Webster Financial - 10-K annual report 2017

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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_______________________________________________________________________________

FORM 10-K

_______________________________________________________________________________

Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Fiscal

Year Ended December 31, 2017

Commission File Number: 001-31486

_______________________________________________________________________________

WEBSTER FINANCIAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

_______________________________________________________________________________



	Delaware		06-1187536
	(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

	145 Bank Street, Waterbury, Connecticut 06702
	(Address and zip code of principal executive offices)
	Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (203) 578-2202

	Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
	Title of each class		Name of exchange on which registered
	Common Stock, $.01 par value		New York Stock Exchange
	Depository Shares, each representing 1/1000th interest in a share of 5.25% Series F Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock		New York Stock Exchange
	Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

______________________________________________________________________________

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.☑ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ☐ Yes ☑ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☑ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). ☑ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer	☑	Accelerated filer	☐	Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transaction period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2). ☐ Yes ☑ No

The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of Webster Financial Corporation was approximately $4.7 billion, based on the closing sale price of the common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2017, the last trading day of the registrant's most recently completed second quarter.

The number of shares of common stock, par value $.01 per share, outstanding as of February 16, 2018 was 92,111,033.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Part III: Portions of the Definitive Proxy Statement (the "Proxy Statement") for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 26, 2018.

INDEX



		Page No.

Forward-Looking Statements		ii
Key to Acronyms and Terms		iii

PART I

Item 1.	Business	1

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	12

Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	17

Item 2.	Properties	18

Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	18

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	18

PART II

Item 5.	Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	19

Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	22

Item 7.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	22

Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	59

Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	60

Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	121

Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	121

Item 9B.	Other Information	123

PART III

Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	123

Item 11.	Executive Compensation	125

Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	125

Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	125

Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	125

PART IV

Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	125

SIGNATURES		126

EXHIBIT INDEX		127

WEBSTER FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as "believes," "anticipates," "expects," "intends," "targeted," "continue," "remain," "will," "should," "may," "plans," "estimates," and similar references to future periods; however, such words are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements.

Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

•projections of revenues, expenses, income or loss, earnings or loss per share, and other financial items;

•statements of plans, objectives and expectations of Webster or its management or Board of Directors;

•statements of future economic performance; and

•statements of assumptions underlying such statements.

Forward-looking statements are based on Webster’s current expectations and assumptions regarding its business, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. Webster’s actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements, which are neither statements of historical fact nor guarantees or assurances of future performance.

Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:


•	local, regional, national and international economic conditions and the impact they may have on us and our customers;


•	volatility and disruption in national and international financial markets;


•	government intervention in the U.S. financial system;


•	changes in the level of non-performing assets and charge-offs;


•	changes in estimates of future reserve requirements based upon the periodic review thereof under relevant regulatory and accounting requirements;


•	adverse conditions in the securities markets that lead to impairment in the value of securities in our investment portfolio;


•	inflation, interest rate, securities market and monetary fluctuations;


•	the timely development and acceptance of new products and services and perceived overall value of these products and services by customers;


•	changes in consumer spending, borrowings and savings habits;


•	technological changes and cyber-security matters;


•	the ability to increase market share and control expenses;


•	changes in the competitive environment among banks, financial holding companies and other financial services providers;

•

the effect of changes in laws and regulations (including laws and regulations concerning taxes, banking, securities, insurance and healthcare) with which we and our subsidiaries must comply, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank Act), the final rules establishing a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations (Capital Rules), and the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (Tax Act);


•	the effect of changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies, as well as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and other accounting standard setters;


•	the costs and effects of legal and regulatory developments including the resolution of legal proceedings or regulatory or other governmental inquiries and the results of regulatory examinations or reviews; and


•	our success at assessing and managing the risks involved in the foregoing items.

Any forward-looking statements made by Webster Financial Corporation (the Company) in this Annual Report on Form 10-K speaks only as of the date they are made. Factors or events that could cause the Company’s actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for the Company to predict all of them. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law.

WEBSTER FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

KEY TO ACRONYMS AND TERMS



Agency CMBS	Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency CMO	Agency collateralized mortgage obligations
Agency MBS	Agency mortgage-backed securities
ALCO	Asset/Liability Committee
ALLL	Allowance for loan and lease losses
AOCL	Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax
ASC	Accounting Standards Codification
ASU	Accounting Standards Update
Basel III	Capital rules under a global regulatory framework developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
BHC Act	Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended
Capital Rules	Final rules establishing a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations
CET1 capital	Common Equity Tier 1 Capital, defined by Basel III capital rules
CFPB	Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
CFTC	Commodity Futures Trading Commission
CLO	Collateralized loan obligation securities
CMBS	Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities
CRA	Community Reinvestment Act of 1977
DIF	Federal Deposit Insurance Fund
Dodd-Frank Act	Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010
DTA	Deferred tax asset
ERMC	Enterprise Risk Management Committee
FASB	Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIC	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FHLB	Federal Home Loan Bank
FICO	Fair Isaac Corporation
FINRA	Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
FRA	Federal Reserve Act
FRB	Federal Reserve Bank
FTP	Funds Transfer Pricing, a matched maturity funding concept
GAAP	U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Holding Company	Webster Financial Corporation
HSA Bank	A division of Webster Bank, National Association
ISDA	International Swaps Derivative Association
LEP	Loss emergence period
LGD	Loss given default
LIBOR	London Interbank Offered Rate
LPL	LPL Financial Holdings Inc.
NII	Net interest income
OCC	Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
OCI/OCL	Other comprehensive income (loss)
OREO	Other real estate owned
OTTI	Other-than-temporary impairment
PD	Probability of default
PPNR	Pre-tax, pre-provision net revenue
QM	Qualified mortgage
SALT	State and local tax
SEC	United States Securities and Exchange Commission
SERP	Supplemental defined benefit retirement plan
SIPC	Securities Investor Protection Corporation
Tax Act	Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
TDR	Troubled debt restructuring, defined in ASC 310-40 "Receivables-Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors"
UTB	Unrecognized tax benefit
UTP	Uncertain tax position
VIE	Variable interest entity, defined in ASC 810-10 "Consolidation-Overall"
Webster Bank or the Bank	Webster Bank, National Association, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Webster Financial Corporation
Webster or the Company	Webster Financial Corporation, collectively with its consolidated subsidiaries

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PART 1

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Company Overview

Webster Financial Corporation is a bank holding company and financial holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act, incorporated under the laws of Delaware in 1986, and headquartered in Waterbury, Connecticut. Its principal asset is all of the outstanding capital stock of Webster Bank, National Association (Webster Bank).

At December 31, 2017, Webster had assets of $26.5 billion, net loans and leases of $17.3 billion, deposits of $21.0 billion, and shareholders' equity of $2.7 billion.

At December 31, 2017, Webster had 3,302 full-time equivalent employees. Webster provides its employees with comprehensive benefits, some of which are provided on a contributory basis, including medical and dental plans, a 401(k) savings plan with a company matching contribution, life insurance, and short-term and long-term disability coverage.

Webster Financial Corporation's common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol WBS. Webster's internet address is www.websterbank.com and investor relations internet address is www.wbst.com. Webster makes available free of charge on these websites its Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, definitive proxy statements, and amendments, if any, to those documents filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as soon as practicable after it electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). These documents are also available to the public on the Internet at the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Information on Webster’s website and the investor relations website is not incorporated by reference into this report.

References in this report to Webster, the Company, we, our, or us, mean Webster Financial Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Business Segments

The Company delivers a wide range of banking, investment, and financial services to businesses and individuals through three reportable segments - Commercial Banking, HSA Bank, a division of Webster Bank, National Association (HSA Bank), and Community Banking.

Commercial Banking provides lending, deposit, and treasury and payment solutions with a focus on building relationships with companies that have annual revenues greater than $25 million, primarily within our Northeast footprint. Commercial Banking is comprised of the following:


•	Middle Market delivers a full array of financial services to a diversified group of companies, leveraging industry specialization and delivering competitive products and services.


•	Commercial Real Estate provides financing for the acquisition, development, construction, or refinancing of commercial real estate for which the property is the primary security for the loan and income generated from the property is the primary repayment source.

•

Webster Business Credit Corporation is the asset-based lending subsidiary of Webster Bank and is one of the top 25 asset-based lenders in the U.S. Webster Business Credit Corporation builds relationships with growing middle market companies by financing core working capital and import financing needs primarily with revolving credit facilities with advance rates against accounts receivable and inventory.


•	Webster Capital Finance is the equipment finance subsidiary of Webster Bank. Webster Capital Finance offers small to mid-ticket financing for critical equipment with specialties in construction, transportation, environmental and manufacturing equipment. Webster Capital Finance lends primarily in the eastern half of the U.S. and in other select markets

•

Treasury and Payment Solutions delivers a broad range of deposit, lending, treasury, and trade services via a dedicated team of treasury professionals and local commercial bankers. Treasury and Payment Solutions is comprised of Government and Institutional Banking, Cash Management Sales and Product Management to deliver holistic solutions to Webster’s increasingly sophisticated business and institutional clients.

HSA Bank is a leading bank administrator of health savings accounts based on assets under administration. With a focus on health savings accounts, HSA Bank also delivers health reimbursement arrangements, and flexible spending and commuter benefit account administration services to employers and individuals in all 50 states. Health savings accounts are distributed nationwide directly to employers and individual consumers as well as through national and regional insurance carriers, benefit consultants and financial advisors. At December 31, 2017, HSA Bank held almost 2.5 million accounts encompassing more than $6.3 billion in health savings account deposits and linked investments.

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Community Banking serves consumers and business banking customers primarily throughout southern New England and into Westchester County, NY. Community Banking is comprised of personal and business banking, as well as a distribution network consisting of 167 banking centers, 334 ATMs, a customer care center, and a full range of web and mobile based banking services.

•

Personal Banking offers consumer deposit and fee-based services, residential mortgages, home equity lines/loans, unsecured consumer loans, and credit card products. In addition, investment and securities-related services, including brokerage and investment advice is offered through a strategic partnership with LPL Financial Holdings Inc. (LPL), a broker dealer registered with the SEC, a registered investment advisor under federal and applicable state laws, a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), and a member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC). Webster Bank has employees located throughout its banking center network, who, through LPL, are registered representatives.


•	Business Banking offers credit, deposit, and cash flow management products to businesses and professional service firms with annual revenues of up to $25 million. This group builds broad customer relationships through business bankers and business certified banking center managers, supported by a team of customer care center bankers and industry and product specialists.

Additional information relating to our business segments is included under the caption "Segment Reporting" in Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, while financial and other information is included within Note 19: Segment Reporting in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Subsidiaries of Webster Financial Corporation

Webster Financial Corporation's direct consolidated subsidiaries include Webster Bank, Webster Wealth Advisors, Inc., and Webster Licensing, LLC. Additionally, Webster Financial Corporation (Holding Company) owns all of the outstanding common stock of Webster Statutory Trust, an unconsolidated financial vehicle that has issued, and may in the future issue, trust preferred securities.

Webster Bank offers its wide range of financial services to individuals, families and businesses. Through its HSA Bank division, Webster Bank offers health savings accounts, health reimbursement accounts, flexible spending accounts, and other financial solutions. Through a strategic partnership with LPL, a broker dealer registered with the SEC, a registered investment advisor under federal and applicable state laws, a member of the FINRA, and a member of the SIPC, Webster Bank offers investment and securities-related services.

Webster Bank's significant direct subsidiaries include; Webster Mortgage Investment Corporation, a passive investment subsidiary whose primary function is to provide servicing on qualified passive investments, such as residential real estate and commercial mortgage real estate loans acquired from Webster Bank; Webster Business Credit Corporation, which offers asset-based lending services; and Webster Capital Finance, Inc., which offers equipment financing for end users of equipment. Webster Bank also has various other subsidiaries that are not significant to the consolidated group.

Competition

Webster is subject to strong competition from banks, thrifts, credit unions, non-bank health savings account trustees, consumer finance companies, investment companies, insurance companies, e-commerce and other internet-based companies. Certain of these competitors are larger financial institutions with substantially greater resources, lending limits, larger branch systems, and a wider array of commercial and consumer banking services than Webster. Competition could intensify in the future as a result of industry consolidation, the increasing availability of products and services from non-bank entities, greater technological developments in the industry, and continued bank regulatory reforms.

Webster faces substantial competition for deposits and loans throughout its market areas. The primary factors in competing for deposits are interest rates, personalized services, the quality and range of financial services, convenience of office locations, automated services, and office hours. Competition for deposits comes from other commercial banks, savings institutions, credit unions, mutual funds, and other investment alternatives. The primary factors in competing for consumer and commercial loans are interest rates, loan origination fees, the quality and range of lending services, personalized service and ability to close within customers' desired time frame. Competition for origination of mortgage loans comes primarily from savings institutions, mortgage banking firms, mortgage brokers, other commercial banks, and insurance companies. Other factors which affect competition include the general and local economic conditions, current interest rate levels, and volatility in the mortgage markets.

Supervision and Regulation

Webster and its bank and non-bank subsidiaries are subject to comprehensive regulation under federal and state laws. The regulatory framework applicable to bank holding companies and their subsidiary banks is intended to protect depositors, the Federal Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF), and the U.S. banking system as a whole. This system is not designed to protect equity investors in bank holding companies. Set forth below is a summary of the significant laws and regulations applicable to Webster and its bank and non-bank subsidiaries. The description that follows is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the statutes, regulations, and policies that are described. Such statutes, regulations, and policies are subject to ongoing review by Congress and state legislatures and federal and state regulatory agencies. A change in any of the statutes, regulations, or regulatory policies applicable to Webster and its bank and non-bank subsidiaries could have a material effect on the results of the Company.

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Webster Financial Corporation is a separate and distinct legal entity from Webster Bank and its other subsidiaries. As a registered bank holding company and a financial holding company it is subject to inspection, examination, and supervision by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and is regulated under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (BHC Act). Webster is under the jurisdiction of the SEC and is subject to the disclosure and other regulatory requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as administered by the SEC. Webster is subject to the rules for companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In addition, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) supervises Webster for compliance with federal consumer financial protection laws. Webster also is subject to oversight by state attorneys general for compliance with state consumer protection laws. Webster's non-bank subsidiaries are subject to federal and state laws and regulations, including regulations of the Federal Reserve System.

Webster Bank is organized as a national banking association under the National Bank Act. Webster Bank is subject to the supervision of, and to regular examination by, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) as its primary federal regulator, as well as by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) as its deposit insurer. Webster Bank's deposits are insured by the FDIC up to the applicable deposit insurance limits in accordance with FDIC laws and regulations.

The Dodd-Frank Act significantly changed the financial regulatory regime in the United States. Since the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act, U.S. banks and financial services firms have been subject to enhanced regulation and oversight. Several provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act are subject to further rulemaking, guidance, and interpretation by the federal banking agencies. While the current administration and its appointees to the federal banking agencies have expressed interest in reviewing, revising, and perhaps repealing portions of the Dodd-Frank Act and certain of its implementing regulations, it is not clear whether any such legislation or regulatory changes will be enacted or, if enacted, what the effect would be on Webster or Webster Bank.

Bank Holding Company Regulation

Webster Financial Corporation is a bank holding company as defined under the BHC Act. The BHC Act generally limits the business of bank holding companies to banking, managing or controlling banks, and other activities that the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System has determined to be so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto. Bank holding companies that have elected to become financial holding companies, such as Webster Financial Corporation, may engage in any activity, or acquire and retain the shares of a company engaged in any activity that is either (i) financial in nature or incidental to such financial activity (as determined by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury) or (ii) complementary to a financial activity, and that does not pose a substantial risk to the safety and soundness of depository institutions or the financial system (as solely determined by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System). Activities that are financial in nature include securities underwriting and dealing, insurance underwriting, and making merchant banking investments.

Mergers and Acquisitions

The BHC Act, the Bank Merger Act, and other federal and state statutes regulate the direct and indirect acquisition of depository institutions. The BHC Act requires the prior Federal Reserve System approval for a bank holding company to acquire, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of any class of voting securities of a commercial bank or its parent holding company and for a company, other than a bank holding company, to acquire 25% or more of any class of voting securities of a bank or bank holding company. Under the Change in Bank Control Act, any person, including a company, may not acquire, directly or indirectly, control of a bank without providing 60 days prior notice and receiving a non-objection from the appropriate federal banking agency.

Under the Bank Merger Act, the prior approval of the appropriate federal banking agency is required for insured depository institutions to merge or enter into purchase and assumption transactions. In reviewing applications seeking approval of merger or purchase and assumption transactions, the federal banking agencies will consider, among other things, the competitive effect and public benefits of the transactions, the capital position of the combined banks, the applicant's performance record under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (CRA), and the effectiveness of the merging banks in combating money laundering.

Enhanced Prudential Standards

Section 165 of the Dodd-Frank Act imposes enhanced prudential standards on larger banking organizations. Certain of these standards are applicable to banking organizations over $10 billion, including Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank. Additionally, the FDIC, the OCC, and the Federal Reserve System issued separate but similar rules requiring covered banks and bank holding companies with $10 billion to $50 billion in total consolidated assets, which includes Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank, to conduct an annual company-run stress test. Annual company-run stress tests are conducted for the Holding Company and Webster Bank, as required by the Dodd-Frank Act. Webster publicly disclosed its most recent company-run capital stress test results on October 17, 2017.

The Federal Reserve System also issued a rule further implementing the enhanced prudential standards required by the Dodd-Frank Act. Although most of the standards only apply to bank holding companies with more than $50 billion in assets, as directed by the Dodd-Frank Act, the rule contains certain standards that apply to bank holding companies with more than $10 billion in assets, including a requirement to establish a risk committee of the Company's board of directors to manage enterprise-wide risk. Webster meets these requirements.

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Debit Card Interchange Fees

The Dodd-Frank Act requires that any interchange transaction fee charged for a debit transaction be reasonable and proportional to the cost incurred by the issuer for the transaction, with regulations that establish such fee standards, eliminate exclusivity arrangements between issuers and networks for debit card transactions, and limit restrictions on merchant discounting for use of certain payment forms and minimum or maximum amount thresholds as a condition for acceptance of credit cards. Under the Federal Reserve System's approved final debit card interchange rule pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, an issuer's base fee is capped at 21 cents per transaction and allows for an additional amount equal to 5 basis points of the transaction's value. The Federal Reserve System separately issued a final rule that also allows a fraud-prevention adjustment of 1 cent per transaction conditioned upon an issuer developing, implementing, and updating reasonably designed fraud-prevention policies and procedures.

Identity Theft

The SEC and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) jointly issued final rules and guidelines implementing provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act which require certain regulated entities to establish programs to address risks of identity theft. The rules require financial institutions and creditors to develop and implement a written identity theft prevention program that is designed to detect, prevent, and mitigate identity theft in connection with certain existing accounts or the opening of new accounts. The rules include guidelines to assist entities in the formulation and maintenance of programs that would satisfy these requirements. In addition, the rules establish special requirements for any credit and debit card issuers that are subject to the jurisdiction of the SEC or the CFTC, to assess the validity of notifications of changes of address under certain circumstances. Webster implemented an ID Theft Prevention Program, approved by its Board of Directors, in compliance with these requirements.

Volcker Rule

Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act, commonly known as the Volcker Rule, restricts the ability of banking entities, such as Webster and Webster Bank, from: (i) engaging in proprietary trading and (ii) investing in or sponsoring certain covered funds, subject to certain limited exceptions. Under the Volcker Rule, the term covered funds is defined as any issuer that would be an investment company under the Investment Company Act but for the exemption in section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of that Act, which includes collateralized loan obligation securities and collateralized debt obligation securities. There are also several exemptions from the definition of covered fund, including, among other things, loan securitizations, joint ventures, certain types of foreign funds, entities issuing asset-backed commercial paper, and registered investment companies. The Federal Reserve approved Webster's illiquid funds extension request, thereby providing Webster with up to five additional years, to July 21, 2022, to bring such holdings into compliance with the Volcker Rule.

Derivatives Regulation

Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act imposes requirements related to over-the-counter derivatives. Key provisions of the Title VII regulation are implemented by the CFTC. Among other things, the CFTC's rules apply to swap dealers, major swap participants and commercial entities that enter into OTC derivatives transactions to hedge or mitigate risk. Under rules and guidance of the CFTC, end users are subject to a wide range of requirements including capital, margining, clearing, documentation, reporting, eligibility and business conduct requirements. The Company complies with all aspects of the Title VII regulation that impact derivative activities, including interest rate risk hedges and its customer loan hedge program.

Dividends

The principal source of the Holding Company's liquidity is dividends from Webster Bank. The prior approval of the OCC is required if the total of all dividends declared by a national bank in a year would exceed the sum of its net income for that year and its undistributed net income for the preceding two years, less any required transfers to surplus. Federal law also prohibits a national bank from paying dividends that would be greater than its undivided profits after deducting statutory bad debt in excess of allowance for loan and lease losses (ALLL). Webster Bank paid the Holding Company $120.0 million in dividends during the year ended December 31, 2017, and $368.8 million of undistributed net income available for the payment of dividends remained at December 31, 2017.

In addition, Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank are subject to other regulatory policies and requirements relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. The appropriate federal regulatory authority is authorized to determine, under certain circumstances relating to the financial condition of a bank holding company or a bank, that the payment of dividends would be an unsafe or unsound practice and to prohibit payment thereof. The appropriate federal banking agency authorities have indicated that paying dividends that deplete a bank's capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice and that banking organizations should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings.

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Federal Reserve System

Federal Reserve System regulations require depository institutions to maintain cash reserves against their transaction accounts, primarily interest-bearing and regular checking accounts. The required cash reserves can be in the form of vault cash and, if vault cash does not fully satisfy the required cash reserves, in the form of a balance maintained with Federal Reserve Banks. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System generally makes annual adjustments to the tiered cash reserve requirements. The regulations require that Webster maintain cash reserves against aggregate transaction accounts in excess of the exempt amount of $15.5 million at December 31, 2017. Amounts greater than $15.5 million up to and including $115.1 million have a reserve requirement of 3%. Amounts in excess of $115.1 million have a reserve requirement of 10%. Webster Bank is in compliance with these cash reserve requirements.

As a national bank and member of the Federal Reserve System, Webster Bank is required to hold capital stock of the Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) of Boston. The required shares may be adjusted up or down based on changes to Webster Bank's common stock and paid-in surplus. Webster Bank was in compliance with these requirements, with a total investment in FRB of Boston stock of $50.7 million at December 31, 2017. The FRBs pay a semi-annual dividend, to member banks with total assets greater than $10 billion, equal to the lesser of 6% or the high yield of the 10-year Treasury note auctioned at the last auction prior to the dividend payment date. For the semi-annual period ended December 31, 2017, the FRB of Boston declared a cash dividend equal to an annual yield of 2.384%.

Federal Home Loan Bank System

The Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) System provides a central credit facility for member institutions. Webster Bank is a member of the FHLB of Boston. Webster Bank (the Bank) is required to purchase and hold shares of capital stock in the FHLB for both membership and activity-based purposes. The capital stock requirement includes an amount equal to 0.35% of the aggregate principal amount of the Bank's unpaid residential mortgage loans and similar obligations at the beginning of each year, up to a maximum of $25 million, and also an amount based on its FHLB advances, which totaled approximately $1.7 billion at December 31, 2017, that vary from 3.0% to 4.5% depending on the maturities of those advances. The FHLB recently initiated a process, based on current conditions, to redeem the holdings of its member banks in excess of their membership and activity-based requirements. Webster Bank was in compliance with these requirements, with a total investment in FHLB stock of $100.9 million at December 31, 2017. On November 2, 2017, the FHLB paid a quarterly cash dividend equal to an annual yield of 4.33%.

Source of Strength Doctrine

Federal Reserve System policy requires bank holding companies to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to their subsidiary banks. Section 616 of the Dodd-Frank Act codified the requirement that bank holding companies act as a source of financial strength. As a result, Webster Financial Corporation is expected to commit resources to support Webster Bank, including at times when Webster Financial Corporation may not be in a financial position to provide such resources. Any capital loans by a bank holding company to any of its subsidiary banks are subordinate in right of payment to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary banks. The U.S. bankruptcy code provides that, in the event of a bank holding company's bankruptcy, any commitment by the bank holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to priority of payment. In addition, under the National Bank Act, if the capital stock of Webster Bank is impaired by losses, or otherwise, the OCC is authorized to require payment of the deficiency by assessment upon the Holding Company. If the assessment is not paid within three months, the OCC could order a sale of the Webster Bank stock held by Webster Financial Corporation to cover any deficiency.

Capital Adequacy

The capital rules under a global regulatory framework developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BASEL III) adopted by the Federal Reserve System, the OCC, and the FDIC generally implement the capital framework for strengthening international capital standards. The Capital Rules define the components of regulatory capital, as well as address other issues affecting the numerator in banking institutions’ regulatory capital ratios. The Capital Rules also address asset risk weights and other matters affecting the denominator in banking institutions’ regulatory capital ratios.

The Capital Rules: (i) include the capital measure Common Equity Tier 1, defined by Basel III capital rules (CET1 capital) and related regulatory capital ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets; (ii) specify that Tier 1 capital consists of CET1 capital and additional Tier 1 capital instruments meeting certain revised requirements; (iii) mandate that most deductions/adjustments to regulatory capital measures be made to CET1 capital and not to the other components of capital; and (iv) expand the scope of deductions from and adjustments to capital as compared to existing regulations. Under the Capital Rules, for most banking organizations, including Webster, the most common form of additional Tier 1 capital is non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, and the most common forms of Tier 2 capital are subordinated notes and the qualifying portion of allowance for loan and lease losses, in each case, subject to specific requirements of the Capital Rules.

Pursuant to the Capital Rules, the minimum capital ratios are: (i) CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 4.5%; (ii) Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 6.0%; (iii) Total capital (Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital) to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.0%; and Tier 1 capital to adjusted, as defined, quarterly average consolidated assets (called leverage ratio) of at least 4.0%.

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The Capital Rules also include a capital conservation buffer, composed entirely of CET1 capital, in addition to these minimum risk-weighted asset ratios. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the capital conservation buffer will face constraints on dividends, equity, and other capital instrument repurchases and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. When fully phased-in on January 1, 2019, the capital standards applicable to Webster and Webster Bank will include an additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of CET1 capital, effectively resulting in minimum ratios inclusive of the capital conservation buffer of: (i) CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7%; (ii) Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.5%; and (iii) Total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 10.5%.

The Capital Rules provide for a number of deductions from and adjustments to CET1 capital. These include, for example, the requirement that mortgage servicing assets, deferred tax assets (DTAs), and significant investments in non-consolidated financial institutions be deducted from CET1 capital to the extent that any one such category exceeds 10% of CET1 capital or all such items, in the aggregate, exceed 15% of CET1 capital.

The Capital Rules also preclude certain hybrid securities, such as trust preferred securities, from inclusion in Tier 1 capital of bank holding companies, subject to phase-out for bank holding companies, such as Webster Financial Corporation, that had $15 billion or more in total consolidated assets as of December 31, 2009. The Company has excluded trust preferred securities from Tier 1 capital since 2016.

Implementation of the deductions and other adjustments to CET1 capital began on January 1, 2015 and was being phased in over a 4-year period. The transition provisions applicable during 2017 under the banking agencies' regulatory capital rules have been extended indefinitely for certain regulatory capital deductions and risk weight requirements. In addition, implementation of the capital conservation buffer began on January 1, 2016 at the 0.625% level and increases by 0.625% on each subsequent January 1, until it reaches 2.5% on January 1, 2019.

The risk-weighting categories are standardized and include a risk-sensitive number of categories, depending on the nature of the assets, generally ranging from 0% for U.S. government and agency securities, to 600% for certain equity exposures, and resulting in higher risk weights for a variety of asset classes. Management believes Webster is in compliance, and will continue to be in compliance, with the targeted capital ratios as such requirements are phased in.

Prompt Corrective Action and Safety and Soundness

Pursuant to Section 38 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, federal banking agencies are required to take prompt corrective action should an insured depository institution fail to meet certain capital adequacy standards. At each successive lower capital category, an insured depository institution is subject to more restrictions and prohibitions, including restrictions on growth, restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, restrictions or prohibitions on payment of dividends and restrictions on the acceptance of brokered deposits. Furthermore, if an insured depository institution is classified in one of the under capitalized categories, it is required to submit a capital restoration plan to the appropriate federal banking agency, and the holding company must guarantee the performance of that plan. Based upon its capital levels, a bank that is classified as well capitalized, adequately capitalized, or under capitalized may be treated as though it were in the next lower capital category if the appropriate federal banking agency, after notice and opportunity for hearing, determines that an unsafe or unsound condition, or an unsafe or unsound practice, warrants such treatment.

For purposes of prompt corrective action, to be: (i) well-capitalized, an insured depository institution must have a total risk based capital ratio of at least 10%, a Tier 1 risk based capital ratio of at least 8%, a CET1 risk based capital ratio of at least 6.5%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5%; (ii) adequately capitalized, an insured depository institution must have a total risk based capital ratio of at least 8%, a Tier 1 risk based capital ratio of at least 6%, a CET1 risk based capital ratio of at least 4.5%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 4%; (iii) under-capitalized, an insured depository institution would have a total risk based capital ratio of less than 8%, a Tier 1 risk based capital ratio of less than 6%, a CET1 risk based capital ratio of less than 4.5%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of less than 4%; (iv) significantly under-capitalized, an insured depository institution would have a total risk based capital ratio of less than 6%, a Tier 1 risk based capital ratio of less than 4%, a CET1 risk based capital ratio of less than 3%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of less than 3%; (v) critically under-capitalized, an insured depository institution would have a ratio of tangible equity to total assets that is less than or equal to 2%.

Bank holding companies and insured depository institutions may also be subject to potential enforcement actions of varying levels of severity by the federal banking agencies for unsafe or unsound practices in conducting their business, or for violation of any law, rule, regulation, condition imposed in writing by the agency or term of a written agreement with the agency. In more serious cases, enforcement actions may include the issuance of directives to increase capital; the issuance of formal and informal agreements; the imposition of civil monetary penalties; the issuance of a cease and desist order that can be judicially enforced; the issuance of removal and prohibition orders against officers, directors, and other institution affiliated parties; the termination of the insured depository institution’s deposit insurance; the appointment of a conservator or receiver for the insured depository institution; and the enforcement of such actions through injunctions or restraining orders based upon a judicial determination that the FDIC, as receiver, would be harmed if such equitable relief was not granted.

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Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders

Under federal law, transactions between insured depository institutions and their affiliates are governed by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act (FRA) and implementing Regulation W. In a bank holding company context, at a minimum, the parent holding company of a bank, and any companies which are controlled by such parent holding company, are affiliates of the bank. Generally, sections 23A and 23B of the FRA are intended to protect insured depository institutions from losses arising from transactions with non-insured affiliates by limiting the extent to which a bank or its subsidiaries may engage in covered transactions with any one affiliate and with all affiliates of the bank in the aggregate, and requiring that such transactions be on terms consistent with safe and sound banking practices.

Further, Section 22(h) of the FRA and its implementing Regulation O restricts loans to directors, executive officers, and principal stockholders or insiders. Under Section 22(h), loans to insiders and their related interests may not exceed, together with all other outstanding loans to such persons and affiliated entities, the institution's total capital and surplus. Loans to insiders above specified amounts must receive the prior approval of the board of directors. Further, under Section 22(h) of the FRA, loans to directors, executive officers, and principal stockholders must be made on terms substantially the same as offered in comparable transactions to other persons, except that such insiders may receive preferential loans made under a benefit or compensation program that is widely available to the bank's employees and does not give preference to the insider over the employees. Section 22(g) of the FRA places additional limitations on loans to executive officers.

Consumer Protection and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Supervision

The Dodd-Frank Act centralized responsibility for consumer financial protection by creating the CFPB, an independent agency charged with responsibility for implementing, enforcing, and examining compliance with federal consumer financial protection laws. The Company is subject to a number of federal and state laws designed to protect borrowers and promote lending to various sectors of the economy and population. These laws include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Fair Debt Collection Procedures Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Real Estate Settlement Practices Act, various state law counterparts, and the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010, which is part of the Dodd-Frank Act. The Dodd-Frank Act does not prevent states from adopting stricter consumer protection standards. State regulation of financial products and potential enforcement actions could also adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition or operations.

The ability-to-repay provision of the Truth in Lending Act requires creditors to make reasonable, good faith determinations that borrowers are able to repay their mortgages before extending the credit based on a number of factors and consideration of financial information about the borrower from reasonably reliable third-party documents. Under the Dodd-Frank Act and the qualified mortgage provisions of the Truth in Lending Act, commonly known as the qualified mortgage (QM) Rule, loans meeting the definition of qualified mortgage are entitled to a presumption that the lender satisfied the ability-to-repay requirements. The presumption is a conclusive presumption/safe harbor for prime loans meeting QM requirements and a refutable presumption for higher-priced/subprime loans meeting QM requirements. The QM definition incorporates the statutory requirements, such as not allowing negative amortization or terms longer than 30 years. The QM Rule also adds an explicit maximum 43% debt-to-income ratio for borrowers if the loan is to meet the QM definition, though some mortgages that meet GSE, FHA, and VA underwriting guidelines may, for a period not to exceed seven years, meet the QM definition without being subject to the 43% debt-to-income limits. The CFPB is expected to continue to issue and amend rules implementing the consumer financial protection laws, which may impact Webster Bank's operations.

Financial Privacy and Data Security

Webster is subject to federal laws, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and certain state laws containing consumer privacy protection provisions. These provisions limit the ability of banks and other financial institutions to disclose nonpublic information about consumers to affiliated and non-affiliated third parties and limit the reuse of certain consumer information received from non-affiliated financial institutions. These provisions require notice of privacy policies to consumers and, in some circumstances, allow consumers to prevent disclosure of certain nonpublic personal information to affiliates or non-affiliated third parties by means of opt-out or opt-in authorizations.

The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act requires that financial institutions implement comprehensive written information security programs that include administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to protect consumer information. Federal banking agencies have also adopted guidelines for establishing information security standards and programs to protect such information. Further, pursuant to interpretive guidance issued under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and certain state laws, financial institutions are required to notify customers of security breaches that result in unauthorized access to their non-public personal information.

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Depositor Preference

The Federal Deposit Insurance Act provides that, in the event of the liquidation or other resolution of an insured depository institution, the claims of depositors of the institution, including the claims of the FDIC as subrogee of insured depositors, and certain claims for administrative expenses of the FDIC as a receiver, will have priority over other general unsecured claims against the institution. If an insured depository institution fails, insured and uninsured depositors, along with the FDIC, will have priority in payment ahead of unsecured, non-deposit creditors, including the parent bank holding company, with respect to any extensions of credit they have made to such insured depository institution.

Federal Deposit Insurance

The FDIC uses a risk-based assessment system that imposes insurance premiums based upon a risk matrix that takes into account a bank's capital level and supervisory rating. The risk matrix utilizes different risk categories distinguished by capital levels. As a result of the Dodd-Frank Act, the base for insurance assessments is now consolidated average assets less average tangible equity. Assessment rates are calculated using formulas that take into account the risk of the institution being assessed. FDIC deposit insurance expense includes deposit insurance assessments and Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) assessments related to outstanding FICO bonds.

The FDIC’s deposit insurance limit is $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, for each account ownership category. Substantially all of the deposits of Webster Bank are insured up to applicable limits by the DIF of the FDIC and are subject to deposit insurance assessments to maintain the DIF.

The Dodd-Frank Act requires that the FDIC raise the minimum reserve ratio of the DIF from 1.15% to 1.35%, and that the FDIC offset the effect of this increase on insured depository institutions with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion. In March 2016, the FDIC issued a final rule affecting insured depository institutions with total consolidated assets of more than $10 billion, such as Webster Bank. The final rule imposes a surcharge of 4.5 cents per $100 of the institution’s assessment base on deposit insurance assessment rates paid by these larger institutions. If the reserve ratio does not reach 1.35% by December 31, 2018, through implementation of the surcharge, the FDIC will impose an additional, one-time shortfall assessment on insured depository institutions with more than $10 billion in assets on March 31, 2019, to be paid by June 30, 2019. The FDIC also has authority to further increase deposit insurance assessments.

Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, the FDIC may terminate deposit insurance upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. Webster's management is not aware of any practice, condition, or violation that might lead to the termination of its deposit insurance.

Incentive Compensation

The Dodd-Frank Act requires the federal banking agencies and the SEC to establish joint regulations or guidelines prohibiting incentive-based payment arrangements at specified regulated entities, including Webster and Webster Bank, with at least $1 billion in total consolidated assets that encourage inappropriate risks by providing an executive officer, employee, director or principal shareholder with excessive compensation, fees, or benefits that could lead to material financial loss to the entity. The federal banking agencies and the SEC most recently proposed such regulations in 2016, but the regulations have not yet been finalized. If the regulations are adopted in the form initially proposed, they will restrict the manner in which executive compensation is structured.

The Dodd-Frank Act also requires publicly traded companies to give stockholders a non-binding vote on executive compensation at their first annual meeting taking place six months after the date of enactment and at least every three years thereafter and on so-called "golden parachute" payments in connection with approvals of mergers and acquisitions. At Webster's 2011 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, its shareholders voted on a non-binding, advisory basis to hold a non-binding, advisory vote on the compensation of named executive officers of Webster annually. As a result of the vote, the Board of Directors determined to hold the vote annually.

Community Reinvestment Act and Fair Lending Laws

Webster Bank has a responsibility under the CRA, as implemented by OCC regulations to help meet the credit needs of its communities, including low and moderate-income neighborhoods. The CRA does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions nor does it limit an institution's discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community. The OCC examines Webster Bank's record of compliance with the CRA. In addition, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act prohibit discrimination in lending practices on the basis of characteristics specified in those statutes. Webster Bank's failure to comply with the provisions of the CRA could, at a minimum, result in regulatory restrictions on its activities and the activities of Webster Financial Corporation. Webster Bank's failure to comply with the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act could result in enforcement actions against it by the OCC, as well as other federal regulatory agencies, including the CFPB and the Department of Justice. Webster Bank's latest OCC CRA rating was Satisfactory.

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USA PATRIOT Act

Under Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act, all financial institutions are required to take certain measures to identify their customers, prevent money laundering, monitor customer transactions, and report suspicious activity to U.S. law enforcement agencies. Financial institutions also are required to respond to requests for information from federal banking agencies and law enforcement agencies. Information sharing among financial institutions for the above purposes is encouraged by an exemption granted to complying financial institutions from the privacy provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and other privacy laws. Financial institutions that hold correspondent accounts for foreign banks or provide private banking services to foreign individuals are required to take measures to avoid dealing with certain foreign individuals or entities, including foreign banks with profiles that raise money laundering concerns, and are prohibited from dealing with foreign "shell banks" and persons from jurisdictions of particular concern. The primary federal banking agencies and the Secretary of the Treasury have adopted regulations to implement several of these provisions. All financial institutions also are required to establish internal anti-money laundering programs. The effectiveness of a financial institution in combating money laundering activities is a factor to be considered in any application submitted by the financial institution under the Bank Merger Act. Webster has in place a Bank Secrecy Act and USA PATRIOT Act compliance program and engages in very few transactions of any kind with foreign financial institutions or foreign persons.

Office of Foreign Assets Control Regulation

The United States government has imposed economic sanctions that affect transactions with designated foreign countries, nationals, and others. These are typically known as the "OFAC" rules based on their administration by the U.S. Treasury Department Office of Foreign Assets Control. The Office of Foreign Assets Control-administered sanctions targeting countries take many different forms. Generally, they contain one or more of the following elements: (i) restrictions on trade with or investment in a sanctioned country, including prohibitions against direct or indirect imports from and exports to a sanctioned country and prohibitions on U.S. persons engaging in financial transactions relating to making investments in, or providing investment-related advice or assistance to, a sanctioned country; and (ii) a blocking of assets in which the government or specially designated nationals of the sanctioned country have an interest, by prohibiting transfers of property subject to U.S. jurisdiction (including property in the possession or control of U.S. persons). Blocked assets (property and bank deposits) cannot be paid out, withdrawn, set off, or transferred in any manner without a license from the Office of Foreign Assets Control. Failure to comply with these sanctions could have serious legal and reputational consequences.

Future Legislative Initiatives

Federal and state legislatures may introduce legislation that will impact the financial services industry. In addition, federal banking agencies may introduce regulatory initiatives that are likely to impact the financial services industry, generally. Such initiatives may include proposals to expand or contract the powers of bank holding companies and/or depository institutions or proposals to substantially change the financial institution regulatory system. Such legislation could change banking statutes and the operating environment of the Company in substantial and unpredictable ways. If enacted, such legislation could increase or decrease the cost of doing business, limit or expand permissible activities, or affect the competitive balance among banks, savings associations, credit unions, and other financial institutions. The Company cannot predict whether any such legislation will be enacted, and, if enacted, the effect that it or any implementing regulations would have on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company. A change in statutes, regulations, or regulatory policies applicable to Webster or any of its subsidiaries could have a material effect on the business of the Company.

Risk Management Framework

Webster takes a comprehensive approach to risk management with a defined enterprise risk management framework which provides a structured approach for identifying, assessing and managing risks across the Company in a coordinated manner, including strategic, reputational, credit, market, liquidity, capital, and operational and compliance risks as discussed in detail in the sections below.

The enterprise risk management framework enables the aggregation of risk across the enterprise and ensures the Company has the tools, programs and processes in place to support informed decision making, anticipate risks before they materialize and maintain Webster's risk profile consistent with its risk strategy and appetite.

The enterprise risk management framework includes an articulated risk appetite statement approved annually by the Board of Directors. The risk appetite statement is supported by board and business level scorecards with defined risk tolerance limits to ensure that Webster maintains an acceptable risk profile by providing a common framework and a comparable set of measures to indicate the level of risk that the Company is willing to accept. The risk appetite is refreshed annually in conjunction with the strategic plan to align risk appetite with Webster's strategy and financial plan.

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Webster promotes proactive risk management by all Webster employees and clear ownership and accountability across three lines of defense to enable an effective and credible challenge in line with Webster's strong risk culture. Employees in each line of business serve as the first line of defense and have responsibility for identifying, managing and owning the risks in their businesses. Risk and enterprise support functions, for example third party risk management and legal departments, serve as the second line of defense and are responsible for providing guidance, oversight and challenge to the first line of defense. Internal Audit and Credit Risk Review, both of which are independent of management, serve as the third line of defense and ensure, through review and testing, that appropriate risk management controls, processes and systems are in place and functioning effectively.

The Risk Committee of the Board of Directors, comprised of independent directors, oversees all of Webster's risk-related matters and provides input and guidance to the Board of Directors and the executive team, as appropriate. Webster's Enterprise Risk Management Committee, which reports directly to the Risk Committee of the Board of Directors, is chaired by the Chief Risk Officer and is comprised of Webster's executive management and senior risk officers.

The Chief Risk Officer is responsible for establishing and maintaining Webster's enterprise risk management framework and overseeing credit risk, operational and compliance risk, Bank Secrecy Act compliance and loan workout/recovery programs. The Corporate Treasurer, who reports to the Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for overseeing market, liquidity, and capital risk management activities.

Credit Risk

Webster manages and controls credit risk in its loan and investment portfolios through established underwriting practices, adherence to standards, and utilization of various portfolio and transaction monitoring tools and processes. Credit policies and underwriting guidelines provide limits on exposure and establish various other standards as deemed necessary and prudent. Additional approval requirements and reporting are implemented to ensure proper risk identification, decision rationale, risk ratings, and disclosure of policy exceptions.

Credit risk management policies and transaction approvals are managed under the supervision of the Chief Credit Officer who reports to the Chief Risk Officer. The Chief Credit Officer and team of credit executives are independent of the loan production and treasury areas. The credit risk function oversees the underwriting, approval and portfolio management process, establishes and ensures adherence to credit policies, and manages the collections and problem asset resolution activities.

As part of credit risk management governance, Webster established a Credit Risk Management Committee that meets regularly to review key credit risk topics, issues, and policies. The Credit Risk Management Committee reviews Webster's credit risk scorecard, which covers key risk indicators and limits established as part of the Company's risk appetite framework. The Credit Risk Management Committee is chaired by the Chief Credit Officer and includes senior managers responsible for lending as well as senior managers from the credit risk management function. Important findings regarding credit quality and trends within the loan and investment portfolios are regularly reported by the Chief Credit Officer to the Enterprise Risk Management Committee (ERMC) and Risk Committee of the Board of Directors.

In addition to the credit risk management team, there is an independent Credit Risk Review function that assesses risk ratings and credit underwriting process for all areas of the organization that incur credit risk. The head of Credit Risk Review reports directly to the Risk Committee of the Board of Directors and administratively to the Chief Risk Officer. Credit Risk Review findings are reported to the Credit Risk Management Committee, ERMC and Risk Committee of the Board of Directors. Corrective measures are monitored and tested to ensure risk issues are mitigated or resolved.

Operational and Compliance Risks

Operational risk represents the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events, such as fraud, cyber-attacks, or natural disasters. The Operational Risk function is responsible for establishing processes and tools to identify, manage, and aggregate operational risk across the organization; providing guidance and advice on operational risk matters; and educating the organization on operational risks. Compliance risk represents the risk of non-adherence to applicable laws and regulations, including fines penalties and reputation damage. Specific programs and functions have been implemented to manage the risks associated with legal and regulatory requirements, suppliers and other third-parties, information security, business disruption, fraud, analytical and forecasting models, and new products and services.

Webster's Operational Risk Management Committee, which consists of senior risk officers and senior managers responsible for operational and compliance risk management across the Company, periodically reviews the aforementioned programs, as well as key operational risk trends, issues, and mitigation activities. The Director of Operating Risk Management chairs the Operational Risk Management Committee and is responsible for overseeing the development and implementation of Webster's operational risk management framework.

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Market Risk

Market risk refers to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, and other relevant market rates and prices, such as equity prices. The risk of loss is assessed from the perspective of adverse changes in fair values, cash flows, and future earnings. Due to the nature of its operations, Webster is primarily exposed to interest rate risk. Webster's interest rate sensitivity is monitored on an ongoing basis by its Asset/Liability Committee (ALCO). The primary goal of ALCO is to manage interest rate risk to maximize earnings and net economic value in changing interest rate and business environments, subject to Board approved risk limits. ALCO is chaired by Webster's Corporate Treasurer and members include the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Risk Officer. ALCO activities and findings are regularly reported to the ERMC and Risk Committee of the Board of Directors.

Liquidity Risk

Liquidity risk refers to the ability to meet a demand for funds by converting assets into cash or cash equivalents and by increasing liabilities at an acceptable cost. Liquidity management for Webster Bank involves maintaining the ability to meet day-to-day and longer-term cash flow requirements of customers, whether they are depositors wishing to withdraw funds or borrowers requiring funds to meet their credit needs. Sources of funds include deposits, borrowings, or sales of assets such as unencumbered investment securities.

The Holding Company requires funds for dividends to shareholders, payment of debt obligations, repurchase of shares, potential acquisitions, and for general corporate purposes. Its sources of funds include dividends from Webster Bank, income from investment securities, the issuance of equity, and debt in the capital markets.

Both the Holding Company and Webster Bank maintain a level of liquidity necessary to achieve their business objectives under both normal and stressed conditions. Liquidity risk is monitored and managed by ALCO and reviewed regularly with the ERMC and Risk Committee of the Board of Directors.

Capital Risk

Webster aims to maintain adequate capital in both normal and stressed environments to support its business objectives and risk appetite. ALCO monitors regulatory and tangible capital levels according to regulatory requirements and management operating ranges and recommends capital conservation, generation, and/or deployment strategies. ALCO also has responsibility for the annual capital plan, capital ratio range setting, contingency planning and stress testing, which are all reviewed and approved by the ERMC and Risk Committee of the Board of Directors, at least annually.

Internal Audit

Internal Audit provides an independent, objective assurance and advisory services by testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls throughout Webster. This evaluation function brings a systematic and disciplined approach to enhancing the effectiveness of Webster's governance, risk management, and internal control processes.

Results of Internal Audit reviews are reported to management and the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. Corrective measures are monitored to ensure risk issues are mitigated or resolved. The General Auditor reports functionally to the Audit Committee and administratively to the Chief Executive Officer. The appointment or replacement of the General Auditor is overseen by the Audit Committee.

Additional information on risks and uncertainties and additional factors that could affect the Company's results of operations can be found in Item 1A and elsewhere within this Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, and in other reports Webster Financial Corporation files with the SEC.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities involves risks, some of which are inherent in the financial services industry and others of which are more specific to our business. The discussion below addresses the material risks and uncertainties, of which we are currently aware, that could affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below together with all of the other information included or incorporated by reference in this report. If any of the events or circumstances described in the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition or results of operations could suffer.

Risks Relating to the Economy, Financial Markets, and Interest Rates.

Difficult conditions in the economy and the financial markets may have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our financial performance is highly dependent upon the business environment in the markets where we operate and in the United States as a whole. Unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions can be caused by declines in economic growth, decreases in business activity, weakening of investor or business confidence, limitations on the availability or increases in the cost of credit and capital, increases in inflation, changes in interest rates, changes in tax laws, high unemployment, natural disasters or a combination of these or other factors.

In particular, we may face the following risks in connection with developments in the current economic and market environment:


•	consumer and business confidence levels may decline and lead to less credit usage and increases in delinquencies and default rates;


•	our ability to assess the creditworthiness of our customers may be impaired if the models and approaches we use to select, manage, and underwrite our customers become less predictive of future behaviors;


•	customer desire to do business with us may decline, whether as a result of a decreased demand for loans or other financial products and services or decreased deposits or other investments in accounts with us;


•	competition in our industry could intensify as a result of the increasing consolidation of financial services companies; and


•	the effects of recent and proposed changes in laws such as the Tax Act.

The business environment in the U.S. has experienced volatility in recent years and may continue to do so for the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that economic conditions will not worsen. Difficult economic conditions could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in local economic conditions could adversely affect our business.

A significant percentage of our loans are secured by real estate, primarily across the Northeast. Our success depends in part upon economic conditions in Southern New England and our other geographic markets. Adverse changes in such local markets could reduce our growth in loans and deposits, impair our ability to collect our loans, increase problem loans and charges-offs, and otherwise negatively affect our performance and financial condition.

The soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us.

Our ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services companies are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty or other relationships. We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, mutual and hedge funds, and other institutional clients. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, one or more financial services companies, or the financial services industry generally, have led to market-wide liquidity problems and could lead to losses or defaults by us or by other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated if the collateral held by us cannot be realized or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the loan or derivative exposure due us. There is no assurance that any such losses would not materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We may not pay dividends if we are not able to receive dividends from our subsidiary, Webster Bank.

We are a separate and distinct legal entity from our banking and non-banking subsidiaries and depend on the payment of cash dividends from Webster Bank and our existing liquid assets as the principal sources of funds for paying cash dividends on our common stock. Unless we receive dividends from Webster Bank or choose to use our liquid assets, we may not be able to pay dividends. Webster Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to its ability to earn net income and to meet certain regulatory requirements. See the sub-section captioned "Dividends" in Item 1 of this report for a discussion of regulatory and other restrictions on dividend declarations.

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Changes in interest rates and spreads could have an impact on earnings and results of operations which could have a negative impact on the value of our stock.

Our consolidated earnings and financial condition are dependent to a large degree upon net interest income, which is the difference between interest earned from loans and investments and interest paid on deposits and borrowings. The narrowing of interest rate spreads could adversely affect our earnings and financial condition. We cannot predict with certainty or control changes in interest rates. Regional and local economic conditions and the policies of regulatory authorities, including monetary policies of the FRB, affect interest income and interest expense. While we have ongoing policies and procedures designed to manage the risks associated with changes in market interest rates, changes in interest rates still may have an adverse effect on our profitability. For example, high interest rates could affect the amount of loans that we can originate because higher rates could cause customers to apply for fewer mortgages, or cause depositors to shift funds from accounts that have a comparatively lower cost to accounts with a higher cost, or experience customer attrition due to competitor pricing. If the cost of interest-bearing deposits increases at a rate greater than the yields on interest-earning assets increase, net interest income will be negatively affected. Changes in the asset and liability mix may also affect net interest income. Similarly, lower interest rates cause higher yielding assets to prepay and floating or adjustable rate assets to reset to lower rates. If we were not able to reduce our funding costs sufficiently, due to either competitive factors or the maturity schedule of existing liabilities, then our net interest margin would decline.

Our stock price can be volatile.

Stock price volatility may negatively impact the price at which our common stock may be sold, and may also negatively impact the timing of any sale. Our stock price can fluctuate widely in response to a variety of factors including, among other things:


•	actual or anticipated variations in operating results;


•	changes in recommendations by securities analysts;


•	operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to us;


•	news reports relating to trends, concerns and other issues in the financial services and healthcare industries;


•	new technology used, or services offered, by competitors;


•	perceptions in the marketplace regarding us and/or our competitors;


•	significant acquisitions or business combinations, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by or involving us or our competitors;


•	failure to integrate acquisitions or realize anticipated benefits from acquisitions;


•	additional investments from third parties;


•	issuance of additional shares of stock;


•	changes in government regulations or actions by government regulators; and


•	geo-political conditions such as acts or threats of terrorism or military conflicts.

General market fluctuations, industry factors and general economic and political conditions and events, such as economic slowdowns or recessions, interest rate changes, credit loss trends or currency fluctuations, could also cause our stock price to decrease regardless of our operating results.

Regulatory, Compliance, Environmental and Legal Risks

We are subject to extensive government regulation and supervision, which may interfere with our ability to conduct our business and may negatively impact our financial results.

We, primarily through Webster Bank and certain non-bank subsidiaries, are subject to extensive federal and state regulation and supervision. Banking regulations are intended to protect depositors’ funds, the DIF and the safety and soundness of the banking system as a whole, not shareholders. These regulations affect our lending practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy and growth, among other things. Congress and federal regulatory agencies continually review banking laws, regulations and policies for possible changes. Changes to statutes, regulations or regulatory policies, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations or policies, could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways. Such changes could subject us to additional costs, limit the types of financial services and products we may offer, and/or limit what we may charge for certain banking services, among other things. Additionally, recent changes to the legal and regulatory framework governing our operation, including the continued implementation of Dodd-Frank Act have and will continue to affect the lending, investment, trading and operating activities of financial institutions and their holding companies. The Dodd-Frank Act imposed additional regulatory obligations and increased scrutiny from federal banking agencies. In general, federal banking agencies have increased their focus on risk management and compliance with consumer financial protection obligations, and we expect this focus to continue. Additional compliance requirements are likely and can be costly to implement. Compliance personnel and resources may increase our costs of operations and adversely impact our earnings.

Failure to comply with laws, regulations or policies could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties and/or reputation damage, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent any such violations, there can be no assurance that such violations will not occur. See the section captioned "Supervision and Regulation" in Item 1 of this report for further information.

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We are subject to financial and reputational risks from potential liability arising from lawsuits.

The nature of our business ordinarily results in a certain amount of claims and legal action. Whether claims and related legal actions are founded or unfounded, if such claims and legal actions are not resolved in a manner favorable to us they may result in significant financial liability and/or adversely affect our market perception, the products and services we offer, as well as impact customer demand for those products and services. We assess our liabilities and contingencies in connection with outstanding legal proceedings as well as certain threatened claims utilizing the latest and most reliable information. For matters where a loss is not probable or the amount of the loss cannot be estimated, no accrual is established. For matters where it is probable we will incur a loss and the amount can be reasonably estimated, we establish an accrual for the loss. Once established, the accrual is adjusted periodically to reflect any relevant developments. The actual cost of any outstanding legal proceedings or threatened claims, however, may turn out to be substantially higher than the amount accrued. These costs may adversely affect our business, results of operations and prospects.

We are exposed to risk of environmental liabilities with respect to properties to which we obtain title.

A large portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate. In the course of our business, we may foreclose and take title to real estate and could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to these properties. We may be held liable to a government entity or to third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation and clean-up costs incurred by these parties in connection with environmental contamination, or may be required to clean up hazardous or toxic substances, or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with investigation and remediation activities could be substantial. In addition, if we are the owner or former owner of a contaminated site, we may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the property. These costs and claims could adversely affect our business, results of operations and prospects.

Proposed health care reforms could adversely affect our HSA Bank division and our revenues, financial position and our results of operations.

The enactment of health care reforms affecting health savings accounts at the federal or state level may affect our HSA Bank division, which is a bank custodian of health savings accounts. We cannot predict if any such reforms will ultimately become law, or, if enacted, what their terms or the regulations promulgated pursuant to such laws will be. Any health care reforms enacted may be phased in over a number of years but, if enacted, could, with respect to the operations of HSA Bank, reduce our revenues, increase our costs, and require us to revise the ways in which we conduct business or put us at risk for loss of business. In addition, our results of operations, financial position, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected by such changes.

Changes in the federal, state or local tax laws may negatively impact our financial performance.

We are subject to changes in tax law that could increase our effective tax rates. The Tax Act, the full impact of which is subject to further evaluation and analysis, is likely to have both positive and negative effects on our financial performance. For example, the new legislation reduced the federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning in 2018, which will have a favorable impact on our earnings and capital generation abilities. However, the new legislation also enacted limitations on certain deductions, such as FDIC deposit insurance premiums, which will partially offset the anticipated increase in net earnings from the lower tax rate. In addition, changes in interpretations, guidance or regulations that may be promulgated, or actions that we may take as a result of the Tax Act could negatively impact our business. Similarly, our customers are likely to experience varying effects from both the individual and business tax provisions of the Tax Act and such effects, whether positive or negative, may have a corresponding impact on our financial performance and the economy as a whole.

Risks Relating to the Competitive Environment in Which We Operate

We operate in a highly competitive industry and market area. If we fail to compete effectively, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

We face substantial competition in all areas of our operations from a variety of different competitors, many of which are larger and may have more financial resources than we do. Such competitors primarily include national, regional, and community banks within the various markets in which we operate. We also face competition from many other types of financial institutions, including, without limitation, savings and loans, credit unions, non-bank health savings account trustees, finance companies, brokerage firms, insurance companies, factoring companies and other financial intermediaries. Some of the financial services organizations with which the Company competes are not subject to the same degree of regulation as is imposed on bank holding companies and federally insured depository institutions, which may give them certain advantages over the Company in accessing funding and in providing various services. The financial services industry could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and continued consolidation. Technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services traditionally provided by banks. Additionally, due to their size, many competitors may be able to achieve economies of scale and, as a result, may offer a broader range of products and services than we do, as well as better pricing for those products and services.

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Our ability to compete successfully depends on a number of factors, including, among other things:


•	the ability to develop, maintain and build upon long-term customer relationships based on top quality service, high ethical standards and safe, sound assets;


•	the ability to expand market position;


•	the scope, relevance and pricing of products and services offered to meet customer needs and demands;


•	the rate at which we introduce new products and services relative to our competitors;


•	customer satisfaction with our level of service; and


•	industry and general economic trends.

Failure to perform in any of these areas could significantly weaken our competitive position, which could adversely affect our growth and profitability, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The loss of key partnerships could adversely affect our HSA Bank division.

Our HSA Bank division relies on partnerships with various health insurance carriers to maximize our distribution model. These health plan partners, who provide high deductible health plan options, are a significant source of new and existing HSA account holders. If these health plan partners choose to align with our competitors, our results of operations, business and prospects could be adversely affected.

We may not be able to attract and retain skilled people.

Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to attract and retain key people. Competition for the best people in most activities in which we engage can be intense and we may not be able to hire people or to retain them. The unexpected loss of services of one or more of our key personnel could have a material adverse impact on the business because we would lose their skills, knowledge of the market, years of industry experience and may have difficulty promptly finding qualified replacement personnel.

Risks Relating to Risk Management

We continually encounter technological change. The failure to understand and adapt to these changes could negatively impact our business.

The financial services industry is continually undergoing rapid technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology can increase efficiency and enable financial institutions to better serve customers and to reduce costs. However, some new technologies needed to compete effectively result in incremental operating costs and capital investments. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands, as well as to create additional efficiencies in operations. Many of our competitors, because of their larger size and available capital, have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers within the same time frame as our large competitors. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological change affecting the financial services industry could have a material adverse impact on our business and, in turn, our financial condition and results of operations.

New lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risks. A failure to successfully manage these risks may have a material adverse effect on our business.

From time to time, we may implement new lines of business, offer new products and services within existing lines of business or shift our asset mix. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services and/or shifting asset mix, we may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove attainable. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. Furthermore, any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

A failure or breach of our systems, or those of our third party vendors and other service providers, including as a result of cyber attacks, could disrupt our businesses, result in the misuse of confidential or proprietary information, damage our reputation, increase our costs and cause losses.

As a large financial institution, we depend on our ability to process, record, and monitor a large number of customer transactions, and customer, public and regulatory expectations regarding operational and information security have increased over time. Accordingly, our operational systems and infrastructure must continue to be safeguarded and monitored for potential failures, disruptions and breakdowns. Our business, financial, accounting, data processing systems or other operating systems and facilities may stop operating properly or become disabled as a result of a number of factors that may be wholly or partially beyond our control. For example, there could be sudden increases in customer transaction volume; electrical or telecommunications outages;

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natural disasters; pandemics; events arising from political or social matters, including terrorist acts; and cyber attacks. Although we have business continuity plans and believe we have robust information security procedures and controls in place, disruptions or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support our businesses and customers, or cyber attacks or security breaches of the networks, systems or devices on which customers’ personal information is stored and that our customers use to access our products and services could result in customer attrition, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and/or additional compliance costs, which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Third parties with whom we do business or that facilitate our business activities, including exchanges, clearing houses, financial intermediaries or vendors that provide services or security solutions for our operations, could also be sources of operational and information security risk to us, including from breakdowns or failures of their own systems, capacity constraints and cyber attacks.

Although to date we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches, there can be no assurance that we will not suffer such losses in the future. Our risk and exposure to these matters remains heightened and as a result the continued development and enhancement of our controls, processes and practices designed to protect and facilitate the recovery of our systems, computers, software, data and networks from attack, damage or unauthorized access remain a high priority for us. As an additional layer of protection, we have purchased network and privacy liability risk insurance coverage which includes digital asset loss, business interruption loss, network security liability, privacy liability, network extortion and data breach coverage. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities.

Disruptions in services provided by third-party vendors that we rely on may result in a material adverse effect on our business.

We rely on third-party vendors to provide products and services necessary to maintain day-to-day operations. For example, we are dependent on our vendor-provided core banking processing systems to process a large number of increasingly complex transactions. Accordingly, we are exposed to the risk that these vendors might not perform in accordance with the contracted arrangements or service level agreements because of changes in the vendor’s organizational structure, financial condition, support for existing products, services and technology strategic focus or for any other reason. Such failure to perform could be disruptive to our operations, which could have a materially adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. While we require third-party outsourced service providers to have business continuity and disaster recovery plans that are aligned with our overall recovery plans, we cannot be assured that such plans will operate successfully or in a timely manner so as to prevent any such material adverse impact.

Our controls and procedures may fail or be circumvented, which may result in a material adverse effect on our business.

Management regularly reviews and updates our internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, and corporate governance policies and procedures. Any system of controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Any failure or circumvention of our controls and procedures, failure to implement any necessary improvement of our controls and procedures, or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We face risks in connection with completed or potential acquisitions.

From time to time we may evaluate expansion through the acquisition of banks or branches, or other financial businesses or assets. Acquiring other banks, businesses, or branches involves various risks commonly associated with acquisitions, including, among other things:


•	The possible loss of key employees and customers of the target;


•	Potential disruption of the target business;


•	Potential changes in banking or tax laws or regulations that may affect the target business;


•	Potential exposure to unknown or contingent liabilities of the target; and


•	Potential difficulties in integrating the target business into our own.

Acquisitions typically involve the payment of a premium over book and market values, and therefore, some dilution of the Company’s tangible book value and net income per common share may occur in connection with any future transaction. Furthermore, failure to realize the expected revenue increases, cost savings, increases in geographic or product presence, and/or other projected benefits from an acquisition could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business may be adversely affected by fraud.

As a financial institution, we are inherently exposed to operational risk in the form of theft and other fraudulent activity by employees, customers, and other third parties targeting the Company or the Company’s customers or data. Such activity may take many forms, including check fraud, electronic fraud, wire fraud, phishing, social engineering and other dishonest acts. Although we devote substantial resources to maintaining effective policies and internal controls to identify and prevent such incidents, given the increasing sophistication of possible perpetrators, we may experience financial losses or reputational harm as a result of fraud.

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Risks Relating to Accounting Estimates

Our allowance for loan and lease losses may be insufficient.

Our business is subject to periodic fluctuations based on national and local economic conditions. These fluctuations are not predictable, cannot be controlled and may have a material adverse impact on our operations and financial condition. For example, declines in housing activity including declines in building permits, housing starts and home prices, may make it more difficult for our borrowers to sell their homes or refinance their debt. Sales may also slow, which could strain the resources of real estate developers and builders. We may suffer higher loan and lease losses as a result of these factors and the resulting impact on our borrowers. Recent economic uncertainty continues to affect employment levels and impact the ability of our borrowers to service their debt. Bank regulatory agencies also periodically review our allowance for loan and lease losses and may require an increase in the provision for loan and lease losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs, based on judgments different than those of management. In addition, if charge-offs in future periods exceed the allowance for loan and lease losses, we may need, depending on an analysis of the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses, additional provisions to increase the allowance for loan losses. Any increases in the allowance for loan and lease losses will result in a decrease in net income and, possibly, capital, and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

If our goodwill were determined to be impaired it could have a negative impact on our profitability.

Applicable accounting standards require that the purchase method of accounting be used for all business combinations. Under purchase accounting, if the purchase price of an acquired company exceeds the fair value of the acquired company’s net assets, the excess is carried on the balance sheet as goodwill, by the acquirer. A significant decline in our expected future cash flows, a continuing period of market disruption, market capitalization to book value deterioration, or slower growth rates may require us to record charges in the future related to the impairment of our goodwill. If we were to conclude that a future write-down is necessary, we would record the appropriate charge, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

If all or a significant portion of the unrealized losses in our portfolio of investment securities were determined to be other-than-temporarily impaired, we would recognize a material charge to our earnings and our capital ratios would be adversely impacted.

When the fair value of a security declines, management must assess whether that decline is other-than-temporary. When management reviews whether a decline in fair value is other-than-temporary, it considers numerous factors, many of which involve significant judgment. No assurance can be provided that the amount of the unrealized losses will not increase.

To the extent that any portion of the unrealized losses in our investment securities portfolio is determined to be other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI), we will recognize a charge to our earnings in the quarter during which such determination is made and our capital ratios will be adversely impacted. If any such charge is deemed significant, a rating agency might downgrade our credit rating or put us on a credit watch. A downgrade or a significant reduction in our capital ratios might adversely impact our ability to access the capital markets or might increase our cost of capital. Even if we do not determine that the unrealized losses associated with the investment portfolio require an impairment charge, increases in such unrealized losses adversely impact the tangible common equity ratio, which may adversely impact credit rating agency and investor sentiment. Any such negative perception also may adversely impact our ability to access the capital markets or might increase our cost of capital.

We may not be able to fully realize the balance of our net DTA including net operating loss carryforwards.

The value of our DTA is partially reduced by valuation allowance. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more-likely-than-not that some portion of our DTA will not be realized. We regularly assess available positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that our net DTA will not be realized. Realization of a DTA requires us to apply significant judgment and is inherently speculative because it requires estimates that cannot be made with certainty. If we were to conclude that a significant portion of our remaining DTA is not more-likely-than-not to be realized, the required valuation allowance could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and regulatory capital ratios.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

The Company maintains its headquarters in Waterbury, Connecticut. This owned facility houses the Company's executive and primary administrative functions, as well as the principal banking headquarters of Webster Bank. The Company considers its properties suitable and adequate for present needs.

In addition to the property noted above, the Company's segments maintain the following leased or owned offices. Lease expiration dates vary, up to 70 years, with renewal options for 1 to 25 years. For additional information regarding leases and rental payments see Note 20: Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report.

Commercial Banking

The Commercial Banking segment maintains offices across a footprint that primarily ranges from Boston, Massachusetts to Washington, D.C. Significant properties are located in: Hartford, New Haven, Stamford, and Waterbury, Connecticut; Boston, Massachusetts; New York City and White Plains, New York; Conshohocken, Pennsylvania; and Providence, Rhode Island.

The Commercial Banking segment also includes: Webster Capital Finance with headquarters in Kensington, Connecticut; Webster Business Credit Corporation with headquarters in New York, New York and offices in Atlanta, Georgia, Baltimore, Maryland, Boston, Massachusetts, Chicago, Illinois, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, and New Milford, Connecticut; and Private Banking with headquarters in Stamford, Connecticut and offices in Hartford, New Haven, Waterbury, Greenwich, and Wilton, Connecticut, Boston, Massachusetts, White Plains, New York, and Providence, Rhode Island.

HSA Bank

The HSA Bank segment is headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin with an office in Sheboygan, Wisconsin.

Community Banking

The Community Banking segment maintains the following banking centers:



Location	Leased	Owned	Total
Connecticut	73	42	115
Massachusetts	24	11	35
Rhode Island	7	3	10
New York	7	—	7
Total banking centers	111	56	167

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, Webster Financial Corporation or its subsidiaries are subject to certain legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. Management presently believes that the ultimate outcome of these proceedings, individually and in the aggregate, will not be material to Webster or its consolidated financial position. Webster establishes an accrual for specific legal matters when it determines that the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is probable and the loss is reasonably estimable. Legal proceedings are subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings could occur that could cause Webster to adjust its litigation accrual or could have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, or operating results.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Webster Financial Corporation's common shares trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol WBS.

The following table sets forth the high and low intra-day sales prices per share of Webster Financial Corporation's common stock and the cash dividends declared per share:



	2017						2016
	High		Low		Cash Dividends Declared		High		Low		Cash Dividends Declared
Fourth quarter	$	59.25	$	51.68	$	0.26	$	55.80	$	36.96	$	0.25
Third quarter	55.04		44.04		0.26		38.97		31.45		0.25
Second quarter	54.96		46.85		0.26		39.61		31.29		0.25
First quarter	57.50		47.59		0.25		37.18		30.09		0.23

On January 30, 2018, Webster Financial Corporation’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.26 per share.

On February 16, 2018, there were 5,693 shareholders of record as determined by Broadridge, the Company’s transfer agent.

Restrictions on Dividends

Holders of Webster Financial Corporation's common stock are entitled to receive such dividends as the Board of Directors may declare out of funds legally available for such payments. Webster Financial Corporation, as a bank holding company, is dependent on dividend payments from Webster Bank for its legally available funds. The Bank paid the Holding Company $120 million in dividends during the year ended December 31, 2017.

The Bank’s ability to make dividend payments to the Holding Company is subject to certain regulatory and other requirements. Under OCC regulations, subject to the Bank meeting applicable regulatory capital requirements before and after payment of dividends, the Bank may declare a dividend, without prior regulatory approval, limited to net income for the current year to date as of the declaration date, plus undistributed net income from the preceding two years. At December 31, 2017, Webster Bank was in compliance with all applicable minimum capital requirements, and there was $368.8 million of undistributed net income available for the payment of dividends by the Bank to the Holding Company.

Under the regulations, the OCC may grant specific approval permitting divergence from the requirements and also has the discretion to prohibit any otherwise permitted capital distribution on general safety and soundness grounds. In addition, the payment of dividends is subject to certain other restrictions, none of which is expected to limit any dividend policy that the Board of Directors may in the future decide to adopt.

If the capital of Webster is diminished by losses, or otherwise, to an amount less than the aggregate amount of the capital represented by the issued and outstanding stock of all classes having a preference upon the distribution of assets, no dividends may be paid out of net profits until such deficiency has been repaired. See the "Supervision and Regulation" section in Item 1 contained elsewhere in this report for additional information on dividends.

Webster Financial Corporation has 6,000,000 outstanding Depository Shares, each representing 1/1000th interest in a share of 5.25% Series F Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, with a liquidation preference of $25,000 per share, or $25 per depository share. The Series F Preferred Stock is redeemable at Webster Financial Corporation's option, in whole or in part, on December 15, 2022, or any dividend payment date thereafter, or in whole but not in part, upon a "regulatory capital treatment event" as defined in the Prospectus Supplement. The terms of the Series F Preferred Stock prohibit the Holding Company from declaring or paying any cash dividends on its common stock, unless the Holding Company has declared and paid full dividends on the Series F Preferred Stock for the most recently completed dividend period.

Exchanges of Registered Securities

Registered securities are exchanged as part of employee and director stock compensation plans.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

No unregistered securities were sold by Webster Financial Corporation during the year ended December 31, 2017.

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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information with respect to any purchase of equity securities for Webster Financial Corporation's common stock made by or on behalf of Webster or any "affiliated purchaser," as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, during the three months ended December 31, 2017:



Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased ⁽¹⁾	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Dollar Amount Available for Repurchase Under the Plans or Programs ⁽¹⁾		Total Number of Warrants Purchased ⁽²⁾	Average Price Paid Per Warrant
October 1-31, 2017	42,832	$	54.21	—	$	103,903,923	—	$	—
November 1-30, 2017	1,138	52.72		—	103,903,923		—	—
December 1-31, 2017	305	57.69		—	103,903,923		—	—
Total	44,275	54.20		—	103,903,923		—	—

(1)

On October 24, 2017, the Company announced that its Board of Directors had approved a common stock repurchase program which authorizes management to repurchase, in open market or privately negotiated transactions, subject to market conditions and other factors, up to a maximum of $100 million of common stock. This approval is in addition to the $3.9 million remaining authorization on a similar common stock repurchase program announced on December 6, 2012. Both programs will remain in effect until fully utilized or until modified, superseded, or terminated.

All 44,275 shares purchased during the three months ended December 31, 2017 were acquired outside of the repurchase program related to stock compensation plan activity, at market prices.

(2)

On June 3, 2011, the Company announced that, with approval from its Board of Directors, it had repurchased a significant number of the warrants issued as part of Webster's participation in the U.S. Treasury's Capital Purchase Program in a public auction conducted on behalf of the U.S. Treasury. The Board approved plan provides for additional repurchases from time-to-time, as permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements. There remain 8,752 outstanding warrants to purchase a share (1:1) of the Company's common stock, which carry an exercise price of $18.28 per share and expire on November 21, 2018.

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Performance Graph

The performance graph compares Webster Financial Corporation’s cumulative shareholder return on its common stock over the last five fiscal years to the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index ("S&P 500 Index") and the Keefe, Bruyette & Woods Regional Banking Index ("KRX Index").

Cumulative shareholder return is measured by dividing total dividends (assuming dividend reinvestment) for the measurement period plus share price change for a period by the share price at the beginning of the measurement period. The cumulative shareholder return over a five-year period assumes a simultaneous initial investment of $100, on December 31, 2012, in Webster Financial Corporation common stock and in each of the indices above.



	Period Ending December 31,
	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017
Webster Financial Corporation	$	100	$	155	$	166	$	194	$	292	$	308
S&P 500 Index	$	100	$	132	$	150	$	153	$	171	$	208
KRX Index	$	100	$	147	$	150	$	159	$	222	$	226

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The required information is set forth below, in Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, under the section captioned "Results of Operations," which is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes thereto of Webster Financial Corporation contained elsewhere in this report.

Critical Accounting Policies and Accounting Estimates

The Company's significant accounting policies, as described in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, are fundamental to understanding its results of operations and financial condition. As disclosed in Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires management to make judgments and accounting estimates that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes thereto. While the Company bases estimates on historical experience, current information and other factors deemed to be relevant, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Accounting estimates are necessary in the application of certain accounting policies and procedures and can be susceptible to significant change. Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are most important to the portrayal of the Company's financial condition and results of operation, and that require management to make the most difficult, subjective, and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and which could potentially result in materially different amounts using different assumptions or under different conditions. Critical accounting policies identified by management, which are discussed with the appropriate committees of the Board of Directors, are summarized below.

The Company has identified four such policies, which govern:


•	allowance for loan and lease losses;


•	fair value measurements for valuation of investments;


•	evaluation for impairment of goodwill; and


•	assessing the realizability of DTAs and the measurement of uncertain tax position (UTP)s.

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses

The allowance for loan and lease losses is a reserve established through a provision for loan and lease losses charged to expense, which represents management’s best estimation of probable losses that are inherent within the Company’s portfolio of loans and leases as of the balance sheet date. For a description of our related accounting policies, see Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report.

Changes in the allowance for loan and lease losses and, therefore, in the related provision for loan and lease losses can materially affect net income. The level of the allowance for loan and lease losses reflects management’s judgment based on continuing evaluation of specific credit risks, loss experience, current portfolio quality, present economic, political, and regulatory conditions and inherent risks not captured in quantitative modeling and methodologies, as well as trends therein. The allowance balance may be allocated for specific portfolio segments; however, the entire allowance balance is available to absorb credit losses inherent in the total loan and lease portfolio. While management utilizes its best judgment and information available, the ultimate adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses is dependent upon a variety of factors beyond the Company’s control, including performance of the Company’s loan portfolio, the economy, interest rate sensitivity, and other external factors.

Composition of the allowance for loan and lease losses, including valuation methodology, is more fully illustrated in Note 4: Loans and Leases in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and in Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, see section captioned "Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses Methodology," contained elsewhere in this report.

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Fair Value Measurements for Valuation of Investments

The Company records certain assets and liabilities at fair value in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes thereto. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, as defined by applicable accounting guidance.

To increase consistency and comparability in fair value measures, management adheres to the three-level hierarchy established to prioritize the inputs used in valuation techniques, which consists of: (i) unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date; (ii) significant inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability; and (iii) inputs that are not observable, rather are reliant upon pricing models and techniques that require significant management judgment or estimation. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are categorized, in accordance with guidance, either on a recurring or nonrecurring basis into the above three levels. At the end of each quarter, management assesses the valuation hierarchy for each asset or liability and, as a result, assets or liabilities may be transferred between hierarchy levels due to changes in availability of observable market inputs used to measure fair value at that measurement date.

When observable market prices are not available, fair value is estimated using modeling techniques such as discounted cash flow analysis. These modeling techniques utilize assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about the risk inherent in a particular valuation technique, the effect of a restriction on the sale or use of an asset, and the risk of nonperformance. Depending on the nature of the asset or liability, the Company uses various valuation techniques and assumptions when estimating the instrument’s fair value. In addition, changes in legislation or regulatory environment could further impact these assumptions.

Available-for-sale securities classified as level 2 in the hierarchy consists of Agency collateralized mortgage obligations (Agency CMO), Agency mortgage-backed securities (Agency MBS), Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities (Agency CMBS), Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS), CLO, corporate debt, and single issuer-trust preferred, as quoted market prices are not available for these asset classes. Management employs an independent pricing service that utilizes matrix pricing to calculate fair value. This fair value measurement considers observable data such as dealer quotes, dealer price indications, market spreads, credit information, and the respective terms and conditions for debt instruments. Procedures are in place to monitor assumptions and establish processes to challenge valuations received from pricing services that appear unusual or unexpected.

Composition of investment securities, the related impairment analysis, and fair value methodology and amounts, are more fully illustrated in Note 3: Investment Securities and Note 16: Fair Value Measurements in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Evaluation for Impairment of Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess purchase price of a business acquired over the fair value, at acquisition, of the identifiable net assets acquired and is assigned to specific reporting units. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment, at least annually, in accordance with ASC Topic 350, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other." Quarterly, an assessment of potential triggering events is performed and should events or circumstances be present that, more likely than not, would reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value, the Company would then evaluate: periods of market disruption; market capitalization to book value erosion; financial services industry-wide factors; geo-economic factors; and internally developed forecasts to determine if its recorded goodwill may be impaired. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment by performing a two-step quantitative test. The quantitative analysis utilizes both the discounted cash flow methodology and a comparable company methodology on an equally weighted basis. Discounted cash flow estimates, which include significant management assumptions relating to asset and revenue growth rates, net interest and operating margins, capital requirements, weighted-average cost of capital, and future economic and market conditions, are used to determine fair value under the two-step quantitative test. A comparable company methodology is based on a comparison of financial and operating statistics of publicly traded companies to each of the reporting units, and the appropriate multiples, such as equity value-to-tangible book value, core deposit premium multiples and/or price-to-earnings per share multiples, are applied to arrive at indications of value for each reporting unit.

Under Step 1, the fair value of a reporting unit is compared to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is not considered impaired, and it is not necessary to continue to Step 2 of the impairment process. Otherwise, Step 2 is performed where the implied fair value of goodwill is compared to the carrying value of goodwill in the reporting unit. If a reporting unit's carrying value of goodwill exceeds fair value, an impairment is recognized and this difference is charged to non-interest expense.

Webster performed its annual impairment test under Step 1 as of its elected measurement date of November 30. The valuation of goodwill involves estimates which require significant management judgment. The Company utilizes a combined, equally weighted, income approach based on discounted cash flows and comparable company market approach to arrive at an indicated fair value range for the reporting unit.

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The income approach involves several management estimates, including developing a discounted cash flow valuation model which utilizes variables such as asset and revenue growth rates, expense trends, capital requirements, discount rates, and terminal values. Based upon an evaluation of key data and market factors, management selects the specific variables to be incorporated into the valuation model. Projected future cash flows are discounted using estimated rates based on the Capital Asset Pricing Model, which considers the risk-free interest rate, market risk premium, beta, and unsystematic risk and size premium adjustments specific to the reporting unit. In the income approach the discount rate used for Consumer Deposits, Business Banking and HSA Bank was 7.6%, 9.8%, and 9.6%, respectively. The long-term growth rate used in determining the terminal value of the reporting unit's cash flows was estimated at 4.0% and is based on management's assessment of the minimum expected growth rate of each reporting unit as well as broader economic and regulatory considerations.

The comparable company market approach includes small to mid-sized banks primarily based in the Northeast with significant geographic or product line overlap to Webster and its reporting units to determine a fair value of each reporting unit.

At November 30, 2017, Webster calculated the following multiples for the selected comparable companies, as appropriate for each reporting unit: core deposit premium, equity value-to-tangible book value and price-to-earnings per share. In determining the appropriate multiples to be applied for each reporting unit, the financial and operating statistics of the reporting units were compared to the comparable companies. Certain financial statistics were compared in identifying the reporting unit’s most appropriate comparable companies whose multiples were used as the basis for the selected multiple range. For price-to-earnings per share, 2017 to 2019 net income compound annual growth rate and 2019 net income margins were used, while the return on tangible book value and return on assets were used for equity value-to-tangible book value multiples. For core deposit premium multiples, each of those four financial statistics were used. Additionally, a control premium was applied as the comparable company multiples are on a minority basis.

The indicated values derived from the discounted cash flows and the market comparable company methodologies were equally weighted to derive the fair value of each reporting unit. This fair value was then compared against the carrying value of each reporting unit to determine if a Step 2 test is required. In estimating the carrying value of each reporting unit, Webster uses a methodology that is based upon Basel III asset risk weightings and fully allocates book capital to all assets and liabilities of each reporting unit. Capital is allocated to assets based on risk weightings and to funding liabilities based on an assessment of operational risk, collateral needs and residual leverage capital as appropriate.

There was no impairment indicated as a result of the Step 1 test performed as of November 30, 2017. The fair value of the Consumer Deposits, Business Banking, and HSA Bank reporting units where goodwill resides exceeded carrying value by 1.6x, 1.7x, and 10.3x, respectively. The Consumer Deposits, Business Banking and HSA Bank reporting units had $377.6 million, $139.0 million, and $21.8 million of goodwill at December 31, 2017, respectively.

Assessing the Realizability of Deferred Tax Assets and the Measurement of Uncertain Tax Positions

In accordance with ASC Topic 740, "Income Taxes," certain aspects of accounting for income taxes require significant management judgment, including assessing the realizability of DTAs and the measurement of UTPs. Such judgments are subjective and involve estimates and assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. Should actual factors and conditions differ materially from those used by management, the actual realization of DTAs and resolution of UTPs could differ materially from the amounts recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes thereto.

DTAs generally represent items for which a benefit has been recognized for financial accounting purposes that cannot be realized for tax purposes until a future period. The realization of DTAs depends upon future sources of taxable income . Valuation allowances are established for those DTAs determined not likely to be realized based on management's judgment. Income taxes are more fully described in Note 8: Income Taxes in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Updates

Refer to Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report for a summary of recently issued ASUs and their expected impact on the Company's financial statements.

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Results of Operations

Selected financial data is presented in the following table:



	At or for the years ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2017			2016			2015			2014			2013
BALANCE SHEETS
Total assets	$	26,487,645		$	26,072,529		$	24,641,118		$	22,497,175		$	20,843,577
Loans and leases, net	17,323,864			16,832,268			15,496,745			13,740,761			12,547,203
Investment securities	7,125,429			7,151,749			6,907,683			6,666,828			6,465,652
Deposits	20,993,729			19,303,857			17,952,778			15,651,605			14,854,420
Borrowings	2,546,141			4,017,948			4,040,799			4,335,193			3,612,416
Series A preferred stock	—			—			—			28,939			28,939
Series E preferred stock	—			122,710			122,710			122,710			122,710
Series F preferred stock	145,056			—			—			—			—
Total shareholders' equity	2,701,958			2,527,012			2,413,960			2,322,815			2,209,348
STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Interest income	$	913,605		$	821,913		$	760,040		$	718,941		$	687,640
Interest expense	117,318			103,400			95,415			90,500			90,912
Net interest income	796,287			718,513			664,625			628,441			596,728
Provision for loan and lease losses	40,900			56,350			49,300			37,250			33,500
Non-interest income (less securities and one-time gain amounts)	259,604			256,882			237,278			197,754			197,615
Gain on sale of investment securities, net	—			414			609			5,499			712
Impairment loss on securities recognized in earnings	(126		)	(149		)	(110		)	(1,145		)	(7,277		)
One-time gain on redemption of an asset	—			7,331			—			—			—
Non-interest expense	661,075			623,191			555,341			501,600			497,709
Income before income tax expense	353,790			303,450			297,761			291,699			256,569
Income tax expense	98,351			96,323			93,032			91,973			77,113
Net income	$	255,439		$	207,127		$	204,729		$	199,726		$	179,456
Earnings applicable to common shareholders	$	246,831		$	198,423		$	195,361		$	188,496		$	168,036
Per Share Data
Basic earnings per common share	$	2.68		$	2.17		$	2.15		$	2.10		$	1.90
Diluted earnings per common share	2.67			2.16			2.13			2.08			1.86
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared per common share	1.03			0.98			0.89			0.75			0.55
Dividends declared per Series A preferred stock share	—			—			21.25			85.00			85.00
Dividends declared per Series E preferred stock share	1,600.00			1,600.00			1,600.00			1,600.00			1,648.89
Book value per common share	27.76			26.17			24.99			23.99			22.77
Tangible book value per common share (non-GAAP)	21.59			19.94			18.69			18.10			16.85
Key Performance Ratios
Tangible common equity ratio (non-GAAP)	7.67		%	7.19		%	7.12		%	7.46		%	7.50		%
Return on average assets	0.97			0.82			0.87			0.93			0.89
Return on average common shareholders’ equity	9.92			8.44			8.70			8.85			8.44
Return on average tangible common shareholders' equity (non-GAAP)	13.00			11.36			11.96			11.90			11.77
Net interest margin	3.30			3.12			3.08			3.21			3.26
Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP)	60.33			62.01			59.93			59.18			60.32
Asset Quality Ratios
Non-performing loans and leases as a percentage of loans and leases	0.72		%	0.79		%	0.89		%	0.93		%	1.28		%
Non-performing assets as a percentage of loans and leases plus OREO	0.76			0.81			0.92			0.98			1.34
Non-performing assets as a percentage of total assets	0.50			0.53			0.59			0.61			0.82
ALLL as a percentage of non-performing loans and leases	158.00			144.98			125.05			122.62			94.10
ALLL as a percentage of loans and leases	1.14			1.14			1.12			1.15			1.20
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases	0.20			0.23			0.23			0.23			0.47
Ratio of ALLL to net charge-offs	5.68 x			5.25 x			5.21 x			5.21 x			2.63 x

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The non-GAAP financial measures identified in the preceding table provides investors with information useful in understanding the Company's financial performance, performance trends and financial position. These measures are used by management for internal planning and forecasting purposes, as well as by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties to compare peer company operating performance. Management believes that the presentation, together with the accompanying reconciliations provides a complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting the Company's business and allows investors to view its performance in a similar manner. These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered a substitute for GAAP basis measures and results. Because non-GAAP financial measures are not standardized, it may not be possible to compare these measures with other companies that present measures having the same or similar names.

The following tables reconcile non-GAAP financial measures with financial measures defined by GAAP:



	At December 31,
(Dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data)	2017			2016			2015			2014			2013
Tangible book value per common share (non-GAAP):
Shareholders' equity (GAAP)	$	2,701,958		$	2,527,012		$	2,413,960		$	2,322,815		$	2,209,348
Less: Preferred stock (GAAP)	145,056			122,710			122,710			151,649			151,649
Goodwill and other intangible assets (GAAP)	567,984			572,047			577,699			532,553			535,238
Tangible common shareholders' equity (non-GAAP)	$	1,988,918		$	1,832,255		$	1,713,551		$	1,638,613		$	1,522,461
Common shares outstanding	92,101			91,868			91,677			90,512			90,369
Tangible book value per common share (non-GAAP)	$	21.59		$	19.94		$	18.69		$	18.10		$	16.85

Tangible common equity ratio (non-GAAP):
Tangible common shareholders' equity (non-GAAP)	$	1,988,918		$	1,832,255		$	1,713,551		$	1,638,613		$	1,522,461
Total assets (GAAP)	$	26,487,645		$	26,072,529		$	24,641,118		$	22,497,175		$	20,843,577
Less: Goodwill and other intangible assets (GAAP)	567,984			572,047			577,699			532,553			535,238
Tangible assets (non-GAAP)	$	25,919,661		$	25,500,482		$	24,063,419		$	21,964,622		$	20,308,339
Tangible common equity ratio (non-GAAP)	7.67		%	7.19		%	7.12		%	7.46		%	7.50		%

	For the years ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2017			2016			2015			2014			2013
Return on average tangible common shareholders' equity (non-GAAP):
Net Income (GAAP)	$	255,439		$	207,127		$	204,729		$	199,726		$	179,456
Less: Preferred stock dividends (GAAP)	8,184			8,096			8,711			10,556			10,803
Add: Intangible assets amortization, tax-affected at 35% (GAAP)	2,640			3,674			4,121			1,745			3,197
Income adjusted for preferred stock dividends and intangible assets amortization (non-GAAP)	$	249,895		$	202,705		$	200,139		$	190,915		$	171,850
Average shareholders' equity (non-GAAP)	$	2,617,275		$	2,481,417		$	2,387,286		$	2,289,699		$	2,149,873
Less: Average preferred stock (non-GAAP)	124,978			122,710			134,682			151,649			151,649
Average goodwill and other intangible assets (non-GAAP)	570,054			574,785			579,366			533,549			537,650
Average tangible common shareholders' equity (non-GAAP)	$	1,922,243		$	1,783,922		$	1,673,238		$	1,604,501		$	1,460,574
Return on average tangible common shareholders' equity (non-GAAP)	13.00		%	11.36		%	11.96		%	11.90		%	11.77		%

Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP):
Non-interest expense (GAAP)	$	661,075		$	623,191		$	555,341		$	501,600		$	497,709
Less: Foreclosed property activity (GAAP)	(238		)	(326		)	517			(74		)	43
Intangible assets amortization (GAAP)	4,062			5,652			6,340			2,685			4,919
Other expense (non-GAAP)	9,029			3,513			975			3,029			5,649
Non-interest expense (non-GAAP)	$	648,222		$	614,352		$	547,509		$	495,960		$	487,098
Net interest income (GAAP)	$	796,287		$	718,513		$	664,625		$	628,441		$	596,728
Add: Tax-equivalent adjustment (non-GAAP)	16,953			13,637			10,617			11,124			13,221
Non-interest income (GAAP)	259,478			264,478			237,777			202,108			191,050
Other (non-GAAP)	1,798			1,780			1,111			1,889			7,277
Less: Gain on sale of investment securities, net (GAAP)	—			414			609			5,499			712
One-time gain on the sale of an asset (GAAP)	—			7,331			—			—			—
Income (non-GAAP)	$	1,074,516		$	990,663		$	913,521		$	838,063		$	807,564
Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP)	60.33		%	62.01		%	59.93		%	59.18		%	60.32		%

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The following table summarizes daily average balances, interest and yield, and net interest margin on a fully tax-equivalent basis:



	Years ended December 31,
	2017							2016							2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Average Balance		Interest			Yield/Rate		Average Balance		Interest			Yield/Rate		Average Balance		Interest			Yield/Rate
Assets
Interest-earning assets:
Loans and leases	$	17,295,027	$	712,794		4.12	%	$	16,266,101	$	624,300		3.84	%	$	14,746,168	$	554,632		3.76	%
Securities ^{(based upon historical amortized cost)}	7,047,744		210,044			2.97		6,910,649		203,467			2.95		6,846,297		207,675			3.04
FHLB and FRB stock	155,949		5,988			3.84		188,854		6,039			3.20		188,631		6,479			3.43
Interest-bearing deposits	63,397		698			1.10		57,747		295			0.51		107,569		281			0.26
Loans held for sale	29,680		1,034			3.49		44,560		1,449			3.25		41,101		1,590			3.87
Total interest-earning assets	24,591,797		$	930,558		3.78	%	23,467,911		$	835,550		3.56	%	21,929,766		$	770,657		3.52	%
Non-interest-earning assets	1,669,370							1,753,316							1,625,196
Total assets	$	26,261,167						$	25,221,227						$	23,554,962

Liabilities and equity
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Demand deposits	$	4,079,493	$	—		—	%	$	3,853,700	$	—		—	%	$	3,564,751	$	—		—	%
Savings, checking, & money market deposits	14,348,404		36,899			0.26		13,072,577		27,331			0.21		11,846,049		21,472			0.18
Time deposits	2,137,574		25,354			1.19		2,027,029		22,527			1.11		2,138,778		24,559			1.15
Total deposits	20,565,471		62,253			0.30		18,953,306		49,858			0.26		17,549,578		46,031			0.26

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings	876,660		14,365			1.64		947,858		14,528			1.53		1,144,963		16,861			1.47
FHLB advances	1,764,347		30,320			1.72		2,413,309		29,033			1.20		2,084,496		22,858			1.10
Long-term debt	225,639		10,380			4.60		225,607		9,981			4.42		226,292		9,665			4.27
Total borrowings	2,866,646		55,065			1.92		3,586,774		53,542			1.49		3,455,751		49,384			1.43
Total interest-bearing liabilities	23,432,117		$	117,318		0.50	%	22,540,080		$	103,400		0.46	%	21,005,329		$	95,415		0.45	%
Non-interest-bearing liabilities	211,775							199,730							162,347
Total liabilities	23,643,892							22,739,810							21,167,676

Preferred stock	124,978							122,710							134,682
Common shareholders' equity	2,492,297							2,358,707							2,252,604
Webster Financial Corporation shareholders' equity	2,617,275							2,481,417							2,387,286
Total liabilities and equity	$	26,261,167						$	25,221,227						$	23,554,962
Tax-equivalent net interest income			813,240							732,150							675,242
Less: Tax-equivalent adjustments			(16,953		)					(13,637		)					(10,617		)
Net interest income			$	796,287						$	718,513						$	664,625
Net interest margin						3.30	%						3.12	%						3.08	%

Net interest income and net interest margin are impacted by the level of interest rates, mix of assets earning and liabilities paying those interest rates, and the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. These conditions are influenced by changes in economic conditions that impact interest rate policy, competitive conditions that impact loan and deposit pricing strategies, as well as the extent of interest lost to non-performing assets.

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Net interest income is the difference between interest income on earning assets, such as loans and investments, and interest expense on liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings, which are used to fund those assets. Net interest income is the Company's largest source of revenue, representing 75.4% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017. Net interest margin is the ratio of tax-equivalent net interest income to average earning assets for the period.

Webster manages the risk of changes in interest rates on net interest income and net interest margin through ALCO and through related interest rate risk monitoring and management policies. ALCO meets at least monthly to make decisions on the investment and funding portfolios based on the economic outlook, its interest rate expectations, the portfolio risk position, and other factors.

Four main tools are used for managing interest rate risk:


•	the size, duration and credit risk of the investment portfolio,


•	the size and duration of the wholesale funding portfolio,


•	off-balance sheet interest rate contracts, and


•	the pricing and structure of loans and deposits.

The Federal Open Market Committee increased the federal funds rate target range three times in 2017, from 0.50-0.75% at December 31, 2016, to 0.75-1.00% effective March 16, 2017, to 1.00-1.25% effective June 15, 2017, and to 1.25-1.50% effective December 13, 2017. See the "Asset/Liability Management and Market Risk" section for further discussion of Webster's interest rate risk position.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016

Financial Performance

Net income of $255.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased 23.3% over the year ended December 31, 2016. Strong loan growth, funded with growth in low-cost long-duration HSA deposits, resulted in an 18 basis points increase in net interest margin, and a lower provision for loan and lease losses, driven by stable credit performance throughout the year also positively impacted net interest margin. Non-interest income improved, excluding a one-time gain on the sale of an asset in 2016, while non-interest expense increases for strategic growth initiatives partially offset the net interest growth.

Income before income tax expense was $353.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, an increase of $50.3 million from $303.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.

The primary factors positively impacting income before income tax expense include:


•	net interest income increased $77.8 million; and


•	provision for loan and lease losses decreased $15.5 million.

The primary factors negatively impacting income before income tax expense include:


•	non-interest expense increased $37.9 million; and


•	one-time gain on the sale of an asset in 2016 of $7.3 million.

The impact of the items outlined above, coupled with the effect from income tax expense of $98.4 million and $96.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, resulted in net income of $255.4 million and diluted earnings per share of $2.67 for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to net income of $207.1 million and diluted earnings per share of $2.16 for the year ended December 31, 2016. See the "Income Taxes" section for additional information with regard to the effect from income taxes, including the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

The efficiency ratio, a non-GAAP financial measure which quantifies the cost expended to generate a dollar of revenue was 60.33% for 2017 and 62.01% for 2016. The improvement in the ratio highlights the Company's strong net interest income growth accelerating at a rate greater than the increase in non-interest expense.

Credit quality remained stable to slightly improved as demonstrated by the asset quality ratios. Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases was 0.20% for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to 0.23% for the year ended December 31, 2016. Non-performing assets as a percentage of loans, leases, and other real estate owned (OREO) decreased to 0.76% at December 31, 2017 from 0.81% at December 31, 2016, primarily driven by lower non-performing asset balances and, to a lesser extent, further reduced by loan growth.

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Net Interest Income

Net interest income totaled $796.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $718.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $77.8 million. Average interest-earning assets during 2017 increased $1.1 billion compared to 2016, substantially due to a significant increase in loan balances, with yield improvement of 28 basis points, up 6.3%. Net interest income increased primarily due to these increases, although the securities portfolio average balances and yields were modestly improved as well. The overall average yield on interest-earning assets increased 22 basis points to 3.78% during 2017 from 3.56% during 2016. The average yield on interest-earning assets is primarily impacted by changes in market interest rates as well as changes in the volume and relative mix of interest-earning assets. Average interest-bearing liabilities during 2017 increased $0.9 billion compared to 2016, primarily from health savings account growth, as other deposit balance increases and FHLB advance balance decreases basically offset, and the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 4 basis points to 0.50% during 2017 compared to 0.46% during 2016. The average cost of borrowings increase is a result of the federal funds rate being increased four times between December 2016 and December 2017.

Net interest margin increased 18 basis points to 3.30% for the year ended December 31, 2017 from 3.12% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in net interest margin is primarily due to an increase in commercial loan yields and balances, as well as improved investment portfolio yields, partially offset by an increased cost of borrowing due to the federal funds rate increases, somewhat mitigated by a shift from FHLB advances to deposit balances which are generally lower cost and also not as sensitive to the federal funds rate increases.

Changes in Net Interest Income

The following table presents the components of the change in net interest income attributable to changes in rate and volume, and reflects net interest income on a fully tax-equivalent basis:



	Years ended December 31,
	2017 vs. 2016 Increase (decrease) due to
(In thousands)	Rate ⁽¹⁾		Volume			Total
Change in interest on interest-earning assets:
Loans and leases	$	50,509	$	37,985		$	88,494
Loans held for sale	120		(534		)	(414		)
Investments ⁽²⁾	2,744		4,185			6,929
Total interest income	$	53,373	$	41,636		$	95,009
Change in interest on interest-bearing liabilities:
Deposits	$	8,574	$	3,821		$	12,395
Borrowings	10,327		(8,803		)	1,524
Total interest expense	$	18,901	$	(4,982	)	$	13,919
Change in tax-equivalent net interest income	$	34,472	$	46,618		$	81,090


(1)	The change attributable to mix, a combined impact of rate and volume, is included with the change due to rate.


(2)	Investments include: Securities; FHLB and FRB stock; and Interest-bearing deposits.

Average loans and leases for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $1.0 billion compared to the average for the year ended December 31, 2016. The loan and lease portfolio comprised 70.3% of the average interest-earning assets at December 31, 2017 compared to 69.3% of the average interest-earning assets at December 31, 2016. The loan and lease portfolio yield increased 28 basis points to 4.12% for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to the loan and lease portfolio yield of 3.84% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in the yield on average loans and leases is due to increased yield on floating rate loans as well as increased spreads on loan originations.

Average investments for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $109.8 million compared to the average for the year ended December 31, 2016. The investment portfolio comprised 29.6% of the average interest-earning assets at December 31, 2017 compared to 30.5% of the average interest-earnings assets at December 31, 2016. The investment portfolio yield increased 5 basis points to 2.98% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the investment portfolio yield of 2.93% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in the yield on the investment portfolio is primarily due to a reduction in premium amortization from slower prepayment speeds and increased yields on floating-rate securities, more than offsetting lower current market rates on investment securities purchases compared to the yield on investment securities paydowns and maturities.

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Average deposits for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $1.6 billion compared to the average for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase is comprised of an increase of $225.8 million in non-interest-bearing deposits and an increase of $1.4 billion in average interest-bearing deposits. The increase in average interest-bearing deposits, and an improved product mix to low-cost deposits, was primarily due to health savings account deposit growth. The average cost of deposits increased 4 basis points to 0.30% for the year ended December 31, 2017 from 0.26% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in average cost of deposits is mainly the result of an increase in the rate paid on public money market accounts. Higher cost time deposits decreased to 13.0% for the year ended December 31, 2017 from 13.4% for the year ended December 31, 2016, as a percentage of total interest-bearing deposits.

Average borrowings for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased $720.1 million compared to the average for the year ended December 31, 2016. Average securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings decreased $71.2 million, and average FHLB advances decreased $649.0 million as utilization of advances maturing within one year declined significantly. The average cost of borrowings increased 43 basis points to 1.92% for the year ended December 31, 2017 from 1.49% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in average cost of borrowings is the result of the federal funds rate being increased four times between December 2016 and December 2017.

Cash flow hedges impacted the average cost of borrowings as follows:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016
Interest rate swaps on repurchase agreements	$	—	$	361
Interest rate swaps on FHLB advances	6,799		8,315
Interest rate swaps on senior fixed-rate notes	306		306
Interest rate swaps on brokered CDs and deposits	780		780
Net increase to interest expense on borrowings	$	7,885	$	9,762

Provision for Loan and Lease Losses

The provision for loan and lease losses is the expense necessary to maintain the allowance for loan and lease losses at levels appropriate to absorb estimated credit losses in the loan and lease portfolio.

The provision for loan and lease losses was $40.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, which decreased $15.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in provision for loan and lease losses was due primarily to lower loan growth as compared to the rate for 2016. Total net charge-offs was $35.2 million and $37.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to lower commercial real estate and other commercial loan related net charge-offs.

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses

The ALLL is a significant accounting estimate that is determined through periodic and systematic detailed reviews of the Company's loan and lease portfolio. The ALLL is determined based on an analysis which assesses the inherent risk for probable losses within the portfolio. Significant judgments and estimates are necessary in the determination of the ALLL. Significant judgments include, among others, loan risk ratings and classifications, the probability of loan defaults, the net loss exposure in the event of loan defaults, the loss emergence period, the determination and measurement of impaired loans, and other quantitative and qualitative considerations.

At December 31, 2017, the ALLL totaled $200.0 million, or 1.14% of total loans and leases, as compared to $194.3 million, or 1.14% of total loans and leases, at December 31, 2016.

See the sections captioned "Loans and Leases" through "Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses Methodology," contained elsewhere in this report for further details.

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Non-Interest Income



	Years ended December 31,						Increase (decrease)
(Dollars in thousands)	2017			2016			Amount			Percent
Deposit service fees	$	151,137		$	140,685		$	10,452		7.4	%
Loan and lease related fees	26,448			26,581			(133		)	(0.5	)
Wealth and investment services	31,055			28,962			2,093			7.2
Mortgage banking activities	9,937			14,635			(4,698		)	(32.1	)
Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance policies	14,627			14,759			(132		)	(0.9	)
Gain on sale of investment securities, net	—			414			(414		)	(100.0	)
Impairment loss on securities recognized in earnings	(126		)	(149		)	23			15.4
Other income	26,400			38,591			(12,191		)	(31.6	)
Total non-interest income	$	259,478		$	264,478		$	(5,000	)	(1.9	)%

Total non-interest income was $259.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of $5.0 million, compared to $264.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease is primarily attributable to lower other income and mortgage banking activities, more than offsetting higher deposit service fees and wealth and investment services.

Deposit service fees totaled $151.1 million for 2017 compared to $140.7 million for 2016. The increase was a result of higher checking account service charges and check card interchange attributable to health savings account growth and usage activity.

Wealth and investment services totaled $31.1 million for 2017 compared to $29.0 million for 2016. The increase was primarily due to increased sales coupled with growth in assets under management.

Mortgage banking activities totaled $9.9 million for 2017 compared to $14.6 million for 2016. The decrease was due to lower volume of conforming residential mortgage originations, driven by a decrease in refinance activity.

Other income totaled $26.4 million for 2017 compared to $38.6 million for 2016. The decrease was primarily due to the following items recorded in 2016: a $7.3 million gain on the redemption of an ownership interest in a privately held investment; a $2.7 million favorable adjustment to the fair value of a contingent receivable; and a $2.0 million gain on the sale of commercial loans, which did not repeat in 2017. Other income was also impacted by lower net client interest rate hedging activities/hedging revenues, nearly offset by a settlement gain and increased alternative investment gains.

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Non-Interest Expense



	Years ended December 31,				Increase (decrease)
(Dollars in thousands)	2017		2016		Amount			Percent
Compensation and benefits	$	359,926	$	332,127	$	27,799		8.4	%
Occupancy	60,490		61,110		(620		)	(1.0	)
Technology and equipment	89,464		79,882		9,582			12.0
Intangible assets amortization	4,062		5,652		(1,590		)	(28.1	)
Marketing	17,421		19,703		(2,282		)	(11.6	)
Professional and outside services	16,858		14,801		2,057			13.9
Deposit insurance	25,649		26,006		(357		)	(1.4	)
Other expense	87,205		83,910		3,295			3.9
Total non-interest expense	$	661,075	$	623,191	$	37,884		6.1	%

Total non-interest expense was $661.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, an increase of $37.9 million from the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase is primarily attributable to higher compensation and benefits, technology and equipment, professional and outside services, and other expenses, somewhat offset by lower marketing and intangible assets amortization.

Compensation and benefits totaled $359.9 million for 2017 compared to $332.1 million for 2016. The increase was driven by strategic hires within HSA Bank as well as additional annual merit compensation and group insurance costs. In addition, in response to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the Company announced a further investment in its employees and communities. As a result, an expense of $2.6 million is included in compensation and benefits for 2017 to cover a one-time cash bonus to full-time employees who are below the vice president level.

Occupancy totaled $60.5 million for 2017 compared to $61.1 million for 2016. Charges related to banking center optimization were offset by lower utilities and depreciation of premises and equipment.

Technology and equipment totaled $89.5 million for 2017 compared to $79.9 million for 2016. The increase was primarily due to increased service contracts and additional depreciation on infrastructure to support bank growth.

Marketing totaled $17.4 million for 2017 compared to $19.7 million for 2016. The decrease was due to lower media spend.

Professional and outside services totaled $16.9 million for 2017 compared to $14.8 million for 2016. The increase was primarily due to consulting services used for strategic projects.

Other expense totaled $87.2 million for 2017 compared to $83.9 million for 2016. The increase was primarily due to $3.8 million of cost associated with the redemption of Series E Preferred Stock.

Income Taxes

Webster recognized income tax expense of $98.4 million in 2017 and $96.3 million in 2016, and the effective tax rates were 27.8% and 31.7%, respectively. The increase in tax expense principally reflects the higher level of pre-tax income in 2017, while the decrease in the effective rate principally reflects the $7.8 million net benefit recognized in the fourth quarter of 2017, the $28.7 million net benefit related to state and local tax (SALT) DTAs and the $20.9 million expense attributable to the Tax Act, and $7.1 million of excess tax benefits recognized under Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Improvements to Employee Share Based Payment Accounting, which the Company adopted effective January 1, 2017.

For additional information on Webster's income taxes, including its DTAs and UTPs, see Note 8: Income Taxes in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report.

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Comparison of 2016 to 2015

Financial Performance

Net income of $207.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased 1.2% over the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily due to strong loan growth, an increase in the net interest margin, and increased non-interest income, offset primarily by increased non-interest expenses.

Income before income tax expense was $303.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $5.7 million from $297.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.

The primary factors positively impacting income before income tax expense include:


•	interest income increased $61.9 million; and


•	non-interest income increased $26.7 million.

The primary factors negatively impacting income before income tax expense include:


•	non-interest expense increased $67.9 million; and


•	provision for loan and lease losses increased $7.1 million.

The impact of the items outlined above, coupled with the effect from income tax expense of $96.3 million and $93.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, resulted in net income of $207.1 million and diluted earnings per share of $2.16 for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to net income of $204.7 million and diluted earnings per share of $2.13 for the year ended December 31, 2015.

The efficiency ratio, a non-GAAP financial measure which quantifies the cost expended to generate a dollar of revenue was 62.01% for 2016 and 59.93% for 2015. The increase in the ratio highlights the Company's investing in strategic opportunities such as HSA Bank's strategic initiatives and Community Banking's Boston expansion.

Credit quality improved as demonstrated by the asset quality ratios. Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases was 0.23% for both the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Non-performing assets as a percentage of loans, leases, and OREO decreased to 0.81% at December 31, 2016 from 0.92% at December 31, 2015, driven by loan growth, partially offset by an increase in non-performing assets.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income totaled $718.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to $664.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $53.9 million. Average interest-earning assets during 2016 increased $1.5 billion compared to 2015, substantially due to strong loan growth of 8.6% with overall improved yields. Net interest income decreased primarily due to the increase in average interest-earning assets, partially offset by a relatively flat securities portfolio with declining reinvestment spreads on those assets. The average yield on interest-earning assets increased 4 basis points to 3.56% during 2016 from 3.52% during 2015. The average yield on interest-earning assets is primarily impacted by changes in market interest rates as well as changes in the volume and relative mix of interest-earning assets. Average interest-bearing liabilities during 2016 increased $1.5 billion compared to 2015, primarily from health savings account growth, while the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 1 basis point to 0.46% during 2016 compared to 0.45% during 2015, primarily from a slight increase in the average cost of borrowings.

Net interest margin increased 4 basis points to 3.12% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from 3.08% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in net interest margin is due primarily to increase in commercial loan yields, flat deposit costs partially offset by lower investment portfolio yields.

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Changes in Net Interest Income

The following table presents the components of the change in net interest income attributable to changes in rate and volume, and reflects net interest income on a fully tax-equivalent basis:



	Years ended December 31,
	2016 vs. 2015 Increase (decrease) due to
(In thousands)	Rate ⁽¹⁾			Volume			Total
Change in interest on interest-earning assets:
Loans and leases	$	5,627		$	64,041		$	69,668
Loans held for sale	(77		)	(65		)	(142		)
Investments ⁽²⁾	(6,297		)	1,664			(4,633		)
Total interest income	$	(747	)	$	65,640		$	64,893
Change in interest on interest-bearing liabilities:
Deposits	$	2,554		$	1,273		$	3,827
Borrowings	2,663			1,495			4,158
Total interest expense	$	5,217		$	2,768		$	7,985
Change in tax-equivalent net interest income	$	(5,964	)	$	62,872		$	56,908


(1)	The change attributable to mix, a combined impact of rate and volume, is included with the change due to rate.


(2)	Investments include: Securities; FHLB and FRB stock; and Interest-bearing deposits.

Average loans and leases for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased $1.5 billion compared to the average for the year ended December 31, 2015. The loan and lease portfolio comprised 69.3% of the average interest-earning assets at December 31, 2016 compared to 67.2% of the average interest-earning assets at December 31, 2015. The loan and lease portfolio yield increased 8 basis points to 3.84% for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to the loan and lease portfolio yield of 3.76% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in the yield on average loans and leases is due to floating rate loans as well as increased spreads on loan originations.

Average investments for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased $14.8 million compared to the average for the year ended December 31, 2015. The investment portfolio comprised 30.5% of the average interest-earning assets at December 31, 2016 compared to 32.6% of the average interest-earnings assets at December 31, 2015. The investment portfolio yield decreased 7 basis points to 2.93% for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the investment portfolio yield of 3.00% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease in the investment portfolio yield is due to reinvestment yields that are lower than yields on securities paydowns and maturities during 2016.

Average deposits for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased $1.4 billion compared to the average for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase is comprised of an increase of $288.9 million in non-interest-bearing deposits and an increase of $1.1 billion in average interest-bearing deposits, driven by continued growth in health savings account deposits. The average cost of deposits was 0.26% for the year ended December 31, 2016 or flat compared with the year ended December 31, 2015. This was as a result of product mix. Higher cost time deposits decreased to 13.4% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from 15.3% for the year ended December 31, 2015, as a percentage of total interest-bearing deposits.

Average borrowings for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased $131.0 million compared to the average for the year ended December 31, 2015. Average securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings decreased $197.1 million, and average FHLB advances increased $328.8 million. The average cost of borrowings increased 6 basis points to 1.49% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from 1.43% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in average cost of borrowings is due primarily to an increase to the federal funds rate.

Cash flow hedges impacted the average cost of borrowings as follows:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2016		2015
Interest rate swaps on repurchase agreements	$	361	$	1,442
Interest rate swaps on FHLB advances	8,315		8,272
Interest rate swaps on senior fixed-rate notes	306		306
Interest rate swaps on brokered CDs and deposits	780		632
Net increase to interest expense on borrowings	$	9,762	$	10,652

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Provision for Loan and Lease Losses

Management performs a quarterly review of the loan and lease portfolio to determine the adequacy of the ALLL. At December 31, 2016, the ALLL totaled $194.3 million, or 1.14% of total loans and leases, compared to $175.0 million, or 1.12% of total loans and leases, at December 31, 2015.

Several factors are considered when determining the level of the ALLL, including loan growth, portfolio composition, portfolio risk profile, credit performance, changes in the levels of non-performing loans and leases and changes in the economic environment. These factors, coupled with current and projected net charge-offs, impact the required level of the provision for loan and lease losses. For the year ended December 31, 2016, total net charge-offs were $37.0 million compared to $33.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase is primarily the result of a large charge-off for one commercial loan.

The provision for loan and lease losses totaled $56.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $7.1 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in provision for loan and lease losses was due primarily to the increase in loan balances, partially offset by improved credit quality.

Non-Interest Income



	Years ended December 31,						Increase (decrease)
(Dollars in thousands)	2016			2015			Amount			Percent
Deposit service fees	$	140,685		$	135,057		$	5,628		4.2	%
Loan and lease related fees	26,581			25,594			987			3.9
Wealth and investment services	28,962			32,486			(3,524		)	(10.8	)
Mortgage banking activities	14,635			7,795			6,840			87.7
Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance policies	14,759			13,020			1,739			13.4
Gain on sale of investment securities, net	414			609			(195		)	(32.0	)
Impairment loss on securities recognized in earnings	(149		)	(110		)	(39		)	(35.5	)
Other income	38,591			23,326			15,265			65.4
Total non-interest income	$	264,478		$	237,777		$	26,701		11.2	%

Total non-interest income was $264.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $26.7 million, compared to $237.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase is attributable to higher other income, deposit service fees, loan and lease related fees, and mortgage banking activities, partially offset by lower wealth and investment services.

Deposit service fees totaled $140.7 million for 2016 compared to $135.1 million for 2015. The increase was a result of increased account service charges driven by HSA Bank's account growth, check card interchange income, and cash management fees, offset by lower NSF fees.

Loan and lease related fees totaled $26.6 million for 2016 compared to $25.6 million for 2015. The increase was primarily due to increased syndication activity, deferred loan origination fee activity, loan servicing fees net of mortgage servicing right amortization, and increased amendment fees offset by decreases in prepayment fees and line usage fees.

Wealth and investment services totaled $29.0 million for 2016 compared to $32.5 million for 2015. The decrease was primarily due to lower investment management activity.

Mortgage banking activities totaled $14.6 million for 2016 compared to $7.8 million for 2015. The increase was due to higher margins on loans sold, partially offset by slightly lower volume of loan sale settlements.

Other income totaled $38.6 million for 2016 compared to $23.3 million for 2015. The increase was primarily due to a $7.3 million gain on the redemption of an ownership interest in a privately held investment, $4.9 million increase in client interest rate hedging activities, and a $2.0 million increase related to the gain on sale of commercial loans.

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Non-Interest Expense



	Years ended December 31,				Increase (decrease)
(Dollars in thousands)	2016		2015		Amount			Percent
Compensation and benefits	$	332,127	$	297,517	$	34,610		11.6	%
Occupancy	61,110		48,836		12,274			25.1
Technology and equipment	79,882		80,813		(931		)	(1.2	)
Intangible assets amortization	5,652		6,340		(688		)	(10.9	)
Marketing	19,703		16,053		3,650			22.7
Professional and outside services	14,801		11,156		3,645			32.7
Deposit insurance	26,006		24,042		1,964			8.2
Other expense	83,910		70,584		13,326			18.9
Total non-interest expense	$	623,191	$	555,341	$	67,850		12.2	%

Total non-interest expense was $623.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $67.9 million from the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase for the year ended December 31, 2016 is primarily attributable to higher compensation and benefits, occupancy, marketing, professional and outside services, deposit insurance and other expenses.

Compensation and benefits totaled $332.1 million for 2016 compared to $297.5 million for 2015. The increase was driven by strategic hires within HSA Bank and the Boston expansion, variable compensation tied to Webster's share price increase, higher medical, and increased pension related expenses.

Occupancy costs totaled $61.1 million for 2016 compared to $48.8 million for 2015. The increase was primarily due to the Boston expansion and charges related to facilities optimization.

Marketing expenses totaled $19.7 million for 2016 compared to $16.1 million for 2015. The increase was primarily due to increased media spend.

Professional and outside services totaled $14.8 million for 2016 compared to $11.2 million for 2015. The increase was primarily due to strategic consulting services.

Deposit Insurance totaled $26.0 million for 2016 compared to $24.0 million for 2015. The increase was primarily due to asset growth which increased the assessment base.

Other expense totaled $83.9 million for 2016 compared to $70.6 million for 2015. The increase was due to a favorable adjustment recorded in the prior year to the unfunded reserve related to a refined estimate of the draw down factor assumption within the reserve, a favorable adjustment recorded in the prior year related to a reduced deposit insurance assessment for years prior to 2015, and increased operational expenses as a result of HSA Bank strategic initiatives and the Boston expansion.

Income Taxes

Webster recognized income tax expense of $96.3 million in 2016 and $93.0 million in 2015, and the effective tax rates were 31.7% and 31.2%, respectively. The increase in the effective rate principally reflects a $4.4 million net deferred tax benefit recognized in 2015, representing the portion of the $5.8 million reduction in the Company’s valuation allowance on its state and local deferred tax assets recognized that year for a change in their estimated realizability in future years, and $1.8 million associated with higher levels of tax-exempt interest income recognized in 2016, compared to 2015.

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Segment Reporting

Webster’s operations are organized into three reportable segments that represent its primary businesses - Commercial Banking, HSA Bank, and Community Banking. These three segments reflect how executive management responsibilities are assigned, the primary businesses, the products and services provided, the type of customer served, and how discrete financial information is currently evaluated. The Corporate Treasury unit of the Company, along with adjustments required to reconcile profitability metrics to amounts reported in accordance with GAAP, are included in the Corporate and Reconciling category.

Commercial Banking is comprised of Commercial Banking and Private Banking operating segments.

Commercial Banking provides commercial and industrial lending and leasing, commercial real estate lending, and treasury and payment solutions. Specifically, Webster Bank deploys lending through middle market, commercial real estate, equipment financing, asset-based lending and specialty lending units. These groups utilize a relationship approach model throughout its footprint when providing lending, deposit, and cash management services to middle market companies. In addition, Commercial Banking serves as a referral source within Commercial Banking and to the other lines of business.

Private Banking provides local, full relationship banking that serves high net worth clients, not-for-profit organizations, and business clients for asset management, financial planning services, trust services, loan products, and deposit products. These client relationships generate fee revenue on assets under management or administration, while a majority of the relationships also include lending and/or deposit accounts which provide net interest income and other ancillary fees.

HSA Bank offers a comprehensive consumer - directed healthcare solution that includes, health savings accounts, health reimbursement accounts, flexible spending accounts, and other financial solutions. Health savings accounts are used in conjunction with high deductible health plans in order to facilitate tax advantages for account holders with respect to health care spending and retirement savings, in accordance with applicable laws. Health savings accounts are offered through employers for the benefit of their employees or directly to individual consumers and are distributed nationwide directly as well as through national and regional insurance carriers, benefit consultants and financial advisors.

HSA Bank deposits provide long duration low-cost funding that is used to minimize the Company’s use of wholesale funding in support of the Company’s loan growth. As such, net interest income represents the difference between a funding credit allocation, reflecting the value of the duration funding, and the interest paid on deposits. In addition, non-interest revenue is generated predominantly through service fees and interchange income.

Community Banking is comprised of Personal Banking and Business Banking operating segments.

Through a distribution network, consisting of 167 banking centers, 334 ATMs, a customer care center, and a full range of web and mobile-based banking services, it serves consumer and business customers primarily throughout southern New England and into Westchester County, New York.

Personal Banking offers consumer deposit and fee-based services, residential mortgages, home equity lines/loans, unsecured consumer loans, and credit card products. In addition, investment and securities-related services, including brokerage and investment advice is offered through a strategic partnership with LPL, a broker dealer registered with the SEC, a registered investment advisor under federal and applicable state laws, a member of the FINRA, and a member of the SIPC. Webster Bank has employees located throughout its banking center network, who, through LPL, are registered representatives.

Business Banking offers credit, deposit, and cash flow management products to businesses and professional service firms with annual revenues of up to $25 million. This group builds broad customer relationships through business bankers and business certified banking center managers, supported by a team of customer care center bankers and industry and product specialists.

Description of Segment Reporting Methodology

Webster’s reportable segment results are intended to reflect each segment as if it were a stand-alone business. Webster uses an internal profitability reporting system to generate information by operating segment, which is based on a series of management estimates and allocations regarding funds transfer pricing, provision for loan and lease losses, non-interest expense, income taxes, and equity capital. These estimates and allocations, certain of which are subjective in nature, are periodically reviewed and refined. Changes in estimates and allocations that affect the reported results of any operating segment do not affect the consolidated financial position or results of operations of Webster as a whole. The full profitability measurement reports, which are prepared for each operating segment, reflect non-GAAP reporting methodologies. The differences between full profitability and GAAP results are reconciled in the Corporate and Reconciling category.

Webster allocates interest income and interest expense to each business, while also transferring the primary interest rate risk exposures to the Corporate and Reconciling category, using a matched maturity funding concept called Funds Transfer Pricing. The allocation process considers the specific interest rate risk and liquidity risk of financial instruments and other assets and liabilities in each line of business. The matched maturity funding concept considers the origination date and the earlier of the maturity date or the repricing date of a financial instrument to assign an Funds Transfer Pricing, a matched maturity funding concept (FTP) rate for loans and deposits originated each day. Loans are assigned an FTP rate for funds used and deposits are assigned an FTP rate for funds provided. This process is executed by the Company’s Financial Planning and Analysis division and is overseen by ALCO.

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Webster allocates the provision for loan and lease losses to each reportable segment based on management’s estimate of the inherent loss content in each of the specific loan and lease portfolios. Management believes the reserve level is adequate to cover inherent losses in each reportable segment. For additional discussion related to asset quality metrics, see the "Asset Quality" section elsewhere within this report.

Webster allocates a majority of non-interest expense to each reportable segment using a full-absorption costing process. Costs, including corporate overhead, are analyzed, pooled by process, and assigned to the appropriate reportable segment. Income tax expense is allocated to each reportable segment based on the consolidated effective income tax rate for the period shown.

Segment Results

The 2016 and 2015 segment results have been adjusted for comparability to the 2017 segment presentation for the following changes:

•

To further strengthen Webster's ability to deliver the totality of its products and services to the owners and executives of commercial clients and other high net worth individuals, an organizational change was made during the second quarter of 2017. Effective April 1, 2017, the head of Private Banking reports directly to the head of Commercial Banking. The current organizational structure reflects how executive management responsibilities are assigned and reviewed. As a result of this change, the Private Banking and Commercial Banking operating segments are aggregated into one reportable segment, Commercial Banking.

•

In late 2007 Webster discontinued its indirect residential construction lending and its indirect home equity lending outside of its primary New England market area, referred to as National Wholesale Lending. Webster placed these two portfolios into a liquidating loan portfolio included within the Corporate and Reconciling category. The balance of the home equity liquidating loan portfolio was $65.0 million at December 31, 2016. As the remainder of this portfolio has been performing in the same manner as the continuing home equity portfolio, management has decided to combine the liquidating loan portfolio with the continuing home equity loan portfolio. The combined portfolio is included in the Community Banking reportable segment.

The following tables present net income (loss), selected balance sheet information, and assets under administration/management for Webster’s reportable segments and the Corporate and Reconciling category for the periods presented:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016			2015
Net income (loss):
Commercial Banking	$	133,594		$	115,366		$	105,203
Community Banking	83,468			60,959			76,335
HSA Bank	49,774			38,230			37,443
Corporate and Reconciling	(11,397		)	(7,428		)	(14,252		)
Consolidated Total	$	255,439		$	207,127		$	204,729



	At December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Commercial Banking		Community Banking		HSA Bank		Corporate and Reconciling		Total
Total assets	$	9,350,028	$	8,909,671	$	76,308	$	8,151,638	$	26,487,645
Loans and leases	9,323,376		8,200,154		328		—		17,523,858
Goodwill	—		516,560		21,813		—		538,373
Deposits	4,122,608		11,476,334		5,038,681		356,106		20,993,729
Not included in above amounts:
Assets under administration/management	2,039,375		3,376,185		1,268,402		—		6,683,962
	At December 31, 2016
(In thousands)	Commercial Banking		Community Banking		HSA Bank		Corporate and Reconciling		Total
Total assets	$	9,069,445	$	8,721,046	$	83,987	$	8,198,051	$	26,072,529
Loans and leases	9,066,905		7,959,558		125		—		17,026,588
Goodwill	—		516,560		21,813		—		538,373
Deposits	3,592,531		10,970,977		4,362,503		377,846		19,303,857
Not included in above amounts:
Assets under administration/management	1,781,840		2,980,113		878,190		—		5,640,143

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Commercial Banking

Operating Results:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016		2015
Net interest income	$	322,393	$	287,596	$	266,085
Provision for loan and lease losses	38,518		37,455		30,546
Net interest income after provision	283,875		250,141		235,539
Non-interest income	55,194		57,253		46,967
Non-interest expense	154,037		138,379		129,499
Income before income taxes	185,032		169,015		153,007
Income tax expense	51,438		53,649		47,804
Net income	$	133,594	$	115,366	$	105,203

Comparison of 2017 to 2016

Net income increased $18.2 million in 2017 compared to 2016. Net interest income increased $34.8 million, primarily due to loan and deposit growth. The provision for loan and lease losses increased $1.1 million, primarily due to loan growth. Non-interest income decreased $2.1 million, primarily due to lower client interest rate hedging activities. Non-interest expense increased $15.7 million, related to strategic hires and investments in cash management product enhancements and support functions.

Comparison of 2016 to 2015

Net income increased $10.2 million in 2016 compared to 2015. Net interest income increased $21.5 million, primarily due to greater loan and deposit volumes. The provision for loan and lease losses increased $6.9 million, due primarily to the growth in loans. Non-interest income increased $10.3 million, primarily due to fees related to loan activities, client interest rate hedging activities and gain on loan sales. Non-interest expense increased $8.9 million, primarily due to strategic new hires and investments in technology.

Selected Balance Sheet Information and Assets Under Administration/Management:



	At December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016		2015
Total assets	$	9,350,028	$	9,069,445	$	7,999,084
Loans and leases	9,323,376		9,066,905		7,999,565
Deposits	4,122,608		3,592,531		3,301,773

Assets under administration/management (not included in above amounts)	2,039,375		1,781,840		1,726,385

Loans and leases increased $0.3 billion at December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016, due to loan originations near prior year levels partially offset by an increase in prepayments. Loans and leases increased $1.1 billion at December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015, primarily due to new originations.

Loan originations were $3.2 billion, $3.3 billion and $3.2 billion in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Deposits increased $530.1 million at December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016, primarily due to growth in client and operating funds maintained for cash management services. Deposits increased $290.8 million at December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015, due to growth in client and operating funds maintained for cash management services.

Through Private Banking, Commercial Banking held approximately $357.5 million, $271.7 million, and $276.1 million in assets under administration, and $1.7 billion, $1.5 billion, and $1.5 billion in assets under management, at December 31, 2017, December 31, 2016, and December 31, 2015, respectively.

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HSA Bank

Operating Results:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016		2015
Net interest income	$	104,704	$	81,451	$	73,433
Non-interest income	77,378		71,710		62,475
Non-interest expense	113,143		97,152		81,449
Income before income taxes	68,939		56,009		54,459
Income tax expense	19,165		17,779		17,016
Net income	$	49,774	$	38,230	$	37,443

Comparison of 2017 to 2016

Net income increased $11.5 million in 2017 compared to 2016. Net interest income increased $23.3 million, reflecting the growth in deposits and improved deposit spreads. Non-interest income increased $5.7 million, due to growth in accounts. Non-interest expense increased $16.0 million, primarily due to increased compensation and benefits cost, increased processing costs in support of business growth as well as continued investment in key initiatives related to continuous improvement, customer service, and expanded distribution.

Comparison of 2016 to 2015

Net income increased $0.8 million in 2016 compared to 2015. Net interest income increased $8.0 million, primarily due to both account growth and deposit balance growth, offset by an adjustment in the funding credit due to a change in the duration value of deposits. Non-interest income increased $9.2 million, primarily due to service fees and interchange income growth related to health savings account growth. Non-interest expense increased $15.7 million, primarily due to increased processing costs needed to support the account growth and investments made in human capital and technology.

Selected Balance Sheet Information and Assets Under Administration, through linked brokerage accounts:



	At December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	2017		2016		2015
Total assets	$	76,308	$	83,987	$	95,815
Deposits	5,038,681		4,362,503		3,802,313

Assets under administration, through linked brokerage accounts (not included in above amounts)	1,268,402		878,190		692,306

HSA Bank deposits accounted for 24.0% and 22.6% of the Company’s total deposits as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

Deposits increased $0.7 billion at December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. The increase is related to organic account growth. Deposits increased $0.6 billion at December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015. The increase is related to organic deposit and account growth.

Assets under administration increased $390.2 million at December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016, primarily due to the increasing number of account holders with investment accounts and market value increases. Assets under administration increased $185.9 million at December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015, driven primarily by organic account growth.

The combination of deposit balances and assets under administration is known as total footings. Total footings were $6.3 billion, comprised of deposit balances of $5.0 billion and assets under administration of $1.3 billion at December 31, 2017, compared to total footings of $5.2 billion, comprised of deposit balances of $4.4 billion and assets under administration of $878.2 million at December 31, 2016.

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Community Banking

Operating Results:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016		2015
Net interest income	$	383,700	$	367,137	$	356,881
Provision for loan and lease losses	2,382		18,895		18,754
Net interest income after provision	381,318		348,242		338,127
Non-interest income	107,368		110,197		108,647
Non-interest expense	373,081		369,132		335,834
Income before income taxes	115,605		89,307		110,940
Income tax expense	32,137		28,348		34,605
Net income	$	83,468	$	60,959	$	76,335

Comparison of 2017 to 2016

Net income increased $22.5 million in 2017 compared to 2016. Net interest income increased $16.6 million, primarily due to portfolio balances growth in both loans and deposits, coupled with improved spreads on deposits as a result of widening interest spreads. The overall increase was partially offset by the effects of tightening spreads on the loan portfolio. The provision for loan and lease losses decreased by $16.5 million primarily due to loan portfolio quality improvements in the residential, home-equity and business banking portfolios. Non-interest income decreased $2.8 million, primarily due to lower fees from mortgage banking activities and business client interest rate hedging activities; partially offset by increased fee income from investment management activity and deposit related service charges. Non-interest expense increased $3.9 million, primarily due to charges related to banking centers optimization, increased compensation and benefits, and increased investment and consulting in technology infrastructure, partially offset by lower marketing and the absence, in 2017, of core deposit intangible amortization which ended in 2016.

Comparison of 2016 to 2015

Net income decreased $15.4 million in 2016 compared to 2015. Net interest income increased $10.1 million, primarily due to growth in both loans and deposits, which was partially offset by the impact of a historically low interest environment reducing the value of deposits. The provision for loan and lease losses increased $0.1 million, due primarily to loan portfolio growth. Non-interest income increased $1.6 million, primarily due to an increase in fees from mortgage banking activities, credit card and client interest rate hedging activities, partially offset by lower NSF fees collected and reduced investment income driven by lower average per sale revenue due to the implementation of regulatory changes. Non-interest expense increased $33.3 million, primarily due to $21.7 million in expense associated with the Boston expansion as well as increases in compensation, benefits, marketing expenses and expenses tied to branch optimization, partially offset by lower loan workout expenses.

Selected Balance Sheet Information and Assets Under Administration:



	At December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016		2015
Total assets	$	8,909,671	$	8,721,046	$	8,521,672
Loans	8,200,154		7,959,558		7,672,116
Deposits	11,476,334		10,970,977		10,449,231

Assets under administration (not included in above amounts)	3,376,185		2,980,113		2,762,759

Loan portfolio balances increased $240.6 million at December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. The net increase is related to growth in jumbo residential mortgages and business banking loans; partially offset by net decreases in the equity and unsecured personal loan portfolios. Loan portfolio balances increased $287.4 million at December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015, due to growth in the business banking, residential mortgages, home equity lines, and personal loans.

Loan originations were $1.9 billion, $2.3 billion, and $2.4 billion for the years ended 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The decrease of $359.1 million in originations for the year ended December 31, 2017 is driven by lower conforming residential mortgages and home equity products.

Deposits increased $505.4 million at December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016, due to the Boston expansion and continued growth in all major deposit product types. Deposits increased $521.7 million at December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015, due to growth in business and personal transaction account balances which was partially offset by a decrease in time deposit balances.

Additionally, investment and securities-related services had assets under administration, in its strategic partnership with LPL, of $3.4 billion at December 31, 2017, compared to $3.0 billion at December 31, 2016 and $2.8 billion at December 31, 2015.

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Financial Condition

Webster had total assets of $26.5 billion at December 31, 2017 compared to $26.1 billion at December 31, 2016, an increase of $415.1 million, or 1.6%.

Loans and leases of $17.3 billion, net of ALLL of $200.0 million, at December 31, 2017 increased $0.5 billion compared to loans and leases of $16.8 billion, net of ALLL of $194.3 million, at December 31, 2016. The increases were driven by strong commercial loan origination activity.

Total deposits of $21.0 billion at December 31, 2017 increased $1.7 billion compared to $19.3 billion at December 31, 2016. Non-interest-bearing deposits increased 4.2%, and interest-bearing deposits increased 9.9% during the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to growth in health savings accounts, while time deposit and money market balances increased to a lesser extent.

At December 31, 2017, total shareholders' equity was $2.7 billion compared to $2.5 billion at December 31, 2016, an increase of $174.9 million or, 6.9%. Changes in shareholders' equity for the year ended December 31, 2017 consisted of an increase of $255.4 million for net income and $1.1 million for other comprehensive income, partially offset by $94.9 million for dividends to common shareholders, and $8.1 million for dividends paid to preferred shareholders.

The quarterly cash dividend to common shareholders was increased for the seventh consecutive year, on April 24, 2017, to $0.26 per common share from $0.25 per common share. See the "Selected Financial Highlights" section contained elsewhere in this item and Note 13: Regulatory Matters in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report for information on Webster’s regulatory capital levels and ratios.

Investment Securities

Webster Bank's investment securities portfolio is managed within regulatory guidelines and corporate policy, which include limitations on aspects such as concentrations in and types of investments as well as minimum risk ratings per type of security. The OCC may establish additional individual limits on a certain type of investment if the concentration in such investment presents a safety and soundness concern. In addition to the Bank, the Holding Company also may directly hold investment securities from time-to-time.

The Company maintains, through its Corporate Treasury Unit, an investment securities portfolio that is primarily structured to provide a source of liquidity for operating needs, to generate interest income, and as a means to manage interest-rate risk. The portfolio is classified into two major categories, available-for-sale and held-to-maturity. The available-for-sale portfolio consists primarily of Agency CMO, Agency MBS, Agency CMBS, CMBS, and CLO. The held-to-maturity portfolio consists primarily of Agency CMO, Agency MBS, Agency CMBS, municipal bonds and notes, and CMBS. At December 31, 2017, the Company had no investments in obligations of individual states, counties, or municipalities which exceeded 10% of consolidated shareholders’ equity.

The combined carrying value of investment securities totaled $7.1 billion and $7.2 billion at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Available-for-sale securities decreased by $353.1 million, primarily due to principal paydowns exceeding purchase activity. Held-to-maturity securities increased by $326.7 million, primarily due to the purchase activity exceeding principal paydowns. On a tax-equivalent basis, the yield in the securities portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was 2.97% and 2.95%, respectively.

The Company held $5.1 billion in investment securities that are in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2017. Approximately $2.2 billion of this total has been in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months, while the remainder, $2.9 billion, has been in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer. The total unrealized loss was $103.7 million at December 31, 2017. These investment securities were evaluated by management and were determined not to be other-than-temporarily impaired. The Company does not have the intent to sell these investment securities, and it is more likely than not that it will not have to sell these securities before the recovery of their cost basis. To the extent that credit movements and other related factors influence the fair value of investments, the Company may be required to record impairment charges for OTTI in future periods.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded OTTI of $126 thousand on its available-for-sale securities. The amortized cost of available-for-sale securities is net of $1.4 million and $3.2 million of OTTI at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, related to previously impaired collateralized loan obligation securities (CLO) identified as Covered Fund investments as defined under the Volcker Rule.

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The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair value of investment securities:



	At December 31,
	2017									2016
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury Bills	$	1,247	$	—	$	—		$	1,247	$	734	$	—	$	—		$	734
Agency CMO	308,989		1,158		(3,814		)	306,333		419,865		3,344		(3,503		)	419,706
Agency MBS	1,124,960		2,151		(19,270		)	1,107,841		969,460		4,398		(19,509		)	954,349
Agency CMBS	608,276		—		(20,250		)	588,026		587,776		63		(14,567		)	573,272
CMBS	358,984		2,157		(74		)	361,067		473,974		4,093		(702		)	477,365
CLO	209,075		910		(134		)	209,851		425,083		2,826		(519		)	427,390
Single issuer-trust preferred	7,096		—		(46		)	7,050		30,381		—		(1,748		)	28,633
Corporate debt	56,504		797		(679		)	56,622		108,490		1,502		(350		)	109,642
Equities-financial institutions	—		—		—			—		—		—		—			—
Securities available-for-sale	$	2,675,131	$	7,173	$	(44,267	)	$	2,638,037	$	3,015,763	$	16,226	$	(40,898	)	$	2,991,091

Held-to-maturity:
Agency CMO	$	260,114	$	664	$	(4,824	)	$	255,954	$	339,455	$	1,977	$	(3,824	)	$	337,608
Agency MBS	2,569,735		16,989		(37,442		)	2,549,282		2,317,449		26,388		(41,768		)	2,302,069
Agency CMBS	696,566		—		(10,011		)	686,555		547,726		694		(1,348		)	547,072
Municipal bonds and notes	711,381		8,584		(6,558		)	713,407		655,813		4,389		(25,749		)	634,453
CMBS	249,273		2,175		(620		)	250,828		298,538		4,107		(411		)	302,234
Private Label MBS	323		1		—			324		1,677		12		—			1,689
Securities held-to-maturity	$	4,487,392	$	28,413	$	(59,455	)	$	4,456,350	$	4,160,658	$	37,567	$	(73,100	)	$	4,125,125

The following table summarizes the amount and weighted-average yield by contractual maturity, including called securities, for debt securities:



	At December 31, 2017
	Within 1 Year				1 - 5 Years				5 - 10 Years				After 10 Years				Total
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Weighted Average Yield		Amount		Weighted Average Yield		Amount		Weighted Average Yield		Amount		Weighted Average Yield		Amount		Weighted Average Yield
Available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury Bills	$	1,247	1.29	%	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	1,247	1.29	%
Agency CMO	—		—		—		—		13,163		2.47		293,169		2.48		306,332		2.48
Agency MBS	—		—		—		—		19,774		2.09		1,088,067		2.47		1,107,841		2.46
Agency CMBS	—		—		—		—		—		—		588,026		2.51		588,026		2.51
CMBS	—		—		19,229		2.99		128,085		2.78		213,754		2.89		361,068		2.86
CLO	—		—		—		—		165,859		3.25		43,992		3.49		209,851		3.30
Single issuer-trust preferred	—		—		—		—		7,050		2.57		—		—		7,050		2.57
Corporate debt	—		—		21,218		2.90		—		—		35,404		2.66		56,622		2.75
Securities available-for-sale	$	1,247	1.29	%	$	40,447	2.94	%	$	333,931	2.96	%	$	2,262,412	2.54	%	$	2,638,037	2.60	%
Held-to-maturity:
Agency CMO	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	2,623	2.93	%	$	257,491	2.47	%	$	260,114	2.47	%
Agency MBS	1,924		3.60		—		—		18,443		2.83		2,549,368		2.64		2,569,735		2.64
Agency CMBS	—		—		—		—		—		—		696,566		2.79		696,566		2.79
Municipal bonds and notes	31,407		7.50		3,839		7.00		16,804		5.80		659,331		4.83		711,381		4.98
CMBS	—		—		—		—		—		—		249,273		3.04		249,273		3.04
Private Label MBS	323		4.50		—		—		—		—		—		—		323		4.50
Securities held-to-maturity	$	33,654	7.25	%	$	3,839	7.00	%	$	37,870	4.16	%	$	4,412,029	3.00	%	$	4,487,392	3.05	%

Total debt securities	$	34,901	7.03	%	$	44,286	3.30	%	$	371,801	3.08	%	$	6,674,441	2.85	%	$	7,125,429	2.88	%

The benchmark 10-year U.S. Treasury rate decreased to 2.41% on December 31, 2017 from 2.45% on December 31, 2016. Webster Bank has the ability to use its investment portfolio as well as interest-rate derivative financial instruments, within internal policy guidelines to manage interest rate risk as part of its asset/liability strategy. See Note 15: Derivative Financial Instruments in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report for additional information concerning the use of derivative financial instruments.

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Alternative Investments

Investments in Private Equity Funds. The Company has investments in private equity funds. These investments, which totaled $11.8 million at December 31, 2017 and $10.8 million at December 31, 2016, are included in other assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The majority of these funds are held at cost based on ownership percentage in the fund, while some are accounted for at fair value using a net asset value. See a further discussion of fair value in Note 16: Fair Value Measurements in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report. The Company recognized a net gain of $2.6 million, $865 thousand, and $2.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. These amounts are included in other non-interest income in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.

Other Non-Marketable Investments. The Company holds certain non-marketable investments, which include preferred share ownership in other equity ventures. These investments, which totaled $6.3 million and $5.7 million at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, are included in other assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. These funds are held at cost and subject to impairment testing. The Company recorded a net gain of $45 thousand, a net gain of $35 thousand, and a net loss of $398 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, related to these investments. These amounts are included in other non-interest income in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.

The Volcker Rule prohibits investments in private equity funds and non-public funds that are considered Covered Funds, as defined in the regulation. Webster must comply with the rule provisions by July 21, 2022. See the "Supervision and Regulation" section contained elsewhere in this report for additional information on the Volcker Rule, including Covered Funds.

Loans and Leases

The following table provides the composition of loans and leases:



	At December 31,
	2017			2016			2015			2014			2013
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		%	Amount		%	Amount		%	Amount		%	Amount		%
Residential	$	4,464,651	25.5	$	4,232,771	24.9	$	4,042,960	25.8	$	3,498,675	25.2	$	3,353,967	26.5
Consumer:
Home equity	2,336,846		13.3	2,395,483		14.1	2,439,415		15.6	2,459,458		17.7	2,460,159		19.3
Other consumer	237,695		1.4	274,336		1.6	248,830		1.6	75,307		0.5	60,681		0.5
Total consumer	2,574,541		14.7	2,669,819		15.7	2,688,245		17.2	2,534,765		18.2	2,520,840		19.8
Commercial:
Commercial non-mortgage	4,551,580		26.0	4,151,740		24.4	3,575,042		22.8	3,098,892		22.3	2,734,025		21.5
Asset-based	837,490		4.8	808,836		4.8	755,709		4.8	662,615		4.8	560,666		4.4
Total commercial	5,389,070		30.8	4,960,576		29.1	4,330,751		27.6	3,761,507		27.1	3,294,691		25.9
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate	4,249,549		24.3	4,141,025		24.3	3,696,596		23.6	3,326,906		23.9	2,856,110		22.5
Commercial construction	279,531		1.6	375,041		2.2	300,246		1.9	235,449		1.7	205,397		1.6
Total commercial real estate	4,529,080		25.9	4,516,066		26.5	3,996,842		25.5	3,562,355		25.6	3,061,507		24.1
Equipment financing	545,877		3.1	630,040		3.7	594,984		3.8	532,117		3.8	455,434		3.6
Net unamortized premiums	15,316		0.1	9,402		0.1	7,477		—	2,580		—	5,466		—
Net deferred fees	5,323		—	7,914		—	10,476		0.1	8,026		0.1	7,871		0.1
Total loans and leases	$	17,523,858	100.0	$	17,026,588	100.0	$	15,671,735	100.0	$	13,900,025	100.0	$	12,699,776	100.0

Total residential loans were $4.5 billion at December 31, 2017, a net increase of $231.9 million from December 31, 2016, primarily the result of originations of $749.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2017, partially offset by loan payments.

Total consumer loans were $2.6 billion at December 31, 2017, a net decrease of $95.3 million from December 31, 2016, primarily the result of net paydowns in the equity line and loan products partially offset by originations of $633.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Total commercial loans were $5.4 billion at December 31, 2017, a net increase of $428.5 million from December 31, 2016. The growth in commercial loans is primarily related to new originations of $1.9 billion in commercial non-mortgage loans for the year ended December 31, 2017, partially offset by loan payments. Asset-based loans increased $28.7 million from December 31, 2016, reflective of $413.8 million in originations and line usage during the year ended December 31, 2017, partially offset by loan payments.

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Total commercial real estate loans were $4.5 billion at December 31, 2017, a net increase of $13.0 million from December 31, 2016 as a result of originations of $1.0 billion during the year ended December 31, 2017, partially offset by loan payments.

Equipment financing loans and leases were $545.9 million at December 31, 2017, a net decrease of $84.2 million from December 31, 2016, primarily the result of $130.4 million in originations during the year ended December 31, 2017, partially offset by loan payments.

The following table provides contractual maturity and interest-rate sensitivity information for loans and leases:



	At December 31, 2017
	Contractual Maturity
(In thousands)	One Year Or Less		More Than One To Five Years		More Than Five Years		Total
Residential	$	2,041	$	31,138	$	4,457,699	$	4,490,878
Consumer:
Home equity	2,294		107,199		2,242,775		2,352,268
Other consumer	19,437		205,021		13,499		237,957
Total consumer	21,731		312,220		2,256,274		2,590,225
Commercial:
Commercial non-mortgage	669,745		3,120,899		743,271		4,533,915
Asset-based	84,470		743,553		6,756		834,779
Total commercial	754,215		3,864,452		750,027		5,368,694
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate	396,497		1,495,734		2,352,043		4,244,274
Commercial construction	161,621		92,075		25,858		279,554
Total commercial real estate	558,118		1,587,809		2,377,901		4,523,828
Equipment financing	24,957		427,127		98,149		550,233
Total loans and leases	$	1,361,062	$	6,222,746	$	9,940,050	$	17,523,858

	Interest-Rate Sensitivity
(In thousands)	One Year Or Less		More Than One To Five Years		More Than Five Years		Total
Fixed rate	$	303,905	$	986,768	$	4,118,811	$	5,409,484
Variable rate	1,057,157		5,235,978		5,821,239		12,114,374
Total loans and leases	$	1,361,062	$	6,222,746	$	9,940,050	$	17,523,858

Asset Quality

Management maintains asset quality within established risk tolerance levels through its underwriting standards, servicing, and management of loan and lease performance. Loans and leases, particularly where a heightened risk of loss has been identified, are regularly monitored to mitigate further deterioration which could potentially impact key measures of asset quality in future periods. Past due loans and leases, non-performing assets, and credit loss levels are considered to be key measures of asset quality.

The following table provides key asset quality ratios:



	At or for the years ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015		2014		2013
Non-performing loans and leases as a percentage of loans and leases	0.72	%	0.79	%	0.89	%	0.93	%	1.28	%
Non-performing assets as a percentage of loans and leases plus OREO	0.76		0.81		0.92		0.98		1.34
Non-performing assets as a percentage of total assets	0.50		0.53		0.59		0.61		0.82
ALLL as a percentage of non-performing loans and leases	158.00		144.98		125.05		122.62		94.10
ALLL as a percentage of loans and leases	1.14		1.14		1.12		1.15		1.20
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases	0.20		0.23		0.23		0.23		0.47
Ratio of ALLL to net charge-offs	5.68x		5.25x		5.21x		5.21x		2.63x

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Potential Problem Loans and Leases

Potential problem loans and leases are defined by management as certain loans and leases that, for;


•	commercial, commercial real estate, and equipment financing are performing loans and leases classified as Substandard and have a well-defined weakness that could jeopardize the full repayment of the debt, and


•	residential and consumer are performing loans 60-89 days past due and accruing.

Potential problem loans and leases exclude loans and leases past due 90 days or more and accruing, non-accrual loans and leases, and troubled debt restructuring (TDR)s.

Management monitors potential problem loans and leases due to a higher degree of risk associated with them. The current expectation of probable losses is included in the ALLL, however management cannot predict whether these potential problem loans and leases ultimately will become non-performing or result in a loss. The Company had potential problem loans and leases of $271.5 million at December 31, 2017 compared to $263.3 million at December 31, 2016.

Past Due Loans and Leases

The following table provides information regarding loans and leases past due 30 days or more and accruing income:



	At December 31,
	2017			2016			2015			2014			2013
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount ⁽¹⁾		% ⁽²⁾	Amount ⁽¹⁾		% ⁽²⁾	Amount ⁽¹⁾		% ⁽²⁾	Amount ⁽¹⁾		% ⁽²⁾	Amount ⁽¹⁾		% ⁽²⁾
Residential	$	13,771	0.31	$	11,202	0.26	$	15,032	0.37	$	17,216	0.49	$	18,285	0.55
Consumer:
Home equity	18,397		0.79	14,578		0.61	13,261		0.54	16,415		0.67	20,096		0.82
Other consumer	3,997		1.68	3,715		1.35	2,000		0.80	1,110		1.47	636		1.05
Commercial:
Commercial non-mortgage	5,809		0.13	1,949		0.05	4,052		0.11	2,099		0.07	4,100		0.15
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate	551		0.01	8,173		0.20	2,250		0.06	2,714		0.08	4,897		0.17
Equipment financing	2,358		0.43	1,596		0.25	602		0.10	701		0.13	362		0.08
Loans and leases past due 30-89 days	44,883		0.26	41,213		0.24	37,197		0.24	40,255		0.29	48,376		0.38
Residential	—		—	—		—	2,029		0.05	2,039		0.06	781		0.02
Commercial non-mortgage	644		0.01	749		0.02	22		—	48		—	4,269		0.16
Commercial real estate	243		0.01	—		—	—		—	—		—	232		0.01
Loans and leases past due 90 days and accruing	887		0.01	749		—	2,051		0.01	2,087		0.02	5,282		0.04
Total loans and leases over 30 days past due and accruing income	45,770		0.26	41,962		0.25	39,248		0.25	42,342		0.30	53,658		0.42
Deferred costs and unamortized premiums	77			86			86			96			189
Total	$	45,847		$	42,048		$	39,334		$	42,438		$	53,847


(1)	Past due loan and lease balances exclude non-accrual loans and leases.


(2)	Represents the principal balance of past due loans and leases as a percentage of the outstanding principal balance within the comparable loan and lease category. The percentage excludes the impact of deferred costs and unamortized premiums.

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Non-performing Assets

The following table provides information regarding lending-related non-performing assets:



	At December 31,
	2017				2016				2015			2014			2013
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount ⁽¹⁾			% ⁽²⁾	Amount ⁽¹⁾			% ⁽²⁾	Amount ⁽¹⁾		% ⁽²⁾	Amount ⁽¹⁾		% ⁽²⁾	Amount ⁽¹⁾		% ⁽²⁾
Residential	$	44,407		0.99	$	47,201		1.12	$	54,101	1.34	$	64,022	1.83	$	80,589	2.40
Consumer:
Home equity	35,601			1.52	35,875			1.50	37,279		1.53	39,950		1.62	51,679		2.10
Other consumer	1,706			0.72	1,663			0.61	558		0.22	280		0.37	139		0.23
Total consumer	37,307			1.45	37,538			1.41	37,837		1.41	40,230		1.59	51,818		2.06
Commercial:
Commercial non-mortgage	39,402			0.87	38,550			0.93	27,086		0.76	6,436		0.21	10,933		0.40
Asset-based loans	589			0.07	—			—	—		—	—		—	—		—
Total commercial	39,991			0.74	38,550			0.78	27,086		0.63	6,436		0.17	10,933		0.33
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate	4,484			0.11	9,859			0.24	16,750		0.45	15,016		0.45	13,428		0.47
Commercial construction	—			—	662			0.18	3,461		1.15	3,659		1.55	4,235		2.06
Total commercial real estate	4,484			0.10	10,521			0.23	20,211		0.51	18,675		0.52	17,663		0.58
Equipment financing	393			0.07	225			0.04	706		0.12	518		0.10	1,141		0.25
Total non-performing loans and leases ⁽³⁾	126,582			0.72	134,035			0.79	139,941		0.89	129,881		0.94	162,144		1.28
Deferred costs and unamortized premiums	(69		)		(219		)		128			267			303
Total	$	126,513			$	133,816			$	140,069		$	130,148		$	162,447

Total non-performing loans and leases	$	126,582			$	134,035			$	139,941		$	129,881		$	162,144
Foreclosed and repossessed assets:
Residential and consumer	5,759				3,911				5,029			3,517			4,930
Commercial	305				—				—			2,999			3,752
Total foreclosed and repossessed assets	6,064				3,911				5,029			6,516			8,682
Total non-performing assets	$	132,646			$	137,946			$	144,970		$	136,397		$	170,826


(1)	Balances by class exclude the impact of net deferred costs and unamortized premiums.


(2)	Represents the principal balance of non-performing loans and leases as a percentage of the outstanding principal balance within the comparable loan and lease category. The percentage excludes the impact of deferred costs and unamortized premiums.


(3)	Includes non-accrual restructured loans and leases of $74.3 million, $75.7 million, $100.9 million, $76.9 million and $103.0 million as of December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

The following table provides detail of non-performing loan and lease activity:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016
Beginning balance	$	134,035		$	139,941
Additions	139,095			109,002
Paydowns/draws	(100,417		)	(64,057		)
Charge-offs	(37,903		)	(39,738		)
Other reductions	(8,228		)	(11,113		)
Ending balance	$	126,582		$	134,035

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Impaired Loans and Leases

Loans are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due in accordance with the original contractual terms of the loan agreement, including scheduled principal and interest payments. Impairment is evaluated on a pooled basis for smaller-balance loans of a similar nature. Consumer and residential loans for which the borrower has been discharged in Chapter 7 bankruptcy are considered collateral dependent impaired loans at the date of discharge. Commercial, commercial real estate, and equipment financing loans and leases over a specific dollar amount, risk rated substandard or worse and non-accruing, all TDRs, and all loans that have had a partial charge-off are evaluated individually for impairment. Impairment may be evaluated at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the original interest rate of the loan or at the fair value of collateral, less estimated selling costs. To the extent that an impaired loan or lease balance is collateral dependent, the Company determines the fair value of the collateral.

For residential and consumer collateral dependent loans, a third-party appraisal is obtained upon loan default. Fair value of the collateral for residential and consumer collateral dependent loans is reevaluated every six months, by either a new appraisal or other internal valuation methods. Fair value is also reassessed, with any excess amount charged off, for consumer loans that reach 180 days past due per Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council guidelines. For commercial, commercial real estate, and equipment financing collateral dependent loans and leases, Webster's impairment process requires the Company to determine the fair value of the collateral by obtaining a third-party appraisal or asset valuation, an interim valuation analysis, blue book reference, or other internal methods. Fair value of the collateral for commercial loans is reevaluated quarterly. Whenever the Company has a third-party real estate appraisal performed by independent licensed appraisers, a licensed in-house appraisal officer or qualified individual reviews these appraisals for compliance with the Financial Institutions Reform Recovery and Enforcement Act and the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice.

A fair value shortfall is recorded as an impairment reserve against the ALLL. Subsequent to an appraisal or other fair value estimate, should reliable information come to management's attention that the value has declined further, additional impairment may be recorded to reflect the particular situation, thereby increasing the ALLL. Any impaired loan for which no specific valuation allowance was necessary at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 is the result of either sufficient cash flow or sufficient collateral coverage of the book balance.

At December 31, 2017, there were 1,606 impaired loans and leases with a recorded investment balance of $246.8 million, which included loans and leases of $105.4 million with an impairment allowance of $16.6 million, compared to 1,635 impaired loans and leases with a recorded investment balance of $249.4 million, which included loans and leases of $152.6 million, with an impairment allowance of $18.6 million at December 31, 2016.

The overall reduction in the number of impaired loans is due primarily to small dollar consumer loans being resolved. Overall commercial impaired balances did not change, due to four credits entering impaired status offset by the resolution of four credits. The reduction of $2.0 million in impaired reserve balance reflects management's current assessment on the resolution of these credits based on collateral considerations, guarantees, or expected future cash flows of the impaired loans.

Troubled Debt Restructurings

A modified loan is considered a TDR when two conditions are met: (i) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties; and (ii) the modification constitutes a concession. Modified terms are dependent upon the financial position and needs of the individual borrower. The Company considers all aspects of the restructuring in determining whether a concession has been granted, including the debtor's ability to access market rate funds. In general, a concession exists when the modified terms of the loan are more attractive to the borrower than standard market terms. The most common types of modifications include covenant modifications, forbearance, and/or other concessions. If the buyer does not perform in accordance with the modified terms, the loan is reevaluated to determine the most appropriate course of action, which may include foreclosure. Loans for which the borrower has been discharged under Chapter 7 bankruptcy are considered collateral dependent TDR and thus, impaired at the date of discharge and charged down to the fair value of collateral less cost to sell.

The Company’s policy is to place each consumer loan TDR, except those that were performing prior to TDR status, on non-accrual status for a minimum period of 6 months. Commercial TDR are evaluated on a case-by-case basis for determination of whether or not to place them on non-accrual status. Loans qualify for return to accrual status once they have demonstrated performance with the restructured terms of the loan agreement for a minimum of 6 months. Initially, all TDR are reported as impaired. Generally, TDR are classified as impaired loans and reported as TDR for the remaining life of the loan. Impaired and TDR classification may be removed if the borrower demonstrates compliance with the modified terms for a minimum of 6 months and through one fiscal year-end, and the restructuring agreement specifies a market rate of interest equal to that which would be provided to a borrower with similar credit at the time of restructuring. In the limited circumstance that a loan is removed from TDR classification, it is the Company’s policy to continue to base its measure of loan impairment on the contractual terms specified by the loan agreement.

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The following tables provide information for TDR:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016
Beginning balance	$	223,528		$	272,690
Additions	36,253			41,662
Paydowns/draws	(31,641		)	(66,596		)
Charge-offs	(3,178		)	(18,588		)
Transfers to OREO	(3,558		)	(5,640		)
Ending balance	$	221,404		$	223,528

	At December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016
Accrual status	$	147,113		$	147,809
Non-accrual status	74,291			75,719
Total recorded investment of TDR ⁽¹⁾	$	221,404		$	223,528

Specific reserves for TDR included in the balance of ALLL	$	12,384		$	14,583
Additional funds committed to borrowers in TDR status	2,736			459



	At December 31,
	2017			2016			2015			2014			2013
(In thousands)	Amount		% ⁽³⁾	Amount		% ⁽³⁾	Amount		% ⁽³⁾	Amount		% ⁽³⁾	Amount		% ⁽³⁾
Residential	$	114,295	2.55	$	119,391	2.81	$	134,448	3.31	$	141,982	4.05	$	142,413	4.24
Consumer	45,436		1.75	45,673		1.70	48,425		1.79	50,249		1.97	52,092		2.05
Commercial ⁽¹⁾	61,673		0.59	58,464		0.58	89,817		1.01	126,563		1.61	146,428		2.15
Total recorded investment of TDR ⁽²⁾	$	221,404	1.26	$	223,528	1.31	$	272,690	1.74	$	318,794	2.29	$	340,933	2.68


(1)	Consists of commercial, commercial real estate and equipment financing loans and leases.


(2)	Excludes accrued interest receivable of $0.1 million, $0.7 million, $1.1 million, $1.4 million and $1.0 million at December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.


(3)	Represents the balance of TDR as a percentage of the outstanding balance within the comparable loan and lease category. The percentage includes the impact of deferred costs and unamortized premiums.

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses Methodology

The ALLL policy is considered a critical accounting policy. Executive management reviews and advises on the adequacy of the ALLL reserve, which is maintained at a level deemed sufficient by management to cover probable losses inherent within the loan and lease portfolios.

The quarterly process for estimating probable losses is based on predictive models, to measure the current risk profile of the loan portfolio and combines other quantitative and qualitative factors together with the impairment reserve to determine the overall reserve requirement. Management's judgment and assumptions influence loss estimates and ALLL balances. Quantitative and qualitative factors that management considers include factors such as the nature and volume of portfolio growth, national and regional economic conditions and trends, other internal performance metrics, and how each of these factors is expected to impact near term loss trends. While actual future conditions and realized losses may vary significantly from assumptions, management believes the ALLL is adequate as of December 31, 2017.

The Company’s methodology for assessing an appropriate level of the ALLL includes three key elements:

•

Impaired loans and leases are either analyzed on an individual or pooled basis and assessed for specific reserves measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate of the loan or lease, except that as a practical expedient, impairment may be measured based on a loan or lease's observable market price, or the fair value of the collateral, if the loan or lease is collateral dependent. A loan or lease is collateral dependent if the repayment of the loan or lease is expected to be provided solely by the underlying collateral. The Company considers the pertinent facts and circumstances for each impaired loan or lease when selecting the appropriate method to measure impairment and evaluates, on a quarterly basis, each selection to ensure its continued appropriateness.

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•

Loans and leases that are not considered impaired and have similar risk characteristics, are segmented into homogeneous pools and modeled using quantitative methods. The Company's loss estimate for its commercial portfolios utilizes an expected loss methodology that is based on probability of default (PD) and loss given default (LGD) models. The PD and LGD models are based on borrower and facility risk ratings assigned to each loan and are updated throughout the year as the borrower's financial condition changes. PD and LGD models are derived using the Company's portfolio specific historic data and are refreshed annually. Residential and consumer portfolio loss estimates are based on roll rate models that utilize the Company's historic delinquency and default data. For each segmentation the loss estimates incorporate a loss emergence period (LEP) model which represents an amount of time between when a loss event first occurs to when it is charged-off. A LEP is determined for each loan type based on the Company's historical experience and is reassessed at least annually.


•	The Company also considers qualitative factors, consistent with interagency regulatory guidance, that are not explicitly factored in the quantitative models but that can have an incremental or regressive impact on losses incurred in the current loan and lease portfolio.

Webster Bank has credit policies and procedures in place designed to support lending activity within an acceptable level of risk. Management reviews and approves these policies and procedures on a regular basis. To assist management with its review, reports related to loan production, loan quality, concentrations of credit, loan delinquencies, non-performing loans, and potential problem loans are generated by loan reporting systems.

Commercial loans are underwritten after evaluating and understanding the borrower’s ability to operate and service its debt. Underwriting standards are designed in support for the promotion of relationships rather than transactional banking. Once it is determined that the borrower’s management possesses sound ethics and solid business acumen, the Company examines current and projected cash flows to determine the ability of the borrower to repay obligations as agreed. Commercial and industrial loans are primarily made based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected, and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial and industrial loans are secured by the assets being financed and may incorporate personal guarantees of the principals.

Commercial real estate loans are subject to underwriting standards and processes similar to commercial and industrial loans, in addition to those specific to real estate loans. These loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Repayment of these loans is largely dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan, the market in which the property is located, and the tenants of the property securing the loan. The properties securing the Company’s commercial real estate portfolio are diverse in terms of type and geographic location, which reduces the Company's exposure to adverse economic events that may affect a particular market. Management monitors and evaluates commercial real estate loans based on collateral, geography, and risk grade criteria. Commercial real estate loans may be adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. The Company periodically utilizes third-party experts to provide insight and guidance about economic conditions and trends affecting its commercial real estate loan portfolio.

Commercial construction loans have unique risk characteristics and are provided to experienced developers/sponsors with strong track records of successful completion and sound financial condition and are underwritten utilizing feasibility studies, independent appraisals, sensitivity analysis of absorption and lease rates, and financial analysis of the developers and property owners. Commercial construction loans are generally based upon estimates of costs and value associated with the complete project. These estimates may be subject to change as the construction project proceeds. In addition, these loans often include partial or full completion guarantees. Sources of repayment for these types of loans may be pre-committed permanent loans from approved long-term lenders, sales of developed property, or an interim loan commitment from the Company until permanent financing is obtained. These loans are closely monitored with on-site inspections by third-party professionals and the Company's internal staff.

Policies and procedures are in place to manage consumer loan risk and are developed and modified, as needed. Policies and procedures, coupled with relatively small loan amounts, and predominately collateralized structures spread across many individual borrowers, minimize risk. Trend and outlook reports are reviewed by management on a regular basis. Underwriting factors for mortgage and home equity loans include the borrower’s FICO score, the loan amount relative to property value, and the borrower’s debt to income level and are also influenced by regulatory requirements. Additionally, Webster Bank originates both qualified mortgage and non-qualified mortgage loans as defined by the CFPB rules that went into effect on January 10, 2014.

At December 31, 2017 the ALLL was $200.0 million compared to $194.3 million at December 31, 2016. The increase of $5.7 million in the reserve at December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016 is primarily due to growth in both commercial banking and community banking portfolios partially offset by lower reserves on impaired loans in the residential and home-equity loan portfolios. The ALLL reserve remains adequate to cover inherent losses in the loan and lease portfolios. ALLL as a percentage of loans and leases, also known as the reserve coverage, remained at 1.14% at December 31, 2017 as compared to 1.14% at December 31, 2016, and reflects an updated assessment of inherent losses and impaired reserves conducted throughout the year. ALLL as a percentage of non-performing loans and leases increased to 158.00% at December 31, 2017 from 144.98% at December 31, 2016 due to lower non-accrual loans.

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The following table provides an allocation of the ALLL by portfolio segment:



	At December 31,
	2017			2016			2015			2014			2013
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		% ⁽¹⁾	Amount		% ⁽¹⁾	Amount		% ⁽¹⁾	Amount		% ⁽¹⁾	Amount		% ⁽¹⁾
Residential	$	19,058	0.42	$	23,226	0.55	$	25,876	0.64	$	25,452	0.73	$	23,027	0.69
Consumer	36,190		1.40	45,233		1.68	42,052		1.56	43,518		1.71	41,951		1.65
Commercial	89,533		1.67	71,905		1.46	59,977		1.39	47,068		1.26	46,655		1.42
Commercial real estate	49,407		1.09	47,477		1.05	41,598		1.04	37,148		1.05	36,754		1.20
Equipment financing	5,806		1.06	6,479		1.02	5,487		0.91	6,078		1.13	4,186		0.91
Total ALLL	$	199,994	1.14	$	194,320	1.14	$	174,990	1.12	$	159,264	1.15	$	152,573	1.20


(1)	Percentage represents allocated ALLL to total loans and leases within the comparable category. However, the allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans and leases does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories.

The ALLL reserve allocated to the residential loan portfolio at December 31, 2017 decreased $4.2 million compared to December 31, 2016. The year-over-year decrease is primarily attributable to reduction in the impaired loan reserves partially offset by loan growth of $236.2 million.

The ALLL reserve allocated to the consumer portfolio at December 31, 2017 decreased $9.0 million compared to December 31, 2016. The year-over-year decrease is primarily attributable to improved credit quality and a decrease in loans of $94.3 million.

The ALLL reserve allocated to the commercial portfolio at December 31, 2017 increased $17.6 million compared to December 31, 2016. The year-over-year increase is primarily attributable to a $427.8 million increase in loans during the year and asset quality migration.

The ALLL reserve allocated to the commercial real estate portfolio at December 31, 2017 increased $1.9 million compared to December 31, 2016. The year-over-year increase is primarily attributable to loan growth of $13.0 million, partially offset by an improvement in asset quality.

The ALLL reserve allocated to the equipment financing portfolio at December 31, 2017 decreased $0.7 million compared to December 31, 2016. The year-over-year decrease is primarily attributable to a reduction in the loan balance of $85.4 million.

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The following table provides detail of activity in the ALLL:



	At or for the years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016			2015			2014			2013
Beginning balance	$	194,320		$	174,990		$	159,264		$	152,573		$	177,129
Provision	40,900			56,350			49,300			37,250			33,500
Charge-offs:
Residential	(2,500		)	(4,636		)	(6,508		)	(6,214		)	(11,592		)
Consumer	(24,447		)	(20,669		)	(17,679		)	(20,712		)	(29,037		)
Commercial	(8,147		)	(18,360		)	(11,522		)	(13,668		)	(19,126		)
Commercial real estate	(9,275		)	(2,682		)	(7,578		)	(3,237		)	(15,425		)
Equipment financing	(558		)	(565		)	(273		)	(595		)	(279		)
Total charge-offs	(44,927		)	(46,912		)	(43,560		)	(44,426		)	(75,459		)
Recoveries:
Residential	1,024			1,756			875			1,324			1,402
Consumer	6,037			5,343			4,366			5,055			6,185
Commercial	2,358			1,626			2,738			4,369			5,123
Commercial real estate	165			631			647			885			1,648
Equipment financing	117			536			1,360			2,234			3,045
Total recoveries	9,701			9,892			9,986			13,867			17,403
Net charge-offs
Residential	(1,476		)	(2,880		)	(5,633		)	(4,890		)	(10,190		)
Consumer	(18,410		)	(15,326		)	(13,313		)	(15,657		)	(22,852		)
Commercial	(5,789		)	(16,734		)	(8,784		)	(9,299		)	(14,003		)
Commercial real estate	(9,110		)	(2,051		)	(6,931		)	(2,352		)	(13,777		)
Equipment financing	(441		)	(29		)	1,087			1,639			2,766
Net charge-offs	(35,226		)	(37,020		)	(33,574		)	(30,559		)	(58,056		)
Ending balance	$	199,994		$	194,320		$	174,990		$	159,264		$	152,573

Net charge-offs for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were $35.2 million and $37.0 million, respectively. Net charge-offs decreased by $1.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in net charge-off activity is primarily due to improved asset quality in commercial loans, partially offset by a large charge-off in commercial real estate.

The following table provides a summary of total net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans and leases by category:



	Years ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015		2014		2013
Residential	0.03	%	0.07	%	0.15	%	0.14	%	0.31	%
Consumer	0.70		0.56		0.51		0.61		0.89
Commercial	0.11		0.36		0.22		0.26		0.46
Commercial real estate	0.20		0.05		0.18		0.07		0.48
Equipment financing	0.07		—		(0.20	)	(0.34	)	(0.67	)
Total net charge-offs to total average loans and leases	0.20	%	0.23	%	0.23	%	0.23	%	0.47	%

Reserve for Unfunded Credit Commitments

A reserve for unfunded credit commitments provides for probable losses inherent with funding the unused portion of legal commitments to lend. Reserve calculation factors are consistent with the ALLL methodology for funded loans using the LGD, PD, probability of default, and a draw down factor applied to the underlying borrower risk and facility grades.

The following tables provide detail of activity in the reserve for unfunded credit commitments:



	At or for the years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016		2015			2014		2013
Beginning balance	$	2,287	$	2,119	$	5,151		$	4,384	$	5,662
Provision (benefit) ⁽¹⁾	75		168		(3,032		)	767		(1,278		)
Ending balance	$	2,362	$	2,287	$	2,119		$	5,151	$	4,384


(1)	See Note 20: Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report for information regarding a change in the draw down factor estimation for 2015.

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Sources of Funds and Liquidity

Sources of Funds. The primary source of Webster Bank’s cash flows for use in lending and meeting its general operational needs is deposits. Operating activities, such as loan and mortgage-backed securities repayments, and securities sale proceeds and maturities, also provide cash flows. While scheduled loan and security repayments are a relatively stable source of funds, loan and investment security prepayments and deposit inflows are influenced by prevailing interest rates and local economic conditions and are inherently uncertain. Additional sources of funds are provided by FHLB advances or other borrowings.

Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank Stock. Webster Bank is a member of the FHLB System, which consists of eleven district Federal Home Loan Banks, each subject to the supervision and regulation of the Federal Housing Finance Agency. An activity-based FHLB capital stock investment is required in order for Webster Bank to access advances and other extensions of credit for sources of funds and liquidity purposes. The FHLB capital stock investment is restricted in that there is no market for it, and it can only be redeemed by the FHLB. Webster Bank held FHLB Boston capital stock of $100.9 million at December 31, 2017 and $143.9 million at December 31, 2016 for its membership and for outstanding advances and other extensions of credit. Webster Bank received $4.8 million in dividends from the FHLB Boston during 2017.

Additionally, Webster Bank is required to hold FRB of Boston stock equal to 6% of its capital and surplus of which 50% is paid. The remaining 50% is subject to call when deemed necessary by the Federal Reserve System. A FRB capital stock investment is restricted in that there is no market for it, and it can only be redeemed by the FRB. At both December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, Webster Bank held $50.7 million of FRB of Boston capital stock. The semi-annual dividend payment from the FRB is calculated as the lesser of three percent or yield of the 10-year Treasury note auctioned at the last auction held prior to the payment of the dividend. Webster Bank received $1.2 million in dividends from the FRB of Boston during 2017.

Deposits. Webster Bank offers a wide variety of deposit products for checking and savings (including: ATM and debit card use; direct deposit; ACH payments; combined statements; mobile banking services; internet-based banking; bank by mail; as well as overdraft protection via line of credit or transfer from another deposit account) designed to meet the transactional, savings, and investment needs for both consumer and business customers throughout 167 banking centers within its primary market area. Webster Bank manages the flow of funds in its deposit accounts and provides a variety of accounts and rates consistent with FDIC regulations. Webster Bank’s Retail Pricing Committee and its Commercial and Institutional Liability Pricing Committee meet regularly to determine pricing and marketing initiatives.

Total deposits were $21.0 billion, $19.3 billion, and $18.0 billion at December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, with time deposits that meet or exceed the FDIC limit, presently $250 thousand, representing approximately 2.7%, 2.5%, and 2.0%, respectively, of total deposits.

Daily average balances of deposits by type and weighted-average rates paid thereon for the periods as indicated:



	Years ended December 31,
	2017				2016				2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Average Balance		Average Rate		Average Balance		Average Rate		Average Balance		Average Rate
Non-interest-bearing:
Demand	$	4,079,493			$	3,853,700			$	3,564,751
Interest-bearing:
Checking	2,601,962		0.07	%	2,422,862		0.07	%	2,245,015		0.06	%
Health savings accounts	4,839,988		0.20		4,150,733		0.23		3,561,900		0.24
Money market	2,488,422		0.61		2,279,301		0.36		2,076,770		0.23
Savings	4,418,032		0.23		4,219,681		0.19		3,962,364		0.18
Time deposits	2,137,574		1.19		2,027,029		1.11		2,138,778		1.15
Total interest-bearing	16,485,978		0.38		15,099,606		0.33		13,984,827		0.33
Total average deposits	$	20,565,471	0.30	%	$	18,953,306	0.26	%	$	17,549,578	0.26	%

Total average deposits increased $1.6 billion, or 8.5%, in 2017 compared to 2016 and increased $1.4 billion, or 8.0%, in 2016 compared to 2015. The increase was driven by continued growth in health savings account deposits. Additionally, there has also been steady growth in all core deposit categories.

For additional information, see Note 9: Deposits in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report.

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The following table presents time deposits with a denomination of $100 thousand or more at December 31, 2017 by maturity periods:



(In thousands)
Due within 3 months	$	291,993
Due after 3 months and within 6 months	217,318
Due after 6 months and within 12 months	252,984
Due after 12 months	646,843
Time deposits with a denomination of $100 thousand or more	$	1,409,138

Borrowings. Utilized as a source of funding for liquidity and interest rate risk management purposes, borrowings primarily consist of FHLB advances and securities sold under agreements to repurchase, whereby securities are delivered to counterparties under an agreement to repurchase the securities at a fixed price in the future. At December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, FHLB advances totaled $1.7 billion and $2.8 billion, respectively. Webster Bank had additional borrowing capacity from the FHLB of approximately $2.6 billion and $1.2 billion at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Webster Bank also had additional borrowing capacity from the FRB of $0.5 billion and $0.6 billion at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. In addition, unpledged securities of $4.4 billion at December 31, 2017 could have been used to increase borrowing capacity by $4.1 billion with the FHLB, by $4.2 billion with the FRB, or alternatively used to collateralize other borrowings such as repurchase agreements.

In addition, Webster Bank may utilize term and overnight Fed funds to meet short-term liquidity needs. The Company's long-term debt consists of senior fixed-rate notes maturing in 2024 and junior subordinated notes maturing in 2033. Total borrowed funds were $2.5 billion, $4.0 billion and $4.0 billion, and represented 9.6%, 15.4% and 16.4% of total assets at December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. For additional information, see Note 10: Borrowings in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report.

Daily average balances of borrowings by type and weighted-average rates paid thereon for the periods as indicated:



	Years ended December 31,
	2017				2016				2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Average Balance		Average Rate		Average Balance		Average Rate		Average Balance		Average Rate
FHLB advances	$	1,764,347	1.72	%	$	2,413,309	1.20	%	$	2,084,496	1.10	%
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	695,922		1.79		744,957		1.82		842,207		1.93
Federal funds	180,738		1.06		202,901		0.46		302,756		0.21
Long-term debt	225,639		4.60		225,607		4.42		226,292		4.27
Total average borrowings	$	2,866,646	1.92	%	$	3,586,774	1.49	%	$	3,455,751	1.43	%

Total average borrowings decreased $720.1 million, or 20.1%, in 2017 compared to 2016 and increased $131.0 million, or 3.8%, in 2016 compared to 2015. The decrease in 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily due to a decrease in FHLB borrowings. The increase in 2016 compared to 2015 was due an increase in FHLB borrowings. Average borrowings represented 10.9%, 14.2%, and 14.7% of average total assets for December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

The following table sets forth additional information for short-term borrowings:



	At or for the years ended December 31,
	2017				2016				2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Rate		Amount		Rate		Amount		Rate
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase:
At end of year	$	288,269	0.17	%	$	340,526	0.16	%	$	334,400	0.15	%
Average during year	310,853		0.18		321,460		0.16		325,015		0.15
Highest month-end balance during year	335,902		—		365,361		—		409,756		—
Federal funds:
At end of year	55,000		1.37		209,000		0.60		317,000		0.39
Average during year	180,738		1.06		202,893		0.46		302,756		0.21
Highest month-end balance during year	182,000		—		294,000		—		479,000		—

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The following table summarizes contractual obligations to make future payments as of December 31, 2017:



	Payments Due by Period ⁽¹⁾
(In thousands)	Less than one year		1-3 years		3-5 years		After 5 years		Total
Senior notes	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	150,000	$	150,000
Junior subordinated debt	—		—		—		77,320		77,320
FHLB advances	1,150,000		318,026		200,170		8,909		1,677,105
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	588,269		—		—		—		588,269
Fed funds purchased	55,000		—		—		—		55,000
Deposits with stated maturity dates	1,381,899		930,509		155,873		127		2,468,408
Operating leases	29,181		54,289		45,437		77,541		206,448
Purchase obligations	47,614		72,309		8,142		—		128,065
Total contractual obligations	$	3,251,963	$	1,375,133	$	409,622	$	313,897	$	5,350,615


(1)	Amounts for borrowings do not include interest. Amounts for leases are reflected as specified in the underlying contracts.

The Company also has the following obligations which have been excluded from the above table:


•	unfunded commitments remaining for particular investments in private equity funds of $9.1 million, for which neither the payment timing, nor eventual obligation is certain;


•	credit related financial instruments with contractual amounts totaling $5.8 billion, of which many of these commitments are expected to expire unused or only partially used, and therefore, the total amount of these commitments does not necessarily reflect future cash payments; and


•	liabilities for UTPs totaling $5.5 million, for which uncertainty exists regarding the amount that may ultimately be paid, as well as the timing of any such payment.

Liquidity. Webster meets its cash flow requirements at an efficient cost under various operating environments through proactive liquidity management at both the Holding Company and Webster Bank. Liquidity comes from a variety of cash flow sources such as operating activities, including principal and interest payments on loans and investments, or financing activities, including unpledged securities which can be utilized to secure funding or sold, and new deposits. Webster is committed to maintaining a strong, increasing base of core deposits to support growth in its loan and lease portfolio. Liquidity is reviewed and managed in order to maintain stable, cost effective funding to promote overall balance sheet strength.

Holding Company Liquidity. Webster’s primary source of liquidity at the Holding Company level is dividends from Webster Bank. To a lesser extent, investment income, net proceeds from investment sales, borrowings, and public offerings may provide additional liquidity. The main uses of liquidity are the payment of principal and interest to holders of senior notes and capital securities, the payment of dividends to preferred and common shareholders, repurchases of its common stock, and purchases of available-for-sale securities. There are certain restrictions on the payment of dividends by Webster Bank to the Holding Company, which are described in the section captioned "Supervision and Regulation" in Item 1 contained elsewhere in this report. At December 31, 2017, there was $368.8 million of retained earnings available for the payment of dividends by Webster Bank to the Holding Company. Webster Bank paid $120.0 million in dividends to the Holding Company during the year ended December 31, 2017.

The Company has a common stock repurchase program authorized by the Board of Directors, with $103.9 million of remaining repurchase authority at December 31, 2017. In addition, Webster periodically acquires common shares outside of the repurchase program related to stock compensation plan activity. The Company records the purchase of shares of common stock at cost based on the settlement date for these transactions. During the year ended December 31, 2017, a total of 434,227 shares of common stock were repurchased at a cost of approximately $23.3 million, of which 222,000 shares were purchased under the common stock repurchase program at a cost of approximately$11.6 million, and 212,227 shares were purchased related to stock compensation plan activity at a cost of approximately $11.7 million.

Webster Bank Liquidity. Webster Bank's primary source of funding is core deposits, consisting of demand, checking, savings, health savings, and money market accounts. The primary use of this funding is for loan portfolio growth. Webster Bank had a loan to total deposit ratio of 83.5% and 88.2% at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

Webster Bank is required by regulations adopted by the OCC to maintain liquidity sufficient to ensure safe and sound operations. Whether liquidity is adequate, as assessed by the OCC, depends on such factors as the overall asset/liability structure, market conditions, competition, and the nature of the institution’s deposit and loan customers. Webster Bank exceeded all regulatory liquidity requirements as of December 31, 2017. The Company has a detailed liquidity contingency plan designed to respond to liquidity concerns in a prompt and comprehensive manner. It is designed to provide early detection of potential problems and details specific actions required to address liquidity stress scenarios.

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Applicable OCC regulations require Webster Bank, as a commercial bank, to satisfy certain minimum leverage and risk-based capital requirements. As an OCC regulated commercial institution, it is also subject to minimum tangible capital requirements. As of December 31, 2017, Webster Bank was in compliance with all applicable capital requirements and exceeded the FDIC requirements for a well capitalized institution. See Note 13: Regulatory Matters in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report for a further discussion of regulatory requirements applicable to the Holding Company and Webster Bank.

The liquidity position of the Company is continuously monitored, and adjustments are made to the balance between sources and uses of funds as deemed appropriate. Management is not aware of any events that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity, capital resources, or operations. In addition, management is not aware of any regulatory recommendations regarding liquidity, which, if implemented, would have a material adverse effect on the Company.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Webster engages in a variety of financial transactions that, in accordance with GAAP, are not recorded in the financial statements or are recorded in amounts that differ from the notional amounts. Such transactions are utilized in the normal course of business, for general corporate purposes or for customer financing needs. Corporate purpose transactions are structured to manage credit, interest rate, and liquidity risks, or to optimize capital. Customer transactions are structured to manage their funding requirements or facilitate certain trade arrangements. These transactions give rise to, in varying degrees, elements of credit, interest rate, and liquidity risk. For the year ended December 31, 2017, Webster did not engage in any off-balance sheet transactions that would have a material effect on its financial condition.

Asset/Liability Management and Market Risk

An effective asset/liability management process must balance the risks and rewards from both short and long-term interest rate risks in determining management strategy and action. To facilitate and manage this process, interest rate sensitivity is monitored on an ongoing basis by ALCO. The primary goal of ALCO is to manage interest rate risk to maximize net income and net economic value over time in changing interest rate environments subject to Board approved risk limits. The Board sets policy limits for earnings at risk for parallel ramps in interest rates over twelve months of plus and minus 100 and 200 and 300 basis points, as well as twist shocks of plus and minus 50 and 100 basis points. Economic value, or equity at risk, limits are set for parallel shocks in interest rates of plus and minus 100 200 and 300 basis points. Based on the near historic lows in short-term interest rates at December 31, 2016, the declining interest rate scenarios of minus 100 basis points or more for both earnings at risk and equity at risk were temporarily suspended by ALCO policy. During the year ended December 31, 2017, these declining interest rate scenarios were re-instituted. The results of these re-instituted minus rate scenarios are outside of the established interest rate risk limits due to the impact of deposit floors. Due to the low probability of occurrence and the current level of rates, the Board has approved a temporary exception to policy. ALCO also regularly reviews earnings at risk scenarios for non-parallel changes in rates, as well as longer-term scenarios of up to four years in the future.

Management measures interest rate risk using simulation analysis to calculate earnings and equity at risk. These risk measures are quantified using simulation software from one of the leading firms in the field of asset/liability modeling. Key assumptions relate to the behavior of interest rates and spreads, prepayment speeds, and the run-off of deposits. From such simulations, interest rate risk is quantified, and appropriate strategies are formulated and implemented.

Earnings at risk is defined as the change in earnings (excluding provision for loan and lease losses and income tax expense) due to changes in interest rates. Interest rates are assumed to change up or down in a parallel fashion, and earnings results are compared to a flat rate scenario as a base. The flat rate scenario holds the end of the period yield curve constant over the twelve month forecast horizon. Earnings simulation analysis incorporates assumptions about balance sheet changes such as asset and liability growth, loan and deposit pricing, and changes to the mix of assets and liabilities. It is a measure of short-term interest rate risk. Equity at risk is defined as the change in the net economic value of assets and liabilities due to changes in interest rates compared to a base net economic value. Equity at risk analyzes sensitivity in the present value of cash flows over the expected life of existing assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet contracts. It is a measure of the long-term interest rate risk to future earnings streams embedded in the current balance sheet.

Asset sensitivity is defined as earnings or net economic value increasing compared to a base scenario when interest rates rise and decreasing when interest rates fall. In other words, assets are more sensitive to changing interest rates than liabilities and, therefore, re-price faster. Likewise, liability sensitivity is defined as earnings or net economic value decreasing compared to a base scenario when interest rates rise and increasing when interest rates fall.

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Key assumptions underlying the present value of cash flows include the behavior of interest rates and spreads, asset prepayment speeds, and attrition rates on deposits. Cash flow projections from the model are compared to market expectations for similar collateral types and adjusted based on experience with Webster Bank's own portfolio. The model's valuation results are compared to observable market prices for similar instruments whenever possible. The behavior of deposit and loan customers is studied using historical time series analysis to model future customer behavior under varying interest rate environments.

The equity at risk simulation process uses multiple interest rate paths generated by an arbitrage-free trinomial lattice term structure model. The Base Case rate scenario, against which all others are compared, uses the month-end London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)/Swap yield curve as a starting point to derive forward rates for future months. Using interest rate swap option volatilities as inputs, the model creates multiple rate paths for this scenario with forward rates as the mean. In shock scenarios, the starting yield curve is shocked up or down in a parallel fashion. Future rate paths are then constructed in a similar manner to the Base Case.

Cash flows for all instruments are generated using product specific prepayment models and account specific system data for properties such as maturity date, amortization type, coupon rate, repricing frequency, and repricing date. The asset/liability simulation software is enhanced with a mortgage prepayment model and a collateralized mortgage obligation database. Instruments with explicit options such as caps, floors, puts and calls, and implicit options such as prepayment and early withdrawal ability require such a rate and cash flow modeling approach to more accurately quantify value and risk. On the asset side, risk is impacted the most by mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities, which can typically prepay at any time without penalty and may have embedded caps and floors. In the loan portfolio, floors are a benefit to interest income in low rate environments. Floating-rate loans at floors pay a higher interest rate than a loan at a fully indexed rate without a floor, as with a floor there is a limit on how low the interest rate can fall. As market rates rise, however, the interest rate paid on these loans does not rise until the fully indexed rate rises through the contractual floor. On the liability side, there is a large concentration of customers with indeterminate maturity deposits who have options to add or withdraw funds from their accounts at any time. Implicit floors on deposits, based on historical data, are modeled. Webster Bank also has the option to change the interest rate paid on these deposits at any time.

Webster's earnings at risk model incorporates net interest income (NII) and non-interest income and expense items, some of which vary with interest rates. These items include mortgage banking income, servicing rights, cash management fees, and derivative mark-to-market adjustments.

Four main tools are used for managing interest rate risk:


•	the size and duration of the investment portfolio;


•	the size and duration of the wholesale funding portfolio;


•	off-balance sheet interest rate contracts; and


•	the pricing and structure of loans and deposits.

ALCO meets at least monthly to make decisions on the investment and funding portfolios based on the economic outlook, the Committee's interest rate expectations, the risk position, and other factors. ALCO delegates pricing and product design responsibilities to individuals and sub-committees but monitors and influences their actions on a regular basis.

Various interest rate contracts, including futures and options, interest rate swaps, and interest rate caps and floors can be used to manage interest rate risk. These interest rate contracts involve, to varying degrees, credit risk and interest rate risk. Credit risk is the possibility that a loss may occur if a counterparty to a transaction fails to perform according to the terms of the contract. The notional amount of interest rate contracts is the amount upon which interest and other payments are based. The notional amount is not exchanged, and therefore, should not be taken as a measure of credit risk. See Note 15: Derivative Financial Instruments in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report for additional information.

Certain derivative instruments, primarily forward sales of mortgage-backed securities, are utilized by Webster Bank in its efforts to manage risk of loss associated with its mortgage banking activities. Prior to closing and funds disbursement, an interest-rate lock commitment is generally extended to the borrower. During such time, Webster Bank is subject to risk that market rates of interest may change impacting pricing on loan sales. In an effort to mitigate this risk, forward delivery sales commitments are established, thereby setting the sales price.

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The following table summarizes the estimated impact that gradual parallel changes in income of 100 and 200 basis points, over a twelve month period starting December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, might have on Webster’s NII for the subsequent twelve month period compared to NII assuming no change in interest rates:



	-200bp	-100bp	+100bp	+200bp
December 31, 2017	N/A	(5.9)%	3.4%	6.4%
December 31, 2016	N/A	N/A	2.4%	4.7%

The following table summarizes the estimated impact that gradual parallel changes in interest rates of 100 and 200 basis points, over a twelve month period starting December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, might have on Webster’s pre-tax, pre-provision net revenue (PPNR) for the subsequent twelve month period, compared to PPNR assuming no change in interest rates:



	-200bp	-100bp	+100bp	+200bp
December 31, 2017	N/A	(10.4)%	5.3%	9.9%
December 31, 2016	N/A	N/A	2.9%	6.3%

Interest rates are assumed to change up or down in a parallel fashion, and NII and PPNR results in each scenario are compared to a flat rate scenario as a base. The flat rate scenario holds the end of period yield curve constant over a twelve month forecast horizon. The flat rate scenario as of December 31, 2016 assumed a Fed Funds rate of 0.75%, while the flat rate scenario as of December 31, 2017 assumed a Fed Funds rate of 1.50%. Asset sensitivity for both NII and PPNR on December 31, 2017 was higher as compared to December 31, 2016, primarily due to growth in deposits, mainly health savings accounts, a reduction in borrowings, and loans moving further away from floors.

Webster can also hold futures, options, and forward foreign currency contracts to minimize the price volatility of certain assets and liabilities. Changes in the market value of these positions are recognized in earnings.

The following table summarizes the estimated impact that immediate non-parallel changes in income might have on Webster’s NII for the subsequent twelve month period starting December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:



	Short End of the Yield Curve				Long End of the Yield Curve
	-100bp	-50bp	+50bp	+100bp	-100bp	-50bp	+50bp	+100bp
December 31, 2017	(8.5)%	(4.3)%	2.0%	3.9%	(3.9)%	(1.7)%	1.3%	2.3%
December 31, 2016	N/A	N/A	1.2%	2.3%	(3.8)%	(1.6)%	1.3%	2.3%

The following table summarizes the estimated impact that immediate non-parallel changes in interest rates might have on Webster’s PPNR for the subsequent twelve month period starting December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:



	Short End of the Yield Curve				Long End of the Yield Curve
	-100bp	-50bp	+50bp	+100bp	-100bp	-50bp	+50bp	+100bp
December 31, 2017	(14.8)%	(7.5)%	2.9%	5.7%	(4.8)%	(2.2)%	2.2%	4.0%
December 31, 2016	N/A	N/A	1.4%	2.7%	(5.6)%	(2.1)%	1.7%	3.7%

The non-parallel scenarios are modeled with the short end of the yield curve moving up or down 50 and 100 basis points, while the long end of the yield curve remains unchanged and vice versa. The short end of the yield curve is defined as terms of less than eighteen months, and the long end as terms of greater than eighteen months. These results above reflect the annualized impact of immediate rate changes. The actual impact can be uneven during the year especially in the short end scenarios where asset yields tied to Prime or LIBOR change immediately, while certain deposit rate changes take more time.

Sensitivity to increases in the short end of the yield curve for NII and PPNR increased from December 31, 2016 due to higher forecasted health savings accounts and demand deposit balances.

Sensitivity to increases in the long end of the yield curve was more positive than December 31, 2016 in PPNR due to higher market interest rates and the resulting decreased forecast prepayment speeds in the residential loan and investment portfolios. Sensitivity to decreases in the long end of the yield curve was less negative than at December 31, 2016 in PPNR due to decreased forecasted prepayment speeds in the residential loan and investment portfolios.

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The following table summarizes the estimated economic value of assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet contracts at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 and the projected change to economic values if interest rates instantaneously increase or decrease by 100 basis points:



	Book Value		Estimated Economic Value		Estimated Economic Value Change

(Dollars in thousands)					-100 bp			+100 bp
At December 31, 2017
Assets	$	26,487,645	$	25,971,043	$	505,148		$	(631,744	)
Liabilities	23,785,687		22,509,322		729,967			(624,789		)
Net	$	2,701,958	$	3,461,721	$	(224,819	)	$	(6,955	)
Net change as % base net economic value								(0.2		)%

At December 31, 2016
Assets	$	26,072,529	$	25,527,648	N/A			$	(633,934	)
Liabilities	23,545,517		22,650,967		N/A			(555,854		)
Net	$	2,527,012	$	2,876,681	N/A			$	(78,080	)
Net change as % base net economic value								(2.7		)%

Changes in economic value can be best described using duration. Duration is a measure of the price sensitivity of financial instruments for small changes in interest rates. For fixed-rate instruments, it can also be thought of as the weighted-average expected time to receive future cash flows. For floating-rate instruments, it can be thought of as the weighted-average expected time until the next rate reset. The longer the duration, the greater the price sensitivity for given changes in interest rates. Floating-rate instruments may have durations as short as one day and, therefore, have very little price sensitivity due to changes in interest rates. Increases in interest rates typically reduce the value of fixed-rate assets as future discounted cash flows are worth less at higher discount rates. A liability's value decreases for the same reason in a rising rate environment. A reduction in value of a liability is a benefit to Webster.

Duration gap is the difference between the duration of assets and the duration of liabilities. A duration gap near zero implies that the balance sheet is matched and would exhibit no or minimal changes (positive or negative) in estimated economic value for a small change in interest rates, however, larger rate movements typically result in a measurable level of price sensitivity. Webster's duration gap was negative 0.9 years at December 31, 2017 when measured using 50 basis point changes in rates. At December 31, 2016, the duration gap was a negative 0.4 years. During 2017 changes in long term market rates impacted forecast prepayment speeds in the residential loan and investment portfolios resulting in an extension of asset duration. Rising market rate shortened the duration of liabilities but the shortening was partially offset due to the growth of health savings accounts and demand deposits. Combining the two effects resulted in the narrowing of the duration gap in 2017. An increase of 100 basis points would result in a slightly positive duration gap. A positive duration gap implies that liabilities are shorter than assets and, therefore, they have less price sensitivity than assets and will reset their interest rates faster than assets for a small change in interest rates leading to a decrease in net economic value when rates rise.

These estimates assume that management does not take any action to mitigate any positive or negative effects from changing interest rates. The earnings and economic values estimates are subject to factors that could cause actual results to differ. Management believes that Webster's interest rate risk position at December 31, 2017 represents a reasonable level of risk given the current interest rate outlook. Management, as always, is prepared to act in the event that interest rates do change rapidly.

Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices

The Consolidated Financial Statements and related data presented herein have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation.

Unlike most industrial companies, substantially all of the assets and liabilities of a banking institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on Webster's performance than the effects of general levels of inflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or in the same magnitude as the price of goods and services.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The required information is set forth above, in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, see the section captioned "Asset/Liability Management and Market Risk," which is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements



	Page No.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	61
Consolidated Balance Sheets	62
Consolidated Statements of Income	63
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	64
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity	65
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	66
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	68

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

Webster Financial Corporation:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Webster Financial Corporation and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes (collectively, the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)("PCAOB"), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated March 1, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2013.

Hartford, Connecticut

March 1, 2018

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WEBSTER FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS



	December 31,
(In thousands, except share data)	2017			2016
Assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	231,158		$	190,663
Interest-bearing deposits	25,628			29,461
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value	2,638,037			2,991,091
Investment securities held-to-maturity (fair value of $4,456,350 and $4,125,125)	4,487,392			4,160,658
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock	151,566			194,646
Loans held for sale (valued under fair value option $20,888 and $60,260)	20,888			67,577
Loans and leases	17,523,858			17,026,588
Allowance for loan and lease losses	(199,994		)	(194,320		)
Loans and leases, net	17,323,864			16,832,268
Deferred tax assets, net	92,630			84,391
Premises and equipment, net	130,001			137,413
Goodwill	538,373			538,373
Other intangible assets, net	29,611			33,674
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies	531,820			517,852
Accrued interest receivable and other assets	286,677			294,462
Total assets	$	26,487,645		$	26,072,529
Liabilities and shareholders' equity:
Deposits:
Non-interest-bearing	$	4,191,496		$	4,021,061
Interest-bearing	16,802,233			15,282,796
Total deposits	20,993,729			19,303,857
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings	643,269			949,526
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	1,677,105			2,842,908
Long-term debt	225,767			225,514
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	245,817			223,712
Total liabilities	23,785,687			23,545,517
Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $.01 par value: Authorized - 3,000,000 shares;
Series F issued and outstanding (6,000 shares at December 31, 2017)	145,056			—
Series E issued and outstanding (5,060 shares at December 31, 2016)	—			122,710
Common stock, $.01 par value: Authorized - 200,000,000 shares;
Issued (93,680,291 and 93,651,601 shares)	937			937
Paid-in capital	1,122,164			1,125,937
Retained earnings	1,595,762			1,425,320
Treasury stock, at cost (1,658,526 and 1,899,502 shares)	(70,430		)	(70,899		)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax	(91,531		)	(76,993		)
Total shareholders' equity	2,701,958			2,527,012
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	26,487,645		$	26,072,529

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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WEBSTER FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per share data)	2017			2016			2015
Interest Income:
Interest and fees on loans and leases	$	708,566		$	621,028		$	552,441
Taxable interest and dividends on securities	181,131			180,346			190,061
Non-taxable interest on securities	22,874			19,090			15,948
Loans held for sale	1,034			1,449			1,590
Total interest income	913,605			821,913			760,040
Interest Expense:
Deposits	62,253			49,858			46,031
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings	14,365			14,528			16,861
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	30,320			29,033			22,858
Long-term debt	10,380			9,981			9,665
Total interest expense	117,318			103,400			95,415
Net interest income	796,287			718,513			664,625
Provision for loan and lease losses	40,900			56,350			49,300
Net interest income after provision for loan and lease losses	755,387			662,163			615,325
Non-interest Income:
Deposit service fees	151,137			140,685			135,057
Loan and lease related fees	26,448			26,581			25,594
Wealth and investment services	31,055			28,962			32,486
Mortgage banking activities	9,937			14,635			7,795
Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance policies	14,627			14,759			13,020
Gain on sale of investment securities, net	—			414			609
Impairment loss on securities recognized in earnings	(126		)	(149		)	(110		)
Other income	26,400			38,591			23,326
Total non-interest income	259,478			264,478			237,777
Non-interest Expense:
Compensation and benefits	359,926			332,127			297,517
Occupancy	60,490			61,110			48,836
Technology and equipment	89,464			79,882			80,813
Intangible assets amortization	4,062			5,652			6,340
Marketing	17,421			19,703			16,053
Professional and outside services	16,858			14,801			11,156
Deposit insurance	25,649			26,006			24,042
Other expense	87,205			83,910			70,584
Total non-interest expense	661,075			623,191			555,341
Income before income tax expense	353,790			303,450			297,761
Income tax expense	98,351			96,323			93,032
Net income	255,439			207,127			204,729
Preferred stock dividends and other	(8,608		)	(8,704		)	(9,368		)
Earnings applicable to common shareholders	$	246,831		$	198,423		$	195,361

Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	2.68		$	2.17		$	2.15
Diluted	2.67			2.16			2.13

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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WEBSTER FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016			2015
Net income	$	255,439		$	207,127		$	204,729
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Total available-for-sale and transferred securities	(7,590		)	(9,069		)	(22,828		)
Total derivative instruments	4,565			5,912			2,550
Total defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans	4,135			4,270			(1,567		)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	1,110			1,113			(21,845		)
Comprehensive income	$	256,549		$	208,240		$	182,884

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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WEBSTER FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY



(In thousands, except per share data)	Preferred Stock			Common Stock		Paid-In Capital			Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock, at cost			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax			Total Shareholders' Equity
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	151,649		$	936	$	1,127,534		$	1,202,251		$	(103,294	)	$	(56,261	)	$	2,322,815
Net income	—			—		—			204,729			—			—			204,729
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—			—		—			—			—			(21,845		)	(21,845		)
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared on common stock $0.89 per share	—			—		119			(81,316		)	—			—			(81,197		)
Dividends on Series A preferred stock $21.25 per share	—			—		—			(615		)	—			—			(615		)
Dividends on Series E preferred stock $1,600.00 per share	—			—		—			(8,096		)	—			—			(8,096		)
Common stock issued	—			1		(1		)	—			—			—			—
Preferred stock conversion	(28,939		)	—		(3,429		)	—			32,368			—			—
Stock-based compensation, net of tax impact	—			—		2,906			(1,005		)	11,046			—			12,947
Exercise of stock options	—			—		(2,781		)	—			5,841			—			3,060
Common shares acquired related to stock compensation plan activity	—			—		—			—			(5,251		)	—			(5,251		)
Common stock repurchase program	—			—		—			—			(12,564		)	—			(12,564		)
Common stock warrants repurchased	—			—		(23		)	—			—			—			(23		)
Balance at December 31, 2015	122,710			937		1,124,325			1,315,948			(71,854		)	(78,106		)	2,413,960
Net income	—			—		—			207,127			—			—			207,127
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—			—		—			—			—			1,113			1,113
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared on common stock $0.98 per share	—			—		149			(90,062		)	—			—			(89,913		)
Dividends on Series E preferred stock $1,600.00 per share	—			—		—			(8,096		)	—			—			(8,096		)
Stock-based compensation, net of tax impact	—			—		2,976			403			10,713			—			14,092
Exercise of stock options	—			—		(1,350		)	—			13,112			—			11,762
Common shares acquired related to stock compensation plan activity	—			—		—			—			(11,664		)	—			(11,664		)
Common stock repurchase program	—			—		—			—			(11,206		)	—			(11,206		)
Common stock warrants repurchased	—			—		(163		)	—			—			—			(163		)
Balance at December 31, 2016	122,710			937		1,125,937			1,425,320			(70,899		)	(76,993		)	2,527,012
Adoption of ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) - Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from AOCI	—			—		—			15,648			—			(15,648		)	—
Net income	—			—		—			255,439			—			—			255,439
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—			—		—			—			—			1,110			1,110
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared on common stock $1.03 per share	—			—		168			(95,097		)	—			—			(94,929		)
Dividends on Series E preferred stock $1,600.00 per share	—			—		—			(8,096		)	—			—			(8,096		)
Dividends accrued on Series F preferred stock	—			—		—			(88		)	—			—			(88		)
Stock-based compensation, net of tax impact	—			—		—			2,636			11,548			—			14,184
Exercise of stock options	—			—		(3,941		)	—			12,200			—			8,259
Common shares acquired related to stock compensation plan activity	—			—		—			—			(11,694		)	—			(11,694		)
Common stock repurchase program	—			—		—			—			(11,585		)	—			(11,585		)
Redemption of Series E preferred stock	(122,710		)	—		—			—			—			—			(122,710		)
Issuance of Series F preferred stock	145,056			—		—			—			—			—			145,056
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	145,056		$	937	$	1,122,164		$	1,595,762		$	(70,430	)	$	(91,531	)	$	2,701,958

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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WEBSTER FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016			2015
Operating Activities:
Net income	$	255,439		$	207,127		$	204,729
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for loan and lease losses	40,900			56,350			49,300
Deferred tax (benefit) expense	(9,074		)	17,700			(15,513		)
Depreciation and amortization	37,172			36,449			34,678
Amortization of earning assets and funding premium/discount, net	45,444			57,331			54,555
Stock-based compensation	12,276			11,438			10,935
Gain on sale, net of write-down, on foreclosed and repossessed assets	(784		)	(976		)	(311		)
(Gain on sale) write-down, net on premises and equipment	(15		)	397			(244		)
Impairment loss on securities recognized in earnings	126			149			110
Gain on the sale of investment securities, net	—			(414		)	(609		)
Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance policies	(14,627		)	(14,759		)	(13,020		)
Mortgage banking activities	(9,937		)	(14,635		)	(7,795		)
Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale	333,027			438,925			452,590
Originations of loans held for sale	(287,634		)	(452,886		)	(449,048		)
Net decrease (increase) in derivative contract assets net of liabilities	32,763			27,929			(6,489		)
Gain on redemption of other assets	—			(7,331		)	—
Net (increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable and other assets	(19,790		)	54,269			(44,554		)
Net increase (decrease) in accrued expenses and other liabilities	29,680			(18,918		)	33,478
Net cash provided by operating activities	444,966			398,145			302,792
Investing Activities:
Net decrease (increase) in interest-bearing deposits	3,833			126,446			(23,212		)
Purchases of available-for-sale securities	(660,106		)	(980,870		)	(903,240		)
Proceeds from maturities and principal payments of available-for-sale securities	984,732			672,965			558,301
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities	—			259,283			123,270
Purchases of held-to-maturity securities	(1,043,278		)	(1,066,156		)	(761,033		)
Proceeds from maturities and principal payments of held-to-maturity securities	687,439			795,953			681,124
Net proceeds (purchase) of Federal Home Loan Bank stock	43,080			(6,299		)	4,943
Alternative investments return of capital (capital call), net	873			(381		)	458
Net increase in loans	(549,213		)	(1,440,141		)	(1,813,811		)
Proceeds from loans not originated for sale	14,679			34,170			33,644
Purchase of life insurance policies	—			—			(50,000		)
Proceeds from life insurance policies	746			—			3,912
Proceeds from the sale of foreclosed properties and repossessed assets	7,603			9,205			10,511
Proceeds from the sale of premises and equipment	3,357			1,550			650
Additions to premises and equipment	(28,546		)	(40,731		)	(36,115		)
Proceeds from redemption of other assets	7,581			—			—
Acquisition of business, net cash acquired	—			—			1,396,414
Net cash used for investing activities	(527,220		)	(1,635,006		)	(774,184		)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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WEBSTER FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS, continued

	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016			2015
Financing Activities:
Net increase in deposits	1,690,197			1,351,609			853,921
Contingent consideration	—			5,000			—
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank advances	12,255,000			19,630,000			13,505,000
Repayments of Federal Home Loan Bank advances	(13,420,791		)	(19,451,219		)	(13,700,279		)
Net decrease in securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings	(306,257		)	(201,874		)	(99,356		)
Redemption of Series E preferred stock	(122,710		)	—			—
Issuance of Series F preferred stock	145,056			—			—
Dividends paid to common shareholders	(94,630		)	(89,522		)	(80,964		)
Dividends paid to preferred shareholders	(8,096		)	(8,096		)	(8,711		)
Exercise of stock options	8,259			11,762			3,060
Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation	—			3,204			2,338
Common stock repurchase program	(11,585		)	(11,206		)	(12,564		)
Common shares acquired related to stock compensation plan activity	(11,694		)	(11,664		)	(5,251		)
Common stock warrants repurchased	—			(163		)	(23		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	122,749			1,227,831			457,171
Net increase (decrease) in cash and due from banks	40,495			(9,030		)	(14,221		)
Cash and due from banks at beginning of period	190,663			199,693			213,914
Cash and due from banks at end of period	$	231,158		$	190,663		$	199,693

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	114,046		$	102,438		$	95,428
Income taxes paid	109,059			80,143			106,991
Noncash investing and financing activities:
Transfer of loans and leases to foreclosed properties and repossessed assets	$	8,972		$	6,769		$	8,714
Transfer of loans from portfolio to loans held for sale	7,234			39,383			585
Deposits assumed in business acquisition	—			—			1,446,899
Preferred stock conversion	—			—			28,939

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations

Webster Financial Corporation is a bank holding company and financial holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act, incorporated under the laws of Delaware in 1986 and headquartered in Waterbury, Connecticut. At December 31, 2017, Webster Financial Corporation's principal asset is all of the outstanding capital stock of Webster Bank.

Webster delivers financial services to individuals, families, and businesses primarily within its regional footprint from New York to Massachusetts. Webster provides business and consumer banking, mortgage lending, financial planning, trust, and investment services through banking offices, ATMs, mobile banking and its internet website (www.websterbank.com or www.wbst.com). Webster also offers equipment financing, commercial real estate lending, and asset-based lending primarily across the Northeast. On a nationwide basis, through its HSA Bank division, Webster Bank offers and administers health savings accounts, flexible spending accounts, health reimbursement accounts, and commuter benefits.

Basis of Presentation

The Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes thereto include the accounts of Webster Financial Corporation and all other entities in which it has a controlling financial interest. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Webster's accounting and financial reporting policies conform, in all material respects, to GAAP and to general practices within the financial services industry.

Assets that the Company holds or manages in a fiduciary or agency capacity for customers, typically referred to as assets under administration or assets under management are not included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets since those assets are not Webster's, and the Company is not the primary beneficiary.

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year's presentation. These reclassifications had an immaterial effect on net income, comprehensive income, total assets, total liabilities, total shareholders' equity, net cash provided by operating activities, and net cash used for investing activities.

Variable Interest Entities

A variable interest entity (VIE) is an entity that has either a total equity investment that is insufficient to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or whose equity investors lack the ability to control the entity’s activities or lack the ability to receive expected benefits or absorb obligations in a manner that’s consistent with their investment in the entity. The Company evaluates each VIE to understand the purpose and design of the entity, and its involvement in the ongoing activities of the VIE.

The Company will consolidate the VIE if it has:


•	the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the VIE's economic performance; and


•	an obligation to absorb losses of the VIE, or the right to receive benefits from the VIE, that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

See Note 2: Variable Interest Entities for further information.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements as well as income and expense during the period. The allowance for loan and lease losses, the fair value measurements for valuation of investments and other financial instruments, evaluation of investments for OTTI, valuation of goodwill and other intangible assets, and assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets and the measurement of uncertain tax position, as well as the status of contingencies, are particularly subject to change. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

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Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents have a maturity of three months or less.

Cash and due from banks. Cash equivalents, including cash on hand, certain cash due from banks, and deposits at the FRB of Boston, are referenced as cash and due from banks in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Interest-bearing deposits. Cash equivalents, primarily representing deposits at the FRB of Boston in excess of reserve requirements, and federal funds sold, which essentially represent uncollateralized loans to other financial institutions, are referenced as interest-bearing deposits in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company regularly evaluates the credit risk associated with those financial institutions to assess that Webster is not exposed to any significant credit risk on cash equivalents.

Investment Securities

Investment securities are classified as available-for-sale or held-to-maturity at the time of purchase. Any classification change subsequent to trade date is reviewed for compliance with corporate objectives and accounting policy. Debt securities classified as held-to-maturity are those which Webster has the ability and intent to hold to maturity. Securities classified as held-to-maturity are recorded at amortized cost net of unamortized premiums and discounts. Discount accretion income and premium amortization expense are recognized as interest income according to a constant yield methodology, with consideration given to prepayment assumptions on mortgage backed securities. Securities classified as available-for-sale are recorded at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (OCI)/other comprehensive loss (OCL). Securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity are recorded at fair value at the time of transfer, and the respective gain or loss is recorded as a separate component of OCI/OCL and amortized as an adjustment to interest income over the remaining life of the security.

Securities classified as available-for-sale or held-to-maturity and in an unrealized loss position are evaluated for OTTI on a quarterly basis. The evaluation considers several qualitative factors, including the period of time the security has been in a loss position, and the amount of the unrealized loss. If the Company intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, the security is written down to fair value, and the loss is recognized in non-interest income in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. If the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, only the credit component of the unrealized loss is recorded as an impairment charge to a debt security and recognized as a loss. The remaining loss component would be recorded to accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax (AOCL) in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The entire amount of an unrealized loss position of an equity security that is considered OTTI is recorded as an impairment loss in non-interest income in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.

The specific identification method is used to determine realized gains and losses on sales of securities. See Note 3: Investment Securities for further information.

Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank Stock

Webster Bank is a member of the FHLB and the Federal Reserve System, and is required to maintain an investment in capital stock of the FHLB of Boston and FRB of Boston. Based on redemption provisions, the stock of both the FHLB and the FRB has no quoted market value and is carried at cost. Membership stock is reviewed for impairment as economic circumstances warrant special review.

Loans Held for Sale

Effective January 1, 2016, on a loan by loan election, residential mortgage loans that are classified as held for sale are accounted for under either the fair value option method of accounting or the lower of cost or fair value method of accounting with the election being made at the time the asset is first recognized. The Company has elected the fair value option to mitigate accounting mismatches between held for sale derivative commitments and loan valuations. Prior to January 1, 2016, residential mortgage loans that were classified as held for sale were accounted for at the lower of cost or fair value method of accounting and were valued on an individual asset basis.

Loans not originated for sale but subsequently transferred to held for sale continue to be valued at the lower of cost or fair value method of accounting and are valued on an individual asset basis. Any cost amount in excess of fair value is recorded as a valuation allowance and recognized as a reduction of other income in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Gains or losses on the sale of loans held for sale are recorded as mortgage banking activities. Cash flows from sale of loans made by the Company that were acquired specifically for resale are presented as operating cash flows. All other cash flows from sale of loans are presented as investing cash flows. See Note 5: Transfers of Financial Assets for further information.

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Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is generally considered to have been surrendered when: (i) the transferred assets are legally isolated from the Company or its consolidated affiliates, even in bankruptcy or other receivership; (ii) the transferee has the right to pledge or exchange the assets with no conditions that constrain the transferee and provide more than a trivial benefit to the Company; and (iii) the Company does not maintain the obligation or unilateral ability to reclaim or repurchase the assets.

The Company sells financial assets in the normal course of business, the majority of which are residential mortgage loan sales primarily to government-sponsored enterprises through established programs, commercial loan sales through participation agreements, and other individual or portfolio loan and securities sales. In accordance with accounting guidance for asset transfers, the Company considers any ongoing involvement with transferred assets in determining whether the assets can be derecognized from the balance sheet. With the exception of servicing and certain performance-based guarantees, the Company’s continuing involvement with financial assets sold is minimal and generally limited to market customary representation and warranty clauses covering certain characteristics of the mortgage loans sold and the Company's origination process. The gain or loss on sale depends on the previous carrying amount of the transferred financial assets, the consideration received, and any other assets obtained or liabilities incurred in exchange for the transferred assets.

When the Company sells financial assets, it may retain servicing rights and/or other interests in the financial assets. Servicing assets and any other interests held by the Company are recorded at fair value upon transfer, and thereafter are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. See Note 5: Transfers of Financial Assets for further information.

Loans and Leases

Loans and leases are stated at the principal amount outstanding, net of amounts charged off, unearned income, unamortized premiums and discounts, and deferred loan and lease fees/costs which are recognized as yield adjustments using the interest method. These yield adjustments are amortized over the contractual life of the related loans and leases adjusted for prepayments when applicable. Interest on loans and leases is credited to interest income as earned based on the interest rate applied to principal amounts outstanding. Prepayment fees are recognized in non-interest income. Cash flows from loans and leases are presented as investing cash flows.

Loans and leases are placed on non-accrual status when collection of principal and interest in accordance with contractual terms is doubtful, generally when principal or interest payments become 90 days delinquent, unless the loan or lease is well secured and in process of collection, or sooner if management concludes circumstances indicate that the borrower may be unable to meet contractual principal or interest payments. Residential real estate loans, excluding loans fully insured against loss and in the process of collection, and consumer loans are placed on non-accrual status at 90 days past due, or at the date when the Company is notified that the borrower is discharged in bankruptcy. A charge-off for the balance in excess of the fair value of the collateral less cost to sell, is recorded at 180 days if the loan balance exceeds the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell. Residential loans that are more than 90 days past due, fully insured against loss, and in the process of collection, remain accruing and are reported as 90 days or more past due and accruing. Commercial, commercial real estate loans, and equipment finance loans or leases are subject to a detailed review when 90 days past due to determine accrual status, or when payment is uncertain and a specific consideration is made to put a loan or lease on non-accrual status.

When loans and leases are placed on non-accrual status, the accrual of interest is discontinued, and any unpaid accrued interest is reversed and charged against interest income. If ultimate repayment of a non-accrual loan or lease is expected, any payments received are applied in accordance with contractual terms. If ultimate repayment is not expected on commercial, commercial real estate, and equipment finance loans and leases, any payment received on a non-accrual loan or lease is applied to principal until the unpaid balance has been fully recovered. Any excess is then credited to interest income when received. If the Company determines, through a current valuation analysis, that principal can be repaid on residential real estate and consumer loans, interest payments may be taken into income as received on a cash basis. Except for loans discharged under Chapter 7 of the U.S. bankruptcy code, loans are removed from non-accrual status when they become current as to principal and interest or demonstrate a period of performance under contractual terms and, in the opinion of management, are fully collectible as to principal and interest. Pursuant to regulatory guidance, a Chapter 7 discharged bankruptcy loan is removed from non-accrual status when the bank expects full repayment of the remaining pre-discharged contractual principal and interest, the loan is a closed-end amortizing loan, it is fully collateralized, and post-discharge the loan had at least six consecutive months of current payments. See Note 4: Loans and Leases for further information.

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses

The ALLL is a reserve established through a provision for loan and lease losses charged to expense and represents management’s best estimate of probable losses that may be incurred within the existing loan and lease portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The level of the allowance reflects management’s view of trends in losses, current portfolio quality, and present economic, political, and regulatory conditions. The ALLL may be allocated for specific portfolio segments; however, the entire allowance balance is

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available to absorb credit losses inherent in the total loan and lease portfolio. A charge-off is recorded when all or a portion of the loan or lease is deemed to be uncollectible. Back-testing is performed to compare original estimated losses and actual observed losses, resulting in ongoing refinements. While management utilizes its best judgment based on the information available at the time, the ultimate adequacy of the allowance is dependent upon a variety of factors that are beyond the Company’s control, which include the performance of the Company’s portfolio, economic conditions, interest rate sensitivity, and other external factors.

The ALLL consists of the following three elements: (i) specific valuation allowances established for probable losses on impaired loans and leases; (ii) quantitative valuation allowances calculated using loss experience for like loans and leases with similar characteristics and trends, adjusted, as necessary, to reflect the impact of current conditions; and (iii) qualitative factors determined based on general economic conditions and other factors that may be internal or external to the Company.

Loans and leases are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due in accordance with the original contractual terms of the loan agreement, including scheduled principal and interest payments. Impairment is evaluated on a pooled basis for smaller-balance homogeneous residential, consumer loans and small business loans. Commercial, commercial real estate, and equipment financing loans and leases over a specific dollar amount and all TDR are evaluated individually for impairment. A loan identified as a TDR is considered an impaired loan for the entire term of the loan, with few exceptions. If a loan is impaired, a specific valuation allowance may be established, and the loan is reported net, at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s original interest rate or at the fair value of collateral less cost to sell if repayment is expected from collateral liquidation. Interest payments on non-accruing impaired loans are typically applied to principal unless collectability of the principal amount is reasonably assured, in which case interest is recognized on a cash basis. Loans and leases, or portions thereof, are charged off when deemed uncollectible. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, discharged bankruptcy, and the likelihood of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments. The current or weighted-average (for multiple notes within a commercial borrowing arrangement) interest rate of the loan is used as the discount rate, for determining net present value of the loan evaluated for impairment, when the interest rate floats with a specified index. A change in terms or payments would be included in the impairment calculation. See Note 4: Loans and Leases for further information.

Reserve for Unfunded Commitments

The reserve for unfunded commitments provides for probable losses inherent with funding the unused portion of legal commitments to lend. The unfunded reserve calculation includes factors that are consistent with the ALLL methodology for funded loans using the PD, LGD, and a draw down factor applied to the underlying borrower risk and facility grades. The reserve for unfunded credit commitments is included within other liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, and changes in the reserve are reported as a component of other expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 20: Commitments and Contingencies for further information.

Troubled Debt Restructurings

A modified loan is considered a TDR when the following two conditions are met: (i) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties; and (ii) the modification constitutes a concession. The Company considers all aspects of the restructuring in determining whether a concession has been granted, including the debtor's ability to access funds at a market rate. In general, a concession exists when the modified terms of the loan are more attractive to the borrower than standard market terms. Modified terms are dependent upon the financial position and needs of the individual borrower. The most common types of modifications include covenant modifications and forbearance. Loans for which the borrower has been discharged under Chapter 7 bankruptcy are considered collateral dependent TDR, impaired at the date of discharge, and charged down to the fair value of collateral less cost to sell, if management considers that loss potential likely exists.

The Company’s policy is to place consumer loan TDR, except those that were performing prior to TDR status, on non-accrual status for a minimum period of six months. Commercial TDR are evaluated on a case-by-case basis for determination of whether or not to place them on non-accrual status. Loans qualify for return to accrual status once they have demonstrated performance with the restructured terms of the loan agreement for a minimum of six months. Initially, all TDRs are reported as impaired. Generally, TDRs are classified as impaired loans and reported as TDR for the remaining life of the loan. Impaired and TDR classification may be removed if the borrower demonstrates compliance with the modified terms for a minimum of six months and through a fiscal year-end and the restructuring agreement specifies a market rate of interest equal to that which would be provided to a borrower with similar credit at the time of restructuring. In the limited circumstance that a loan is removed from TDR classification, it is the Company’s policy to continue to base its measure of loan impairment on the contractual terms specified by the loan agreement. The Company’s loan and lease portfolio includes loans that have been restructured into an A-Note/B-Note structure as a result of evaluating the cash flow of the borrowers to support repayment. Following these restructurings, Webster immediately charged off the balances of the B-Notes. The restructuring agreements specify a market interest rate equal to that which would be provided to a borrower with similar credit at the time of restructuring. See Note 4: Loans and Leases for further information.

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Foreclosed and Repossessed Assets

Real estate acquired through foreclosure or completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure and other assets acquired through repossession are carried at the lower of cost or market value less estimated selling costs and are included within other assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Independent appraisals generally are obtained to substantiate fair value and may be subject to adjustment based upon historical experience or specific geographic trends impacting the property. Within 90 days of a loan being foreclosed upon, the excess of loan balance over fair value less cost to sell is charged off against the ALLL. Subsequent write-downs in value, maintenance costs as incurred, and gains or losses upon sale are charged to non-interest expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation of premises and equipment is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:



	Minimum		Maximum
Building and Improvements	5	-	40	years
Leasehold improvements	5	-	20	years (or term or lease, if shorter)
Fixtures and equipment	5	-	10	years
Data processing and software	3	-	7	years

Repairs and maintenance costs are charged to non-interest expense as incurred. Premises and equipment being actively marketed for sale are reclassified as assets held for disposition. The cost and accumulated depreciation relating to premises and equipment retired or otherwise disposed of are eliminated, and any resulting losses are charged to non-interest expense. See Note 6: Premises and Equipment for further information.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess purchase price of businesses acquired over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired and is assigned to specific reporting units. Goodwill is not subject to amortization but rather is evaluated for impairment annually, or more frequently in interim periods if events occur or circumstances change indicating it would more likely than not result in a reduction of the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value.

Goodwill is evaluated for impairment by either performing a qualitative evaluation or a two-step quantitative test. The qualitative evaluation is an assessment of factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. The Company utilizes an equally weighted combined income and market approach to arrive at an indicated fair value range for the reporting unit. In Step 1, the fair value of a reporting unit is compared to its carrying amount, including goodwill, to ascertain if a goodwill impairment exists. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is not considered impaired, and it is not necessary to continue to Step 2 of the impairment process. Otherwise, Step 2 is performed where the implied fair value of goodwill is compared to the carrying value of goodwill in the reporting unit. If a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds fair value, the difference is charged to non-interest expense. See Note 7: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for further information.

Other Intangible Assets

Other intangible assets represent purchased assets that lack physical substance but can be distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights, or because the asset is capable of being sold or exchanged either separately or in combination with a related contract, asset, or liability. Other intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized to non-interest expense over their estimated useful lives and are evaluated for impairment whenever events occur or circumstances change indicating the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Core deposit and customer relationship intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. See Note 7: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for further information.

Cash Surrender Value of Life Insurance

The investment in life insurance represents the cash surrender value of life insurance policies on certain current and former officers of Webster. Increases in the cash surrender value are recorded as non-interest income. Decreases are the result of collection on the policies due to the death of an insured. Death benefit proceeds in excess of cash surrender value are recorded in other non-interest income when realized.

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Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

These agreements are accounted for as secured financing transactions since Webster maintains effective control over the transferred investment securities and the transfer meets the other criteria for such accounting. Obligations to repurchase the sold investment securities are reflected as a liability in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The investment securities underlying the agreements are delivered to a custodial account for the benefit of the dealer or bank with whom each transaction is executed. The dealers or banks, which may sell, loan, or otherwise hypothecate such securities to other parties in the normal course of their operations, agree to resell to Webster the same securities at the maturity date of the agreements. The investment securities underlying the agreements with Bank customers are pledged; however, the customer does not have ability to hypothecate the underlying securities. See Note 10: Borrowings for further information.

Share-Based Compensation

Webster maintains stock compensation plans under which non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, or stock appreciation rights may be granted to employees and directors. Share awards are issued from available treasury shares. Share-based compensation cost is recognized over the vesting period, is based on the grant-date fair value, net of a reduction for estimated forfeitures which is adjusted for actual forfeitures as they occur, and is reported as a component of compensation and benefits expense. Awards are generally subject to a 3-year vesting period, while certain conditions provide for a 1-year vesting period. Excess tax benefits result when tax return deductions exceed recognized compensation cost determined using the grant-date fair value approach for financial statement purposes.

For time-based restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards, fair value is measured using the Company's common stock closing price at the date of grant. For performance-based restricted stock awards, fair value is measured using the Monte Carlo valuation methodology, which provides for the 3-year performance period. Awards ultimately vest in a range from zero to 150% of the target number of shares under the grant. Compensation expense is subject to adjustment based on management's assessment of Webster's return on equity performance relative to the target number of shares condition. For stock option awards the Black-Scholes Option-Pricing Model was used to measure fair value at the date of grant.

Dividends are paid on the time-based shares upon grant and are non-forfeitable, while dividends are accrued on the performance-based awards and paid on earned shares when the performance target is met. See Note 18: Share-Based Plans for further information.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense, or benefit, is comprised of two components, current and deferred. The current component reflects taxes payable or refundable for a current period based on applicable tax laws, and the deferred component represents the tax effects of temporary differences between amounts recognized for financial accounting and tax purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the tax effects of such differences that are anticipated to result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future, when the temporary differences reverse. DTAs are recognized if it is more likely than not they will be realized, and may be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that all or some portion will not be realized.

Tax positions that are uncertain but meet a more likely than not recognition threshold are initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position meets the more likely than not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management's judgment. Webster recognizes interest expense and penalties on uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense and recognizes interest income on refundable income taxes as a component of other non-interest income. See Note 8: Income Taxes for further information.

Earnings Per Common Share

Earnings per common share is computed under the two-class method. Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period, excluding outstanding non-participating securities. Certain non-vested restricted stock awards are participating securities as they have non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted-average number of shares determined for the basic earnings per common share computation plus the dilutive effect of stock compensation and warrants for common stock using the treasury stock method. A reconciliation of the weighted-average shares used in calculating basic earnings per common share and the weighted-average common shares used in calculating diluted earnings per common share is provided in Note 14: Earnings Per Common Share.

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Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income includes all changes in shareholders’ equity during a period, except those resulting from transactions with shareholders. Comprehensive income consists of net income, and the after-tax effect of the following items; changes in net unrealized gain/loss on securities available for sale, changes in net unrealized gain/loss on derivative instruments, and changes in net actuarial gain/loss and prior service cost for defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans. Comprehensive income is reported in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity, Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, and Note 12: Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

Derivatives are recognized as assets and liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and measured at fair value. For exchange-traded contracts, fair value is based on quoted market prices. For non-exchange traded contracts, fair value is based on dealer quotes, pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques for which the determination of fair value may require management judgment or estimation, relating to future rates and credit activities.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements. For asset/liability management purposes, the Company may use interest rate swaps or interest rate caps to hedge various exposures or to modify interest rate characteristics of various balance sheet accounts. Interest rate swaps are contracts in which a series of interest rate flows are exchanged over a prescribed period of time. The notional amount on which the interest payments are based is not exchanged. Swap agreements entered into for hedge purposes are derivative instruments and generally convert a portion of the Company’s variable-rate debt to a fixed-rate (cash flow hedge), or convert a portion of its fixed-rate debt to a variable-rate (fair value hedge).

Webster uses forward-settle interest rate swaps to protect the Company against adverse fluctuations in interest rates by reducing its exposure to variability in cash flows relating to interest payments on forecasted debt issuances. Forward-settle swaps typically have a future effective date that coincides with the expected debt issuance date. The forward-settle swaps are typically terminated and cash settled upon hedge debt issuance date.

The gain or loss on a derivative designated and qualifying as a fair value hedging instrument, as well as the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged, is recognized currently in earnings in the same accounting period. The effective portion of the gain or loss on a derivative designated and qualifying as a cash flow hedging instrument is initially reported as a component of AOCL and subsequently reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. The ineffective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instrument, if any, is recognized in non-interest income.

Interest rate derivative financial instruments receive hedge accounting treatment only if they are qualified and properly designated as hedges and are expected to be, and are, effective in substantially reducing interest rate risk arising from specifically identified assets and liabilities. A hedging instrument is expected at inception to be highly effective at offsetting changes in the hedged transactions attributable to the changes in the hedged risk. The Company expects that the hedging relationship will be highly effective; however, it does not assume there is no ineffectiveness. The Company performs quarterly prospective and retrospective assessments of the hedge effectiveness to ensure the hedging relationship continues to be highly effective and that hedge accounting can continue to be applied. Those derivative financial instruments that do not meet specified hedging criteria are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in income.

Cash flows from derivative financial instruments designated for hedge accounting are classified in the cash flow statement in the same category as the cash flows of the asset or liability being hedged.

Derivative Loan Commitments. Mortgage loan commitments related to the origination of mortgages that will be held for sale upon funding are considered derivative instruments. Loan commitments that are derivatives are recognized at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets in other assets and other liabilities with changes in their fair values recorded in non-interest income.

Counterparty Credit Risk. The Company's exposure from bilateral, non-cleared derivatives is collateralized and subject to daily margin call settlements. Credit exposure related to non-cleared derivatives may be offset by the amount of collateral pledged by the counterparty. The Company's credit exposure on interest rate swaps consists of the net favorable value plus interest payments of all swaps by each of the counterparties.

Cleared derivative transactions are with our selected clearing exchange, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, and exposure is settled to market on a daily basis. There is additional credit exposure related to initial margin collateral pledged to Chicago Mercantile Exchange at trade execution.

In accordance with Webster policies, institutional counterparties are underwritten and approved through the Company’s independent credit approval process. The Company evaluates the credit risk of its counterparties, taking into account such factors as the likelihood of default, its net exposures, and remaining contractual life, among other things, in determining if any adjustments related to credit risk are required. See Note 15: Derivative Financial Instruments for further information.

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Offsetting Assets and Liabilities

The Company presents derivative receivables and derivative payables with the same counterparty and the related variation margin of cash collateral receivables and payables on a net basis on the Consolidated Balance Sheets when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists. The cash collateral, relating to the initial margin, is included within accrued interest receivable and other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures many of its assets and liabilities on a fair value basis, in accordance with ASC Topic 820, "Fair Value Measurement." Fair value is used on a recurring basis for certain assets and liabilities in which fair value is the primary basis of accounting. Examples of these include derivative instruments, available-for-sale securities and loans held for sale where the Company has elected the fair value option. Additionally, fair value is used on a non-recurring basis to evaluate assets or liabilities for impairment. Examples of these include impaired loans and leases, mortgage servicing assets, long-lived assets, goodwill, and loans not originated for sale but subsequently transferred to held for sale, which are accounted for at the lower of cost or fair value. Further information regarding the Company's policies and methodology used to measure fair value is presented in Note 16: Fair Value Measurements.

Employee Retirement Benefit Plan

Webster Bank maintains a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan covering all employees that were participants on or before December 31, 2007. Costs related to this qualified plan, based upon actuarial computations of current and future benefits for eligible employees, are charged to non-interest expense and are funded in accordance with the requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. An asset is recognized for an overfunded plan and a liability is recognized for an underfunded plan. A supplemental retirement plan is also maintained for select executive level employees that were participants on or before December 31, 2007. Webster Bank also provides postretirement healthcare benefits to certain retired employees.

In December 2016, the Company elected to change the approach to estimating service and interest components of net periodic pension cost for the retirement benefit plans. Effective January 2017, a full yield curve approach was utilized to measure the benefit obligation. The Company changed to the new estimate method to improve the correlation between projected benefit cash flows and the corresponding yield spot rates and to provide a more precise measurement of service and interest costs.

Historically the Company estimated service and interest costs utilizing a single-weighted average discount rate derived from the yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation at the beginning of the period. The new method measures service and interest costs separately using the full yield curve approach applied to each corresponding obligation. Service costs are determined based on duration-specific spot rates applied to the service cost cash flows. The interest cost calculation is determined by applying duration-specific spot rates to the year-by-year projected benefit obligation.

Fee Revenue

Generally, fee revenue from deposit service charges and loans is recorded when earned, except where ultimate collection is uncertain, in which case revenue is recognized as received. Trust revenue is recorded as earned on individual accounts based upon a percentage of asset value. Fee income on managed institutional accounts is recognized as earned and collected quarterly based on the quarter-end value of assets managed.

Marketing Costs

Marketing costs are expensed as incurred over the projected benefit period.

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Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Updates

Effective January 1, 2017, the following new accounting guidance was adopted by the Company:

ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Improvements to Employee Share Based Payment Accounting.

The Update impacted the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, and classification on the statement of cash flows. The Update requires the Company to recognize the income tax effects of awards in the income statement on a prospective basis when the awards vest or are settled, compared to within additional paid-in capital. As a result, applicable excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies are recorded as an income tax benefit or expense, respectively. The Company elected to present the classification on the statement of cash flows on a prospective basis to better align this presentation with the income tax effects.

The impact of the Update will vary from period to period based on the Company's stock price and the quantity of shares that vest or are settled within a given period.

The Update also requires the Company to elect the accounting for forfeitures of share-based payments by either (i) recognizing forfeitures of awards as they occur or (ii) estimating the number of awards expected to be forfeited and adjusting the estimate when it is likely to change, as is currently required. The Company elected to account for forfeitures of share-based payments by estimating the number of awards expected to be forfeited and adjusting the estimate when it is likely to change, which is in accordance with the Company's previous accounting practices.

The adoption of this accounting standard did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) - Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.

The Update issued in February 2018, provides for the reclassification of the effect of remeasuring deferred tax balances related to items within accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax to retained earnings resulting from the Tax Act.

The Update is effective for the Company on January 1, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company elected to early adopt the Update during the fourth quarter 2017. As a result, the Company reclassified $15.6 million from accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax to retained earnings.

Accounting Standards Issued but not yet Adopted

The following list identifies ASUs applicable to the Company that have been issued by the FASB but are not yet effective:

ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) - Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities.

The purpose of the Update is to better align a company’s financial reporting for hedging activities with the economic objectives of those activities. The update requires a modified retrospective transition method in which the Company will recognize a cumulative effect of the change on the opening balance for each affected component of equity in the financial statements as of the date of adoption.

The Update is effective for the Company on January 1, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of assessing all potential impacts of the standard including the potential to early adopt the Update.

ASU No. 2017-08, Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20) - Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities.

The Update is intended to enhance the accounting for the amortization of premiums for purchased callable debt securities. Specifically, the Update shortens the amortization period for certain investments in callable debt securities purchased at a premium by requiring that the premium be amortized to the earliest call date. The Update is being issued in response to concerns from stakeholders that, current GAAP excludes certain callable debt securities from consideration of early repayment of principal even if the holder is certain that the call will be exercised.

The Update, upon adoption, is expected to accelerate the Company’s recognition of premium amortization on debt securities held within the portfolio. The amendments in the Update will be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly through retained earnings upon adoption.

Management is in the process of evaluating the full impact of adopting the Update including, but not limited to the following:


•	Modifying system amortization requirements;


•	Evaluation of premiums associated with debt securities to determine the appropriate cumulative-effect adjustment; and


•	Establishing new accounting policies pertaining to premium amortization on purchased callable debt securities.

The Update is effective for the Company on January 1, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential to early adopt the Update.

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ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715) - Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost.

The Update requires the Company to retrospectively report service cost as part of compensation expense and the other components of net periodic benefit cost separately from service cost in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company currently includes all components of net periodic benefit cost in "compensation and benefits" expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Upon adoption of this Update in the first quarter 2018, only service cost will remain in compensation and benefits expense, and the other components (interest cost on benefit obligations, expected return on plan assets, amortization of prior service cost, and recognized net loss) will be included in "other expense" in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The other components of net periodic benefit cost were $3.4 million and $6.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.

The Update simplifies quantitative goodwill impairment testing by requiring entities to compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for any amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, to the extent that the loss recognized does not exceed the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

This changes current guidance by eliminating the second step to the goodwill impairment analysis which involves calculating the implied fair value of goodwill determined in the same manner as the amount of goodwill recognized in a business combination upon acquisition. Entities will still have the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary.

The update must be applied prospectively and is effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the new guidance to have a material impact on its financial statements.

ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.

The Update addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice. The Update addresses the following eight issues: debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing; contingent consideration payments made after a business combination; proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies; distributions received from equity method investees; beneficial interests in securitization transactions; and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle.

The Update will be implemented using a retrospective transition approach during the first quarter 2018, and will not have a significant impact on the Company's financial statements.

ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.

Current GAAP requires an "incurred loss" methodology for recognizing credit losses. This approach delays recognition until it is probable a loss has been incurred. Both financial institutions and users of their financial statements expressed concern that current GAAP restricts the ability to record credit losses that are expected, but do not yet meet the "probable" threshold.

The main objective of this Update is to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit held by a reporting entity at each reporting date. To achieve this objective, the amendments in this Update replace the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to determine credit loss estimates.

The Change from an "incurred loss" method to an "expected loss" method represents a fundamental shift from existing GAAP, and is likely to result in a material increase to the Company's accounting for credit losses on financial instruments. To prepare for implementation of the new standard the Company has established a project lead and has formalized a cross functional steering committee comprised of members from different disciplines including Credit, Finance and Treasury as well as specific working groups to focus on key components of the development process. In addition, through one of the working groups, the Company has begun to evaluate the effect that this Update will have on its financial statements and related disclosures. An implementation project plan has been created and is made up of targeted work streams focused on credit models, data management, accounting, and governance. These work streams are collectively assessing resources that may be required, use of existing and new models, data availability, and system solutions to facilitate implementation. The Update will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. While we are currently unable to reasonably estimate the impact of adopting the Update, we expect the impact of adoption will be significantly influenced by the composition, characteristics and quality of our loan and securities portfolios as well as the economic conditions as of the adoption date.

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ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842).

The Update introduces a lessee model that brings most leases onto the balance sheet. The Update also aligns certain of the underlying principles of the new lessor model with those in ASC 606 "Revenue from Contracts with Customers", the FASB’s new revenue recognition standard (e.g., evaluating how collectability should be considered and determining when profit can be recognized).

Furthermore, the Update addresses other concerns including the elimination of the required use of bright-line tests for determining lease classification. Lessors are required to provide additional transparency into the exposure to the changes in value of their residual assets and how they manage that exposure.

The Update is effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for leases existing at or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements.

The Company is in the early assessment stage and will continue to review the existing lease portfolio to evaluate the impact of the new accounting guidance on the financial statements.

ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10) - Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.

This Update included targeted amendments in connection with the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. The main provisions require investments in equity securities to be measured at fair value through net income, unless they qualify for a practicability exception, and require fair value changes arising from changes in instrument-specific credit risk for financial liabilities that are measured under the fair value option to be recognized in other comprehensive income. With the exception of disclosure requirements that will be adopted prospectively, the Update must be adopted on a modified retrospective basis.

The Update also emphasizes the existing requirement to use exit prices to measure fair value for disclosure purposes and clarifies that entities should not make use of a practicability exception in determining the fair value of loans. The Company will adopt the Update during the first quarter of 2018 and will not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). Also, subsequent ASUs issued to clarify this Topic.

In May 2014, the FASB issued new accounting guidance for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers, which is effective on January 1, 2018. ASU 2014-09 and subsequent related updates establish a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. The Update is intended to increase comparability across industries. The core principle of the revenue model is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers control of goods or services to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Update is effective for the first quarter of 2018, and can be adopted through either a full retrospective transition, or a modified retrospective transition approach.

The Update excludes the Company's revenue associated with net interest income, and certain non-interest income line items (loan and lease related fees, mortgage banking activities, increase in cash surrender value of life insurance policies, gain on sale of investment securities, net, impairment loss on securities recognized in earnings, and a majority of other income). As a result a substantial amount of the Company's revenue will not be affected.

The Company's deposit service fees, wealth and investment services, and certain other non-interest income line items are within the scope of the Update. The Update will require the Company to change how we present certain recurring revenue streams within wealth and investment services and other insignificant components of non-interest income; however, these changes will not have a significant impact on the Company's financial statements. The Update is effective for the first quarter of 2018. The Company will adopt the Update using the modified retrospective transition approach effective January 1, 2018. The adoption will not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements related to timing of revenue recognition, however, certain immaterial changes are expected in presentation.

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Note 2: Variable Interest Entities

The Company has an investment interest in several entities that meet the definition of a VIE. The following discussion provides information about the Company's VIEs.

Consolidated

Rabbi Trust. The Company established a Rabbi Trust to meet the obligations due under its Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors and Officers and to mitigate the expense volatility of the aforementioned plan. The funding of the Rabbi Trust and the discontinuation of the Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors and Officers occurred during 2012.

Investments held in the Rabbi Trust primarily consist of mutual funds that invest in equity and fixed income securities. The Company is considered the primary beneficiary of the Rabbi Trust as it has the power to direct the activities of the Rabbi Trust that significantly affect the VIE's economic performance and it has the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

The Company consolidates the invested assets of the trust along with the total deferred compensation obligations and includes them in accrued interest receivable and other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities, respectively, in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Earnings in the Rabbi Trust, including appreciation or depreciation, are reflected as other non-interest income, and changes in the corresponding liability are reflected as compensation and benefits, in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Refer to Note 16: Fair Value Measurements for additional information.

Non-Consolidated

Securitized Investments. The Company, through normal investment activities, makes passive investments in securities issued by VIEs for which Webster is not the manager. The investment securities consist of Agency CMO, Agency MBS, Agency CMBS, CLO, and single issuer-trust preferred. The Company has not provided financial or other support with respect to these investment securities other than its original investment. For these investment securities, the Company determined it is not the primary beneficiary due to the relative size of its investment in comparison to the principal amount of the structured securities issued by the VIEs, the level of credit subordination which reduces the Company’s obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits and its inability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIEs. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss is limited to the amount of its investment in the VIEs. Refer to Note 3: Investment Securities for additional information.

Tax Credit - Finance Investments. The Company makes equity investments in entities that finance affordable housing and other community development projects and provide a return primarily through the realization of tax benefits. In most instances the investments require the funding of capital commitments in the future. While the Company's investment in an entity may exceed 50% of its outstanding equity interests, the entity is not consolidated as Webster is not involved in its management. For these investments, the Company determined it is not the primary beneficiary due to its inability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIEs. The Company applies the proportional amortization method to account for its investments in qualified affordable housing projects.

At December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the aggregate carrying value of the Company's tax credit-finance investments were $33.5 million and $22.8 million, respectively, which represents the Company's maximum exposure to loss. At December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, unfunded commitments have been recognized, totaling $17.3 million and $14.0 million, respectively, and are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Webster Statutory Trust. The Company owns all the outstanding common stock of Webster Statutory Trust, a financial vehicle that has issued, and in the future may issue, trust preferred securities. The trust, is a VIE in which the Company is not the primary beneficiary and therefore, is not consolidated. The trust's only assets are junior subordinated debentures issued by the Company, which were acquired by the trust using the proceeds from the issuance of the trust preferred securities and common stock. The junior subordinated debentures are included in long-term debt in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the related interest expense is reported as interest expense on long-term debt in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.

Other Investments. The Company invests in various alternative investments in which it holds a variable interest. Alternative investments are non-public entities which cannot be redeemed since the Company’s investment is distributed as the underlying equity is liquidated. For these investments, the Company has determined it is not the primary beneficiary due to its inability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIEs.

At December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the aggregate carrying value of the Company's other investments in VIEs was $13.8 million and $12.3 million, respectively, and the maximum exposure to loss of the Company's other investments in VIEs, including unfunded commitments, was $22.9 million and $19.9 million, respectively. Refer to Note 16: Fair Value Measurements for additional information.

The Company's equity interests in Tax Credit-Finance Investments, Webster Statutory Trust, and Other Investments are included in accrued interest receivable and other assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Note 3: Investment Securities

A Summary of the amortized cost and fair value of investment securities is presented below:



	At December 31,
	2017									2016
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury Bills	$	1,247	$	—	$	—		$	1,247	$	734	$	—	$	—		$	734
Agency CMO	308,989		1,158		(3,814		)	306,333		419,865		3,344		(3,503		)	419,706
Agency MBS	1,124,960		2,151		(19,270		)	1,107,841		969,460		4,398		(19,509		)	954,349
Agency CMBS	608,276		—		(20,250		)	588,026		587,776		63		(14,567		)	573,272
CMBS	358,984		2,157		(74		)	361,067		473,974		4,093		(702		)	477,365
CLO	209,075		910		(134		)	209,851		425,083		2,826		(519		)	427,390
Single issuer-trust preferred	7,096		—		(46		)	7,050		30,381		—		(1,748		)	28,633
Corporate debt	56,504		797		(679		)	56,622		108,490		1,502		(350		)	109,642
Total available-for-sale	$	2,675,131	$	7,173	$	(44,267	)	$	2,638,037	$	3,015,763	$	16,226	$	(40,898	)	$	2,991,091
Held-to-maturity:
Agency CMO	$	260,114	$	664	$	(4,824	)	$	255,954	$	339,455	$	1,977	$	(3,824	)	$	337,608
Agency MBS	2,569,735		16,989		(37,442		)	2,549,282		2,317,449		26,388		(41,768		)	2,302,069
Agency CMBS	696,566		—		(10,011		)	686,555		547,726		694		(1,348		)	547,072
Municipal bonds and notes	711,381		8,584		(6,558		)	713,407		655,813		4,389		(25,749		)	634,453
CMBS	249,273		2,175		(620		)	250,828		298,538		4,107		(411		)	302,234
Private Label MBS	323		1		—			324		1,677		12		—			1,689
Total held-to-maturity	$	4,487,392	$	28,413	$	(59,455	)	$	4,456,350	$	4,160,658	$	37,567	$	(73,100	)	$	4,125,125

Other-Than-Temporary Impairment

The balance of OTTI, included in the amortized cost columns above, is related to certain CLO positions that were previously considered Covered Funds as defined by Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act commonly known as the Volcker Rule. The Company has taken measures to bring its CLO positions into conformance with the Volcker Rule.

To the extent that changes occur in interest rates, credit movements, and other factors that impact fair value and expected recovery of amortized cost of its investment securities, the Company may be required to recognize OTTI in earnings, in future periods.

The following table presents the changes in OTTI:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016			2015
Beginning balance	$	3,243		$	3,288		$	3,696
Reduction for securities sold or called	(2,005		)	(194		)	(518		)
Additions for OTTI not previously recognized	126			149			110
Ending balance	$	1,364		$	3,243		$	3,288

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Fair Value and Unrealized Losses

The following tables provide information on fair value and unrealized losses for the individual securities with an unrealized loss, aggregated by investment security type and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:



	At December 31, 2017
	Less Than Twelve Months					Twelve Months or Longer					Total
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			# of Holdings	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale:
Agency CMO	$	81,001	$	(449	)	$	119,104	$	(3,365	)	27	$	200,105	$	(3,814	)
Agency MBS	416,995		(2,920		)	606,021		(16,350		)	135	1,023,016		(19,270		)
Agency CMBS	54,182		(851		)	533,844		(19,399		)	36	588,026		(20,250		)
CMBS	23,869		(74		)	—		—			6	23,869		(74		)
CLO	56,335		(134		)	—		—			3	56,335		(134		)
Single issuer-trust preferred	7,050		(46		)	—		—			1	7,050		(46		)
Corporate debt	11,082		(395		)	6,265		(284		)	4	17,347		(679		)
Total available-for-sale in an unrealized loss position	$	650,514	$	(4,869	)	$	1,265,234	$	(39,398	)	212	$	1,915,748	$	(44,267	)
Held-to-maturity:
Agency CMO	$	98,090	$	(1,082	)	$	106,775	$	(3,742	)	22	$	204,865	$	(4,824	)
Agency MBS	762,107		(4,555		)	1,197,839		(32,887		)	205	1,959,946		(37,442		)
Agency CMBS	576,770		(7,599		)	109,785		(2,412		)	56	686,555		(10,011		)
Municipal bonds and notes	6,432		(38		)	226,861		(6,520		)	92	233,293		(6,558		)
CMBS	92,670		(413		)	14,115		(207		)	13	106,785		(620		)
Total held-to-maturity in an unrealized loss position	$	1,536,069	$	(13,687	)	$	1,655,375	$	(45,768	)	388	$	3,191,444	$	(59,455	)



	At December 31, 2016
	Less Than Twelve Months					Twelve Months or Longer					Total
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			# of Holdings	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale:
Agency CMO	$	107,853	$	(2,168	)	$	67,351	$	(1,335	)	15	$	175,204	$	(3,503	)
Agency MBS	512,075		(10,503		)	252,779		(9,006		)	97	764,854		(19,509		)
Agency CMBS	554,246		(14,567		)	—		—			32	554,246		(14,567		)
CMBS	12,427		(24		)	63,930		(678		)	12	76,357		(702		)
CLO	49,946		(54		)	50,237		(465		)	5	100,183		(519		)
Single issuer-trust preferred	—		—			28,633		(1,748		)	5	28,633		(1,748		)
Corporate debt	—		—			7,384		(350		)	2	7,384		(350		)
Total available-for-sale in an unrealized loss position	$	1,236,547	$	(27,316	)	$	470,314	$	(13,582	)	168	$	1,706,861	$	(40,898	)
Held-to-maturity:
Agency CMO	$	163,439	$	(3,339	)	$	17,254	$	(485	)	16	$	180,693	$	(3,824	)
Agency MBS	1,394,623		(32,942		)	273,779		(8,826		)	150	1,668,402		(41,768		)
Agency CMBS	347,725		(1,348		)	—		—			25	347,725		(1,348		)
Municipal bonds and notes	384,795		(25,745		)	1,192		(4		)	196	385,987		(25,749		)
CMBS	60,768		(411		)	—		—			8	60,768		(411		)
Total held-to-maturity in an unrealized loss position	$	2,351,350	$	(63,785	)	$	292,225	$	(9,315	)	395	$	2,643,575	$	(73,100	)

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Impairment Analysis

The following impairment analysis by investment security type, summarizes the basis for evaluating if investment securities within the Company’s available-for-sale and held-to-maturity portfolios have been impacted by OTTI. Unless otherwise noted for an investment security type, management does not intend to sell these investments and has determined, based upon available evidence, that it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell these securities before the recovery of their amortized cost. As such, based on the following impairment analysis, the Company does not consider these securities, in unrealized loss positions, to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2017.

Available-for-Sale Securities

Agency CMO. There were unrealized losses of $3.8 million on the Company’s investment in Agency CMO at December 31, 2017, compared to $3.5 million at December 31, 2016. Unrealized losses increased slightly due to higher market rates while principal balances decreased for this asset class since December 31, 2016. These investments are issued by a government or government sponsored agency and therefore, are backed by certain government guarantees, either direct or implicit. There has been no change in the credit quality, and the contractual cash flows are performing as expected.

Agency MBS. There were unrealized losses of $19.3 million on the Company’s investment in residential mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies at December 31, 2017, compared to $19.5 million at December 31, 2016. Unrealized losses decreased slightly due to paydowns and purchase activity, while principal balances increased for this asset class since December 31, 2016. These investments are issued by a government or government sponsored agency and therefore, are backed by certain government guarantees, either direct or implicit. There has been no change in the credit quality, and the contractual cash flows are performing as expected.

Agency CMBS. There were unrealized losses of $20.3 million on the Company's investment in commercial mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies at December 31, 2017, compared to $14.6 million at December 31, 2016. Unrealized losses increased due to higher market rates while principal balances increased for this asset class since December 31, 2016. These investments are issued by a government or government sponsored agency and therefore, are backed by certain government guarantees, either direct or implicit. There has been no change in the credit quality, and the contractual cash flows are performing as expected.

CMBS. There were unrealized losses of $74 thousand on the Company’s investment in CMBS at December 31, 2017, compared to $702 thousand at December 31, 2016. The portfolio of mainly floating rate CMBS experienced reduced market spreads which resulted in higher market prices and smaller unrealized losses at December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. Internal stress tests are performed on individual bonds to monitor potential losses under stress scenarios. Contractual cash flows for the bonds continue to perform as expected.

CLO. There were unrealized losses of $134 thousand on the Company’s investments in CLO at December 31, 2017 compared to $519 thousand unrealized losses at December 31, 2016. Unrealized losses decreased due to reduced market spreads while principal balances decreased since December 31, 2016. Internal stress tests are performed on individual bonds to monitor potential losses under stress scenarios. Contractual cash flows for the bonds continue to perform as expected.

Single issuer-trust preferred. There were unrealized losses of $46 thousand on the Company's investment in single issuer-trust preferred at December 31, 2017, compared to $1.7 million at December 31, 2016. Unrealized losses decreased due to lower principal balances for this asset class as a conversion feature for two securities was exercised by the issuer resulting in the reclassification of those securities into corporate debt. Single issuer-trust preferred consists of one investment issued by a large capitalization money center financial institution, which continues to service its debt. The Company performs periodic credit reviews of the issuer to assess the likelihood for ultimate recovery of amortized cost.

Corporate debt. There were $679 thousand unrealized losses on the Company's corporate debt portfolio at December 31, 2017, compared to $350 thousand at December 31, 2016. Unrealized losses increased as reclassified security balances with unrealized losses exceeded maturing corporate debt balances since December 31, 2016. The Company performs periodic credit reviews of the issuer to assess the likelihood for ultimate recovery of amortized cost.

Held-to-Maturity Securities

Agency CMO. There were unrealized losses of $4.8 million on the Company’s investment in Agency CMO at December 31, 2017, compared to $3.8 million at December 31, 2016. Unrealized losses increased due to higher market rates while principal balances decreased since December 31, 2016. These investments are issued by a government or government sponsored agency and therefore, are backed by certain government guarantees, either direct or implicit. There has been no change in the credit quality, and the contractual cash flows are performing as expected.

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Agency MBS. There were unrealized losses of $37.4 million on the Company’s investment in residential mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies at December 31, 2017, compared to $41.8 million at December 31, 2016. Unrealized losses decreased due to paydowns and purchase activity while principal balances increased for this asset class since December 31, 2016. These investments are issued by a government or government sponsored agency and therefore, are backed by certain government guarantees, either direct or implicit. There has been no change in the credit quality, and the contractual cash flows are performing as expected.

Agency CMBS. There were unrealized losses of $10.0 million on the Company’s investment in commercial mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies at December 31, 2017, compared to $1.3 million at December 31, 2016. Unrealized losses increased due to higher market rates while principal balances increased since December 31, 2016. These investments are issued by a government or government sponsored agency and therefore, are backed by certain government guarantees, either direct or implicit. There has been no change in the credit quality, and the contractual cash flows are performing as expected.

Municipal bonds and notes. There were unrealized losses of $6.6 million on the Company’s investment in municipal bonds and notes at December 31, 2017, compared to $25.7 million at December 31, 2016. Unrealized losses decreased due to lower market spreads while principal balances increased since December 31, 2016. The Company performs periodic credit reviews of the issuers and the securities are currently performing as expected.

CMBS. There were unrealized losses of $620 thousand on the Company’s investment in CMBS at December 31, 2017, compared to $411 thousand unrealized losses at December 31, 2016. Unrealized losses increased due to higher market rates on mainly seasoned fixed rate conduit transactions while principal balances decreased since December 31, 2016. Internal stress tests are performed on individual bonds to monitor potential losses under stress scenarios.

Sales of Available-for Sale Securities

The following table provides information on sales of available-for-sale securities:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016		2015
Proceeds from sales ⁽¹⁾	$	—	$	259,273	$	95,101

Gross realized gains on sales	$	—	$	2,891	$	1,029
Less: Gross realized losses on sales	—		2,477		420
Gain on sale of investment securities, net	$	—	$	414	$	609


(1)	There were no sales during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Contractual Maturities

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity, including called securities, are set forth below:



	At December 31, 2017

	Available-for-Sale				Held-to-Maturity
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	1,247	$	1,247	$	33,654	$	34,145
Due after one year through five years	40,066		40,447		3,839		3,857
Due after five through ten years	332,558		333,931		37,870		38,450
Due after ten years	2,301,260		2,262,412		4,412,029		4,379,898
Total debt securities	$	2,675,131	$	2,638,037	$	4,487,392	$	4,456,350

For the maturity schedule above, mortgage-backed securities and CLO, which are not due at a single maturity date, have been categorized based on the maturity date of the underlying collateral. Actual principal cash flows may differ from this maturity date presentation as borrowers have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

At December 31, 2017, the Company had a carrying value of $1.2 billion in callable securities in its CMBS, CLO, and municipal bond portfolios. The Company considers prepayment risk in the evaluation of its interest rate risk profile. These maturities do not reflect actual duration which are impacted by prepayments.

Investment securities with a carrying value totaling $2.4 billion at December 31, 2017 and $2.5 billion at December 31, 2016 were pledged to secure public funds, trust deposits, repurchase agreements, and for other purposes, as required or permitted by law.

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Note 4: Loans and Leases

The following table summarizes loans and leases:



	At December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016
Residential	$	4,490,878	$	4,254,682
Consumer	2,590,225		2,684,500
Commercial	5,368,694		4,940,931
Commercial Real Estate	4,523,828		4,510,846
Equipment Financing	550,233		635,629
Loans and leases ^{(1) (2)}	$	17,523,858	$	17,026,588


(1)	Loans and leases include net deferred fees and net premiums and discounts of $20.6 million and $17.3 million at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.


(2)	At December 31, 2017, the Company had pledged $6.7 billion of eligible loans as collateral to support borrowing capacity at the FHLB of Boston and the FRB of Boston.

Loans and Leases Portfolio Aging

The following tables summarize the aging of loans and leases:



	At December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	30-59 Days Past Due and Accruing		60-89 Days Past Due and Accruing		90 or More Days Past Due and Accruing		Non-accrual		Total Past Due and Non-accrual		Current		Total Loans and Leases
Residential	$	8,643	$	5,146	$	—	$	44,481	$	58,270	$	4,432,608	$	4,490,878
Consumer:
Home equity	12,668		5,770		—		35,645		54,083		2,298,185		2,352,268
Other consumer	2,556		1,444		—		1,707		5,707		232,250		237,957
Commercial:
Commercial non-mortgage	5,212		603		644		39,214		45,673		4,488,242		4,533,915
Asset-based	—		—		—		589		589		834,190		834,779
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate	478		77		248		4,484		5,287		4,238,987		4,244,274
Commercial construction	—		—		—		—		—		279,554		279,554
Equipment financing	1,732		626		—		393		2,751		547,482		550,233
Total	$	31,289	$	13,666	$	892	$	126,513	$	172,360	$	17,351,498	$	17,523,858



	At December 31, 2016
(In thousands)	30-59 Days Past Due and Accruing		60-89 Days Past Due and Accruing		90 or More Days Past Due and Accruing		Non-accrual		Total Past Due and Non-accrual		Current		Total Loans and Leases
Residential	$	8,631	$	2,609	$	—	$	47,279	$	58,519	$	4,196,163	$	4,254,682
Consumer:
Home equity	8,831		5,782		—		35,926		50,539		2,359,354		2,409,893
Other consumer	2,233		1,485		—		1,663		5,381		269,226		274,607
Commercial:
Commercial non-mortgage	1,382		577		749		38,190		40,898		4,094,727		4,135,625
Asset-based	—		—		—		—		—		805,306		805,306
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate	6,357		1,816		—		9,871		18,044		4,117,742		4,135,786
Commercial construction	—		—		—		662		662		374,398		375,060
Equipment financing	903		693		—		225		1,821		633,808		635,629
Total	$	28,337	$	12,962	$	749	$	133,816	$	175,864	$	16,850,724	$	17,026,588

Interest on non-accrual loans and leases that would have been recorded as additional interest income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, had the loans and leases been current in accordance with their original terms, totaled $8.4 million, $11.0 million, and $8.2 million, respectively.

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Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses

The following tables summarize the activity in, as well as the loan and lease balances that were evaluated for, the ALLL:



	At or for the Year ended December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Residential			Consumer			Commercial			Commercial Real Estate			Equipment Financing			Total
Allowance for loan and lease losses:
Balance at January 1, 2017	$	23,226		$	45,233		$	71,905		$	47,477		$	6,479		$	194,320
Provision (benefit) charged to expense	(2,692		)	9,367			23,417			11,040			(232		)	40,900
Losses charged off	(2,500		)	(24,447		)	(8,147		)	(9,275		)	(558		)	(44,927		)
Recoveries	1,024			6,037			2,358			165			117			9,701
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	19,058		$	36,190		$	89,533		$	49,407		$	5,806		$	199,994
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	4,805		$	1,668		$	9,786		$	272		$	23		$	16,554
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	14,253		$	34,522		$	79,747		$	49,135		$	5,783		$	183,440

Loan and lease balances:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	114,295		$	45,436		$	72,471		$	11,226		$	3,325		$	246,753
Collectively evaluated for impairment	4,376,583			2,544,789			5,296,223			4,512,602			546,908			17,277,105
Loans and leases	$	4,490,878		$	2,590,225		$	5,368,694		$	4,523,828		$	550,233		$	17,523,858



	At or for the Year ended December 31, 2016
(In thousands)	Residential			Consumer			Commercial			Commercial Real Estate			Equipment Financing			Total
Allowance for loan and lease losses:
Balance at January 1, 2016	$	25,876		$	42,052		$	59,977		$	41,598		$	5,487		$	174,990
Provision (benefit) charged to expense	230			18,507			28,662			7,930			1,021			56,350
Losses charged off	(4,636		)	(20,669		)	(18,360		)	(2,682		)	(565		)	(46,912		)
Recoveries	1,756			5,343			1,626			631			536			9,892
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	23,226		$	45,233		$	71,905		$	47,477		$	6,479		$	194,320
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	8,090		$	2,903		$	7,422		$	169		$	9		$	18,593
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	15,136		$	42,330		$	64,483		$	47,308		$	6,470		$	175,727

Loan and lease balances:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	119,424		$	45,719		$	53,037		$	24,755		$	6,420		$	249,355
Collectively evaluated for impairment	4,135,258			2,638,781			4,887,894			4,486,091			629,209			16,777,233
Loans and leases	$	4,254,682		$	2,684,500		$	4,940,931		$	4,510,846		$	635,629		$	17,026,588



	At or for the Year ended December 31, 2015
(In thousands)	Residential			Consumer			Commercial			Commercial Real Estate			Equipment Financing			Total
Allowance for loan and lease losses:
Balance at January 1, 2015	$	25,452		$	43,518		$	47,068		$	37,148		$	6,078		$	159,264
Provision (benefit) charged to expense	6,057			11,847			21,693			11,381			(1,678		)	49,300
Losses charged off	(6,508		)	(17,679		)	(11,522		)	(7,578		)	(273		)	(43,560		)
Recoveries	875			4,366			2,738			647			1,360			9,986
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	25,876		$	42,052		$	59,977		$	41,598		$	5,487		$	174,990
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	10,364		$	3,477		$	5,197		$	3,163		$	3		$	22,204
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	15,512		$	38,575		$	54,780		$	38,435		$	5,484		$	152,786

Loan and lease balances:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	134,448		$	48,425		$	56,581		$	39,295		$	422		$	279,171
Collectively evaluated for impairment	3,926,553			2,654,135			4,259,418			3,952,354			600,104			15,392,564
Loans and leases	$	4,061,001		$	2,702,560		$	4,315,999		$	3,991,649		$	600,526		$	15,671,735

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Impaired Loans and Leases

The following tables summarize impaired loans and leases:



	At December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Total Recorded Investment		Recorded Investment No Allowance		Recorded Investment With Allowance		Related Valuation Allowance
Residential:
1-4 family	$	125,352	$	114,295	$	69,759	$	44,536	$	4,805
Consumer home equity	50,809		45,436		34,418		11,018		1,668
Commercial:
Commercial non-mortgage	79,900		71,882		27,313		44,569		9,786
Asset-based	3,272		589		589		—		—
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate	11,994		11,226		6,387		4,839		272
Commercial construction	—		—		—		—		—
Equipment financing	3,409		3,325		2,932		393		23
Total	$	274,736	$	246,753	$	141,398	$	105,355	$	16,554



	At December 31, 2016
(In thousands)	Unpaid Principal Balance		Total Recorded Investment		Recorded Investment No Allowance		Recorded Investment With Allowance		Related Valuation Allowance
Residential:
1-4 family	$	131,468	$	119,424	$	21,068	$	98,356	$	8,090
Consumer home equity	52,432		45,719		22,746		22,973		2,903
Commercial:
Commercial non-mortgage	57,732		53,037		26,006		27,031		7,422
Asset based	—		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate	24,146		23,568		19,591		3,977		169
Commercial construction	1,188		1,187		1,187		—		—
Equipment financing	6,398		6,420		6,197		223		9
Total	$	273,364	$	249,355	$	96,795	$	152,560	$	18,593

The following table summarizes the average recorded investment and interest income recognized for impaired loans and leases:



	Years ended December 31,
	2017						2016						2015
(In thousands)	Average Recorded Investment		Accrued Interest Income		Cash Basis Interest Income		Average Recorded Investment		Accrued Interest Income		Cash Basis Interest Income		Average Recorded Investment		Accrued Interest Income		Cash Basis Interest Income
Residential	$	116,859	$	4,138	$	1,264	$	126,936	$	4,377	$	1,200	$	138,215	$	4,473	$	1,139
Consumer home equity	45,578		1,323		1,046		47,072		1,361		985		49,337		1,451		1,099
Commercial
Commercial non-mortgage	62,459		1,095		—		54,708		1,540		—		46,379		1,319		—
Asset based	295		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate	17,397		417		—		28,451		511		—		64,495		1,165		—
Commercial construction	594		12		—		3,574		92		—		6,062		133		—
Equipment financing	4,872		207		—		3,421		184		—		527		16		—
Total	$	248,054	$	7,192	$	2,310	$	264,162	$	8,065	$	2,185	$	305,015	$	8,557	$	2,238

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Credit Quality Indicators. To measure credit risk for the commercial, commercial real estate, and equipment financing portfolios, the Company employs a dual grade credit risk grading system for estimating the PD and the LGD. The credit risk grade system assigns a rating to each borrower and to the facility, which together form a Composite Credit Risk Profile. The credit risk grade system categorizes borrowers by common financial characteristics that measure the credit strength of borrowers and facilities by common structural characteristics. The Composite Credit Risk Profile has ten grades, with each grade corresponding to a progressively greater risk of loss. Grades (1) - (6) are considered pass ratings, and (7) - (10) are considered criticized as defined by the regulatory agencies. Risk ratings, assigned to differentiate risk within the portfolio, are reviewed on an ongoing basis and revised to reflect changes in a borrowers’ current financial position and outlook, risk profile, and the related collateral and structural position. Loan officers review updated financial information on at least an annual basis for all pass rated loans to assess the accuracy of the risk grade. Criticized loans undergo more frequent reviews and enhanced monitoring.

A (7) "Special Mention" credit has the potential weakness that, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset. An (8) "Substandard" asset has a well defined weakness that jeopardizes the full repayment of the debt. An asset rated (9) "Doubtful" has all of the same weaknesses as a substandard credit with the added characteristic that the weakness makes collection or liquidation in full, given current facts, conditions, and values, improbable. Assets classified as (10) "Loss" in accordance with regulatory guidelines are considered uncollectible and charged off.

The following table summarizes commercial, commercial real estate and equipment financing loans and leases segregated by risk rating exposure:



	Commercial				Commercial Real Estate				Equipment Financing
	At December 31,				At December 31,				At December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016		2017		2016		2017		2016
(1) - (6) Pass	$	5,048,162	$	4,655,007	$	4,355,916	$	4,357,458	$	525,105	$	618,084
(7) Special Mention	104,594		56,240		62,065		69,023		8,022		1,324
(8) Substandard	206,883		226,603		105,847		84,365		17,106		16,221
(9) Doubtful	9,055		3,081		—		—		—		—
Total	$	5,368,694	$	4,940,931	$	4,523,828	$	4,510,846	$	550,233	$	635,629

For residential and consumer loans, the Company considers factors such as past due status, updated FICO scores, employment status, collateral, geography, loans discharged in bankruptcy, and the status of first lien position loans on second lien position loans as credit quality indicators. On an ongoing basis for portfolio monitoring purposes, the Company estimates the current value of property secured as collateral for home equity and residential first mortgage lending products. The estimate is based on home price indices compiled by the S&P/Case-Shiller Home Price Indices. The real estate price data is applied to the loan portfolios taking into account the age of the most recent valuation and geographic area.

Troubled Debt Restructurings

The following table summarizes information for TDRs:



	At December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2017		2016
Accrual status	$	147,113	$	147,809
Non-accrual status	74,291		75,719
Total recorded investment of TDR ⁽¹⁾	$	221,404	$	223,528
Specific reserves for TDR included in the balance of ALLL	$	12,384	$	14,583
Additional funds committed to borrowers in TDR status	2,736		459


(1)	Total recorded investment of TDRs exclude $0.1 million and $0.7 million at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, of accrued interest receivable.

For years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, Webster charged off $3.2 million, $18.6 million, and $11.8 million, respectively, for the portion of TDRs deemed to be uncollectible.

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The following table provides information on the type of concession for loans and leases modified as TDRs:



	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
	Number of Loans and Leases	Post- Modification Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Number of Loans and Leases	Post- Modification Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Number of Loans and Leases	Post- Modification Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾
(Dollars in thousands)	Number of Loans and Leases	Post- Modification Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Number of Loans and Leases	Post- Modification Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾		Number of Loans and Leases	Post- Modification Recorded Investment⁽¹⁾
Residential:
Extended Maturity	16	$	2,569	17	$	2,801	27	$	4,909
Adjusted Interest rates	2	335		2	528		3	573
Combination Rate and Maturity	12	1,733		13	1,537		26	5,315
Other ⁽²⁾	39	6,200		24	4,090		30	4,366
Consumer home equity:
Extended Maturity	12	976		11	484		12	1,012
Adjusted Interest rates	1	247		—	—		—	—
Combination Rate and Maturity	14	3,469		15	1,156		12	945
Other ⁽²⁾	73	4,907		52	3,131		68	3,646
Commercial non mortgage:
Extended Maturity	12	1,233		12	14,883		3	254
Adjusted Interest rates	—	—		—	—		1	24
Combination Rate and Maturity	18	9,592		2	648		7	5,361
Other ⁽²⁾	4	6,375		13	1,767		20	22,048
Commercial real estate:
Extended Maturity	—	—		3	4,921		1	315
Adjusted Interest rates	—	—		1	237		—	—
Combination Rate and Maturity	—	—		2	335		1	42
Other ⁽²⁾	—	—		1	509		1	405
Equipment Financing
Extended Maturity	—	—		7	6,642		—	—
Total	203	$	37,636	175	$	43,669	212	$	49,215


(1)	Post-modification balances approximate pre-modification balances. The aggregate amount of charge-offs as a result of the restructurings was not significant.


(2)	Other includes covenant modifications, forbearance, loans discharged under Chapter 7 bankruptcy, and/or other concessions.

The were no significant amounts of loans and leases modified as TDRs within the previous 12 months and for which there was a payment default for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.

The recorded investment of TDRs in commercial, commercial real estate, and equipment financing segregated by risk rating exposure is as follows:



	At December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016
(1) - (6) Pass	$	8,268	$	10,210
(7) Special Mention	355		7
(8) Substandard	53,050		45,509
(9) Doubtful	—		2,738
Total	$	61,673	$	58,464

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Note 5: Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of Financial Assets

The Company sells financial assets in the normal course of business, primarily residential mortgage loans sold to government-sponsored enterprises through established programs and securitizations. The gain or loss on residential mortgage loans sold and the fair value adjustment to loans held for sale are included as mortgage banking activities in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.

The Company may be required to repurchase a loan in the event of certain breaches of the representations and warranties, or in the event of default of the borrower within 90 days of sale, as provided for in the sale agreements. A reserve for loan repurchases provides for estimated losses pertaining to the potential repurchase of loans associated with the Company's mortgage banking activities. The reserve reflects management’s evaluation of the identity of counterparty, the vintage of the loans sold, the amount of open repurchase requests, specific loss estimates for each open request, the current level of loan losses in similar vintages held in the residential loan portfolio, and estimated recoveries on the underlying collateral. The reserve also reflects management’s expectation of losses from repurchase requests for which the Company has not yet been notified, as the performance of loans sold and the quality of the servicing provided by the acquirer may also impact the reserve. The provision recorded at the time of the loan sale is netted from the gain or loss recorded in mortgage banking activities, while any incremental provision, post loan sale, is recorded in other non-interest expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.

The following table provides a summary of activity in the reserve for loan repurchases:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016			2015
Beginning balance	$	790		$	1,192		$	1,059
Provision (benefit) charged to expense	100			(303		)	133
Repurchased loans and settlements charged off	(18		)	(99		)	—
Ending balance	$	872		$	790		$	1,192

The following table provides information for mortgage banking activities:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016			2015
Residential mortgage loans held for sale:
Proceeds from sale	$	335,656	$	438,925		$	452,590
Loans sold with servicing rights retained	304,788		399,318			416,277

Net gain on sale	6,211		11,629			7,795
Ancillary fees	2,629		3,532			—
Fair value option adjustment	1,097		(526		)	—

The Company has retained servicing rights on residential mortgage loans totaling $2.6 billion at both December 31, 2017 and 2016.

The following table presents the changes in carrying value for mortgage servicing assets:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016			2015
Beginning balance	$	24,466		$	20,698		$	19,379
Additions	9,249			11,312			8,027
Amortization	(8,576		)	(7,544		)	(6,708		)
Ending balance	$	25,139		$	24,466		$	20,698

Loan servicing fees, net of mortgage servicing rights amortization, were $0.8 million, $1.1 million, and $1.5 million, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, and are included as a component of loan related fees in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.

See Note 16: Fair Value Measurements for additional fair value information on loans held for sale and mortgage servicing assets.

Additionally, loans not originated for sale were sold approximately at carrying value, except as noted, for cash proceeds of $7.4 million for certain residential loans and for cash proceeds of $7.2 million for certain commercial loans for the year ended December 31, 2017; for cash proceeds of $26.5 million, resulting in a gain of $2.1 million, for certain commercial loans and for cash proceeds of $7.6 million for certain residential loans for the year ended December 31, 2016; and for cash proceeds of $0.7 million for certain commercial loans and for cash proceeds of $32.9 million for certain consumer loans for the year ended December 31, 2015.

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Note 6: Premises and Equipment

A summary of premises and equipment follows:



	At December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016
Land	$	11,302		$	12,595
Buildings and improvements	80,646			83,903
Leasehold improvements	82,067			83,971
Fixtures and equipment	76,665			76,146
Data processing and software	234,667			220,002
Total premises and equipment	485,347			476,617
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(355,346		)	(339,204		)
Premises and equipment, net	$	130,001		$	137,413

Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment was $33.1 million, $30.8 million, and $28.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

The following table provides a summary of activity for assets held for disposition:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016
Beginning balance	$	637		$	637
Additions	2,006			—
Write-downs	(529		)	—
Sales	(1,970		)	—
Ending balance	$	144		$	637

Note 7: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill and other intangible assets by reportable segment consisted of the following:



	At December 31,
	2017							2016
(In thousands)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount
Goodwill:
Community Banking	$	516,560				$	516,560	$	516,560				$	516,560
HSA Bank	21,813					21,813		21,813					21,813
Total goodwill	$	538,373				$	538,373	$	538,373				$	538,373

Other intangible assets:
HSA Bank - Core deposit intangible assets	$	22,000	$	(8,610	)	$	13,390	$	22,000	$	(6,162	)	$	15,838
HSA Bank - Customer relationships	21,000		(4,779		)	16,221		21,000		(3,164		)	17,836
Total other intangible assets	$	43,000	$	(13,389	)	$	29,611	$	43,000	$	(9,326	)	$	33,674

As of December 31, 2017, the remaining estimated aggregate future amortization expense for intangible assets is as follows:



(In thousands)
2018	$	3,847
2019	3,847
2020	3,847
2021	3,847
2022	3,847
Thereafter	10,376

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Note 8: Income Taxes

Income tax expense reflects the following expense (benefit) components:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016		2015
Current:
Federal	$	96,364		$	73,194	$	97,575
State and local	11,061			5,429		10,970
Total current	107,425			78,623		108,545
Deferred:
Federal	39,568			12,542		(7,279		)
State and local	(48,642		)	5,158		(8,234		)
Total deferred	(9,074		)	17,700		(15,513		)

Total federal	135,932			85,736		90,296
Total state and local	(37,581		)	10,587		2,736
Income tax expense	$	98,351		$	96,323	$	93,032

The Company's deferred state and local benefit in 2017 includes $47.5 million related to a reduction in its beginning-of-year valuation allowance for SALT DTA's, or $37.5 million net of deferred federal expense of $10.0 million. The deferred state and local benefit in 2017 also includes $1.8 million from other SALT DTA adjustments, net of federal effects.

The Company's deferred federal expense in 2017 also includes $31.5 million from a re-measurement of its DTA upon the enactment of the Tax Act. Due to a $10.6 million impact of the Tax Act on the $39.3 million of net SALT DTA adjustments noted above, the Company reported a $20.9 million expense attributable to the Tax Act, and a $28.7 million net benefit from SALT DTAs, for a net benefit of $7.8 million in its results for the quarter ended December 31, 2017.

Included in the Company's income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, are benefits of operating loss carryforwards of $25.1 million, none, and $3.0 million, and net tax credits of $1.6 million, $1.0 million, and $2.1 million, respectively, exclusive of Tax Act impacts.

The following table reflects a reconciliation of reported income tax expense to the amount that would result from applying the federal statutory rate of 35.0%:



	Years ended December 31,
	2017					2016					2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount			Percent		Amount			Percent		Amount			Percent
Income tax expense at federal statutory rate	$	123,826		35.0	%	$	106,208		35.0	%	$	104,217		35.0	%
Reconciliation to reported income tax expense:
SALT expense, net of federal	8,189			2.3		6,882			2.3		7,563			2.5
Tax-exempt interest income, net	(10,826		)	(3.1	)	(8,917		)	(2.9	)	(7,117		)	(2.4	)
SALT DTA adjustments, net of federal	(28,724		)	(8.1	)	—			—		(5,785		)	(1.9	)
Tax Act impacts, net	20,891			5.9		—			—		—			—
Excess tax benefits, net	(6,349		)	(1.8	)	—			—		—			—
Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance	(5,120		)	(1.4	)	(5,166		)	(1.7	)	(4,557		)	(1.5	)
Other, net	(3,536		)	(1.0	)	(2,684		)	(1.0	)	(1,289		)	(0.5	)
Income tax expense and effective tax rate	$	98,351		27.8	%	$	96,323		31.7	%	$	93,032		31.2	%

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The following table reflects the significant components of the DTAs, net:



	At December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for loan and lease losses	$	51,203		$	77,908
Net operating loss and credit carry forwards	71,813			64,644
Compensation and employee benefit plans	25,023			46,433
Net losses on derivative instruments	3,767			8,624
Net unrealized loss on securities available for sale	9,548			9,898
Other	12,273			17,682
Gross deferred tax assets	173,627			225,189
Valuation allowance	(38,292		)	(71,474		)
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance	$	135,335		$	153,715
Deferred tax liabilities:
Equipment-financing leases	$	27,955		$	41,910
Deferred income on repurchase of debt	1,275			4,251
Intangible assets	6,164			9,952
Mortgage servicing assets	4,445			7,313
Other	2,866			5,898
Gross deferred tax liabilities	42,705			69,324
Deferred tax assets, net	$	92,630		$	84,391

The Company's DTA, net increased by $8.2 million during 2017, reflecting primarily the $9.1 million deferred tax benefit and a $0.7 million expense allocated directly to shareholders equity.

The $38.3 million valuation allowance at December 31, 2017 consisted of $38.2 million attributable to SALT net operating loss carryforwards and $0.1 million to a capital loss carryforward. The $33.2 million net decrease in the valuation allowance includes: (i) a $27.0 million reduction in the beginning-of-year valuation allowance applicable to a change in the estimated realizability of SALT DTAs in future years, (ii) a $3.5 million decrease applicable to the estimated utilization and expiration of capital loss carryforwards of $2.1 million and $1.4 million, respectively, and (iii) a $2.7 million net decrease in SALT net DTAs, including Tax Act-related impacts.

The reduction in the Company's valuation allowance for SALT DTAs noted above resulted from the completion of a review of its current and projected multi-jurisdictional SALT structure reflecting Webster's continued business expansion and growth. In connection with the review, an evaluation of the Company's net SALT DTAs, including valuation allowances previously established for DTAs not expected to be realized, was performed and a change in their estimated realizability was recognized.

Management believes it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize its total DTA, net of the valuation allowance. Although taxable income in prior years is no longer able to be included as a source of taxable income, due to the general repeal of the carryback of net operating losses under the Tax Act, significant positive evidence remains in support of management's conclusion regarding the realizability of Webster's DTAs, including projected future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and book-taxable income levels in recent and projected future years. There can, however, be no assurance that any specific level of future income will be generated or that the Company’s DTAs will ultimately be realized.

A capital loss carryforward of $1.1 million exists at December 31, 2017 and is scheduled to expire in 2018. A valuation allowance of $0.1 million has been established for the $0.4 million portion of the carryforward scheduled to expire.

SALT net operating loss carryforwards approximating $1.2 billion at December 31, 2017 are scheduled to expire in varying amounts during tax years 2023 through 2032, and credits, totaling $0.8 million at December 31, 2017, have a five-year carryover period, with excess credits subject to expiration annually. A valuation allowance of $38.2 million has been established for approximately $644 million of those net operating loss carryforwards estimated to expire.

A deferred tax liability of $14.9 million has not been recognized for certain thrift bad-debt reserves, established before 1988, that would become taxable upon the occurrence of certain events: distributions by Webster Bank in excess of certain earnings and profits; the redemption of Webster Bank’s stock; or liquidation. Webster does not expect any of those events to occur. At December 31, 2017 the cumulative taxable temporary differences applicable to those reserves approximated $58.0 million.

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The following table reflects a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of unrecognized tax benefits (UTBs):



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016			2015
Beginning balance	$	3,847		$	5,094		$	4,593
Additions as a result of tax positions taken during the current year	584			613			865
Additions as a result of tax positions taken during prior years	7			—			1,254
Reductions as a result of tax positions taken during prior years	(61		)	(625		)	(247		)
Reductions relating to settlements with taxing authorities	(392		)	(693		)	(992		)
Reductions as a result of lapse of statute of limitation periods	(390		)	(542		)	(379		)
Ending balance	$	3,595		$	3,847		$	5,094

At December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, there are $2.8 million, $2.5 million, and $3.3 million, respectively, of UTBs that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate.

Webster recognizes interest and penalties related to UTBs, where applicable, in income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, Webster recognized an expense of $0.2 million, a benefit of $0.2 million, and an expense of $1.1 million, respectively. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had accrued interest and penalties related to UTBs of $1.9 million and $1.7 million, respectively.

Webster has determined it is reasonably possible that its total UTBs could decrease by an amount in the range of $0.6 million to $1.8 million by the end of 2018, primarily as a result of potential settlements with state and local taxing authorities concerning apportionment and tax-base determinations and/or potential lapses in statute-of-limitation periods.

Webster is currently under, or subject to, examination by various taxing authorities. Federal tax returns for all years subsequent to 2013 remain open to examination. For Webster's principal state tax jurisdictions (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York and Rhode Island) returns for years subsequent to 2013 are either under or remain open to examination.

Note 9: Deposits

A summary of deposits by type follows:



	At December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016
Non-interest-bearing:
Demand	$	4,191,496	$	4,021,061
Interest-bearing:
Checking	2,736,952		2,528,274
Health savings accounts	5,038,681		4,362,503
Money market	2,209,492		2,047,121
Savings	4,348,700		4,320,090
Time deposits	2,468,408		2,024,808
Total interest-bearing	16,802,233		15,282,796
Total deposits	$	20,993,729	$	19,303,857

Time deposits and interest-bearing checking, included in above balances, obtained through brokers	$	898,157	$	848,618
Time deposits, included in above balance, that meet or exceed the FDIC limit	561,512		490,721
Demand deposit overdrafts reclassified as loan balances	2,210		1,885

The scheduled maturities of time deposits are as follows:



(In thousands)	At December 31, 2017
2018	$	1,381,899
2019	693,554
2020	236,955
2021	106,042
2022	49,831
Thereafter	127
Total time deposits	$	2,468,408

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Note 10: Borrowings

Total borrowings of $2.5 billion at December 31, 2017 and $4.0 billion at December 31, 2016, are described in detail below.

The following table summarizes securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings:



	At December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016
	Total Outstanding		Rate	Total Outstanding		Rate
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase:
Original maturity of one year or less	$	288,269	0.17	$	340,526	0.16
Original maturity of greater than one year, non-callable	300,000		3.10	400,000		3.09
Total securities sold under agreements to repurchase	588,269		1.66	740,526		1.82
Fed funds purchased	55,000		1.37	209,000		0.46
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings	$	643,269	1.64	$	949,526	1.53

Repurchase agreements are used as a source of borrowed funds and are collateralized by U.S. Government agency mortgage-backed securities which are delivered to broker/dealers. Repurchase agreements counterparties are limited to primary dealers in government securities and commercial/municipal customers through Webster’s Treasury Unit. Dealer counterparties have the right to pledge, transfer, or hypothecate purchased securities during the term of the transaction. The Company has right of offset with respect to all repurchase agreement assets and liabilities. Total securities sold under agreements to repurchase represents the gross amount for these transactions, as only liabilities are outstanding for the periods presented.

The following table provides information for FHLB advances:



	At December 31,
	2017				2016
(Dollars in thousands)	Total Outstanding		Weighted- Average Contractual Coupon Rate		Total Outstanding		Weighted- Average Contractual Coupon Rate
Maturing within 1 year	$	1,150,000	1.48	%	$	2,130,500	0.71	%
After 1 but within 2 years	103,026		1.81		200,000		1.36
After 2 but within 3 years	215,000		1.73		128,026		1.73
After 3 but within 4 years	200,000		4.13		175,000		1.77
After 4 but within 5 years	170		—		200,000		1.81
After 5 years	8,909		1.96		9,370		2.59
	1,677,105		1.85		2,842,896		0.95
Premiums on advances	—				12
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	$	1,677,105			$	2,842,908

Aggregate carrying value of assets pledged as collateral	$	6,402,066			$	5,967,318
Remaining borrowing capacity	$	2,600,624			$	1,192,758

Webster Bank was in compliance with FHLB collateral requirements for the periods presented. Eligible collateral, primarily certain residential and commercial real estate loans, has been pledged to secure FHLB advances.

The following table summarizes long-term debt:



		At December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)		2017			2016
4.375%	Senior fixed-rate notes due February 15, 2024	$	150,000		$	150,000
Junior subordinated debt Webster Statutory Trust I floating-rate notes due September 17, 2033 ⁽¹⁾		77,320			77,320
Total notes and subordinated debt		227,320			227,320
Discount on senior fixed-rate notes		(727		)	(845		)
Debt issuance cost on senior fixed-rate notes		(826		)	(961		)
Long-term debt		$	225,767		$	225,514


(1)	The interest rate on Webster Statutory Trust I floating-rate notes, which varies quarterly based on 3-month LIBOR plus 2.95%, was 4.55% at December 31, 2017 and 3.94% at December 31, 2016.

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Note 11: Shareholders' Equity

Share activity during the year ended December 31, 2017 is as follows:



	Preferred Stock Series E		Preferred Stock Series F	Common Stock Issued	Treasury Stock Held		Common Stock Outstanding
Balance at January 1, 2017	5,060		—	93,651,601	1,899,502		91,752,099
Restricted share activity	—		—	—	(124,800	)	124,800
Stock options exercised	—		—	—	(338,176	)	338,176
Common stock repurchased	—		—	—	222,000		(222,000	)
Warrant exercise	—		—	28,690	—		28,690
Series F Preferred Stock issuance	—		6,000	—	—		—
Series E Preferred Stock redemption	(5,060	)	—	—	—		—
Balance at December 31, 2017	—		6,000	93,680,291	1,658,526		92,021,765

Common Stock

On October 24, 2017, Webster announced that its Board of Directors had authorized a $100 million common stock repurchase program under which shares may be repurchased from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, subject to market conditions and other factors. This program is in addition to an existing common stock repurchase program authorized on December 6, 2012, under which $100 million had been authorized. Common stock repurchased during 2017 was acquired, at an average cost of $52.18 per common share, which results in a remaining repurchase authority for the common stock repurchase programs of $103.9 million at December 31, 2017.

On June 8, 2011, the U.S. Treasury closed an underwritten public offering of 3,282,276 warrants issued in connection with the Company’s participation in the Capital Purchase Program, each representing the right to purchase one share of Webster common stock, $0.01 par value per share. The warrants have an exercise price of $18.28, and expire on November 21, 2018. Concurrent with the U.S. Treasury's action, the Board of Directors approved the repurchase of a significant number of warrants in a public auction conducted on behalf of the U.S. Treasury. The board approved plan provides for additional repurchases from time-to-time, as permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements. During 2017, there were 44,275 warrants exercised in cashless exchange transactions leaving 8,752 warrants outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2017.

Preferred Stock

On December 15, 2017, Webster exercised its right to redeem all of the outstanding shares of 6.40% Series E Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, for the per share cash redemption price of $25,400 which includes the quarterly per share dividend amount that otherwise would have been paid on that date.

On December 12, 2017, Webster closed on a public offering of 6,000,000 depository shares, each representing 1/1000th ownership interest in a share of Webster's 5.25% Series F Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, with a liquidation preference of $25,000 per share (equivalent to $25 per depository share) (the "Series F Preferred Stock"). Webster will pay dividends as declared by the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board. Dividends are payable at a rate of 5.25% per annum, quarterly in arrears, on the fifteenth day of each March, June, September, and December. Dividends on the Series F Preferred Stock are not cumulative and are not mandatory. If for any reason the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board does not declare a dividend on the Series F Preferred Stock for any dividend period, such dividend will not accrue or be payable, and Webster will have no obligation to pay dividends for such dividend period, whether or not dividends are declared for any future dividend periods. The terms of the Series F Preferred Stock prohibit the Company from declaring or paying any cash dividends on its common stock, unless Webster has declared and paid full dividends on the Series F Preferred Stock for the most recently completed dividend period.

The Company may redeem the Series F Preferred Stock, at its option in whole or in part, on December 15, 2022, or any dividend payment date thereafter, or in whole but not in part upon a "regulatory capital treatment event" as defined in the certificate of designation, at a redemption price equal to the liquidation preference plus any declared and unpaid dividends, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends. The Series F Preferred Stock does not have any voting rights except with respect to authorizing or increasing the authorized amount of senior stock, certain changes to the terms of the Series F Preferred Stock, or in the case of certain dividend non-payments.

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Note 12: Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax

The following table summarizes the changes in AOCL by component:



(In thousands)	Available For Sale and Transferred Securities			Derivative Instruments			Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans			Total
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	16,421		$	(25,530	)	$	(47,152	)	$	(56,261	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(22,512		)	(3,136		)	(5,500		)	(31,148		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(316		)	5,686			3,933			9,303
Net current-period other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	(22,828		)	2,550			(1,567		)	(21,845		)
Balance at December 31, 2015	(6,407		)	(22,980		)	(48,719		)	(78,106		)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(8,901		)	825			(232		)	(8,308		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(168		)	5,087			4,502			9,421
Net current-period other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	(9,069		)	5,912			4,270			1,113
Balance at December 31, 2016	(15,476		)	(17,068		)	(44,449		)	(76,993		)
Adoption of ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) - Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from AOCI	(4,881		)	(2,513		)	(8,254		)	(15,648		)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(7,590		)	181			98			(7,311		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	—			4,384			4,037			8,421
Net current-period other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	(7,590		)	4,565			4,135			1,110
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	(27,947	)	$	(15,016	)	$	(48,568	)	$	(91,531	)

The following table provides information for the items reclassified from AOCL:



	Years ended December 31,
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Components	2017			2016			2015			Associated Line Item in the Consolidated Statements Of Income
(In thousands)
Available-for-sale and transferred securities:
Unrealized gains on investments	$	—		$	414		$	609		Gain on sale of investment securities, net
Unrealized losses on investments	—			(149		)	(110		)	Impairment loss recognized in earnings
Total before tax	—			265			499
Tax expense	—			(97		)	(183		)	Income tax expense
Net of tax	$	—		$	168		$	316
Derivative instruments:
Cash flow hedges	$	(7,160	)	$	(8,020	)	$	(8,965	)	Total interest expense
Tax benefit	2,776			2,933			3,279			Income tax expense
Net of tax	$	(4,384	)	$	(5,087	)	$	(5,686	)
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans:
Amortization of net loss	$	(6,612	)	$	(7,126	)	$	(6,161	)	(1)
Prior service costs	—			(14		)	(73		)	(1)
Total before tax	(6,612		)	(7,140		)	(6,234		)
Tax benefit	2,575			2,638			2,301			Income tax expense
Net of tax	$	(4,037	)	$	(4,502	)	$	(3,933	)

(1) These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost (see Note 17 Retirement Benefit Plans for further details).

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The following tables summarize the items and related tax effects for each component of OCI/OCL, net of tax:



	Year ended December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Pre-Tax Amount			Tax Benefit (Expense)			Net of Tax Amount
Available-for-sale and transferred securities:
Net unrealized loss during the period	$	(12,423	)	$	4,833		$	(7,590	)
Reclassification for net gain included in net income	—			—			—
Net non-credit other-than-temporary impairment	—			—			—
Amortization of unrealized loss on securities transferred to held-to-maturity	—			—			—
Total available-for-sale and transferred securities	(12,423		)	4,833			(7,590		)
Derivative instruments:
Net unrealized gain during the period	291			(110		)	181
Reclassification adjustment for net loss included in net income	7,160			(2,776		)	4,384
Total derivative instruments	7,451			(2,886		)	4,565
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans:
Current year actuarial loss	155			(57		)	98
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of net loss included in net income	6,612			(2,575		)	4,037
Reclassification adjustment for prior service cost included in net income	—			—			—
Total defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans	6,767			(2,632		)	4,135
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	$	1,795		$	(685	)	$	1,110
	Year ended December 31, 2016
(In thousands)	Pre-Tax Amount			Tax Benefit (Expense)			Net of Tax Amount
Available-for-sale and transferred securities:
Net unrealized loss during the period	$	(14,113	)	$	5,212		$	(8,901	)
Reclassification for net gain included in net income	(414		)	152			(262		)
Net non-credit other-than-temporary impairment	149			(55		)	94
Amortization of unrealized loss on securities transferred to held-to-maturity	—			—			—
Total available-for-sale and transferred securities	(14,378		)	5,309			(9,069		)
Derivative instruments:
Net unrealized loss during the period	1,331			(506		)	825
Reclassification adjustment for net loss included in net income	8,020			(2,933		)	5,087
Total derivative instruments	9,351			(3,439		)	5,912
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans:
Current year actuarial loss	(368		)	136			(232		)
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of net loss included in net income	7,126			(2,633		)	4,493
Reclassification adjustment for prior service cost included in net income	14			(5		)	9
Total defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans	6,772			(2,502		)	4,270
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	$	1,745		$	(632	)	$	1,113
	Year ended December 31, 2015
(In thousands)	Pre-Tax Amount			Tax Benefit (Expense)			Net of Tax Amount
Available-for-sale and transferred securities:
Net unrealized gain during the period	$	(35,701	)	$	13,166		$	(22,535	)
Reclassification for net gain included in net income	(609		)	223			(386		)
Net non-credit other-than-temporary impairment	110			(40		)	70
Amortization of unrealized loss on securities transferred to held-to-maturity	37			(14		)	23
Total available-for-sale and transferred securities	(36,163		)	13,335			(22,828		)
Derivative instruments:
Net unrealized loss during the period	(4,945		)	1,809			(3,136		)
Reclassification adjustment for net loss included in net income	8,965			(3,279		)	5,686
Total derivative instruments	4,020			(1,470		)	2,550
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans:
Current year actuarial loss	(8,719		)	3,219			(5,500		)
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of net loss included in net income	6,161			(2,274		)	3,887
Reclassification adjustment for prior service cost included in net income	73			(27		)	46
Total defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans	(2,485		)	918			(1,567		)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	$	(34,628	)	$	12,783		$	(21,845	)

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Note 13: Regulatory Matters

Capital Requirements

Webster Financial Corporation is subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by the Federal Reserve System, while Webster Bank is subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by the OCC. Regulatory authorities can initiate certain mandatory actions if Webster Financial Corporation or Webster Bank fail to meet minimum capital requirements, which could have a direct material effect on the Company's financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, both Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. These quantitative measures require minimum amounts and ratios to ensure capital adequacy.

Under Basel III, total risk-based capital is comprised of three categories: CET1 capital, additional Tier 1 capital, and Tier 2 capital. CET1 capital includes common shareholders' equity, less deductions for goodwill and other intangibles adjusted for certain deferred tax liabilities. Webster's common shareholders' equity, for purposes of CET1 capital, excludes AOCL components as permitted by the opt-out election taken by Webster upon adoption of Basel III. Tier 1 capital is comprised of CET1 capital plus perpetual preferred stock, while Tier 2 capital includes qualifying subordinated debt and qualifying allowance for credit losses, that together equal total capital.

The following table provides information on the capital ratios for Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank:



	Actual				Capital Requirements
	Actual				Minimum				Well Capitalized
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
At December 31, 2017
Webster Financial Corporation
CET1 risk-based capital	$	2,093,116	11.14	%	$	845,389	4.5	%	$	1,221,118	6.5	%
Total risk-based capital	2,517,848		13.40		1,502,914		8.0		1,878,643		10.0
Tier 1 risk-based capital	2,238,172		11.91		1,127,186		6.0		1,502,914		8.0
Tier 1 leverage capital	2,238,172		8.63		1,036,817		4.0		1,296,021		5.0
Webster Bank
CET1 risk-based capital	$	2,114,224	11.26	%	$	844,693	4.5	%	$	1,220,113	6.5	%
Total risk-based capital	2,316,580		12.34		1,501,677		8.0		1,877,097		10.0
Tier 1 risk-based capital	2,114,224		11.26		1,126,258		6.0		1,501,677		8.0
Tier 1 leverage capital	2,114,224		8.14		1,038,442		4.0		1,298,052		5.0
At December 31, 2016
Webster Financial Corporation
CET1 risk-based capital	$	1,932,171	10.52	%	$	826,504	4.5	%	$	1,193,840	6.5	%
Total risk-based capital	2,328,808		12.68		1,469,341		8.0		1,836,677		10.0
Tier 1 risk-based capital	2,054,881		11.19		1,102,006		6.0		1,469,341		8.0
Tier 1 leverage capital	2,054,881		8.13		1,010,857		4.0		1,263,571		5.0
Webster Bank
CET1 risk-based capital	$	1,945,332	10.61	%	$	825,228	4.5	%	$	1,191,995	6.5	%
Total risk-based capital	2,141,939		11.68		1,467,071		8.0		1,833,839		10.0
Tier 1 risk-based capital	1,945,332		10.61		1,100,304		6.0		1,467,071		8.0
Tier 1 leverage capital	1,945,332		7.70		1,010,005		4.0		1,262,507		5.0

Dividend Restrictions

Webster Financial Corporation is dependent upon dividends from Webster Bank to provide funds for its cash requirements, including payments of dividends to shareholders. Banking regulations may limit the amount of dividends that may be paid. Approval by regulatory authorities is required if the effect of dividends declared would cause the regulatory capital of Webster Bank to fall below specified minimum levels, or if dividends declared exceed the net income for that year combined with the undistributed net income for the preceding two years. In addition, the OCC has discretion to prohibit any otherwise permitted capital distribution on general safety and soundness grounds. Dividends paid by Webster Bank to Webster Financial Corporation totaled $120 million and $145 million during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Cash Restrictions

Webster Bank is required by Federal Reserve System regulations to hold cash reserve balances, on hand or with Federal Reserve Banks. Pursuant to this requirement, the Bank held $82.3 million and $58.6 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

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Note 14: Earnings Per Common Share

Reconciliation of the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share follows:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per share data)	2017		2016		2015
Earnings for basic and diluted earnings per common share:
Net income	$	255,439	$	207,127	$	204,729
Less: Preferred stock dividends	8,184		8,096		8,711
Net income available to common shareholders	247,255		199,031		196,018
Less: Earnings applicable to participating securities	424		608		657
Earnings applicable to common shareholders	$	246,831	$	198,423	$	195,361
Shares:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic	91,965		91,367		90,968
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options and restricted stock	385		461		524
Warrants	6		28		41
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - diluted	92,356		91,856		91,533
Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	2.68	$	2.17	$	2.15
Diluted	2.67		2.16		2.13

Potential common shares excluded from the effect of dilutive securities because they would have been anti-dilutive, are as follows:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017	2016	2015
Stock options (shares with exercise price greater than market price)	—	41	213
Restricted stock (due to performance conditions on non-participating shares)	58	125	92

Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding includes the effect of conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock which occurred on June 1, 2015. Prior to that, the Series A Preferred Stock was considered to be anti-dilutive. Refer to Note 11: Shareholders' Equity and Note 18: Share-Based Plans for further information relating to potential common shares excluded from the effect of dilutive securities.

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Note 15: Derivative Financial Instruments

Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives

Webster manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its debt funding in conjunction with the use of interest rate derivative financial instruments. Webster enters into interest rate derivatives to mitigate the exposure related to business activities that result in the receipt or payment of, both future known and uncertain, cash amounts that are impacted by interest rates. The primary objective for using interest rate derivatives is to add stability to interest expense by managing exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, Webster uses interest rate swaps and interest rate caps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy.

Interest rate swaps and interest rate caps designated as cash flow hedges are designed to manage the risk associated with a forecasted event or an uncertain variable-rate cash flow. Forward-settle interest rate swaps protect the Company against adverse fluctuations in interest rates by reducing its exposure to variability in cash flows relating to interest payments on forecasted debt issuances. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. Interest rate caps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for payment of an up-front premium.

Cash flow hedges are used to regulate the variable cash flows associated with existing variable-rate debt and forecasted issuances of debt. Derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. The effective portion of the change in the fair value of derivatives which are designated as cash flow hedges, and that qualify for hedge accounting, is recorded to AOCL and is reclassified into earnings in the subsequent periods that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of these derivatives, attributable to the difference in the effective date of the hedge and the effective date of the debt issuance, is recognized directly in earnings. During the periods presented, there was no ineffectiveness to be recognized in earnings.

Certain fixed-rate obligations can be exposed to a change in fair value attributable to changes in benchmark interest rates. On occasion, interest rate swaps will be used to manage this exposure. An interest rate swap which involves the receipt of fixed-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for Webster making variable-rate payments over the life of the agreement, without the exchange of the underlying notional amount, is designated as a fair value hedge. For a qualifying derivative designated as a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative, as well as the gain or loss on the hedged item, is recognized in interest expense. During the periods presented, Webster did not have interest rate derivative financial instruments designated as fair value hedges and as a result, there was no impact to interest expense.

Additionally, in order to address certain other risk management matters, the Company also utilizes derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting. These derivative instruments, which are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized each period as other non-interest income in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income, are described in the following paragraphs.

Interest rate swap and cap contracts are sold to commercial and other customers who wish to modify loan interest rate sensitivity. These contracts are offset with dealer counterparty transactions structured with matching terms. As a result, there is minimal impact on earnings, except for fee income earned in such transactions.

RPAs are entered into as financial guarantees of performance on interest rate swap derivatives. The purchased (asset) or sold (liability) guarantee allows the Company to participate-in (fee received) or participate-out (fee paid) the risk associated with certain derivative positions executed with the borrower by a lead bank in a loan syndication.

Other derivatives include foreign currency forward contracts related to lending arrangements, a VISA equity swap transaction, and mortgage banking derivatives such as mortgage-backed securities related to residential loan commitments and loans held for sale. Mortgage banking derivatives are utilized by Webster in its efforts to manage risk of loss associated with its mortgage loan commitments and mortgage loans held for sale. Prior to closing and funding certain single-family residential mortgage loans interest rate lock commitments are generally extended to the borrowers. During the period from commitment date to closing date, Webster is subject to the risk that market rates of interest may change. If market rates rise, investors generally will pay less to purchase such loans causing a reduction in the anticipated gain on sale of the loans and possibly resulting in a loss. In an effort to mitigate such risk, forward delivery sales commitments are established under which Webster agrees to deliver whole mortgage loans to various investors or issue mortgage-backed securities. Mandatory forward commitments establish the price to be received upon the sale of the related mortgage loan, thereby mitigating certain interest rate risk. There is, however, still certain execution risk specifically related to Webster’s ability to close and deliver to its investors the mortgage loans it has committed to sell.

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Fair Value of Derivative Instruments

The following table presents the notional amounts and fair values of derivative positions:



	At December 31, 2017								At December 31, 2016
	Asset Derivatives				Liability Derivatives				Asset Derivatives				Liability Derivatives
(In thousands)	Notional Amounts		Fair Value		Notional Amounts		Fair Value		Notional Amounts		Fair Value		Notional Amounts		Fair Value
Designated as hedging instruments:
Positions subject to master netting agreements ⁽¹⁾
Interest rate derivatives	$	325,000	$	2,770	$	—	$	—	$	225,000	$	3,270	$	100,000	$	792

Not designated as hedging instruments:
Positions subject to master netting agreements ⁽¹⁾
Interest rate derivatives	2,791,760		5,977		721,048		1,968		1,943,485		32,226		1,242,937		24,388
Mortgage banking derivatives ⁽²⁾	28,497		421		39,230		110		103,440		3,084		59,895		711
Other	7,914		258		30,328		419		10,634		231		14,265		120
Positions not subject to master netting agreements
Interest rate derivatives	1,366,299		23,009		2,146,518		25,631		1,734,679		38,668		1,451,762		19,001
RPAs	93,713		80		116,882		111		86,037		139		87,273		166
Other	—		—		2,073		184		1,438		19		181		11
Total not designated as hedging instruments	4,288,183		29,745		3,056,079		28,423		3,879,713		74,367		2,856,313		44,397
Gross derivative instruments, before netting	$	4,613,183	32,515		$	3,056,079	28,423		$	4,104,713	77,637		$	2,956,313	45,189
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements			2,245				2,245				24,252				24,254
Less: Cash collateral posted			6,704				—				11,475				600
Total derivative instruments, after netting			$	23,566			$	26,178			$	41,910			$	20,335


(1)	One of Webster's counterparty relationships was impacted by a Chicago Mercantile Exchange rulebook amendment, resulting in the presentation of that relationship on a settlement basis, as a single unit of account.


(2)	Notional amounts include mandatory forward commitments of $39.0 million, while notional amounts do not include approved floating rate commitments of $11.3 million, at December 31, 2017.

Changes in Fair Value

Changes in the fair value of derivatives not qualifying for hedge accounting treatment are reported as a component of other non-interest income in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016			2015
Interest rate derivatives	$	2,702		$	8,668		$	4,361
RPA	242			(361		)	(33		)
Mortgage banking derivatives	(2,062		)	1,553			801
Other	(768		)	(67		)	(63		)
Total impact on other non-interest income	$	114		$	9,793		$	5,066

Amounts for the effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives are reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on Webster's variable-rate debt. Over the next twelve months, the Company estimates that $0.8 million will be reclassified from AOCL as an increase to interest expense.

Webster records gains and losses related to swap terminations as OCI. These balances are subsequently amortized into interest expense over the respective terms of the hedged debt instruments. At December 31, 2017, the remaining unamortized loss on the termination of cash flow hedges is $14.9 million. Over the next twelve months, the Company estimates that $6.2 million will be reclassified from AOCL as an increase to interest expense.

Additional information about cash flow hedge activity impacting AOCL, and the related amounts reclassified to interest expense is provided in Note 12: Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax. Information about the valuation methods used to measure fair value is provided in Note 16: Fair Value Measurements.

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Offsetting Derivatives

Webster has entered into transactions with counterparties that are subject to a legally enforceable master netting agreement. Derivatives subject to a legally enforceable master netting agreement are reported on a net basis, net of cash collateral. Net positions are recorded in other assets for a net gain position and in other liabilities for a net loss position in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, there was $406 thousand cash collateral posted, that was not offset, at December 31, 2017.

The following table is presented on a gross basis, prior to the application of counterparty netting agreements:



	At December 31, 2017								At December 31, 2016
(In thousands)	Gross Amount		Relationship Offset		Cash Collateral Offset		Net Amount		Gross Amount		Relationship Offset		Cash Collateral Offset		Net Amount
Derivative instrument assets
Hedged Accounting	$	2,770	$	91	$	2,679	$	—	$	3,270	$	2,335	$	935	$	—
Non-Hedged Accounting	6,222		2,154		4,025		43		32,457		21,917		10,540		—
Total	$	8,992	$	2,245	$	6,704	$	43	$	35,727	$	24,252	$	11,475	$	—

Derivative instrument liabilities
Hedged Accounting	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	792	$	792	$	—	$	—
Non-Hedged Accounting	2,387		2,245		—		142		24,508		23,462		600		446
Total	$	2,387	$	2,245	$	—	$	142	$	25,300	$	24,254	$	600	$	446

Counterparty Credit Risk

Use of derivative contracts may expose the bank to counterparty credit risk. The Company has International Swaps Derivative Association (ISDA) master agreements, including a Credit Support Annex, with all derivative counterparties. The ISDA master agreements provide that on each payment date, all amounts otherwise owing the same currency under the same transaction are netted so that only a single amount is owed in that currency. The ISDA provides, if the parties so elect, for such netting of amounts in the same currency among all transactions identified as being subject to such election that have common payment dates and booking offices. Under the Credit Support Annex, daily net exposure in excess of a negotiated threshold is secured by posted cash collateral. The Company has negotiated a zero threshold with the majority of its approved financial institution counterparties. In accordance with Webster policies, institutional counterparties must be analyzed and approved through the Company’s credit approval process.

The Company’s credit exposure on interest rate derivatives with non-dealer counterparties is limited to the net favorable value, including accrued interest, of all such instruments, reduced by the amount of collateral pledged by the counterparties. The Company's credit exposure related to derivatives with dealer counterparties is significantly mitigated with cash collateral equal to, or in excess of, the market value of the instrument updated daily.

In accordance with counterparty credit agreements and derivative clearing rules, the Company had approximately $3.1 million in net margin collateral received from financial counterparties at December 31, 2017, comprised of $32.0 million in initial margin posted and $35.1 million in variation margin collateral received from financial counterparties or the derivative clearing organization. Collateral levels for approved financial institution counterparties are monitored daily and adjusted as necessary. In the event of default, should the collateral not be returned, the exposure would be offset by terminating the transaction.

The Company regularly evaluates the credit risk of its counterparties, taking into account the likelihood of default, net exposures, and remaining contractual life, among other related factors. The Company's net current credit exposure relating to interest rate derivatives with Webster Bank customers was $23.0 million at December 31, 2017. In addition, the Company monitors potential future exposure, representing its best estimate of exposure to remaining contractual maturity. The potential future exposure relating to interest rate derivatives with Webster Bank customers totaled $28.2 million at December 31, 2017. The credit exposures are mitigated as transactions with customers are generally secured by the same collateral of the underlying transactions being hedged.

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Note 16: Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined using quoted market prices. However, in many instances, quoted market prices are not available. In such instances, fair values are determined using appropriate valuation techniques. Various assumptions and observable inputs must be relied upon in applying these techniques. Accordingly, categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. As such, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate transfer of the respective asset or liability.

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the entire holdings or any part of a particular financial instrument. Fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These factors are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore, cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair Value Hierarchy

The three levels within the fair value hierarchy are as follows:


•	Level 1: Valuation is based upon unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

•

Level 2: Fair value is calculated using significant inputs other than quoted market prices that are directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability. The valuation may rely on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (such as interest rates, volatilities, prepayment speeds, credit ratings, etc.), or inputs that are derived principally or corroborated by market data, by correlation, or other means.


•	Level 3: Inputs for determining the fair value of the respective assets or liabilities are not observable. Level 3 valuations are reliant upon pricing models and techniques that require significant management judgment or estimation.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Available-for-Sale Investment Securities. When quoted prices are available in an active market, the Company classifies investment securities within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. U.S. Treasury Bills are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

When quoted market prices are not available, the Company employs an independent pricing service that utilizes matrix pricing to calculate fair value. Such fair value measurements consider observable data such as dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, yield curves, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayments speeds, credit information, and respective terms and conditions for debt instruments. Management maintains procedures to monitor the pricing service's assumptions and establishes processes to challenge the pricing service's valuations that appear unusual unexpected. Available-for-Sale investment securities which include Agency CMO, Agency MBS, Agency CMBS, CMBS, CLO, single issuer-trust preferred, and corporate debt, are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Derivative Instruments. Foreign exchange contracts are valued based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

All other derivative instruments are valued using third-party valuation software, which considers the present value of cash flows discounted using observable forward rate assumptions. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange have amended their rulebooks to legally characterize variation margin payments for over-the-counter derivatives that clear as settlements rather than collateral, effective January 3, 2017. One of Webster's counterparty relationships was impacted by this change, resulting in the fair value of the instrument including cash collateral as a single unit of account. The resulting fair values are validated against valuations performed by independent third parties and are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. In determining if any fair value adjustment related to credit risk is required, Webster evaluates the credit risk of its counterparties by considering factors such as the likelihood of default by the counterparties, its net exposures, the remaining contractual life, as well as the amount of collateral securing the position. Webster reviews its counterparty exposure on a regular basis, and, when necessary, appropriate business actions are taken to adjust the exposure. When determining fair value, Webster applies the portfolio exception with respect to measuring counterparty credit risk for all of its derivative transactions subject to a master netting arrangement.

The change in value of derivative assets and liabilities attributable to credit risk was not significant during the reported periods.

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Mortgage Banking Derivatives. Forward sales of mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities are utilized by the Company in its efforts to manage risk of loss associated with its mortgage loan commitments and mortgage loans held for sale. Prior to closing and funding certain single-family residential mortgage loans, an interest rate lock commitment is generally extended to the borrower. During the period from commitment date to closing date, the Company is subject to the risk that market rates of interest may change. If market rates rise, investors generally will pay less to purchase such loans resulting in a reduction in the gain on sale of the loans or, possibly, a loss. In an effort to mitigate such risk, forward delivery sales commitments are established, under which the Company agrees to deliver whole mortgage loans to various investors or issue mortgage-backed securities. The fair value of mortgage banking derivatives is determined based on current market prices for similar assets in the secondary market and, therefore, classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Investments Held in Rabbi Trust. Investments held in the Rabbi Trust primarily include mutual funds that invest in equity and fixed income securities. Shares of mutual funds are valued based on net asset value, which represents quoted market prices for the underlying shares held in the mutual funds. Therefore, investments held in the Rabbi Trust are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Webster has elected to measure the investments held in the Rabbi Trust at fair value. The cost basis of the investments held in the Rabbi Trust is $2.2 million as of December 31, 2017.

Alternative Investments. Alternative investments are non-public entities that cannot be redeemed since the Company’s investment is distributed as the underlying equity is liquidated. Alternative investments in which the ownership percentage is greater than 3% are fair valued on a recurring basis based upon the net asset value of the respective fund. Alternative investments in which the ownership percentage is less than 3% are fair valued on a non-recurring basis. These alternative investments are recorded at cost, subject to impairment testing. Both recurring and non-recurring alternative investments are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, as they are non-public entities that cannot be redeemed since the Company's investment is distributed as the underlying investments are liquidated. At December 31, 2017, the alternative investments book value was $18.0 million and there was $9.1 million in remaining unfunded commitments.

Originated Loans Held For Sale. Residential mortgage loans typically are classified as held for sale upon origination based on management's intent to sell such loans. The Company generally records residential mortgage loans held for sale under the fair value option of ASC Topic 825 "Financial Instruments." The fair value of residential mortgage loans held for sale is based on quoted market prices of similar loans sold in conjunction with securitization transactions. Accordingly, such loans are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

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Summaries of the fair values of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows:



	At December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets held at fair value:
U.S. Treasury Bills	$	1,247	$	—	$	—	$	1,247
Agency CMO	—		306,333		—		306,333
Agency MBS	—		1,107,841		—		1,107,841
Agency CMBS	—		588,026		—		588,026
CMBS	—		361,067		—		361,067
CLO	—		209,851		—		209,851
Single issuer-trust preferred	—		7,050		—		7,050
Corporate debt	—		56,622		—		56,622
Total available-for-sale investment securities	1,247		2,636,790		—		2,638,037
Gross derivative instruments, before netting ⁽¹⁾	258		32,257		—		32,515
Investments held in Rabbi Trust	4,801		—		—		4,801
Alternative investments	—		—		7,460		7,460
Originated loans held for sale	—		20,888		—		20,888
Total financial assets held at fair value	$	6,306	$	2,689,935	$	7,460	$	2,703,701
Financial liabilities held at fair value:
Gross derivative instruments, before netting ⁽¹⁾	$	587	$	27,836	$	—	$	28,423



	At December 31, 2016
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets held at fair value:
U.S. Treasury Bills	$	734	$	—	$	—	$	734
Agency CMO	—		419,706		—		419,706
Agency MBS	—		954,349		—		954,349
Agency CMBS	—		573,272		—		573,272
CMBS	—		477,365		—		477,365
CLO	—		427,390		—		427,390
Single issuer-trust preferred	—		28,633		—		28,633
Corporate debt	—		109,642		—		109,642
Total available-for-sale investment securities	734		2,990,357		—		2,991,091
Gross derivative instruments, before netting ⁽¹⁾	250		77,387		—		77,637
Investments held in Rabbi Trust	5,119		—		—		5,119
Alternative investments	—		—		5,502		5,502
Originated loans held for sale	—		60,260		—		60,260
Total financial assets held at fair value	$	6,103	$	3,128,004	$	5,502	$	3,139,609
Financial liabilities held at fair value:
Gross derivative instruments, before netting ⁽¹⁾	$	120	$	45,069	$	—	$	45,189


(1)	For information relating to the impact of netting derivative assets and derivative liabilities as well as the impact from offsetting cash collateral paid to the same derivative counterparties see Note 15: Derivative Financial Instruments.

The following table presents the changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:



(In thousands)	Alternative Investments
Balance at January 1, 2017	$	5,502
Unrealized gain included in net income	613
Purchases/capital funding	1,399
Payments	(54		)
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	7,460

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Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis

Certain assets are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis; that is, the assets are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, for example, when there is evidence of impairment. The following is a description of valuation methodologies used for assets measured on a non-recurring basis.

Transferred Loans Held For Sale. Certain loans are transferred to loans held for sale once a decision has been made to sell such loans. These loans are accounted for at the lower of cost or market and are considered to be recognized at fair value when they are recorded at below cost. This activity is primarily commercial loans with observable inputs and are classified within Level 2. On the occasion should these loans include adjustments for changes in loan characteristics using unobservable inputs, the loans would be classified within Level 3.

Collateral Dependent Impaired Loans and Leases. Impaired loans and leases for which repayment is expected to be provided solely by the value of the underlying collateral are considered collateral dependent and are valued based on the estimated fair value of such collateral using customized discounting criteria. As such, collateral dependent impaired loans and leases are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets. The total book value of OREO and repossessed assets was $6.1 million at December 31, 2017. OREO and repossessed assets are accounted for at the lower of cost or market and are considered to be recognized at fair value when they are recorded at below cost. The fair value of OREO is based on independent appraisals or internal valuation methods, less estimated selling costs. The valuation may consider available pricing guides, auction results, and price opinions. Certain assets require assumptions about factors that are not observable in an active market in the determination of fair value, as such, OREO and repossessed assets are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The table below presents the valuation methodology and unobservable inputs for Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2017:



(Dollars in thousands)
Asset	Fair Value		Valuation Methodology	Unobservable Inputs	Range of Inputs
Collateral dependent impaired loans and leases	$	12,556	Real Estate Appraisals	Discount for appraisal type	0%	-	15	%
				Discount for costs to sell	0%	-	8	%
OREO	$	1,077	Real Estate Appraisals	Discount for appraisal type	0%	-	20	%
				Discount for costs to sell	8%

Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Servicing Assets

The Company is required to disclose the estimated fair value of financial instruments, both assets and liabilities, for which it is practicable to estimate fair value. The following is a description of valuation methodologies used for those assets and liabilities.

Cash, Due from Banks, and Interest-bearing Deposits. The carrying amount of cash, due from banks, and interest-bearing deposits is used to approximate fair value, given the short time frame to maturity and, as such, these assets do not present unanticipated credit concerns. Cash, due from banks, and interest-bearing deposits are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

Held-to-Maturity Investment Securities. When quoted market prices are not available, the Company employs an independent pricing service that utilizes matrix pricing to calculate fair value. Such fair value measurements consider observable data such as dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, yield curves, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayments speeds, credit information, and respective terms and conditions for debt instruments. Management maintains procedures to monitor the pricing service's assumptions and establishes processes to challenge the pricing service's valuations that appear unusual or unexpected. Held-to-Maturity investment securities, which include Agency CMO, Agency MBS, Agency CMBS, CMBS, municipal bonds and notes, and private label MBS securities, are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Loans and Leases, net. The estimated fair value of loans and leases held for investment is calculated using a discounted cash flow method, using future prepayments and market interest rates inclusive of an illiquidity premium for comparable loans and leases. The associated cash flows are adjusted for credit and other potential losses. Fair value for impaired loans and leases is estimated using the net present value of the expected cash flows. Loans and leases are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Deposit Liabilities. The fair value of demand deposits, savings accounts, and certain money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. Deposit liabilities are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Time Deposits. The fair value of a fixed-maturity certificate of deposit is estimated using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities. Time deposits are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

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Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase and Other Borrowings. The carrying value is an estimate of fair value for those securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings that mature within 90 days. The fair values of all other borrowings are estimated using discounted cash flow analysis based on current market rates adjusted, as appropriate, for associated credit risks. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Federal Home Loan Bank Advances and Long-Term Debt. The fair value of FHLB advances and long-term debt is estimated using a discounted cash flow technique. Discount rates are matched with the time period of the expected cash flow and are adjusted, as appropriate, to reflect credit risk. FHLB advances and long-term debt are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Mortgage Servicing Assets. Mortgage servicing assets are accounted for at cost, subject to impairment testing. Mortgage servicing assets are considered to be recognized at fair value when they are recorded at below cost. Changes in fair value are included as a component of other non-interest income in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Fair value is calculated as the present value of estimated future net servicing income and relies on market based assumptions for loan prepayment speeds, servicing costs, discount rates, and other economic factors; as such, the primary risk inherent in valuing mortgage servicing assets is the impact of fluctuating interest rates on the servicing revenue stream. Mortgage servicing assets are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The estimated fair values of selected financial instruments and servicing assets are as follows:



	At December 31,
	2017				2016
(In thousands)	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value
Financial Assets:
Level 2
Held-to-maturity investment securities	$	4,487,392	$	4,456,350	$	4,160,658	$	4,125,125
Transferred loans held for sale	—		—		7,317		7,444
Level 3
Loans and leases, net	17,323,864		17,211,619		16,832,268		16,678,106
Mortgage servicing assets	25,139		45,309		24,466		52,075
Alternative investments	10,562		12,940		11,034		13,189
Financial Liabilities:
Level 2
Deposit liabilities, other than time deposits	$	18,525,321	$	18,525,321	$	17,279,049	$	17,279,049
Time deposits	2,468,408		2,455,245		2,024,808		2,024,395
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowings	643,269		644,084		949,526		955,660
FHLB advances ⁽¹⁾	1,677,105		1,678,070		2,842,908		2,825,101
Long-term debt ⁽¹⁾	225,767		234,359		225,514		225,514


(1)	The following adjustments to the carrying amount are not included for determination of fair value, see Note 10: Borrowings:

•FHLB advances - unamortized premiums on advances

•Long-term debt - unamortized discount and debt issuance cost on senior fixed-rate notes

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Note 17: Retirement Benefit Plans

Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefits

Webster Bank offered a defined benefit noncontributory pension plan through December 31, 2007 for eligible employees who met certain minimum service and age requirements. Pension plan benefits are based upon employee earnings during the period of credited service. A supplemental defined benefit retirement plan (SERP) was also offered to certain employees who were at the Executive Vice President level or above through December 31, 2007. The SERP provides eligible participants with additional pension benefits. Webster Bank also provides other postretirement healthcare benefits to certain retired employees.

The Webster Bank Pension Plan and the SERP were frozen as of December 31, 2007. No additional benefits have been accrued since that time. Employees hired on or after January 1, 2007 receive no qualified or supplemental retirement income under the plans. All other employees accrue no additional qualified or supplemental retirement income after January 1, 2008, and the amount of their qualified and supplemental retirement income will not exceed the amount of benefits determined as of December 31, 2007.

There were $122 thousand and $124 thousand in company contributions to the SERP for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The mortality assumptions used in the pension liability assessment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were the RP-2014 adjusted to 2006 dataset mortality table projected to measurement date with Mercer's mortality improvement scale MMP-2017.

The measurement date is December 31 for the Webster Bank Pension Plan, SERP, and other postretirement healthcare benefits.

The following table sets forth changes in benefit obligation, changes in plan assets, and the funded status of the defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefits at December 31:



	Pension Plan						SERP						Other Benefits
(In thousands)	2017			2016			2017			2016			2017			2016
Change in benefit obligation:
Beginning balance	$	211,508		$	203,645		$	11,806		$	10,518		$	3,852		$	3,853
Service cost	50			45			—			—			—			—
Interest cost	7,314			8,441			375			389			92			125
Actuarial loss (gain)	18,396			6,108			1,037			1,023			(631		)	59
Benefits paid and administrative expenses	(7,950		)	(6,731		)	(122		)	(124		)	(219		)	(185		)
Ending balance ⁽¹⁾	229,318			211,508			13,096			11,806			3,094			3,852
Change in plan assets:
Beginning balance	192,922			161,369			—			—			—			—
Actual return on plan assets	31,253			18,284			—			—			—			—
Employer contributions	—			20,000			122			124			219			185
Benefits paid and administrative expenses	(7,950		)	(6,731		)	(122		)	(124		)	(219		)	(185		)
Ending balance	216,225			192,922			—			—			—			—
Funded status of the plan at year end ⁽²⁾	$	(13,093	)	$	(18,586	)	$	(13,096	)	$	(11,806	)	$	(3,094	)	$	(3,852	)


(1)	The accumulated benefit obligation for the defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefits was $245.5 million and $227.2 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.


(2)	The underfunded status amounts are included in accrued expense and other liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company expects that $5.1 million in net actuarial loss will be recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost in 2018.

The components of AOCL related to the defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefits at December 31, 2017 and 2016 are summarized below:



	Pension Plan				SERP				Other Benefits
(In thousands)	2017		2016		2017		2016		2017			2016
Net actuarial loss (gain)	$	59,433	$	65,857	$	3,299	$	3,009	$	(16	)	$	616
Prior service cost	—		—		—		—		—			—
Total pre-tax amounts included in AOCL	59,433		65,857		3,299		3,009		(16		)	616
Deferred tax benefit	13,407		23,727		744		1,084		(3		)	222
Amounts included in accumulated AOCL, net of tax	$	46,026	$	42,130	$	2,555	$	1,925	$	(13	)	$	394

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Expected future benefit payments for the defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefits are presented below:



(In thousands)	Pension Plan		SERP		Other Benefits
2018	$	9,009	$	11,371	$	354
2019	8,630		130		342
2020	9,065		132		328
2021	9,792		132		311
2022	10,425		131		292
2023-2027	55,206		651		1,125

The components of the net periodic benefit cost (benefit) for the defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefits were as follows for the years ended December 31:



	Pension Plan									SERP						Other Benefits
(In thousands)	2017			2016			2015			2017		2016		2015		2017		2016		2015
Service cost	$	50		$	45		$	45		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Interest cost on benefit obligations	7,314			8,441			8,008			375		389		345		92		125		123
Expected return on plan assets	(12,296		)	(11,461		)	(11,873		)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Amortization of prior service cost	—			—			—			—		—		—		—		14		73
Recognized net loss	5,864			6,665			5,724			748		426		390		—		35		47
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	$	932		$	3,690		$	1,904		$	1,123	$	815	$	735	$	92	$	174	$	243

Changes in funded status related to the defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefits and recognized as a component of OCI in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income as follows for the years ended December 31:



	Pension Plan									SERP									Other Benefits
(In thousands)	2017			2016			2015			2017			2016			2015			2017			2016			2015
Net (gain) loss	$	(561	)	$	(715	)	$	8,525		$	1,037		$	1,023		$	372		$	(631	)	$	60		$	(178	)
Amounts reclassified from AOCL	(5,864		)	(6,665		)	(5,724		)	(748		)	(426		)	(390		)	—			(35		)	(47		)
Amortization of prior service cost	—			—			—			—			—			—			—			(14		)	(73		)
Total (gain) loss recognized in OCI	$	(6,425	)	$	(7,380	)	$	2,801		$	289		$	597		$	(18	)	$	(631	)	$	11		$	(298	)

Fair Value Measurements

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for the pension plan assets measured at fair value, including the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy:

Registered investment companies. Exchange traded funds are quoted at market prices in an exchange and active market, which represent the net asset values of shares held by the plan at year end. Money market funds are shown at cost, which approximates fair value. The exchange traded fund is benchmarked against the Standard & Poor's 500 Index.

Common collective trust funds. The net asset value (NAV), as provided by the trustee, is used as the fair value of the investments. The NAV is based on the fair value of the underlying investments held by the fund less its liabilities. Plan transactions (purchases and sales) may occur daily. Were the Plan to initiate a full redemption of the collective trust, the investment adviser reserves the right to temporarily delay withdrawal from the trust in order to ensure that securities liquidations will be carried out in an orderly business manner. The common collective trust funds performance are benchmarked against the Standard and Poor’s 500 Stock Index, the S&P 400 Mid Cap Index, the Russell 2000 Index, the MSCI ACWI ex U.S. Index, and the Barclays Capital U.S. Long Credit Index.

Investment contract with insurance company. These investments are valued at fair value by discounting the related cash flows based on current yields of similar instruments with comparable durations considering the credit-worthiness of the issuer. Holdings of insurance company investment contracts are classified as Level 3 investments.

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A summary of the fair value and hierarchy classification of financial assets of the pension plan is as follows:



	At December 31,
	2017								2016
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Registered investment companies:
Exchange traded funds	$	37,848	$	—	$	—	$	37,848	$	31,526	$	—	$	—	$	31,526
Cash and cash equivalents	1,115		—		—		1,115		701		—		—		701
Common collective trust funds:
Fixed Income funds	—		107,430		—		107,430		—		96,429		—		96,429
Equity Funds	—		69,832		—		69,832		—		63,285		—		63,285
Insurance company investment contract	—		—		—		—		—		—		793		793
Total	$	38,963	$	177,262	$	—	$	216,225	$	32,227	$	159,714	$	793	$	192,734

The following table sets forth a summary of changes in the fair value of Level 3 assets of the pension plan:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016
Beginning balance	$	793		$	934
Employer contributions	78			—
Unrealized gains relating to instruments still held at the reporting date	—			(10		)
Benefit payments, administrative expenses	(166		)	(131		)
Asset sales	(705		)	—
Ending balance	$	—		$	793

Asset Management

The following table presents the target allocation and the pension plan asset allocation for the periods indicated, by asset category:



	Target Allocation		Percentage of Pension Plan assets
	2018		2017		2016
Fixed income investments	55	%	50	%	51	%
Equity investments	45		50		49
Total	100	%	100	%	100	%

The Retirement Plan Committee is a fiduciary under ERISA and is charged with the responsibility for directing and monitoring the investment management of the pension plan. To assist the Retirement Plan Committee in this function, it engages the services of investment managers and advisors who possess the necessary expertise to manage the pension plan assets within the established investment policy guidelines and objectives. The investment policy guidelines and objectives is reviewed at a minimum annually by the Retirement Plan Committee.

The primary objective of the pension plan investment strategy is to provide long-term total return through capital appreciation and dividend and interest income. The Plan invests in registered investment companies and bank collective trusts. The volatility, as measured by standard deviation, of the pension plan assets should not exceed that of the Composite Index. The investment policy guidelines allow the pension plan assets to be invested in certain types of cash equivalents, fixed income securities, equity securities, mutual funds, and collective trusts. Investments in mutual funds and collective trust funds are substantially limited to funds with the securities characteristic of their assigned benchmarks.

The pension plan investment strategy is designed to maintain a diversified portfolio, with a target average long-term rate of 6.50%, however, there is no certainty that the portfolio will perform to expectations. Asset allocations are monitored monthly, and the portfolio is rebalanced as needed.

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 are as follows:



	Pension Plan				SERP				Other Benefits
	2017		2016		2017		2016		2017		2016
Discount rate	3.50	%	4.01	%	3.30	%	3.63	%	3.00	%	3.27	%
Rate of compensation increase	n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a

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Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31 are as follows:



	Pension Plan						SERP						Other Benefits
	2017		2016		2015		2017		2016		2015		2017		2016		2015
Discount rate	4.01	%	4.20	%	3.85	%	3.63	%	3.75	%	3.50	%	3.27	%	3.35	%	3.15	%
Expected long-term return on assets	6.50	%	7.00	%	7.00	%	n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a
Rate of compensation increase	n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a
Assumed healthcare cost trend	n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a		7.50	%	8.25	%	8.00	%

The assumed healthcare cost-trend rate is 7.50% for 2017 and 2018, declining 1.0% each year thereafter until 2024 when the rate will be 4.60%. An increase of 1.0% in the assumed healthcare cost-trend rate for 2017 would have increased the net periodic postretirement benefit cost by $5 thousand and increased the accumulated benefit obligation by $148 thousand. A decrease of 1.0% in the assumed healthcare cost trend rate for 2017 would have decreased the net periodic postretirement benefit cost by $5 thousand and decreased the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation by $134 thousand.

Multiple-employer plan

Webster Bank, for the benefit of former employees of a bank acquired by the Company, is a sponsor of a multiple-employer pension plan that does not segregate the assets or liabilities of its employers participating in the plan. According to the plan administrator, as of July 1, 2017, the date of the latest actuarial valuation, Webster Bank’s portion of this plan was under-funded by $0.8 million.

The following table sets forth contributions and funding status of Webster Bank's portion of this plan:



(Dollars in thousands)			Contributions by Webster Bank for the year ended December 31,			Funded Status of the Plan at December 31,
Plan Name	Employer Identification Number	Plan Number	2017	2016	2015	2017	2016
Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan for Financial Institutions	13-5645888	333	$614	$690	$340	At least 80 percent	At least 80 percent

Multi-employer accounting is applied to the Fund. As a multiple-employer pension plan, there are no collective bargained contracts affecting its contribution or benefit provisions. Any shortfall amortization basis is being amortized over seven years, as required by the Pension Protection Act. All benefit accruals were frozen as of September 1, 2004. The Company's contributions to this plan did not exceed more than 5% of total contributions in the plan for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015.

Webster Bank Retirement Savings Plan

Webster Bank provides an employee retirement savings plan governed by section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Webster Bank matches 100% of the first 2% and 50% of the next 6% of employees’ pre-tax contributions based on annual compensation. If a participant fails to make a pre-tax contribution election within 90 days of his or her date of hire, automatic pre-tax contributions will commence 90 days after his or her date of hire at a rate equal to 3% of compensation.

Compensation and benefit expense included $12.0 million, $11.1 million, and $10.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, for employer contributions.

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Note 18: Share-Based Plans

Stock compensation plans

Webster maintains stock compensation plans under which non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, or stock appreciation rights may be granted to employees and directors. The Company believes these share awards better align the interests of its employees with those of its shareholders. Stock compensation cost is recognized over the required service vesting period for the awards, based on the grant-date fair value, net of estimated forfeitures, and is included as a component of compensation and benefits reflected in non-interest expense. The Plans have shareholder approval for up to 13.4 million shares of common stock. At December 31, 2017, there were 2.6 million common shares remaining available for grant, while no stock appreciation rights have been granted.

The following table provides a summary of stock compensation expense and income tax benefits associated with stock compensation recognized in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016		2015
Stock options	$	—	$	43	$	379
Restricted stock	12,276		11,395		10,556
Total stock compensation expense	$	12,276	$	11,438	$	10,935

Income tax benefit ⁽¹⁾	$	11,849	$	4,132	$	3,903


(1)	The income tax benefit in 2017 includes $7.1 million of excess tax benefits recognized under ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Improvements to Employee Share Based Payment Accounting, which the Company adopted effective January 1, 2017.

At December 31, 2017 there was $13.5 million of unrecognized stock compensation expense for restricted stock, expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.

The following table provides a summary of the activity under the stock compensation plans for the year ended December 31, 2017:



	Unvested Restricted Stock Awards									Stock Options Outstanding
	Time-Based						Performance-Based			Stock Options Outstanding
	Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Units	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Balance at January 1, 2017	253,361	$	32.24	2,158	$	32.89	116,184	$	33.62	1,072,974	$	21.24
Granted	168,369	54.76		8,129	56.07		89,581	56.18		—	—
Exercised options	—	—		—	—		—	—		399,935	25.42
Vested restricted stock awards ⁽¹⁾	194,986	37.16		10,287	51.21		117,695	42.09		—	—
Forfeited	18,944	35.58		—	—		9,154	43.10		—	—
Balance at December 31, 2017	207,800	$	43.16	—	$	—	78,916	$	45.35	673,039	$	18.75


(1)	Vested for purposes of recording compensation expense.

Time-based restricted stock. Time-based restricted stock awards vest over the applicable service period ranging from 1 to 5 years. The number of time-based awards that may be granted to an eligible individual in a calendar year is limited to 100,000 shares. Compensation expense is recorded over the vesting period based on fair value, which is measured using the Company's common stock closing price at the date of grant.

Performance-based restricted stock. Performance-based restricted stock awards vest after a 3 year performance period. The awards vest with a share quantity dependent on that performance, in a range from zero to 150%. For the performance-based shares granted in 2017, 50% vest based upon Webster's ranking for total shareholder return versus Webster's compensation peer group companies and 50% vest based upon Webster's average of return on equity during the 3 year vesting period. The compensation peer group companies are utilized because they represent the financial institutions that best compare with Webster. The Company records compensation expense over the vesting period, based on a fair value calculated using the Monte-Carlo simulation model, which allows for the incorporation of the performance condition for the 50% of the performance-based shares tied to total shareholder return versus the compensation peer group, and based on a fair value of the market price on the date of grant for the remaining 50% of the performance-based shares tied to Webster's return on equity. Compensation expense is subject to adjustment based on management's assessment of Webster's return on equity performance relative to the target number of shares condition.

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The total fair value of restricted stock awards vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 was $12.7 million, $11.6 million, and $11.6 million, respectively.

Stock options. Stock option awards have an exercise price equal to the market price of Webster's stock on the date of grant. Each option grants the holder the right to acquire a share of Webster common stock over a contractual life of up to 10 years. There have been no stock options granted since 2013. All awarded options have vested. There were 639,151 non-qualified stock options and 33,888 incentive stock options outstanding at December 31, 2017.

Aggregate intrinsic value represents the total pretax intrinsic value (the difference between Webster's closing stock price on the last trading day of the year and the weighted-average exercise price, multiplied by the number of shares) that would have been received by the option holders had they all exercised their options at that time. At December 31, 2017, as all awarded options have vested, all of the outstanding options are exercisable, and the aggregate intrinsic value of these options was $25.2 million. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 was $11.1 million, $6.4 million, and $4.3 million, respectively.

The following table summarizes information for options, all of which are both outstanding and exercisable, at December 31, 2017:



Range of Exercise Prices	Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)	Weighted-Average Exercise Price
$ 5.14 - 12.85	222,947	1.2	$	9.43
$ 22.04 - 25.15	450,092	4.5	23.37
	673,039	3.4	$	18.75

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Note 19: Segment Reporting

Webster’s operations are organized into three reportable segments that represent its primary businesses - Commercial Banking, HSA Bank, and Community Banking. These three segments reflect how executive management responsibilities are assigned, the primary businesses, the products and services provided, the type of customer served, and how discrete financial information is currently evaluated. The Corporate Treasury unit of the Company, along with the amounts required to reconcile profitability metrics to amounts reported in accordance with GAAP, are included in the Corporate and Reconciling category.

Description of Segment Reporting Methodology

Webster allocates interest income and interest expense to each business, while also transferring the primary interest rate risk exposures to the Corporate and Reconciling category, using a matched maturity funding concept called Funds Transfer Pricing. The allocation process considers the specific interest rate risk and liquidity risk of financial instruments and other assets and liabilities in each line of business. The matched maturity funding concept considers the origination date and the earlier of the maturity date or the repricing date of a financial instrument to assign an FTP rate for loans and deposits originated each day. Loans are assigned an FTP rate for funds used and deposits are assigned an FTP rate for funds provided. This process is executed by the Company’s Financial Planning and Analysis division and is overseen by ALCO.

Webster allocates the provision for loan and lease losses to each segment based on management’s estimate of the inherent loss content in each of the specific loan and lease portfolios. Provision expense for certain elements of risk that are not deemed specifically attributable to a reportable segment, such as the provision for the consumer liquidating portfolio, is shown as part of the Corporate and Reconciling category.

Segment Reporting Modifications

The 2016 segment results have been adjusted for comparability to the 2017 segment presentation for the following changes.

•

In late 2007 Webster discontinued its indirect residential construction lending and its indirect home equity lending outside of its primary New England market area referred to as National Wholesale Lending. Webster placed these two portfolios into a liquidating loan portfolio included within the Corporate and Reconciling category. The balance of the home equity liquidating loan portfolio was $65.0 million at December 31, 2016. As the remainder of this portfolio has been performing in the same manner as the continuing home equity portfolio, management has decided to combine the liquidating loan portfolio with the continuing home equity loan portfolio. The combined portfolio is included in the Community Banking reportable segment.

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The following tables present the operating results, including all appropriate allocations, for Webster’s reportable segments and the Corporate and Reconciling category:



	Year ended December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Commercial Banking		Community Banking		HSA Bank		Corporate and Reconciling	Consolidated Total
Net interest income (loss)	$	322,393	$	383,700	$	104,704	$(14,510)	$	796,287
Provision (benefit) for loan and lease losses	38,518		2,382		—		—	40,900
Net interest income (loss) after provision for loan and lease losses	283,875		381,318		104,704		(14,510)	755,387
Non-interest income	55,194		107,368		77,378		19,538	259,478
Non-interest expense	154,037		373,081		113,143		20,814	661,075
Income (loss) before income tax expense	185,032		115,605		68,939		(15,786)	353,790
Income tax expense (benefit)	51,438		32,137		19,165		(4,389)	98,351
Net income (loss)	$	133,594	$	83,468	$	49,774	$(11,397)	$	255,439



	Year ended December 31, 2016
(In thousands)	Commercial Banking		Community Banking		HSA Bank		Corporate and Reconciling			Consolidated Total
Net interest income (loss)	$	287,596	$	367,137	$	81,451	$	(17,671	)	$	718,513
Provision (benefit) for loan and lease losses	37,455		18,895		—		—			56,350
Net interest income (loss) after provision for loan and lease losses	250,141		348,242		81,451		(17,671		)	662,163
Non-interest income	57,253		110,197		71,710		25,318			264,478
Non-interest expense	138,379		369,132		97,152		18,528			623,191
Income (loss) before income tax expense	169,015		89,307		56,009		(10,881		)	303,450
Income tax expense (benefit)	53,649		28,348		17,779		(3,453		)	96,323
Net income (loss)	$	115,366	$	60,959	$	38,230	$	(7,428	)	$	207,127



	Year ended December 31, 2015
(In thousands)	Commercial Banking		Community Banking		HSA Bank		Corporate and Reconciling			Consolidated Total
Net interest income (loss)	$	266,085	$	356,881	$	73,433	$	(31,774	)	$	664,625
Provision (benefit) for loan and lease losses	30,546		18,754		—		—			49,300
Net interest income (loss) after provision for loan and lease losses	235,539		338,127		73,433		(31,774		)	615,325
Non-interest income	46,967		108,647		62,475		19,688			237,777
Non-interest expense	129,499		335,834		81,449		8,559			555,341
Income (loss) before income tax expense	153,007		110,940		54,459		(20,645		)	297,761
Income tax expense (benefit)	47,804		34,605		17,016		(6,393		)	93,032
Net income (loss)	$	105,203	$	76,335	$	37,443	$	(14,252	)	$	204,729

The following table presents total assets for Webster's reportable segments and the Corporate and Reconciling category:



	Total Assets
(In thousands)	Commercial Banking		Community Banking		HSA Bank		Corporate and Reconciling		Consolidated Total
At December 31, 2017	$	9,350,028	$	8,909,671	$	76,308	$	8,151,638	$	26,487,645
At December 31, 2016	9,069,445		8,721,046		83,987		8,198,051		26,072,529

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Note 20: Commitments and Contingencies

Lease Commitments

Webster is obligated under various non-cancelable operating leases for properties used as banking centers and other office facilities. The leases contain renewal options and escalation clauses which provide for increased rental expense, or for equipment upgrades. Rental expense under the leases was $31.1 million, $30.4 million, and $21.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, and is recorded as a component of occupancy expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.

Rental income from sub-leases on certain of these properties is netted as a component of occupancy expense, while rental income under various non-cancelable operating leases for properties owned is recorded as a component of other non-interest income in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Rental income was $0.7 million, $0.8 million, and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015.

The following table summarizes future minimum rental payments and receipts under lease agreements:



	At December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Rental Payments		Rental Receipts
2018	$	29,181	$	717
2019	28,035		592
2020	26,254		488
2021	24,552		395
2022	20,885		353
Thereafter	77,541		1,438
Total future minimum rental payments and receipts	$	206,448	$	3,983

Credit-Related Financial Instruments

The Company offers credit-related financial instruments, in the normal course of business to meet certain financing needs of its customers, that involve off-balance sheet risk. These transactions may include an unused commitment to extend credit, standby letter of credit, or commercial letter of credit. Such transactions involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk.

The following table summarizes the outstanding amounts of credit-related financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk:



	At December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016
Commitments to extend credit	$	5,567,687	$	5,224,280
Standby letter of credit	195,902		128,985
Commercial letter of credit	43,200		46,497
Total credit-related financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk	$	5,806,789	$	5,399,762

Commitments to Extend Credit. The Company makes commitments under various terms to lend funds to customers at a future point in time. These commitments include revolving credit arrangements, term loan commitments, and short-term borrowing agreements. Most of these loans have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses where a fee may be required. Since commitments routinely expire without being funded, or after required availability of collateral occurs, the total commitment amount does not necessarily represent future liquidity requirements.

Standby Letter of Credit. A standby letter of credit commits the Company to make payments on behalf of customers if certain specified future events occur. The Company has recourse against the customer for any amount required to be paid to a third party under a standby letter of credit, which is often part of a larger credit agreement under which security is provided. Historically, a large percentage of standby letters of credit expire without being funded. The contractual amount of a standby letter of credit represents the maximum amount of potential future payments the Company could be required to make, and is the Company's maximum credit risk.

Commercial Letter of Credit. A commercial letter of credit is issued to facilitate either domestic or foreign trade arrangements for customers. As a general rule, drafts are committed to be drawn when the goods underlying the transaction are in transit. Similar to a standby letter of credit, a commercial letter of credit is often secured by an underlying security agreement including the assets or inventory they relate to.

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These commitments subject the Company to potential exposure in excess of amounts recorded in the financial statements, and therefore, management maintains a specific reserve for unfunded credit commitments. This reserve is reported as a component of accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table provides a summary of activity in the reserve for unfunded credit commitments:



	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016		2015
Beginning balance	$	2,287	$	2,119	$	5,151
Provision (benefit)	75		168		(3,032		)
Ending balance	$	2,362	$	2,287	$	2,119

The change in the provision is attributable to a benefit recorded in 2015. The benefit was the result of a change in a key assumption used in calculating expected incremental utilization of credit. The updated assumption is based on a more detailed analysis of customer behavior and performance in the months prior to a charge-off, rather than a general overall utilization rate, which should result in a better estimate of potential loss on credit-related financial instruments.

Litigation

Webster is involved in routine legal proceedings occurring in the ordinary course of business and is subject to loss contingencies related to such litigation and claims arising therefrom. Webster evaluates these contingencies based on information currently available, including advice of counsel and assessment of available insurance coverage. Webster establishes accruals for litigation and claims when a loss contingency is considered probable and the related amount is reasonably estimable. These accruals are periodically reviewed and may be adjusted as circumstances change. Webster also estimates certain loss contingencies for possible litigation and claims, whether or not there is an accrued probable loss. Webster believes it has defenses to all the claims asserted against it in existing litigation matters and intends to defend itself in all matters.

Based upon its current knowledge, after consultation with counsel and after taking into consideration its current litigation accruals, Webster believes that at December 31, 2017 any reasonably possible losses, in addition to amounts accrued, are not material to Webster’s consolidated financial condition. However, in light of the uncertainties involved in such actions and proceedings, there is no assurance that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not significantly exceed the amounts currently accrued by Webster or that the Company’s litigation accrual will not need to be adjusted in future periods. Such an outcome could be material to the Company’s operating results in a particular period, depending on, among other factors, the size of the loss or liability imposed and the level of the Company’s income for that period.

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Note 21: Parent Company Information

Financial information for the Parent Company only is presented in the following tables:



Condensed Balance Sheets
	December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016
Assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	181,085	$	152,947
Intercompany debt securities	150,000		150,000
Investment in subsidiaries	2,585,955		2,425,398
Alternative investments	2,939		4,275
Other assets	13,252		24,659
Total assets	$	2,933,231	$	2,757,279
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity:
Senior notes	$	148,447	$	148,194
Junior subordinated debt	77,320		77,320
Accrued interest payable	2,616		2,589
Due to subsidiaries	575		365
Other liabilities	2,315		1,799
Total liabilities	231,273		230,267
Shareholders’ equity	2,701,958		2,527,012
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	2,933,231	$	2,757,279



Condensed Statements of Income
	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017		2016			2015
Operating Income:
Dividend income from bank subsidiary	$	120,000	$	145,000		$	110,000
Interest on securities and deposits	4,477		1,911			546
Loss on sale of investment securities	—		(2,410		)	—
Alternative investments income	1,504		176			2,274
Other non-interest income	204		7,485			152
Total operating income	126,185		152,162			112,972
Operating Expense:
Interest expense on borrowings	10,380		9,981			9,665
Compensation and benefits	12,425		11,461			10,965
Other non-interest expense	10,583		6,278			6,005
Total operating expense	33,388		27,720			26,635
Income before income tax benefit and equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries and associated companies	92,797		124,442			86,337
Income tax benefit	3,004		3,086			2,929
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries and associated companies	159,638		79,599			115,463
Net income	$	255,439	$	207,127		$	204,729

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Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income
	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016			2015
Net income	$	255,439		$	207,127		$	204,729
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale securities	—			584			(2,109		)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments	1,216			1,223			1,223
Other comprehensive loss of subsidiaries and associated companies	(106		)	(694		)	(20,959		)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	1,110			1,113			(21,845		)
Comprehensive income	$	256,549		$	208,240		$	182,884



Condensed Statements of Cash Flows
	Years ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2017			2016			2015
Operating activities:
Net income	$	255,439		$	207,127		$	204,729
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries and associated companies	(159,638		)	(79,599		)	(115,463		)
Stock-based compensation	12,276			11,438			10,935
Gain on redemption of other assets	—			(7,331		)	—
Other, net	7,880			(3,736		)	9,066
Net cash provided by operating activities	115,957			127,899			109,267
Investing activities:
Proceeds from sale of available for sale securities	—			1,089			—
Purchases of intercompany debt securities	—			(150,000		)	—
Proceeds from the sale of other assets	7,581			—			—
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	7,581			(148,911		)	—
Financing activities:
Preferred stock issued	145,056			—			—
Preferred stock redeemed	(122,710		)	—			—
Cash dividends paid to common shareholders	(94,630		)	(89,522		)	(80,964		)
Cash dividends paid to preferred shareholders	(8,096		)	(8,096		)	(8,711		)
Exercise of stock options	8,259			11,762			3,060
Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation	—			3,204			2,338
Common stock repurchased/shares acquired related to employee share-based plans	(23,279		)	(22,870		)	(17,815		)
Common stock warrants repurchased	—			(163		)	(23		)
Net cash used for financing activities	(95,400		)	(105,685		)	(102,115		)
Increase (decrease) in cash and due from banks	28,138			(126,697		)	7,152
Cash and due from banks at beginning of year	152,947			279,644			272,492
Cash and due from banks at end of year	$	181,085		$	152,947		$	279,644

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Note 22: Selected Quarterly Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited)



	2017
(In thousands, except per share data)	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter		Fourth Quarter
Interest income	$	219,680	$	226,789	$	231,021	$	236,115
Interest expense	27,016		29,002		30,117		31,183
Net interest income	192,664		197,787		200,904		204,932
Provision for loan and lease losses	10,500		7,250		10,150		13,000
Non-interest income	63,042		64,551		65,846		66,039
Non-interest expense	163,784		164,419		161,823		171,049
Income before income tax expense	81,422		90,669		94,777		86,922
Income tax expense	21,951		29,090		30,281		17,029
Net income	$	59,471	$	61,579	$	64,496	$	69,893

Earnings applicable to common shareholders	$	57,342	$	59,485	$	62,426	$	67,710

Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	0.62	$	0.65	$	0.68	$	0.74
Diluted	0.62		0.64		0.67		0.73



	2016
(In thousands, except per share data)	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter		Fourth Quarter
Interest income	$	202,335	$	202,431	$	205,715	$	211,432
Interest expense	26,183		25,526		25,518		26,173
Net interest income	176,152		176,905		180,197		185,259
Provision for loan and lease losses	15,600		14,000		14,250		12,500
Non-interest income	62,374		65,075		66,412		70,617
Non-interest expense	152,445		152,778		156,097		161,871
Income before income tax expense	70,481		75,202		76,262		81,505
Income tax expense	23,434		24,599		24,445		23,845
Net income	$	47,047	$	50,603	$	51,817	$	57,660

Earnings applicable to common shareholders	$	44,921	$	48,398	$	49,634	$	55,501

Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	0.49	$	0.53	$	0.54	$	0.61
Diluted	0.49		0.53		0.54		0.60

Note 23: Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated events from the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes thereto, December 31, 2017, through the issuance of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and determined that no significant events were identified requiring recognition or disclosure.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the Company has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of Webster’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that Webster’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Webster’s management has issued a report on its assessment of the effectiveness of Webster’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017.

Webster’s independent registered public accounting firm has issued a report on the effectiveness of Webster’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017. The report expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, management identified a material weakness resulting from the aggregation of control deficiencies in management’s review of the allowance for loan loss model including certain process level controls preventing unapproved changes in modeling assumptions as well as the precision of management’s review over the valuation of allowance for loan and lease losses balance. This material weakness did not result in any misstatement of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for any period presented.

To remediate the material weakness described above, we designed and implemented controls ensuring the review of all modeling assumptions as well as enhanced the design of management’s review over the valuation of allowance for loan and lease losses balance. During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017, we successfully completed the testing necessary to conclude that the controls were appropriately designed and operating effectively and have concluded that the material weakness has been remediated.

Except for the changes referenced in the prior paragraph, there were no changes made in Webster’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The reports of Webster’s management and of Webster’s independent registered public accounting firm follow.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The management of Webster Financial Corporation and its Subsidiaries ("Webster" or the "Company") is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, management concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017.

KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements of the Corporation included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017. The report, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, is included below under the heading Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

Webster Financial Corporation:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Webster Financial Corporation and subsidiaries’ (the "Company") internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control ‑ Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control ‑ Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated March 1, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal controls over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Hartford, Connecticut

March 1, 2018

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

Not applicable

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Executive Officers of the Registrant



Name	Age at December 31, 2017	Positions Held
John R. Ciulla	52	President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Glenn I. MacInnes	56	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Daniel H. Bley	49	Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer
Colin D. Eccles	59	Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer
Bernard M. Garrigues	59	Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer
Nitin J. Mhatre	47	Executive Vice President, Community Banking
Dawn C. Morris	50	Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer
Christopher J. Motl	47	Executive Vice President, Commercial Banking
Brian R. Runkle	49	Executive Vice President, Bank Operations
Charles L. Wilkins	56	Executive Vice President, HSA Bank
Harriet Munrett Wolfe	64	Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
Albert J. Wang	42	Chief Accounting Officer

Webster’s executive officers are each appointed to serve for a one-year period. Information concerning their principal occupation during at least the last five years is set forth below.

John R. Ciulla is President and Chief Executive Officer and a director of Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank. He was appointed as Chief Executive Officer and a director of Webster Financial Corporation in January 2018. Mr. Ciulla joined Webster in 2004 and has served in a variety of management positions at the Company, including Chief Credit Risk Officer and Senior Vice President, Commercial Banking, where he was responsible for several business units. He was promoted from Executive Vice President and Head of Middle Market Banking to lead Commercial Banking in January 2014 and to President in October 2015. Prior to joining Webster, Mr. Ciulla was Managing Director of The Bank of New York, where he worked from 1997 to 2004. He serves on the board of the Connecticut Business and Industry Association and is the immediate past chairman. Mr. Ciulla is also a member of the board of the Business Council of Fairfield County.

Glenn I. MacInnes is Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank. He joined Webster in May 2011. Prior to joining Webster, Mr. MacInnes was Chief Financial Officer at New Alliance Bancshares for two years and was employed for 11 years at Citigroup in a series of senior positions, including deputy CFO for Citibank North America and CFO of Citibank (West) FSB. Mr. MacInnes serves on the Board of Wellmore Behavioral Health, Inc.

Daniel H. Bley is Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer of Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank since August 2010. Prior to joining Webster, Mr. Bley worked at ABN AMRO and Royal Bank of Scotland from 1990 to 2010, having served as Managing Director of Financial Institutions Credit Risk and Group Senior Vice President, Head of Financial Institutions and Trading Credit Risk Management. Mr. Bley currently serves on the Board of Directors of Junior Achievement of Western Connecticut.

Colin D. Eccles is Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer of Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank. He joined Webster in January 2013. Prior to joining Webster, Mr. Eccles served as CIO for Umpqua Holdings in Portland, OR. Before that, he worked for Washington Mutual Bank from 2002 to 2009 and was the CIO for the Retail Bank. He worked for Hogan Systems in Dallas, TX from 1994 to 2002.

Bernard M. Garrigues is Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer of Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank. Mr. Garrigues joined Webster in April 2014. Prior to joining Webster, Mr. Garrigues was with TIMEX Group in Middlebury, CT, where he was the Chief Human Resources Officer having comprehensive global HR responsibility for several thousand employees in 22 countries. Previously, he worked 21 years for General Electric where he served as global head of HR with a number of GE businesses, including GE Commercial Finance, GE Capital Real Estate, GE Capital IT Solutions and Healthcare in both the United States and Europe. Mr. Garrigues is Six Sigma Green Belt certified, a published author, and a seasoned guest lecturer.

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Nitin J. Mhatre is Executive Vice President, Head of Community Banking of Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank. He joined Webster in October 2008 as Executive Vice President, Consumer Lending of Webster Bank and was appointed Executive Vice President, Consumer Finance in January 2009. He was promoted to his current position in August 2013. Prior to joining Webster, Mr. Mhatre worked at Citigroup across multiple geographies including St. Louis, MO, Stamford, CT, Guam, USA, and India, in various capacities. In his most recent position, he was Managing Director for the Home Equity Retail business for CitiMortgage based in Stamford, CT. Mr. Mhatre is a board member of Consumer Bankers Association headquartered in Washington, D.C., and also serves on the board of Junior Achievement of Southwest New England.

Dawn C. Morris is Executive Vice President, Chief Marketing Officer of Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank. She joined Webster in March 2014. Prior to joining Webster, Ms. Morris was with Citizens Bank in Dedham, MA, where she served in a variety of roles, including head of customer segment management, product and segment marketing, and business banking product management. Earlier in her career, Ms. Morris worked in a number of business line and marketing roles at RBC Bank in North Carolina. Ms. Morris serves as co-chair with Governor Dannel Malloy on the Governor’s Prevention Partnership, and serves on the boards of The Hartford Stage, Marketing EDGE, and the Girl Scouts of Connecticut.

Christopher J. Motl is Executive Vice President, Head of Commercial Banking of Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank. He joined Webster in 2004 and was responsible for establishing and growing the Sponsor and Specialty Banking Group and was most recently Executive Vice President and Director of Middle Market Banking. Prior to joining Webster, Mr. Motl worked at CoBank, where he was Vice President and Relationship Manager. Mr. Motl is on the board of Special Olympics of Connecticut and the Travelers Championship.

Brian R. Runkle is Executive Vice President of Bank Operations of Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank. Mr. Runkle joined Webster in 2016. Prior to joining Webster, Mr. Runkle served in several leadership roles at General Electric across the country, including Managing Director, Risk for GE Capital. He is Six Sigma Master Black Belt certified. Mr. Runkle was a volunteer team leader and campaign member for United Way in Connecticut.

Charles L. Wilkins is Executive Vice President of Webster Bank and Head of HSA Bank. He joined Webster in January 2014. Prior to joining Webster, he was president of his own consulting practice, specializing in healthcare and financial services, from 2012 to 2013. Prior to this, Mr. Wilkins was General Manager and Chief Executive Officer of OptumHealth Financial Services, a division of UnitedHealth Group in Minnesota from 2007 to 2012. He is on the Executive Committee for the American Heart Association's Greater Milwaukee Heart and Stroke Walk/5K Run and an active volunteer with the American Diabetes Foundation.

Harriet Munrett Wolfe is Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank. She joined Webster in March 1997 as Senior Vice President and Counsel, was appointed Secretary in June 1997, and General Counsel in September 1999. In January 2003, she was appointed Executive Vice President. Prior to this, Ms. Wolfe was in private practice. Ms. Wolfe serves as a board member of the University of Connecticut Foundation, Inc., and as a member of the Foundation's Executive Committee, Audit Committee, and Chair of the Real Estate Committee.

Albert J. Wang is Chief Accounting Officer of Webster Financial Corporation and Webster Bank. He joined Webster in September 2017, and he oversees corporate accounting functions including corporate tax, regulatory reporting, and accounting policy. Prior to joining Webster, Mr. Wang served as Executive Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer of Banc of California. Earlier in his career, he held positions of increasing responsibility at Santander Bank, N.A., most recently as Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer, and at PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Mr. Wang is a Certified Public Accountant.

Corporate Governance

Webster has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all directors, officers and employees, including the principal executive officers, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. The Company has also adopted corporate governance guidelines and charters for the Audit, Compensation, Nominating and Corporate Governance, Executive, and Risk Committees of the Board of Directors. The corporate governance guidelines and the charters of the Audit, Compensation, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees can be found on the Company's website (www.websterbank.com).

A printed copy of any of these documents may be obtained without charge directly from the Company at the following address:

Webster Financial Corporation

145 Bank Street

Waterbury, Connecticut 06702

Attn: Investor Relations

Telephone: (203) 578-2202

Additional information required under this item may be found under the sections captioned "Information as to Nominees" and "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" in the Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Information regarding compensation of executive officers and directors is omitted from this report and may be found in the Proxy Statement under the sections captioned "Compensation Discussion and Analysis" and "Compensation of Directors," and the information included therein is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

Information regarding stock-based compensation plans as of December 31, 2017, is presented in the table below:



Plan Category	Number of Shares to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Awards	Weighted- Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Awards		Number of Shares Available for Future Grants
Plans approved by shareholders	673,039	$	18.75	2,626,866
Plans not approved by shareholders	—	—		—
Total	673,039	$	18.75	2,626,866

Further information required by this Item is omitted herewith and may be found under the sections captioned "Stock Owned by Management" and "Principal Holders of Voting Securities of Webster" in the Proxy Statement and such information included therein is incorporated herein by reference. Additional information is presented in Note 18: Share-Based Plans in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this report.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Information regarding certain relationships and related transactions, and director independence is omitted from this report and may be found under the sections captioned "Certain Relationships," "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" and "Corporate Governance" in the Proxy Statement and the information included therein is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Information regarding principal accounting fees and services is omitted from this report and may be found under the section captioned "Auditor Fee Information" in the Proxy Statement and the information included therein is incorporated herein by reference.

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES



(a)	The following documents are filed as part of the Annual Report on Form 10-K:
	(1)	Consolidated Financial Statements of Registrant and its subsidiaries are included within Item 8 of Part II of this report.
	(2)	Consolidated Financial Statement schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission have been omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes thereto included within Item 8 of Part II of this report.
	(3)	The exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K are set forth on the Exhibit Index immediately preceding such exhibits and is incorporated herein by reference.
(b)	Exhibits to this Form 10-K are attached or incorporated herein by reference as stated above.
(c)	Not applicable

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

Not applicable

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on March 1, 2018.



		WEBSTER FINANCIAL CORPORATION

	By	/s/ John R. Ciulla
		John R. Ciulla
		President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on March 1, 2018.



Signature:		Title:

/s/ John R. Ciulla		President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
John R. Ciulla		(Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Glenn I. MacInnes		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Glenn I. MacInnes		(Principal Financial Officer)

/s/ Albert J. Wang		Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
Albert J. Wang		(Principal Accounting Officer)

/s/ James C. Smith		Chairman of the Board of Directors
James C. Smith

/s/ John J. Crawford		Lead Director
John J. Crawford

/s/ William L. Atwell		Director
William L. Atwell

/s/ Joel S. Becker		Director
Joel S. Becker

/s/ Elizabeth E. Flynn		Director
Elizabeth E. Flynn

/s/ Laurence C. Morse		Director
Laurence C. Morse

/s/ Karen R. Osar		Director
Karen R. Osar

/s/ Mark Pettie		Director
Mark Pettie

/s/ Charles W. Shivery		Director
Charles W. Shivery

/s/ Lauren C. States		Director
Lauren C. States

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WEBSTER FINANCIAL CORPORATION

EXHIBIT INDEX



Exhibit Number	Exhibit Description	Filed Herewith	Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Exhibit Description	Filed Herewith	Form	Exhibit	Filing Date
3	Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws.
3.1	Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation		10-Q	3.1	8/9/2016
3.2	Certificate of Designations establishing the rights of the Company's 8.50% Series A Non-Cumulative Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock		8-K	3.1	6/11/2008
3.3	Certificate of Designations establishing the rights of the Company's Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B		8-K	3.1	11/24/2008
3.4	Certificate of Designations establishing the rights of the Company's Perpetual Participating Preferred Stock, Series C		8-K	3.1	7/31/2009
3.5	Certificate of Designations establishing the rights of the Company's Non-Voting Perpetual Participating Preferred Stock, Series D		8-K	3.2	7/31/2009
3.6	Certificate of Designations establishing the rights of the Company's 6.40% Series E Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock		8-A12B	3.3	12/4/2012
3.7	Certificate of Designations establishing the rights of the Company's 5.25% Series F Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock		8-A12B	3.3	12/12/2017
3.8	Bylaws, as amended effective June 9, 2014		8-K	3.1	6/12/2014
4	Instruments Defining the Rights of Security Holders.
4.1	Specimen common stock certificate		10-K	4.1	3/10/2006
4.2	Junior Subordinated Indenture, dated as of January 29, 1997, between the Company and The Bank of New York, as trustee, relating to the Company's Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures		10-K	10.41	3/27/1997
4.3	Warrant to purchase shares of Corporation common stock		8-K	4.2	11/24/2008
4.4	Deposit Agreement, dated as of December 12, 2017, by and among the Company, Computershare Shareowner Services LLC, as Depositary, and the Holders of Depositary Receipts		8-K	4.1	12/12/2017
4.5	Senior Debt Indenture, dated as of February 11, 2014, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee		8-K	4.1	2/11/2014
4.6	Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 11, 2014, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, relating to the Company’s 4.375% Senior Notes due February 15, 2024		8-K	4.2	2/11/2014
4.7	Form of specimen stock certificate for the Company's 5.25% Series F Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock		8-A12B	4.3	12/12/2017
10	Material Contracts
10.1	Amended and Restated 1992 Stock Option Plan		10-Q	10.1	5/2/2012
10.2	Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors and Officers of Webster Bank effective January 1, 2005		8-K	10.2	12/21/2007
10.3	Supplemental Retirement Plan for Employees of Webster Bank, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2005		8-K	10.1	12/21/2007
10.4	Qualified Performance-Based Compensation Plan		DEF 14A	A	3/7/2008
10.5	Employee Stock Purchase Plan		DEF 14A	A	3/23/2000
10.6	Description of Arrangement for Directors Fees.	X
10.7	Form of Change in Control Agreement, effective as of December 31, 2012, by and between Webster Financial Corporation and Glenn I. MacInnes		8-K	10.1	12/27/2012

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Exhibit Number	Exhibit Description	Filed Herewith	Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Exhibit Description	Filed Herewith	Form	Exhibit	Filing Date
10.8	Non-Competition Agreement, dated as of February 22, 2017, between Webster Bank, N.A., and Glenn I. MacInnes		10-K	10.20	3/1/2017
10.9	Non-Competition Agreement, dated as of April 3, 2017, between Webster Financial Corporation, and Daniel Bley		10-Q	10.1	5/5/2017
10.10	Form of Change in Control Agreement, effective as of February 1, 2013, by and between Webster Financial Corporation and Daniel H. Bley, Colin D. Eccles, Nitin J. Mhatre and Harriet Munrett Wolfe		10-K	10.13	2/28/2013
10.11	Form of Non-Solicitation Agreement, effective as of February 1, 2013, by and between Webster Financial Corporation and Colin D. Eccles and Harriet Munrett Wolfe		10-K	10.22	2/28/2013
10.12	Change in Control Agreement, effective as of January 3, 2014, by and between Webster Financial Corporation and Charles L. Wilkins		10-K	10.13	2/28/2014
10.13	Non-Competition Agreement, dated as of April 3, 2017, between Webster Financial Corporation, and Charles Wilkins		10-Q	10.5	5/5/2017
10.14	Change in Control Agreement, dated as of March 10, 2014, by and between Webster Financial Corporation and Dawn C. Morris		10-Q	10.3	5/7/2014
10.15	Non-Solicitation Agreement, dated as of March 10, 2014, by and between Webster Financial Corporation and Dawn C. Morris		10-Q	10.4	5/7/2014
10.16	Change in Control Agreement, dated as of April 28, 2014, by and between Webster Financial Corporation and Bernard Garrigues		10-Q	10.1	8/6/2014
10.17	Non-Solicitation Agreement, dated as of April 28, 2014, by and between Webster Financial Corporation and Bernard Garrigues		10-Q	10.2	8/6/2014
10.18	Change in Control Agreement, dated as of February 26, 2018, by and between Webster Financial Corporation and John Ciulla	X
10.19	Non-Competition Agreement, dated as of April 3, 2017, between Webster Financial Corporation, and John Ciulla		10-Q	10.2	5/5/2017
10.20	Non-Competition Agreement, dated as of April 3, 2017, between Webster Financial Corporation, and Nitin Mhatre		10-Q	10.3	5/5/2017
10.21	Non-Competition Agreement, dated as of April 3, 2017, between Webster Financial Corporation, and Christopher Motl		10-Q	10.4	5/5/2017
10.22	Retirement and Advisory Services Agreement, dated as of September 17, 2017, by and between Webster Financial Corporation and James C. Smith		8-K	10.1	9/19/2017
10.23	Change in Control Agreement, dated as of February 26, 2018, by and between Webster Financial Corporation and Brian Runkle	X
10.24	Non-Solicitation Agreement, dated as of February 26, 2018 by and between Webster Financial Corporation and Brian Runkle	X

21	Subsidiaries.	X
23	Consent of KPMG LLP.	X
31.1	Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, signed by the Chief Executive Officer.	X
31.2	Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, signed by the Chief Financial Officer.	X
32.1 +	Written statement pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, signed by the Chief Executive Officer.	X
32.2 +	Written statement pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, signed by the Chief Financial Officer.	X

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Exhibit Number	Exhibit Description	Filed Herewith	Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Exhibit Description	Filed Herewith	Form	Exhibit	Filing Date
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.	X
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	X
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document	X
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definitions Linkbase Document	X
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document	X
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document	X

Note: Exhibit numbers 10.1 – 10.26 are management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate.

+ This exhibit shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

129

Webster Financial - 10-K annual report 2017

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