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East West Bancorp
EWBC
#1399
Rank
$16.21 B
Marketcap
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ United States
Country
$117.83
Share price
0.50%
Change (1 day)
22.23%
Change (1 year)
๐Ÿฆ Banks๐Ÿ’ณ Financial services
Categories
  1. East West Bancorp
  2. Quarterly Reports (10-Q)
  3. Financial Year FY2022 Q1

East West Bancorp - 10-Q quarterly report FY2022 Q1


Text size:
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2022

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 000-24939

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

95-4703316
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

135 North Los Robles Ave., 7th Floor, Pasadena, California 91101
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:
(626) 768-6000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: 
Title of each classTrading
Symbol(s)		Name of each exchange
 on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per shareEWBCThe Nasdaq Global Select Market

    Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☒ No ☐

    Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☒ No ☐

    Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer
☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company
☐
Emerging growth company
☐

    If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

    Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
    Number of shares outstanding of the issuer’s common stock on the latest practicable date: 141,908,444 shares as of April 30, 2022.


TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
3
3
Consolidated Balance Sheet (Unaudited)
3
Consolidated Statement of Income (Unaudited)
4
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)
5
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)
6
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
7
9
1 — Basis of Presentation
9
2 — Current Accounting Developments and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
9
3 — Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments
10
4 — Assets Purchased under Resale Agreements and Sold under Repurchase Agreements
20
5 — Securities
22
6 — Derivatives
28
7 — Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses
35
8 — Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships, Tax Credit and Other Investments, Net and Variable Interest Entities
45
9 — Goodwill
47
10 — Commitments and Contingencies
47
11 — Stock Compensation Plans
49
12 — Stockholders’ Equity and Earnings Per Share
51
13 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
51
14 — Business Segments
52
55
97
97
98
98
98
98
99
100
101
2

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
($ in thousands, except shares)
(Unaudited)
March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks$571,571 $527,317 
Interest-bearing cash with banks3,277,129 3,385,618 
Cash and cash equivalents3,848,700 3,912,935 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks816,125 736,492 
Assets purchased under resale agreements (“resale agreements”)1,956,822 2,353,503 
Securities:
Available-for-sale (“AFS”) debt securities, at fair value (amortized cost of $7,091,581 and $10,087,179)
6,729,431 9,965,353 
Held-to-maturity (“HTM”) debt securities, at amortized cost (fair value of $2,815,968)
2,997,702 — 
Loans held-for-sale631 635 
Loans held-for-investment (net of allowance for loan losses of $545,685 and $541,579)
42,944,997 41,152,202 
Investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, tax credit and other investments, net607,985 628,263 
Premises and equipment (net of accumulated depreciation of $141,422 and $139,358)
95,898 97,302 
Goodwill465,697 465,697 
Operating lease right-of-use assets102,491 98,632 
Other assets1,674,977 1,459,687 
TOTAL$62,241,456 $60,870,701 
LIABILITIES
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing$24,927,768 $22,845,464 
Interest-bearing30,010,593 30,505,068 
Total deposits54,938,361 53,350,532 
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances74,619 249,331 
Assets sold under repurchase agreements (“repurchase agreements”)300,000 300,000 
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities152,227 151,997 
Operating lease liabilities109,656 105,534 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities963,137 876,089 
Total liabilities56,538,000 55,033,483 
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 10)
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized; 168,375,288 and 167,790,645 shares issued
168 168 
Additional paid-in capital1,902,874 1,893,557 
Retained earnings4,863,721 4,683,659 
Treasury stock, at cost 26,118,768 and 25,882,691 shares
(668,382)(649,785)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCI”), net of tax(394,925)(90,381)
Total stockholders’ equity5,703,456 5,837,218 
TOTAL$62,241,456 $60,870,701 
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF INCOME
($ and shares in thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME
Loans receivable, including fees$377,110 $342,008 
Debt securities42,667 29,100 
Resale agreements8,383 6,099 
Restricted equity securities609 547 
Interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks3,260 3,632 
Total interest and dividend income432,029 381,386 
INTEREST EXPENSE
Deposits12,989 21,822 
Short-term borrowings
9 42 
FHLB advances578 3,069 
Repurchase agreements2,016 1,978 
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities824 780 
Total interest expense16,416 27,691 
Net interest income before provision for credit losses415,613 353,695 
Provision for credit losses8,000 — 
Net interest income after provision for credit losses407,613 353,695 
NONINTEREST INCOME
Lending fees19,438 18,357 
Deposit account fees20,315 15,383 
Interest rate contracts and other derivative income11,133 16,997 
Foreign exchange income12,699 9,526 
Wealth management fees6,052 6,911 
Net gains on sales of loans2,922 1,781 
Gains on sales of AFS debt securities1,278 192 
Other investment income1,627 925 
Other income4,279 2,794 
Total noninterest income79,743 72,866 
NONINTEREST EXPENSE
Compensation and employee benefits116,269 107,808 
Occupancy and equipment expense15,464 15,922 
Deposit insurance premiums and regulatory assessments4,717 3,876 
Deposit account expense4,693 3,892 
Data processing3,665 4,478 
Computer software expense7,294 7,159 
Consulting expense1,833 1,475 
Legal expense718 1,502 
Other operating expense20,897 19,607 
Amortization of tax credit and other investments13,900 25,358 
Total noninterest expense189,450 191,077 
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES297,906 235,484 
INCOME TAX EXPENSE60,254 30,490 
NET INCOME$237,652 $204,994 
EARNINGS PER SHARE (“EPS”)
BASIC$1.67 $1.45 
DILUTED$1.66 $1.44 
WEIGHTED-AVERAGE NUMBER OF SHARES OUTSTANDING
BASIC142,025 141,646 
DILUTED143,223 142,844 
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
($ in thousands)
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Net income$237,652 $204,994 
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Net changes in unrealized losses on AFS debt securities(169,270)(133,448)
Net changes in unrealized losses on securities transferred from AFS to HTM(110,680)— 
Net changes in unrealized (losses) gains on cash flow hedges(24,723)432 
Foreign currency translation adjustments129 (1,349)
Other comprehensive loss(304,544)(134,365)
COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME$(66,892)$70,629 
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
($ in thousands, except shares)
(Unaudited)

Common Stock and
Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained EarningsTreasury StockAOCI,
Net of Tax		Total
Stockholders’ Equity
SharesAmount
BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 2021141,565,229 $1,858,519 $4,000,414 $(634,083)$44,325 $5,269,175 
Net income— — 204,994 — — 204,994 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — (134,365)(134,365)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to various stock compensation plans and agreements475,733 7,582 — — — 7,582 
Repurchase of common stock pursuant to various stock compensation plans and agreements(197,926)— — (14,983)— (14,983)
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.33 per share)
— — (47,376)— — (47,376)
BALANCE, MARCH 31, 2021141,843,036 $1,866,101 $4,158,032 $(649,066)$(90,040)$5,285,027 
BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 2022141,907,954 $1,893,725 $4,683,659 $(649,785)$(90,381)$5,837,218 
Net income— — 237,652 — — 237,652 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — (304,544)(304,544)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to various stock compensation plans and agreements588,114 9,317 — — — 9,317 
Repurchase of common stock pursuant to various stock compensation plans and agreements(239,548)— — (18,597)— (18,597)
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.40 per share)
— — (57,590)— — (57,590)
BALANCE, MARCH 31, 2022142,256,520 $1,903,042 $4,863,721 $(668,382)$(394,925)$5,703,456 

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
($ in thousands)
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income $237,652 $204,994 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:  
Depreciation and amortization 26,555 37,490 
Amortization of premiums and accretion of discount, net11,824 5,770 
Stock compensation costs8,433 7,817 
Deferred income tax (expense) benefit(7,083)224 
Provision for credit losses8,000 — 
Net gains on sales of loans(2,922)(1,781)
Gains on sales of AFS debt securities(1,278)(192)
Loans held-for-sale:
Originations and purchases(447)(5,718)
Proceeds from sales and paydowns/payoffs of loans originally classified as held-for-sale461 7,644 
Proceeds from distributions received from equity method investees3,227 2,505 
Net change in accrued interest receivable and other assets (81,628)185,503 
Net change in accrued expenses and other liabilities83,042 (101,574)
Other net operating activities49 20 
Total adjustments 48,233 137,708 
Net cash provided by operating activities285,885 342,702 
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES  
Net (increase) decrease in:  
Investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, tax credit and other investments(32,853)(52,756)
Interest-bearing deposits with banks(79,633)67,793 
Resale agreements:
Proceeds from paydowns and maturities554,932 223,952 
Purchases(158,251)(923,990)
AFS debt securities:
Proceeds from sales103,945 46,397 
Proceeds from repayments, maturities and redemptions446,301 473,808 
Purchases(746,855)(2,969,640)
HTM debt securities:
Proceeds from repayments, maturities and redemptions15,448 — 
Loans held-for-investment:
Proceeds from sales of loans originally classified as held-for-investment135,517 147,115 
Purchases(225,065)(311,030)
Other changes in loans held-for-investment, net(1,697,590)(1,047,557)
Proceeds from distributions received from equity method investees4,348 2,832 
Other net investing activities(2,758)(2,870)
Net cash used in investing activities(1,682,514)(4,345,946)
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
($ in thousands)
(Unaudited)
(Continued)

Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES  
Net increase in deposits1,584,344 4,690,658 
Net decrease in short-term borrowings(31)(21,143)
FHLB advances:
Proceeds 100 — 
Repayment(175,100)— 
Long-term debt and lease liabilities:
Repayment of long-term debt and lease liabilities(229)(315)
Common stock:
Stocks tendered for payment of withholding taxes(18,597)(14,983)
Cash dividends paid(58,900)(48,213)
Net cash provided by financing activities1,331,587 4,606,004 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents807 (1,598)
NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (64,235)601,162 
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF PERIOD3,912,935 4,017,971 
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF PERIOD$3,848,700 $4,619,133 
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest$20,881 $29,680 
Income tax refund$581 $— 
Noncash investing and financing activities:
Securities transferred from AFS to HTM debt securities$3,010,003 $— 
Loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale$133,217 $145,872 
Loans transferred to other real estate owned (“OREO”) and other foreclosed assets$— $10,360 

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

8

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)

Note 1 — Basis of Presentation

East West Bancorp, Inc. (referred to herein on an unconsolidated basis as “East West” and on a consolidated basis as the “Company”) is a registered bank holding company that offers a full range of banking services to individuals and businesses through its subsidiary bank, East West Bank and its subsidiaries (“East West Bank” or the “Bank”). The unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“this Form 10-Q”) include the accounts of East West, East West Bank and East West’s subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation. As of March 31, 2022, East West also has six wholly-owned subsidiaries that are statutory business trusts (the “Trusts”). In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810, Consolidation, the Trusts are not included on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in accordance with United States (“U.S.”) Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), applicable guidelines prescribed by regulatory authorities and general practices in the banking industry. While the unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements reflect all adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for fair presentation, they primarily serve to update the most recently filed annual report on Form 10-K, and may not include all the information and notes necessary to constitute a complete set of financial statements. Accordingly, they should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2022 (the “Company’s 2021 Form 10-K”). In addition, certain items on the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes for the prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements, income and expenses during the reporting period, and the related disclosures. Although our current estimates contemplate current conditions and how we expect them to change in the future, it is reasonably possible that actual results could be materially different from those estimates. Hence, the current period’s results of operations are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any future interim period or for the year as a whole. Events subsequent to the Consolidated Balance Sheet date have been evaluated through the date the Consolidated Financial Statements are issued for inclusion in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Note 2 — Current Accounting Developments and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Recent Accounting Pronouncements
StandardRequired Date of AdoptionDescriptionEffect on Financial Statements
Standards Not Yet Adopted
Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Trouble Debt Restructurings and the Vintage Disclosures

January 1, 2023
ASU 2022-02 eliminates the troubled debt restructuring (“TDRs”) accounting model for creditors and requires companies to apply the general loan modification guidance under ASC 310-20-35-9 through 35-11 to determine whether a modification made to a borrower results in a new loan or a continuation of the existing loan. In addition, companies are no longer required to use a discounted cash flow method to measure the allowance for credit losses as a result of a modification or restructuring with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. The guidance also introduces new disclosure requirements related to restructuring of financing receivables made to debtors experiencing financial difficulty, and requires public companies to prospectively begin disclosing current-period gross write-off information by year of origination in the vintage disclosures.
The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company expects to adopt ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023.



9

Significant Accounting Policies Update

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company transferred $3.01 billion in fair value of debt securities from AFS to HTM.

Transfer between Categories of Debt Securities — Upon transfer of a debt security from the AFS to HTM category, the security’s new amortized cost is reset to fair value, reduced by any previous write-offs but excluding any allowance for credit losses. Unrealized gains or losses at the date of transfer of these securities continue to be reported in AOCI and are amortized into interest income over the remaining life of the securities as effective yield adjustments, in a manner consistent with the amortization or accretion of the original purchase premium or discount on the associated security. For transfers of securities from the AFS to HTM category, any allowance for credit losses that was previously recorded under the AFS model is reversed and an allowance for credit losses is subsequently recorded under the HTM debt security model. The reversal and re-establishment of the allowance for credit losses are recorded in provision for credit losses.

Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities — Debt securities that the Company has the intent and ability to hold until maturity are classified as HTM and are carried at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses. HTM debt securities are generally placed on nonaccrual status using factors similar to those described for loans. The amortized cost of the Company’s HTM debt securities excludes accrued interest, which is included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company has made an accounting policy election not to recognize an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables on HTM debt securities, as the Company reverses any accrued interest against interest income if a debt security is placed on nonaccrual status. Any cash collected on nonaccrual HTM securities is applied to reduce the security’s amortized cost basis and not as interest income. Generally, the Company returns an HTM security to accrual status when all delinquent interest and principal become current under the contractual terms of the security, and the collectability of remaining principal and interest is no longer doubtful.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities — For each major HTM debt security type, the allowance for credit losses is estimated collectively for groups of securities with similar risk characteristics. For securities that do not share similar risk characteristics, the losses are estimated individually. Debt securities that are either guaranteed or issued by the U.S. government or government-sponsored enterprises, are highly rated by major rating agencies, and have a long history of no credit losses are an example of such securities to which the Company applies a zero credit loss assumption. Any expected credit loss is provided through the allowance for credit losses on HTM debt securities and deducted from the amortized cost basis of the security, so that the balance sheet reflects the net amount the Company expects to collect.

Note 3 — Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value Determination

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or the price that would be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining the fair value of financial instruments, the Company uses various methods including market and income approaches. Based on these approaches, the Company utilizes certain assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated or generally unobservable. The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy described below is based on the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair value. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices available in active markets and the lowest priority to prices derived from data lacking transparency. The fair value of the Company’s assets and liabilities is classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

•Level 1 — Valuation is based on quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.
•Level 2 — Valuation is based on quoted prices for similar instruments traded in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments traded in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable and can be corroborated by market data.
•Level 3 — Valuation is based on significant unobservable inputs for determining the fair value of assets or liabilities. These significant unobservable inputs reflect assumptions that market participants may use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

10

The classification of assets and liabilities within the hierarchy is based on whether inputs to the valuation methodology used are observable or unobservable, and the significance of those inputs in the fair value measurement. The Company’s assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to their fair value measurements.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following section describes the valuation methodologies used by the Company to measure financial assets and liabilities on a recurring basis, as well as the general classification of these instruments pursuant to the fair value hierarchy.

Available-for-Sale Debt Securities — The fair value of AFS debt securities is generally determined by independent external pricing service providers who have experience in valuing these securities or by taking the average quoted market prices obtained from independent external brokers. The valuations provided by the third-party pricing service providers are based on observable market inputs, which include benchmark yields, reported trades, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, bids, offers, prepayment expectation and reference data obtained from market research publications. Inputs used by the third-party pricing service providers in valuing collateralized mortgage obligations and other securitization structures also include new issue data, monthly payment information, whole loan collateral performance, tranche evaluation and “To Be Announced” prices. In valuing securities issued by state and political subdivisions, inputs used by third-party pricing service providers also include material event notices.

On a monthly basis, the Company validates the valuations provided by third-party pricing service providers to ensure that the fair value determination is consistent with the applicable accounting guidance and the financial instruments are properly classified in the fair value hierarchy. To perform this validation, the Company evaluates the fair values of securities by comparing the fair values provided by the third-party pricing service providers to prices from other available independent sources for the same securities. When significant variances in prices are identified, the Company further compares inputs used by different sources to ascertain the reliability of these sources. On a quarterly basis, the Company reviews the documentation received from the third-party pricing service providers regarding the valuation inputs and methodology used for each category of securities.

When available, the Company uses quoted market prices to determine the fair value of AFS debt securities that are classified as Level 1. Level 1 AFS debt securities consist of U.S. Treasury securities. When pricing is unavailable from third-party pricing service providers for certain securities, the Company requests market quotes from various independent external brokers and utilizes the average quoted market prices. In addition, the Company obtains market quotes from other official published sources. As these valuations are based on observable inputs in the current marketplace, they are classified as Level 2. The Company periodically communicates with the independent external brokers to validate their pricing methodology. Information such as pricing sources, pricing assumptions, data inputs and valuation techniques are reviewed periodically.

Equity Securities — Equity securities consisted of mutual funds as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The Company invested in these mutual funds for Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) purposes. The Company uses net asset value (“NAV”) information to determine the fair value of these equity securities. When NAV is available periodically and the equity securities can be put back to the transfer agents at the publicly available NAV, the fair value of the equity securities is classified as Level 1. When NAV is available periodically but the equity securities may not be readily marketable at its periodic NAV in the secondary market, the fair value of these equity securities is classified as Level 2.

11

Interest Rate Contracts — The Company enters into interest rate swap and option contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments with its borrowers to lock in attractive intermediate and long-term interest rates, resulting in the customer obtaining a synthetic fixed-rate loan. To economically hedge against the interest rate risks in the products offered to its customers, the Company enters into mirrored offsetting interest rate contracts with third-party financial institutions. The Company also enters into interest rate swap contracts with institutional counterparties to hedge against certain variable interest rate borrowings and variable interest rate loans. These interest rate swap contracts with institutional counterparties were designated as cash flow hedges. The fair value of the interest rate swaps is determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments (or receipts) and the discounted expected variable cash receipts (or payments). The fair value of the interest rate options, which consist of floors and caps, is determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that would occur if variable interest rates fall below (rise above) the strike rate of the floors (caps). In addition, to comply with the provisions of ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, the Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements of its derivatives. The credit valuation adjustments associated with the Company’s derivatives utilize model-derived credit spreads, which are Level 3 inputs. Considering the observable nature of all other significant inputs utilized, the Company classifies these derivative instruments as Level 2.

Foreign Exchange Contracts — The Company enters into foreign exchange contracts to accommodate the business needs of its customers. For a majority of the foreign exchange contracts with its customers, the Company entered into offsetting foreign exchange contracts with third-party financial institutions to manage its exposure. The Company also utilizes foreign exchange contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments to mitigate the economic effect of fluctuations in certain foreign currency on-balance sheet assets and liabilities, primarily foreign currency denominated deposits that it offers to its customers. The fair value of foreign exchange contracts is determined at each reporting period based on changes in the foreign exchange rates. These are over-the-counter contracts where quoted market prices are not readily available. Valuation is measured using conventional valuation methodologies with observable market data. Due to the short-term nature of the majority of these contracts, the counterparties’ credit risks are considered nominal and result in no adjustments to the valuation of the foreign exchange contracts. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the fair value of these contracts, the valuation of foreign exchange contracts is classified as Level 2. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Bank held foreign currency non-deliverable forward contracts to hedge its net investment in its China subsidiary, East West Bank (China) Limited, a non-U.S. dollar (“USD”) functional currency subsidiary in China. These foreign currency non-deliverable forward contracts were designated as net investment hedges. The fair value of foreign currency non-deliverable forward contracts is determined by comparing the contracted foreign exchange rate to the current market foreign exchange rate. Key inputs of the current market exchange rate include spot rates and forward rates of the contractual currencies. Foreign exchange forward curves are used to determine which forward rate pertains to a specific maturity. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2.

Credit Contracts — The Company may periodically enter into credit risk participation agreements (“RPAs”) to manage the credit exposure on interest rate contracts associated with the syndicated loans. The Company may enter into protection sold or protection purchased RPAs with institutional counterparties. The fair value of RPAs is calculated by determining the total expected asset or liability exposure of the derivatives to the borrowers and applying the borrowers’ credit spread to that exposure. Total expected exposure incorporates both the current and potential future exposure of the derivatives, derived from using observable inputs, such as yield curves and volatilities. Since the majority of the inputs used to value the RPAs are observable, RPAs are classified as Level 2.
12

Equity Contracts — As part of the loan origination process, the Company periodically obtains warrants to purchase preferred and/or common stock of technology and life sciences companies to which it provides loans. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the warrants included on the Consolidated Financial Statements were from both public and private companies. The Company values these warrants based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model. For warrants from public companies, the model uses the underlying stock price, stated strike price, warrant expiration date, risk-free interest rate based on a duration-matched U.S. Treasury rate, and market-observable company-specific option volatility as inputs to value the warrants. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, warrants from public companies are classified as Level 2. For warrants from private companies, the model uses inputs such as the offering price observed in the most recent round of funding, stated strike price, warrant expiration date, risk-free interest rate based on duration-matched U.S. Treasury rate and option volatility. The Company applies proxy volatilities based on the industry sectors of the private companies. The model values are then adjusted for a general lack of liquidity due to the private nature of the underlying companies. Since both option volatility and liquidity discount assumptions are subject to management’s judgment, measurement uncertainty is inherent in the valuation of private company warrants. Due to the unobservable nature of the option volatility and liquidity discount assumptions used in deriving the estimated fair value, warrants from private companies are classified as Level 3. On a quarterly basis, the changes in the fair value of warrants from private companies are reviewed for reasonableness, and a measurement of uncertainty analysis on the option volatility and liquidity discount assumptions is performed.

Commodity Contracts — The Company enters into energy commodity contracts in the form of swaps and options with its oil and gas loan customers to allow them to hedge against the risk of fluctuation in energy commodity prices. The fair value of the commodity option contracts is determined using the Black-Scholes model and assumptions that include expectations of future commodity price and volatility. The future commodity contract price is derived from observable inputs such as the market price of the commodity. Commodity swaps are structured as an exchange of fixed cash flows for floating cash flows. The fair value of the commodity swaps is determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments (or receipts) and the discounted expected variable cash receipts (or payments) based on the market prices of the commodity. The fixed cash flows are predetermined based on the known volumes and fixed price as specified in the swap agreement. The floating cash flows are correlated with the change of forward commodity prices, which is derived from market corroborated futures settlement prices. As a result, the Company classifies these derivative instruments as Level 2 due to the observable nature of the significant inputs utilized.
13

The following tables present financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
as of March 31, 2022
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)		Total
Fair Value
AFS debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities$637,974 $— $— $637,974 
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise debt securities— 304,395 — 304,395 
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities— 600,323 — 600,323 
Residential mortgage-backed securities— 2,068,485 — 2,068,485 
Municipal securities— 298,659 — 298,659 
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities— 445,325 — 445,325 
Residential mortgage-backed securities— 806,782 — 806,782 
Corporate debt securities— 630,512 — 630,512 
Foreign government bonds— 253,811 — 253,811 
Asset-backed securities— 71,362 — 71,362 
Collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”)— 611,803 — 611,803 
Total AFS debt securities
$637,974 $6,091,457 $— $6,729,431 
Investments in tax credit and other investments:
Equity securities$21,137 $4,357 $— $25,494 
Total investments in tax credit and other investments
$21,137 $4,357 $— $25,494 
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts$— $188,101 $— $188,101 
Foreign exchange contracts— 16,122 — 16,122 
Equity contracts— 5 309 314 
Commodity contracts— 484,563 — 484,563 
Gross derivative assets$— $688,791 $309 $689,100 
Netting adjustments (1)
$— $(190,316)$— $(190,316)
Net derivative assets$— $498,475 $309 $498,784 
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts$— $236,569 $— $236,569 
Foreign exchange contracts— 12,035 — 12,035 
Credit contracts— 67 — 67 
Commodity contracts— 443,358 — 443,358 
Gross derivative liabilities$— $692,029 $— $692,029 
Netting adjustments (1)
$— $(435,081)$— $(435,081)
Net derivative liabilities$— $256,948 $— $256,948 
14

($ in thousands)Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
as of December 31, 2021
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)		Total
Fair Value
AFS debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities$1,032,681 $— $— $1,032,681 
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise debt securities— 1,301,971 — 1,301,971 
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities— 1,228,980 — 1,228,980 
Residential mortgage-backed securities— 2,928,283 — 2,928,283 
Municipal securities— 523,158 — 523,158 
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities— 496,443 — 496,443 
Residential mortgage-backed securities— 881,931 — 881,931 
Corporate debt securities— 649,665 — 649,665 
Foreign government bonds— 257,733 — 257,733 
Asset-backed securities— 74,558 — 74,558 
CLOs— 589,950 — 589,950 
Total AFS debt securities
$1,032,681 $8,932,672 $— $9,965,353 
Investments in tax credit and other investments:
Equity securities$22,130 $4,474 $— $26,604 
Total investments in tax credit and other investments
$22,130 $4,474 $— $26,604 
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts$— $240,222 $— $240,222 
Foreign exchange contracts— 21,033 — 21,033 
Equity contracts— 5 215 220 
Commodity contracts— 222,709 — 222,709 
Gross derivative assets$— $483,969 $215 $484,184 
Netting adjustments (1)
$— $(100,953)$— $(100,953)
Net derivative assets$— $383,016 $215 $383,231 
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts$— $179,962 $— $179,962 
Foreign exchange contracts— 15,501 — 15,501 
Credit contracts— 141 — 141 
Commodity contracts— 194,567 — 194,567 
Gross derivative liabilities$— $390,171 $— $390,171 
Netting adjustments (1)
$— $(232,727)$— $(232,727)
Net derivative liabilities$— $157,444 $— $157,444 
(1)Represents balance sheet netting of derivative assets and liabilities and related cash collateral under master netting agreements or similar agreements. See Note 6 — Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q for additional information.

15

For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, Level 3 fair value measurements that were measured on a recurring basis consisted of warrants issued by private companies. The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of these equity contracts for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Equity contracts
Beginning balance$215 $273 
Total gains (losses) included in earnings (1)
3 (1)
Issuances91 — 
Ending balance$309 $272 
(1)Includes unrealized gains (losses) recorded in Lending fees on the Consolidated Statement of Income.

The following table presents quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of Level 3 fair value measurements as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The significant unobservable inputs presented in the table below are those that the Company considers significant to the fair value of the Level 3 assets. The Company considers unobservable inputs to be significant if, by their exclusion, the fair value of the Level 3 assets would be impacted by a predetermined percentage change.
($ in thousands)Fair Value
Measurements
(Level 3)		Valuation
Technique		Unobservable
Inputs		Range of Inputs
Weighted-
Average of Inputs (1)
March 31, 2022
Derivative assets:
Equity contracts$309 
Black-Scholes option pricing model
Equity volatility
41% — 57%
48%
Liquidity discount47%47%
December 31, 2021
Derivative assets:
Equity contracts$215 
Black-Scholes option pricing model
Equity volatility
44% — 54%
49%
Liquidity discount47%47%
(1)Weighted-average of inputs is calculated based on the fair value of equity contracts as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include certain individually evaluated loans held-for-investment, investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, tax credit and other investments, OREO, loans held-for-sale, and other nonperforming assets. Nonrecurring fair value adjustments result from impairment on certain individually evaluated loans held-for-investment and investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, tax credit and other investments, from write-downs of OREO and other nonperforming assets, or from the application of lower of cost or fair value on loans held-for-sale.

Individually Evaluated Loans Held-For-Investment — Individually evaluated loans held-for-investment are classified as Level 3 assets. The following two methods are used to derive the fair value of individually evaluated loans held-for-investment:

•Discounted cash flow valuation techniques that consist of developing an expected stream of cash flows over the life of the loans, and then calculating the present value of the loans by discounting the expected cash flows at a designated discount rate.
•When the repayment of an individually evaluated loan is dependent on the sale of the collateral, the fair value of the loan is determined based on the fair value of the underlying collateral, which may take the form of real estate, inventory, equipment, contracts or guarantees. The fair value of the underlying collateral is generally based on third-party appraisals, or an internal valuation if a third-party appraisal is not required by regulations, or unavailable. An internal valuation utilizes one or more valuation techniques such as the income, market and/or cost approaches.

16

Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships, Tax Credit and Other Investments, Net — The Company conducts due diligence on its investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, tax credit and other investments prior to the initial investment date and through the placed-in-service date. After these investments are either acquired or placed into service, the Company continues its periodic monitoring process to ensure book values are realizable and that there is no significant tax credit recapture risk. This monitoring process includes the quarterly review of the financial statements, the annual review of tax returns of the investment entity, the annual review of the financial statements of the guarantor (if any) and a comparison of the actual performance of the investment against the financial projections prepared at the time when the investment was made. The Company assesses its tax credit and other investments for possible other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) on an annual basis or when events or circumstances suggest that the carrying amount of the investments may not be realizable. These circumstances can include, but are not limited to the following factors:

•expected future cash flows that are less than the carrying amount of the investment;
•changes in the economic, market or technological environment that could adversely affect the investee’s operations; and
•other factors that raise doubt about the investee’s ability to continue as a going concern, such as negative cash flows from operations and the continuing prospects of the underlying operations of the investment.

All available information is considered in assessing whether a decline in value is other-than-temporary. Generally, none of the aforementioned factors are individually conclusive and the relative importance placed on individual facts may vary depending on the situation. In accordance with ASC 323-10-35-32, an impairment charge would only be recognized in earnings for a decline in value that is determined to be other-than-temporary.

Other Real Estate Owned — The Company’s OREO represents properties acquired through foreclosure, or through full or partial satisfaction of loans held-for-investment. These OREO properties are recorded at estimated fair value less the costs to sell at the time of foreclosure and at the lower of cost or estimated fair value less the costs to sell subsequent to acquisition. On a monthly basis, the current fair market value of each OREO property is reviewed to ensure that the current carrying value is appropriate. OREO properties are classified as Level 3.

Other Nonperforming Assets — Other nonperforming assets are recorded at fair value upon transfers from loans to foreclosed assets. Subsequently, foreclosed assets are recorded at the lower of carrying value or fair value. Fair value is based on independent market prices, appraised values of the collateral or management’s estimates of the foreclosed asset. The Company records an impairment when the foreclosed asset’s fair value declines below its carrying value. The fair value measurement of other nonperforming assets is classified within one of the three levels in a valuation hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs to the valuation as of the measurement date.

The following tables present the carrying amounts of assets that were still held and had fair value adjustments measured on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
as of March 31, 2022
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)		Fair Value
Measurements
Loans held-for-investment:
Commercial:
Commercial and industrial (“C&I”)$— $— $78,354 $78,354 
Commercial real estate (“CRE”):
CRE— — 24,186 24,186 
Total commercial— — 102,540 102,540 
Consumer:
Residential mortgage:
Home equity lines of credit (“HELOCs”)— — 1,097 1,097 
Total consumer— — 1,097 1,097 
Total loans held-for-investment$— $— $103,637 $103,637 
17

($ in thousands)Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
as of December 31, 2021
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)		Fair Value
Measurements
Loans held-for-investment:
Commercial:
C&I$— $— $102,349 $102,349 
CRE:
CRE— — 21,891 21,891 
Total commercial— — 124,240 124,240 
Consumer:
Residential mortgage:
HELOCs— — 2,744 2,744 
Total consumer— — 2,744 2,744 
Total loans held-for-investment$— $— $126,984 $126,984 
Other nonperforming assets$391 $— $— $391 

The following table presents the increase (decrease) in fair value of certain assets held at the end of the respective reporting periods, for which a nonrecurring fair value adjustment was recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Loans held-for-investment:
Commercial:
C&I$(10,424)$(5,309)
CRE:
CRE2,864 (7,062)
Multifamily residential— (16)
Construction and land— (71)
Total commercial(7,560)(12,458)
Consumer:
Residential mortgage:
HELOCs3 (37)
Total consumer3 (37)
Total loans held-for-investment$(7,557)$(12,495)
Other nonperforming assets$— $(3,890)

18

The following table presents the quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of Level 3 fair value measurements that are measured on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)Fair Value
Measurements
(Level 3)		Valuation
Techniques		Unobservable
Inputs		Range of 
Inputs
Weighted-
Average of Inputs (1)
March 31, 2022
Loans held-for-investment$44,881 Discounted cash flowsDiscount
4% — 6%
4%
$34,570 Fair value of collateralDiscount
15% — 77%
30%
$24,186 Fair value of propertySelling cost
8%
8%
December 31, 2021
Loans held-for-investment$64,919 Discounted cash flowsDiscount
4% — 15%
7%
$38,537 Fair value of collateralDiscount
15% — 75%
41%
$23,528 Fair value of propertySelling cost
8%
8%
(1)Weighted-average of inputs is based on the relative fair value of the respective assets as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following tables present the fair value estimates for financial instruments as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, excluding financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as they are included in the tables presented elsewhere in this Note. The carrying amounts in the following tables are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet under the indicated captions, except for accrued interest receivable, restricted equity securities, at cost, and mortgage servicing rights that are included in Other assets, and accrued interest payable which is included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities. These financial assets and liabilities are measured on an amortized cost basis on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet.
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022
Carrying
Amount		Level 1Level 2Level 3Estimated
Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$3,848,700 $3,848,700 $— $— $3,848,700 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks$816,125 $— $816,125 $— $816,125 
Resale agreements$1,956,822 $— $1,906,530 $— $1,906,530 
HTM debt securities$2,997,702 $499,275 $2,316,693 $— $2,815,968 
Restricted equity securities, at cost$77,682 $— $77,682 $— $77,682 
Loans held-for-sale$631 $— $631 $— $631 
Loans held-for-investment, net$42,944,997 $— $— $42,698,185 $42,698,185 
Mortgage servicing rights$5,927 $— $— $9,853 $9,853 
Accrued interest receivable$155,730 $— $155,730 $— $155,730 
Financial liabilities:
Demand, checking, savings and money market deposits$46,708,274 $— $46,708,274 $— $46,708,274 
Time deposits$8,230,087 $— $8,202,829 $— $8,202,829 
FHLB advances$74,619 $— $75,265 $— $75,265 
Repurchase agreements$300,000 $— $309,225 $— $309,225 
Long-term debt$147,729 $— $148,298 $— $148,298 
Accrued interest payable$6,970 $— $6,970 $— $6,970 
19

($ in thousands)December 31, 2021
Carrying
Amount		Level 1Level 2Level 3Estimated
Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$3,912,935 $3,912,935 $— $— $3,912,935 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks$736,492 $— $736,492 $— $736,492 
Resale agreements$2,353,503 $— $2,335,901 $— $2,335,901 
Restricted equity securities, at cost$77,434 $— $77,434 $— $77,434 
Loans held-for-sale$635 $— $635 $— $635 
Loans held-for-investment, net$41,152,202 $— $— $41,199,599 $41,199,599 
Mortgage servicing rights$5,706 $— $— $9,104 $9,104 
Accrued interest receivable$159,833 $— $159,833 $— $159,833 
Financial liabilities:
Demand, checking, savings and money market deposits$45,388,550 $— $45,388,550 $— $45,388,550 
Time deposits$7,961,982 $— $7,966,116 $— $7,966,116 
FHLB advances$249,331 $— $250,372 $— $250,372 
Repurchase agreements$300,000 $— $310,525 $— $310,525 
Long-term debt$147,658 $— $151,020 $— $151,020 
Accrued interest payable$11,435 $— $11,435 $— $11,435 

Note 4 — Assets Purchased under Resale Agreements and Sold under Repurchase Agreements

Assets Purchased under Resale Agreements

In resale agreements, the Company is exposed to credit risk for both the counterparties and the underlying collateral. The Company manages credit exposure from certain transactions by entering into master netting agreements and collateral arrangements with the counterparties. The relevant agreements allow for the efficient closeout of the transaction, liquidation and set-off of collateral against the net amount owed by the counterparty following a default. It is also the Company’s policy to take possession, where possible, of the assets underlying resale agreements. As a result of the Company’s credit risk mitigation practices with respect to resale agreements as described above, the Company did not hold any reserves for credit impairment with respect to these agreements as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Securities Purchased under Resale Agreements — Total securities purchased under resale agreements were $1.33 billion as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The weighted-average yields were 1.63% and 1.57% for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Loans Purchased under Resale Agreements — Total loans purchased under resale agreements were $621.8 million and $1.02 billion as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The weighted-average yields were 1.60% and 2.02% for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Assets Sold under Repurchase Agreements — As of March 31, 2022, securities sold under the repurchase agreements consisted of U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities. Gross repurchase agreements were $300.0 million as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The weighted-average interest rates were 2.62% and 2.67% for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of March 31, 2022, all repurchase agreements will mature in 2023.

20

Balance Sheet Offsetting

The Company’s resale and repurchase agreements are transacted under legally enforceable master repurchase agreements that, in the event of default by the counterparty, provide the Company the right to liquidate securities held and to offset receivables and payables with the same counterparty. The Company nets resale and repurchase transactions with the same counterparty on the Consolidated Balance Sheet when it has a legally enforceable master netting agreement and the transactions are eligible for netting under ASC 210-20-45-11, Balance Sheet Offsetting Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Agreements. Collateral received includes securities and loans that are not recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Collateral pledged consists of securities that are not netted on the Consolidated Balance Sheet against the related collateralized liability. Securities received or pledged as collateral in resale and repurchase agreements with other financial institutions may also be sold or re-pledged by the secured party, and are usually delivered to and held by the third-party trustees.

The following tables present the resale and repurchase agreements included on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022
AssetsGross
Amounts
of Recognized
Assets		Gross Amounts
Offset on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheet		Net Amounts of
Assets Presented
on the Consolidated
Balance Sheet		Gross Amounts Not Offset on the
Consolidated Balance Sheet		Net
Amount
Collateral Received
Resale agreements$1,956,822 $— $1,956,822 $(1,918,204)
(1)
$38,618 
LiabilitiesGross
Amounts
of Recognized
Liabilities		Gross Amounts
Offset on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheet		Net Amounts of
Liabilities Presented
on the Consolidated
Balance Sheet		Gross Amounts Not Offset on the
Consolidated Balance Sheet		Net
Amount
Collateral Pledged
Repurchase agreements$300,000 $— $300,000 $(290,172)
(2)
$9,828 
($ in thousands)December 31, 2021
Gross
Amounts
of Recognized
Assets		Gross Amounts
Offset on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheet		Net Amounts of
Assets Presented
on the Consolidated
Balance Sheet		Gross Amounts Not Offset on the
Consolidated Balance Sheet
AssetsNet
Amount
Collateral Received
Resale agreements$2,353,503 $— $2,353,503 $(2,327,687)
(1)
$25,816 
LiabilitiesGross
Amounts
of Recognized
Liabilities		Gross Amounts
Offset on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheet		Net Amounts of
Liabilities Presented
on the Consolidated
Balance Sheet		Gross Amounts Not Offset on the
Consolidated Balance Sheet
Net
Amount
Collateral Pledged
Repurchase agreements$300,000 $— $300,000 $(300,000)
(2)
$— 
(1)Represents the fair value of assets the Company has received under resale agreements, limited for table presentation purposes to the amount of the recognized asset due from each counterparty. The application of collateral cannot reduce the net position below zero. Therefore, excess collateral, if any, is not reflected above.
(2)Represents the fair value of assets the Company has pledged under repurchase agreements, limited for table presentation purposes to the amount of the recognized liability due to each counterparty. The application of collateral cannot reduce the net position below zero. Therefore, excess collateral, if any, is not reflected above.

In addition to the amounts included in the tables above, the Company also has balance sheet netting related to derivatives. Refer to Note 6 — Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q for additional information.

21

Note 5 — Securities

The following tables present the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value by major categories of AFS and HTM debt securities as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022
Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value
AFS debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities$676,330 $64 $(38,420)$637,974 
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise debt securities326,555 119 (22,279)304,395 
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities632,660 1,185 (33,522)600,323 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,180,621 733 (112,869)2,068,485 
Municipal securities317,952 749 (20,042)298,659 
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities468,203 647 (23,525)445,325 
Residential mortgage-backed securities855,502 7 (48,727)806,782 
Corporate debt securities683,502 2,107 (55,097)630,512 
Foreign government bonds260,846 635 (7,670)253,811 
Asset-backed securities72,160 — (798)71,362 
CLOs617,250 — (5,447)611,803 
Total AFS debt securities7,091,581 6,246 (368,396)6,729,431 
HTM debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities$519,989 $— $(20,714)$499,275 
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise debt securities946,763 — (67,477)879,286 
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities515,966 — (31,678)484,288 
Residential mortgage-backed securities824,713 — (44,690)780,023 
Municipal securities190,271 — (17,175)173,096 
Total HTM debt securities2,997,702 — (181,734)2,815,968 
Total debt securities$10,089,283 $6,246 $(550,130)$9,545,399 
22

($ in thousands)December 31, 2021
Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value
AFS debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities$1,049,238 $130 $(16,687)$1,032,681 
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise debt securities1,333,984 2,697 (34,710)1,301,971 
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities1,242,043 15,791 (28,854)1,228,980 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,968,789 8,629 (49,135)2,928,283 
Municipal securities519,381 10,065 (6,288)523,158 
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities498,920 3,000 (5,477)496,443 
Residential mortgage-backed securities889,937 971 (8,977)881,931 
Corporate debt securities657,516 8,738 (16,589)649,665 
Foreign government bonds260,447 767 (3,481)257,733 
Asset-backed securities74,674 185 (301)74,558 
CLOs592,250 52 (2,352)589,950 
Total AFS debt securities $10,087,179 $51,025 $(172,851)$9,965,353 

During the first quarter of 2022, the Company transferred $3.01 billion in fair value of debt securities from AFS to HTM. At the time of the transfer, $113.0 million of unrealized losses, net of tax, was retained in AOCI.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the amortized cost of debt securities excluded accrued interest receivables of $28.5 million and $33.1 million, respectively, which are included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. For the Company’s accounting policy related to debt securities’ accrued interest receivable, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses on Available-for-Sale Debt Securities to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K and Note 2 — Current Accounting Developments and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.
23

Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Debt Securities

The following tables present the fair value and the associated gross unrealized losses of the Company’s AFS debt securities, aggregated by investment category and the length of time that the securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022
Less Than 12 Months12 Months or MoreTotal
Fair
Value		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		Gross
Unrealized
Losses
AFS debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities$452,031 $(23,354)$162,785 $(15,066)$614,816 $(38,420)
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities283,790 (21,418)13,639 (861)297,429 (22,279)
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities428,714 (22,960)94,653 (10,562)523,367 (33,522)
Residential mortgage-backed securities1,651,592 (77,331)363,817 (35,538)2,015,409 (112,869)
Municipal securities243,211 (20,042)— — 243,211 (20,042)
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities360,543 (17,424)67,676 (6,101)428,219 (23,525)
Residential mortgage-backed securities724,439 (42,033)81,681 (6,694)806,120 (48,727)
Corporate debt securities279,491 (16,008)275,912 (39,089)555,403 (55,097)
Foreign government bonds19,022 (43)77,195 (7,627)96,217 (7,670)
Asset-backed securities71,362 (798)— — 71,362 (798)
CLOs320,603 (2,647)291,200 (2,800)611,803 (5,447)
Total AFS debt securities$4,834,798 $(244,058)$1,428,558 $(124,338)$6,263,356 $(368,396)
($ in thousands)December 31, 2021
Less Than 12 Months12 Months or MoreTotal
Fair
Value		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		Gross
Unrealized
Losses
AFS debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities$935,776 $(14,689)$47,881 $(1,998)$983,657 $(16,687)
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise debt securities773,647 (18,000)402,907 (16,710)1,176,554 (34,710)
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities440,734 (13,589)257,745 (15,265)698,479 (28,854)
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,138,542 (37,691)330,522 (11,444)2,469,064 (49,135)
Municipal securities177,065 (5,682)17,003 (606)194,068 (6,288)
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial mortgage-backed securities301,925 (4,158)40,013 (1,319)341,938 (5,477)
Residential mortgage-backed securities707,792 (8,966)6,431 (11)714,223 (8,977)
Corporate debt securities183,916 (3,084)251,494 (13,505)435,410 (16,589)
Foreign government bonds27,097 (5)133,279 (3,476)160,376 (3,481)
Asset-backed securities24,885 (301)— — 24,885 (301)
CLOs221,586 (64)291,712 (2,288)513,298 (2,352)
Total AFS debt securities$5,932,965 $(106,229)$1,778,987 $(66,622)$7,711,952 $(172,851)

24

As of March 31, 2022, the Company had a total of 497 AFS debt securities in a gross unrealized loss position with no credit impairment, consisting primarily of 223 U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities, 102 non-agency mortgage-backed securities, and 56 corporate debt securities. In comparison, as of December 31, 2021, the Company had a total of 431 AFS debt securities in a gross unrealized loss position with no credit impairment, consisting primarily of 180 U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities, 50 U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored agency debt securities, 21 U.S. Treasury securities, and 30 corporate debt securities.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Available-for-Sale Debt Securities

Each reporting period, the Company assesses each AFS debt security that is in an unrealized loss position to determine whether the decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis resulted from a credit loss or other factors. For a discussion of the factors and criteria the Company uses in analyzing securities for impairment related to credit losses, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses on Available-for-Sale Debt Securities to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K.

The gross unrealized losses presented in the preceding tables were primarily attributable to interest rate movement and spread widening. Securities that were in unrealized loss positions as of March 31, 2022 were mainly comprised of the following:

•U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities — The market value decline as of March 31, 2022, was primarily due to interest rate movement. These securities (issued by Fannie Mae, Ginnie Mae and Freddie Mac) are guaranteed or sponsored by agencies of the U.S. government, and their credit profiles are strong (rated Aaa, AA+ and AAA by Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”), S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively). The Company expects to receive all contractual cash flows on time.
•Non-agency mortgage-backed securities — The market value decline as of March 31, 2022, was primarily due to interest rate movement and spread widening. Since these securities are rated AA or AAA by rating agencies (Moody’s, S&P, Kroll Bond Rating Agency, Fitch and Dominion Bond Rating Service Morningstar), or have high priority in the cash flow waterfall within the securitization structure, and the contractual payments have historically been on time, the Company believes the risk of credit losses on these securities is low.
•Corporate debt securities — The market value decline as of March 31, 2022, was primarily due to interest rate movement and spread widening. Since credit profiles of these securities are strong (rated BBB- or higher by Moody’s, S&P, Kroll Bond Rating Agency and Fitch), and the contractual payments from these bonds have been and are expected to be received on time, the Company believes that the risk of credit losses on these securities is low.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had the intent to hold the AFS debt securities with unrealized losses through the anticipated recovery period and it was more-likely-than-not that the Company will not have to sell these securities before the recovery of their amortized cost. The issuers of these securities have not, to the Company’s knowledge, established any cause for default on these securities. As a result, the Company expects to recover the entire amortized cost basis of these securities. Accordingly, there was no allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 provided against these securities. In addition, there was no provision for credit losses recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities

The Company separately evaluates its HTM debt securities for any credit losses, of which all qualify for the zero loss assumption as of March 31, 2022. For more information on the Company’s credit loss methodology, refer to Note 2 — Current Accounting Developments and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q. The Company monitors the credit quality of the HTM debt securities using external credit ratings. As of March 31, 2022, all HTM securities were highly rated (rated Aaa, AA+ and AAA by Moody’s, S&P and Fitch) and issued, guaranteed, or supported by U.S. government entities and agencies. The Company believes the history of no credit losses, current conditions as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts, indicate that all contractual payments will be received. Accordingly, the Company applied a zero credit loss assumption and no allowance for credit losses was recorded as of March 31, 2022.

Overall, the Company believes that the credit support levels of the debt securities are strong and, based on current assessments and macroeconomic forecasts, expects that full contractual cash flows will be received.
25

Realized Gains and Losses

The following table presents the gross realized gains and tax expense related to the sales of AFS debt securities for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Gross realized gains$1,278 $192 
Related tax expense$378 $57 

26

Contractual Maturities of Available-for-Sale and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities

The following tables present the contractual maturities, amortized cost, fair value and weighted average yields of AFS and HTM debt securities as of March 31, 2022. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities on certain securities as the issuers and borrowers of the underlying collateral may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.
($ in thousands)Within One Year
After One Year through Five Years
After Five Years through Ten Years After Ten Years Total
AFS debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities
Amortized cost$— $576,650 $99,680 $— $676,330 
Fair value— 547,431 90,543 — 637,974 
Weighted-average yield (1)
— %1.28 %0.74 %— %1.20 %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise debt securities
Amortized cost— 29,199 125,000 172,356 326,555 
Fair value— 27,969 115,734 160,692 304,395 
Weighted-average yield (1)
— %1.64 %1.16 %2.09 %1.70 %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities:
Amortized cost— 12,508 190,547 2,610,226 2,813,281 
Fair value— 12,538 185,605 2,470,665 2,668,808 
Weighted-average yield (1)
— %3.08 %2.62 %1.78 %1.85 %
Municipal securities
Amortized cost1,841 36,444 18,691 260,976 317,952 
Fair value1,844 35,640 18,174 243,001 298,659 
Weighted-average yield (1) (2)
2.72 %2.41 %2.60 %2.23 %2.28 %
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities
Amortized cost10,807 202,260 45,103 1,065,535 1,323,705 
Fair value10,798 198,659 44,661 997,989 1,252,107 
Weighted-average yield (1)
3.07 %3.25 %1.16 %2.00 %2.17 %
Corporate debt securities
Amortized cost— 10,000 331,502 342,000 683,502 
Fair value— 9,848 322,115 298,549 630,512 
Weighted average yield (1)
— %1.55 %3.67 %2.05 %2.83 %
Foreign government bonds
Amortized cost113,979 46,867 50,000 50,000 260,846 
Fair value113,864 47,315 50,131 42,501 253,811 
Weighted-average yield (1)
1.88 %3.01 %0.42 %1.50 %1.73 %
Asset-backed securities:
Amortized cost— — — 72,160 72,160 
Fair value— — — 71,362 71,362 
Weighted-average yield (1)
— %— %— %1.50 %1.50 %
CLOs
Amortized cost— — — 617,250 617,250 
Fair value— — — 611,803 611,803 
Weighted average yield (1)
— %— %— %1.41 %1.41 %
Total AFS debt securities
Amortized cost$126,627 $913,928 $860,523 $5,190,503 $7,091,581 
Fair value$126,506 $879,400 $826,963 $4,896,562 $6,729,431 
Weighted-average yield (1)
1.99 %1.89 %2.39 %1.83 %1.91 %
27

($ in thousands)Within One Year
After One Year through Five Years
After Five Years through Ten YearsAfter Ten YearsTotal
HTM debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities
Amortized cost$—$24,415$495,574$—$519,989
Fair value—23,492475,783—499,275
Weighted-average yield (1)
— %0.76 %1.06 %— %1.05 %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise debt securities
Amortized cost——162,903783,860946,763
Fair value——153,074726,212879,286
Weighted-average yield (1)
— %— %1.43 %1.86 %1.79 %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities
Amortized cost——88,1141,252,5651,340,679
Fair value——83,8161,180,4951,264,311
Weighted-average yield (1)
— %— %1.61 %1.62 %1.62 %
Municipal securities
Amortized cost———190,271190,271
Fair value———173,096173,096
Weighted-average yield (1) (2)
— %— %— %1.97 %1.97 %
Total HTM debt securities
Amortized cost$—$24,415$746,591$2,226,696$2,997,702
Fair value$—$23,492$712,673$2,079,803$2,815,968
Weighted-average yield (1)
— %0.76 %1.21 %1.73 %1.59 %
(1)Weighted-average yields are computed based on amortized cost balances.
(2)Yields on tax-exempt securities are not presented on a tax-equivalent basis.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, AFS and HTM debt securities with carrying values of $625.9 million and $803.9 million, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits, repurchase agreements and for other purposes required or permitted by law.

Restricted Equity Securities

The following table presents the restricted equity securities included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRBSF”) stock$60,432 $60,184 
FHLB stock17,250 17,250 
Total restricted equity securities$77,682 $77,434 

Note 6 — Derivatives

The Company uses derivatives to manage exposure to market risk, primarily interest rate or foreign currency risk, as well as to assist customers with their risk management objectives. The Company’s goal is to manage interest rate sensitivity and volatility so that movements in interest rates do not significantly affect earnings or capital. The Company also uses foreign exchange contracts to manage the foreign exchange rate risk associated with certain foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities, as well as the Bank’s investment in East West Bank (China) Limited. The Company recognizes all derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at fair value. While the Company designates certain derivatives as hedging instruments in a qualifying hedge accounting relationship, other derivatives serve as economic hedges. For additional information on the Company’s derivatives and hedging activities, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Significant Accounting Policies — Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K.

28

The following table presents the notional amounts and gross fair values of the Company’s derivatives, as well as the balance sheet netting adjustments on an aggregate basis as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The derivative assets and liabilities are presented on a gross basis prior to the application of bilateral collateral and master netting agreements, but after the variation margin payments with central clearing organizations have been applied as settlement, as applicable. Total derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral received or paid as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The resulting net derivative asset and liability fair values are included in Other assets and Accrued expenses and other liabilities, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Notional
Amount		Fair ValueNotional
Amount		Fair Value
Derivative
Assets 		Derivative
 Liabilities 		Derivative
Assets 		Derivative
 Liabilities 
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts
$1,275,000 $385 $— $275,000 $— $57 
Net investment hedges:
Foreign exchange contracts
86,751 — 490 86,531 — 225 
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments
$1,361,751 $385 $490 $361,531 $— $282 
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate contracts
$17,771,724 $187,716 $236,569 $17,575,420 $240,222 $179,905 
Foreign exchange contracts2,365,524 16,122 11,545 1,874,681 21,033 15,276 
Credit contracts122,560 — 67 72,560 — 141 
Equity contracts
— (1)314 — — (1)220 — 
Commodity contracts
— (2)484,563 443,358 — (2)222,709 194,567 
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments$20,259,808 $688,715 $691,539 $19,522,661 $484,184 $389,889 
Gross derivative assets/liabilities$689,100 $692,029 $484,184 $390,171 
Less: Master netting agreements(108,782)(108,782)(58,679)(58,679)
Less: Cash collateral received/paid(81,534)(326,299)(42,274)(174,048)
Net derivative assets/liabilities$498,784 $256,948 $383,231 $157,444 
(1)The Company held equity contracts in one public company and 13 private companies as of March 31, 2022. In comparison, the Company held equity contracts in one public company and 12 private companies as of December 31, 2021.
(2)The notional amount of the Company’s commodity contracts entered with its customers totaled 7,217 thousand barrels of crude oil and 83,460 thousand units of natural gas, measured in million British thermal units (“MMBTUs”) as of March 31, 2022. In comparison, the notional amount of the Company’s commodity contracts entered with its customers totaled 7,519 thousand barrels of crude oil and 83,274 thousand MMBTUs of natural gas as of December 31, 2021. The Company simultaneously entered into the offsetting commodity contracts with mirrored terms with third-party financial institutions.

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments

Cash Flow Hedges — In 2020, the Company entered into $275.0 million in total notional amounts of interest rate swaps that were designated as cash flow hedges to limit the exposure to the variability in interest payments on certain floating rate borrowings. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company entered into two new interest rate swaps in total notional amounts of $1.00 billion, which were designated as cash flow hedges to limit the exposure to the variability in interest receipts on certain variable rate CRE loans. Changes in the fair values of cash flow hedges are recognized in AOCI and reclassified to earnings in the same period when the hedged cash flows impact earnings. Reclassified gains and losses on these interest rate swaps are recorded either in the same line item as the interest payments of the hedged long-term borrowings within Interest expense, or in the same line items as the interest receipts of the hedged variable rate CRE loan pool within Interest and dividend income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Considering the interest rates, yield curve and notional amounts as of March 31, 2022, the Company expected to reclassify an estimated $2.7 million of after-tax net losses on derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges from AOCI into earnings during the next 12 months.

29

The following table presents the pre-tax changes in AOCI from cash flow hedges for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. The after-tax impact of cash flow hedges on AOCI is discussed in Note 13 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form-10-Q.
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
 (Losses) gains recognized in AOCI:
Interest rate swaps$(32,609)$426 
 Gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into earnings:
Interest expense$(173)$(177)
Interest income2,273 — 
Total$2,100 $(177)

Net Investment Hedges — ASC 830-20, Foreign Currency Matters — Foreign Currency Transactions and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, allow hedging of the foreign currency risk of a net investment in a foreign operation. The Company enters into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge a portion of the Bank’s investment in East West Bank (China) Limited, a non-USD functional currency subsidiary in China. The hedging instruments designated as net investment hedges involve hedging the risk of changes in the USD equivalent value of a designated monetary amount of the Bank’s net investment in East West Bank (China) Limited, against the risk of adverse changes in the foreign currency exchange rate of the Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”). The Company may de-designate the net investment hedges when the Company expects the hedge will cease to be highly effective.

The following table presents the after-tax gains (losses) recognized in AOCI on net investment hedges for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
(Losses) gains recognized in AOCI$(1,119)$101 

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

Interest Rate Contracts — The Company enters into interest rate contracts, which include interest rate swaps and options with its customers to allow the customers to hedge against the risk of rising interest rates on their variable rate loans. To economically hedge against the interest rate risks in the products offered to its customers, the Company enters into mirrored offsetting interest rate contracts with third-party financial institutions, including central clearing organizations.

The following tables present the notional amounts and the gross fair values of interest rate derivative contracts outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022
Customer Counterparty($ in thousands)Financial Counterparty
Notional
Amount		Fair ValueNotional
Amount		Fair Value
AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
Written options
$1,460,907 $— $13,804 
Purchased options
$1,460,907 $13,867 $— 
Sold collars and corridors
210,909 307 3,869 
Collars and corridors
210,910 3,896 307 
Swaps7,199,663 40,246 193,683 Swaps7,228,428 129,400 24,906 
Total
$8,871,479 $40,553 $211,356 
Total
$8,900,245 $147,163 $25,213 
30

($ in thousands)December 31, 2021
Customer Counterparty($ in thousands)Financial Counterparty
Notional
Amount		Fair ValueNotional
Amount		Fair Value
AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
Written options
$1,118,074 $— $2,148 
Purchased options
$1,118,074 $2,159 $— 
Sold collars and corridors
194,181 1,272 642 
Collars and corridors
194,181 646 1,275 
Swaps7,460,836 211,727 39,650 Swaps7,490,074 24,418 136,190 
Total
$8,773,091 $212,999 $42,440 
Total
$8,802,329 $27,223 $137,465 

Included in the total notional amount of $8.90 billion of interest rate contracts entered into with financial counterparties as of March 31, 2022, was a notional amount of $2.59 billion of interest rate swaps that cleared through London Clearing House (“LCH”). Applying variation margin payments as settlement to LCH cleared derivative transactions resulted in a reduction in derivative asset fair value of $71.2 million and liability fair value of $16.2 million as of March 31, 2022. In comparison, included in the total notional amount of $8.80 billion of interest rate contracts entered into with financial counterparties as of December 31, 2021 was a notional amount of $2.79 billion of interest rate swaps that cleared through LCH. Applying variation margin payments as settlement to LCH cleared derivative transactions resulted in a reduction in derivative asset fair values of $18.1 million and liability fair values of $79.9 million as of December 31, 2021.

Foreign Exchange Contracts — The Company enters into foreign exchange contracts with its customers, consisting of forwards, spot, swap and option contracts to accommodate the business needs of its customers. The Company enters into offsetting foreign exchange contracts with third-party financial institutions to manage its foreign exchange exposure with its customers, or enters into bilateral collateral and master netting agreements with certain customer counterparties to manage its credit exposure. The Company also utilizes foreign exchange contracts, which are not designated as hedging instruments to mitigate the economic effect of currency fluctuations on certain foreign currency-denominated on-balance sheet assets and liabilities, primarily foreign currency-denominated deposits offered to its customers. A majority of the foreign exchange contracts had original maturities of one year or less as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

The following tables present the notional amounts and the gross fair values of foreign exchange derivative contracts outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022
Customer Counterparty($ in thousands)Financial Counterparty
Notional
Amount		Fair ValueNotional
Amount		Fair Value
AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
Forwards and spot$747,870 $8,675 $2,567 Forwards and spot$361,741 $1,685 $1,210 
Swaps137,691 1,088 433 Swaps1,118,222 4,674 7,335 
Total$885,561 $9,763 $3,000 Total$1,479,963 $6,359 $8,545 
($ in thousands)December 31, 2021
Customer Counterparty($ in thousands)Financial Counterparty
Notional
Amount		Fair ValueNotional
Amount		Fair Value
AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
Forwards and spot$900,290 $13,688 $9,446 Forwards and spot$267,689 $1,564 $2,695 
Swaps66,474 1,034 17 Swaps599,654 4,745 3,116 
Written options20,287 1 — Purchased options20,287 1 2 
Total$987,051 $14,723 $9,463 Total$887,630 $6,310 $5,813 

31

Credit Contracts — The Company may periodically enter into credit RPAs with institutional counterparties to manage the credit exposure of the interest rate contracts associated with the syndicated loans. The Company may enter into protection sold or protection purchased RPAs. The purchaser of credit protection that enters into an interest rate contract with the borrower, may in turn enter into an RPA with a seller of protection, under which the seller of protection receives a fee to accept a portion of the credit risk. A seller of credit protection is required to make payments to the buyer if a borrower defaults on the related interest rate contract. Credit risk on RPAs is managed by monitoring the credit worthiness of the borrowers and institutional counterparties, which is part of the normal credit review and monitoring process. The majority of the reference entities of the protection sold RPAs were investment grade as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Assuming the underlying borrowers referenced in the interest rate contracts defaulted as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the maximum exposure of protection sold RPAs would be $887 thousand and $3.2 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the weighted-average remaining maturities of the outstanding protection sold RPAs were 2.8 years and 3.2 years, respectively.

The notional amount of the RPAs reflects the Company’s pro-rata share of the derivative instrument. The following table presents the notional amounts and the gross fair values of RPAs sold outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Notional
Amount		Fair ValueNotional
Amount		Fair Value
AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
RPAs — protection sold
$122,560 $— $67 $72,560 $— $141 
Total RPAs$122,560 $— $67 $72,560 $— $141 

Equity Contracts — From time to time, as part of the Company’s loan origination process, the Company obtains warrants to purchase preferred and/or common stock of technology and life sciences companies to which it provides loans. Warrants grant the Company the right to buy a certain class of the underlying company’s equity at a certain price before expiration. The Company held warrants in one public company and 13 private companies as of March 31, 2022, and held warrants in one public company and 12 private companies as of December 31, 2021. The total fair value of the warrants held was $314 thousand and $220 thousand as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Commodity Contracts — The Company enters into energy commodity contracts in the form of swaps and options with its commercial loan customers to allow them to hedge against the risk of energy commodity price fluctuation. To economically hedge against the risk of commodity price fluctuation in the products offered to its customers, the Company enters into offsetting commodity contracts with third-party financial institutions to manage the exposure.

The following tables present the notional amounts and fair values of the commodity derivative positions outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ and units in thousands)
March 31, 2022
Customer Counterparty
($ and units in thousands)
Financial Counterparty
Notional
Unit		Fair ValueNotional
Unit		Fair Value
AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
Crude oil:Crude oil:
Written options— Barrels$672 $— 
Purchased options
— Barrels$— $496 
Collars
2,957 Barrels80,352 — 
Collars
3,006 Barrels— 76,875 
Swaps
4,260 Barrels138,209 255 
Swaps
6,757 Barrels46,487 164,652 
Total
7,217 $219,233 $255 
Total
9,763 $46,487 $242,023 
Natural gas:
Natural gas:
Collars
23,156 MMBTUs41,807 4 
Collars
23,396 MMBTUs4 41,649 
Swaps
60,304 MMBTUs126,496 — 
Swaps
100,433 MMBTUs50,536 159,427 
Total
83,460 $168,303 $4 
Total
123,829 $50,540 $201,076 
Total$387,536 $259 Total$97,027 $443,099 
32

($ and units in thousands)
December 31, 2021
Customer Counterparty
($ and units in thousands)
Financial Counterparty
Notional
Unit		Fair ValueNotional
Unit		Fair Value
AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
Crude oil:Crude oil:
Written options— Barrels$87 $— 
Purchased options
— Barrels$— $81 
Collars
2,837 Barrels$33,826 $106 
Collars
2,888 Barrels$— $33,399 
Swaps
4,682 Barrels71,242 60 
Swaps
7,517 Barrels27,524 82,723 
Total
7,519 $105,155 $166 
Total
10,405 $27,524 $116,203 
Natural gas:
Natural gas:
Collars
24,315 MMBTUs10,903 458 
Collars
25,929 MMBTUs1,136 10,936 
Swaps
58,959 MMBTUs49,188 3,775 
Swaps
109,567 MMBTUs28,803 63,029 
Total
83,274 $60,091 $4,233 
Total
135,496 $29,939 $73,965 
Total$165,246 $4,399 Total$57,463 $190,168 

As of March 31, 2022, the notional amounts that cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”) totaled 720 thousand barrels of crude oil and 7,925 thousand MMBTUs of natural gas. Applying the variation margin payments as settlement to CME-cleared derivative transactions resulted in reductions to the gross derivative liability fair value of $37.1 million as of March 31, 2022. In comparison, the notional amounts that cleared through CME totaled 1,036 thousand barrels of crude oil and 11,490 thousand MMBTUs of natural gas as of December 31, 2021. Applying the variation margin payments as settlement to CME-cleared derivative transactions resulted in a reduction to the gross derivative asset fair value of $2.2 million and to the liability fair value of $25.8 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2021.

The following table presents the net gains (losses) recognized on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income related to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Classification on
Consolidated
Statement of Income		Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate contracts
Interest rate contracts and other derivative income$7,585 $13,901 
Foreign exchange contracts
Foreign exchange income
7,322 10,243 
Credit contractsInterest rate contracts and other derivative income74 45 
Equity contractsLending fees94 311 
Commodity contractsInterest rate contracts and other derivative income(49)169 
Net gains$15,026 $24,669 

Credit Risk-Related Contingent Features — Certain of the Company’s over-the-counter derivative contracts contain early termination provisions that may require the Company to settle any outstanding balances upon the occurrence of a specified credit risk-related event. Such event primarily relates to a downgrade in the credit rating of East West Bank to below investment grade. As of March 31, 2022, the aggregate fair value amounts of all derivative instruments with credit risk-related contingent features that were in a net liability position totaled $42.6 million, in which $42.1 million of collateral was posted to cover these positions. As of December 31, 2021, the aggregate fair value amounts of all derivative instruments with credit risk-related contingent features that were in a net liability position totaled $66.8 million, in which $66.6 million of collateral was posted to cover these positions. In the event that the credit rating of East West Bank had been downgraded to below investment grade, minimal additional collateral would have been required to be posted as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
33

Offsetting of Derivatives

The following tables present the gross derivative fair values, the balance sheet netting adjustments and the resulting net fair values recorded on the consolidated balance sheet, as well as the cash and noncash collateral associated with master netting arrangements. The gross amounts of derivative assets and liabilities are presented after the application of variation margin payments as settlements with central counterparties, where applicable. The collateral amounts in the following tables are limited to the outstanding balances of the related asset or liability, after the application of netting; therefore, instances of overcollateralization are not shown:
($ in thousands)As of March 31, 2022
Gross
Amounts
Recognized (1)
Gross Amounts Offset on the
Consolidated Balance Sheet 		Net Amounts
Presented
on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheet		Gross Amounts Not Offset on the
Consolidated Balance Sheet		Net Amount
Master Netting Arrangements
Cash Collateral Received (3)
Security Collateral
Received (5)
Derivative assets$689,100 $(108,782)$(81,534)$498,784 $— $498,784 
 Gross
Amounts
Recognized (2)
Gross Amounts Offset on the
Consolidated Balance Sheet 		Net Amounts
Presented
on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheet		Gross Amounts Not Offset on the
Consolidated Balance Sheet 		Net Amount
Master Netting Arrangements
Cash Collateral Pledged (4)
Security Collateral
Pledged (5)
Derivative liabilities$692,029 $(108,782)$(326,299)$256,948 $(42,627)$214,321 
($ in thousands)As of December 31, 2021
 Gross
Amounts
Recognized (1)
Gross Amounts Offset on the
Consolidated Balance Sheet 		Net Amounts
Presented
on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheet		Gross Amounts Not Offset on the
Consolidated Balance Sheet		Net
Amount
Master Netting Arrangements
Cash Collateral Received (3)
Security Collateral
Received (5)
Derivative assets$484,184 $(58,679)$(42,274)$383,231 $— $383,231 
 Gross
Amounts
Recognized (2)
Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance SheetNet Amounts
Presented
on the
Consolidated
Balance Sheet		Gross Amounts Not Offset on the
Consolidated Balance Sheet		Net
Amount
Master Netting Arrangements
Cash Collateral Pledged (4)
Security Collateral
Pledged (5)
Derivative liabilities
$390,171 $(58,679)$(174,048)$157,444 $(106,598)$50,846 
(1)Includes $811 thousand and $587 thousand of gross fair value assets with counterparties that were not subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(2)Includes $834 thousand and $666 thousand of gross fair value liabilities with counterparties that were not subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(3)Gross cash collateral received under master netting arrangements or similar agreements were $87.6 million and $47.0 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Of the gross cash collateral received, $81.5 million and $42.3 million were used to offset against derivative assets as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(4)Gross cash collateral pledged under master netting arrangements or similar agreements were $330.2 million and $176.5 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Of the gross cash collateral pledged, $326.3 million and $174.0 million were used to offset against derivative liabilities as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(5)Represents the fair value of security collateral received and pledged limited to derivative assets and liabilities that are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements. GAAP does not permit the netting of noncash collateral on the consolidated balance sheet but requires disclosure of such amounts.

In addition to the amounts included in the tables above, the Company also has balance sheet netting related to the resale and repurchase agreements. Refer to Note 4 — Assets Purchased under Resale Agreements and Sold under Repurchase Agreements to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q for additional information. Refer to Note 3 — Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q for fair value measurement disclosures on derivatives.

34

Note 7 — Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table presents the composition of the Company’s loans held-for-investment outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Commercial:
C&I (1)
$14,838,134 $14,150,608 
CRE:
CRE12,636,787 12,155,047 
Multifamily residential3,894,463 3,675,605 
Construction and land443,836 346,486 
Total CRE16,975,086 16,177,138 
Total commercial31,813,220 30,327,746 
Consumer:
Residential mortgage:
Single-family residential9,283,429 9,093,702 
HELOCs2,266,634 2,144,821 
Total residential mortgage11,550,063 11,238,523 
Other consumer127,399 127,512 
Total consumer11,677,462 11,366,035 
Total loans held-for-investment (2)
$43,490,682 $41,693,781 
Allowance for loan losses(545,685)(541,579)
Loans held-for-investment, net (2)
$42,944,997 $41,152,202 
(1)Includes Paycheck Protection Program loans of $318.1 million and $534.2 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(2)Includes net deferred loan fees, unearned fees, unamortized premiums and unaccreted discounts of $(42.7) million and $(50.7) million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Loans held-for-investment accrued interest receivable was $112.2 million and $107.4 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and is included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Interest income reversed for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 was insignificant. For the Company’s accounting policy on accrued interest receivable related to loans held-for-investment, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K.

The Company’s FRBSF and FHLB borrowings are primarily secured by loans held-for-investment. Loans held-for-investment totaling $28.36 billion and $27.67 billion, respectively, were pledged to secure borrowings and provide additional borrowing capacity as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Credit Quality Indicators

All loans are subject to the Company’s credit review and monitoring process. For the commercial loan portfolio, loans are risk rated based on an analysis of the borrower’s current payment performance or delinquency, repayment sources, financial and liquidity factors, including industry and geographic considerations. For the consumer loan portfolio, payment performance or delinquency is typically the driving indicator for risk ratings.

The Company utilizes internal credit risk ratings to assign each individual loan a risk rating of 1 through 10:

•Pass — loans risk rated 1 through 5 are assigned an internal risk rating category of “Pass.” Loans risk rated 1 are typically loans fully secured by cash. Pass loans have sufficient sources of repayment to repay the loan in full, in accordance with all terms and conditions.
•Special mention — loans assigned a risk rating of 6 have potential weaknesses that warrant closer attention by management; these are assigned an internal risk rating category of “Special Mention.”
•Substandard — loans assigned a risk rating of 7 or 8 have well-defined weaknesses that may jeopardize the full and timely repayment of the loan; these are assigned an internal risk rating category of “Substandard.”
35

•Doubtful — loans assigned a risk rating of 9 have insufficient sources of repayment and a high probability of loss; these are assigned an internal risk rating category of “Doubtful.”
•Loss — loans assigned a risk rating of 10 are uncollectible and of such little value that they are no longer considered bankable assets; these are assigned an internal risk rating category of “Loss.”

Loan exposures categorized as criticized consist of special mention, substandard, doubtful and loss categories. The Company reviews the internal risk ratings of its loan portfolio on a regular basis, and adjusts the ratings based on changes in the borrowers’ financial status and the collectability of the loans.

36

The following tables summarize the Company’s loans held-for-investment by loan portfolio segments, internal risk ratings and vintage year as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The vintage year is the year of origination, renewal or major modification.
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022
Term Loans by Origination YearRevolving LoansRevolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Total
20222021202020192018Prior
Commercial:
C&I:
Pass$737,607 $3,443,409 $983,506 $571,374 $188,189 $303,396 $8,203,700 $28,621 $14,459,802 
Criticized (accrual)51,594 22,381 60,176 49,533 43,741 20,353 78,781 — 326,559 
Criticized (nonaccrual)— 13,403 6,018 — 5,634 12,799 13,919 — 51,773 
Total C&I789,201 3,479,193 1,049,700 620,907 237,564 336,548 8,296,400 28,621 14,838,134 
CRE:
Pass1,029,501 2,646,859 1,993,446 2,108,508 1,737,301 2,628,811 157,525 6,351 12,308,302 
Criticized (accrual)5,049 105,708 4,375 54,675 56,140 93,134 — — 319,081 
Criticized (nonaccrual)— 4,301 — — — 5,103 — — 9,404 
Total CRE1,034,550 2,756,868 1,997,821 2,163,183 1,793,441 2,727,048 157,525 6,351 12,636,787 
Multifamily residential:
Pass354,628 980,895 698,645 683,149 386,920 709,085 19,704 — 3,833,026 
Criticized (accrual)— — — 718 22,306 37,990 — — 61,014 
Criticized (nonaccrual)— — — — — 423 — — 423 
Total multifamily residential354,628 980,895 698,645 683,867 409,226 747,498 19,704 — 3,894,463 
Construction and land:
Pass35,198 192,442 93,792 89,152 3,370 270 — — 414,224 
Criticized (accrual)— 3,311 4,347 — 21,954 — — — 29,612 
Criticized (nonaccrual)— — — — — — — — — 
Total construction and land35,198 195,753 98,139 89,152 25,324 270 — — 443,836 
Total CRE1,424,376 3,933,516 2,794,605 2,936,202 2,227,991 3,474,816 177,229 6,351 16,975,086 
Total commercial2,213,577 7,412,709 3,844,305 3,557,109 2,465,555 3,811,364 8,473,629 34,972 31,813,220 
Consumer:
Residential mortgage:
Single-family residential:
Pass (1)
592,760 2,610,094 2,006,265 1,271,347 996,334 1,780,965 — — 9,257,765 
Criticized (accrual)— 241 706 961 4,281 4,187 — — 10,376 
Criticized (nonaccrual) (1)
— — 397 2,024 3,902 8,965 — — 15,288 
Total single-family residential mortgage592,760 2,610,335 2,007,368 1,274,332 1,004,517 1,794,117 — — 9,283,429 
HELOCs:
Pass— 1,956 3,756 1,590 1,463 11,629 2,061,729 174,742 2,256,865 
Criticized (accrual)— — — 220 — 1 1,464 1,272 2,957 
Criticized (nonaccrual)— 7 — — 186 3,052 — 3,567 6,812 
Total HELOCs— 1,963 3,756 1,810 1,649 14,682 2,063,193 179,581 2,266,634 
Total residential mortgage592,760 2,612,298 2,011,124 1,276,142 1,006,166 1,808,799 2,063,193 179,581 11,550,063 
Other consumer:
Pass538 16,190 5,258 — — 54,062 51,313 — 127,361 
Criticized (accrual)1 — — — — — — — 1 
Criticized (nonaccrual)— — — — — — 37 — 37 
Total other consumer539 16,190 5,258 — — 54,062 51,350 — 127,399 
Total consumer593,299 2,628,488 2,016,382 1,276,142 1,006,166 1,862,861 2,114,543 179,581 11,677,462 
Total$2,806,876 $10,041,197 $5,860,687 $4,833,251 $3,471,721 $5,674,225 $10,588,172 $214,553 $43,490,682 
37

($ in thousands)December 31, 2021
Term Loans by Origination YearRevolving LoansRevolving Loans Converted to Term LoansTotal
20212020201920182017Prior
Commercial:
C&I:
Pass$3,911,722 $1,133,085 $629,007 $187,195 $132,392 $225,326 $7,383,485 $28,842 $13,631,054 
Criticized (accrual)85,036 117,357 72,277 51,553 15,136 4,005 115,167 — 460,531 
Criticized (nonaccrual)29,456 2,792 513 517 9,301 16,444 — — 59,023 
Total C&I4,026,214 1,253,234 701,797 239,265 156,829 245,775 7,498,652 28,842 14,150,608 
CRE:
Pass2,792,193 2,090,503 2,230,520 1,863,481 1,120,682 1,727,862 128,668 6,389 11,960,298 
Criticized (accrual)71,055 3,200 9,176 21,077 24,851 55,892 — — 185,251 
Criticized (nonaccrual)4,350 — — — 4,752 396 — — 9,498 
Total CRE2,867,598 2,093,703 2,239,696 1,884,558 1,150,285 1,784,150 128,668 6,389 12,155,047 
Multifamily residential:
Pass1,026,295 726,772 688,453 419,319 308,087 424,947 20,524 — 3,614,397 
Criticized (accrual)— — 721 22,344 7,033 30,666 — — 60,764 
Criticized (nonaccrual)— — — — — 444 — — 444 
Total multifamily residential
1,026,295 726,772 689,174 441,663 315,120 456,057 20,524 — 3,675,605 
Construction and land:
Pass122,983 103,743 90,544 3,412 — 391 — — 321,073 
Criticized (accrual)3,355 — — 22,058 — — — — 25,413 
Criticized (nonaccrual)— — — — — — — — — 
Total construction and land
126,338 103,743 90,544 25,470 — 391 — — 346,486 
Total CRE4,020,231 2,924,218 3,019,414 2,351,691 1,465,405 2,240,598 149,192 6,389 16,177,138 
Total commercial
8,046,445 4,177,452 3,721,211 2,590,956 1,622,234 2,486,373 7,647,844 35,231 30,327,746 
Consumer:
Residential mortgage:
Single-family residential:
Pass (1)
2,616,958 2,108,370 1,375,929 1,079,030 763,351 1,127,516 — — 9,071,154 
Criticized (accrual)— — 458 2,813 1,899 3,212 — — 8,382 
Criticized (nonaccrual) (1)
— — 1,751 3,889 4,295 4,231 — — 14,166 
Total single-family residential mortgage
2,616,958 2,108,370 1,378,138 1,085,732 769,545 1,134,959 — — 9,093,702 
HELOCs:
Pass648 3,277 4,644 1,347 3,268 11,215 1,913,478 197,414 2,135,291 
Criticized (accrual)— — — — — 371 7 708 1,086 
Criticized (nonaccrual)— — 52 188 3,543 973 — 3,688 8,444 
Total HELOCs648 3,277 4,696 1,535 6,811 12,559 1,913,485 201,810 2,144,821 
Total residential mortgage
2,617,606 2,111,647 1,382,834 1,087,267 776,356 1,147,518 1,913,485 201,810 11,238,523 
Other consumer:
Pass16,831 5,258 — — 1,741 52,147 51,481 — 127,458 
Criticized (accrual)2 — — — — — — — 2 
Criticized (nonaccrual)— — — — — — 52 — 52 
Total other consumer
16,833 5,258 — — 1,741 52,147 51,533 — 127,512 
Total consumer2,634,439 2,116,905 1,382,834 1,087,267 778,097 1,199,665 1,965,018 201,810 11,366,035 
Total
$10,680,884 $6,294,357 $5,104,045 $3,678,223 $2,400,331 $3,686,038 $9,612,862 $237,041 $41,693,781 
(1)As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, $1.1 million and $1.6 million, respectively, of nonaccrual loans whose payments are guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration were classified with a “Pass” rating.

Revolving loans that are converted to term loans presented in the table above are excluded from the term loans by vintage year columns. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, there were no conversions of HELOCs or CRE revolving loans to term loans. In comparison, HELOCs of $44.3 million and two CRE revolving loans of $5.0 million were converted to term loans during the three months ended March 31, 2021.

38

Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans

Loans that are 90 or more days past due are generally placed on nonaccrual status unless the loan is well-collateralized and in the process of collection. Loans that are less than 90 days past due but have identified deficiencies, such as when the full collection of principal or interest becomes uncertain, are also placed on nonaccrual status. The following tables present the aging analysis of total loans held-for-investment as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022
Current
Accruing
Loans (1)
Accruing
Loans
30-59  Days
Past Due		Accruing
Loans
60-89  Days
Past Due		Total
Accruing
Past Due
Loans		Total
Nonaccrual
Loans		Total
Loans
Commercial:
C&I$14,759,847 $23,082 $3,432 $26,514 $51,773 $14,838,134 
CRE:
CRE12,624,346 2,895 142 3,037 9,404 12,636,787 
Multifamily residential3,891,837 804 1,399 2,203 423 3,894,463 
Construction and land443,836 — — — — 443,836 
Total CRE16,960,019 3,699 1,541 5,240 9,827 16,975,086 
Total commercial31,719,866 26,781 4,973 31,754 61,600 31,813,220 
Consumer:
Residential mortgage:
Single-family residential9,240,375 15,998 10,671 26,669 16,385 9,283,429 
HELOCs2,253,750 3,116 2,956 6,072 6,812 2,266,634 
Total residential mortgage11,494,125 19,114 13,627 32,741 23,197 11,550,063 
Other consumer126,568 150 644 794 37 127,399 
Total consumer11,620,693 19,264 14,271 33,535 23,234 11,677,462 
Total$43,340,559 $46,045 $19,244 $65,289 $84,834 $43,490,682 

($ in thousands)December 31, 2021
Current
Accruing
Loans (1)
Accruing
Loans
30-59 Days
Past Due		Accruing
Loans
60-89 Days
Past Due		Total
Accruing
Past Due
Loans		Total
Nonaccrual
Loans		Total
Loans
Commercial:
C&I$14,080,516 $6,983 $4,086 $11,069 $59,023 $14,150,608 
CRE:
CRE12,141,827 3,722 — 3,722 9,498 12,155,047 
Multifamily residential3,669,819 5,320 22 5,342 444 3,675,605 
Construction and land346,486 — — — — 346,486 
Total CRE16,158,132 9,042 22 9,064 9,942 16,177,138 
Total commercial30,238,648 16,025 4,108 20,133 68,965 30,327,746 
Consumer:
Residential mortgage:
Single-family residential9,059,222 10,191 8,569 18,760 15,720 9,093,702 
HELOCs2,130,523 4,776 1,078 5,854 8,444 2,144,821 
Total residential mortgage
11,189,745 14,967 9,647 24,614 24,164 11,238,523 
Other consumer127,352 99 9 108 52 127,512 
Total consumer11,317,097 15,066 9,656 24,722 24,216 11,366,035 
Total$41,555,745 $31,091 $13,764 $44,855 $93,181 $41,693,781 
(1)As of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, loans in payment deferral programs offered in response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (“COVID-19”) pandemic that are performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent, and are included in the “Current Accruing Loans” column.

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The following table presents the amortized cost of loans on nonaccrual status for which there was no related allowance for loan losses as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Nonaccrual loans may not have an allowance for credit losses because there is no loss expectation when the loan balances are well-secured by the collateral value.
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Commercial:
C&I$24,864 $22,967 
CRE9,053 9,102 
Total commercial33,917 32,069 
Consumer:
Single-family residential7,265 5,785 
HELOCs3,738 5,033 
Total consumer11,003 10,818 
Total nonaccrual loans with no related allowance for loan losses$44,920 $42,887 

Foreclosed Assets

The Company acquires assets from borrowers through loan restructurings, workouts, and foreclosures. Assets acquired may include real properties (e.g., residential real estate, land, and buildings) and commercial and personal properties. The Company recognizes foreclosed assets upon receiving assets in satisfaction of a loan (e.g., taking legal title or physical possession).

Foreclosed assets, consisting of OREO and other nonperforming assets, are included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company had $9.5 million in foreclosed assets as of March 31, 2022, compared with $10.3 million as of December 31, 2021. The Company commences the foreclosure process on consumer mortgage loans after a borrower becomes more than 120 days delinquent in accordance with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau guidelines. The carrying value of consumer real estate loans that were in the process of active or suspended foreclosure was $6.8 million and $7.3 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

As part of our actions to support customers during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company temporarily suspended certain mortgage foreclosure activities through December 31, 2021. Beginning January 1, 2022, the Company resumed these mortgage foreclosure activities. The Company continues to take proactive measures to prevent avoidable foreclosures.

Troubled Debt Restructurings

TDRs are individually evaluated, and the type of restructuring is selected based on the loan type and the circumstances of the borrower’s financial difficulties. A TDR is a modification of the terms of a loan when the Company, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that it would not have otherwise considered. The Company implemented various commercial and consumer loan modification programs to provide its borrowers relief from the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. These COVID-related modifications occurred between March 2020 and January 1, 2022, and were generally not classified as TDRs due to the relief under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, as amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, and the Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus (Revised), and therefore are not included in the discussion below. Assistance provided in response to the COVID-19 pandemic could have delayed the recognition of delinquencies, nonaccrual status, and net charge-offs for those borrowers who would have otherwise moved into past due or nonaccrual status. See Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Significant Accounting Policies — Troubled Debt Restructurings to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information.

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The following table presents the additions to TDRs for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Loans Modified as TDRs During the Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Number
of
Loans		Pre-
Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment
Post-
Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
   Investment (1)
Financial
   Impact (2)
Number
of
Loans		Pre-
Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment
Post-
Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
   Investment (1)
Financial
   Impact (2)
Commercial:
C&I1$17,179 $9,224 $7,545 1$443 $433 $203 
Total1$17,179 $9,224 $7,545 1$443 $433 $203 
(1)Includes subsequent payments after modification and reflects the balance as of March 31, 2022 and 2021.
(2)Includes charge-offs and specific reserves recorded since the modification date.

The following table presents the TDR post-modification outstanding balances by the primary modification type for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Modification Type During the Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Principal (1)
Total
Principal (1)
Total
Commercial:
C&I$9,224 $9,224 $433 $433 
Total$9,224 $9,224 $433 $433 
(1)Includes forbearance payments, term extensions and principal deferments that modify the terms of the loan from principal and interest payments to interest payments only.

After a loan is modified as TDR, the Company continues to monitor its performance under its most recent restructured terms. A TDR may become delinquent and result in payment default (generally 90 days past due) subsequent to restructuring. The following table presents information on loans that entered into default during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 that were modified as TDRs during the 12 months preceding payment default:
($ in thousands)Loans Modified as TDRs that Subsequently Defaulted
During the Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Number of
Loans		Recorded
Investment		Number of
Loans		Recorded
Investment
Commercial:
C&I1 $3,250 1 $11,538 
Total1 $3,250 1 $11,538 

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the remaining commitments to lend to borrowers whose terms of their outstanding owed balances were modified as TDRs was $2.8 million and $5.0 million, respectively.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company has an allowance framework under ASU 2016-13 for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. The Company’s allowance for credit losses, which includes both the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments, is calculated with the objective of maintaining a reserve sufficient to absorb losses inherent in our credit portfolios. The measurement of the allowance for credit losses is based on management’s best estimate of lifetime expected credit losses, and periodic evaluation of the loan portfolio, lending-related commitments and other relevant factors.

The allowance for credit losses is deducted from the amortized cost basis of a financial asset or a group of financial assets so that the balance sheet reflects the net amount the Company expects to collect. Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding, net of purchase premiums and discounts, deferred fees and costs, and escrow advances. Subsequent changes in expected credit losses are recognized in net income as a provision for, or a reversal of, credit loss expense.

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The allowance for credit losses estimation involves procedures to consider the unique risk characteristics of the portfolio segments. The majority of the Company’s credit exposures that share risk characteristics with other similar exposures are collectively evaluated. The collectively evaluated loans include performing risk-rated loans and unfunded credit commitments. If an exposure does not share risk characteristics with other exposures, the Company generally estimates expected credit losses on an individual basis. These individually assessed loans include TDR and nonaccrual loans.

Allowance for Collectively Evaluated Loans

The allowance for collectively evaluated loans consists of a quantitative component that assesses the different risk factors considered in our models and a qualitative component that considers risk factors external to the models. Each of these components are described below.

•Quantitative Component — The Company applies quantitative methods to estimate loan losses by considering a variety of factors such as historical loss experience, the current credit quality of the portfolio, and an economic outlook over the life of the loan. The Company incorporates forward-looking information using macroeconomic scenarios, which include variables that are considered key drivers of increases and decreases in credit losses. The Company utilizes a probability-weighted, multiple-scenario forecast approach. These scenarios may consist of a base forecast representing management's view of the most likely outcome, combined with downside or upside scenarios reflecting possible worsening or improving economic conditions. The quantitative models incorporate a probability-weighted calculation of these macroeconomic scenarios over a reasonable and supportable forecast period. If the life of loans extends beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period, the Company will consider historical experience or long-run macroeconomic trends over the remaining lives of the loans to estimate the allowance for loan losses.

During the third quarter of 2021, the reasonable and supportable forecast period, key credit risk characteristics and macroeconomic variables to estimate the expected credit losses of the C&I segment were modified due to model enhancement. There were no changes to the overall model methodology. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, there were no changes to the reasonable and supportable forecast period and reversion to the historical loss experience method.

The following table provides key credit risk characteristics and macroeconomic variables that the Company uses to estimate the expected credit losses by portfolio segment:
Portfolio SegmentRisk CharacteristicsMacroeconomic Variables
C&I
Age (1), size and spread at origination, and risk rating
Volatility Index (“VIX”) and BBB yield to 10-year U.S. Treasury spread (“BBB Spread”) (1)
CRE, Multifamily residential, and Construction and landDelinquency status, maturity date, collateral value, property type, and geographic locationUnemployment rate, Gross Domestic Product (“GDP”), and U.S. Treasury rates
Single-family residential and HELOCsFICO score, delinquency status, maturity date, collateral value, and geographic locationUnemployment rate, GDP, and home price index
Other consumerHistorical loss experience
Immaterial (2)
(1)Due to model enhancements during the third quarter of 2021, the risk characteristic related to “time-to-maturity” was changed to “age”; while macroeconomic variables related to “unemployment rate and two- and ten-year U.S. Treasury spread” were changed to “VIX and BBB Spread”.
(2)Macroeconomic variables are included in the qualitative estimate.

Allowance for Loan Losses for the Commercial Loan Portfolio

The Company’s C&I lifetime loss rate model estimates credit losses by estimating a loss rate expected over the life of a loan. This loss rate is applied to the amortized cost basis, excluding accrued interest receivable, to determine expected credit losses. The lifetime loss rate model’s reasonable and supportable period spans 11 quarters, thereafter immediately reverting to the historical average loss rate, expressed through the loan-level lifetime loss rate.

For CRE, multifamily residential, and construction and land loans, projected probabilities of default (“PDs”) and loss given defaults (“LGDs”) are applied to the estimated exposure at default, considering the term and payment structure of the loan, to generate estimates of expected loss at the loan level. The forecast of future economic conditions returns to long-run historical economic trends within the reasonable and supportable period.

In order to estimate the life of a loan under both models, the contractual term of the loan is adjusted for estimated prepayments based on historical prepayment experience.
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Allowance for Loan Losses for the Consumer Loan Portfolio

For single-family residential and HELOC loans, projected PDs and LGDs are applied to the estimated exposure at default, considering the term and payment structure of the loan, to generate estimates of expected loss at the loan level. The forecast of future economic conditions returns to long-run historical economic trends after the reasonable and supportable period. In order to estimate the life of a loan for the single-family residential and HELOC portfolios, the contractual term of the loan is adjusted for estimated prepayments based on historical prepayment experience. For other consumer loans, the Company uses a loss rate approach.

•Qualitative Component — The Company also considers the following qualitative factors in the determination of the collectively evaluated allowance, if these factors have not already been captured by the quantitative model. Such qualitative factors may include, but are not limited to:

–Loan growth trends;
–The volume and severity of past due financial assets, and the volume and severity of adversely classified financial assets;
–The Company’s lending policies and procedures, including changes in lending strategies, underwriting standards, collection, write-off and recovery practices;
–Knowledge of a borrower’s operations;
–The quality of the Company’s credit review system;
–The experience, ability and depth of the Company’s management, lending associates and other relevant associates;
–The effect of other external factors such as the regulatory and legal environments and changes in technology;
–Actual and expected changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions in which the Company operates; and
–Risk factors in certain industry sectors not captured by the quantitative models.

The magnitude of the impact of these factors on the Company’s qualitative assessment of the allowance for credit losses changes from period to period according to changes made by management in its assessment of these factors. The extent to which these factors change may be dependent on whether they are already reflected in quantitative loss estimates during the current period and the extent to which changes in these factors diverge from period to period.

While the Company’s allowance methodologies strive to reflect all relevant credit risk factors, there continues to be uncertainty associated with, but not limited to, potential imprecision in the estimation process due to the inherent time lag of obtaining information and normal variations between expected and actual outcomes. The Company may hold additional qualitative reserves that are designed to provide coverage for losses attributable to such risk.

Allowance for Individually Evaluated Loans

When a loan no longer shares similar risk characteristics with other loans, such as in the case of certain nonaccrual or TDR loans, the Company estimates the allowance for loan losses on an individual loan basis. The allowance for loan losses for individually evaluated loans is measured as the difference between the recorded value of the loans and their fair value. For loans evaluated individually, the Company uses one of three different asset valuation measurement methods: (1) the fair value of collateral less costs to sell; (2) the present value of expected future cash flows; and (3) the loan's observable market price. If an individually evaluated loan is determined to be collateral dependent, the Company applies the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell method. If an individually evaluated loan is determined not to be collateral dependent, the Company uses the present value of future cash flows or the observable market value of the loan.

•Collateral-Dependent Loans — The allowance of a collateral-dependent loan is limited to the difference between the recorded value and fair value of the collateral less cost of disposal or sale. As of March 31, 2022, collateral-dependent commercial and consumer loans totaled $35.2 million and $14.2 million, respectively. In comparison, collateral-dependent commercial and consumer loans totaled $37.0 million and $14.0 million as of December 31, 2021, respectively. The Company's commercial collateral-dependent loans were secured by real estate, and its consumer collateral-dependent loans were all residential mortgage loans, secured by the underlying real estate. As of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the collateral value of the properties securing the collateral-dependent loans, net of selling costs, exceeded the recorded value of the loans.
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The following tables summarize the activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segments for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
CommercialConsumerTotal
C&ICREResidential MortgageOther
Consumer
CREMultifamily
Residential		Construction
and Land		Single-
Family
Residential		HELOCs
Allowance for loan losses, beginning of period
$338,252 $150,940 $14,400 $15,468 $17,160 $3,435 $1,924 $541,579 
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses on loans(a)9,262 (3,493)9,657 (4,506)926 299 107 12,252 
Gross charge-offs(11,188)(398)(1)— — — (46)(11,633)
Gross recoveries3,002 55 120 54 124 14 — 3,369 
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries(8,186)(343)119 54 124 14 (46)(8,264)
Foreign currency translation adjustment118 — — — — — — 118 
Allowance for loan losses, end of period
$339,446 $147,104 $24,176 $11,016 $18,210 $3,748 $1,985 $545,685 
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
CommercialConsumerTotal
C&ICREResidential MortgageOther
Consumer
CREMultifamily
Residential		Construction
and Land		Single-
Family
Residential		HELOCs
Allowance for loan losses, beginning of period
$398,040 $163,791 $27,573 $10,239 $15,520 $2,690 $2,130 $619,983 
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses on loans
(a)3,839 (10,277)(1,391)8,592 376 22 (113)1,048 
Gross charge-offs(8,436)(7,195)(17)(71)(134)(45)(1)(15,899)
Gross recoveries760 80 1,242 329 77 3 2 2,493 
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries(7,676)(7,115)1,225 258 (57)(42)1 (13,406)
Foreign currency translation adjustment(119)— — — — — — (119)
Allowance for loan losses, end of period
$394,084 $146,399 $27,407 $19,089 $15,839 $2,670 $2,018 $607,506 

The allowance for unfunded credit commitments is maintained at a level that management believes to be sufficient to absorb estimated expected credit losses related to unfunded credit facilities. See Note 10 — Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q for additional information related to unfunded credit commitments. The following table summarizes the activities in the allowance for unfunded credit commitments for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Unfunded credit facilities
Allowance for unfunded credit commitments, beginning of period$27,514 $33,577 
Reversal of credit losses on unfunded credit commitments(b)(4,252)(1,048)
Allowance for unfunded credit commitments, end of period23,262 32,529 
Provision for credit losses(a) + (b)$8,000 $— 

The allowance for credit losses was $568.9 million as of March 31, 2022, a decrease of $146 thousand, compared with $569.1 million as of December 31, 2021. The decrease in the allowance for credit losses was predominantly due to an improving economic outlook, as well as a decrease in net charge-offs, partially offset by an increase in provision for credit losses, primarily reflecting loan growth.
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Loans Held-for-Sale

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, loans held-for-sale consisted of $631 thousand and $635 thousand single-family residential loans. Refer to Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Significant Accounting Policies — Loans Held-for-Sale to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional details.

Loan Transfers, Sales and Purchases

The Company’s primary focus is on directly originated loans. The Company also purchases loans and participates in loans with other banks. In the normal course of doing business, the Company also provides other financial institutions with the ability to participate in commercial loans that it originates and sells loans to such institutions. Purchased loans may be transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale, and write-downs to allowance for loan losses are recorded, when appropriate. The following tables provide information on the carrying value of loans transferred, loans sold and purchased for the held-for-investment portfolio, during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
CommercialConsumerTotal
C&ICREResidential Mortgage
CREMultifamily
Residential		Single-Family
Residential
Loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale (1)
$111,437 $21,780 $— $— $133,217 
Sales (2)(3)(4)
$107,474 $21,780 $— $451 $129,705 
Purchases (5)
$110,596 $— $— $114,375 $224,971 
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
CommercialConsumerTotal
C&ICREResidential Mortgage
CREMultifamily
Residential		Single-Family
Residential
Loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale (1)
$125,840 $20,032 $— $— $145,872 
Sales (2)(3)(4)
$125,879 $20,032 $— $7,506 $153,417 
Purchases (5)
$178,678 $— $370 $131,800 $310,848 
(1)Includes write-downs of $59 thousand and $39 thousand to the allowance for loan losses related to loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(2)Includes originated loans sold of $112.3 million and $131.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Originated loans sold consisted primarily of C&I loans for both periods.
(3)Includes $17.4 million and $22.4 million of purchased loans sold in the secondary market for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(4)Net gains on sales of loans were $2.9 million and $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(5)C&I loan purchases were comprised primarily of syndicated C&I term loans.

Note 8 — Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships, Tax Credit and Other Investments, Net and Variable Interest Entities

The CRA encourages banks to meet the credit needs of their communities, particularly low- and moderate-income individuals and neighborhoods. The Company invests in certain affordable housing projects in the form of ownership interests in limited partnerships or limited liability companies that qualify for CRA consideration and tax credits. These entities are formed to develop and operate apartment complexes designed as high-quality affordable housing for lower income tenants throughout the U.S. To fully utilize the available tax credits, each of these entities must meet the regulatory affordable housing requirements for a minimum 15-year compliance period. In addition to affordable housing projects, the Company also invests in small business investment companies and new market tax credit projects that qualify for CRA consideration, as well as eligible projects that qualify for renewable energy and historic tax credits. Investments in renewable energy tax credits help promote the development of renewable energy sources, and the investments in historic tax credits promote the rehabilitation of historic buildings and economic revitalization of the surrounding areas.
45

Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships, Net

The Company records its investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net, using the proportional amortization method if certain criteria are met. Under the proportional amortization method, the Company amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received and recognizes the amortization in Income tax expense on the Consolidated Statement of Income.

The following table presents the Company’s investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net, and related unfunded commitments as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net$289,423 $289,741 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities — Unfunded commitments$148,110 $146,152 

The following table presents additional information related to the Company’s investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net, for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized$12,830 $11,028 
Amortization expense included in income tax expense
$10,025 $8,712 

Investments in Tax Credit and Other Investments, Net

Depending on the ownership percentage and the influence the Company has on the investments in tax credit and other investments, net, the Company applies the equity or cost method of accounting, or the measurement alternative as elected under ASU 2016-01 for equity investments without readily determinable fair value.

The following table presents the Company’s investments in tax credit and other investments, net, and related unfunded commitments as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Investments in tax credit and other investments, net$318,562 $338,522 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities — Unfunded commitments$140,070 $163,464 

Amortization of tax credit and other investments totaled $13.9 million and $25.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The Company held equity securities that are mutual funds with readily determinable fair values of $25.5 million and $26.6 million, as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The Company invested in these mutual funds for CRA purposes. These equity securities were measured at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in Other investment income on the Consolidated Statement of Income. The Company recorded unrealized losses of $1.2 million and $497 thousand on these equity securities for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Equity securities with readily determinable fair value were included in Investments in tax credit and other investments, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The Company held equity securities without readily determinable fair values totaling $33.0 million and $33.1 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, which were measured using the measurement alternative at cost less impairment and adjusted for observable price changes. For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no adjustments made to these securities. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values were included in Investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, tax credit and other investments, net and Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

46

Tax credit investments are evaluated for possible OTTI on an annual basis or when events or changes in circumstances suggest that the carrying amount of the tax credit investments may not be realizable. OTTI charges and impairment recoveries are recorded within Amortization of tax credit and other investments on the Consolidated Statement of Income. Refer to Note 3 — Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q for a discussion on the Company’s impairment evaluation and monitoring process of tax credit investments. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recorded no impairment recoveries and no OTTI charges. In comparison, the Company recorded an impairment recovery of $374 thousand and no OTTI charges for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

Variable Interest Entities

The Company invests in unconsolidated limited partnerships and similar entities that construct, own and operate affordable housing, historic rehabilitation, and wind and solar energy projects, of which the majority of such investments are variable interest entities (“VIEs”). As a limited partner in these partnerships, these investments are designed to generate a return primarily through the realization of federal tax credits and tax benefits. An unrelated third party is typically the general partner or managing member who has control over the significant activities of such investments. While the Company’s interest in some of the investments may exceed 50% of the outstanding equity interests, the Company does not consolidate these structures due to the general partner’s or managing member’s ability to manage the entity, which is indicative of the general partner’s or managing member’s power over the entity. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss in connection with these partnerships consists of the unamortized investment balance and any tax credits claimed that may become subject to recapture.

Special purpose entities formed in connection with securitization transactions are generally considered VIEs. A CLO is a VIE that purchases a pool of assets consisting primarily of non-investment grade corporate loans, and issues multiple tranches of notes to investors to fund the asset purchases and pay upfront expenses associated with forming the CLO. The Company served as the collateral manager of a CLO that closed in 2019 and subsequently reassigned its portfolio manager responsibilities in 2020. The Company retained the top three investment grade-rated tranches issued by the CLO, for which the total carrying amount was $291.2 million and $291.7 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Note 9 — Goodwill

Goodwill

Total goodwill was $465.7 million as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The Company’s annual goodwill impairment testing is performed as of December 31 of each year, or more frequently as events occur or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. Based on the Company’s annual goodwill impairment testing as of December 31, 2021, there was no impairment. Additional information pertaining to the Company’s accounting policy for goodwill is summarized in Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Significant Accounting Policies — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K. As of March 31, 2022, the Company reviewed the macroeconomic conditions, including the impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on its business performance and market capitalization, and concluded that goodwill was not impaired.

Note 10 — Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments to Extend Credit — In the normal course of doing business, the Company provides customers loan commitments on predetermined terms. These outstanding commitments to extend credit are not reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. While the Company does not anticipate losses from these transactions, commitments to extend credit are included in determining the appropriate level of the allowance for unfunded credit commitments, and outstanding commercial letters of credit and standby letters of credit (“SBLCs”).

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The following table presents the Company’s credit-related commitments as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
($ in thousands)Expire in One Year or LessExpire After One Year Through Three YearsExpire After Three Years Through Five YearsExpire After Five YearsTotalTotal
Loan commitments$3,481,279 $2,587,458 $812,857 $125,471 $7,007,065 $6,911,398 
Commercial letters of credit and SBLCs984,831 415,463 106,139 706,947 2,213,380 2,221,699 
Total$4,466,110 $3,002,921 $918,996 $832,418 $9,220,445 $9,133,097 

Loan commitments are agreements to lend to customers provided there are no violations of any conditions established in the agreement. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require maintenance of compensatory balances. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future funding requirements.

Commercial letters of credit are issued to facilitate domestic and foreign trade transactions, while SBLCs are generally contingent upon the failure of the customers to perform according to the terms of the underlying contract with the third party. As a result, the total contractual amounts do not necessarily represent future funding requirements. The Company’s historical experience is that SBLCs typically expire without being funded. Additionally, in many cases, the Company holds collateral in various forms against these SBLCs. As part of its risk management activities, the Company monitors the creditworthiness of customers in conjunction with its SBLC exposure. Customers are obligated to reimburse the Company for any payment made on the customers’ behalf. If the customers fail to pay, the Company would, as applicable, liquidate the collateral and/or offset existing accounts. As of March 31, 2022, total letters of credit of $2.21 billion consisted of SBLCs of $2.16 billion and commercial letters of credit of $53.6 million. As of December 31, 2021, total letters of credit of $2.22 billion consisted of SBLCs of $2.14 billion and commercial letters of credit of $78.9 million. As of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, substantially all SBLCs were rated as “Pass” by the Bank’s internal credit risk rating system.

The Company applies the same credit underwriting criteria to extend loans, commitments and conditional obligations to customers. Each customer’s creditworthiness is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Collateral and financial guarantees may be obtained based on management’s assessment of a customer’s credit risk. Collateral may include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and real estate property.

Estimated exposure to loss from these commitments is included in the allowance for unfunded credit commitments and amounted to $23.2 million and $27.5 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Guarantees — From time to time, the Company sells or securitizes single-family and multifamily residential loans with recourse in the ordinary course of business. The Company is obligated to repurchase up to the recourse component of the loans if the loans default. The following table presents the carrying amounts of loans sold or securitized with recourse and the maximum potential future payments as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)Maximum Potential Future PaymentsCarrying Value
March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021		March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
Expire in One Year or LessExpire
After
One Year
Through
Three
Years		Expire
After
Three
Years
Through
Five
Years		Expire After Five YearsTotalTotalTotalTotal
Single-family residential loans sold or securitized with recourse$21 $239 $35 $7,341 $7,636 $7,926 $7,636 $7,926 
Multi-family residential loans sold or securitized with recourse— — — 14,996 14,996 14,996 22,416 23,169 
Total $21 $239 $35 $22,337 $22,632 $22,922 $30,052 $31,095 

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The Company’s recourse reserve related to these guarantees is included in the allowance for unfunded credit commitments and totaled $23 thousand and $29 thousand as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The allowance for unfunded credit commitments is included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company continues to experience minimal losses from the single-family and multifamily residential loan portfolios sold or securitized with recourse.

Litigation — The Company is a party to various legal actions arising in the ordinary course of its business. In accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies, the Company accrues reserves for outstanding lawsuits, claims and proceedings when a loss contingency is probable and can be reasonably estimated. The Company estimates the amount of loss contingencies using current available information from legal proceedings, advice from legal counsel and available insurance coverage. Due to the inherent subjectivity of the assessments and unpredictability of the outcomes of the legal proceedings, any amounts accrued or included in this aggregate amount may not represent the ultimate loss to the Company from the legal proceedings in question. Thus, the Company’s exposure and ultimate losses may be higher, and possibly significantly more, than the amounts accrued.

Other Commitments — The Company has commitments to invest in qualified affordable housing partnerships, tax credit and other investments as discussed in Note 8 — Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships, Tax Credit and Other Investments, Net and Variable Interest Entities to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, these commitments were $288.2 million and $309.6 million, respectively. These commitments are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Note 11 — Stock Compensation Plans

Pursuant to the Company’s 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, the Company may issue stocks, stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) including performance-based RSUs, stock purchase warrants, stock appreciation rights, phantom stock and dividend equivalents to eligible employees, non-employee directors, consultants, and other service providers of the Company and its subsidiaries. There were no outstanding awards other than RSUs as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

The following table presents a summary of the total share-based compensation expense and the related net tax benefits associated with the Company’s various employee share-based compensation plans for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Stock compensation costs$8,433 $7,817 
Related net tax benefits for stock compensation plans$5,159 $1,620 

Restricted Stock Units — RSUs are granted under the Company’s long-term incentive plan at no cost to the recipient. RSUs generally cliff vest after three years of continued employment from the date of the grant, and are authorized to settle predominantly in shares of the Company’s common stock. Certain RSUs are settled in cash. Dividends are accrued during the vesting period and paid at the time of vesting. While a portion of RSUs are time-based vesting awards, others vest subject to the attainment of specified performance goals, referred to as “performance-based RSUs.” Performance-based RSUs are granted annually upon approval by the Company’s Compensation Committee based on the performance in the year prior to the grant date of the award. The number of awards that vest can range from zero to a maximum of 200% of the granted number of awards based on the Company’s achievement of specified performance criteria over a performance period of three years.

Compensation costs are calculated using the quoted market price of the Company’s common stock at the grant date. Compensation costs for certain time-based awards that will be settled in cash are adjusted to fair value based on changes in the share price of the Company’s common stock up to the settlement date. For performance-based RSUs, the compensation costs are based on grant date fair value which considers both performance and market conditions, and is subject to subsequent adjustments based on the Company’s outcome in meeting the performance criteria at the end of the performance period. Compensation costs of both time and performance-based awards are estimated based on awards ultimately expected to vest, and are recognized net of estimated forfeitures on a straight-line basis from the grant date until the vesting date of each grant. For accounting on stock-based compensation plans, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Significant Accounting Policies — Stock-Based Compensation to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information.
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During the first quarter of 2022, the Company modified 31,523 time-based RSUs held by 119 foreign employees from vesting in cash to vesting in shares without changing any of the other terms. There was no incremental compensation expense recognized as a result of the modification for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

The following table presents a summary of the activities for the Company’s time-based and performance-based RSUs that will be settled in shares for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The number of performance-based RSUs stated below reflects the number of awards granted on the grant date.
Time-Based RSUsPerformance-Based RSUs
SharesWeighted-
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value		SharesWeighted-
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Outstanding, January 1, 2022
1,329,946 $52.65 369,731 $54.28 
Modified from cash-settled RSUs31,523 77.28 — — 
Granted395,486 53.16 91,874 77.91 
Vested(356,650)53.30 (125,213)54.64 
Forfeited(28,220)56.77 — — 
Outstanding, March 31, 2022
1,372,085 $53.11 336,392 $60.60 

The following table presents a summary of the activities for the Company’s time-based RSUs that are cash-settled for the three months ended March 31, 2022. In the first quarter of 2022, the amount of cash paid to settle the RSUs that vested was $318 thousand.
Shares
Outstanding, January 1, 2022
32,647 
Modified to share-settled RSUs(31,523)
Granted2,668 
Vested(3,471)
Forfeited(321)
Outstanding, March 31, 2022
— 

As of March 31, 2022, there were $43.1 million and $23.2 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested time-based and performance-based RSUs, respectively. Both of these costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.32 years and 2.31 years, respectively.

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Note 12 — Stockholders’ Equity and Earnings Per Share

The following table presents the basic and diluted EPS calculations for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. For more information on the calculation of EPS, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Significant Accounting Policies — Earnings Per Share to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K.
($ and shares in thousands, except per share data)Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Basic:
Net income$237,652 $204,994 
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding142,025 141,646 
Basic EPS$1.67 $1.45 
Diluted:
Net income$237,652 $204,994 
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding 142,025 141,646 
Add: Dilutive impact of unvested RSUs1,198 1,198 
Diluted weighted-average number of shares outstanding143,223 142,844 
Diluted EPS$1.66 $1.44 

Approximately 123 thousand and 140 thousand weighted-average shares of anti-dilutive RSUs were excluded from the diluted EPS computations for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Note 13 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table presents the changes in the components of AOCI balances for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)
Debt
Securities		Cash
Flow
Hedges
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments (1)
Total
Balance, January 1, 2021
$52,247 $(1,230)$(6,692)$44,325 
Net unrealized (losses) gains arising during the period(133,313)305 (1,349)(134,357)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(135)127 — (8)
Changes, net of tax(133,448)432 (1,349)(134,365)
Balance, March 31, 2021
$(81,201)$(798)$(8,041)$(90,040)
Balance, January 1, 2022
$(85,703)$257 $(4,935)$(90,381)
Net unrealized (losses) gains arising during the period(281,361)(23,227)129 (304,459)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI1,411 (1,496)— (85)
Changes, net of tax(279,950)(24,723)129 (304,544)
Balance, March 31, 2022
$(365,653)
(2)
$(24,466)$(4,806)$(394,925)
(1)Represents foreign currency translation adjustments related to the Company’s net investment in non-U.S. operations, including related hedges. The functional currency and reporting currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiary was RMB and USD, respectively.
(2)Includes after-tax unamortized losses of $113.0 million related to AFS debt securities that were transferred to HTM. For further information, refer to Note 5 — Securities to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

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The following table presents the components of other comprehensive income (loss), reclassifications to net income and the related tax effects for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Before-TaxTax EffectNet-of-TaxBefore-TaxTax EffectNet-of-Tax
Debt securities:
Net unrealized losses arising during the period$(399,462)$118,101 $(281,361)$(189,276)$55,963 $(133,313)
Reclassification adjustments:
Net realized (gains) reclassified into net income (1)
(1,278)378 (900)(192)57 (135)
Amortization of unrealized losses on transferred securities (2)
3,281 (970)2,311 — — — 
Net change(397,459)117,509 (279,950)(189,468)56,020 (133,448)
Cash flow hedges:
Net unrealized (losses) gains arising during the period(32,609)9,382 (23,227)426 (121)305 
Net realized (gains) losses reclassified into net income (3)
(2,100)604 (1,496)177 (50)127 
Net change(34,709)9,986 (24,723)603 (171)432 
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of hedges:
Net unrealized (losses) gains arising during the period(322)451 129 (1,309)(40)(1,349)
Net change(322)451 129 (1,309)(40)(1,349)
Other comprehensive income$(432,490)$127,946 $(304,544)$(190,174)$55,809 $(134,365)
(1)For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, pre-tax amounts were reported in Gains on sales of AFS debt securities on the Consolidated Statement of Income.
(2)Represents unrealized losses amortized over the remaining lives of securities that were transferred from the AFS to HTM portfolio.
(3)For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, pre-tax amounts were reported in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Note 14 — Business Segments

The Company organizes its operations into three reportable operating segments: (1) Consumer and Business Banking; (2) Commercial Banking; and (3) Other. These segments are defined by the type of customers served, and the related products and services provided. The segments reflect how financial information is currently evaluated by management. Operating segment results are based on the Company’s internal management reporting process, which reflects assignments and allocations of certain balance sheet and income statement items. The information presented is not indicative of how the segments would perform if they operated as independent entities due to the interrelationships among the segments.

The Consumer and Business Banking segment primarily provides financial products and services to consumer and commercial customers through the Company’s domestic branch network and digital banking platform. This segment offers consumer and commercial deposits, mortgage and home equity loans, and other products and services. It also originates commercial loans for small- and medium-sized enterprises through the Company’s branch network. Other products and services provided by this segment include wealth management, treasury management, interest rate risk hedging and foreign exchange services.

The Commercial Banking segment primarily generates commercial loan and deposit products. Commercial loan products include CRE lending, construction finance, working capital lines of credit, trade finance, letters of credit, commercial business lending, affordable housing lending, asset-based lending, asset-backed finance, project finance and equipment financing. Commercial deposit products and other financial services include treasury management, foreign exchange services and interest rate and commodity risk hedging.

The remaining centralized functions, including the corporate treasury activities of the Company and eliminations of inter-segment amounts, have been aggregated and included in the Other segment, which provides broad administrative support to the two core segments, namely the Consumer and Business Banking and the Commercial Banking segments.

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The Company utilizes an internal reporting process to measure the performance of the three operating segments within the Company. The internal reporting process derives operating segment results by utilizing allocation methodologies for revenues and expenses. Net interest income of each segment represents the difference between actual interest earned on assets and interest incurred on liabilities of the segment, adjusted for funding charges or credits through the Company’s internal funds transfer pricing (“FTP”) process. Noninterest income and noninterest expense directly attributable to a business segment are assigned to that segment. Indirect costs, including technology-related costs and corporate overhead, are allocated based on a segment’s estimated usage using factors including but not limited to, full-time equivalent employees, net interest income, and loan and deposit volume. Charge-offs are recorded to the segment directly associated with the respective loans charged off, and provision for credit losses is recorded to the segments based on the related loans for which allowances are evaluated. The Company’s internal reporting process utilizes a full-allocation methodology. Under this methodology, corporate and indirect expenses incurred by the Other segment are allocated to the Consumer and Business Banking and the Commercial Banking segments, except certain corporate treasury-related expenses and insignificant unallocated expenses.

The corporate treasury function within the Other segment is responsible for the Company’s liquidity and interest rate management. The Company’s internal FTP process is also managed by the corporate treasury function within the Other segment. The process is formulated with the goal of encouraging loan and deposit growth that is consistent with the Company’s overall profitability objectives, as well as to provide a reasonable and consistent basis for the measurement of its business segments’ net interest margins and profitability. The FTP process charges a cost to fund loans (“FTP charges for loans”) and allocates credits for funds provided from deposits (“FTP credits for deposits”) using internal FTP rates. FTP charges for loans are determined based on a matched cost of funds, which is tied to the pricing and term characteristics of the loans. FTP credits for deposits are based on matched funding credit rates, which are tied to the implied or stated maturity of the deposits. FTP credits for deposits reflect the long-term value generated by the deposits. The net spread between the total internal FTP charges and credits is recorded as part of net interest income in the Other segment. The FTP process transfers the corporate interest rate risk exposure to the treasury function within the Other segment, where such exposures are centrally managed. The Company’s internal FTP assumptions and methodologies are reviewed at least annually to ensure that the process is reflective of current market conditions.

The following tables present the operating results and other key financial measures for the individual operating segments as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Consumer and
Business
Banking		Commercial
Banking		OtherTotal
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Net interest income (loss) before provision for credit losses$213,214 $208,077 $(5,678)$415,613 
Provision for credit losses3,104 4,896 — 8,000 
Noninterest income 25,199 49,077 5,467 79,743 
Noninterest expense96,095 73,395 19,960 189,450 
Segment income (loss) before income taxes 139,214 178,863 (20,171)297,906 
Segment net income $99,164 $127,507 $10,981 $237,652 
As of March 31, 2022
Segment assets$15,338,579 $30,199,416 $16,703,461 $62,241,456 
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($ in thousands)Consumer and
Business
Banking		Commercial
Banking		OtherTotal
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
Net interest income before (reversal of) provision for credit losses$149,899 $177,092 $26,704 $353,695 
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses(4,249)4,249 — — 
Noninterest income (1)
23,442 47,396 2,028 72,866 
Noninterest expense89,286 69,257 32,534 191,077 
Segment income (loss) before income taxes (1)
88,304 150,982 (3,802)235,484 
Segment net income (1)
$63,251 $108,207 $33,536 $204,994 
As of March 31, 2021
Segment assets$14,147,094 $27,222,272 $15,504,780 $56,874,146 
(1)During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company enhanced its segment allocation methodology related to the fair values of interest rate and commodity derivative contracts, which are included in noninterest income. These fair values, which were previously allocated to the “Commercial Banking” segment prior to the fourth quarter of 2021, have since been reclassified between “Consumer and Business Banking” and “Commercial Banking.” Balances for the first quarter of 2021 have been reclassified to reflect these allocation changes for comparability.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
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Overview

The following discussion provides information about the results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and capital resources of East West Bancorp, Inc. (referred to herein on an unconsolidated basis as “East West” and on a consolidated basis as the “Company,” “we” or “EWBC”), and its subsidiaries, including its subsidiary bank, East West Bank and its subsidiaries (referred to herein as “East West Bank” or the “Bank”). This information is intended to facilitate the understanding and assessment of significant changes and trends related to the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes presented elsewhere in this report, and the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the United States (“U.S.”) Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 28, 2022 (the “Company’s 2021 Form 10-K”).

Organization and Strategy

East West is a bank holding company incorporated in Delaware on August 26, 1998 and is registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended. The Company commenced business on December 30, 1998 when, pursuant to a reorganization, it acquired all of the voting stock of the Bank, which became its principal asset. The Bank is an independent commercial bank headquartered in California that focuses on the financial service needs of the Asian-American community. Through over 120 locations in the U.S. and China, the Company provides a full range of consumer and commercial products and services through the following business segments: Consumer and Business Banking, and Commercial Banking, with the remaining operations recorded in Other. The Company’s principal activity is lending to and accepting deposits from businesses and individuals. We are committed to enhancing long-term stockholder value by growing loans, deposits and revenue, improving profitability, and investing for the future while managing risks, expenses and capital. Our business model is built on promoting customer loyalty and engagement, understanding our customers’ financial goals, and meeting our customers’ financial needs through our diverse products and services. We expect our relationship-focused business model to continue to generate organic growth from existing customers and to expand our targeted customer bases. As of March 31, 2022, the Company had $62.24 billion in assets and approximately 3,100 full-time equivalent employees. For additional information on our strategy, and the products and services provided by the Bank, see Item 1. Business — Strategy and Banking Services in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K.

Developments

Coronavirus Disease Global Pandemic

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (“COVID-19”) pandemic created a historic public health crisis and caused unprecedented disruptions to global economies. Although U.S. economic conditions have continued to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic as many health and safety restrictions have been lifted and vaccine rates have increased, certain adverse consequences of the pandemic continue to impact the macroeconomic environment and may persist for some time, including inflationary concerns, as well as stresses in labor markets, and global supply chains. As a result, it is difficult to predict and quantify all the specific impacts, and the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, regulatory capital, and liquidity ratios. The Company has been, and may continue to be, impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this, the Company has continued to focus on serving its customers and communities and maintaining the well-being of its employees. The Company continues to monitor the external environment and make changes to its safety protocols as appropriate.

Refer to Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) — Overview in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K and Item 2. MD&A — Balance Sheet Analysis — Loan Portfolio in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“this Form 10-Q”) for a discussion on the initiatives the Company has undertaken to support its customers. Further discussion of the potential impacts on the Company’s business due to the COVID-19 pandemic has been provided in Item 1A. — Risk Factors — Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K.

LIBOR Transition

In March 2021, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority formally announced the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) cessation dates. As of January 1, 2022, the one-week and two-month U.S. dollar (“USD”) LIBOR tenors were no longer published. The overnight, one-, three-, six- and 12-month USD LIBOR tenors will continue to be calculated using panel bank submissions for the purpose of legacy contracts but will permanently cease on June 30, 2023.

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In connection with the transition from LIBOR, the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act was signed into law as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, on March 15, 2022. This federal legislation provides a targeted solution for financial contracts that mature after the cessation of LIBOR in mid-2023 and have no effective means to replace LIBOR upon its cessation. For contracts in which a party has the discretion to select a successor rate, the legislation provides a safe harbor to parties if they choose the benchmark replacement to be identified by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”) through regulations that are to be promulgated within 180 days after the legislation’s enactment. Any Federal Reserve-identified replacement benchmark will be based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), a rate published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and will include an appropriate “tenor spread adjustment” between LIBOR and SOFR.

The Company holds a significant volume of LIBOR-based products, including loans, derivatives, debt securities, assets purchased under resale agreements (“resale agreements”), junior subordinated debt and repurchase agreements that are indexed to LIBOR tenors that will cease to be published after June 30, 2023. The Company has a cross-functional team to manage the communication of the Company’s transition plans with both internal and external stakeholders. The team helps to ensure that the Company appropriately updates its business processes, analytical tools, information systems and contract language to minimize disruption during and after the LIBOR transition. The Company has invested in updates to business and legal processes, models, analytical tools, and information and operational systems to facilitate the transition of legacy LIBOR products and offer products under alternative rates.

The Company began offering loans based on alternative reference rates, including SOFR and the Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield Index during the fourth quarter of 2021, and ceased offering new LIBOR loans and any renewals or extensions that extend the use of LIBOR rates beginning January 1, 2022. The Company also adopted industry best practice guidelines for fallback language for new transactions and distributed communications related to the transition to certain impacted internal and external stakeholders. The Company’s LIBOR transition is anticipated to continue through June 30, 2023.

The Company will continue to monitor potential risks and impacts associated with the transition. For additional information related to the potential impact surrounding the transition from LIBOR on the Company’s business, see Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Financial Matters in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K.

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Financial Review
($ and shares in thousands, except per share, and ratio data)Three Months Ended
March 31, 2022March 31, 2021
Summary of operations:
Net interest income before provision for credit losses (1)
$415,613 $353,695 
Noninterest income79,743 72,866 
Total revenue495,356 426,561 
Provision for credit losses8,000 — 
Noninterest expense189,450 191,077 
Income before income taxes297,906 235,484 
Income tax expense60,254 30,490 
Net income $237,652 $204,994 
Per common share:
Basic earnings$1.67 $1.45 
Diluted earnings$1.66 $1.44 
Dividends declared$0.40 $0.33 
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding:
Basic142,025 141,646 
Diluted143,223 142,844 
Performance metrics:
Return on average assets (“ROA”)1.56 %1.50 %
Return on average equity (“ROE”)16.50 %15.57 %
Adjusted return on average tangible equity (2)
18.00 %17.17 %
Common dividend payout ratio24.23 %23.11 %
Net interest margin2.87 %2.71 %
Efficiency ratio (3)
38.25 %44.79 %
Adjusted efficiency ratio (2)
35.34 %38.68 %
At period end:March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Total assets $62,241,456 $60,870,701 
Total loans (4)
$43,491,313 $41,694,416 
Total deposits$54,938,361 $53,350,532 
Common shares outstanding at period-end142,257 141,908 
Book value per common share$40.09 $41.13 
Tangible equity per common share (2)
$36.76 $37.79 
(1)Includes $5.2 million and $15.0 million of interest income related to Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans for the first quarters of 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(2)For additional information regarding the reconciliation of these non-U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) financial measures, refer to Item 2. MD&A — Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this Form 10-Q.
(3)The efficiency ratio is noninterest expense divided by total revenue.
(4)Includes $318.1 million and $534.2 million of PPP loans as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The Company’s first quarter 2022 net income was $237.7 million, an increase of $32.7 million or 16%, from first quarter 2021 net income of $205.0 million. The increase was primarily due to revenue growth, partially offset by higher income tax expense and provision for credit losses.

Noteworthy items about the Company’s first quarter 2022 performance included:
•Total assets reached $62.24 billion, growing by $1.37 billion or 2% from December 31, 2021, primarily driven by loan growth.
•Total loans were $43.49 billion as of March 31, 2022, an increase of $1.80 billion or 4% from $41.69 billion as of December 31, 2021. This was primarily driven by well-diversified growth throughout the commercial real estate (“CRE”), commercial and industrial (“C&I”) and residential mortgage loans.
•Total deposits were $54.94 billion as of March 31, 2022, an increase of $1.59 billion or 3% from $53.35 billion as of December 31, 2021. Growth was primarily driven by noninterest-bearing demand deposits, which were partially offset by a decrease in money market accounts. Noninterest-bearing demand deposits comprised 45% of total deposits as of March 31, 2022, up from 43% as of December 31, 2021.
•First quarter 2022 net interest income before provision for credit losses was $415.6 million, an increase of $61.9 million or 18%, compared with $353.7 million for the first quarter of 2021.
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•Profitability ratios in the first quarter of 2022 expanded. First quarter 2022 ROA was 1.56%, an increase of six basis points (“bps”) from 1.50% for the first quarter of 2021. First quarter 2022 ROE was 16.50%, an increase of 93 bps, from 15.57% for the first quarter of 2021. First quarter 2022 adjusted return on average tangible equity was 18.00%, compared with 17.17% for the first quarter of 2021. For additional details, see the reconciliation of non-GAAP measures presented under Item 2. MD&A — Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this Form 10-Q.
•The efficiency ratio was 38.25% and 44.79% for the first quarters of 2022 and 2021, respectively. The adjusted efficiency ratio, which excludes the amortization of tax credit and other investments and the amortization of core deposit intangibles, was 35.34% for the first quarter of 2022, an improvement of 334 bps compared with 38.68% for the same period in 2021. For additional details, see the reconciliation of non-GAAP measures presented under Item 2. MD&A — Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this Form 10-Q.
•The Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $8.0 million for the first quarter of 2022, compared with no provision for credit losses for the first quarter of 2021.
•Asset quality metrics were strong. As of March 31, 2022, criticized loans totaled $833.3 million, or 1.92% of loans-held-for-investment, compared with $833.1 million, or 2.00% of loans held-for-investment, as of December 31, 2021. Nonperforming assets were $94.4 million or 0.15% of total assets as of March 31, 2022, a decrease of $9.1 million or 9%, compared with $103.5 million or 0.17% of total assets as of December 31, 2021. First quarter 2022 net charge-offs were $8.3 million, or annualized 0.08% of average loans held-for-investment, down from $13.4 million, or annualized 0.14% of average loans held-for-investment, for the first quarter of 2021.

Results of Operations

Net Interest Income

The Company’s primary source of revenue is net interest income, which is the interest income earned on interest-earning assets less interest expense paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest margin is the ratio of net interest income to average interest-earning assets. Net interest income and net interest margin are impacted by several factors, including changes in average balances and the composition of interest-earning assets and funding sources, market interest rate fluctuations and the slope of the yield curve, repricing characteristics and maturity of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, the volume of noninterest-bearing sources of funds, and asset quality.

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First quarter 2022 net interest income before provision for credit losses was $415.6 million, an increase of $61.9 million or 18%, compared with $353.7 million for the first quarter of 2021. First quarter 2022 net interest margin was 2.87%, an increase of 16 bps from 2.71% for the first quarter of 2021. The year-over-year net interest income growth and net interest margin expansion primarily reflected strong loan growth, higher loan yields and a lower cost of deposits.

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Average interest-earning assets were $58.69 billion for the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $5.84 billion or 11% from $52.85 billion for the first quarter of 2021. The year-over-year increase in average interest-earning assets primarily reflected growth in the average balances of debt securities, loans, and resale agreements, partially offset by a decrease in average interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks.

The yield on average interest-earning assets for the first quarter of 2022 was 2.99%, an increase of six bps from 2.93% for the first quarter of 2021. Strong loan growth drove a favorable shift in the average interest-earning asset mix to higher yielding assets in the first quarter of 2022.

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The average loan yield for the first quarter of 2022 was 3.63%, an increase of five bps from 3.58% for the first quarter of 2021. 65% and 64% of loans held-for-investment were variable-rate or hybrid loans in their adjustable-rate period as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Deposits are an important source of funds and impact both net interest income and net interest margin. The average cost of deposits was 0.10% for the first quarter of 2022, an eight bps decrease from 0.18% for the first quarter of 2021. The year-over-year decrease reflected lower rates paid on interest-bearing deposits, a higher proportion of noninterest-bearing demand deposits in the deposit mix, and the run-off of higher-cost time deposits. The average cost of interest-bearing deposits decreased 13 bps to 0.17% in first quarter of 2022, from 0.30% in the first quarter of 2021. Noninterest-bearing demand deposits comprised 43% of average total deposits in the first quarter of 2022, compared with 38% in the first quarter of 2021. Time deposits comprised 15% of average total deposits for the first quarter of 2022, compared with 19% for the first quarter of 2021.

The average cost of funds was 0.12% for the first quarter of 2022, a decrease of 11 bps from 0.23% for the first quarter of 2021. The decrease in the average cost of funds reflected the lower cost of deposits and the maturity of $175.0 million of Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances, which had a weighted average rate of 0.59% during the first quarter of 2021. Other sources of funding included in the calculation of the average cost of funds are FHLB advances, assets sold under repurchase agreements (“repurchase agreements”), long-term debt and short-term borrowings.

The Company utilizes various tools to manage interest rate risk. Refer to the Interest Rate Risk Management section of Item 2. MD&A — Risk Management — Market Risk Management in this Form 10-Q.

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The following table presents the interest spread, net interest margin, average balances, interest income and expense, and the average yield/rate by asset and liability component for the first quarters of 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Average
Balance		Interest
Average
Yield/
Rate (1)
Average
Balance		Interest
Average
Yield/
Rate (1)
ASSETS
Interest-earning assets:
Interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks$4,466,012 $3,260 0.30 %$6,117,799 $3,632 0.24 %
Resale agreements2,097,998 8,383 1.62 %1,461,900 6,099 1.69 %
Available-for-sale (“AFS”) debt securities (2)(3)
7,969,795 34,469 1.75 %6,459,875 29,100 1.83 %
Held-to-maturity (“HTM”) debt securities (2)(4)
1,968,568 8,198 1.69 %— — — %
Loans (5)(6)
42,112,418 377,110 3.63 %38,729,307 342,008 3.58 %
Restricted equity securities77,575 609 3.18 %83,164 547 2.67 %
Total interest-earning assets$58,692,366 $432,029 2.99 %$52,852,045 $381,386 2.93 %
Noninterest-earning assets:
Cash and due from banks641,882 580,277 
Allowance for loan losses(543,345)(618,589)
Other assets2,967,145 2,780,550 
Total assets$61,758,048 $55,594,283 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Checking deposits$6,648,065 $1,402 0.09 %$6,393,034 $4,214 0.27 %
Money market deposits12,913,336 3,203 0.10 %11,573,847 4,711 0.17 %
Savings deposits2,930,309 1,704 0.24 %2,674,476 1,741 0.26 %
Time deposits8,100,890 6,680 0.33 %9,112,662 11,156 0.50 %
Short-term borrowings1,866 9 1.96 %4,703 42 3.62 %
FHLB advances160,018 578 1.46 %652,758 3,069 1.91 %
Repurchase agreements311,984 2,016 2.62 %300,000 1,978 2.67 %
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities152,011 824 2.20 %152,088 780 2.08 %
Total interest-bearing liabilities$31,218,479 $16,416 0.21 %$30,863,568 $27,691 0.36 %
Noninterest-bearing liabilities and stockholders’ equity:
Demand deposits23,432,746 18,093,696 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities1,264,208 1,298,921 
Stockholders’ equity5,842,615 5,338,098 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$61,758,048 $55,594,283 
Interest rate spread2.78 %2.57 %
Net interest income and net interest margin$415,613 2.87 %$353,695 2.71 %
(1)Annualized.
(2)Yields on tax-exempt securities are not presented on a tax-equivalent basis.
(3)Includes the amortization of premiums on AFS debt securities of $23.5 million and $19.0 million for the first quarters of 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(4)Includes the amortization of premiums on HTM debt securities of $134 thousand for the first quarter of 2022.
(5)Average balances include nonperforming loans and loans held-for-sale.
(6)Loans include the accretion of net deferred loan fees, unearned fees and amortization of premiums, which totaled $12.4 million and $13.9 million for the first quarters of 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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The following table summarizes the extent to which changes in (1) interest rates, and (2) volume of average interest-earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities affected the Company’s net interest income for the periods presented. The total change for each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities is segmented into changes attributable to variations in volume and yield/rate. Changes that are not solely due to either volume or yield/rate are allocated proportionally based on the absolute value of the change related to average volume and average rate.
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
2022 vs. 2021
Total
Change		Changes Due to
VolumeYield/Rate
Interest-earning assets:
Interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks$(372)$(1,102)$730 
Resale agreements2,284 2,552 (268)
AFS debt securities5,369 6,570 (1,201)
HTM debt securities8,198 8,198 — 
Loans 35,102 30,237 4,865 
Restricted equity securities62 (39)101 
Total interest and dividend income$50,643 $46,416 $4,227 
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Checking deposits$(2,812)$162 $(2,974)
Money market deposits(1,508)497 (2,005)
Savings deposits(37)158 (195)
Time deposits(4,476)(1,136)(3,340)
Short-term borrowings(33)(19)(14)
FHLB advances(2,491)(1,906)(585)
Repurchase agreements38 78 (40)
Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities44 — 44 
Total interest expense$(11,275)$(2,166)$(9,109)
Change in net interest income$61,918 $48,582 $13,336 

Noninterest Income

The following table presents the components of noninterest income for the first quarters of 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
Change from 2021
20222021$%
Lending fees$19,438 $18,357 $1,081 6 %
Deposit account fees
20,315 15,383 4,932 32 %
Interest rate contracts and other derivative income11,133 16,997 (5,864)(35)%
Foreign exchange income12,699 9,526 3,173 33 %
Wealth management fees6,052 6,911 (859)(12)%
Net gains on sales of loans2,922 1,781 1,141 64 %
Gains on sales of AFS debt securities
1,278 192 1,086 NM
Other investment income1,627 925 702 76 %
Other income4,279 2,794 1,485 53 %
Total noninterest income
$79,743 $72,866 $6,877 9 %
NM — Not meaningful.

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Noninterest income comprised 16% and 17% of total revenue for the first quarters of 2022 and 2021, respectively. First quarter 2022 noninterest income was $79.7 million, an increase of $6.9 million or 9%, compared with $72.9 million for the same period in 2021. This increase was primarily due to increases in deposit account fees, foreign exchange income, other income, net gains on sales of loans and gains on sales of AFS debt securities, partially offset by a decrease in interest rate contracts and other derivative income.

Deposit account fees were $20.3 million for the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $4.9 million or 32%, compared with $15.4 million for the same period in 2021. The year-over-year growth was primarily driven by commercial deposit account and customer growth.

Interest rate contracts and other derivative income was $11.1 million for the first quarter of 2022, a decrease of $5.9 million or 35%, compared with $17.0 million for the same period in 2021. This decrease was primarily due to a lower amount of favorable credit valuation adjustments in the first quarter of 2022, compared with the year-ago period.

Foreign exchange income was $12.7 million for the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $3.2 million or 33%, compared with $9.5 million for the same period in 2021. This increase primarily reflected the spread earned on foreign exchange transactions.

Net gains on sales of loans were $2.9 million for the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $1.1 million or 64%, compared with $1.8 million for the same period in 2021. The increase was primarily due to a higher volume of Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loans sold.

Gains on sales of AFS debt securities were $1.3 million for the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $1.1 million compared with $192 thousand for the same period in 2021. The increase was primarily due to a higher volume of AFS debt securities sold.

Other income was $4.3 million for the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $1.5 million or 53%, compared with $2.8 million for the same period in 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher early termination fees received during the first quarter of 2022 related to the Company’s financing lease contracts.

Noninterest Expense

The following table presents the components of noninterest expense for the first quarters of 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
Change from 2021
20222021$%
Compensation and employee benefits$116,269 $107,808 $8,461 8 %
Occupancy and equipment expense15,464 15,922 (458)(3)%
Deposit insurance premiums and regulatory assessments
4,717 3,876 841 22 %
Deposit account expense4,693 3,892 801 21 %
Data processing3,665 4,478 (813)(18)%
Computer software expense7,294 7,159 135 2 %
Consulting expense1,833 1,475 358 24 %
Legal expense718 1,502 (784)(52)%
Other operating expense20,897 19,607 1,290 7 %
Amortization of tax credit and other investments
13,900 25,358 (11,458)(45)%
Total noninterest expense
$189,450 $191,077 $(1,627)(1)%

First quarter 2022 noninterest expense was $189.5 million, a decrease of $1.6 million or 1%, compared with $191.1 million for the same period in 2021. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in amortization of tax credit and other investments, partially offset by higher compensation and employee benefits.

Compensation and employee benefits was $116.3 million for the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $8.5 million or 8%, compared with $107.8 million for the same period in 2021. This increase was primarily due to higher deferred loan costs related to PPP loan originations during the first quarter of 2021.
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Amortization of tax credit and other investments were $13.9 million for the first quarter of 2022, a decrease of $11.5 million or 45%, compared with $25.4 million for the same period in 2021. This year-over-year decrease was primarily due to the expiration of production tax credit contracts during the second half of 2021. In addition, the year-over-year variability in the amortization of tax credit and other investments reflected the impact of investments that closed in a given period.

Income Taxes
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Income before income taxes
$297,906 $235,484 27 %
Income tax expense$60,254 $30,490 98 %
Effective tax rate20.2 %12.9 %

First quarter 2022 income tax expense was $60.3 million, an increase of $29.8 million, compared with first quarter 2021 income tax expense of $30.5 million. First quarter 2022 effective tax rate was 20.2%, compared with first quarter 2021 effective tax rate of 12.9%. The increase in income tax expense was primarily driven by a higher level of income before income tax expense and an increase in the effective tax rate. First quarter 2022 effective tax rate was 20.2%, compared with first quarter 2021 effective tax rate of 12.9%. The year-over-year increase in the effective tax rate was primarily due to higher income before income taxes and a decrease in tax credits recognized in 2022.

Operating Segment Results

The Company organizes its operations into three reportable operating segments: (1) Consumer and Business Banking; (2) Commercial Banking; and (3) Other. These segments are defined by the type of customers served and the related products and services provided. The segments reflect how financial information is currently evaluated by management. For additional description of the Company’s internal management reporting process, including the segment cost allocation methodology, see Note 14 — Business Segments to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

Segment net interest income represents the difference between actual interest earned on assets and interest incurred on liabilities of the segment, adjusted for funding charges or credits through the Company’s internal funds transfer pricing (“FTP”) process.

The following table presents the results by operating segment for the periods indicated:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
Consumer and Business BankingCommercial BankingOther
202220212022202120222021
Total revenue (loss) (1)
$238,413 $173,341 $257,154 $224,488 $(211)$28,732 
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses3,104 (4,249)4,896 4,249 — — 
Noninterest expense96,095 89,286 73,395 69,257 19,960 32,534 
Segment income (loss) before income taxes (1)
139,214 88,304 178,863 150,982 (20,171)(3,802)
Segment net income (1)
$99,164 $63,251 $127,507 $108,207 $10,981 $33,536 
(1)During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company enhanced its segment allocation methodology related to the fair values of interest rate and commodity derivative contracts, which are included in noninterest income. These fair values, which were previously allocated to the “Commercial Banking” segment prior to the fourth quarter of 2021, have since been reclassified between “Consumer and Business Banking” and “Commercial Banking.” Balances for the first quarter of 2021 have been reclassified to reflect these allocation changes for comparability.

Consumer and Business Banking

The Consumer and Business Banking segment primarily provides financial products and services to consumer and commercial customers through the Company’s domestic branch network. This segment offers consumer and commercial deposits, mortgage and home equity loans, and other products and services. It also originates commercial loans for small- and medium-sized enterprises. Other products and services provided by this segment include wealth management, treasury management, interest rate risk hedging and foreign exchange services.

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The following table presents additional financial information for the Consumer and Business Banking segment for the periods indicated:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
Change from 2021
20222021$%
Net interest income before provision for (reversal of) credit losses$213,214 $149,899 $63,315 42 %
Noninterest income (1)
25,199 23,442 1,757 7 %
Total revenue (1)
238,413 173,341 65,072 38 %
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses3,104 (4,249)7,353 (173)%
Noninterest expense 96,095 89,286 6,809 8 %
Segment income before income taxes (1)
139,214 88,304 50,910 58 %
Income tax expense40,050 25,053 14,997 60 %
Segment net income (1)
$99,164 $63,251 $35,913 57 %
Average loans$14,606,446 $13,300,153 $1,306,293 10 %
Average deposits$33,113,820 $30,224,844 $2,888,976 10 %
(1)During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company enhanced its segment allocation methodology related to the fair values of interest rate and commodity derivative contracts, which are included in noninterest income. These fair values, which were previously allocated to the “Commercial Banking” segment prior to the fourth quarter of 2021, have since been reclassified between “Consumer and Business Banking” and “Commercial Banking.” Balances for the first quarter of 2021 have been reclassified to reflect these allocation changes for comparability.

Consumer and Business Banking segment net income was $99.2 million for the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $35.9 million or 57% year-over-year. This increase reflected revenue growth, partially offset by higher income tax expense, provision for credit losses and noninterest expense. Net interest income before provision for (reversal of) credit losses was $213.2 million for the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $63.3 million or 42% year-over-year. The growth in net interest income before provision for (reversal of) credit losses was driven by lower interest expense, primarily due to lower interest rates and a larger proportion of noninterest-bearing deposits, and higher interest income, primarily due to growth in residential mortgage loans.

Commercial Banking

The Commercial Banking segment primarily generates commercial loan and deposit products. Commercial loan products include CRE lending, construction finance, working capital lines of credit, trade finance, letters of credit, commercial business lending, affordable housing lending, asset-based lending, asset-backed finance, project finance and equipment financing. Commercial deposit products and other financial services include treasury management, foreign exchange services, and interest rate and commodity risk hedging.

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The following table presents additional financial information for the Commercial Banking segment for the periods indicated:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
Change from 2021
20222021$%
Net interest income before provision for credit losses$208,077 $177,092 $30,985 17 %
Noninterest income (1)
49,077 47,396 1,681 4 %
Total revenue (1)
257,154 224,488 32,666 15 %
Provision for credit losses4,896 4,249 647 15 %
Noninterest expense 73,395 69,257 4,138 6 %
Segment income before income taxes (1)
178,863 150,982 27,881 18 %
Income tax expense51,356 42,775 8,581 20 %
Segment net income (1)
$127,507 $108,207 $19,300 18 %
Average loans$27,505,972 $25,429,154 $2,076,818 8 %
Average deposits$17,736,525 $15,095,700 $2,640,825 17 %
(1)During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company enhanced its segment allocation methodology related to the fair values of interest rate and commodity derivative contracts, which are included in noninterest income. These fair values, which were previously allocated to the “Commercial Banking” segment prior to the fourth quarter 2021, have since been reclassified between “Consumer and Business Banking” and “Commercial Banking.” Balances for the first quarter of 2021 have been reclassified to reflect these allocation changes for comparability.

Commercial Banking segment net income was $127.5 million for the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $19.3 million or 18% year-over-year. This increase reflected revenue growth, partially offset by higher income tax expense and noninterest expense. Net interest income before provision for credit losses was $208.1 million for the first quarter of 2022, an increase of $31.0 million or 17% year-over-year. The growth in net interest income before provision for credit losses was driven by lower interest expense, primarily due to lower interest rates and a larger proportion of noninterest-bearing deposits, and higher interest income, primarily due to growth in commercial loans.

Other

Centralized functions, including the corporate treasury activities of the Company and eliminations of inter-segment amounts, have been aggregated and included in the Other segment, which provides broad administrative support to the two core segments, namely the Consumer and Business Banking, and the Commercial Banking segments.

The following table presents additional financial information for the Other segment for the periods indicated:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
Change from 2021
20222021$%
Net interest (loss) income before provision for credit losses$(5,678)$26,704 $(32,382)(121)%
Noninterest income5,467 2,028 3,439 170 %
Total (loss) revenue(211)28,732 (28,943)(101)%
Noninterest expense 19,960 32,534 (12,574)(39)%
Segment loss before income taxes (20,171)(3,802)(16,369)431 %
Income tax benefit31,152 37,338 (6,186)(17)%
Segment net income $10,981 $33,536 $(22,555)(67)%
Average deposits$3,175,001 $2,527,171 $647,830 26 %

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Other segment net income was $11.0 million for the first quarter of 2022, a decrease of $22.6 million or 67% year-over-year. This decrease was primarily driven by lower revenue and income tax benefit, partially offset by lower noninterest expense. Other segment recorded a net interest loss before provision for credit losses of $5.7 million for the first quarter of 2022, a $32.4 million or 121% decrease, from $26.7 million of net interest income before provision for credit losses in the first quarter of 2021. The decrease was primarily driven by lower FTP spread income absorbed by the Other segment, partially offset by an increase in interest income from investments due to a higher volume of debt securities. Noninterest expense of $20.0 million decreased by $12.6 million or 39% year-over-year, primarily due to lower amortization of tax credits and other investments.

Balance Sheet Analysis

Debt Securities

The Company maintains a portfolio of high quality and liquid debt securities with a moderate duration profile. It closely manages the overall portfolio interest rate and liquidity risks. The Company’s debt securities provide:

•interest income for earnings and yield enhancement;
•availability for funding needs arising during the normal course of business;
•the ability to execute interest rate risk management strategies in response to changes in economic or market conditions; and
•collateral to support pledging agreements as required and/or to enhance the Company’s borrowing capacity.

While the Company intends to hold its debt securities indefinitely, it may sell AFS securities in response to changes in the balance sheet and related interest rate risk to meet liquidity, regulatory, and strategic requirements.

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The following table presents the distribution of the Company’s AFS and HTM debt securities portfolio as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, and by credit ratings as of March 31, 2022:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Ratings as of March 31, 2022 (1)
Amortized CostFair
Value		% of Fair ValueAmortized CostFair
Value		% of Fair ValueAAA/AAABBBNo Rating
AFS debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities$676,330 $637,974 9 %$1,049,238 $1,032,681 10 %100 %— %— %— %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise debt securities326,555 304,395 5 %1,333,984 1,301,971 13 %100 %— %— %— %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities2,813,281 2,668,808 40 %4,210,832 4,157,263 42 %100 %— %— %— %
Municipal securities317,952 298,659 4 %519,381 523,158 5 %92 %5 %— %3 %
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities1,323,705 1,252,107 19 %1,388,857 1,378,374 14 %84 %— %— %16 %
Corporate debt securities683,502 630,512 9 %657,516 649,665 6 %— %21 %79 %— %
Foreign government bonds260,846 253,811 4 %260,447 257,733 3 %44 %56 %— %— %
Asset-backed securities72,160 71,362 1 %74,674 74,558 1 %100 %— %— %— %
Collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”)617,250 611,803 9 %592,250 589,950 6 %96 %4 %— %— %
Total AFS debt securities$7,091,581 $6,729,431 100 %$10,087,179 $9,965,353 100 %85 %5 %7 %3 %
HTM debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities$519,989 $499,275 18 %$— $— — %100 %— %— %— %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise debt securities946,763 879,286 31 %— — — %100 %— %— %— %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities1,340,679 1,264,311 45 %— — — %100 %— %— %— %
Municipal securities190,271 173,096 6 %— — — %100 %— %— %— %
Total HTM debt securities$2,997,702 $2,815,968 100 %$— $— — %100 %— %— %— %
Total debt securities$10,089,283 $9,545,399 $10,087,179 $9,965,353 
(1)Primarily based upon the credit ratings issued by S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”), Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”) or Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), applying the lowest rating, if split rated. Rating percentages are allocated based on fair value.

The Company’s AFS and HTM debt securities portfolios had an effective duration, defined as the sensitivity of the value of the portfolio to interest rate changes, of 5.3 as of March 31, 2022. This increased from 5.0 as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to both the upshifting and steepening of the yield curve.

Available-for-Sale Debt Securities

The fair value of the AFS debt securities portfolio totaled $6.73 billion as of March 31, 2022, a decrease of $3.24 billion or 32% from $9.97 billion as of December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to the Company’s transfer of $3.01 billion of AFS securities to HTM securities during the first quarter of 2022. For further discussion, see the Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities section below. The Company’s AFS debt securities are carried at fair value with noncredit-related unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported in Other comprehensive (loss) income on the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. Pre-tax net unrealized losses on AFS debt securities were $362.2 million as of March 31, 2022, compared with pre-tax net unrealized losses on AFS debt securities of $121.8 million as of December 31, 2021.
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As of March 31, 2022, 85% of the carrying value of the AFS debt securities portfolio was rated “AA-” or “Aa3” or higher by nationally recognized credit rating agencies, compared with 90% as of December 31, 2021. Of the AFS debt securities with gross unrealized losses, substantially all were rated investment grade as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The Company believes that the gross unrealized losses were due to non-credit related factors and were primarily attributable to interest rate movement and widened spreads for certain securities during the first quarter of 2022. The Company believes that the credit support levels of the AFS debt securities are strong and, based on current assessments and macroeconomic forecasts, expects that full contractual cash flows will be received. As of March 31, 2022, the Company had no intention to sell securities with unrealized losses and believed it was more-likely-than-not that it would not be required to sell such securities before recovery of their amortized costs.

The Company assesses individual securities for credit losses for each reporting period. If a credit loss is identified, the Company records an impairment through the allowance for credit losses with a corresponding Provision for credit losses on the Consolidated Statement of Income. There were no credit losses recognized in earnings for both the first quarter of 2022 and 2021.

Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities

During the first quarter of 2022, the Company transferred $3.01 billion in aggregate fair value of U.S. Treasury, government agency and government-sponsored enterprise debt and mortgage-back securities, and municipal securities from AFS to HTM. In comparison, there were no HTM debt securities as of December 31, 2021. The Company’s HTM debt securities are carried at amortized cost. The unrealized gains or losses at the date of transfer of these securities continue to be reported in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”), net of tax on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and are amortized over the remaining life of the securities.

For HTM debt securities, the allowance for credit losses is measured using an expected loss model, similar to the methodology used for loans. Any expected credit loss is provided through the allowance for credit losses and is deducted from the amortized cost basis reflecting on the Consolidated Balance Sheet the net amount the Company expects to collect. As of March 31, 2022, all HTM securities were rated “AA-” or “Aa3” or higher by nationally recognized credit rating agencies. All HTM debt securities were issued, guaranteed, or supported by the U.S. government or government-sponsored enterprises. Accordingly, the Company applied a zero credit loss assumption for these securities and no allowance for credit loss was recorded as of March 31, 2022.

For additional information on AFS and HTM securities, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K and Note 2 — Current Accounting Developments and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Note 3 — Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Note 5 — Securities to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

Loan Portfolio

The Company offers a broad range of financial products designed to meet the credit needs of its borrowers. The Company’s loan portfolio segments include commercial loans, which consist of C&I, CRE, multifamily residential, construction and land loans, and consumer loans, which consist of single-family residential, home equity lines of credit (“HELOCs”), and other consumer loans. Total net loans were $42.95 billion as of March 31, 2022, an increase of $1.79 billion or 4% from $41.15 billion as of December 31, 2021. This was primarily driven by well-diversified growth throughout our major loan categories including $797.9 million or 5% in total CRE loans, $687.5 million or 5% in C&I loans, and $311.5 million or 3% in residential mortgage loans. Excluding PPP loans, total loans grew $2.01 billion or 5% and C&I loans grew $903.6 million or 7% from December 31, 2021. The composition of the loan portfolio as of March 31, 2022 was similar to the composition as of December 31, 2021.
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The following table presents the composition of the Company’s total loan portfolio by loan type as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Amount%Amount%
Commercial:
C&I (1)
$14,838,134 34 %$14,150,608 34 %
CRE:
CRE12,636,787 29 %12,155,047 29 %
Multifamily residential3,894,463 9 %3,675,605 9 %
Construction and land443,836 1 %346,486 1 %
Total CRE16,975,086 39 %16,177,138 39 %
Total commercial 31,813,220 73 %30,327,746 73 %
Consumer:
Residential mortgage:
Single-family residential9,283,429 22 %9,093,702 22 %
HELOCs2,266,634 5 %2,144,821 5 %
Total residential mortgage11,550,063 27 %11,238,523 27 %
Other consumer127,399 0 %127,512 0 %
Total consumer 11,677,462 27 %11,366,035 27 %
Total loans held-for-investment (2)
43,490,682 100 %41,693,781 100 %
Allowance for loan losses
(545,685)(541,579)
Loans held-for-sale (3)
631 635 
Total loans, net$42,945,628 $41,152,837 
(1)Includes $318.1 million and $534.2 million of PPP loans as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(2)Includes net deferred loan fees, unearned fees, unamortized premiums and unaccreted discounts of $(42.7) million and $(50.7) million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(3)Consists of single-family residential loans as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Actions to Support Customers during the COVID-19 Pandemic

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company assisted customers by offering SBA PPP loans to help struggling businesses in our communities pay their employees and sustain their businesses. The SBA stopped accepting new loan applications on May 31, 2021. As of March 31, 2022, the Company had about 1,000 PPP loans outstanding with balances totaling $318.1 million, which were recorded in the C&I portfolio. During the first quarter of 2022, the Company submitted and received SBA approval for the forgiveness of about 800 PPP loans, totaling $202.2 million. For more information on PPP loans, refer to Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Significant Accounting Policies — Paycheck Protection Program to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K.

In addition, the Company provided payment relief through various loan modification programs, which expired on January 1, 2022. Refer to Item 2. MD&A — Risk Management — Credit Risk Management in this Form 10-Q for details.

Commercial

The commercial loan portfolio comprised 73% of total loans as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The Company actively monitors this commercial lending portfolio for elevated levels of credit risk and reviews credit exposures for sensitivity to changing economic conditions.

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Commercial — Commercial and Industrial Loans. Total C&I loan commitments (loans outstanding plus unfunded credit commitments, excluding issued letters of credit) were $21.02 billion as of March 31, 2022, an increase of $727.3 million or 4% from $20.29 billion as of December 31, 2021. Total C&I loans were $14.84 billion as of March 31, 2022, an increase of $687.5 million or 5% from $14.15 billion. Total C&I loans made up 34% of total loans held-for-investment as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The C&I loan portfolio includes loans and financing for businesses in a wide spectrum of industries, comprised of working capital lines of credit, trade finance, letters of credit, affordable housing lending, asset-based lending, asset-backed finance, project finance and equipment financing. The C&I loan portfolio also includes PPP loans. Additionally, the Company has a portfolio of broadly syndicated C&I loans, which represent revolving or term loan facilities that are marketed and sold primarily to institutional investors. This portfolio totaled $1.00 billion and $939.4 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The majority of the C&I loans had variable interest rates as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

The C&I portfolio is well-diversified by industry. The Company monitors concentrations within the C&I loan portfolio by customer exposure and industry classification, setting diversification targets and exposure limits by industry or loan product. The following charts illustrate the industry mix within our C&I portfolio as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

ewbc-20220331_g6.jpgewbc-20220331_g7.jpg

Commercial — Total Commercial Real Estate Loans. Total CRE loans outstanding were $16.98 billion as of March 31, 2022, which grew by $797.9 million or 5%, from $16.18 billion as of December 31, 2021, and accounted for 39% of total loans held-for-investment as of both dates. The total CRE loan portfolio consists of CRE, multifamily residential, and construction and land loans. CRE consists of customers with diversified property types listed in the table below. The year-to-date growth in total CRE loans was primarily driven by industrial and multifamily property types.

The Company’s total CRE portfolio is diversified by property type with an average CRE loan size of $2.5 million as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The following table summarizes the Company’s total CRE loans by property type as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Amount%Amount%
Property types:
Retail (1)
$3,759,210 22 %$3,685,900 23 %
Multifamily3,894,463 23 %3,675,605 23 %
Office (1)
2,905,623 17 %2,804,006 17 %
Industrial (1)
3,099,131 18 %2,807,325 18 %
Hospitality (1)
2,036,571 12 %1,993,995 12 %
Construction and land443,836 3 %346,486 2 %
Other (1)
836,252 5 %863,821 5 %
Total CRE loans$16,975,086 100 %$16,177,138 100 %
(1)Included in CRE loans.

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The weighted-average loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratio of the total CRE portfolio was 51% as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The low weighted-average LTV ratio was consistent by CRE property type. Approximately 89% of total CRE loans had an LTV ratio of 65% or lower as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The consistency of the Company’s low LTV underwriting standards has historically resulted in lower credit losses for CRE and multifamily residential loans.

The following tables provide a summary of the Company’s CRE, multifamily residential, and construction and land loans by geography as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The distribution of the total CRE loan portfolio reflects the Company’s geographic footprint, which is primarily concentrated in California:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022
CRE%Multifamily
Residential		%Construction
and Land		%Total CRE%
Geographic markets:
Southern California
$6,673,427 $2,093,728 $184,061 $8,951,216 
Northern California
2,639,700 767,891 144,214 3,551,805 
California9,313,127 74 %2,861,619 73 %328,275 75 %12,503,021 73 %
Texas1,089,421 9 %295,875 8 %4,528 1 %1,389,824 8 %
New York677,511 5 %187,260 5 %81,760 18 %946,531 6 %
Washington405,585 3 %148,003 4 %10,058 2 %563,646 3 %
Nevada139,303 1 %114,581 3 %13,479 3 %267,363 2 %
Arizona120,849 1 %67,895 2 %— — %188,744 1 %
Other markets890,991 7 %219,230 5 %5,736 1 %1,115,957 7 %
Total loans $12,636,787 100 %$3,894,463 100 %$443,836 100 %$16,975,086 100 %
($ in thousands)December 31, 2021
CRE%Multifamily
Residential		%Construction
and Land		%Total CRE%
Geographic markets:
Southern California
$6,406,609 $2,030,938 $138,953 $8,576,500 
Northern California
2,622,398 748,631 109,483 3,480,512 
California9,029,007 75 %2,779,569 77 %248,436 70 %12,057,012 75 %
Texas1,005,455 8 %308,652 8 %1,896 1 %1,316,003 8 %
New York630,442 5 %157,099 4 %78,368 23 %865,909 5 %
Washington408,913 3 %116,047 3 %9,865 3 %534,825 3 %
Nevada128,395 1 %115,163 3 %5,775 2 %249,333 2 %
Arizona122,164 1 %49,836 1 %— — %172,000 1 %
Other markets830,671 7 %149,239 4 %2,146 1 %982,056 6 %
Total loans$12,155,047 100 %$3,675,605 100 %$346,486 100 %$16,177,138 100 %

Because 73% and 75% of total CRE loans were concentrated in California as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, changes in California’s economy and real estate values could have a significant impact on the collectability of these loans and the required level of allowance for loan losses. For additional information related to the higher degree of risk from a downturn in the California real estate market, see Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Geopolitical Uncertainties to the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K.

Commercial — Commercial Real Estate Loans. The Company focuses on providing financing to experienced real estate investors and developers who have moderate levels of leverage, many of whom are long-time customers of the Bank. CRE loans totaled $12.64 billion as of March 31, 2022, compared with $12.16 billion as of December 31, 2021, and accounted for 29% of total loans held-for-investment as of both dates. Interest rates on CRE loans may be fixed, variable or hybrid. As of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the majority of CRE loans were variable rate loans. Loans are underwritten with conservative standards for cash flows, debt service coverage and LTV.

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Owner-occupied properties comprised 20% of the CRE loans as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The remainder were non-owner-occupied properties, where 50% or more of the debt service for the loan is typically provided by rental income from an unaffiliated third party.

Commercial — Multifamily Residential Loans. The multifamily residential loan portfolio is largely comprised of loans secured by residential properties with five or more units. Multifamily residential loans totaled $3.89 billion as of March 31, 2022, compared with and $3.68 billion as of December 31, 2021, and accounted for 9% of total loans held-for-investment as of both dates. The Company offers a variety of first lien mortgages, including fixed- and variable-rate loans, as well as hybrid loans with interest rates that adjust annually after an initial fixed rate period of three to ten years.

Commercial — Construction and Land Loans. Construction and land loans provide financing for a portfolio of projects diversified by real estate property type. Construction and land loans totaled $443.8 million as of March 31, 2022, compared with $346.5 million as of December 31, 2021, and accounted for 1% of total loans held-for-investment as of both dates. Construction loans exposure was made up of $354.4 million in loans outstanding, plus $335.0 million in unfunded commitments as of March 31, 2022, compared with $297.9 million in loans outstanding, plus $361.2 million in unfunded commitments as of December 31, 2021. Land loans totaled $89.5 million as of March 31, 2022, compared with $48.6 million as of December 31, 2021.

Consumer

The following tables summarize the Company’s single-family residential and HELOC loan portfolios by geography as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022
Single-Family
Residential		%HELOCs%Total Residential
Mortgage		%
Geographic markets:
Southern California$3,562,505 $1,029,843 $4,592,348 
Northern California1,041,515 520,439 1,561,954 
California4,604,020 48 %1,550,282 69 %6,154,302 53 %
New York3,215,122 35 %299,484 13 %3,514,606 30 %
Washington515,752 6 %255,518 11 %771,270 7 %
Massachusetts260,701 3 %89,209 4 %349,910 3 %
Georgia272,576 3 %26,560 1 %299,136 3 %
Texas250,222 3 %— — %250,222 2 %
Other markets165,036 2 %45,581 2 %210,617 2 %
Total$9,283,429 100 %$2,266,634 100 %$11,550,063 100 %
Lien priority:
First mortgage$9,283,429 100 %$1,968,945 87 %$11,252,374 97 %
Junior lien mortgage— — %297,689 13 %297,689 3 %
Total$9,283,429 100 %$2,266,634 100 %$11,550,063 100 %
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($ in thousands)December 31, 2021
Single-Family
Residential		%HELOCs%Total Residential
Mortgage		%
Geographic markets:
Southern California$3,520,010 $971,731 $4,491,741 
Northern California1,024,564 506,310 1,530,874 
California4,544,574 49 %1,478,041 68 %6,022,615 54 %
New York3,102,129 34 %292,540 14 %3,394,669 30 %
Washington526,721 6 %230,294 11 %757,015 7 %
Massachusetts258,372 3 %75,815 4 %334,187 3 %
Georgia279,328 3 %25,208 1 %304,536 3 %
Texas230,402 3 %— — %230,402 2 %
Other markets152,176 2 %42,923 2 %195,099 1 %
Total$9,093,702 100 %$2,144,821 100 %$11,238,523 100 %
Lien priority:
First mortgage$9,093,702 100 %$1,872,440 87 %$10,966,142 98 %
Junior lien mortgage— — %272,381 13 %272,381 2 %
Total $9,093,702 100 %$2,144,821 100 %$11,238,523 100 %

Consumer — Single-Family Residential Mortgages. Single-family residential loans totaled $9.28 billion as of March 31, 2022, compared with $9.09 billion as of December 31, 2021, and accounted for 22% of total loans held-for-investment as of both dates. Year-to-date, single-family residential mortgages increased $189.7 million or 2%, primarily driven by net growth in New York and California. The Company was in a first lien position for all of its single-family residential loans as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Many of these loans are reduced documentation loans, for which a substantial down payment is required, resulting in a low LTV ratio at origination, typically 65% or less. These loans have historically experienced low delinquency and loss rates. The Company offers a variety of single-family residential first lien mortgage loan programs, including fixed- and variable-rate loans, as well as hybrid loans with interest rates that adjust on a regular basis, typically each year, after an initial fixed rate period.

Consumer — Home Equity Lines of Credit. Total HELOC commitments were $2.74 billion as of March 31, 2022, which grew by $247.5 million or 10% from $2.49 billion as of December 31, 2021. Unfunded HELOC commitments are unconditionally cancellable. HELOCs outstanding totaled $2.27 billion as of March 31, 2022, compared with $2.14 billion as of December 31, 2021, and accounted for 5% of total loans held-for-investment as of both dates. Year-to-date, HELOCs increased $121.8 million or 6%, primarily driven by growth in California. The Company was in a first lien position for 87% of total HELOCs as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Many of these loans are reduced documentation loans, for which a substantial down payment is required, resulting in a low LTV ratio at origination, typically 65% or less. These loans have historically experienced low delinquency and loss rates. Substantially all of the Company’s HELOCs were variable-rate loans as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

All originated commercial and consumer loans are subject to the Company’s underwriting guidelines and loan origination standards. Management believes that the Company’s underwriting criteria and procedures adequately consider the unique risks associated with these products. The Company conducts a variety of quality control procedures and periodic audits, including the review of lending and legal requirements, to ensure that the Company is in compliance with these requirements.

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Foreign Outstandings

The Company’s overseas offices, which include the branch in Hong Kong and the subsidiary bank in China, are subject to the general risks inherent in conducting business in foreign countries, such as regulatory, economic and political uncertainties. As such, the Company’s international operation risk exposure is largely concentrated in China and Hong Kong. In addition, the Company’s financial assets held in the Hong Kong branch and the subsidiary bank in China may be affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates or other factors. The following table presents the major financial assets held in the Company’s overseas offices as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Amount% of Total
Consolidated
Assets		Amount% of Total
Consolidated
Assets
Hong Kong Branch:
Cash and cash equivalents$936,242 2 %$831,283 1 %
AFS debt securities (1)
$298,287 0 %$242,926 0 %
Loans held-for-investment (2)
$1,061,999 2 %$849,573 1 %
Total assets$2,157,324 3 %$1,933,164 3 %
Subsidiary Bank in China:
Cash and cash equivalents$562,610 1 %$543,134 1 %
Interest-bearing deposits with banks$30,876 0 %$51,243 0 %
AFS debt securities (3)
$142,156 0 %$141,404 0 %
Loans held-for-investment (2)
$1,065,054 2 %$984,591 2 %
Total assets$1,787,347 3 %$1,709,640 3 %
(1)Primarily comprised of U.S. Treasury securities and foreign government bonds as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
(2)Primarily comprised of C&I loans as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
(3)Comprised of foreign government bonds as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

The following table presents the total revenue generated by the Company’s overseas offices for the first quarters of 2022 and 2021:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Amount% of Total
Consolidated
Revenue		Amount% of Total
Consolidated
Revenue
Hong Kong Branch:
Total revenue$7,341 1 %$5,467 1 %
Subsidiary Bank in China:
Total revenue$7,866 2 %$6,521 2 %

Capital

The Company maintains a strong capital base to support its anticipated asset growth, operating needs, and credit risks, and to ensure that the Company and the Bank are in compliance with all regulatory capital guidelines. The Company engages in regular capital planning processes on at least an annual basis to optimize the use of available capital and to appropriately plan for future capital needs, allocating capital to existing and future business activities. Furthermore, the Company conducts capital stress tests as part of its capital planning process. The stress tests enable the Company to assess the impact of adverse changes in the economy and interest rates on its capital base.

The Company’s stockholders’ equity was $5.70 billion as of March 31, 2022, a decrease of $133.8 million or 2% from $5.84 billion as of December 31, 2021. The year-to-date decrease in the Company’s stockholders’ equity was primarily due to a negative change in AOCI of $304.5 million and cash dividends declared of $57.6 million, partially offset by net income of $237.7 million. The negative change in AOCI was primarily due to increased unrealized losses in AFS debt securities. For other factors that contributed to the changes in stockholders’ equity, refer to Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements — Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity in this Form 10-Q.
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Book value was $40.09 per common share as of March 31, 2022, a decrease of 3% from $41.13 per common share as of December 31, 2021. Tangible equity per common share was $36.76 as of March 31, 2022, compared with $37.79 as of December 31, 2021. For additional details, see the reconciliation of non-GAAP measures presented under Item 2. MD&A — Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this Form 10-Q. The Company paid a quarterly cash dividend of $0.40 and $0.33 per common share for the first quarters of 2022 and 2021, respectively. In April 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors declared second quarter 2022 cash dividend of $0.40 per common share. The dividend is payable on May 16, 2022 to stockholders of record as of May 2, 2022.

Deposits and Other Sources of Funding

Deposits are the Company’s primary source of funding, the cost of which has a significant impact on the Company’s net interest income and net interest margin. Additional funding is provided by short- and long-term borrowings, and long-term debt. See Item 2. MD&A — Risk Management — Liquidity Risk Management — Liquidity in this Form 10-Q for a discussion of the Company’s liquidity management. The following table summarizes the Company’s sources of funds as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021Change
Amount%Amount%$%
Deposits
Noninterest-bearing demand$24,927,768 45 %$22,845,464 43 %$2,082,304 9 %
Interest-bearing checking6,774,826 13 %6,524,721 12 %250,105 4 %
Money market12,108,432 22 %13,130,300 25 %(1,021,868)(8)%
Savings2,897,248 5 %2,888,065 5 %9,183 — %
Time deposits8,230,087 15 %7,961,982 15 %268,105 3 %
Total deposits$54,938,361 100 %$53,350,532 100 %$1,587,829 3 %
Other Funds
FHLB advances$74,619 $249,331 $(174,712)(70)%
Repurchase agreements300,000 300,000 — — %
Long-term debt147,729 147,658 71 0 %
Total other funds$522,348 $696,989 $(174,641)(25)%
Total sources of funds$55,460,709 $54,047,521 $1,413,188 3 %

Deposits

The Company offers a wide variety of deposit products to consumer and commercial customers. To provide a stable and low-cost source of funding and liquidity, the Company’s strategy is to grow and retain relationship-based deposits.

Total deposits were $54.94 billion as of March 31, 2022, an increase of $1.59 billion or 3% from $53.35 billion as of December 31, 2021. The increase in deposits was attributable to strong growth in noninterest-bearing demand deposits, partially offset by a decrease in money market deposits. Noninterest-bearing demand deposits were $24.93 billion as of March 31, 2022, an increase of $2.08 billion or 9%, compared with $22.85 billion as of December 31, 2021. Noninterest-bearing demand deposits comprised 45% of total deposits as of March 31, 2022, up from 43% as of December 31, 2021. Additional information regarding the impact of deposits on net interest income, with a comparison of average deposit balances and rates, is provided in Item 2. MD&A — Results of Operations — Net Interest Income in this Form 10-Q.

Other Sources of Funding

As of March 31, 2022 the Company had one FHLB advance of $74.6 million compared with advances totaling $249.3 million as of December 31, 2021. During the first quarter of 2022, advances totaling $175.0 million matured. As of March 31, 2022, the remaining FHLB advance had a floating interest rate of 0.73% with a maturity in seven months.

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Gross repurchase agreements totaled $300.0 million as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Resale and repurchase agreements are reported net, pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 210-20-45-11, Balance Sheet Offsetting: Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Agreements. As of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company did not have any gross resale agreements that were eligible for netting pursuant to ASC 210-20-45-11. As of March 31, 2022, gross repurchase agreements had interest rates ranging from 2.39% to 2.42%. Repurchase agreements of $200.0 million have an original maturity of 10.0 years and mature in 1.3 years, whereas repurchase agreements of $100.0 million have an original maturity of 8.5 years and mature in 1.4 years.

Repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions and recorded as liabilities based on the values at which the assets are sold. As of March 31, 2022, the collateral for the repurchase agreements was comprised of U.S. Treasury securities, and U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities. To ensure the market value of the underlying collateral remains sufficient, the Company monitors the fair value of collateral pledged relative to the principal amounts borrowed under repurchase agreements. The Company manages liquidity risks related to the repurchase agreements by sourcing funds from a diverse group of counterparties, and entering into repurchase agreements with longer durations, when appropriate. For additional details, see Note 4 — Assets Purchased under Resale Agreements and Sold under Repurchase Agreements to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

The Company uses long-term debt to provide funding to acquire interest-earning assets, and to enhance liquidity and regulatory capital adequacy. Long-term debt totaled $147.7 million as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Long-term debt consists of junior subordinated debt, which qualifies as Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes. The junior subordinated debt was issued in connection with the Company’s various pooled trust preferred securities offerings, as well as with common stock issued by the six wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company in conjunction with these offerings. The junior subordinated debt had a weighted-average interest rate of 1.98% and 1.78% for the first quarters of 2022 and 2021, respectively, with remaining maturities ranging between 12.7 years and 15.5 years as of March 31, 2022.

Regulatory Capital and Ratios

The federal banking agencies have risk-based capital adequacy requirements intended to ensure that banking organizations maintain capital that is commensurate with the degree of risk associated with their operations. The Company and the Bank are each subject to these regulatory capital adequacy requirements. See Item 1. Business — Supervision and Regulation — Regulatory Capital Requirements and Regulatory Capital-Related Development in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional details.

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13 on January 1, 2020, which requires the measurement of the allowance for credit losses to be based on management’s best estimate of lifetime expected credit losses inherent in the Company’s relevant financial assets. The Company has elected the phase-in option provided by a final rule that delays an estimate of the current expected credit losses methodology (“CECL”) effect on regulatory capital for two years and phases the impact over three years. The rule permits certain banking organizations to exclude from regulatory capital the initial adoption impact of CECL, plus 25% of the cumulative changes in the allowance for credit losses under CECL for each period until December 31, 2021, followed by a three-year phase-out period in which the aggregate benefit is reduced by 25% in 2022, 50% in 2023 and 75% in 2024. Under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), loans originated by a banking organization under the PPP will be risk-weighted at zero percent for regulatory capital purposes. Accordingly, the capital ratios as of March 31, 2022 delayed 75% of the estimated impact of CECL on regulatory capital through the year 2021, and PPP loans are risk-weighted at 0%.

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The following table presents the Company’s and the Bank’s capital ratios as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 under the Basel III Capital Rules, and those required by regulatory agencies for capital adequacy and well-capitalized classification purposes:
Basel III Capital Rules
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021Minimum
Regulatory
Requirements		Minimum
Regulatory
Requirements including Capital Conservation Buffer		Well-
Capitalized
Requirements
Company
Bank		Company
Bank
Risk-based capital ratios:
Common Equity Tier 1 capital12.6 %12.1 %12.8 %12.3 %4.5 %7.0 %6.5 %
Tier 1 capital (1)
12.6 %12.1 %12.8 %12.3 %6.0 %8.5 %8.0 %
Total capital13.9 %13.1 %14.1 %13.2 %8.0 %10.5 %10.0 %
Tier 1 leverage (1)
9.3 %9.0 %9.0 %8.6 %4.0 %4.0 %5.0 %
(1)The Tier 1 leverage well-capitalized requirement applies only to the Bank since there is no Tier 1 leverage ratio component in the definition of a well-capitalized bank holding company. In addition, the minimum Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio requirement for the Company to be considered well-capitalized is 6.0%.

The Company is committed to maintaining strong capital levels to assure its investors, customers and regulators that the Company and the Bank are financially sound. As of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company and the Bank continued to exceed all “well-capitalized” capital requirements and the required minimum capital requirements under the Basel III Capital Rules. Total risk-weighted assets were $45.43 billion as of March 31, 2022, an increase of $1.85 billion or 4%, from $43.59 billion as of December 31, 2021. The increase in the risk-weighted assets was primarily due to loan growth.

Risk Management

Overview

In the normal course of conducting its business, the Company is exposed to a variety of risks, some of which are inherent to the financial services industry and others of which are more specific to the Company’s businesses. The Company operates under a Board-approved enterprise risk management (“ERM”) framework, which outlines the company-wide approach to risk management and oversight, and describes the structures and practices employed to manage the current and emerging risks inherent to the Company. The Company’s ERM program incorporates risk management throughout the organization in identifying, managing, monitoring, and reporting risks. It identifies the Company’s major risk categories as credit risk, liquidity risk, capital risk, market risk, operational risk, compliance and regulatory risks, legal risks, strategic risks, and reputational risks.

The Risk Oversight Committee of the Board of Directors monitors the ERM program through stated risk categories and provides oversight of the Company’s risk appetite and control environment. The Risk Oversight Committee provides focused oversight of the Company’s identified enterprise risk categories on behalf of the full Board of Directors. Under the direction of the Risk Oversight Committee, management committees apply targeted strategies to reduce the risks to which the Company’s operations are exposed.

The Company’s ERM program is executed along the three lines of defense model, which provides for a consistent and standardized risk management control environment across the enterprise. The first line of defense is comprised of production, operational, and support units. The second line of defense is comprised of various risk management and control functions charged with monitoring and managing specific major risk categories and/or risk subcategories. The third line of defense is comprised of the Internal Audit function and Independent Asset Review. Internal Audit provides assurance and evaluates the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance processes as established by the Company. Internal Audit has organizational independence and objectivity, reporting directly to the Board’s Audit Committee. Further discussion and analysis of some major risk areas are detailed in the following subsections of Risk Management.

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Credit Risk Management

Credit risk is the risk that a borrower or a counterparty will fail to perform according to the terms and conditions of a loan or investment and expose the Company to loss. Credit risk exists with many of the Company’s assets and exposures such as loans and certain derivatives. The majority of the Company’s credit risk is associated with lending activities.

The Risk Oversight Committee has primary oversight responsibility for identified enterprise risk categories including credit risk. The Risk Oversight Committee monitors management’s assessment of asset quality, credit risk trends, credit quality administration, underwriting standards, and portfolio credit risk management strategies and processes, such as diversification and concentration limits, all of which enable management to control credit risk. At the management level, the Credit Risk Management Committee has primary oversight responsibility for credit risk. The Senior Credit Supervision function manages credit policy for the line of business transactional credit risk, assuring that all exposure is risk-rated according to the requirements of the credit risk rating policy. The Senior Credit Supervision function evaluates and reports the overall credit risk exposure to senior management and the Risk Oversight Committee. The Independent Asset Review function supports a strong credit risk management culture by providing an independent and objective assessment of underwriting and documentation quality, reporting directly to the Board’s Risk Oversight Committee. A key focus of our credit risk management is adherence to a well-controlled underwriting process.

The Company assesses overall credit quality performance of the loan held-for-investment portfolio through an integrated analysis of specific performance ratios. This approach forms the basis of the discussion in the sections immediately following: Nonperforming Assets, Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR”) and Allowance for Credit Losses.

Credit Quality

The Company utilizes a credit risk rating system to assist in monitoring credit quality. Loans are evaluated using the Company’s internal credit risk rating of 1 through 10. For more information on the Company’s credit quality indicators and internal credit risk ratings, refer to Note 7 — Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

The following table presents the Company’s criticized loans as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)Change
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021$%
Criticized loans
Special mention loans$402,704 $384,694 $18,010 4 %
Classified loans430,633 448,362 (17,729)(4)%
Total criticized loans$833,337 $833,056 $281 0 %
Special mention loans to loans held-for-investment0.93 %0.92 %
Classified loans to loans held-for-investment0.99 %1.08 %
Criticized loans to loans held-for-investment1.92 %2.00 %

Nonperforming Assets

Nonperforming assets are comprised of nonaccrual loans, other real estate owned (“OREO”) and other nonperforming assets. Other nonperforming assets and OREO are repossessed assets and properties, respectively, acquired through foreclosure, or through full or partial satisfaction of loans held-for-investment. Loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when they become 90 days past due or when the full collection of principal or interest becomes uncertain regardless of the length of past due status. Collectability is generally assessed based on economic and business conditions, the borrower’s financial condition, and the adequacy of collateral, if any. For additional details regarding the Company’s nonaccrual loan policy, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Significant Accounting Policies — Loans Held-for-Investment to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K.

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The following table presents information regarding nonperforming assets as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)Change
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021$%
Commercial:
C&I$51,773 $59,023 $(7,250)(12)%
CRE:
CRE9,404 9,498 (94)(1)%
Multifamily residential423 444 (21)(5)%
Total CRE9,827 9,942 (115)(1)%
Consumer:
Residential mortgage:
Single-family residential16,385 15,720 665 4 %
HELOCs6,812 8,444 (1,632)(19)%
Total residential mortgage23,197 24,164 (967)(4)%
Other consumer37 52 (15)(29)%
Total nonaccrual loans84,834 93,181 (8,347)(9)%
OREO, net— 363 (363)(100)%
Other nonperforming assets9,548 9,938 (390)(4)%
Total nonperforming assets$94,382 $103,482 $(9,100)(9)%
Nonperforming assets to total assets
0.15 %0.17 %
Nonaccrual loans to loans held-for-investment
0.20 %0.22 %
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans643.24 %581.21 %
TDRs included in nonperforming loans$26,306 $30,383 

Nonaccrual loans were $84.8 million as of March 31, 2022, a decrease of $8.3 million or 9% from $93.2 million as of December 31, 2021. This decrease was predominantly the result of paydowns and charge-offs of C&I oil and gas, and other commercial loans, partially offset by an addition of a C&I entertainment loan.

As of March 31, 2022, $44.2 million or 52% of nonaccrual loans were less than 90 days delinquent. In comparison, $54.2 million or 58% of nonaccrual loans were less than 90 days delinquent as of December 31, 2021.

The following table presents the accruing loans past due by portfolio segment as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)
Total Accruing Past Due Loans (1)
ChangePercentage of
Total Loans Outstanding
March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021		$%March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
Commercial:
C&I$26,514 $11,069 $15,445 140 %0.18 %0.08 %
CRE:
CRE3,037 3,722 (685)(18)%0.02 %0.03 %
Multifamily residential
2,203 5,342 (3,139)(59)%0.06 %0.15 %
Total CRE
5,240 9,064 (3,824)(42)%0.03 %0.06 %
Total commercial
31,754 20,133 11,621 58 %0.10 %0.07 %
Consumer:
Residential mortgage:
Single-family residential
26,669 18,760 7,909 42 %0.29 %0.21 %
HELOCs6,072 5,854 218 4 %0.27 %0.27 %
Total residential mortgage
32,741 24,614 8,127 33 %0.28 %0.22 %
Other consumer794 108 686 NM0.62 %0.08 %
Total consumer
33,535 24,722 8,813 36 %0.29 %0.22 %
Total
$65,289 $44,855 $20,434 46 %0.15 %0.11 %
NM — Not meaningful.
(1)There were no accruing loans past due 90 days or more as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
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Troubled Debt Restructurings

TDRs are loans for which contractual terms have been modified by the Company for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, and for which a concession to the borrower was granted that the Company would not otherwise consider. The Company’s loan modifications are handled on a case-by-case basis and are negotiated to achieve mutually agreeable terms that maximize loan collectability and meet the borrower’s financial needs. The following table presents the performing and nonperforming TDRs by portfolio segment as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The allowance for loan losses for TDRs was $896 thousand as of March 31, 2022 and $4.8 million as of December 31, 2021.
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Performing
TDRs		Nonperforming
TDRs		TotalPerforming
TDRs		Nonperforming
TDRs		Total
Commercial:
C&I$77,038 $24,544 $101,582 $77,256 $28,239 $105,495 
CRE:
CRE23,107 — 23,107 23,379 — 23,379 
Multifamily residential4,006 190 4,196 4,042 197 4,239 
Total CRE27,113 190 27,303 27,421 197 27,618 
Consumer:
Residential mortgage:
Single-family residential5,564 1,108 6,672 6,585 1,102 7,687 
HELOCs2,080 464 2,544 2,553 845 3,398 
Total residential mortgage7,644 1,572 9,216 9,138 1,947 11,085 
Total TDRs$111,795 $26,306 $138,101 $113,815 $30,383 $144,198 

Performing TDRs were $111.8 million as of March 31, 2022, a decrease of $2.0 million or 2% from $113.8 million as of December 31, 2021. Approximately 94% of the performing TDRs were current as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Nonperforming TDRs were $26.3 million as of March 31, 2022, a decrease of $4.1 million or 13% from $30.4 million as of December 31, 2021. This decrease primarily reflected the paydowns and payoffs of C&I TDRs, partially offset by newly designated nonperforming C&I TDRs.

Existing TDRs that were subsequently modified in response to the COVID-19 pandemic continue to be classified as TDRs. As of March 31, 2022, there were no TDRs that were provided modifications related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The amount of TDRs that were provided modification related to the COVID-19 pandemic were insignificant as of December 31, 2021.

Loan Modifications Due to COVID-19 Pandemic

The Company has granted a range of commercial and consumer loan accommodations, predominantly in the form of payment deferrals, to provide relief to borrowers experiencing financial hardship due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For COVID-19 related loan modifications, which occurred between March 2020 through January 1, 2022 that have met the loan modification criteria under Section 4013 of the CARES Act, as amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, or the criteria specified under the Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus (Revised) issued on April 7, 2020, the Company elected to temporarily suspend TDR accounting under ASC Subtopic 310-40. The delinquency aging of loans modified related to the COVID-19 pandemic were frozen at the time of the modification. Interest income continues to be recognized over the accommodation periods. See additional information in Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Significant Accounting Policies — Troubled Debt Restructurings to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K. As of March 31, 2022, COVID-19 loans under payment deferral and forbearance programs totaled $73.6 million, or 0.2% of total loans, compared to $363.1 million, or 0.9% of total loans as of December 31, 2021. Loans that have exited the modification program were predominantly current as of March 31, 2022.

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Allowance for Credit Losses

ASU 2016-13, Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments requires the measurement of the allowance for credit losses to be based on management’s best estimate of lifetime expected credit losses inherent in the Company’s relevant financial assets. The allowance for credit losses estimate uses various models and estimation techniques based on historical loss experience, current borrower characteristics, current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts, and other relevant factors.

In addition to the allowance for loan losses, the Company maintains an allowance for unfunded credit commitments. The Company has three general areas for which it provides the allowance for unfunded credit commitments: 1) recourse obligations for loans sold, 2) letters of credit, and 3) unfunded lending commitments. The Company’s methodology for determining the allowance calculation for unfunded lending commitments uses the lifetime loss rates of the on-balance sheet commitment. Recourse obligations for loans sold and letters of credit use the weighted loss rates for the applicable segment of the individual credit.

In the case of loans and securities, allowance for credit losses are contra-asset valuation accounts that are deducted from the amortized cost basis of these assets to present the net amount expected to be collected. In the case of unfunded credit commitments, the allowance for credit losses is a liability account that is reported as a component of Accrued expenses and other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The Company is committed to maintain the allowance for credit losses at a level that is commensurate with the estimated inherent losses in the loan portfolio, including unfunded credit facilities. While the Company believes that the allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2022 was appropriate to absorb losses inherent in the loan portfolio and in unfunded credit commitments based on the information available, future allowance levels may increase or decrease based on a variety of factors, including but not limited to, accounting standard and regulatory changes, loan growth, portfolio performance and general economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires numerous estimates and judgements. For a description of the policies, methodologies and judgments used to determine the allowance for credit losses, see Item 7. MD&A — Critical Accounting Estimates in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K and Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K, and Note 7 — Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

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The following table presents an allocation of the allowance for loan losses by loan portfolio segments and unfunded credit commitments as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Allowance
Allocation		% of Loan Type to Total LoansAllowance
Allocation		% of Loan Type to Total Loans
Allowance for loan losses
Commercial:
C&I$339,446 34 %$338,252 34 %
CRE:
CRE147,104 29 %150,940 29 %
Multifamily residential
24,176 9 %14,400 9 %
Construction and land
11,016 1 %15,468 1 %
Total CRE182,296 39 %180,808 39 %
Total commercial521,742 73 %519,060 73 %
Consumer:
Residential mortgage:
Single-family residential
18,210 22 %17,160 22 %
HELOCs3,748 5 %3,435 5 %
Total residential mortgage
21,958 27 %20,595 27 %
Other consumer1,985 0 %1,924 0 %
Total consumer23,943 27 %22,519 27 %
Total allowance for loan losses$545,685 100 %$541,579 100 %
Allowance for unfunded credit commitments$23,262 $27,514 
Total allowance for credit losses$568,947 $569,093 
Loans held-for-investment$43,490,682 $41,693,781 
Allowance for loan losses to loans held-for-investment1.25 %1.30 %
Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Average loans held-for-investment$42,111,786 $38,728,635 
Annualized net charge-offs to average loans held-for-investment0.08 %0.14 %

The allowance for loan losses was $545.7 million as of March 31, 2022, an increase of $4.1 million from $541.6 million as of December 31, 2021, primarily reflecting loan growth.

The Company considers multiple economic scenarios to develop the estimate of the allowance for loan losses. The scenarios may consist of a base forecast representing management's view of the most likely outcome, and downside or upside scenarios reflecting possible worsening or improving economic conditions. As of March 31, 2022, the Company assigned a slightly higher weighting to its downside scenario, compared with the weighting placed as of December 31, 2021 in order to reflect the potential for higher inflation, supply chain constraints and the possibility of additional COVID-19 variants. Macroeconomic assumptions underlying the base forecast include: (1) annual Gross Domestic Product (“GDP”) growth of 3.5% for 2022; (2) 3.5% unemployment rate by the end of 2022; and (3) rising interest rates. The downside scenario assumed GDP growth at 0.9% in 2022 and an unemployment rate that was expected to rise from 3.9% to 7.2% by the end of 2022.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, PPP loans outstanding were $318.1 million and $534.2 million, respectively. Because these loans are fully guaranteed by the SBA, there was no allowance for loan losses established for these loans as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

First quarter 2022 net charge-offs were $8.3 million or annualized 0.08% of average loans-held-for-investment, compared with $13.4 million or annualized 0.14% of average loans held-for-investment for the same period of 2021. The decrease in net charge-offs was primarily due to a decrease in CRE charge-offs.
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The allowance for unfunded credit commitments was $23.3 million as of March 31, 2022, compared with $27.5 million as of December 31, 2021.

Liquidity Risk Management

Liquidity

Liquidity is a financial institution’s capacity to meet its deposit and obligations to other counterparties as they come due, or to obtain adequate funding at a reasonable cost to meet those obligations. The objective of liquidity management is to manage the potential mismatch of asset and liability cash flows. Maintaining an adequate level of liquidity depends on the institution’s ability to efficiently meet both expected and unexpected cash flows, and collateral needs without adversely affecting daily operations or the financial condition of the institution. To achieve this objective, the Company analyzes its liquidity risk, maintains readily available liquid assets, and utilizes diverse funding sources including its stable core deposit base.

The Board of Directors’ Risk Oversight Committee has primary oversight responsibility over liquidity risk management. At the management level, the Company’s Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”) establishes the liquidity guidelines that govern the day-to-day active management of the Company’s liquidity position by requiring sufficient asset-based liquidity to cover potential funding requirements and avoid over-dependence on volatile, less reliable funding markets. These guidelines are established and monitored for both the Bank and for East West on a stand-alone basis to ensure that the Company can serve as a source of strength for its subsidiaries. The ALCO regularly monitors the Company’s liquidity status and related management processes, providing regular reports to the Board of Directors. The Company’s liquidity management practices have been effective under normal operating and stressed market conditions.

Liquidity Risk — Liquidity Sources. The Company’s primary source of funding is from deposits generated by its banking business, which are relatively stable and low-cost. Total deposits amounted to $54.94 billion as of March 31, 2022, compared with $53.35 billion as of December 31, 2021. The Company’s loan-to-deposit ratio was 79% as of March 31, 2022, compared with 78% as of December 31, 2021.

In addition to deposits, the Company has access to various sources of wholesale financing, including borrowing capacity with the FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRBSF”), unsecured federal funds lines of credit with various correspondent banks, and several master repurchase agreements with major brokerage companies to sustain an adequate liquid asset portfolio, meet daily cash demands and allow management flexibility to execute its business strategy. Economic conditions and the stability of capital markets impact the Company’s access to and the cost of wholesale financing. The Company’s access to capital markets is also affected by the ratings received from various credit rating agencies. As of March 31, 2022, the Company had available borrowing capacity of $25.91 billion, including $12.13 billion with the FHLB and $4.60 billion with the FRBSF. The Company believes that its liquidity sources are sufficient to meet all reasonably foreseeable short-term needs. Unencumbered loans and/or debt securities were pledged to the FHLB and the FRBSF discount window as collateral. The Company has established operational procedures to enable borrowing against these assets, including regular monitoring of the total pool of loans and debt securities eligible as collateral. Eligibility of collateral is defined in guidelines from the FHLB and FRBSF and is subject to change at their discretion. The Bank’s unsecured federal funds lines of credit with correspondent banks, subject to availability, totaled $1.04 billion as of March 31, 2022. Estimated borrowing capacity from unpledged debt securities totaled $8.14 billion as of March 31, 2022. See Item 2 — MD&A — Balance Sheet Analysis — Deposits and Other Sources of Funding in this Form 10-Q for further detail related to the Company’s funding sources.

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The Company maintains a certain level of liquid assets in the form of cash and cash equivalents, interest-bearing deposits with banks, short-term resale agreements and unencumbered high-quality and liquid AFS debt securities. The following table presents the Company’s liquid assets as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
EncumberedUnencumberedTotalEncumberedUnencumberedTotal
Cash and cash equivalents$— $3,848,700 $3,848,700 $— $3,912,935 $3,912,935 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks— 816,125 816,125 — 736,492 736,492 
Resale agreements due to mature in one year— 1,956,822 1,956,822 — 1,818,503 1,818,503 
AFS debt securities:
U.S. Treasury, and U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise debt securities146,496 795,873 942,369 384,895 1,949,757 2,334,652 
U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities287,294 2,381,514 2,668,808 418,761 3,738,502 4,157,263 
Foreign government bonds— 253,811 253,811 — 257,733 257,733 
Municipal securities— 298,659 298,659 — 523,158 523,158 
Non-agency mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities and CLOs216 1,935,056 1,935,272 240 2,042,642 2,042,882 
Corporate debt securities— 630,512 630,512 — 649,665 649,665 
Total$434,006 $12,917,072 $13,351,078 $803,896 $15,629,387 $16,433,283 

Unencumbered liquid assets totaled $12.92 billion as of March 31, 2022, compared with $15.63 billion as of December 31, 2021. AFS debt securities, included as part of liquidity sources, consist of high quality and liquid securities with moderate durations to minimize overall interest rate and liquidity risks. The Company believes these AFS debt securities provide quick sources of liquidity to obtain financing, regardless of market conditions, through sale or pledging. The decrease in liquid assets was primarily related to the transfer of $3.01 billion of AFS debt securities to HTM debt securities.

Management believes that the Company’s excess cash, unencumbered AFS debt securities, borrowing capacity and access to sufficient sources of capital are adequate to meet its short- and long-term liquidity needs in the foreseeable future. In addition, the Company may use debt and equity issuances when costs are deemed attractive, should longer term needs arise.

Liquidity Risk — Cash Requirements. In the ordinary course of the Company’s business, the Company enters into contractual obligations that require future cash payments, including funding for customer deposit withdrawals, repayments for short- and long-term borrowings, leases obligations and other cash commitments. The Company also has off-balance sheet arrangements which represent transactions that are not recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements include (i) commitments to extend credit, such as loan commitments, commercial letters of credit for foreign and domestic trade, standby letters of credit (“SBLCs”), and financial guarantees, to meet financing needs of its customers, (ii) future interest obligations related to customer deposits and the Company’s borrowings, and (iii) transactions with unconsolidated entities that provide financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to the Company, or engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with the Company. Since many of these commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future funding requirements. Information about the Company’s loan commitments, commercial letters of credit and SBLCs is provided in Note 10 — Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q. The Company’s liquidity sources have been, and are expected to be, sufficient to meet all such cash requirements.

The Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows summarizes the Company’s sources and uses of cash by type of activities in the first quarters of 2022 and 2021. Excess cash generated by operating and investing activities may be used to repay outstanding debt or invest in liquid assets.

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Liquidity Risk — Liquidity for East West. In addition to bank level liquidity management, the Company manages liquidity at the parent company level for various operating needs including payment of dividends, repurchases of common stock, principal and interest payments on its borrowings, acquisitions and additional investments in its subsidiaries. East West’s primary source of liquidity is from cash dividends distributed by its subsidiary, East West Bank. The Bank is subject to various statutory and regulatory restrictions on its ability to pay dividends as discussed in Item 1. Business — Supervision and Regulation — Dividends and Other Transfers of Funds of the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K. East West held $324.0 million and $345.0 million in cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Management believes that East West has sufficient cash and cash equivalents to meet the projected cash obligations for the current year.

Liquidity Risk — Liquidity Stress Testing. The Company utilizes liquidity stress analysis to determine the appropriate amounts of liquidity to maintain at the Company, foreign subsidiary and foreign branch levels needed to meet contractual and contingent cash outflows under a range of scenarios. Scenario analyses include assumptions about significant changes in key funding sources, market triggers, potential uses of funding and economic conditions in certain countries. In addition, Company specific events are incorporated into the stress testing. Liquidity stress tests are conducted to ascertain potential mismatches between liquidity sources and uses over a variety of time horizons, both immediate and longer term, and over a variety of stressed conditions. Given the range of potential stresses, the Company maintains contingency funding plans on a consolidated basis and for individual entities.

As of March 31, 2022, the Company was not aware of any material commitments for capital expenditures in the foreseeable future and believes it has adequate liquidity resources to conduct operations and meet other needs in the ordinary course of business. Given the uncertainty and the rapidly changing market and economic conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company will continue to actively evaluate the nature and extent of the impact on its business and financial position. For more information on how the COVID-19 pandemic may impact our liquidity, see Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic of the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K.

Market Risk Management

Market risk is the risk that the Company’s financial condition may change resulting from adverse movements in market rates or prices including interest rates, foreign exchange rates, interest rate contracts, investment securities prices, credit spreads and related risk resulting from mismatches in rate sensitive assets and liabilities. In the event of market stress, the risk could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

The Board’s Risk Oversight Committee has primary oversight responsibility over market risk management. At the management level, the ALCO establishes and monitors compliance with the policies and risk limits pertaining to market risk management activities. Corporate Treasury supports the ALCO in measuring, monitoring and managing interest rate risk as well as all other market risks.

Interest Rate Risk Management

Interest rate risk results primarily from the Company’s traditional banking activities of gathering deposits and extending loans, which are the primary areas of market risk for the Company. Economic and financial conditions, movements in interest rates, and consumer preferences impact the level of noninterest-bearing funding sources at the Company, as well as affect the difference between the interest the Company earns on interest-earning assets and pays on interest-bearing liabilities. In addition, changes in interest rates can influence the rate of principal prepayments on loans and the speed of deposit withdrawals. Due to the pricing term mismatches and the embedded options inherent in certain products, changes in market interest rates not only affect expected near-term earnings, but also the economic value of these interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Other market risks include foreign currency exchange risk and equity price risk. These risks are not considered significant to the Company and no separate quantitative information concerning these risks is presented herein.

With oversight by the Company’s Board of Directors, the ALCO coordinates the overall management of the Company’s interest rate risk. The ALCO meets regularly and is responsible for reviewing the Company’s open market positions and establishing policies to monitor and limit exposure to market risk. Management of interest rate risk is carried out primarily through strategies involving the Company’s debt securities portfolio, loan portfolio, available funding channels and capital market activities. In addition, the Company’s policies permit the use of derivative instruments to assist in managing interest rate risk.

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The interest rate risk exposure is measured and monitored through various risk management tools, which include a simulation model that performs interest rate sensitivity analyses under multiple interest rate scenarios. The model incorporates the Company’s cash instruments, loans, debt securities, resale agreements, deposits, borrowings and repurchase agreements, as well as financial instruments from the Company’s foreign operations. The Company uses both a static balance sheet and a forward growth balance sheet to perform these analyses. The simulated interest rate scenarios include a non-parallel shift in the yield curve and a gradual non-parallel shift in the yield curve (“rate ramp”) over a static balance sheet. In addition, the Company also performs simulations using alternative interest rate scenarios, including various permutations of the yield curve flattening, steepening or inverting. Results of these various simulations are used to formulate and gauge strategies to achieve a desired risk profile within the Company’s capital and liquidity guidelines.

The net interest income simulation model is based on the actual maturity and repricing characteristics of the Company’s interest-rate sensitive assets, liabilities and related derivative contracts. It also incorporates various assumptions, which management believes to be reasonable but may have a significant impact on results. These assumptions include, but are not limited to, the timing and magnitude of changes in interest rates, the yield curve evolution and shape, the correlation between various interest rate indices, financial instrument future repricing characteristics and spread relative to benchmark rates, and the effect of interest rate floors and caps. The modeled results are highly sensitive to deposit decay and deposit beta assumptions, which are derived from a regression analysis of the Company’s historical deposit data. The Company used full betas with each incremental rate increase in the rate ramp scenarios, and did not assume lags in repricing. Deposit beta commonly refers to the correlation of the changes in interest rates paid on deposits to changes in benchmark interest rates. The model is also sensitive to the loan and investment prepayment assumptions that are based on an independent model and the Company’s historical prepayment data, which consider anticipated prepayments under different interest rate environments.

Simulation results are highly dependent on input assumptions. To the extent actual behavior is different from the assumptions in the models, there could be a material change in interest rate sensitivity. The assumptions applied in the model are documented and supported for reasonableness, and periodically back-tested to assess their effectiveness. The Company makes appropriate calibrations to the model as needed, continually refining the model, methodology and results. Changes to key model assumptions are reviewed by the ALCO. Scenario results do not reflect strategies that management could employ to limit the impact of changing interest rate expectations.

To help address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy and financial markets, the Federal Reserve kept the benchmark federal funds rate at a target range of 0.00% to 0.25% throughout 2021. The Federal Reserve raised the target fed funds rate to the range of 0.25% to 0.50% at its meeting in March 2022 to address the concerns on the elevated inflation level which reflected supply and demand imbalances related to the pandemic, higher energy prices, and broader price pressures. At the end of the quarter, the market anticipated that the Federal Reserve would raise rates expeditiously with the target fed funds rate reaching 2.50% by the end of 2022.

Twelve-Month Net Interest Income Simulation

Net interest income simulation modeling looks at interest rate risk through earnings. It projects the changes in interest rate sensitive asset and liability cash flows, expressed in terms of net interest income, over a specified time horizon for defined interest rates scenarios. Net interest income simulations generate insight into the impact of market rates changes on earnings and guide risk management decisions. The Company assesses interest rate risk by comparing net interest income using different interest rate scenarios.

The following table presents the Company’s net interest income sensitivity related to an instantaneous and sustained non-parallel shift in market interest rates of 100 and 200 bps in upward direction as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, based on a static balance sheet as of the date of the analysis.
Change in Interest Rates
(in bps)
Net Interest Income Volatility (1)
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
+20018.9 %19.5 %
+1009.4 %9.4 %
-100NMNM
-200NMNM
NM — Not meaningful.
(1)The percentage change represents net interest income over 12 months in a stable interest rate environment versus net interest income in the various rate scenarios.

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While an instantaneous and sustained non-parallel shift in market interest rates was used in the simulation model described in the preceding paragraphs, the Company believes that any shift in interest rates would likely be more gradual and would therefore have a more modest impact, and non-parallel gradual rate shift scenarios may give a more meaningful estimate of the Company’s underlying interest rate risk. The rate ramp table below shows the net income volatility under a gradual non-parallel shift of the yield curve upward, in even monthly increments over the first 12 months, followed by rates held constant thereafter based on a static balance sheet as of the date of the analysis. Actual results will vary based on the timing and pace of interest rate changes, and earning asset growth:
Change in Interest Rates
(in bps)		Net Interest Income Volatility
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
+200 Rate Ramp8.7 %9.2 %
+100 Rate Ramp4.0 %4.1 %
-100 Rate RampNMNM
-200 Rate RampNMNM
NM — Not meaningful.

As of March 31, 2022, the Company’s net interest income profile reflects an asset sensitive position. Net interest income is expected to increase if interest rates rise as the Company has a large share of variable rate loans in its loan portfolio, primarily linked to Prime or LIBOR indices. The Company’s interest income is sensitive to changes in short-term interest rates. The Company’s deposit portfolio is primarily comprised of non-maturity deposits, which are not directly tied to short-term interest rate indices, but are, nevertheless, sensitive to changes in short-term interest rates. The modeled results are highly sensitive to reinvestment yield and deposit beta assumptions. Actual results in terms of net interest income growth during a period of rising interest rates will also reflect earning asset growth and deposit mix changes based on customer preferences relative to the interest rate environment.

Economic Value of Equity at Risk

Economic value of equity (“EVE”) is a cash flow calculation that takes the present value of all asset cash flows and subtracts the present value of all liability cash flows. This calculation is used for asset/liability management and measures changes in the economic value of the bank. The fair market values of a bank's assets and liabilities are directly linked to interest rates. The economic value approach provides a comparatively broader scope than the net income volatility approach since it captures all anticipated cash flows.

EVE simulation reflects the effect of interest rate shifts on the value of the Company and is used to assess the degree of interest rate risk exposure. In contrast to the earnings perspective, the economic perspective identifies risks arising from repricing or maturity gaps over the life of the balance sheet. Changes in economic value indicate anticipated changes in the value of the Bank’s future cash flows. Thus, the economic perspective can provide a leading indicator of the Bank’s future earnings and capital values. The economic value method also reflects sensitivity across the full maturity spectrum of the Bank’s assets and liabilities.

The following table presents the Company’s EVE sensitivity related to an instantaneous and sustained non-parallel shift in market interest rates of 100 and 200 bps in an upward direction as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
Change in Interest Rates
(in bps)
EVE Volatility (1)
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
+200 6.2 %7.1 %
+1003.2 %3.5 %
-100NMNM
-200NMNM
NM — Not meaningful.
(1)The percentage change represents net portfolio value of the Company in a stable interest rate environment versus net portfolio value in the various rate scenarios.

The Company’s EVE sensitivity for the upward interest rate scenarios decreased as of March 31, 2022, compared with the results as of December 31, 2021. The changes in EVE sensitivity during this period were primarily due to changes in level and shape of the yield curve, as well as the increased base EVE as of March 31, 2022.

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The Company’s EVE profile as of March 31, 2022 reflects an asset sensitive EVE position under the higher interest rate scenarios. Given the uncertainty of the magnitude, timing and direction of future interest rate movements, and the shape of the yield curve, actual results may vary from those predicted by the Company’s model.

Derivatives

It is the Company’s policy not to speculate on the future direction of interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. However, the Company periodically enters into derivative transactions in order to reduce its exposure to market risks, primarily interest rate risk and foreign currency risk. The Company believes that these derivative transactions, when properly structured and managed, may provide a hedge against inherent risk in certain assets and liabilities and against risk in specific transactions. Hedging transactions may be implemented using a variety of derivative instruments such as swaps, forwards and options. Prior to entering into any hedging activities, the Company analyzes the costs and benefits of the hedge in comparison to alternative strategies. In addition, the Company enters into derivative transactions in order to assist customers with their risk management objectives, such as managing exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currencies and commodity prices. To economically hedge against the derivative contracts entered with the Company’s customers, the Company enters into mirrored derivative contracts with third-party financial institutions. The exposures from derivative transactions are collateralized by cash and/or eligible securities based on limits as set forth in the respective agreements entered between the Company and counterparty financial institutions.

The Company is subject to credit risk associated with the counterparties to the derivative contracts. This counterparty credit risk is a multi-dimensional form of risk, affected by both the exposure and credit quality of the counterparty, both of which are sensitive to market-induced changes. The Company’s Credit Risk Management Committee provides oversight of credit risks and the Company has guidelines in place to manage counterparty concentration, tenor limits and collateral. The Company manages the credit risk of its derivative positions by diversifying its positions among various counterparties, by entering legally enforceable master netting arrangements and by requiring collateral arrangements, where possible. The Company may also transfer counterparty credit risk-related to interest rate swaps to institutional third parties through the use of credit risk participation agreements. Certain derivative contracts are required to be centrally cleared through clearinghouses to further mitigate counterparty credit risk. The Company incorporates credit value adjustments and other market standard methodologies to appropriately reflect its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements of its derivatives.

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The following table summarizes certain information about derivative financial instruments utilized by the Company in its management of interest rate risk and foreign currency risk as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
($ in thousands)Interest Rate ContractsForeign Exchange ContractsInterest Rate ContractsForeign Exchange Contracts
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:Cash Flow HedgesNet Investment HedgesCash Flow HedgesNet Investment Hedges
Notional amounts:$1,275,000 $86,751 $275,000 $86,531 
Fair value:
Recognized as an asset385 — — — 
Recognized as a liability— 490 57 225 
Net fair value$385 $(490)$(57)$(225)
Weighted-average interest rates:
Variable-rate borrowings — Pay fixed (receive floating)
0.483%
(3-month USD-LIBOR)		NM0.483%
(3-month USD-LIBOR)		NM
Variable-rate loans — Receive fixed (pay floating)
1.090%
(1-month USD-LIBOR)		NMNANM
Weighted-average remaining term to maturity (in months):
28.7 11.7 13.9 2.7 
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:Interest Rate ContractsForeign Exchange ContractsInterest Rate ContractsForeign Exchange Contracts
Notional amounts:$17,771,724 $2,365,524 $17,575,420 $1,874,681 
Fair value:
Recognized as an asset187,71616,122240,22221,033
Recognized as a liability236,56911,545179,90515,276
Net fair value$(48,853)$4,577 $60,317 $5,757 
NM — Not meaningful.

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments — Interest rate and foreign exchange derivative contracts are utilized in the Company’s asset and liability management activities and serve as an efficient tool to manage the Company’s interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk. The Company uses derivatives to hedge the risk of variable cash flows in its variable interest rate borrowings, which includes repurchase agreements and FHLB advances, as well as a portion of its variable interest rate CRE loans. The Company also uses derivatives to hedge the risk of changes in the USD equivalent value of a designated monetary amount of the Company’s net investment in East West Bank (China) Limited. For both cash flow and net investment hedges, the change in the fair value of the hedging instruments is recognized in AOCI, net of tax, on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The fluctuation in foreign currency translation of the hedged exposure is expected to be offset by changes in the fair value of the forward contracts. As of March 31, 2022, the outstanding foreign currency forwards effectively hedged approximately 50% of the net Chinese Renminbi exposure from East West Bank (China) Limited.

Changes to the composition of the Company’s derivatives designated as hedging instruments during 2022 reflect actions taken for interest rate risk and foreign exchange rate risk management. The Company repositions its derivatives portfolio based on the current assessment of economic and financial conditions, including the interest rate and foreign currency environments, balance sheet composition and trends, and the relative mix of its cash and derivative positions.

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments — The Company enters into interest rate, foreign exchange and energy commodity contracts to support the business needs of its customers. When derivative transactions are executed with its customers, the derivative contracts are offset by paired trades with third-party financial institutions. The Company may enter into derivative contracts that are either exchange-traded, centrally cleared through a clearinghouse or over-the-counter.

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The Company offers various interest rate derivative contracts to its customers. For the interest rate contracts entered into with its customers, the Company managed its interest rate risk by entering into offsetting interest rate contracts with third-party financial institutions and central clearing organizations. Certain derivative contracts entered with central clearing organizations are settled-to-market daily to the extent the central clearing organizations’ rulebooks legally characterize the variation margin as settlement. Derivative contracts allow borrowers to lock in attractive intermediate and long-term fixed rate financing while not increasing the interest rate risk to the Company. These transactions are not linked to specific Company assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, or to forecasted transactions in a hedging relationship, and are therefore classified as economic hedges. The contracts are marked-to-market at each reporting period. The changes in fair values of the derivative contracts traded with third-party financial institutions are expected to be largely comparable to the changes in fair values of the derivative transactions executed with customers throughout the terms of these contracts, except for the credit valuation adjustment component. The Company records credit valuation adjustments on derivatives to properly reflect the variances of credit worthiness between the Company and the counterparties, considering the effects of enforceable master netting agreements and collateral arrangements.

The Company enters into foreign exchange contracts with its customers, consisting of forward, spot, swap and option contracts to accommodate the business needs of its customers. For the foreign exchange contracts entered into with its customers, the Company managed its foreign exchange and credit exposures by entering into offsetting foreign exchange contracts with third-party financial institutions and/or entering into bilateral collateral and master netting agreements with customer counterparties. The changes in the fair values entered with third-party financial institutions are expected to be largely comparable to the changes in fair values of the foreign exchange transactions executed with the customers throughout the terms of these contracts. As of March 31, 2022, the Company anticipates performance by all counterparties and has not experienced nonperformance by any of its counterparties, and therefore did not incur any related losses. The Company also utilizes foreign exchange contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments to mitigate the economic effect of fluctuations in certain foreign currency on-balance sheet assets and liabilities, primarily foreign currency denominated deposits offered to its customers. The Company’s policies permit taking proprietary currency positions within approved limits, in compliance with exemptions to proprietary trading restrictions provided under Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Volcker Rule. The Company does not speculate in the foreign exchange markets, and actively manages its foreign exchange exposures within prescribed risk limits and defined controls.

The Company enters into energy commodity contracts with its customers to allow them to hedge against the risk of energy commodity price fluctuations. To economically hedge against the risk of fluctuation in commodity prices in the products offered to its customers, the Company enters into offsetting commodity contracts with third-party financial institutions and central clearing organizations. Certain derivative contracts entered into with central clearing organizations are settled-to-market daily, to the extent the central clearing organizations’ rulebooks legally characterize the variation margin as settlement. The changes in fair values of the energy commodity contracts traded with third-party financial institutions are expected to be largely comparable to the changes in fair values of the energy commodity transactions executed with customers throughout the terms of these contracts.

Additional information on the Company’s derivatives is presented in Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Significant Accounting Policies — Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K, and Note 3 — Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Note 6 — Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K. Certain of these policies include critical accounting estimates, which are subject to valuation assumptions, subjective or complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain, and it is likely that materially different amounts could be reported under different assumptions and conditions. The Company has procedures and processes in place to facilitate making these judgments. The following accounting policies are critical to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements:

•allowance for loan losses and unfunded credit commitments;
•fair value estimates;
•goodwill impairment; and
•income taxes.
For additional information on the Company’s critical accounting estimates involving significant judgments, see Item 7. MD&A — Critical Accounting Estimates in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K.
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Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement the Company’s unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company uses certain non-GAAP measures of financial performance. Non-GAAP financial measures are not prepared in accordance with, or as an alternative to U.S. GAAP. Generally, a non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a company’s performance that either excludes or includes amounts that are not normally excluded or included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. A non-GAAP financial measure may also be a financial metric that is not required by U.S. GAAP or other applicable requirements. The Company believes these non-GAAP financial measures, when taken together with the corresponding U.S. GAAP financial measures, provide meaningful supplemental information regarding its performance, and allow comparability to prior periods. These non-GAAP financial measures may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies, limiting their usefulness for comparison purposes.

The following tables present the reconciliations of U.S. GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures for the periods presented:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Net interest income before provision for (reversal of) credit losses$415,613 $353,695 
Total noninterest income79,743 72,866 
Total revenue(a)$495,356 $426,561 
Total noninterest expense
(b)$189,450 $191,077 
Less: Amortization of tax credit and other investments (13,900)(25,358)
 Amortization of core deposit intangibles(511)(732)
Adjusted noninterest expense(d)$175,039 $164,987 
Efficiency ratio(a)/(b)38.25 %44.79 %
Adjusted efficiency ratio(a)/(d)35.34 %38.68 %
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Net income(a)$237,652 $204,994 
Add: Amortization of core deposit intangibles511 732 
  Amortization of mortgage servicing assets392 414 
Tax effect of amortization adjustments (1)
(260)(325)
Tangible net income(b)$238,295 $205,815 
Average stockholders’ equity(c)$5,842,615 $5,338,098 
Less: Average goodwill(465,697)(465,697)
  Average other intangible assets (2)
(9,207)(11,594)
Average tangible equity(d)$5,367,711 $4,860,807 
Return on average equity(a)/(c)16.50 %15.57 %
Adjusted return on average tangible equity (3)
(b)/(d)18.00 %17.17 %
(1)Applied statutory rates of 28.77% for the first quarter of 2022 and 28.37% for the first quarter of 2021.
(2)Includes core deposit intangibles and mortgage servicing assets.
(3)Annualized.
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($ and shares in thousands, except per share data)		March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Stockholders’ equity(a)$5,703,456 $5,837,218 
Less: Goodwill
(465,697)(465,697)
Other intangible assets (1)
(9,044)(9,334)
Tangible equity(b)$5,228,715 $5,362,187 
Number of common shares at period-end(c)142,257 141,908 
Book value per common share(a)/(c)$40.09 $41.13 
Tangible equity per common share(b)/(c)$36.76 $37.79 
(1)Includes core deposit intangibles and mortgage servicing assets.


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Forward-Looking Statements

Certain matters discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contain forward-looking statements that are intended to be covered by the safe harbor for such statements provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In addition, the Company may make forward-looking statements in other documents that it files with, or furnishes to, the SEC and management may make forward-looking statements to analysts, investors, media members and others. Forward-looking statements are those that do not relate to historical facts and that are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about the Company’s industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond the Company’s control. These statements may relate to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance and/or business and usually can be identified by the use of forward-looking language, such as “anticipates,” “assumes,” “believes,” “can,” “continues,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “forecasts,” “goal,” “intends to,” “likely,” “may,” “might,” “objective,” “plans,” “potential,” “projects,” “remains,” “should,” “target,” “trend,” “will,” “would,” or similar expressions, and the negative thereof. You should not place undue reliance on these statements, as they are subject to risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described in the documents incorporated by reference. When considering these forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind these risks and uncertainties, as well as any cautionary statements the Company may make. Moreover, you should treat these statements as speaking only as of the date they are made and based only on information then actually known to the Company.

There are a number of important factors that could cause future results to differ materially from historical performance and these forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

•changes in the global economy, including an economic slowdown or market disruption, level of inflation, interest rate environment, housing prices, employment levels, rate of growth and general business conditions;
•the impact of any future federal government shutdown and uncertainty regarding the federal government’s debt limit;
•changes in local, regional and global business, economic and political conditions and geopolitical events;
•the economic, financial, reputational and other impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic, including variants thereof, and any other pandemic, epidemic or health-related crisis, as well as a deterioration of asset quality and an increase in credit losses due to the COVID-19 global pandemic;
•changes in laws or the regulatory environment, including regulatory reform initiatives and policies of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the SEC, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, and the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation - Division of Financial Institutions;
•the changes and effects thereof in trade, monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the ongoing economic and political disputes between the U.S. and the People’s Republic of China and the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve;
•changes in the commercial and consumer real estate markets;
•changes in consumer or commercial spending, savings and borrowing habits, and patterns and behaviors;
•fluctuations in the Company’s stock price;
•impact from potential changes to income tax laws and regulations, federal spending and economic stimulus programs;
•the Company’s ability to compete effectively against financial institutions in its banking markets and other entities, including as a result of emerging technologies;
•the soundness of other financial institutions;
•success and timing of the Company’s business strategies;
•the Company’s ability to retain key officers and employees;
•impact on the Company’s funding costs, net interest income and net interest margin from changes in key variable market interest rates, competition, regulatory requirements and the Company’s product mix;
•changes in the Company’s costs of operation, compliance and expansion;
•the Company’s ability to adopt and successfully integrate new technologies into its business in a strategic manner;
•impact of the benchmark interest rate reform in the U.S. including the transition away from USD LIBOR to alternative reference rates;
•impact of communications or technology disruption, failure in, or breach of, the Company’s operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third party vendors with which the Company does business, including as a result of cyber-attacks; and other similar matters which could result in, among other things, confidential and/or proprietary information being disclosed or misused and materially impact the Company’s ability to provide services to its clients;
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•adequacy of the Company’s risk management framework, disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting;
•future credit quality and performance, including the Company’s expectations regarding future credit losses and allowance levels;
•impact of adverse changes to the Company’s credit ratings from major credit rating agencies;
•impact of adverse judgments or settlements in litigation;
•impact on the Company’s operations due to political developments, pandemics, wars, civil unrest, terrorism or other hostilities that may disrupt or increase volatility in securities or otherwise affect business and economic conditions;
•heightened regulatory and governmental oversight and scrutiny of the Company’s business practices, including dealings with consumers;
•impact of reputational risk from negative publicity, fines, penalties and other negative consequences from regulatory violations, legal actions and the Company’s interactions with business partners, counterparties, service providers and other third parties;
•impact of regulatory enforcement actions;
•changes in accounting standards as may be required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other regulatory agencies and their impact on critical accounting policies and assumptions;
•the Company’s capital requirements and its ability to generate capital internally or raise capital on favorable terms;
•impact on the Company’s liquidity due to changes in the Company’s ability to receive dividends from its subsidiaries;
•any future strategic acquisitions or divestitures;
•changes in the equity and debt securities markets;
•fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;
•impact of increased focus on social, environmental and sustainability matters, which may affect the Company’s operations as well as those of its customers and the economy more broadly;
•significant turbulence or disruption in the capital or financial markets, which could result in, among other things, a reduction in the availability of funding or increases in funding costs, declines in asset values and/or recognition of allowance for credit losses on securities held in the Company’s debt securities portfolio; and
•impact of climate change, natural or man-made disasters or calamities, such as wildfires, droughts and earthquakes, all of which are particularly common in California, or other events that may directly or indirectly result in a negative impact on the Company’s financial performance.

For a more detailed discussion of some of the factors that might cause such differences, see the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K under the heading Item 1A. Risk Factors and the information set forth under Item 1A. Risk Factors in this Form 10-Q. The Company does not undertake, and specifically disclaims, any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of events or circumstances after the date of such statements except as required by law.
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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

For quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding market risk in the Company’s portfolio, see Note 6 — Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q and Item 2. MD&A — Risk Management — Market Risk Management in this Form 10-Q.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of March 31, 2022, pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the Company conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2022.

The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that the Company files under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Change in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended March 31, 2022, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

97

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

See Note 10 — Commitments and Contingencies — Litigation to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I of this Form 10-Q, incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The Company’s 2021 Form 10-K contains disclosure regarding the risks and uncertainties related to the Company’s business under the heading Item 1A. Risk Factors. There has been no material change to the Company’s risk factors as presented in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

There were no unregistered sales of equity securities or repurchase activities during the three months ended March 31, 2022.

98

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

The following exhibit index lists Exhibits filed, or in the case of Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 furnished, with this report:
Exhibit No.Exhibit Description
3.1
Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant [Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i) from Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-4/A filed with the Commission on November 13, 1998 (File No. 333-63605).]
3.1.1
Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant [Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).1 from Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002 filed with the Commission on March 28, 2003 (File No. 000-24939).]
3.1.2
Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation to Increase Authorized Shares of the Registrant [Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Commission on April 15, 2005 (File No. 000-24939).]
3.1.3
Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant [Incorporated by reference to Exhibit A from Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Commission on April 23, 2008 (File No. 000-24939).]
3.1.4
Certificate of Designations of 8.00% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A of the Registrant [Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 from Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on April 30, 2008 (File No. 000-24939).]
3.2
Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant dated January 29, 2013 [Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.10 from Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on January 30, 2013 (File No. 000-24939).]
10.1
Amendment to Employment Agreement - Dominic Ng. Filed herewith.
10.2
Amendment to Employment Agreement - Douglas P. Krause. Filed herewith.
31.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith.
31.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Filed herewith.
32.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Furnished herewith.
32.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Furnished herewith.
101.INSThe instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. Filed herewith.
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. Filed herewith.
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. Filed herewith.
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. Filed herewith.
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. Filed herewith.
104Cover Page Interactive Data (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101 filed herewith). Filed herewith.
99

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS

AFSAvailable-for-saleLIBORLondon Interbank Offered Rate
ALCOAsset/Liability CommitteeLTVLoan-to-value
AOCIAccumulated other comprehensive (loss) incomeMD&AManagement’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
ASCAccounting Standards CodificationMMBTUMillion British thermal unit
ASUAccounting Standards UpdateNAVNet asset value
C&ICommercial and industrialOREOOther real estate owned
CARES ActCoronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security ActOTTIOther-than-temporary impairment
CECLCurrent expected credit lossesPDProbability of default
CLOCollateralized loan obligationsPPPPaycheck Protection Program
CMEChicago Mercantile ExchangeRMBChinese Renminbi
COVID-19Coronavirus Disease 2019ROAReturn on average assets
CRACommunity Reinvestment ActROEReturn on average equity
CRECommercial real estateRPACredit risk participation agreement
EPSEarnings per shareRSURestricted stock unit
ERMEnterprise risk managementS&PS&P Global Ratings
EVEEconomic value of equitySBASmall Business Administration
FHLBFederal Home Loan BankSBLCStandby letters of credit
FRBSFFederal Reserve Bank of San FranciscoSECU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
FTPFunds transfer pricingSOFRSecured Overnight Financing Rate
GAAPGenerally Accepted Accounting PrinciplesTDRTroubled debt restructuring
HELOCHome equity lines of creditU.S.United States
HTMHeld-to-maturityUSDU.S. dollar
LCHLondon Clearing HouseVIEVariable interest entity
LGDLoss given default

100

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Dated:May 9, 2022
EAST WEST BANCORP, INC.
(Registrant)
By/s/ IRENE H. OH
Irene H. Oh
Executive Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer

101

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