loss development trend. If the individually estimated claims are insufficient, the Group recognizes additional reserves. Claims development tables as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
<2020>
General Insurance
 
   
Development year
 
Accident year  
After 1 year
   
After 2 years
   
After 3 years
   
After 4 years
   
After 5 years
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Estimate of gross ultimate claims (A)
                         
2016.1.1 ~ 2016.12.31
  145,618   167,818   171,206   178,265   180,160 
2017.1.1 ~ 2017.12.31
   168,409    200,699    204,368    206,201     
2018.1.1 ~ 2018.12.31
   200,968    241,474    246,871         
2019.1.1 ~ 2019.12.31
   219,881    263,849             
2020.1.1 ~ 2020.12.31
   232,622                 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    967,498    873,840    622,445    384,466    180,160 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Gross cumulative claim payments (B)
                         
2016.1.1 ~ 2016.12.31
   108,098    151,282    162,059    170,353    175,063 
2017.1.1 ~ 2017.12.31
   132,430    184,333    193,780    199,225     
2018.1.1 ~ 2018.12.31
   153,770    217,955    235,900         
2019.1.1 ~ 2019.12.31
   185,645    246,397             
2020.1.1 ~ 2020.12.31
   167,129                 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    747,072    799,967    591,739    369,578    175,063 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Difference (A-B)
  220,426   73,873   30,706   14,888   5,097 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Automobile Insurance
 
  
Development year
 
Accident year 
After 1
year
  
After 2
years
  
After 3
years
  
After 4
years
  
After 5
years
  
After 6
years
  
After 7
years
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Estimate of gross ultimate claims (A)
                            
2014.1.1 ~ 2014.12.31
 1,174,611  1,193,833  1,205,524  1,212,025  1,212,162  1,214,524  1,217,006 
2015.1.1 ~ 2015.12.31
  1,227,106   1,245,780   1,256,058   1,263,044   1,267,142   1,271,001    
2016.1.1 ~ 2016.12.31
  1,276,939   1,281,381   1,287,728   1,294,735   1,299,964       
2017.1.1 ~ 2017.12.31
  1,342,998   1,348,828   1,358,867   1,368,016          
2018.1.1 ~ 2018.12.31
  1,468,784   1,471,807   1,481,509             
2019.1.1 ~ 2019.12.31
  1,591,793   1,620,609                
2020.1.1 ~ 2020.12.31
  1,624,341                   
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   9,706,572   8,162,238   6,589,686   5,137,820   3,779,268   2,485,525   1,217,006 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-196

  
Development year
 
Accident year 
After 1
year
  
After 2
years
  
After 3
years
  
After 4
years
  
After 5
years
  
After 6
years
  
After 7
years
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Gross cumulative claim payments (B)
                            
2014.1.1 ~ 2014.12.31
  969,211   1,150,462   1,180,953   1,196,387   1,204,580   1,208,421   1,210,632 
2015.1.1 ~ 2015.12.31
  1,020,975   1,198,241   1,228,357   1,245,779   1,254,187   1,261,995    
2016.1.1 ~ 2016.12.31
  1,052,830   1,235,656   1,264,651   1,282,346   1,288,754       
2017.1.1 ~ 2017.12.31
  1,104,158   1,306,235   1,335,962   1,350,174          
2018.1.1 ~ 2018.12.31
  1,224,820   1,428,973   1,456,532             
2019.1.1 ~ 2019.12.31
  1,332,849   1,570,194                
2020.1.1 ~ 2020.12.31
  1,353,799                   
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   8,058,642   7,889,761   6,466,455   5,074,686   3,747,521   2,470,416   1,210,632 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Difference (A-B)
 1,647,930  272,477  123,231  63,134  31,747  15,109  6,374 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Long-term Insurance
 
  
Development year
 
Accident year 
After 1
year
  
After 2
years
  
After 3
years
  
After 4
years
  
After 5
years
  
After 6
years
  
After 7
years
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Estimate of gross ultimate claims (A)
                            
2014.1.1 ~ 2014.12.31
 789,088  1,083,049  1,114,820  1,119,206  1,122,191  1,123,240  1,124,628 
2015.1.1 ~ 2015.12.31
  885,476   1,219,394   1,256,051   1,266,881   1,270,967   1,273,615    
2016.1.1 ~ 2016.12.31
  1,064,744   1,437,573   1,485,839   1,500,403   1,506,889       
2017.1.1 ~ 2017.12.31
  1,184,224   1,614,903   1,670,929   1,689,768          
2018.1.1 ~ 2018.12.31
  1,372,706   1,881,046   1,941,497             
2019.1.1 ~ 2019.12.31
  1,626,481   2,229,830                
2020.1.1 ~ 2020.12.31
  1,818,316                   
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   8,741,035   9,465,795   7,469,136   5,576,258   3,900,047   2,396,855   1,124,628 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Gross cumulative claim payments (B)
                            
2014.1.1 ~ 2014.12.31
  744,944   1,065,792   1,104,468   1,114,341   1,119,531   1,122,378   1,123,868 
2015.1.1 ~ 2015.12.31
  836,471   1,205,130   1,248,475   1,262,528   1,269,557   1,272,648    
2016.1.1 ~ 2016.12.31
  1,017,243   1,424,948   1,477,415   1,496,556   1,503,841       
2017.1.1 ~ 2017.12.31
  1,130,868   1,599,227   1,662,978   1,683,997          
2018.1.1 ~ 2018.12.31
  1,319,613   1,868,434   1,933,543             
2019.1.1 ~ 2019.12.31
  1,574,696   2,211,717                
2020.1.1 ~ 2020.12.31
  1,749,647                   
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   8,373,482   9,375,248   7,426,879   5,557,422   3,892,929   2,395,026   1,123,868 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Difference (A-B)
 367,553  90,547  42,257  18,836  7,118  1,829  760 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-197

<2021>
General Insurance
 
   
Development year
 
Accident year  
After 1 year
   
After 2 years
   
After 3 years
   
After 4 years
   
After 5 years
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Estimate of gross ultimate claims (A)
                         
2017.1.1 ~ 2017.12.31
  169,234   201,406   205,075   206,856   207,252 
2018.1.1 ~ 2018.12.31
   200,968    241,471    246,499    250,083     
2019.1.1 ~ 2019.12.31
   219,419    263,105    267,687         
2020.1.1 ~ 2020.12.31
   232,622    273,531             
2021.1.1 ~ 2021.12.31
   290,480                 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    1,112,723    979,513    719,261    456,939    207,252 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Gross cumulative claim payments (B)
                         
2017.1.1 ~ 2017.12.31
   133,254    185,107    194,511    199,926    202,548 
2018.1.1 ~ 2018.12.31
   153,770    217,955    235,900    240,171     
2019.1.1 ~ 2019.12.31
   185,645    246,397    258,465         
2020.1.1 ~ 2020.12.31
   167,129    244,074             
2021.1.1 ~ 2021.12.31
   236,265                 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    876,063    893,533    688,876    440,097    202,548 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Difference(A-B)
  236,660   85,980   30,385   16,842   4,704 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Automobile Insurance
 
  
Development year
 
Accident year 
After 1
year
  
After 2
years
  
After 3
years
  
After 4
years
  
After 5
years
  
After 6
years
  
After 7
years
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Estimate of gross ultimate claims (A)
                            
2015.1.1 ~ 2015.12.31
 1,227,107  1,245,781  1,256,059  1,263,044  1,267,142  1,271,000  1,282,673 
2016.1.1 ~ 2016.12.31
  1,276,939   1,281,381   1,287,728   1,294,735   1,299,964   1,309,221    
2017.1.1 ~ 2017.12.31
  1,342,998   1,348,828   1,358,867   1,368,016   1,371,619       
2018.1.1 ~ 2018.12.31
  1,468,784   1,471,807   1,481,509   1,488,890          
2019.1.1 ~ 2019.12.31
  1,591,793   1,620,609   1,635,704             
2020.1.1 ~ 2020.12.31
  1,624,341   1,632,626                
2021.1.1 ~ 2021.12.31
  1,750,508                   
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   10,282,470   8,601,032   7,019,867   5,414,685   3,938,725   2,580,221   1,282,673 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Gross cumulative claim payments(B)
                            
2015.1.1 ~ 2015.12.31
  1,020,975   1,198,240   1,228,357   1,245,780   1,254,186   1,261,995   1,264,247 
2016.1.1 ~ 2016.12.31
  1,052,830   1,235,656   1,264,651   1,282,346   1,288,754   1,291,380    
2017.1.1 ~ 2017.12.31
  1,104,158   1,306,235   1,335,962   1,350,174   1,357,903       
2018.1.1 ~ 2018.12.31
  1,224,820   1,428,973   1,456,532   1,471,379          
2019.1.1 ~ 2019.12.31
  1,332,849   1,570,194   1,598,956             
2020.1.1 ~ 2020.12.31
  1,353,799   1,570,730                
2021.1.1 ~ 2021.12.31
  1,445,877                   
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   8,535,308   8,310,028   6,884,458   5,349,679   3,900,843   2,553,375   1,264,247 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Difference(A-B)
 1,747,162  291,004  135,409  65,006  37,882  26,846  18,426 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

F-198

Long-term Insurance
 
  
Development year
 
Accident year 
After 1
year
  
After 2
years
  
After 3
years
  
After 4
years
  
After 5
years
  
After 6
years
  
After 7
years
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Estimate of gross ultimate claims (A)
                            
2015.1.1 ~ 2015.12.31
 885,476  1,219,394  1,256,051  1,266,881  1,270,967  1,273,615  1,275,520 
2016.1.1 ~ 2016.12.31
  1,064,744   1,437,574   1,485,839   1,500,403   1,506,889   1,510,197    
2017.1.1 ~ 2017.12.31
  1,184,224   1,614,903   1,670,929   1,689,768   1,695,477       
2018.1.1 ~ 2018.12.31
  1,372,706   1,881,046   1,941,497   1,965,983          
2019.1.1 ~ 2019.12.31
  1,626,481   2,229,830   2,297,861             
2020.1.1 ~ 2020.12.31
  1,818,316   2,442,633                
2021.1.1 ~ 2021.12.31
  2,124,582                   
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   10,076,529   10,825,380   8,652,177   6,423,035   4,473,333   2,783,812   1,275,520 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Gross cumulative claim payments(B)
                            
2015.1.1 ~ 2015.12.31
  836,472   1,205,130   1,248,475   1,262,528   1,269,557   1,272,648   1,274,908 
2016.1.1 ~ 2016.12.31
  1,017,243   1,424,948   1,477,415   1,496,556   1,503,841   1,507,284    
2017.1.1 ~ 2017.12.31
  1,130,868   1,599,227   1,662,978   1,683,997   1,692,323       
2018.1.1 ~ 2018.12.31
  1,319,613   1,868,434   1,933,543   1,958,256          
2019.1.1 ~ 2019.12.31
  1,574,696   2,211,717   2,288,023             
2020.1.1 ~ 2020.12.31
  1,749,647   2,426,351                
2021.1.1 ~ 2021.12.31
  2,057,154                   
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   9,685,693   10,735,807   8,610,434   6,401,337   4,465,721   2,779,932   1,274,908 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Difference(A-B)
 390,836  89,573  41,743  21,698  7,612  3,880  612 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
38.5.6 Sensitivity analysis of insurance risk
The Group manages insurance risk by performing sensitivity analysis based on lapse ratio, loss ratio, expense ratio, discount rate, and others which are considered to have significant influence on future cash flow, timing, and uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis of insurance liabilities was conducted only in the unfavorable direction where additional insurance liabilities could be reserved as the surplus was sufficient as a result of the insurance liability adequacy test.
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
  
Assumption

change
  
Effect on
 
  
Base amount

of LAT
   
Insurance

liabilities
   
Profit

before tax
   
Equity
 
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Lapse ratio
   +10 351,205          
Loss ratio
   +10  5,203,896             
Expense ratio
   +10  388,406             
Discount rate
   -0.5%p   2,097,400             
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
  
Assumption

change
  
Effect on
 
  
Base amount

of LAT
   
Insurance

liabilities
   
Profit

before tax
   
Equity
 
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Lapse ratio
   +10 337,969          
Loss ratio
   +10  6,065,429             
Expense ratio
   +10  503,132             
Discount rate
   -0.5%p   1,985,421             

F-199

38.5.7 Liquidity risk of insurance contracts
Liquidity risk arising from insurance contracts arises from the increase in refunds at maturity caused by concentrations of maturity, the excessive increase in surrender values caused by unexpected mass cancelation, and the increase in payments of claims caused by major accidents. The Group manages payment of refunds at maturity by analyzing remaining maturity of insurance contracts.
Maturity structure of premium reserve as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020*
 
  
Up to

1 year
  
1~5

years
  
5~10

years
  
10~20

years
  
Over 20

years
  
Total
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Long-term insurance non-participating:
                        
Fixed interest type
 70,782  191,570  78,092  51,216  175,387  567,047 
Variable interest type
  663,210   2,304,298   1,937,621   845,404   14,716,753   20,467,286 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   733,992   2,495,868   2,015,713   896,620   14,892,140   21,034,333 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Annuity:
                        
Fixed interest type
  5   717   2,203   3,817   738   7,480 
Variable interest type
  242   83,568   390,516   1,301,383   2,195,244   3,970,953 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   247   84,285   392,719   1,305,200   2,195,982   3,978,433 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total:
                        
Fixed interest type
  70,787   192,287   80,295   55,033   176,125   574,527 
Variable interest type
  663,452   2,387,866   2,328,137   2,146,787   16,911,997   24,438,239 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  734,239  2,580,153  2,408,432  2,201,820  17,088,122  25,012,766 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
December 31, 2021*
 
  
Up to

1 year
  
1~5

years
  
5~10

years
  
10~20

years
  
Over 20

years
  
Total
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Long-term insurance non-participating:
                        
Fixed interest type
 121,988  64,730  77,880  59,042  324,259  647,899 
Variable interest type
  959,348   1,958,267   1,536,690   919,726   16,123,312   21,497,343 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   1,081,336   2,022,997   1,614,570   978,768   16,447,571   22,145,242 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Annuity:
                        
Fixed interest type
     820   2,134   3,813   532   7,299 
Variable interest type
  252   103,419   407,556   1,324,916   2,121,076   3,957,219 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
   252   104,239   409,690   1,328,729   2,121,608   3,964,518 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total:
                        
Fixed interest type
  121,988   65,550   80,014   62,855   324,791   655,198 
Variable interest type
  959,600   2,061,686   1,944,246   2,244,642   18,244,388   25,454,562 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  1,081,588  2,127,236  2,024,260  2,307,497  18,569,179  26,109,760 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
*
Includes long-term investment contracts liabilities classified as investment contracts amounting to ₩
106,853
 million and ₩
31,081
 million, as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.

F-200

38.5.8 Credit risk of insurance contract
Credit risk of an insurance contract refers to economic losses in which the reinsurer, the counterparty, is unable to fulfil its contract obligations due to a decline in credit ratings or default or others. Through an internal review, only the insurers rated BBB- or higher of S&P rating or corresponding rating are selected as reinsurance companies.
Concentration and credit ratings for top three reinsurance companies as of December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
Reinsurance company
  
Ratio
  
Credit rating
 
KOREAN RE
   38.65  AA 
MUNICH RE
   5.75  AAA 
ALLIANZGLOBAL
   5.67  AAA 
Exposures to credit risk related to reinsurance as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 as follows:
 
   
December 31,
2020
   
December 31,
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Reinsurance assets
1
  1,199,354   1,342,615 
Receivables from reinsurers
2
   252,064    377,619 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   1,451,418   1,720,234 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
1
 
Net carrying amount after impairment losses
2
 
Net carrying amount after allowances for credit losses
38.5.9 Interest rate risk of insurance contract
Interest rate risk exposure from the Group’s insurance contracts is the risk of unexpected losses due to the fluctuations of net interest income or net assets arising from changes in interest rate and it is managed to minimize unexpected losses. The Group calculates exposure to interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities for long-term, non-life insurance contracts. Liabilities exposure is premium reserve less surrender charge plus unearned premium reserve. Assets exposure is interest-bearing assets and assets that generate only fees without interest income are excluded from interest-bearing assets. Exposures to interest rate risk as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
38.5.9.1 Exposure to interest rate risk
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Interest-bearing liabilities
          
Fixed interest rate type
  501,147   489,399 
Variable interest rate type
   23,213,667    24,246,760 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   23,714,814   24,736,159 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Interest-bearing assets
          
Due from financial institutions measured at amortized cost and cash equivalents
  160,249   81,806 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
   3,823,603    3,863,978 
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
   3,983,567    4,488,443 
Securities measured at amortized cost
   8,700,196    8,514,272 
Loans measured at amortized cost
   6,271,484    6,433,839 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   22,939,099   23,382,338 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 

F-201

38.5.9.2 Measurement and recognition method
Duration is used to measure interest rate risk within a risk-based solvency test. The internal model system is utilized to manage interest rate risk internally. In addition, the Risk Management Committee sets asset allocation strategies every year to manage interest rate risk.
38.5.9.3 Sensitivity to changes in interest rate
Interest rate sensitivity is measured and managed by duration. Generally, when interest rate rises, the value and duration of assets and liabilities decrease, and when interest rate falls, the value and duration of assets and liabilities increase. If the duration of assets is shorter than that of liabilities, interest rate risk increases since the incremental portion of liabilities exceeds that of assets when interest rate falls.
38.5.9.4 Negative margin risk control
In order to manage negative margin risk between interest expenses on liabilities and investment income on invested assets, the Group determines the applied interest rate for premium calculation, the minimum guaranteed interest rate, and the disclosed interest rate by fully considering the market interest rate and the Group’s investment yield. It is set in accordance with the interest rate guideline set by the risk management department every year, and the set applicable interest rate and minimum guaranteed interest rate are determined with the approval of the Risk Management Committee.
38.6 Risk Management of KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.
38.6.1 Overview of insurance risk
Insurance risk is the risk that arises from a primary operation of insurance companies that is associated with underwriting of insurance contracts and payment of claims and refers to the possibility of losses that may occur because the risk at the time of claim payment is greater than the risk expected at the time of underwriting. Insurance risk can be divided into insurance price risk and policy reserve risk.
Insurance price risk is the possibility of loss due to the differences between actual payment of claims and premiums received from policyholders. Policy reserve risk is possibility of loss due to the differences between policy reserve and actual claims to be paid in the future. Therefore, losses are recognized if actual claims are more than policy reserve.
Life insurance company measures only insurance price risk under RBC requirement because life insurance claim payments are mainly in a fixed amount with less volatility and the period from insured event to claim payments is not long, therefore benefit of measurement of policy reserve risk is low.
38.6.2 Concentration of insurance risk and reinsurance policy
The Group is using reinsurance to mitigate the concentration of insurance risk and increase capital management efficiency using advanced techniques. The reinsurance guidelines are operated separately into individual contracts and group contracts, and reinsurance is ceded through the following process:
 
 (a)
In the decision-making process of launching a new product, the Group decides on ceding reinsurance. Subsequently, the Group selects the reinsurer through bidding, and decides whether to reinsure or not through agreements with the relevant departments, and final approval by executive of department in charge.
 
 (b)
The reinsurance department analyzes the object of reinsurance, the maximum limit of reinsurance, and the loss ratio through consultation with the relevant departments.
 

F-202

38.6.3 Characteristic and exposure to insurance price risk
The exposure to insurance price risk is measured as the risk retained premium for all insurance contracts based on the track record for one year up to reference date of calculation. The risk retained premium is measured by adding assumed risk reinsurance premium to direct risk premium and deducting ceded risk reinsurance premium. If the risk retained premium is less than zero, the exposure to insurance price risk is measured as zero.
Insurance risk of a life insurance company is mainly measured by insurance price risk. Policy reserve risk is managed by liability adequacy test because the life insurance claim payments are mainly in a fixed amount with less volatility and the period from insured event to claim payments is not long. Insurance price risk is managed through insurance risk management regulation established by the Risk Management Committee.
Maximum exposures to insurance price risk as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Before reinsurance
mitigation
   
After reinsurance
mitigation
   
Before reinsurance
mitigation
   
After reinsurance
mitigation
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Death
  13,509   10,409   14,977   11,976 
Disability
   672    349    586    296 
Hospitalization
   1,213    787    1,124    730 
Operation and diagnosis
   4,809    1,783    5,088    1,110 
Actual medical expense
   1,095    23    1,194    262 
Others
   1,045    474    972    316 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   22,343   13,825   23,941   14,690 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Average ratios of claims paid to risk premium received for the preceding three years based on exposure before risk mitigation as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are 65.1% and 63.0%, respectively.
Exposures to market risk arising from embedded derivatives included in host insurance contracts as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Policyholders’
reserve*
   
Guarantee

reserve
   
Policyholders’

reserve*
   
Guarantee

reserve
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Variable annuity
  490,551   2,782   611,283   3,014 
Variable universal
   90,337    2,515    78,689    2,768 
Variable saving
   720,197    504    556,196    393 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   1,301,085   5,801   1,246,168   6,175 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
*
Excludes the amount of the lapsed insurance reserve.
38.6.4 Assumptions used in measuring insurance liabilities
The Group continues to apply estimated ratio defined in the premium and policy reserve calculation manual, as prescribed by the Insurance Business Act and the Regulations on Supervision of Insurance Business when measuring insurance liabilities at every reporting period. However, in the case of variable interest type insurance, adjusted interest rate reflecting the external index interest rate according to Article 6-12 of the Regulations on Supervision of Insurance Business and disclosed interest rate reflecting the rate of return on managed assets stated in the premium and policy reserve calculation manual are used.

F-203

Reserve amount should be equal to or more than the standard reserve which is calculated using the standard interest rate and standard risk ratio as prescribed by the Enforcement Rules of the Insurance Business Act and the Regulations on Supervision of Insurance Business.
38.6.5 Maturity structure of premium reserve and unearned premium reserve as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
 
  
Up to

3 years
  
3-5 years
   
5-10 years

   
10-15

years
   
15-20 years
   
Over

20 years
   
Total
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Premium reserve
 739,485  350,639   605,931   412,563   451,074   4,770,046   7,329,738 
Unearned premium reserve
  162       23    1        6,291    6,477 
 
  
December 31, 2021
 
  
Up to

3 years
  
3-5 years
   
5-10 years

   
10-15

years
   
15-20 years
   
Over

20 years
   
Total
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Premium reserve
 651,638  285,623   578,102   386,515   545,270   5,403,252   7,850,400 
Unearned premium reserve
  156       24            5,763    5,943 
38.6.6 Sensitivity analysis of insurance risk
The Group manages insurance risk by performing sensitivity analysis based on lapse ratio, claim ratio, expense ratio, discount rate, and others which are considered to have significant influence on future cash flow, timing, and uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis of insurance liabilities was conducted only in the unfavorable direction where additional insurance liabilities could be reserved as the surplus was sufficient as a result of the insurance liability adequacy test.
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
  
Assumption

change
  
Effect on
 
  
Base amount

of LAT
   
Insurance

liabilities
   
Profit

before tax
   
Equity
 
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Lapse ratio
   +10 51,370          
Claim ratio
   +10  31,020             
Expense ratio
   +10  33,616             
Discount rate
   -0.5%p   511,913             
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
  
Assumption

change
  
Effect on
 
  
Base amount

of LAT
   
Insurance

liabilities
   
Profit

before tax
   
Equity
 
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Lapse ratio
   +10 82,811          
Claim ratio
   +10  50,899             
Expense ratio
   +10  53,511             
Discount rate
   -0.5%p   482,638             

F-204

38.7 Risk Management of Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd.
38.7.1 Overview of insurance risk
Insurance risk is the risk that arises from a primary operation of insurance companies that is associated with underwriting of insurance contracts and payment of claims and refers to the possibility of losses that may occur because the risk at the time of claim payment is greater than the risk expected at the time of underwriting. Insurance risk can be divided into insurance price risk and policy reserve risk.
Insurance price risk is the possibility of loss due to the differences between actual payment of claims and premiums received from policyholders.
Policy reserve risk is possibility of loss due to the differences between policy reserve and actual claims to be paid in the future. Therefore, losses are recognized if actual claims are more than policy reserve.
Life insurance company measures mainly insurance price risk and manages policy reserve risk using liability adequacy test because life insurance claim payments are mainly in a fixed amount with less volatility and the period from insured event to claim payments is not long.
38.7.2 Insurance risk management
The Group considers insurance risk inherent in products from the time of product development and continues to measure and mitigate insurance risk in various ways after launch. Insurance risk related to death and illness are mitigated through reinsurance, and the Group selects an appropriate reinsurer based on credit risk and determines the appropriate level of insurance risk exposure for each reinsurer prior to entering into a contract with the reinsurer. The Group manages insurance risk through voluntary reinsurance for the amount in excess of the predetermined insurance risk retention limit.
In addition, the Group monitors the loss ratio, effect of selection, and others every quarter, measures risks through an internal model, and reports the results to the Risk Management Committee.
38.7.3 Exposure to insurance price risk
The exposure to insurance price risk is measured as the risk retained premium for all insurance contracts based on the track record for one year up to reference date of calculation. The risk retained premium is measured by adding assumed risk reinsurance premium to direct risk premium and deducting ceded risk reinsurance premium. If the risk retained premium is less than zero, the exposure to insurance price risk is measured as zero.
Maximum exposures to insurance price risk as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Before reinsurance
mitigation
   
After reinsurance
mitigation
   
Before reinsurance
mitigation
   
After reinsurance
mitigation
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Death
  244,975   240,121   253,325   250,045 
Disability
   10,485    9,964    10,331    10,230 
Hospitalization
   33,321    33,321    34,194    34,194 
Operation and diagnosis
   77,820    76,530    81,429    79,850 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   366,601   359,936   379,279   374,319 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 

F-205

38.7.4 Details of the ceded reinsurance premiums by credit rating of reinsurer for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
Ceded reinsurance

premium
   
Proportion

(%)
   
Ceded reinsurance

premium
   
Proportion

(%)
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
AA- or higher
  6,444    100.00   5,223    100.00 
A+ ~ A-
                
BBB+ or lower
                
Others
                
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   6,444    100.00   5,223    100.00 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
38.7.5 Assumptions used in measuring insurance liabilities
The Group continues to apply estimated ratio defined in the premium and policy reserve calculation manual, as prescribed by the Insurance Business Act and the Regulations on Supervision of Insurance Business when measuring insurance liabilities at every reporting period. However, in the case of variable interest type insurance, adjusted interest rate reflecting the external index interest rate according to Article 6-12 of the Regulations on Supervision of Insurance Business and disclosed interest rate reflecting the rate of return on managed assets stated in the premium and policy reserve calculation manual are used.
Reserve amount should be equal to or more than the standard reserve which is calculated using the standard interest rate and standard risk ratio as prescribed by the Enforcement Rules of the Insurance Business Act and the Regulations on Supervision of Insurance Business.
38.7.6 Liquidity risk of insurance contracts
Liquidity risk arising from insurance contracts arises from the increase in refunds at maturity caused by concentrations of maturity, the excessive increase in surrender values caused by unexpected mass cancelation, and the increase in payments of claims caused by major accidents. The Group manages payment of refunds at maturity by analyzing remaining maturity of insurance contracts.
Maturity structure of premium reserve and unearned premium reserve as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
 
  
Up to

3 years
  
3-5 years
   
5-10 years

 
  
10-15 years
   
15-20 years
   
Over

20 years
   
Total
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Premium reserve
 48,807  37,502   139,973   215,470   418,684   12,376,772   13,237,208 
Unearned premium
reserve
  31   16    58    51    77    3,633    3,866 
 
  
December 31, 2021
 
  
Up to

3 years
  
3-5 years
   
5-10 years

 
  
10-15 years
   
15-20 years
   
Over

20 years
   
Total
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Premium reserve
 39,578  40,894   154,062   237,021   528,373   13,122,197   14,122,125 
Unearned premium
reserve
  31   15    50    51    65    4,092    4,304 
 

F-206

38.7.7 Sensitivity analysis of insurance risk
The Group manages insurance risk by performing sensitivity analysis based on lapse ratio, claim ratio, expense ratio, discount rate, and others which are considered to have significant influence on future cash flow, timing, and uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis of insurance liabilities was conducted only in the unfavorable direction where additional insurance liabilities could be reserved as the surplus was sufficient as a result of the insurance liability adequacy test.
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
  
Assumption

change
  
Effect on
 
  
Base amount

of LAT
   
Insurance

liabilities
   
Profit

before tax
   
Equity
 
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Lapse ratio
   +10 158,219          
Claim ratio
   +10  719,689             
Expense ratio
   +10  213,675             
Discount rate
   -0.5%p   1,687,116             
 
   
December 31, 2021
 
  
Assumption

change
  
Effect on
 
  
Base amount

of LAT
   
Insurance

liabilities
   
Profit

before tax
   
Equity
 
      
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Lapse ratio
   +10 114,427          
Claim ratio
   +10  571,446             
Expense ratio
   +10  157,924             
Discount rate
   -0.5%p   1,563,571             
38.8 Application of the Overlay Approach
Upon initial application of IFRS No.9, the Group applied the overlay approach in accordance with IFRS No.4.
38.8.1 Details of financial assets subject to the overlay approach as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,


2020
   
December 31,


2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:
          
Due from financial institutions
  70,312   80,179 
Debt securities
   7,363,457    8,023,999 
Equity securities
   305,337    239,426 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   7,739,106   8,343,604 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
38.8.2 Changes in net gains on overlay adjustment for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Beginning
  187,077  339,202 
Recognition of other comprehensive income due to acquisition and valuation
   177,500   185,906 
Reclassification to profit or loss due to disposal
   (25,375  (65,624
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Ending
  339,202  459,484 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
F-207

39. Statement of Cash Flows
39.1 Details of cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
  
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Cash
  2,560,970  2,496,941 
Checks issued by other banks
   327,781   150,047 
Due from the Bank of Korea
   12,340,532   17,579,643 
Due from other financial institutions
   10,379,559   10,782,743 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    25,608,842   31,009,374 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Due from financial institutions measured at fair value through profit or loss
   100,094   200,743 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    25,708,936   31,210,117 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Deduction:
         
Restricted due from financial institutions
   (15,303,363  (20,754,706
Due from financial institutions with original maturities over three months
   (1,720,481  (1,346,951
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
    (17,023,844  (22,101,657
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
   8,685,092  9,108,460 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
39.2 Significant non-cash transactions for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
   
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Write-offs of loans
  1,188,584   1,283,071  1,086,296 
Changes in financial investments due to debt-for-equity swap
   104,815    13,820   327 
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income from valuation of financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income
   35,490    496,159   507,175 
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income from valuation of investments in associates
   7,695    (6,978  165 
Reclassification to assets of a disposal group held for sale
          171,749 
39.3 Cash inflows and outflows from income tax, interest, and dividends for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Activities
   
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Income tax paid
   Operating   1,223,084   1,119,252   1,586,750 
Interest received
   Operating    14,936,705    14,986,532    15,152,796 
Interest paid
   Operating    5,365,595    5,266,158    4,062,469 
Dividends received
   Operating    185,846    187,699    290,089 
Dividends paid
   Financing    766,249    883,952    1,053,416 

F-208

39.4 Changes in liabilities arising from financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
2020
 
        
Non-cash changes
    
  
Beginning
  
Net cash

flows
  
Acquisition
(disposal)
  
Exchange
differences
  
Changes in

fair value
  
Subsidiaries
  
Others
  
Ending
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Derivatives held for hedging *
 187,101  (16,202   (102,347 10,553  1,166  (137,467 (57,196
Borrowings
  88,754,443   22,627,875      (217,461  (591,619  2,131,517   (116,912  112,587,843 
Due to trust accounts
  5,216,460   2,326,495                  7,542,955 
Non-controlling interests
  585,407   (25,658     250,904         47,130   857,783 
Others
  868,556   (63,065  236,860   11         (23,287  1,019,075 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  95,611,967  24,849,445  236,860  (68,893 (581,066 2,132,683  (230,536 121,950,460 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
2021
 
        
Non-cash changes
    
  
Beginning
  
Net cash

flows
  
Acquisition
(disposal)
  
Exchange
differences
  
Changes in

fair value
  
Subsidiaries
  
Others
  
Ending
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Derivatives held for hedging *
 (57,196 5,870    246,352  (70,225   (150,084 (25,283
Borrowings
  112,587,843   11,579,036      630,913   (115,440  (329,512  (10,278  124,342,562 
Due to trust accounts
  7,542,955   (509,106                 7,033,849 
Non-controlling interests
  857,783   (24,145           1,994   (2,294  833,338 
Others
  1,019,075   (319,074  166,336   119         119,398   985,854 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  121,950,460  10,732,581  166,336  877,384  (185,665 (327,518 (43,258 133,170,320 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
*
Derivatives held for hedging purposes are the net amount after offsetting liabilities and assets.
39.5 The net cash flow associated with the changes in the subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021 are
 1,951,245 million of cash outflow and
 374,992 million of cash inflow, respectively.

F-209

40. Contingent Liabilities and Commitments
40.1 Details of acceptances and guarantees as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Confirmed acceptances and guarantees
          
Confirmed acceptances and guarantees in Korean won:
          
Acceptances and guarantees for KB purchasing loan
  144,457   136,914 
Others
   1,048,848    817,470 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    1,193,305    954,384 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Confirmed acceptances and guarantees in foreign currencies:
          
Acceptances of letter of credit
   221,422    523,037 
Letter of guarantees
   45,693    83,089 
Bid bond
   72,037    18,874 
Performance bond
   703,826    855,247 
Refund guarantees
   801,445    874,173 
Others
   3,072,099    2,505,353 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    4,916,522    4,859,773 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial guarantee contracts:
          
Acceptances and guarantees for issuance of debentures
   10,040    5,040 
Acceptances and guarantees for mortgage
   89,302    51,053 
Overseas debt guarantees
   410,470    428,109 
International financing guarantees in foreign currencies
   197,097    132,114 
Others
   50,950    50,950 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    757,859    667,266 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    6,867,686    6,481,423 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees
          
Guarantees of letter of credit
   2,094,989    3,551,767 
Refund guarantees
   344,112    833,765 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    2,439,101    4,385,532 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   9,306,787   10,866,955 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 

F-210

40.2 Credit qualities of acceptances and guarantees as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
12-month
expected credit
losses
   
Lifetime expected credit
losses
   
Total
 
   
Non-impaired
   
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Confirmed acceptances and guarantees
 
     
Grade 1
  4,377,798   1,119      4,378,917 
Grade 2
   2,269,455    47,438        2,316,893 
Grade 3
   27,588    85,321        112,909 
Grade 4
   14,925    33,440    501    48,866 
Grade 5
       453    9,648    10,101 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    6,689,766    167,771    10,149    6,867,686 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees
 
     
Grade 1
   1,422,528    771        1,423,299 
Grade 2
   912,209    28,506        940,715 
Grade 3
   11,399    23,069        34,468 
Grade 4
   2,369    29,934        32,303 
Grade 5
       589    7,727    8,316 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    2,348,505    82,869    7,727    2,439,101 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   9,038,271   250,640   17,876   9,306,787 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
12-month
expected credit
losses
   
Lifetime expected credit
losses
   
Total
 
   
Non-impaired
   
Impaired
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Confirmed acceptances and guarantees
 
     
Grade 1
  4,532,747   838      4,533,585 
Grade 2
   1,594,714    32,567        1,627,281 
Grade 3
   105,691    46,174        151,865 
Grade 4
   7,722    149,785    214    157,721 
Grade 5
       774    10,197    10,971 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    6,240,874    230,138    10,411    6,481,423 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees
 
     
Grade 1
   3,083,636    3,391        3,087,027 
Grade 2
   998,204    39,224        1,037,428 
Grade 3
   12,039    34,797        46,836 
Grade 4
   11,925    195,794        207,719 
Grade 5
       138    6,384    6,522 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    4,105,804    273,344    6,384    4,385,532 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   10,346,678   503,482   16,795   10,866,955 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 

F-211

40.3 Classifications of acceptances and guarantees by counterparty as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Confirmed
guarantees
   
Unconfirmed
guarantees
   
Total
   
Proportion
(%)
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Large companies
  5,538,003   1,770,235   7,308,238    78.53 
Small and medium-sized companies
   695,860    459,487    1,155,347    12.41 
Public sector and others
   633,823    209,379    843,202    9.06 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   6,867,686   2,439,101   9,306,787    100.00 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Confirmed
guarantees
   
Unconfirmed
guarantees
   
Total
   
Proportion
(%)
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Large companies
  5,431,921   3,377,150   8,809,071    81.06 
Small and medium-sized companies
   820,327    657,073    1,477,400    13.60 
Public sector and others
   229,175    351,309    580,484    5.34 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   6,481,423   4,385,532   10,866,955    100.00 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
40.4 Classifications of acceptances and guarantees by industry as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Confirmed
guarantees
   
Unconfirmed
guarantees
   
Total
   
Proportion
(%)
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial institutions
  632,947   5,871   638,818    6.86 
Manufacturing
   2,992,319    1,285,530    4,277,849    45.96 
Service
   920,352    89,457    1,009,809    10.85 
Wholesale and retail
   1,086,772    891,619    1,978,391    21.26 
Construction
   411,601    14,488    426,089    4.58 
Public sector
   104,925    103,285    208,210    2.24 
Others
   718,770    48,851    767,621    8.25 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   6,867,686   2,439,101   9,306,787    100.00 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Confirmed
guarantees
   
Unconfirmed
guarantees
   
Total
   
Proportion
(%)
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Financial institutions
  385,761   10,114   395,875    3.64 
Manufacturing
   2,742,224    2,979,232    5,721,456    52.65 
Service
   676,440    38,920    715,360    6.58 
Wholesale and retail
   1,603,085    999,416    2,602,501    23.95 
Construction
   317,946    38,260    356,206    3.28 
Public sector
   28,257    99,841    128,098    1.18 
Others
   727,710    219,749    947,459    8.72 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   6,481,423   4,385,532   10,866,955    100.00 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 

F-212

40.5 Details of commitments as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Commitments
          
Corporate loan commitments
  40,253,100   45,767,502 
Retail loan commitments
   46,450,857    47,080,416 
Credit line of credit cards
   65,325,863    70,534,719 
Purchase of other securities
   7,104,163    6,835,506 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    159,133,983    170,218,143 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial guarantee contracts
          
Credit line
   3,522,809    5,729,798 
Purchase of securities
   683,800    495,400 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    4,206,609    6,225,198 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   163,340,592   176,443,341 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
40.6 Other Matters (including litigation)
a) The Group has 126 pending lawsuits as a plaintiff (excluding simple lawsuits related to the collection or management of loans), with aggregate claims amount of ₩578,033 million, and 264 pending lawsuits as a defendant (excluding simple lawsuits related to the collection or management of loans) with aggregate claims amount of ₩533,573 million, which arose in the normal course of the business, as of December 31, 2021. Details of major pending lawsuits in which the Group is a defendant are as follows:
(In number of cases, in millions of Korean won)
 
Company
 
Lawsuits
 
No. of
cases
  
Amount
   
Description of the lawsuits
 
Status of the lawsuits
Kookmin Bank Request for a return of redemption amount  1  48,068   
Kookmin Bank invested the assets entrusted by OO Asset Management and OO Investment Trust Management in the Fairfield Sentry Limited, and Fairfield Sentry Limited reinvested the assets in Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC managed by Bernard Madoff (Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC is in the liquidation process due to Ponzi scheme fraud-related losses).
Bankruptcy trustee of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC filed a lawsuit against Kookmin Bank seeking to return the amount of redemptions received by Kookmin Bank through Fairfield Sentry Limited.
 Application for dismissal by the defendant has been denied, and further proceedings are scheduled. [Related litigation is in progress at the New York Southern District Federal Bankruptcy Court (10-3777) at the written complaint review stage]
 

F-213

Company
 
Lawsuits
 
No. of
cases
  
Amount
   
Description of the lawsuits
 
Status of the lawsuits
  Confirm the absence of debt  1   96,200   Galamat-Art LLP is a joint guarantor of the PF loan for the ‘Kazakhstan Almaty City Complex Development Project’ in which Kookmin Bank Co., Ltd. participated as a lender. OO Bank, the agent bank of the lending group, filed a provisional seizure and a lawsuit on the merits of the guarantee debt to the local court against Galamat-Art LLP. And Galamat-Art LLP filed a counterclaim against the lenders, including Kookmin Bank, to confirm the absence of debt denying the joint guarantee obligation. 
Decision in the first trial on December 29, 2021. Won both lawsuits on the merits and counterclaim.
Galamat-Art LLP lodged an appeal.
KB Securities Co., Ltd. Request for a return of transaction amount (Australian fund)  1   100,000   The plaintiffs OOOO Securities and OOOO Life Insurance filed lawsuits, claiming that the KB Securities Co., Ltd. provided false information on major matters in the product description while selling JB Australia NDIS Private Fund No.1 (on April 25, 2019, plaintiffs invested ₩50 billion each) (a) (Primary claim) requesting KB Securities Co., Ltd. to return unjust enrichment of ₩100 billion for cancelation of sales contracts of beneficiary certificates due to an error or termination of the contract due to default, (b) (Secondary claim) requesting for compensation for damages in investments amounting to ₩100 billion due to violation of the investor protection obligation and fraudulent transactions of KB Securities Co., Ltd. and OOO Asset Management. First trial is in progress (The 4th pleading is scheduled for March 22, 2022).
b) Kookmin Bank has entered into an agreement with PT Bosowa Corporindo, a major shareholder of PT Bank KB Bukopin Tbk. Under this agreement, Kookmin Bank and PT Bosowa Corporindo have a right of first refusal and a tag-along right. In addition, Kookmin Bank can exercise its drag-along right for two years from the time three years have elapsed since the acquisition date (July 27, 2018) in certain cases, such as violation of the agreement between shareholders.
c) In June 2013, KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd. had an accident in which cardholders’ personal information was stolen (hereinafter referred to as “accident”) due to illegal activities by employees of personal credit information company in charge of development of the system upgrading to prevent fraudulent use of credit card. As a result, KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd. was notified by the Financial Services Commission of the suspension of some new business for 3 months as of February 16, 2014. In respect of the accident, the Group faces 2 legal claims filed as a defendant, with an aggregate claim amount of ₩108 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2021. The Group takes out the personal information protection liability insurance as of December 31, 2021.

F-214

d) As of December 31, 2021, the Group is not able to dispose, transfer or collateralize the shares or rights of shares of KB KOLAO Leasing Co., Ltd. (“joint-venture lease company”) to a third party without the written consent of both KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd. and LVMC Holdings (formerly Kolao Holdings), for five years (the restriction period for the disposal of its equity) after February 8, 2017. However, KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd. and KB Capital Co., Ltd. may transfer all or part of their shares in the joint-venture lease company to affiliates of KB Financial Group Inc. who agree to comply with all the terms and conditions of this agreement on the establishment and operation of the joint-venture lease company and agree to succeed their responsibility for the joint-venture lease company. Meanwhile, KB KOLAO Leasing Co., Ltd. is selling LVMC Holdings (formerly Kolao Holdings) allied receivables that are overdue by three months or more to Lanexang Leasing Co., Ltd. in accordance with the agreement.
e) As of December 31, 2021, KB Capital Co., Ltd. and PT Sunindo Primasura are required to hold the shares of PT Sunindo Kookmin Best Finance for five years after May 18, 2020, when the purchase of shares was completed. If one party is going to sell all or part of the shares, provide them as collateral, trade or dispose of them, it should give the opportunity to exercise preemption to the other party by providing written proposal including transfer price, payment method, and others. Meanwhile, the shareholders of PT Sunindo Kookmin Best Finance shall cause PT Sunindo Kookmin Best Finance, starting on the first financial year after the third year with distributable profits, whether continuous or cumulative, to pay the dividend to the shareholders in the maximum amount of 20% from net profit after tax in the respective financial year.
f) KB Securities Co., Ltd., as a sales agency, sold ₩326,500 million of private equity funds and trusts, which loans to corporations (borrower) that invest in apartment rental businesses for the disabled in Australia, to individuals and institutional investors. However, management of the fund is impossible due to the breach of contract by local borrowers in Australia, therefore there is a possibility of losses of principal to these funds subscribers. In this regard, there are three lawsuits in which the Group is a defendant as of December 31, 2021. There is a possibility that additional lawsuits will be filed in the future, but the magnitude and final outcome of the lawsuit are unpredictable.
g) In relation to Lime Asset Management, KB Securities Co., Ltd. has a PIS (Portfolio Index Swap) contract, as of December 31, 2021, associated with ‘Lime Thetis Qualified Investor Private Investment Trust No.2’ and ‘Lime Pluto FI Qualified Investor Private Investment Trust No.D-1’ whose redemption were suspended during the fourth quarter of 2019. The notional amount of the underlying assets of the PIS contract is ₩191,500 million. Meanwhile, the Group sold ₩68,100 million of feeder funds of aforementioned redemption-suspended funds. On October 20, 2020, Lime Asset Management’s license as a fund manager was revoked by the Financial Supervisory Service’s sanctions review committee, and most of its redemption-suspended funds and normal funds have been transferred to Wellbridge Asset Management (the bridge management company) to continue to collect and distribute investments. It is difficult to predict whether and when the aforementioned redemption-suspended funds will be redeemed. In this regard, KB Securities Co., Ltd. faces one claim filed as a defendant as of December 31, 2021. The Group has accounted for the estimated loss due to the possibility of additional lawsuits in the future as a provision for litigations.
h) The proliferation of COVID-19 has had a negative impact on the global economy, which may have an impact on the expected credit losses and potential impairment of assets in a particular portfolio, and it could negatively affect the revenue generation capability of the Group as follows:
 
  
There is a possibility of uncertainty about the credit risk of a borrower that could be affected by COVID-19.
 
  
Uncertainty may arise about forward-looking macroeconomic information related to expected credit losses.
 

F-215

  
  
Korean won may depreciate against major foreign currencies. This may result in an increase in principal and interest payments on liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, and losses on foreign exchange transactions. 
 
  
A significant decrease in the fair value of the Group’s investment in an entity that could be affected by COVID-19 pandemic can occur.
Meanwhile, the impact on expected credit losses related to COVID-19 is described in Note 11.1 Changes in allowances for credit losses of loans and Note 24.2 Changes in provisions for credit losses of unused loan commitments, and acceptances and guarantees.
41. Subsidiaries
41.1 Details of major consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
Investor
 
Investee
 
Ownership
(%)
  
Location
 
Date of
financial
statements
 
Industry
KB Financial Group Inc.
 
Kookmin Bank
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Banking and foreign exchange transaction
  
KB Securities Co., Ltd.
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Financial investment
  
KB Insurance Co., Ltd.
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Non-life insurance
  
KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Credit card and installment financing
  
Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd.
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Life insurance
  
KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Collective investment and advisory
  
KB Capital Co., Ltd.
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Financial Leasing
  
KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Life insurance
  
KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd.
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Real estate trust management
  
KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Savings banking
  
KB Investment Co., Ltd.
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Capital investment
  
KB Data System Co., Ltd.
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Software advisory, development, and supply
  
KB Credit Information Co., Ltd.
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Collection of receivables or credit investigation
      
Kookmin Bank
 
Kookmin Bank Cambodia Plc.
  100.00  Cambodia 
Dec. 31
 Banking and foreign exchange transaction
  
Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd.
  100.00  China 
Dec. 31
 Banking and foreign exchange transaction
  
KB Microfinance Myanmar Co., Ltd.
  100.00  Myanmar 
Dec. 31
 Microfinance services
  
PRASAC Microfinance Institution Plc.
  100.00  Cambodia 
Dec. 31
 Microfinance services
  
PT Bank KB Bukopin Tbk
  67.00  Indonesia 
Dec. 31
 Banking and foreign exchange transaction
  
PT Bank Syariah Bukopin
  92.78  Indonesia 
Dec. 31
 Banking
  
PT Bukopin Finance
  97.03  Indonesia 
Dec. 31
 Installment financing
  
KB Bank Myanmar Co., Ltd.
  100.00  Myanmar 
Dec. 31
 Banking and foreign exchange transaction
      
KB Securities Co., Ltd.
 
KBFG Securities America Inc.
  100.00  United States 
Dec. 31
 Investment advisory and securities trading
  
KB Securities Hong Kong Ltd.
  100.00  China 
Dec. 31
 Investment advisory and securities trading
  
KB Securities Vietnam Joint Stock Company
  99.70  Vietnam 
Dec. 31
 Investment advisory and securities trading
  
KB FINA Joint Stock Company
  77.82  Vietnam 
Dec. 31
 Investment advisory and securities trading
 

F-216

Investor
 
Investee
 
Ownership
(%)
  
Location
 
Date of
financial
statements
 
Industry
      
KB Insurance Co., Ltd.
 
Leading Insurance Services, Inc.
  100.00  United States 
Dec. 31
 Management service
  
KBFG Insurance(China) Co., Ltd.
  100.00  China 
Dec. 31
 Non-life insurance
  
PT. KB Insurance Indonesia
  70.00  Indonesia 
Dec. 31
 Non-life insurance
  
KB Claims Survey & Adjusting
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Claim service
  
KB Sonbo CNS
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Management service
  
KB Golden Life Care Co., Ltd.
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Service
  
KB Healthcare Co., Ltd.
  100.00  Korea 
Dec. 31
 Information and communication
KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.
 
KB Daehan Specialized Bank Plc.
  95.71  Cambodia 
Dec. 31
 Auto Installment finance
  
PT. KB Finansia Multi Finance
  80.00  Indonesia 
Dec. 31
 Auto Installment finance
  
KB J Capital Co., Ltd.
  49.99  Thailand 
Dec. 31
 Service
      
KB Capital Co., Ltd.
 
PT Sunindo Kookmin Best Finance
  85.00  Indonesia 
Dec. 31
 Auto Installment finance
      
KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd., KB Capital Co., Ltd.
 
KB KOLAO Leasing Co., Ltd.
  80.00  Laos 
Dec. 31
 Auto Installment finance
      
Kookmin Bank, KB Data System Co., Ltd.
 
PT KB Data Systems Indonesia
  100.00  Indonesia 
Dec. 31
 Service
      
KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.
 
KBAM Shanghai Advisory Services Co., Ltd.
  100.00  China 
Dec. 31
 General advisory
41.2 Details of consolidated structured entities as of December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Consolidated structured entities
  
Reasons for consolidation
Trusts
  Kookmin Bank (development trust) and 10 others  The Group controls the trust because it has power to determine management performance of the trust and is significantly exposed to variable returns that absorb losses through the guarantees of payment of principal, or payment of principal and fixed rate of return.
 

F-217

   
Consolidated structured entities
  
Reasons for consolidation
Asset-backed securitization
  MS Sejong 4th Co., Ltd. and 125 others  The Group controls these investees because it has power over relevant activities in the event of default, is significantly exposed to variable returns by providing lines of credit, ABCP purchase commitments or acquisition of subordinated debt and has ability to affect those returns through its power.
   
Investment funds and others
  KB Global Platform Fund and 166 others  Funds are consolidated if the Group, as a collective investor or operating manager (member), etc., can manage fund assets on behalf of other investors, or dismiss the collective investor and operating manager, and is substantially exposed to significant variable returns or has such rights.
If the Group holds more than half of the ownership interests but does not have the power over relevant activities of structured entities in accordance with agreements with trust and other related parties, those structured entities are excluded from the consolidation.
41.3 Condensed financial information of major subsidiaries as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
December 31, 2020
  
2020
 
  
Assets
  
Liabilities
  
Equity
  
Operating
revenue
  
Profit (loss)
attributable to
shareholders
of the Parent
Company
  
Total
comprehensive
income (loss)
attributable to
shareholders
of the Parent
Company
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Kookmin Bank
1
 438,444,114  408,036,040  30,408,074  24,519,818  2,298,195  2,905,953 
KB Securities Co., Ltd.
1,2
  57,570,654   52,516,488   5,054,166   10,040,497   425,622   449,507 
KB Insurance Co., Ltd.
1,2
  39,125,869   35,093,312   4,032,557   13,735,778   177,181   139,290 
KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.
1
  24,071,644   19,789,958   4,281,686   3,210,581   324,662   308,148 
Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd.
2
  25,121,656   22,681,729   2,439,927   656,062   55,711   (31,718
KB Asset Management Co., Ltd. 
1
  335,601   112,522   223,079   191,427   57,317   57,802 
KB Capital Co., Ltd.
1,2
  12,823,748   11,392,177   1,431,571   1,300,378   141,646   139,949 
KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.
  10,424,916   9,842,789   582,127   1,897,859   (23,185  (33,210
KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd.
1
  437,619   108,096   329,523   139,070   66,874   66,718 
KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.
  1,883,720   1,658,116   225,604   104,397   17,305   16,197 
KB Investment Co., Ltd.
1
  848,693   618,552   230,141   128,014   15,387   15,390 
KB Data System Co., Ltd.
  40,347   23,024   17,323   149,966   (1,729  (3,367
KB Credit Information Co., Ltd.
  27,711   11,773   15,938   39,767   1,132   1,040 

F-218

  
December 31, 2021
  
2021
 
  
Assets
  
Liabilities
  
Equity
  
Operating
revenue
  
Profit (loss)
attributable to
shareholders
of the Parent
Company
  
Total
comprehensive
income (loss)
attributable to
shareholders
of the Parent
Company
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Kookmin Bank
1
 483,564,898  450,675,985  32,888,913  26,536,995  2,590,764  3,265,921 
KB Securities Co., Ltd.
1,2
  55,493,985   50,008,422   5,485,563   8,543,590   594,301   628,112 
KB Insurance Co., Ltd.
1,2
  41,472,227   37,328,954   4,143,273   14,131,278   301,836   107,240 
KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.
1
  27,349,561   22,793,920   4,555,641   3,527,354   418,898   442,873 
Prudential Life Insurance Company of Korea Ltd.
2
  26,287,116   23,992,601   2,294,515   1,976,122   336,198   54,587 
KB Asset Management Co., Ltd. 
1
  375,739   128,589   247,150   254,162   79,899   79,071 
KB Capital Co., Ltd.
1,2
  14,529,427   12,707,210   1,822,217   1,634,759   209,899   209,719 
KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.
  10,634,562   10,174,282   460,280   2,259,301   (46,595  (121,847
KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd.
  496,522   119,700   376,822   168,373   81,480   82,299 
KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.
  2,601,134   2,339,037   262,097   150,028   18,932   22,526 
KB Investment Co., Ltd.
1
  1,197,720   922,239   275,481   207,367   55,338   55,340 
KB Data System Co., Ltd.
1
  44,486   25,911   18,575   174,819   467   1,105 
KB Credit Information Co., Ltd.
  28,674   12,303   16,371   39,909   388   434 
 
1
Financial information is based on its consolidated financial statements.
2
Includes fair value adjustments arising from the acquisition.
41.4 The Characteristics of Risks Associated with Consolidated Structured Entities
The terms of contractual arrangements to provide financial support to consolidated structured entities are as follows:
41.4.1 The Group has provided payment guarantees of ₩4,512,760 million to K plus 1st L.L.C and other consolidated structured entities.
41.4.2 The Group has provided capital commitment to 31 consolidated structured entities including KB Sinansan Line Private Special Asset Fund (SOC). The unexecuted amount of the capital commitment is ₩1,642,214 million. Based on the capital commitment, the Group is subject to increase its investment upon the request of the asset management company or the additional agreement among investors.
41.4.3 The Group has provided the guarantees of payment of principal, or principal and fixed rate of return in case the operating results of the trusts are less than the guaranteed principal, or principal and fixed rate of return.

F-219

41.5 Changes in Subsidiaries
41.5.1 Subsidiaries newly included in consolidation for the year ended December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
Company
     
Reasons of obtaining control
PT KB Data Systems Indonesia and 15 others
     
Holds more than half of the ownership interests
Able Guwall 1st Co., Ltd. and 71 others
     
Holds the power in the event of default and is exposed to significant variable returns by providing lines of credit, ABCP purchase commitments or acquisition of subordinated debt
KB Global Private Real Estate Debt Fund No.11 and 33 others
     
Holds the power to determine the operation of the funds and is exposed to variable returns by holding significant amount of ownership interests
KB Global Commerce Private Equity Investment Fund and 4 others
     
Holds the power as a general partner and is exposed to variable returns by holding significant amount of ownership interests
41.5.2 Subsidiaries excluded from consolidation for the year ended December 31, 2021, are as follows:
 
Company
     
Reasons of losing control
Able Hana Co., Ltd. and 72 others
     
Termination of the commitments
KB SAUDI SEPCO II Private Special Asset Fund and 22 others
     
Liquidation
Aquila Global Real Assets Fund No.1 LP and 5 others
     
Disposal
KB Global ESG Securities Feeder Fund (Equity) and 8 others
     
Decrease in ownership interests to less than majority
 

F-220

42. Unconsolidated Structured Entities
42.1 Nature, purpose, and activities of the unconsolidated structured entities and how the structured entities are financed, are as follows:
 
Nature
  
Purpose
  
Activity
  
Method of financing
Structured financing
  
Granting PF loans to SOC and real estate
Granting loans to ships/aircrafts SPC
  
Construction of SOC and real estate
Building ships, construction and purchase of aircrafts
  Loan commitments through credit line, providing credit line, and investment agreements
    
Investment funds
  
Investment in beneficiary certificates
Investment in PEF and partnerships
  
Management of fund assets
Payment of fund fees and allocation of fund profits
  
Sales of beneficiary certificate instruments
Investment from general partners and limited partners
    
Trusts
  
Management of financial trusts;
—Development trust
—General unspecified money trust
—Trust whose principal is not guaranteed
—Other trusts
  
Management of trusted financial assets
Payment of trust fees and allocation of trust profits.
  Sales of trusted financial assets
    
Asset-backed securitization
  
Early cash generation through transfer of securitized assets
Fees earned through services to SPC, such as providing lines of credit and ABCP purchase commitments
  
Fulfillment of asset-backed securitization plan
Purchase and collection of securitized assets
Issuance and repayment of ABS and ABCP
  Issuance of ABS and ABCP based on securitized assets
 

F-221

42.2 Details of scale of unconsolidated structured entities and nature of the risks associated with the Group’s interests in unconsolidated structured entities as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Structured
financing
   
Investment

funds
   
Trusts
   
Asset-backed
securitization

and others
   
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Total assets of unconsolidated structured entities
  56,200,300   285,528,467   1,984,006   116,115,027   459,827,800 
Carrying amount in the financial statements
                         
Assets:
                         
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  164,996   11,151,958      2,308,917   13,625,871 
Derivative financial assets
               3,005    3,005 
Loans measured at amortized cost
   4,655,337    379,727    262,382    1,080,824    6,378,270 
Financial investments
               7,849,054    7,849,054 
Investments in associates
       396,953            396,953 
Other assets
   2,572    3,257    91,297    16,363    113,489 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   4,822,905   11,931,895   353,679   11,258,163   28,366,642 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Liabilities:
                         
Deposits
  612,023   26,839      344,221   983,083 
Derivative financial liabilities
               1,307    1,307 
Other liabilities
   8,422    97    1    13,736    22,256 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   620,445   26,936   1   359,264   1,006,646 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Maximum exposure *
                         
Assets held
  4,822,905   11,931,895   353,679   11,258,163   28,366,642 
Purchase and investment commitments
       5,650,847        761,200    6,412,047 
Unused credit
   1,322,414        18,287    3,020,084    4,360,785 
Acceptances and guarantees and loan commitments
   883,342    16,650        684,257    1,584,249 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   7,028,661   17,599,392   371,966   15,723,704   40,723,723 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Methods of determining the maximum exposure
   






 
Loan
commitments /
investment
agreements /
purchase
commitments
and
acceptances
and guarantees
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   

 
Investments /
loans and
Investment
agreements

 
 
 
   





 
Trust
paying
dividends
by results:
Total
amount of
trust
exposure
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   






 
Providing
credit lines/
purchase
commitments/
loan
commitments
and
acceptances
and guarantees
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     
F-222

   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Structured
financing
   
Investment

funds
   
Trusts
   
Asset-backed
securitization

and others
   
Total
 
   
 
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Total assets of unconsolidated structured entities
  89,647,771   416,401,893   3,005,720   144,897,727   653,953,111 
Carrying amount in the financial statements
                         
Assets:
                         
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  126,086   13,340,292   90,348   3,602,631   17,159,357 
Derivative financial assets
               181    181 
Loans measured at amortized cost
   8,290,514    479,452    265,173    1,194,705    10,229,844 
Financial investments
               8,084,101    8,084,101 
Investments in associates
       292,315            292,315 
Other assets
   2,496    3,111    119,630    15,638    140,875 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   8,419,096   14,115,170   475,151   12,897,256   35,906,673 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Liabilities:
                         
Deposits
  650,834   58,348      330,592   1,039,774 
Derivative financial liabilities
               437    437 
Other liabilities
   8,196    289        32,179    40,664 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   659,030   58,637      363,208   1,080,875 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Maximum exposure *
                         
Assets held
  8,419,096   14,115,170   475,151   12,897,256   35,906,673 
Purchase and investment commitments
       6,131,739    131,102    499,682    6,762,523 
Unused credit
   855,322            4,990,797    5,846,119 
Acceptances and guarantees and loan commitments
   1,544,394        15,890    496,284    2,056,568 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   10,818,812   20,246,909   622,143   18,884,019   50,571,883 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Methods of determining the maximum exposure
   






 
Loan
commitments /
investment
agreements /
purchase
commitments
and
acceptances
and guarantees
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   

 
Investments /
loans and
Investment
agreements

 
 
 
   





 
Trust
paying
dividends
by results:
Total
amount of
trust
exposure
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   






 
Providing
credit lines/
purchase
commitments/
loan
commitments
and
acceptances
and guarantees
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     
 
*
Maximum exposure includes the asset amounts, after deducting loss (provisions for credit losses, impairment losses, and others), recognized in the consolidated financial statements of the Group.

F-223

43. Related Party Transactions
According to IAS No.24, the Group includes investments in associates, key management personnel (including family members), and post-employment benefit plans of the Group and its related party companies in the scope of related parties. The Group discloses balances (receivables and payables) and other amounts arising from transactions with related parties in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. Refer to Note 13 for details of investments in associates and joint ventures.
43.1 Details of significant profit or loss arising from transactions with related parties for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
     
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
     
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Associates and joint ventures
                 
Balhae Infrastructure Company
 Fee and commission income  6,743   6,817   5,689 
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
 Interest expense   21    7    6 
 Fee and commission income   1,056    957    910 
 Insurance income   3    5    4 
 Fee and commission expense   2,541    3,280    4,256 
 
Other operating expenses
       1    11 
KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust *
 Fee and commission income   851    853    146 
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
 
Interest income
   8,612    4,345    4,069 
 
Interest expense
   483    334    158 
 
Fee and commission income
       23    22 
 
Fee and commission expense
   7    6    6 
 
Insurance income
   284    279    230 
 
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   4,975    899     
 Losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss           1,374 
 Reversal of credit losses   5        444 
 Provision for credit losses   1    472    1 
KoFC POSCO Hanwha KB Shared Growth Private Equity Fund No.2
 Fee and commission income   178    12     
Aju Good Technology Venture Fund
 Interest expense   22    18    27 
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
 Interest income   370    371    370 
 Interest expense   208    61    5 
 Fee and commission income   435    436    435 
RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.
 Interest expense   5    11     
 Other non-operating expenses   843         
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.
 Interest income   1,016    1,097    941 
 Interest expense   1    2     
 Fee and commission income   34    39    88 
 Fee and commission expense   389    132    15 
 Insurance income   32    40    42 
 Other operating income   689    1,709    710 
 Other operating expenses   288    121    64 
 Reversal of credit losses   13    17    11 
 

F-224

     
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
     
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Food Factory Co., Ltd.
 
Interest income
   41    52    70 
  
Interest expense
       12    5 
  
Insurance income
   4    5    9 
  
Fee and commission expense
   12    4    2 
  
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   60    72     
  
Losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
           1 
  
Reversal of credit losses
           6 
  
Provision for credit losses
   1    8     
KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund No.1
 
Interest expense
   7    3    1 
 
Fee and commission income
   110    110    110 
Built On Co., Ltd. *
 
Interest income
   1         
  
Insurance income
   1         
KB Private Equity Fund No.3 *
 
Fee and commission income
   480    463     
Wise Asset Management Co., Ltd. *
 
Interest expense
   2         
Acts Co., Ltd.
 
Interest income
   1    1     
  
Insurance income
   1        1 
  
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   30         
Dongjo Co., Ltd.
 
Insurance income
   2    1    1 
A-PRO Co., Ltd. *
 
Interest income
   19    7     
  
Interest expense
   4    1     
  
Fee and commission expense
   17         
  
Insurance income
   4    1     
  
Provision for credit losses
       1     
POSCO-KB Shipbuilding Fund
 
Fee and commission income
   490    387    213 
Dae-A Leisure Co., Ltd.
 
Interest expense
   8    7    2 
Paycoms Co., Ltd.
 
Interest income
   10    10    10 
  
Insurance income
   1         
  
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   125    69    42 
Big Dipper Co., Ltd.
 
Fee and commission expense
       768    655 
KB-KDBC Pre-IPO New Technology Business Investment Fund
 
Interest expense
   58    23    1 
 
Fee and commission income
   449    300    190 
KB-TS Technology Venture Private Equity Fund
 
Fee and commission income
      730       126       285 
KB-SJ Tourism Venture Fund
 
Fee and commission income
   422    338    279 
JLK Inspection Co., Ltd. *
 
Interest expense
   1         
TESTIAN Inc. *
 
Interest income
   3         
Banksalad Co., Ltd.
 
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
       1,636    613 
  
Losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
           663 
  
Fee and commission income
   39    36    36 
  
Fee and commission expense
        5    48 

F-225

  
                                                        
  
2019
  
2020
   
2021
 
     
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Iwon Alloy Co., Ltd.
 
Insurance income
   2   1     
Bioprotect Ltd.
 
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
          293 
  
Losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
      216     
RMGP Bio-Pharma Investment Fund, L.P.
 
Fee and commission income
      27    38 
 
Other non-operating income
   33        
  
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   947       531 
  
Losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   2,120      489    2,373 
RMGP Bio-Pharma Investment, L.P.
 
Losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
      1     
KB-MDI Centauri Fund LP
 
Fee and commission income
      308    401 
  
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
          551 
  
Losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
      322    284 
Hibiscus Fund LP
 
Fee and commission income
          372 
  
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
          113 
RMG-KB BioAccess Fund L.P.
 
Fee and commission income
          57 
  
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
          5 
S&E Bio Co., Ltd.
 
Interest expense
      1    1 
Contents First Inc.
 
Interest expense
      14    83 
December & Company Inc.
 
Interest expense
      1     
  
Insurance income
          109 
GENINUS Inc.
 
Interest expense
      70    29 
  
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
          4,009 
  
Provision for credit losses
          6 
Wyatt Corp.
 
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   136        
  
Insurance income
   50   63    87 
KB-Brain KOSDAQ Scale-up New Technology Business Investment Fund
 
Interest expense
   89   40    17 
 
Fee and commission income
   735   734    514 
Spark Biopharma Inc.
 
Interest expense
   59       7 
Skydigital Inc.
 
Fee and commission income
       4    3 
KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition Company *
 
Interest expense
   (23       
KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition Company *
 
Interest expense
   18        
 
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   3,066        
 

F-226

  
                                                        
  
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
     
(In millions of Korean won)
 
KB No.11 Special Purpose Acquisition Company *
 
Interest expense
   9         
 
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   118         
KB No.17 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
 
Fee and commission income
   175         
 
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   1,384    4     
  
Losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
           1,388 
  
Interest expense
   28    25    14 
KB No.18 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
 
Fee and commission income
   263         
 
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   1,898    84    8 
  
Interest expense
   28    31    20 
KB No.19 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
 
Fee and commission income
   150         
 
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   1,044    11    36 
  
Interest expense
   8    13    9 
KB No.20 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
 
Fee and commission income
       210     
 
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
       1,568    68 
  
Interest expense
   3    25    15 
KB SPROTT Renewable Private Equity Fund No.1
 
Fee and commission income
   490    488    487 
KB-Stonebridge Secondary Private Equity Fund
 
Fee and commission income
   1,444    1,442    550 
COSES GT Co., Ltd.
 
Interest income
       6    18 
  
Interest expense
           1 
  
Losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   5         
  
Provision for credit losses
       4     
  
Reversal of credit losses
           3 
IDTECK Co., Ltd.
 
Insurance income
           1 
Mantisco Co., Ltd.
 
Interest expense
           1 
SuperNGine Co., Ltd.
 
Interest expense
           1 
Desilo Inc.
 
Interest income
           1 
  
Provision for credit losses
           2 
Turing Co., Ltd.
 
Interest expense
           1 
IGGYMOB Co., Ltd.
 
Interest expense
           1 
WJ Private Equity Fund No.1
 
Fee and commission income
       5    7 
UPRISE, Inc.
 
Interest income
       2    5 
  
Interest expense
           1 
  
Provision for credit losses
       1     
  
Reversal of credit losses
           1 
CWhy Inc.
 
Losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
       2,000     
  
Insurance income
   3         
 

F-227

  
                                                        
  
2019
   
2020
   
2021
 
     
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Stratio, Inc.
 
Interest expense
   1         
NEXELON Inc. *
 
Interest expense
   2         
CellinCells Co., Ltd.
 
Interest expense
   19    4     
Bomapp Inc.
 
Fee and commission expense
       9    5 
 
Interest expense
   1         
 
Insurance income
   1    8     
 
Losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
           1,980 
KB Social Impact Investment Fund
 
Fee and commission income
   121    300    300 
KB-UTC Inno-Tech Venture Fund
 
Fee and commission income
       371    471 
KBSP Private Equity Fund No.4
 
Fee and commission income
       480    389 
KB-NAU Special Situation Corporate Restructuring Private Equity Fund
 
Fee and commission income
       237    1,198 
JR Global REIT *
 
Fee and commission income
       6,210     
IGIS No.371 Professional Investors’ Real Estate Investment Company *
 
Fee and commission income
       200     
Koreit Tower Real Estate Investment Trust Company *
 
Fee and commission income
       2,852     
2020 KB Fintech Renaissance Fund
 
Fee and commission income
       60    147 
KB Material and Parts No.1 PEF
 
Fee and commission income
       63    353 
FineKB Private Equity Fund No.1
 
Fee and commission income
       38    540 
Paramark KB Fund No.1
 
Fee and commission income
           100 
KB Bio Private Equity No.3 Ltd.
 
Fee and commission income
           324 
K The 15th REIT Co., Ltd. *
 
Fee and commission income
           500 
 
Insurance income
           1 
Bluepointpartners Inc.
 
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
           846 
 
Losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
       68     
KB-Solidus Global Healthcare Fund
 
Fee and commission income
   81    777    167 
SwatchOn Inc.
 
Fee and commission income
       9    8 
  
Interest expense
       47    10 
Gomi corporation Inc.
 
Interest income
           19 
 
Interest expense
           1 
 
Provision for credit losses
           13 
BNF Corporation Ltd. *
 
Interest income
   7    401     
 
Fee and commission income
       2     
 
Gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
   158         
 
Provision for credit losses
   1    8     
KB Cape No.1 Private Equity Fund
 
Fee and commission income
   97    144    144 
 
Losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss
           69 
ALS Co., Ltd. *
 
Interest income
   194         
Keystone-Hyundai Securities No.1 Private Equity Fund *
 
Fee and commission income
   90    115    43 
MJT&I Corp.
 
Insurance income
   1         
Others
                 
Retirement pension
 
Fee and commission income
   939    1,077    1,338 
 
Interest expense
   4    3    9 
 
*
Excluded from the Group’s related party as of December 31, 2021.
 

F-228

Meanwhile, the Group purchased installment financial assets, etc. from SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd. amounting to ₩1,504,217 million and ₩878,690 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
43.2 Details of significant outstanding balances of receivables and payables arising from transactions with related parties as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
     
December 31,
2020
   
December 31,
2021
 
     
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Associates and joint ventures
            
Balhae Infrastructure Company
 Other assets  1,733   1,427 
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)   36    36 
  Deposits   19,982    10,200 
  Insurance liabilities   1    1 
  Other liabilities   623     
KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust *
 Other assets   641     
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   38,756    37,382 
  Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)   133,002    114,107 
  Allowances for credit losses   202    26 
  Other assets   545    423 
  Deposits   39,520    35,487 
  Provisions   292    24 
  Insurance liabilities   109    79 
  Other liabilities   205    99 
Jungdo Co., Ltd.
 Deposits   4    4 
Dongjo Co., Ltd.
 Insurance liabilities   1     
Dae-A Leisure Co., Ltd.
 Deposits   636    17 
  Other liabilities   21     
Aju Good Technology Venture Fund
 Deposits   3,093    6,286 
  Other liabilities   1    10 
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)   10,000    10,000 
  Allowances for credit losses   5    5 
  Other assets   137    138 
  Deposits   4,255    2,578 
  Other liabilities   24     
KB-Brain KOSDAQ Scale-up New Technology Business Investment Fund
 Deposits   8,097    1,524 
 Other liabilities   1     
WJ Private Equity Fund No.1
 Other assets   2    2 
  Deposits   349    260 
KB Cape No.1 Private Equity Fund
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   2,000    1,591 
  Other assets   144    73 
 

F-229

     
December 31,
2020
   
December 31,
2021
 
     
(In millions of Korean won)
 
RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.
 Deposits   693    443 
  Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)   1    1 
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)   40,060    40,074 
 Allowances for credit losses   57    68 
 Other assets   65    630 
 Deposits   6    17 
 Insurance liabilities   13    14 
 Other liabilities   76    36 
Food Factory Co., Ltd.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   662    663 
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)   3,210    3,553 
 Allowances for credit losses   8    4 
 Other assets   3    2 
 Deposits   1,555    839 
 Provisions   2     
 Insurance liabilities   5    8 
 Other liabilities   9    6 
KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund No.1
 Deposits   629    103 
Acts Co., Ltd.
 Deposits   18    154 
 Insurance liabilities   1    2 
 Other liabilities   100    100 
POSCO-KB Shipbuilding Fund
 Other assets   264    213 
Paycoms Co., Ltd.
 Other assets   1    1 
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   1,226    1,269 
 Deposits   1    1 
Big Dipper Co., Ltd.
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)   4    17 
  Deposits   1     
KB-KDBC Pre-IPO New Technology Business Investment Fund
 Deposits   923    904 
Iwon Alloy Co., Ltd.
 Insurance liabilities       1 
RMGP Bio-Pharma Investment Fund, L.P.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   4,250    5,423 
 Other liabilities   71    79 
RMGP Bio-Pharma Investment, L.P.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   9    14 
Wyatt Corp.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   6,000    6,000 
 Deposits   1    1 
 Insurance liabilities   39    94 
Skydigital Inc.
 Deposits   15    85 
Banksalad Co., Ltd.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   9,141    9,090 
 

F-230

     
December 31,
2020
   
December 31,
2021
 
     
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Spark Biopharma Inc.
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)       17 
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss       4,950 
 Deposits       6,015 
 Other liabilities       3 
UPRISE, Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   250    1,250 
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)   500     
 Allowances for credit losses   1     
 Deposits   11    4,001 
Stratio, Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   1,000    1,000 
 Deposits   13     
Honest Fund, Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   3,999    3,999 
CellinCells Co., Ltd.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   2,000    2,000 
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)   24    6 
 Deposits   260    38 
Jo Yang Industrial Co., Ltd.
 Deposits   2    1 
KB No.17 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   2,687    1,301 
 Deposits   1,711    1,687 
 Other liabilities   23    12 
KB No.18 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   3,873    3,881 
 Deposits   2,101    2,077 
 Other liabilities   19    12 
KB No.19 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   2,055    2,091 
 Deposits   1,053    1,013 
 Other liabilities   3    5 
KB No.20 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   3,067    3,135 
 Deposits   1,716    1,681 
 Other liabilities   1    3 
COSES GT Co., Ltd.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   4,930    4,930 
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)   500    515 
 Allowances for credit losses   4    2 
 Other assets   1    1 
 Deposits   292    1,939 
 Insurance liabilities   1     

F-231

     
December 31,
2020
   
December 31,
2021
 
     
(In millions of Korean won)
 
IDTECK Co., Ltd.
 Insurance liabilities       1 
Bomapp Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   1,999    19 
 Insurance liabilities   2     
Channel Corporation
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   4,551    14,551 
MitoImmune Therapeutics
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   5,000    7,000 
KB-Solidus Global Healthcare Fund
 Other assets   707    620 
Bioprotect Ltd.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   3,264    3,557 
Gomi corporation Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   500    2,500 
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)   9    2,233 
 Allowances for credit losses       12 
 Other assets       4 
 Deposits   37    3,188 
 Other liabilities       1 
Copin Communications, Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   1,500    4,801 
Go2joy Co., Ltd.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   1,200    1,200 
ClavisTherapeutics, Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   2,000    2,000 
S&E Bio Co., Ltd.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   2,000    2,000 
 Deposits   1,142    263 
Bluepointpartners Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   1,432    2,278 
4N Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   200    200 
 Deposits   76    39 
Xenohelix Co., Ltd.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   2,100    2,100 
Contents First Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   6,146    7,277 
 Deposits   1,823    12,650 
 Other liabilities   7    57 
KB-MDI Centauri Fund LP
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   4,280    9,633 
 Other assets   308    104 
OKXE Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   800    800 

F-232

     
December 31,
2020
   
December 31,
2021
 
     
(In millions of Korean won)
 
GENINUS Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   5,599    5,855 
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)       17 
 Allowances for credit losses       6 
 Deposits   13,630    34,415 
 Other liabilities   15    2 
Mantisco Co., Ltd.
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)       1 
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss       3,000 
 Deposits       386 
IMBiologics Corp.
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)       4 
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss       5,000 
SuperNGine Co., Ltd.
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)       2 
 Deposits       944 
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss       1,996 
Desilo Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss       3,168 
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)       301 
 Allowances for credit losses       2 
 Deposits       168 
Turing Co., Ltd.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss       3,000 
 Deposits       1,054 
IGGYMOB Co., Ltd.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss       5,000 
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)       6 
 Deposits       2,938 
FineKB Private Equity Fund No.1
 Other assets   38    153 
Paramark KB Fund No.1
 Other liabilities       200 
Neomio Corp. *
 Deposits   535     
December & Company Inc.
 Deposits   1    1 
 Insurance liabilities       10 
KB Social Impact Investment Fund
 Other assets       150 
Checkmate Therapeutics Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss       2,200 
G1 Playground Co., Ltd.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss       1,000 
 Deposits       354 
Pin Therapeutics Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss       3,000 
 

F-233

     
December 31,
2020
   
December 31,
2021
 
     
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Hibiscus Fund LP
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss       4,731 
 Other assets       251 
RMG-KB BioAccess Fund L.P.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss       353 
RMG-KB BP Management Ltd.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss       7 
SwatchOn Inc.
 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss   3,345    3,345 
  Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)   59    73 
  Provisions   1     
  Deposits   3,947    686 
  Other liabilities   40     
Key management personnel
 Loans measured at amortized cost (gross amount)   5,153    4,591 
 Allowances for credit losses   2    2 
  Other assets   5    4 
  Deposits   17,167    16,996 
  Provisions       1 
  Insurance liabilities   2,501    2,471 
  Other liabilities   371    345 
Others
            
Retirement pension
 Other assets   295    369 
  Other liabilities   10,600    5,014 
 
*
Excluded from the Group’s related party as of December 31, 2021, therefore, the remaining outstanding balances with those entities are not disclosed.

F-234

43.3 Details of significant lending transactions with related parties for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
   
Beginning
   
Loan
   
Collection
  
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Associates and joint ventures
                   
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
   43   36   (43 36 
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
   185,564    901    (14,707  171,758 
Carlife Co., Ltd.
       22    (22   
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
   10,000           10,000 
KB Cape No.1 Private Equity Fund
   2,000           2,000 
RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.
   1    1    (1  1 
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.
   41,990    11,310    (13,240  40,060 
Food Factory Co., Ltd.
   2,582    1,314    (24  3,872 
Acts Co., Ltd.
       74    (74   
Paycoms Co., Ltd.
   1,157    69       1,226 
Big Dipper Co., Ltd.
   11    4    (11  4 
A-PRO Co., Ltd.*
   2,019    2,000    (4,019   
RMGP Bio-Pharma Investment Fund, L.P.
   3,419    831       4,250 
RMGP Bio-Pharma Investment, L.P.
   8    1       9 
Wyatt Corp.
   6,000           6,000 
Banksalad Co., Ltd.
   7,504    1,637       9,141 
UPRISE, Inc.
   250    500       750 
Stratio, Inc.
   1,000           1,000 
Honest Fund, Inc.
   3,999           3,999 
CellinCells Co., Ltd.
   2,004    24    (4  2,024 
KB No.17 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   2,683    4       2,687 
KB No.18 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   3,786    87       3,873 
KB No.19 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   2,043    12       2,055 
KB No.20 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   1,499    1,568       3,067 
COSES GT Co., Ltd.
   2,930    2,500       5,430 
CWhy Inc.
   2,000        (2,000   
Bomapp Inc.
   1,999           1,999 
Channel Corporation
   2,000    2,551       4,551 
MitoImmune Therapeutics
   5,000           5,000 
Bioprotect Ltd.
       3,264       3,264 
Gomi corporation Inc.
       509       509 
Copin Communications, Inc.
       1,500       1,500 
Go2joy Co., Ltd.
       1,200       1,200 
ClavisTherapeutics, Inc.
       2,000       2,000 
S&E bio Co., Ltd.
       2,000       2,000 
Bluepointpartners Inc.
       1,432       1,432 
4N Inc.
       200       200 
Xenohelix Co., Ltd.
       2,100       2,100 
Contents First Inc.
       6,146       6,146 
KB-MDI Centauri Fund LP
       4,280       4,280 
SwatchOn Inc.
   1,845    1,559       3,404 
OKXE Inc.
       800       800 
GENINUS Inc.
       5,599       5,599 
BNF Corporation Ltd.*
   3,659    1,000    (4,659   
Key management personnel
   3,538    5,141    (3,526  5,153 

F-235

   
2021
 
   
Beginning
   
Loan
   
Collection
  
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Associates and joint ventures
                   
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
  36   36   (36 36 
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
   171,758    7    (20,276  151,489 
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
   10,000           10,000 
KB Cape No.1 Private Equity Fund
   2,000        (409  1,591 
RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.
   1    1    (1  1 
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.
   40,060    74    (60  40,074 
Food Factory Co., Ltd.
   3,872    397    (53  4,216 
Paycoms Co., Ltd.
   1,226    43       1,269 
Big Dipper Co., Ltd.
   4    17    (4  17 
RMGP Bio-Pharma Investment Fund, L.P.
   4,250    1,173       5,423 
RMGP Bio-Pharma Investment, L.P.
   9    5       14 
Wyatt Corp.
   6,000           6,000 
Banksalad Co., Ltd.
   9,141        (51  9,090 
UPRISE, Inc.
   750    1,000    (500  1,250 
Stratio, Inc.
   1,000           1,000 
Honest Fund, Inc.
   3,999           3,999 
CellinCells Co., Ltd.
   2,024    6    (24  2,006 
KB No.17 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   2,687        (1,386  1,301 
KB No.18 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   3,873    8       3,881 
KB No.19 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   2,055    36       2,091 
KB No.20 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   3,067    68       3,135 
COSES GT Co., Ltd.
   5,430    15       5,445 
Bomapp Inc.
   1,999        (1,980  19 
Channel Corporation
   4,551    10,000       14,551 
MitoImmune Therapeutics
   5,000    2,000       7,000 
Bioprotect Ltd.
   3,264    293       3,557 
Gomi corporation Inc.
   509    4,233    (9  4,733 
Copin Communications, Inc.
   1,500    3,301       4,801 
Go2joy Co., Ltd.
   1,200           1,200 
ClavisTherapeutics, Inc.
   2,000           2,000 
S&E Bio Co., Ltd.
   2,000           2,000 
Bluepointpartners Inc.
   1,432    846       2,278 
4N Inc.
   200           200 
Xenohelix Co., Ltd.
   2,100           2,100 
Contents First Inc.
   6,146    1,131       7,277 
KB-MDI Centauri Fund LP
   4,280    5,353       9,633 
SwatchOn Inc.
   3,404    73    (59  3,418 
OKXE Inc.
   800           800 
GENINUS Inc.
   5,599    273       5,872 
Checkmate Therapeutics Inc.
       2,200       2,200 
Mantisco Co., Ltd.
       3,001       3,001 
IMBiologics Corp.
       5,004       5,004 
Spark Biopharma Inc.
       4,967       4,967 
G1 Playground Co., Ltd.
       1,000       1,000 
Pin Therapeutics Inc.
       3,000       3,000 
Hibiscus Fund LP
       4,731       4,731 
SuperNGine Co., Ltd.
       1,998       1,998 

F-236

   
2021
 
   
Beginning
   
Loan
   
Collection
  
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Desilo Inc.
       3,469       3,469 
RMG-KB BioAccess Fund L.P.
       353       353 
RMG-KB BP Management Ltd.
       7       7 
IGGYMOB Co., Ltd.
       5,006       5,006 
Turing Co., Ltd.
       3,000       3,000 
Key management personnel
   5,153    3,421    (3,983  4,591 
 
*
Excluded from the Group’s related party as of December 31, 2021.
43.4 Details of significant borrowing transactions with related parties for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2020
 
   
Beginning
   
Borrowing
   
Repayment
  
Others
1
  
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Associates and joint ventures
                       
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
  17,966   1,000     1,016  19,982 
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
   45,447    20,000    (21,260  (4,667  39,520 
Jungdo Co., Ltd.
   4              4 
Dae-A Leisure Co., Ltd.
   753           (117  636 
Computerlife Co., Ltd.
   1           (1   
Skydigital Inc.
   25           (10  15 
Jo Yang Industrial Co., Ltd.
   2              2 
Aju Good Technology Venture Fund
   5,456    1,442       (3,805  3,093 
KB-KDBC Pre-IPO New Technology Business Investment Fund
   7,054    1,500    (6,500  (1,131  923 
KB-Brain KOSDAQ Scale-up New Technology Business Investment Fund
   13,118           (5,021  8,097 
Neomio Corp.
2
              535   535 
WJ Private Equity Fund No.1
              349   349 
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
   8,293    2,117    (5,630  (525  4,255 
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.
   8           (2  6 
KB No.17 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   1,742    1,525    (1,500  (56  1,711 
KB No.18 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   2,140    2,063    (2,100  (2  2,101 
KB No.19 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   1,093    1,000    (1,000  (40  1,053 
KB No.20 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   1,984    1,522    (1,500  (290  1,716 
RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.
   4,452    2,250    (3,750  (2,259  693 
Wise Asset Management Co., Ltd.
   21           (21   
Food Factory Co., Ltd.
   1,073    1,503    (1,003  (18  1,555 
Acts Co., Ltd.
   1           17   18 
Paycoms Co., Ltd.
   1              1 
Big Dipper Co., Ltd.
   6           (5  1 
A-PRO Co., Ltd.
2
   3,201           (3,201   
Wyatt Corp.
              1   1 
Stratio, Inc.
   726           (713  13 
UPRISE, Inc.
              11   11 
CellinCells Co., Ltd.
   1,545           (1,285  260 
COSES GT Co., Ltd.
              292   292 
SwatchOn Inc.
   395    7,002    (3,801  351   3,947 
 

F-237

   
2020
 
   
Beginning
   
Borrowing
   
Repayment
  
Others
1
  
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
BNF Corporation Ltd.
2
   947           (947   
Gomi corporation Inc.
              37   37 
S&E bio Co., Ltd.
              1,142   1,142 
KB IGen Private Equity Fund No.1
2
   147           (147   
KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund No.1
   2,955           (2,326  629 
4N Inc.
              76   76 
Contents First Inc.
       4,000    (3,000  823   1,823 
December & Company Inc.
              1   1 
GENINUS Inc.
              13,630   13,630 
Key management personnel
   15,338    21,319    (20,410  920   17,167 
  
   
2021
 
   
Beginning
   
Borrowing
   
Repayment
  
Others
1
  
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Associates and joint ventures
                       
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
   19,982      (1,000 (8,782 10,200 
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
   39,520     15,000     (20,000  967   35,487 
Jungdo Co., Ltd.
   4              4 
Dae-A Leisure Co., Ltd.
   636        (479  (140  17 
Skydigital Inc.
   15           70   85 
Jo Yang Industrial Co., Ltd.
   2           (1  1 
Aju Good Technology Venture Fund
   3,093    3,840    (1,442  795   6,286 
KB-KDBC Pre-IPO New Technology Business Investment Fund
   923           (19  904 
KB-Brain KOSDAQ Scale-up New Technology Business Investment Fund
   8,097           (6,573  1,524 
Neomio Corp.
2
   535           (535   
WJ Private Equity Fund No.1
   349           (89  260 
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
   4,255        (1,770  93   2,578 
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.
   6           11   17 
KB No.17 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   1,711    1,546    (1,525  (45  1,687 
KB No.18 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   2,101    2,016    (2,063  23   2,077 
KB No.19 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   1,053    1,000    (1,000  (40  1,013 
KB No.20 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
   1,716    1,534    (1,522  (47  1,681 
RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.
   693        (400  150   443 
Food Factory Co., Ltd.
   1,555    507    (500  (723  839 
Acts Co., Ltd.
   18           136   154 
Paycoms Co., Ltd.
   1              1 
Big Dipper Co., Ltd.
   1           (1   
Wyatt Corp.
   1              1 
Stratio, Inc.
   13           (13   
UPRISE, Inc.
   11           3,990   4,001 
CellinCells Co., Ltd.
   260           (222  38 
COSES GT Co., Ltd.
   292           1,647   1,939 
SwatchOn Inc.
   3,947    200    (3,501  40   686 
Gomi corporation Inc.
   37           3,151   3,188 
S&E Bio Co., Ltd.
   1,142           (879  263 
KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund No.1
   629           (526  103 

F-238

   
2021
 
   
Beginning
   
Borrowing
   
Repayment
  
Others
1
  
Ending
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
4N Inc.
   76           (37  39 
Contents First Inc.
   1,823    20,000    (11,000  1,827   12,650 
December & Company Inc.
   1              1 
GENINUS Inc.
   13,630        (5,000  25,785   34,415 
Mantisco Co., Ltd.
              386   386 
Spark Biopharma Inc.
       1,000    (3,000  8,015   6,015 
G1 Playground Co., Ltd.
              354   354 
SuperNGine Co., Ltd.
              944   944 
Desilo Inc.
              168   168 
Turing Co., Ltd.
              1,054   1,054 
IGGYMOB Co., Ltd.
              2,938   2,938 
Key management personnel
   17,167    16,574    (16,994  249   16,996 
 
1
 
Transactions between related parties, such as settlements arising from operating activities and deposits, are expressed in net amount.
2
 
Excluded from the Group’s related party as of December 31, 2021.

F-239

43.5 Details of significant investment and withdrawal transactions with related parties for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
  
2020
  
2021
 
  
Equity
investment
and others
  
Withdrawal
and others
  
Equity
investment
and others
  
Withdrawal
and others
 
  
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Balhae Infrastructure Company
 894  6,973  279  9,584 
KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust*
     9,523      188,836 
KoFC POSCO Hanwha KB Shared Growth Private Equity Fund No.2
     3,230      11,860 
POSCO-KB Shipbuilding Fund
  5,000   2,125      7,600 
KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund No.1
     585      292 
KB-KDBC Pre-IPO New Technology Business Investment Fund
     6,400      4,800 
KB-SJ Tourism Venture Fund
  1,500      500    
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
     90      90 
KB-UTC Inno-Tech Venture Fund
  16,965      5,085   1,125 
KB-Solidus Global Healthcare Fund
  10,920   4,940      3,120 
KB-Stonebridge Secondary Private Equity Fund
  9,093      13,258   11,578 
WJ Private Equity Fund No.1
  10,000          
All Together Korea Fund No.2
  100,000   90,127       
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
     1,273      1,246 
KB SPROTT Renewable Private Equity Fund No.1
  4,129          
KB-NAU Special Situation Corporate Restructuring Private Equity Fund
  5,700      7,692    
JR Global REIT*
  219,493   3,639      65,025 
KB Bio Private Equity No.3 Ltd.
        10,000    
K The 15th REIT Co., Ltd.*
        8,600   8,600 
IGIS No.371 Professional Investors’ Real Estate Investment Company*
  10,000   10,000       
Koreit Tower Real Estate Investment Trust Company*
  30,000   30,000       
Project Vanilla Co., Ltd.
  2,450          
December & Company Inc.
  30,000          
KB Social Impact Investment Fund
  1,500      1,500    
2020 KB Fintech Renaissance Fund
  550          
KB Material and Parts No.1 PEF
  3,400          
KB Private Equity Fund No.3*
     8,000       
KB-TS Technology Venture Private Equity Fund
  2,240   5,488   3,080   5,376 
Keystone-Hyundai Securities No.1 Private Equity Fund*
           1,925 
KB-Brain KOSDAQ Scale-up New Technology Business Investment Fund
  8,000   3,200   10,000   10,800 
Aju Good Technology Venture Fund
     2,885      4,769 
G payment Joint Stock Company
        9,029    
498 Seventh Owners LLC
        166,851    
KB-KTB Technology Venture Fund
        5,600    
KB-SOLIDUS Healthcare Investment Fund
        1,800    
Paramark KB Fund No.1
        2,040    
FineKB Private Equity Fund No.1
        8,375    
 
*
Excluded from the Group’s related party as of December 31, 2021.
 

F-240

43.6 Unused commitments provided to related parties as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
     
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
     
(In millions of Korean won
or in a US Dollar or
Malaysian ringgit)
 
Associates and joint ventures
          
Balhae Infrastructure Company
 
Purchase of securities
  6,433   6,154 
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
   564    565 
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.
 
Loan commitments in Korean won
   20,000    20,000 
  
Unused lines of credit for credit card
   98    93 
KoFC POSCO Hanwha KB Shared Growth Private Equity Fund No.2
 
Commitments on loss absorption priority
   14,980    10,000 
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
   90    98 
Food Factory Co., Ltd.
 
Loan commitments in Korean won
   388     
  
Unused lines of credit for credit card
   73    82 
KB No.17 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
   441     
KB No.18 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
   15    15 
KB No.19 Special Purpose Acquisition Company
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
       1 
CellinCells Co., Ltd.
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
       18 
RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
   24    24 
Big Dipper Co., Ltd.
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
   96    43 
SwatchOn Inc.
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
   7    127 
Gomi corporation Inc.
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
       2 
COSES GT Co., Ltd.
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
       15 
GENINUS Inc.
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
       43 
Spark Biopharma Inc.
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
       33 
Mantisco Co., Ltd.
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
       29 
IMBiologics Corp.
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
       18 
SuperNGine Co., Ltd.
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
       18 
IGGYMOB Co., Ltd.
 
Unused lines of credit for credit card
       14 
KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund No.1
 
Commitments on loss absorption priority
   1,671    1,671 
KB-TS Technology Venture Private Equity Fund
 
Purchase of securities
   3,696    616 
KB-SJ Tourism Venture Fund
 
Purchase of securities
   500     
KB-Brain KOSDAQ Scale-up New Technology Business Investment Fund
 
Purchase of securities
   10,000     
KB SPROTT Renewable Private Equity Fund No.1
 
Purchase of securities
   18,704    18,704 
KB-Stonebridge Secondary Private Equity Fund
 
Purchase of securities
   18,837    5,579 
KB Social Impact Investment Fund
 
Purchase of securities
   1,500     
KB-UTC Inno-Tech Venture Fund
 
Purchase of securities
   5,085     
KB-NAU Special Situation Corporate Restructuring Private Equity Fund
 
Purchase of securities
   24,300    16,608 
All Together Korea Fund No.2
 
Purchase of securities
   990,000     
KB-KTB Technology Venture Fund
 
Purchase of securities
       22,400 
KB-SOLIDUS Healthcare Investment Fund
 
Purchase of securities
       88,200 
KB Co-Investment Private Equity Fund No.1
 
Purchase of securities
       20,000 
FineKB Private Equity Fund No.1
 
Purchase of securities
   25,000    16,625 
KB-Solidus Global Healthcare Fund
 
Purchase of securities
   2,120    2,120 
  
Commitments on loss absorption priority
       4,500 
 

F-241

     
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
     
(In millions of Korean won
or in a US Dollar or
Malaysian ringgit)
 
Paramark KB Fund No.1
 
Purchase of securities
       27,960 
RMGP Bio-Pharma Investment Fund, L.P.
 
Purchase of securities
  USD7,796,423   USD 5,169,932 
RMGP Bio-Pharma Investment, L.P.
 
Purchase of securities
  USD17,132   USD 12,615 
KB-MDI Centauri Fund LP
 
Purchase of securities
  USD 13,537,500   USD 6,622,923 
Hibiscus Fund LP
 
Purchase of securities
      MYR 33,333,333 
RMG-KB BP Management Ltd.
 
Purchase of securities
      USD616,170 
RMG-KB BioAccess Fund L.P.
 
Purchase of securities
      USD 29,702,324 
Key management personnel
 
Loan commitments in Korean won
   1,760    2,018 
43.7 Details of compensation to key management personnel for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
2019
 
   
Short-term
employee benefits
   
Post-employment
benefits
   
Share-based
payments
   
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Registered directors (executive)
  8,540   425   7,434   16,399 
Registered directors (non-executive)
   1,030            1,030 
Non-registered directors
   9,157    360    7,510    17,027 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   18,727   785   14,944   34,456 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
   
2020
 
   
Short-term
employee benefits
   
Post-employment
benefits
   
Share-based
payments
   
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Registered directors (executive)
  8,111   672   6,369   15,152 
Registered directors (non-executive)
   1,133            1,133 
Non-registered directors
   10,782    396    6,934    18,112 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   20,026   1,068   13,303   34,397 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
   
2021
 
   
Short-term

employee benefits
   
Post-employment

benefits
   
Share-based

payments
   
Total
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Registered directors (executive)
  8,152   966   11,655   20,773 
Registered directors (non-executive)
   1,061            1,061 
Non-registered directors
   12,820    466    14,424    27,710 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   22,033   1,432   26,079   49,544 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
43.8 Details of collateral provided by related parties as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:
 
   
Assets held as collateral
  
December 31,

2020
   
December 31,

2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Associates
             
KB Star Office Private Real Estate Master Fund No.1
  Real estate  13,000   13,000 
Key management personnel
  Time deposits and others   213    745 
  
Real estate
   4,356    5,176 
F-242

As of December 31, 2021, Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd., a related party, provides fund management account, civil engineering works insurance, and management and operations rights as senior collateral amounting to ₩611,000 million to the project financing group consisting of the Group and 5 other institutions, and as subordinated collateral amounting to ₩384,800 million to subordinated debt holders consisting of the Group and 2 other institutions. Also, it provides certificate of credit guarantee amounting to ₩400,000 million as collateral to the project financing group consisting of the Group and 5 other institutions.
44. Events after the reporting period
3,455,426 treasury shares were retired on February 14, 2022 in accordance with the resolution of the board of directors on February 8, 2022.
45. Approval of Issuance of the Consolidated Financial Statements
The Group’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021 was certified by management on April 27, 2022.
46. Parent Company Information
The following tables present the Parent Company Only financial information:
Condensed Statements of Financial Position
 
   
December 31,
2020
   
December 31,
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Assets
          
Cash and due from financial institutions
  23,084   608,076 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
   474,262    440,760 
Loans at amortized cost
   179,542    249,128 
Investments in subsidiaries*
          
Banking subsidiaries
   14,821,721    14,821,721 
Nonbanking subsidiaries.
   11,698,159    11,919,717 
Other assets
   911,723    831,977 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total assets
  28,108,491   28,871,379 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
          
Borrowings
  100,000    
Debentures
   6,128,043    5,552,791 
Other liabilities
   894,828    805,614 
Shareholders’ equity
   20,985,620    22,512,974 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
  28,108,491   28,871,379 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
*
Investments in subsidiaries were accounted at cost method in accordance with IAS No.27.
 

F-243

Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Income
             
Dividends from subsidiaries
  926,934  1,573,411  1,617,949 
Interest from subsidiaries
   3,618   3,519   7,566 
Other income
   22,709   22,749   31,284 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total income
   953,261   1,599,679   1,656,799 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Expense
             
Interest expense
   126,065   132,437   120,469 
Non-interest expense
   80,355   87,876   99,745 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total expense
   206,420   220,313   220,214 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Profit before income tax expense
   746,841   1,379,366   1,436,585 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Income tax benefit (expense)
   (854  49   2,281 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Profit for the year
   745,987   1,379,415   1,438,866 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Other comprehensive loss for the year, net of tax
   (520  (368  (298
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total comprehensive income for the year
  745,467  1,379,047  1,438,568 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows
 
   
2019
  
2020
  
2021
 
   
(In millions of Korean won)
 
Operating activities
             
Net income
  745,987  1,379,415  1,438,866 
Reconciliation of net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
             
Other operating activities, net
   (274  9,930   (92,785
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net cash inflow from operating activities
   745,713   1,389,345   1,346,081 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Investing activities
             
Net payments to subsidiaries
   (100,000  (2,347,543  (219,268
Other investing activities, net
   (200,609  (146,477  (39,477
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net cash outflow from investing activities
   (300,609  (2,494,020  (258,745
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Financing activities
             
Net increase (decrease) in borrowings
   (298,321  100,000   (100,000
Increases in debentures
   1,037,656   1,537,091   389,405 
Repayments of debentures and lease liabilities
   (868,723  (940,610  (970,535
Issuance of hybrid securities
   399,085   1,296,693   1,142,203 
Cash dividends paid
   (766,249  (883,952  (1,053,417
Acquisition of treasury shares
   (274,317      
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net cash inflow (outflow) from financing activities
   (770,869  1,109,222   (592,344
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
   (325,765  4,547   494,992 
Cash and cash equivalents as of January 1
   344,299   18,534   23,081 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31
  18,534  23,081  518,073 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
F-244