Groupon - 10-Q quarterly report FY2018 Q2

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2018

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________________ to ________________

Commission file number: 1-35335

Groupon, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware		27-0903295
(State or other jurisdiction of		(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)		Identification No.)

600 West Chicago Avenue, Suite 400 Chicago, Illinois		60654
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

312-334-1579

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes x No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes x No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No x

As of August 1, 2018, there were 568,395,979 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS



PART I. Financial Information	Page
Forward-Looking Statements	3
Item 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	4
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2018 (unaudited) and December 31, 2017	4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited)	5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited)	6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the six months ended June 30, 2018 (unaudited)	7
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited)	8
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	9
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	29
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk	63
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	64
PART II. Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	65
Item 1A. Risk Factors	65
Item 2. Unregistered sales of equity securities and use of proceeds	65
Item 5. Other Information	65
Item 6. Exhibits	66
Signatures	67

______________________________________________________

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy and plans and our objectives for future operations. The words "may," "will," "should," "could," "expect," "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "intend," "continue" and other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, risk related to volatility in our operating results; execution of our business and marketing strategies; retaining existing customers and adding new customers; challenges arising from our international operations, including fluctuations in currency exchange rates, legal and regulatory developments and any potential adverse impact from the United Kingdom's likely exit from the European Union; retaining and adding high quality merchants; our voucherless offerings; cybersecurity breaches; competing successfully in our industry; changes to merchant payment terms; providing a strong mobile experience for our customers; maintaining our information technology infrastructure; delivery and routing of our emails; claims related to product and service offerings; managing inventory and order fulfillment risks; litigation; managing refund risks; retaining and attracting members of our executive team; completing and realizing the anticipated benefits from acquisitions, dispositions, joint ventures and strategic investments; lack of control over minority investments; tax liabilities; tax legislation; compliance with domestic and foreign laws and regulations, including the CARD Act, GDPR and regulation of the Internet and e-commerce; classification of our independent contractors; protecting our intellectual property; maintaining a strong brand; customer and merchant fraud; payment-related risks; our ability to raise capital if necessary and our outstanding indebtedness; global economic uncertainty; our common stock, including volatility in our stock price; our convertible senior notes; our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from the hedge and warrant transactions; and those risks and other factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 and Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018, as well as in our condensed consolidated financial statements, related notes, and the other financial information appearing elsewhere in this report and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. We do not intend, and undertake no obligation, to update any of our forward-looking statements after the date of this report to reflect actual results or future events or circumstances. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

As used herein, "Groupon," the "Company," "we," "our," and similar terms include Groupon, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise.

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

GROUPON, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)



	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	662,893		$	880,129
Accounts receivable, net	76,302			98,294
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (including $8,517 and $0 at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, at fair value)	104,524			94,025
Total current assets	843,719			1,072,448
Property, equipment and software, net	148,450			151,145
Goodwill	328,799			286,989
Intangible assets, net	37,075			19,196
Investments (including $86,578 and $109,751 at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, at fair value)	109,606			135,189
Other non-current assets	21,051			12,538
Total Assets	$	1,488,700		$	1,677,505
Liabilities and Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	23,026		$	31,968
Accrued merchant and supplier payables	528,224			770,335
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	367,519			331,196
Total current liabilities	918,769			1,133,499
Convertible senior notes, net	195,559			189,753
Other non-current liabilities	103,235			102,408
Total Liabilities	1,217,563			1,425,660
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 8)
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, 2,010,000,000 shares authorized; 755,806,627 shares issued and 567,204,385 shares outstanding at June 30, 2018; 748,541,862 shares issued and 559,939,620 shares outstanding at December 31, 2017	76			75
Additional paid-in capital	2,206,741			2,174,708
Treasury stock, at cost, 188,602,242 shares at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017	(867,450		)	(867,450		)
Accumulated deficit	(1,101,342		)	(1,088,204		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	32,307			31,844
Total Groupon, Inc. Stockholders' Equity	270,332			250,973
Noncontrolling interests	805			872
Total Equity	271,137			251,845
Total Liabilities and Equity	$	1,488,700		$	1,677,505

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

GROUPON, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenue:
Service	$	295,652		$	315,854		$	597,449		$	617,426
Product	321,744			346,765			646,487			718,819
Total revenue	617,396			662,619			1,243,936			1,336,245
Cost of revenue:
Service	30,230			38,478			61,375			81,351
Product	263,508			296,074			534,018			617,376
Total cost of revenue	293,738			334,552			595,393			698,727
Gross profit	323,658			328,067			648,543			637,518
Operating expenses:
Marketing	94,178			100,658			193,334			187,000
Selling, general and administrative	294,124			230,223			516,185			462,281
Restructuring charges	(399		)	4,584			(116		)	7,315
Total operating expenses	387,903			335,465			709,403			656,596
Income (loss) from operations	(64,245		)	(7,398		)	(60,860		)	(19,078		)
Other income (expense), net	(26,457		)	5,878			(34,972		)	1,276
Income (loss) from continuing operations before provision (benefit) for income taxes	(90,702		)	(1,520		)	(95,832		)	(17,802		)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	1,552			3,883			(783		)	8,470
Income (loss) from continuing operations	(92,254		)	(5,403		)	(95,049		)	(26,272		)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	—			(1,376		)	—			(889		)
Net income (loss)	(92,254		)	(6,779		)	(95,049		)	(27,161		)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(2,780		)	(2,547		)	(6,873		)	(6,579		)
Net income (loss) attributable to Groupon, Inc.	$	(95,034	)	$	(9,326	)	$	(101,922	)	$	(33,740	)

Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share:
Continuing operations	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.01	)	$	(0.18	)	$	(0.06	)
Discontinued operations	0.00			(0.01		)	0.00			0.00
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.18	)	$	(0.06	)

Weighted average number of shares outstanding
Basic	565,284,705			559,762,180			563,502,954			560,978,712
Diluted	565,284,705			559,762,180			563,502,954			560,978,712

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

GROUPON, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(in thousands)

(unaudited)



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	(92,254	)	$	(5,403	)	$	(95,049	)	$	(26,272	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) from continuing operations:
Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on foreign currency translation adjustments	2,806			(6,144		)	1,238			(5,714		)
Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on defined benefit pension plan	—			—			—			585
Available for sale securities:
Net unrealized gain (loss) during the period	(541		)	(952		)	(1,042		)	(713		)
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gain) loss on investment included in income (loss) from continuing operations	106			(1,341		)	106			(1,341		)
Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities (net of tax effect of $0 and $147 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $0 and $0 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively)	(435		)	(2,293		)	(936		)	(2,054		)
Other comprehensive income (loss) from continuing operations	2,371			(8,437		)	302			(7,183		)
Comprehensive income (loss) from continuing operations	(89,883		)	(13,840		)	(94,747		)	(33,455		)

Income (loss) from discontinued operations	—			(1,376		)	—			(889		)
Other comprehensive income (loss) from discontinued operations - Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Net unrealized gain (loss) during the period	—			—			—			(1,793		)
Reclassification adjustment included in net income (loss) from discontinued operations	—			—			—			(14,718		)
Net change in unrealized gain (loss)	—			—			—			(16,511		)
Comprehensive income (loss) from discontinued operations	—			(1,376		)	—			(17,400		)

Comprehensive income (loss)	(89,883		)	(15,216		)	(94,747		)	(50,855		)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	(2,780		)	(2,547		)	(6,873		)	(6,579		)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Groupon, Inc.	$	(92,663	)	$	(17,763	)	$	(101,620	)	$	(57,434	)

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

GROUPON, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(in thousands, except share amounts)

(unaudited)



	Groupon, Inc. Stockholders' Equity
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In Capital			Treasury Stock					Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total Groupon, Inc. Stockholders' Equity			Non-controlling Interests			Total Equity
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital			Shares		Amount			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total Groupon, Inc. Stockholders' Equity			Non-controlling Interests			Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017	748,541,862		$	75	$	2,174,708		(188,602,242	)	$	(867,450	)	$	(1,088,204	)	$	31,844		$	250,973		$	872		$	251,845
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle, net of tax	—		—		—			—		—			88,945			—			88,945			—			88,945
Reclassification for impact of U.S. tax rate change	—		—		—			—		—			(161		)	161			—			—			—
Net income (loss)	—		—		—			—		—			(101,922		)	—			(101,922		)	6,873			(95,049		)
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—			—		—			—			1,238			1,238			—			1,238
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—		—		—			—		—			—			(936		)	(936		)	—			(936		)
Exercise of stock options	667,743		—		70			—		—			—			—			70			—			70
Vesting of restricted stock units and performance share units	7,785,719		1		(1		)	—		—			—			—			—			—			—
Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan	746,773		—		2,434			—		—			—			—			2,434			—			2,434
Shares issued to settle liability-classified awards	1,240,379		—		6,436			—		—			—			—			6,436			—			6,436
Tax withholdings related to net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards	(3,175,849	)	—		(14,499		)	—		—			—			—			(14,499		)	—			(14,499		)
Stock-based compensation on equity-classified awards	—		—		37,593			—		—			—			—			37,593			—			37,593
Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders	—		—		—			—		—			—			—			—			(6,940		)	(6,940		)
Balance at June 30, 2018	755,806,627		$	76	$	2,206,741		(188,602,242	)	$	(867,450	)	$	(1,101,342	)	$	32,307		$	270,332		$	805		$	271,137

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

GROUPON, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017
Operating activities
Net income (loss)	$	(95,049	)	$	(27,161	)
Less: Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	—			(889		)
Income (loss) from continuing operations	(95,049		)	(26,272		)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and software	52,149			57,163
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	6,466			11,583
Stock-based compensation	35,644			41,141
Impairments of Investments	10,044			—
Deferred income taxes	(6,575		)	759
(Gain) loss from changes in fair value of investments	8,068			1,145
Amortization of debt discount on convertible senior notes	5,806			5,242
Change in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and dispositions:
Accounts receivable	27,296			16,229
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,489			(11,139		)
Accounts payable	(9,340		)	(10,723		)
Accrued merchant and supplier payables	(172,982		)	(182,954		)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	51,140			(41,491		)
Other, net	10,272			(18,159		)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities from continuing operations	(75,572		)	(157,476		)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities from discontinued operations	—			(2,195		)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	(75,572		)	(159,671		)
Investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software	(37,517		)	(29,461		)
Proceeds from maturity of investment	—			1,843
Acquisition of business, net of acquired cash	(57,821		)	—
Acquisitions of intangible assets and other investing activities	(758		)	(184		)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities from continuing operations	(96,096		)	(27,802		)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities from discontinued operations	—			(9,548		)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(96,096		)	(37,350		)
Financing activities
Payments for purchases of treasury stock	—			(51,513		)
Taxes paid related to net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards	(16,138		)	(15,356		)
Proceeds from stock option exercises and employee stock purchase plan	2,504			2,477
Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders	(6,940		)	(6,426		)
Payments of capital lease obligations	(17,239		)	(16,670		)
Payments of contingent consideration related to acquisitions	(1,815		)	(5,689		)
Other financing activities	—			(473		)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(39,628		)	(93,650		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, including cash classified within current assets of discontinued operations	(6,644		)	17,297
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, including cash classified within current assets of discontinued operations	(217,940		)	(273,374		)
Less: Net increase (decrease) in cash classified within current assets of discontinued operations	—			(28,866		)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(217,940		)	(244,508		)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	885,481			874,906
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	667,541		$	630,398



Non-cash investing and financing activities
Continuing operations:
Equipment acquired under capital lease obligations	$	9,581		$	16,509
Leasehold improvements funded by lessor	557			402
Liability for purchases of treasury stock	—			561
Increase (decrease) in liabilities related to purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software	(789		)	539
Investments acquired in connection with business dispositions	—			2,022
Contingent consideration liability incurred in connection with acquisition of business	1,589			—
Financing obligation incurred in connection with acquisition of business	8,604			—

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Company Information

Groupon, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company"), which commenced operations in October 2008, operates online local commerce marketplaces throughout the world that connect merchants to consumers by offering goods and services, generally at a discount. Customers access those marketplaces through the Company's websites, primarily localized groupon.com sites in many countries, and its mobile applications.

The Company's operations are organized into two segments: North America and International. See Note 16, Segment Information.

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The Company has prepared the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") for interim financial reporting. These condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and, in the Company's opinion, include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments and accruals, necessary for a fair presentation of the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets, statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows and stockholders' equity for the periods presented. Operating results for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2018. Certain information and disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP") have been omitted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. These condensed consolidated financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on February 14, 2018, as amended by the Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on March 23, 2018.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company's condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and include the assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses of all wholly-owned subsidiaries and majority-owned subsidiaries over which the Company exercises control and variable interest entities for which the Company has determined that it is the primary beneficiary. Outside stockholders' interests in subsidiaries are shown on the condensed consolidated financial statements as Noncontrolling interests. Equity investments in entities in which the Company does not have a controlling financial interest are accounted for under the equity method, the fair value option, as available-for-sale securities or at cost adjusted for observable price changes and impairments, as appropriate.

Reclassifications and Terminology Changes

Certain reclassifications have been made to the condensed consolidated financial statements of prior periods and the accompanying notes to conform to the current period presentation, including the change in presentation of restricted cash in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows upon adoption of ASU 2016-18. Refer to Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Standards, for additional information. Additionally, in prior years, the Company referred to its product revenue and service revenue as "direct revenue" and "third-party and other revenue," respectively. This terminology change did not impact the amounts presented in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and classifications of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses, and the related disclosures of contingent liabilities in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, variable consideration from unredeemed vouchers, income taxes, valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, investments, customer refunds, contingent liabilities and the useful lives of property, equipment and software and intangible assets. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

2. ADOPTION OF NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

The Company adopted the guidance in ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, on January 1, 2018. Topic 606 is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model that requires a company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. See Changes to Accounting Policies from Adoption of New Accounting Standards below and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for information on the impact of adopting Topic 606 on the Company's accounting policies.

The Company adopted the guidance in ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments (Topic 825-10) - Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, as amended, on January 1, 2018. This ASU generally requires equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized through net income and eliminates the cost method for equity securities. However, for equity investments without readily determinable fair values the ASU permits entities to elect to measure the investments at cost adjusted for observable price changes and impairments, with changes in the measurement recognized through net income. The Company applied that measurement alternative to our equity investments that were previously accounted for under the cost method. The adoption of ASU 2016-01 did not have a material impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements. See Changes to Accounting Policies from Adoption of New Accounting Standards below for additional information on the impact of adopting the ASU on the Company's accounting policies.

The Company adopted the guidance in ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Restricted Cash, on January 1, 2018. This ASU requires companies to include amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, along with cash and cash equivalents, when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. Previously, changes in restricted cash were reported within cash flows from operating activities. The Company applied that change in cash flow classification on a retrospective basis, which resulted in an increase of $0.5 million to net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2017.

Restricted cash primarily represents amounts that the Company is unable to access for operational purposes pursuant to letters of credit with financial institutions. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets to amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows, as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	June 30, 2018		June 30, 2017		December 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	662,893	$	618,550	$	880,129
Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets	4,250		6,569		4,932
Restricted cash included in other non-current assets	398		5,279		420
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	667,541	$	630,398	$	885,481

The Company adopted the guidance in ASU 2017-05, Other Income-Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20) - Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets, on January 1, 2018. This ASU is meant to clarify the scope of ASC Subtopic 610-20, Other Income-Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets, and to add guidance for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. The adoption of ASU 2017-05 did not have a material impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company adopted the guidance in ASU 2017-07, Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715) - Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost, on January 1, 2018. This ASU requires employers to include only the service cost component of net periodic pension cost in operating expenses, together with other employee compensation costs. The other components of net periodic pension cost, including interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of prior service cost and settlement and curtailment effects, are to be included in non-operating expenses. The adoption of ASU 2017-07 did not have a material impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company adopted the guidance in ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Scope of Modification Accounting, on January 1, 2018. This ASU clarifies the changes to terms or conditions of a share-based payment award that require an entity to apply modification accounting. The adoption of ASU 2017-09 did not have a material impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company adopted the guidance in ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) - Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, as of January 1, 2018. This ASU permits a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Jobs Act"). As a result of the adoption of ASU 2018-02, the Company reclassified $0.2 million from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to accumulated deficit.

Changes to Accounting Policies from Adoption of New Accounting Standards

Revenue Recognition

Prior to its adoption of Topic 606, the Company recognized revenue when the following criteria were met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement existed; delivery had occurred; the selling price was fixed or determinable and collection was reasonably assured. Following its adoption of Topic 606, the Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer. Substantially all of the Company's performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time rather than over time.

Product Revenue

The Company generates product revenue from direct sales of merchandise inventory through its Goods category. For product revenue transactions, the Company is the primary party responsible for providing the good to the customer, it has inventory risk and it has discretion in establishing prices. As such, product revenue is reported on a gross basis as the purchase price received from the customer. Product revenue, including associated shipping revenue, is recognized when title passes to the customer upon delivery of the product.

Service Revenue

Service revenue is primarily earned from transactions in which the Company earns commissions by selling goods or services on behalf of third-party merchants. Those transactions generally involve a customer's purchase of a voucher through one of the Company's online marketplaces that can be redeemed with a third-party merchant for specified goods or services (or for discounts on specified goods or services). Service revenue from those transactions is reported on a net basis as the purchase price collected from the customer less the portion of the purchase price that is payable to the third-party merchant. The Company recognizes revenue from those transactions when its commission has been earned, which occurs when a sale through one of the Company's online marketplaces is completed and the related voucher has been made available to the customer. The Company believes that its remaining obligations to remit payment to the merchant and to provide information about vouchers sold are administrative activities that are immaterial in the context of the contract with the merchant. Prior to its adoption of Topic 606, the Company deferred the revenue from hotel reservation offerings until the customer's stay commenced. Following its adoption of Topic 606, revenue from hotel reservation offerings is recognized at the time the reservation is made, net of an allowance for estimated cancellations.

The Company also earns commissions when customers make purchases with retailers using digital coupons accessed through its websites and mobile applications and from voucherless merchant offerings in which customers earn cash back on their credit card statements when they transact with third-party merchants. The Company recognizes those commissions as revenue in the period in which the underlying transactions between the customer and the third-party merchant are completed.

Variable Consideration for Unredeemed Vouchers

For merchant agreements with redemption payment terms, the merchant is not paid its share of the sale price for a voucher sold through one of the Company's online marketplaces until the customer redeems the related voucher. If the customer does not redeem a voucher with such merchant payment terms, the Company retains all of the gross billings for that voucher, rather than retaining only its net commission. Prior to its adoption of Topic 606, the Company recognized that variable consideration from unredeemed vouchers and derecognized the related accrued merchant payables when its legal obligation to the merchant expired, which the Company believes is shortly after the voucher expiration date in most jurisdictions. Following its adoption of Topic 606, the Company estimates the variable consideration from vouchers that will not ultimately be redeemed and recognizes that amount as revenue at the time of sale, rather than when the Company's legal obligation expires. The Company estimates variable consideration from unredeemed vouchers using its historical voucher redemption experience. If actual redemptions differ from the Company's estimates, the effects could be material to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Refunds

Prior to the adoption of Topic 606, refunds were recorded as a reduction of revenue, except for refunds on service revenue transactions for which the merchant's share was not recoverable, which were presented as a cost of revenue. Following the adoption of Topic 606, all refunds are recorded as a reduction of revenue. The liability for estimated refunds is included within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company estimates its refund reserve using historical refund experience by deal category. The Company assesses the trends that could affect its estimates on an ongoing basis and makes adjustments to the refund reserve calculations if it appears that changes in circumstances, including changes to the Company's refund policies or general economic conditions, may cause future refunds to differ from its initial estimates. If actual refunds differ from the Company's estimates, the effects could be material to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Discounts, Customer Credits and Other Consideration Payable to Customers

The Company provides discount offers to encourage purchases of goods and services through its online marketplaces. The Company records discounts as a reduction of revenue.

Additionally, the Company issues credits to customers that can be applied to future purchases through its online marketplaces. Credits are primarily issued as consideration for refunds. To a lesser extent, credits are issued for customer relationship purposes. Credits issued to satisfy refund requests are applied as a reduction to the refunds reserve. Prior to the adoption of Topic 606, customer credits issued for relationship purposes were classified in the condensed consolidated statement of operations as a marketing expense. Following the adoption of Topic 606, customer credits issued for relationship purposes are classified as a reduction of revenue.

Prior to its adoption of Topic 606, the Company recognized breakage income for unused customer credits when they expired or were forfeited. Following its adoption of Topic 606, breakage income from customer credits that are not expected to be used is estimated and recognized as revenue in proportion to the pattern of redemption for customer credits that are used.

Sales and Related Taxes

Sales, use, value-added and related taxes that are imposed on specific revenue-generating transactions are presented on a net basis and excluded from revenue.

Costs of Obtaining Contracts

Prior to its adoption of Topic 606, the Company expensed the incremental costs to obtain contracts with third-party merchants, such as sales commissions, as incurred. Following its adoption of Topic 606, those costs are deferred and recognized over the expected period of the merchant arrangement, generally from 12 to 18 months. As of June 30, 2018, the Company had $3.4 million and $11.5 million of deferred contract acquisition costs recorded within Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other non-current assets, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company amortized $6.5 million and $13.3 million, respectively, of deferred contract acquisition costs and did not recognize any impairment losses in relation to the deferred costs. Those costs are classified within Selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue is comprised of direct and certain indirect costs incurred to generate revenue. Costs incurred to generate revenue, which include credit card processing fees, editorial costs, compensation expense for technology support personnel who are responsible for maintaining the infrastructure of the Company's websites, amortization of internal-use software relating to customer-facing applications, web hosting and other processing fees are attributed to the cost of service and product revenue in proportion to gross billings during the period. For product revenue transactions, cost of revenue also includes the cost of inventory, shipping and fulfillment costs and inventory markdowns. Fulfillment costs are comprised of third-party logistics provider costs, as well as rent, depreciation, personnel costs and other costs of operating the Company's fulfillment center. Prior to adoption of Topic 606, cost of revenue on service revenue transactions also included refunds for which the merchant's share was not recoverable.

Investments

Prior to the adoption of the guidance in ASU 2016-01, investments in nonmarketable equity shares with no redemption provisions that are not common stock or in-substance common stock or for which the Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence were accounted for using the cost method of accounting. Those investments are classified within Investments on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Under the cost method of accounting, investments were carried at cost and adjusted only for other-than-temporary declines in fair value, certain distributions and additional investments. Subsequent to the adoption of the guidance in ASU 2016-01, the Company applies a measurement alternative for equity investments without readily determinable fair values that permits entities to elect to measure the investments at cost adjusted for observable price changes and impairments, with changes in the measurement recognized through net income.

Investments in common stock or in-substance common stock for which the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence are accounted for under the equity method, except where the Company has made an irrevocable election to account for the investments at fair value. Those investments are classified within Investments on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company's proportionate share of income or loss on equity method investments and changes in the fair values of investments for which the fair value option has been elected are presented within Other income (expense), net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Investments in convertible debt securities and convertible redeemable preferred shares are accounted for as available-for-sale securities, which are classified within Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Investments on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value each reporting period. Unrealized gains and losses, net of the related tax effects, are excluded from earnings and recorded as a separate component within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the condensed consolidated balance sheets until realized. Interest income from available-for-sale securities is reported within Other income (expense), net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

3. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS AND OTHER BUSINESS DISPOSITIONS

In October 2016, the Company completed a strategic review of its international markets in connection with its efforts to optimize its global footprint and focus on the markets that it believes have the greatest potential to benefit the Company's long-term financial performance. Based on that review, the Company decided to focus its business on 15 core countries and to pursue strategic alternatives for its operations in the remaining 11 countries, which were primarily based in Asia and Latin America. The dispositions of the Company's operations in those 11 countries were completed between November 2016 and March 2017.

A business disposition that represents a strategic shift and has (or will have) a major effect on an entity's operations and financial results is reported as a discontinued operation. The Company determined that the decision reached by its management and Board of Directors to exit those 11 non-core countries, which comprised a substantial majority of its operations outside of North America and EMEA, represented a strategic shift in its business. Additionally, based on its review of quantitative and qualitative factors relevant to the dispositions, the Company determined that the disposition of the businesses in those countries would have a major effect on its operations and financial results. As such, the results of operations and cash flows for its operations in those countries, including the gains and losses on the dispositions and related income tax effects, are presented as discontinued operations in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

Dispositions Completed in 2017

In connection with its strategic initiative to exit non-core countries as discussed above, the Company sold an 83% controlling stake in its subsidiary in Israel and sold its subsidiaries in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Brazil, Singapore and Hong Kong during the first quarter 2017. The Company recognized a net pretax loss on those dispositions of $1.3 million, which consisted of the following (in thousands):



Net consideration received:
Fair value of minority investments retained or acquired	$	2,021
Cash proceeds received	3,462
Cash proceeds receivable	2,000
Less: transaction costs	1,394
Total net consideration received	6,089
Cumulative translation gain reclassified to earnings	14,718
Less: Net book value upon closing of the transactions	14,596
Less: Indemnification liabilities ⁽¹⁾	5,365
Less: Unfavorable contract liability for transition services	2,114
Loss on dispositions	$	(1,268	)


(1)	See Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information about the indemnification liabilities.

Results of Discontinued Operations

The following table summarizes the major classes of line items included in income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2017 ⁽¹⁾			Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 ⁽²⁾
Service revenue	$	—		$	12,602
Product revenue	—			2,962
Service cost of revenue	—			(2,557		)
Product cost of revenue	—			(3,098		)
Marketing expense	—			(1,239		)
Selling, general and administrative expense	(1,376		)	(11,284		)
Restructuring	—			(778		)
Other income, net	—			3,852
Income (loss) from discontinued operations before loss on dispositions and provision for income taxes	(1,376		)	460
Loss on dispositions	—			(1,268		)
Provision for income taxes	—			(81		)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	$	(1,376	)	$	(889	)


(1)	Selling, general and administrative expenses from discontinued operations for the three months ended June 30, 2017 primarily related to increases to contingent liabilities under indemnification agreements. See Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies, for information about indemnification obligations related to discontinued operations.


(2)	The income (loss) from discontinued operations before loss on dispositions and provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2017 includes the results of each business through its respective disposition date.

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

4. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

On April 30, 2018, the Company acquired 80% of the outstanding shares of Cloud Savings Company, Ltd. ("Cloud Savings"), a UK-based business that operates online discount code and digital gift card platforms. The primary purpose of this acquisition was to expand digital coupon offerings in the Company's international segment. Concurrent with the acquisition, the Company entered into an agreement with the noncontrolling shareholder giving the Company the right to acquire the remaining outstanding shares of Cloud Savings for $8.9 million in December 2018. Additionally, the noncontrolling shareholder has the right to require the Company to purchase its shares in December 2018 for that same amount. The rights and obligations to acquire the remaining outstanding shares were recorded as a financing obligation at its acquisition-date fair value of $8.6 million and is classified within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The transaction also included a contingent consideration arrangement with an acquisition-date fair value of $1.6 million. The aggregate acquisition-date fair value of the consideration transferred for the Cloud Savings acquisition totaled $74.3 million, which consisted of the following (in thousands):



Cash	$	64,065
Financing obligation	8,604
Contingent consideration	1,589
Total	$	74,258

The results of the Cloud Savings acquisition are included in the condensed consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition through June 30, 2018. The fair value of consideration transferred in the business combination is allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, with the remaining unallocated amount recorded as goodwill. Acquired goodwill represents the premium the Company paid over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. The Company paid a premium for a number of reasons, including growing the Company's merchant base and acquiring an assembled workforce. The goodwill from this business combination is not deductible for tax purposes. The allocation of the acquisition price has been prepared on a preliminary basis, and changes to that allocation may occur as a result of final working capital adjustments and tax return filings.

The following table summarizes the allocation of the aggregate acquisition price of the Cloud Savings acquisition (in thousands):



Cash and cash equivalents	$	6,244
Accounts receivable	5,885
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	804
Property, equipment and software	226
Goodwill	46,217
Intangible assets⁽¹⁾:
Merchant relationships	20,322
Trade names	2,609
Developed technology	549
Other intangible assets	687
Total assets acquired	$	83,543
Accounts payable	$	693
Accrued merchant and supplier payables	386
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	6,130
Other non-current liabilities	2,076
Total liabilities assumed	$	9,285
Total acquisition price	$	74,258


(1)	The estimated useful lives of the acquired intangible assets are 6 years for merchant relationships, 8 years for trade names, 2 years for developed technology, and 1 year for other intangible assets.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, $0.7 million of external transaction costs related to that business combination, primarily consisting of legal and advisory fees, are classified within Selling, general and administrative on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The revenue and net loss of Cloud Savings included in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations were $3.0 million and $0.1 million, respectively, for the period from April 30, 2018 through June 30, 2018. Pro forma results of operations for the Cloud Savings acquisition are not presented as the pro forma effects of that acquisition were not material to the Company's condensed consolidated results of operations.

5. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following table summarizes the Company's goodwill activity by segment for the six months ended June 30, 2018 (in thousands):



	North America		International			Consolidated
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	178,685	$	108,304		$	286,989
Goodwill related to acquisition	—		46,217			46,217
Foreign currency translation	—		(4,407		)	(4,407		)
Balance as of June 30, 2018	$	178,685	$	150,114		$	328,799

The following table summarizes the Company's intangible assets as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	June 30, 2018						December 31, 2017
Asset Category	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value		Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value
Customer relationships	$	55,952	$	48,695	$	7,257	$	56,749	$	46,513	$	10,236
Merchant relationships	30,969		10,778		20,191		11,598		9,853		1,745
Trade names	14,456		10,965		3,491		12,077		10,469		1,608
Developed technology	37,151		36,667		484		36,864		36,864		—
Patents	20,132		15,895		4,237		19,031		15,204		3,827
Other intangible assets	11,342		9,927		1,415		10,875		9,095		1,780
Total	$	170,002	$	132,927	$	37,075	$	147,194	$	127,998	$	19,196

Amortization of intangible assets is computed using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which range from 1 to 8 years. Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $3.5 million and $6.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $6.4 million and $11.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of June 30, 2018, the Company's estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):



Remaining amounts in 2018	$	7,446
2019	11,025
2020	5,120
2021	4,393
2022	4,077
Thereafter	5,014
Total	$	37,075

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

6. INVESTMENTS

The following table summarizes the Company's investments as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):



	June 30, 2018		Percent Ownership of Voting Stock			December 31, 2017		Percent Ownership of Voting Stock
Current ⁽¹⁾:
Available-for-sale securities:
Convertible debt securities	$	8,517				$	—
Non-current ⁽¹⁾:
Available-for-sale securities:
Convertible debt securities	$	1,719				$	11,354
Redeemable preferred shares	9,961		19%	to	25%	15,431		19%	to	25%
Total available-for-sale securities	11,680					26,785
Fair value option investments	74,898		10%	to	19%	82,966		10%	to	19%
Other equity investments ⁽²⁾	23,028		1%	to	19%	25,438		1%	to	19%
Total non-current investments	$	109,606				$	135,189
Total investments	$	118,123				$	135,189


(1)	Current and non-current investments are classified within Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Investments, respectively, on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(2)

Represents equity investments without readily determinable fair values. Those investments were previously accounted for using the cost method of accounting. Under the cost method, investments were carried at cost and adjusted only for other-than-temporary declines in fair value, certain distributions and additional investments. The Company adopted the guidance in ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018. Under that guidance, the Company has elected to record equity investments without readily determinable fair values at cost adjusted for observable price changes and impairments. There were no adjustments for observable price changes related to these investments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. See further discussion under Impairments of Investments below.

The following table summarizes the amortized cost, gross unrealized gain, gross unrealized loss and fair value of the Company's available-for-sale securities as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	June 30, 2018								December 31, 2017
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss ⁽¹⁾			Fair Value
Available-for-sale securities:
Convertible debt securities	$	10,129	$	107	$	—	$	10,236	$	10,205	$	1,653	$	(504	)	$	11,354
Redeemable preferred shares	9,961		—		—		9,961		15,431		—		—			15,431
Total available-for-sale securities	$	20,090	$	107	$	—	$	20,197	$	25,636	$	1,653	$	(504	)	$	26,785


(1)	Gross unrealized loss is related to one security that was in a loss position for greater than 12 months as of December 31, 2017.

Fair Value Option Investments

In connection with the dispositions of controlling stakes in Ticket Monster, an entity based in the Republic of Korea, in May 2015 and Groupon India in August 2015, the Company obtained minority investments in Monster Holdings LP ("Monster LP") and in Nearbuy Pte Ltd. ("Nearbuy"), respectively. The Company has made an irrevocable election to account for both of those investments at fair value with changes in fair value reported in earnings. The Company elected to apply fair value accounting to those investments because it believes that fair value is the most relevant measurement attribute for those investments, as well as to reduce operational and accounting complexity. The Company determined that the fair value of its investments in Monster LP and Nearbuy were $70.6 million and $4.3 million, respectively, as of June 30, 2018 and $78.9 million and $4.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2017.

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

The following table summarizes the Company’s gains and losses due to changes in fair value of those investments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Monster LP	$	(3,054	)	$	(77	)	$	(8,285	)	$	2,276
Nearbuy	19			(1,371		)	217			(3,421		)
Total	$	(3,035	)	$	(1,448	)	$	(8,068	)	$	(1,145	)

Impairments of Investments

The Company recorded other-than-temporary impairments of available-for-sale securities of $4.6 million and $5.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively. The Company also recorded a $4.6 million impairment of an other equity investment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Those impairments are classified within Other income (expense), net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

7. SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AND STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS INFORMATION

The following table summarizes the Company's other income (expense), net for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Interest income	$	1,836		$	659		$	3,345		$	1,261
Interest expense	(5,228		)	(4,948		)	(10,721		)	(10,267		)
Gains (losses), net on changes in fair value of investments	(3,035		)	(1,448		)	(8,068		)	(1,145		)
Foreign currency gains (losses), net	(12,533		)	10,826			(11,135		)	10,877
Impairments of investments	(9,189		)	—			(10,044		)	—
Other	1,692			789			1,651			550
Other income (expense), net	$	(26,457	)	$	5,878		$	(34,972	)	$	1,276

The following table summarizes the Company's prepaid expenses and other current assets as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Merchandise inventories	$	28,307	$	25,528
Prepaid expenses	38,519		40,399
Income taxes receivable	9,565		10,299
Investments	8,517		—
Other	19,616		17,799
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	104,524	$	94,025

The following table summarizes the Company's accrued merchant and supplier payables as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Accrued merchant payables	$	377,097	$	459,662
Accrued supplier payables ⁽¹⁾	151,127		310,673
Total accrued merchant and supplier payables	$	528,224	$	770,335


(1)	Amounts include payables to suppliers of inventories and providers of shipping and fulfillment services.

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

The following table summarizes the Company's accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Refunds reserve	$	30,355	$	31,275
Compensation and benefits	55,827		73,096
Accrued marketing	29,297		32,912
Customer credits	18,316		28,487
Income taxes payable	12,448		9,645
Deferred revenue	21,802		29,539
Current portion of capital lease obligations	23,808		25,958
Accrued litigation and other ⁽¹⁾	175,666		100,284
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	367,519	$	331,196


(1)	Includes an $82.5 million accrual as of June 30, 2018 related to IBM patent litigation. See Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information.

The following table summarizes the Company's other non-current liabilities as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Contingent income tax liabilities	$	45,326	$	43,699
Deferred rent	31,434		29,032
Capital lease obligations	12,990		18,500
Deferred income taxes	2,841		811
Other	10,644		10,366
Total other non-current liabilities	$	103,235	$	102,408

The following table summarizes the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	Foreign currency translation adjustments		Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	30,962	$	882		$	31,844
Reclassification for impact of U.S. tax rate change	—		161			161
Other comprehensive income (loss)	1,238		(936		)	302
Balance as of June 30, 2018	$	32,200	$	107		$	32,307

8. FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS

Convertible Senior Notes

On April 4, 2016, the Company issued $250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes (the "Notes") in a private placement to A-G Holdings, L.P. ("AGH"). Michael Angelakis, the chairman and chief executive officer of Atairos Group, Inc. ("Atairos"), joined the Company's Board of Directors in connection with the issuance of the Notes. Atairos controls the voting power of AGH. The net proceeds from this offering were $243.2 million after deducting issuance costs. The Notes bear interest at a rate of 3.25% per annum, payable annually in arrears on April 1 of each year, beginning on April 1, 2017. The Notes will mature on April 1, 2022, subject to earlier conversion or redemption.

Each $1,000 of principal amount of the Notes initially is convertible into 185.1852 shares of common stock, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of $5.40 per share, subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of specified events. Upon conversion, the Company can elect to settle the conversion value in cash, shares of its common stock, or any combination of cash and shares of its common stock. Holders of the Notes may convert their Notes at their option at any time until the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date. In addition, if specified corporate events occur prior to the maturity date, the Company may be required to increase the conversion rate for holders who elect to convert based on the effective date of such event and the applicable stock price attributable to the event, as set forth in a table contained in the indenture governing the Notes (the "Indenture"). Based on the closing price of the Company's common stock of $4.30 as of June 30, 2018, the if-converted value of the Notes was less than the principal amount.

With certain exceptions, upon a fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture), the holders of the Notes may require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of their Notes for cash at a purchase price equal to the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, the Company may redeem the Notes, at its option, at a purchase price equal to the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest on or after April 1, 2020, if the closing sale price of the common stock exceeds 150% of the then-current conversion price for 20 or more trading days in the 30 consecutive trading day period preceding the Company’s exercise of this redemption right.

The Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company that rank equal in right of payment to all senior unsecured indebtedness of the Company and rank senior in right of payment to any indebtedness that is contractually subordinated to the Notes.

The Indenture includes customary events of default. If an event of default, as defined in the Indenture, occurs and is continuing, the principal amount of the Notes and any accrued and unpaid interest may be declared immediately due and payable. In the case of bankruptcy or insolvency, the principal amount of the Notes and any accrued and unpaid interest would automatically become immediately due and payable.

The Company has separated the Notes into their liability and equity components in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that does not have an associated conversion feature. The carrying amount of the equity component, representing the conversion option, was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the principal amount of the Notes. The difference between the principal amount of the Notes and the liability component (the "debt discount") is amortized to interest expense at an effective interest rate of 9.75% over the term of the Notes. The equity component of the Notes is included in additional paid-in capital in the condensed consolidated balance sheet and is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification.

The Company incurred transaction costs of approximately $6.8 million related to the issuance of the Notes. Those transaction costs were allocated to the liability and equity components in the same manner as the allocation of the proceeds from the Notes. Transaction costs attributable to the liability component of $4.8 million were recorded as a debt discount in the condensed consolidated balance sheet and are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the Notes. Transaction costs attributable to the equity component of $2.0 million were recorded in stockholders' equity as a reduction of the equity component.

The carrying amount of the Notes consisted of the following as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Liability component:
Principal amount	$	250,000		$	250,000
Less: debt discount	(54,441		)	(60,247		)
Net carrying amount of liability component	$	195,559		$	189,753

Net carrying amount of equity component	$	67,014		$	67,014

The estimated fair value of the Notes as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was $273.8 million and $285.6 million, respectively, and was determined using a lattice model. The Company classified the fair value of the Notes as a Level 3 measurement due to the lack of observable market data over fair value inputs such as its stock price volatility over the term of the Notes and its cost of debt.

As of June 30, 2018, the remaining term of the Notes is approximately 3.75 years. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company recognized interest costs on the Notes as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Contractual interest (3.25% of the principal amount per annum)	$	2,032	$	2,032	$	4,064	$	4,064
Amortization of debt discount	2,940		2,655		5,806		5,242
Total	$	4,972	$	4,687	$	9,870	$	9,306

Note Hedges and Warrants

In May 2016, the Company purchased convertible note hedges with respect to its common stock for a cost of $59.1 million from certain bank counterparties. The convertible note hedges provide the Company with the right to purchase up to 46.3 million shares of the Company's common stock at an initial strike price of $5.40 per share, which corresponds to the initial conversion price of the Notes, and are exercisable by the Company upon conversion of the Notes. The convertible note hedges are intended to reduce the potential economic dilution upon conversion of the Notes. The convertible note hedges are separate transactions and are not part of the terms of the Notes. Holders of the Notes do not have any rights with respect to the convertible note hedges.

In May 2016, the Company also sold warrants for total cash proceeds of $35.5 million to certain bank counterparties. The warrants provide the counterparties with the right to purchase up to 46.3 million shares of the Company's common stock at a strike price of $8.50 per share. The warrants expire on various dates between July 1, 2022 and August 26, 2022 and are exercisable on their expiration dates. The warrants are separate transactions and are not part of the terms of the Notes or convertible note hedges. Holders of the Notes and convertible note hedges do not have any rights with respect to the warrants.

The amounts paid and received for the convertible note hedges and warrants were recorded in additional paid-in capital in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The convertible note hedges and warrants are not remeasured as long as they continue to meet the conditions for equity classification. The amounts paid for the convertible note hedges are tax deductible over the term of the Notes, while the proceeds received from the warrants are not taxable.

Under the if-converted method, the shares of common stock underlying the conversion option in the Notes are included in the diluted earnings per share denominator and the interest expense on the Notes, net of tax, is added to the numerator. However, upon conversion, there will be no economic dilution from the Notes, as exercise of the convertible note hedges eliminates any dilution from the Notes that would have otherwise occurred when the price of the Company’s common stock exceeds the conversion price. Taken together, the purchase of the convertible note hedges and sale of warrants are intended to offset any actual dilution from the conversion of the Notes and to effectively increase the overall conversion price from $5.40 to $8.50 per share.

Revolving Credit Agreement

The Company's amended and restated senior secured revolving credit agreement (the "Amended and Restated Credit Agreement") provides for aggregate principal borrowings of up to $250.0 million and matures in June 2019. Borrowings under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement bear interest, at the Company's option, at a rate per annum equal to the Alternate Base Rate or Adjusted LIBO Rate (each as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) plus an additional margin ranging between 0.50% and 2.25%. The Company is required to pay quarterly commitment fees ranging from 0.25% to 0.40% per annum of the average daily amount of unused commitments available under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. The Amended and Restated Credit Agreement also provides for the issuance of up to $45.0 million in letters of credit, provided that the sum of outstanding borrowings and letters of credit do not exceed the maximum funding commitment of $250.0 million.

The Amended and Restated Credit Agreement is secured by substantially all of the Company's and its subsidiaries' tangible and intangible assets, including a pledge of 100% of the outstanding capital stock of substantially all of its direct and indirect domestic subsidiaries and 65% of the shares or equity interests of first-tier foreign subsidiaries and each U.S. entity whose assets substantially consist of capital stock and/or intercompany debt of one or more foreign subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions. Certain of the Company's domestic subsidiaries are guarantors under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.

The Amended and Restated Credit Agreement contains various customary restrictive covenants that limit the Company's ability to, among other things: incur additional indebtedness; make dividend and other restricted payments, including share repurchases; enter into sale and leaseback transactions; make investments, loans or advances; grant or incur liens on assets; sell assets; engage in mergers, consolidations, liquidations or dissolutions; and engage in transactions with affiliates. The Amended and Restated Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintain compliance with specified financial covenants, comprised of a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, a maximum leverage ratio, a maximum senior secured indebtedness ratio and a minimum liquidity ratio, each as set forth in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. The Company is also required to maintain, as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, unrestricted cash of at least $400.0 million, including $200.0 million in accounts held with lenders under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement or their affiliates. Non-compliance with these covenants may result in termination of the commitments under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and any then outstanding borrowings may be declared due and payable immediately. The Company has the right to terminate the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement or reduce the available commitments at any time.

As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had no borrowings and had outstanding letters of credit of $18.6 million and $22.7 million, respectively, under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.

9. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Except for the changes set forth below, the Company's commitments as of June 30, 2018 and through the date these condensed consolidated financial statements were issued did not materially change from the amounts set forth in the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Leases

In May 2018, the Company entered into a new office lease for one of its foreign locations. As of June 30, 2018, the future payments under that operating lease for each of the next five years and thereafter are as follows (in thousands):



Remaining amounts in 2018	$	1,296
2019	2,592
2020	2,592
2021	2,592
2022	2,592
Thereafter	5,832
Total minimum lease payments	$	17,496

Other Contractual Commitments

In the first quarter 2018, the Company entered into a non-cancelable arrangement for cloud computing services. As of June 30, 2018, future payments under that contractual obligation are as follows (in thousands):



Remaining amounts in 2018	$	—
2019	3,400
2020	3,400
2021	3,400
2022	3,400
Total	$	13,600

Legal Matters and Other Contingencies

From time to time, the Company is party to various legal proceedings incident to the operation of its business. For example, the Company currently is involved in proceedings brought by former employees and merchants, intellectual property infringement suits, customer lawsuits, consumer class actions and suits alleging, among other things, violations of state consumer protection or privacy laws. The following is a brief description of significant legal proceedings.

On March 2, 2016, International Business Machines Corporation ("IBM") filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware against the Company (the "Delaware Action"). In the Delaware Action, IBM alleges that the Company has infringed and continues to willfully infringe certain IBM patents that IBM claims relate to the presentation of applications and advertising in an interactive service, preserving state information in online transactions and single sign-on processes in a computing environment and seeks damages (including a request that the amount of compensatory damages be trebled), injunctive relief and costs and reasonable attorneys’ fees. Trial commenced in the Delaware Action on July 16, 2018. On July 27, 2018, a jury in this matter returned a verdict finding the Company willfully infringed each of these patents and awarded damages of $82.5 million to IBM. The court has the discretion to enhance this award for willfulness, impose interest, impose a continuing royalty for the two unexpired patents or award injunctive relief. The court also has the discretion to reduce or vacate the damages award or enter judgment for the Company on some or all of the claims notwithstanding the jury verdict. The Company intends to seek to overturn the verdict and reduce the damages award through post-trial motions and appeal. For the three months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded a $75.0 million charge to increase its contingent liability for this matter. That charge is classified within Selling, general and administrative in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations.

On May 9, 2016, the Company filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois against IBM (the "Illinois Action"). The Company alleges that IBM has infringed and continues to willfully infringe one of the Company’s patents relating to location-based services. The Company intends to seek damages and injunctive relief for IBM’s infringement of this patent. On December 20, 2016, IBM filed a motion to dismiss this case, and the court denied that motion. The court held a Markman hearing on April 3, 2017, but has not yet construed the claims. On May 18, 2017, IBM filed two petitions for inter partes review with the United States Patent and Trademark Office seeking to invalidate the Company’s patent relating to location-based services. The Company filed its preliminary responses on September 6, 2017. The Patent Office denied one petition and instituted a review of the Company’s patent in response to the other petition, but such review did not include all claims requested by IBM. On May 1, 2018, the Patent Office stated that it would institute a review of the claims that were not previously under review based on a recent Supreme Court decision (SAS Institute, Inc. v. Iancu) finding that the Patent Office must institute a review of either all or none of claims petitioners seek to review. A trial date is not yet set in the Illinois Action. The Company plans to vigorously defend against the challenges to the Company’s patent in the Illinois Action.

In addition, other third parties have from time to time claimed, and others may claim in the future, that the Company has infringed their intellectual property rights. The Company is subject to intellectual property disputes, including patent infringement claims, and expects that it will increasingly be subject to intellectual property infringement claims as its services expand in scope and complexity. The Company has in the past litigated such claims, and the Company is presently involved in several patent infringement and other intellectual property-related claims (including the IBM matter described above), including pending litigation or trademark disputes relating to, for example, the Company's Goods category, some of which could involve potentially substantial claims for damages or injunctive relief. The Company may also become more vulnerable to third-party claims as laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act are interpreted by the courts, and as the Company becomes subject to laws in jurisdictions where the underlying laws with respect to the potential liability of online intermediaries are either unclear or less favorable. The Company believes that additional lawsuits alleging that it has violated patent, copyright or trademark laws will be filed against it. Intellectual property claims, whether meritorious or not, are time consuming and often costly to resolve, could require expensive changes in the Company's methods of doing business or the goods it sells, or could require it to enter into costly royalty or licensing agreements.

The Company also is subject to consumer claims or lawsuits relating to alleged violations of consumer protection or privacy rights and statutes, some of which could involve potentially substantial claims for damages, including statutory or punitive damages. Consumer and privacy related claims or lawsuits, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming, result in costly litigation, damage awards, fines and penalties, injunctive relief or increased costs of doing business through adverse judgment or settlement, or require the Company to change its business practices, sometimes in expensive ways.

The Company also is subject to, or in the future may become subject to, a variety of regulatory inquiries, audits, and investigations across the jurisdictions where the Company conducts its business, including, for example, inquiries related to consumer protection, employment matters and/or hiring practices, marketing practices, tax, unclaimed property and privacy rules and regulations. Any regulatory actions against the Company, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming, result in costly litigation, damage awards, fines and penalties, injunctive relief or increased costs of doing business through adverse judgment or settlement, require the Company to change its business practices in expensive ways, require significant amounts of management time, result in the diversion of significant operational resources or otherwise harm the Company's business.

The Company establishes an accrued liability for loss contingencies related to legal and regulatory matters when the loss is both probable and reasonably estimable. Those accruals represent management's best estimate of probable losses and, in such cases, there may be an exposure to loss in excess of the amounts accrued. For certain of the matters described above, there are inherent and significant uncertainties based on, among other factors, the stage of the proceedings, developments in the applicable facts of law, or the lack of a specific damage claim. However, the Company believes that the amount of reasonably possible losses in excess of the amounts accrued for those matters would not have a material adverse effect on its business, consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. The Company's accrued liabilities for loss contingencies related to legal and regulatory matters may change in the future as a result of new developments, including, but not limited to, the occurrence of new legal matters, changes in the law or regulatory environment, adverse or favorable rulings, newly discovered facts relevant to the matter, or changes in the strategy for the matter. Regardless of the outcome, litigation and other regulatory matters can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Indemnifications

In connection with the dispositions of the Company's operations in Latin America (see Note 3, Discontinued Operations and Other Business Dispositions), the Company agreed to indemnify the buyer for certain tax and other matters. The indemnification liabilities were initially recorded at their fair value, estimated to be $5.4 million using a probability-weighted expected cash flow approach, upon closing of the transactions as an adjustment to the net loss on the dispositions within discontinued operations. The Company estimates that the total amount of obligations that are reasonably possible to arise under the indemnifications in excess of amounts accrued as of June 30, 2018 is approximately $18.0 million.

In the normal course of business to facilitate transactions related to its operations, the Company indemnifies certain parties, including employees, lessors, service providers, merchants, and counterparties to investment agreements and asset and stock purchase agreements with respect to various matters. The Company has agreed to hold certain parties harmless against losses arising from a breach of representations or covenants, or other claims made against those parties. These agreements may limit the time within which an indemnification claim can be made and the amount of the claim. The Company is also subject to increased exposure to various claims as a result of its divestitures and acquisitions, particularly in cases where the Company is entering into new businesses in connection with such acquisitions. The Company may also become more vulnerable to claims as it expands the range and scope of its services and is subject to laws in jurisdictions where the underlying laws with respect to potential liability are either unclear or less favorable. In addition, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with its officers, directors and underwriters, and the Company's bylaws contain similar indemnification obligations that cover officers, directors, employees and other agents.

Except as noted above, it is not possible to determine the maximum potential amount under these indemnification agreements due to the limited history of prior indemnification claims and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, any payments that the Company has made under these agreements have not had a material impact on the operating results, financial position or cash flows of the Company.

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

10. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY AND COMPENSATION ARRANGEMENTS

The Company's Board of Directors (the "Board") has the authority, without approval by the stockholders, to issue up to a total of 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series. The Board may establish the number of shares to be included in each such series and may fix the designations, preferences, powers and other rights of the shares of a series of preferred stock. The Board could authorize the issuance of preferred stock with voting or conversion rights that could dilute the voting power or rights of the holders of its common stock. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were no shares of preferred stock outstanding.

Common Stock

Pursuant to the Company's restated certificate of incorporation, the Board has the authority to issue up to a total of 2,010,000,000 shares of common stock. Each holder of common stock shall be entitled to one vote for each such share on any matter that is submitted to a vote of stockholders. In addition, holders of the common stock will vote as a single class of stock on any matter that is submitted to a vote of stockholders.

Share Repurchase Program

In May 2018, the Board authorized the Company to repurchase up to $300.0 million of its common stock under a new share repurchase program. The Company's prior share repurchase program expired in April 2018. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company did not purchase any shares under those share repurchase programs. The timing and amount of share repurchases, if any, will be determined based on market conditions, limitations under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, share price and other factors, and the share repurchase program may be terminated at any time.

Groupon, Inc. Stock Plans

The Groupon, Inc. Stock Plans (the "Plans") are administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board (the "Compensation Committee"), which determines the number of awards to be issued, the corresponding vesting schedule and the exercise price for options. As of June 30, 2018, 52,436,687 shares of common stock were available for future issuance under the Plans.

The stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards issued under the Plans and acquisition-related awards are presented within the following line items of the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Cost of revenue	$	288	$	794	$	684	$	1,457
Marketing	1,763		2,230		3,557		4,032
Selling, general and administrative	14,215		18,368		31,303		35,553
Other income (expense)	52		48		100		99
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	16,318	$	21,440	$	35,644	$	41,141

The Company also capitalized $2.0 million and $1.8 million of stock-based compensation for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $3.7 million and $3.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, in connection with internally-developed software. As of June 30, 2018, $138.1 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested employee stock awards are expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of 1.44 years.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company is authorized to grant up to 10,000,000 shares of common stock under its employee stock purchase plan ("ESPP"). For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, 746,773 and 877,845 shares of common stock, respectively, were issued under the ESPP.

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

Restricted Stock Units

The restricted stock units granted under the Plans generally have vesting periods between one and four years. Restricted stock units are amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

The table below summarizes activity regarding unvested restricted stock units granted under the Plans for the six months ended June 30, 2018:



	Restricted Stock Units		Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value (per unit)
Unvested at December 31, 2017	28,939,110		$	4.32
Granted	14,631,563		4.76
Vested	(7,507,084	)	4.41
Forfeited	(3,202,754	)	4.26
Unvested at June 30, 2018	32,860,835		4.51

Performance Share Units

The performance share units granted under the Plans vest in shares of the Company's common stock upon the achievement of financial and operational targets specified in the respective award. The awards are subject to both continued employment through the performance period dictated by the award and certification by the Compensation Committee that the specified financial and operational targets have been achieved.

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company granted performance share units for which the maximum number of common shares issuable upon vesting of those performance share units is 7,706,474 shares, the weighted-average grant date fair value was $4.89 per unit and the total grant date fair value of the shares for which the performance conditions are expected to be met was $16.6 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, 278,635 shares of the Company's common stock were issued related to performance share units granted in the previous year following the Compensation Committee's certification of the Company's financial and operational metrics for the year ended December 31, 2017. The weighted-average grant date fair value of those units was $3.78 per share.

Performance Bonus Awards

If bonus amounts earned under the Company's primary employee bonus plans exceed targeted bonus amounts because specified financial metrics of the Company exceed the performance conditions set forth in those plans, such excess is required to be settled in the Company's common stock. The Company's obligation to issue shares for employee bonus amounts exceeding the specified bonus targets is accounted for separately as a liability-classified stock-based compensation arrangement with performance conditions.

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, 1,240,379 shares of the Company's common stock were issued related to performance bonus awards granted in the previous year following the Compensation Committee's certification of the Company's financial and operational metrics for the year ended December 31, 2017. The fair value of the Company's common stock on the date of the Compensation Committee's certification was $5.20 per share.

Stock Options

The exercise price of stock options granted is equal to the fair value of the underlying stock on the date of grant. The contractual term for stock options expires ten years from the grant date. Stock options generally vested over a three or four-year period, with 25% of the awards vesting after one year and the remainder of the awards vesting on a monthly or quarterly basis thereafter.

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

The table below summarizes the stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2018:



	Options		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) ⁽¹⁾
Outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2017	885,580		$	0.62	1.76	$	3,967
Exercised	(667,743	)	0.10
Forfeited	—		—
Outstanding and exercisable at June 30, 2018	217,837		1.81		1.88	$	542

(1)

The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable represents the total pretax intrinsic value (the difference between the fair value of the Company's stock on the last day of each period and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of options where the fair value exceeds the exercise price) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

11. REVENUE RECOGNITION

Product and service revenue are generated from sales transactions through the Company's online marketplaces in three primary categories: Local, Goods and Travel.

Product revenue is earned from direct sales of merchandise inventory to customers and includes any related shipping fees. Service revenue primarily represents the net commissions earned by the Company from selling goods and services provided by third-party merchants. Those marketplace transactions generally involve the online delivery of a voucher that can be redeemed by the purchaser with the third-party merchant for goods or services (or for discounts on goods or services). To a lesser extent, service revenue also includes commissions earned when customers make purchases with retailers using digital coupons accessed through the Company's websites and mobile applications. Additionally, in the United States the Company has recently been developing and testing voucherless offerings that are linked to customer credit cards. Customers claim those voucherless merchant offerings through the Company's online marketplaces and earn cash back on their credit card statements when they transact with the related merchants, who pay the Company commissions for such transactions.

In connection with most of our product and service revenue transactions, the Company collects cash from credit card payment processors shortly after a sale occurs. For transactions in which the Company earns commissions when customers make purchases with retailers using digital coupons accessed through its websites and mobile applications, the Company generally collects payment from affiliate networks on terms ranging from 30 to 150 days.

As discussed in Note 1, Description of Business and Basis of Presentation, the Company previously referred to its product revenue and service revenue as "direct revenue" and "third-party and other revenue," respectively.

Adoption of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("Topic 606") using the modified retrospective method. Beginning on January 1, 2018, results are presented in accordance with the Company's revised policies, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the Company's historical policies. The adoption of Topic 606 did not significantly impact the Company's presentation of revenue on a gross or net basis. The following changes resulted from the adoption of Topic 606:

•

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

The Company estimates variable consideration from unredeemed vouchers using its historical voucher redemption experience. Most vouchers sold through the Company's marketplace in the United States do not have expiration dates and redemption payment terms were not widely used in that jurisdiction before 2017, so the Company's North America segment did not have variable consideration from unredeemed vouchers in prior periods.


•	Prior to its adoption of Topic 606, the Company expensed the incremental costs to obtain contracts with third-party merchants, such as sales commissions, as incurred. Following its adoption of Topic 606, those costs are deferred and recognized over the expected period of the merchant arrangement, generally from 12 to 18 months.


•	Prior to its adoption of Topic 606, the Company recognized breakage income for unused customer credits when they expired or were forfeited. Following its adoption of Topic 606, breakage income from customer credits that are not expected to be used is estimated and recognized as revenue in proportion to the pattern of redemption for customer credits that are used.


•	Prior to its adoption of Topic 606, the Company deferred the revenue from hotel reservation offerings until the customer's stay commenced. Following its adoption of Topic 606, revenue from hotel reservation offerings is recognized at the time the reservation is made, net of an allowance for estimated cancellations.


•	Prior to its adoption of Topic 606, the Company classified refunds on service revenue transactions for which the merchant's share of the refund amount is not recoverable as a cost of revenue. Following its adoption of Topic 606, those refunds are classified as a reduction of revenue.


•	Prior to its adoption of Topic 606, the Company classified credits issued to consumers for relationship purposes as a marketing expense. Following its adoption of Topic 606, those credits are classified as a reduction of revenue.

The Company recorded a net reduction to its opening accumulated deficit of $88.9 million, which is net of a $6.7 million income tax effect, as of January 1, 2018 due to the cumulative impact of adopting Topic 606. The following table summarizes balance sheet accounts impacted by the cumulative effect of adopting Topic 606 (in thousands):



Account	Increase (decrease) to beginning accumulated deficit
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	(4,007	)
Other non-current assets	(10,223		)
Accrued merchant and supplier payables	(64,970		)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	(13,188		)
Other non-current liabilities	3,443
Effect on beginning accumulated deficit	$	(88,945	)

See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Standards, for additional information about the Company's revenue recognition policies before and after the adoption of Topic 606.

Impacts on Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The following tables summarize the impacts of adopting Topic 606 on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 (in thousands):

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet



	June 30, 2018
	As reported		Adjustments			Balances without adoption of Topic 606
Total assets	$	1,488,700	$	(11,638	)	$	1,477,062
Total liabilities	1,217,563		86,124			1,303,687
Total equity	271,137		(97,762		)	173,375

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018									Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	As reported			Adjustments			Balances without adoption of Topic 606			As reported			Adjustments			Balances without adoption of Topic 606
Revenue:
Service revenue ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	$	295,652		$	6,001		$	301,653		$	597,449		$	4,222		$	601,671
Product revenue	321,744			—			321,744			646,487			—			646,487
Total revenue	617,396			6,001			623,397			1,243,936			4,222			1,248,158
Cost of revenue:
Service cost of revenue ⁽³⁾	30,230			7,043			37,273			61,375			13,318			74,693
Product cost of revenue	263,508			—			263,508			534,018			—			534,018
Cost of revenue ⁽³⁾	293,738			7,043			300,781			595,393			13,318			608,711
Gross profit	323,658			(1,042		)	322,616			648,543			(9,096		)	639,447
Operating expenses:
Marketing ⁽⁴⁾	94,178			2,134			96,312			193,334			3,707			197,041
Selling, general and administrative ⁽⁵⁾	294,124			(1,227		)	292,897			516,185			(2,491		)	513,694
Restructuring charges	(399		)	—			(399		)	(116		)	—			(116		)
Total operating expenses	387,903			907			388,810			709,403			1,216			710,619
Income (loss) from operations	(64,245		)	(1,949		)	(66,194		)	(60,860		)	(10,312		)	(71,172		)
Other income (expense), net	(26,457		)	—			(26,457		)	(34,972		)	—			(34,972		)
Income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes	(90,702		)	(1,949		)	(92,651		)	(95,832		)	(10,312		)	(106,144		)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes ⁽⁶⁾	1,552			886			2,438			(783		)	(133		)	(916		)
Net income (loss)	$	(92,254	)	$	(2,835	)	$	(95,089	)	$	(95,049	)	$	(10,179	)	$	(105,228	)

(1)

For the three months ended June 30, 2018, reflects a $9.2 million increase for refunds on service revenue transactions for which the merchant's share is not recoverable and customer credits issued for relationship purposes, which are classified as reductions of revenue under Topic 606, and an increase of $0.5 million related to the timing of recognition of revenue from hotel reservation offerings, partially offset by decreases of $2.9 million related to the timing of recognition of variable consideration from unredeemed vouchers and $0.8 million related to the timing of recognition of breakage revenue from customer credits that are not expected to be used.

(2)

For the six months ended June 30, 2018, reflects a $17.0 million increase for refunds on service revenue transactions for which the merchant's share is not recoverable and customer credits issued for relationship purposes, which are classified as reductions of revenue under Topic 606, partially offset by decreases of $8.5 million related to the timing of recognition of variable consideration from unredeemed vouchers, $2.8 million related to the timing of recognition of revenue from hotel reservation offerings and $1.5 million related to the timing of recognition of breakage revenue from customer credits that are not expected to be used.


(3)	Reflects an increase for refunds on service revenue transactions for which the merchant's share is not recoverable, which are classified as a reduction of revenue under Topic 606.


(4)	Reflects an increase for customer credits issued for relationship purposes, which are classified as a reduction of revenue under Topic 606.


(5)	Reflects the amortization of deferred contract acquisition costs in excess of amounts capitalized in the current period.


(6)	As discussed in Note 13, Income Taxes, for the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recognized an income tax benefit of $6.4 million resulting from the impact of adopting Topic 606 on intercompany activity in certain foreign jurisdictions. That income tax benefit is not reflected in this table, which presents the direct impacts of adopting Topic 606.

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

Segment and Category Information



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018							Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	As reported		Adjustments			Balances without adoption of Topic 606		As reported		Adjustments			Balances without adoption of Topic 606
North America
Service revenue:
Local	$	185,870	$	913		$	186,783	$	373,281	$	4,526		$	377,807
Goods	3,796		95			3,891		8,670		95			8,765
Travel	19,888		678			20,566		39,972		(2,401		)	37,571
Product revenue - Goods	170,710		—			170,710		351,597		—			351,597
Total North America revenue	380,264		1,686			381,950		773,520		2,220			775,740

International
Service revenue:
Local	71,425		3,946			75,371		146,003		2,500			148,503
Goods	4,967		(557		)	4,410		8,381		(796		)	7,585
Travel	9,706		926			10,632		21,142		298			21,440
Product revenue - Goods	151,034		—			151,034		294,890		—			294,890
Total International revenue	237,132		4,315			241,447		470,416		2,002			472,418

Consolidated
Service revenue:
Local	257,295		4,859			262,154		519,284		7,026			526,310
Goods	8,763		(462		)	8,301		17,051		(701		)	16,350
Travel	29,594		1,604			31,198		61,114		(2,103		)	59,011
Product revenue - Goods	321,744		—			321,744		646,487		—			646,487
Total Consolidated Revenue	$	617,396	$	6,001		$	623,397	$	1,243,936	$	4,222		$	1,248,158

Contract Balances

The following table summarizes the activity in revenue deferred from contracts with customers for the six months ended June 30, 2018 (in thousands):



	Deferred Revenue
Balance as of January 1, 2018	$	25,763
Revenue deferred	21,802
Revenue recognized	(25,364		)
Foreign currency translation	(399		)
Balance as of June 30, 2018	$	21,802

A substantial majority of our deferred revenue relates to product sales for which revenue will be recognized as the products are delivered to customers, generally within one week following the balance sheet date.

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

The following table summarizes the activity in the liability for customer credits for the six months ended June 30, 2018 (in thousands):



	Customer Credits
Balance as of January 1, 2018	$	19,414
Credits issued	67,025
Credits redeemed ⁽¹⁾	(57,074		)
Breakage revenue recognized	(10,961		)
Foreign currency translation	(88		)
Balance as of June 30, 2018	$	18,316

(1)

Customer credits can be redeemed through the Company's online marketplaces for goods or services provided by a third-party merchant or for merchandise inventory sold by the Company. When customer credits are redeemed for goods or services provided by a third-party merchant, service revenue is recognized on a net basis as the difference between the carrying amount of the customer credit liability derecognized and the amount due to the merchant for the related transaction. When customer credits are redeemed for merchandise inventory sold by the Company, product revenue is recognized on a gross basis equal to the amount of the customer credit liability derecognized. Customer credits are primarily used within one year of issuance.

12. RESTRUCTURING

In September 2015, the Company commenced a restructuring plan relating primarily to workforce reductions in its international operations. The Company has also undertaken workforce reductions in its North America segment. In addition to workforce reductions in its ongoing markets, the Company ceased operations in 17 countries within its International segment as part of the restructuring plan between September 2015 and March 2016. Those country exits, which generally comprised the Company's smallest international markets, resulted from a series of separate decisions made at different times during that period that were not part of an overall strategic shift. Costs related to the restructuring plan are classified as Restructuring charges on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The actions under the Company's restructuring plan were completed as of September 30, 2017 and substantially all of the remaining cash payments for actions under that plan are expected to be disbursed through December 31, 2018.

The Company incurred cumulative costs for employee severance and benefits and other exit costs of $80.1 million under the plan since its inception in September 2015. In addition to those costs, the Company incurred cumulative long-lived asset impairment charges of $7.5 million resulting from its restructuring activities.

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

The following tables summarize the costs incurred by segment related to the Company’s restructuring plan for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
	Employee Severance and Benefit Costs ⁽¹⁾			Other Exit Costs ⁽¹⁾		Total Restructuring Charges (Credits)
North America	$	—		$	177	$	177
International	(576		)	—		(576		)
Consolidated	$	(576	)	$	177	$	(399	)



	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	Employee Severance and Benefit Costs⁽¹⁾			Other Exit Costs ⁽¹⁾		Total Restructuring Charges (Credits)
North America	$	—		$	177	$	177
International	(346		)	53		(293		)
Consolidated	$	(346	)	$	230	$	(116	)



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
	Employee Severance and Benefit Costs ⁽²⁾		Other Exit Costs		Total Restructuring Charges
North America	$	2,687	$	288	$	2,975
International	86		1,523		1,609
Consolidated	$	2,773	$	1,811	$	4,584



	Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
	Employee Severance and Benefit Costs ⁽²⁾		Other Exit Costs		Total Restructuring Charges
North America	$	4,465	$	465	$	4,930
International	609		1,776		2,385
Consolidated	$	5,074	$	2,241	$	7,315


(1)	The $0.4 million and $0.1 million of restructuring credits for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, reflect changes in estimates related to prior actions.


(2)	The employee severance and benefit costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 related to the termination of approximately 150 and 350 employees, respectively.

The following table summarizes the restructuring liability activity for the six months ended June 30, 2018 (in thousands):



	Employee Severance and Benefit Costs			Other Exit Costs			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	3,817		$	304		$	4,121
Charges payable in cash	(346		)	230			(116		)
Cash payments	(1,428		)	(53		)	(1,481		)
Foreign currency translation	(67		)	—			(67		)
Balance as of June 30, 2018	$	1,976		$	481		$	2,457

13. INCOME TAXES

The Company's tax provision for interim periods is determined using an estimate of its annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items.

For the three months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded an income tax expense from continuing operations of $1.6 million on a pretax loss from continuing operations of $90.7 million. For the three months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded an income tax expense from continuing operations of $3.9 million on a pretax loss from continuing operations of $1.5 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded an income tax benefit from continuing operations of $0.8 million on a pretax loss from continuing operations of $95.8 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded an income tax expense from continuing operations of $8.5 million on a pretax loss from continuing operations of $17.8 million.

The Company's U.S. Federal income tax rate is 21% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and was 35% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017. The primary factor impacting the effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was the pretax losses incurred in jurisdictions that have valuation allowances against their net deferred tax assets. The effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2018 also reflected a $6.4 million income tax benefit resulting from the impact of adopting Topic 606 on intercompany activity in certain foreign jurisdictions.

The Company is currently undergoing income tax audits in multiple jurisdictions. There are many factors, including factors outside of the Company's control, which influence the progress and completion of those audits. During the fourth quarter 2017, the Company received an income tax assessment and a notification of proposed assessment from the tax authorities in two foreign jurisdictions, totaling $134.5 million in the aggregate. The Company believes that the assessments, which primarily relate to transfer pricing on transactions occurring from 2011 to 2014, are without merit and it intends to vigorously defend itself in those matters. In addition to any potential increases in its liabilities for uncertain tax positions from the ultimate resolution of those assessments, the Company believes that it is reasonably possible that reductions of up to $40.6 million in unrecognized tax benefits may occur within the 12 months following June 30, 2018 upon closing of income tax audits or the expiration of applicable statutes of limitations.

The Jobs Act was signed into law on December 22, 2017. The Company has made provisional estimates for the impact of the Jobs Act related to the re-measurement of deferred income taxes, valuation allowances, uncertain tax positions, and its assessment of permanently reinvested earnings. Those estimates may be impacted by the need for further analysis and future clarification and guidance regarding available tax accounting methods and elections, earnings and profits computations and state tax conformity to federal tax changes. Additionally, while the Company does not expect to incur the deemed repatriation tax, it has not yet finalized the related calculations. The Jobs Act also establishes global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") provisions that impose a tax on foreign income in excess of a deemed return on intangible assets of foreign corporations. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of taxes on GILTI and has not yet determined whether its accounting policy will be to recognize deferred taxes for basis differences that are expected to affect the amount of GILTI inclusion upon reversal or to recognize taxes on GILTI as an expense in the period incurred.

In general, it is the practice and intention of the Company to reinvest the earnings of its non-U.S. subsidiaries in those operations. Additionally, while the Company does not expect to incur the deemed repatriation tax established by the Jobs Act, an actual repatriation from its non-U.S. subsidiaries could be subject to foreign and U.S. state income taxes. Aside from limited exceptions for which the related deferred tax liabilities recognized as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are immaterial, the Company does not intend to distribute earnings of foreign subsidiaries for which it has an excess of the financial reporting basis over the tax basis of its investments and therefore has not recorded any deferred taxes related to such amounts. The actual tax cost resulting from a distribution would depend on income tax laws and circumstances at the time of distribution. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to the excess of the financial reporting basis over the tax basis of the Company's foreign subsidiaries is not practical due to the complexities associated with the calculation.

14. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is defined under U.S. GAAP as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is a market-based measurement that is determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.

To increase the comparability of fair value measures, the following hierarchy prioritizes the inputs in valuation methodologies used to measure fair value:

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

Level 1 - Measurements that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 - Measurements that include other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3 - Measurements derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. These fair value measurements require significant judgment.

In determining fair value, the Company uses various valuation approaches within the fair value measurement framework. The valuation methodologies used for the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value and their classification in the valuation hierarchy are summarized below:

Cash equivalents. Cash equivalents primarily consisted of AAA-rated money market funds. The Company classified cash equivalents as Level 1 due to the short-term nature of these instruments and measured the fair value based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.

Fair value option investments and available-for-sale securities. To determine the fair value of its fair value option investments each period, the Company first estimates the fair value of each entity in its entirety. The Company primarily uses the discounted cash flow method, which is an income approach, to estimate the fair value of the investees. The key inputs to determining fair values under that approach are cash flow forecasts and discount rates. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company applied discount rates of 21% and 22%, respectively, in its discounted cash flow valuations for Monster LP. The Company also uses a market approach valuation technique, which is based on market multiples of guideline companies, to determine the fair value of each entity. The discounted cash flow and market multiple valuations are then evaluated and weighted to determine the amount that is most representative of the fair value of each entity. Once the Company determines the fair value of each entity, it then determines the fair value of its specific investments in those entities. The entities have complex capital structures, so the Company applies an option-pricing model that considers the liquidation preferences of each investee’s respective classes of ownership interests to determine the fair value of the Company’s investment in each entity.

The Company also has investments in redeemable preferred shares and convertible debt securities issued by nonpublic entities. The Company measures the fair value of those available-for-sale securities using the discounted cash flow method.

The Company has classified its fair value option investments and its investments in available-for-sale securities as Level 3 due to the lack of observable market data over fair value inputs such as cash flow projections and discount rates. Increases in projected cash flows and decreases in discount rates contribute to increases in the estimated fair values of the fair value option investments and available-for-sale securities, whereas decreases in projected cash flows and increases in discount rates contribute to decreases in their fair values.

Contingent consideration. The Company is subject to a contingent consideration arrangement to transfer a maximum payout in cash of $2.6 million to the former owners of a business acquired on April 30, 2018. See Note 4, Business Combinations, for further discussion of that acquisition. Additionally, the Company had contingent obligations in prior periods to transfer cash to the former owners of a previous business acquisition if specified financial results were met (i.e. an earnout).

Liabilities for contingent consideration are measured at fair value each reporting period, with the acquisition-date fair value included as part of the consideration transferred in the related business combination and subsequent changes in fair value recorded in earnings within Selling, general and administrative expense on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The Company uses an income approach to value contingent consideration obligations based on the present value of probability-weighted future cash flows. The Company classifies the contingent consideration liabilities as Level 3 due to the lack of relevant observable market data over fair value inputs such as probability-weighting of payment outcomes.

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

The following tables summarize the Company's assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



			Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using
	June 30, 2018		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Fair value option investments	$	74,898	$	—	$	—	$	74,898
Available-for-sale securities:
Convertible debt securities	10,236		—		—		10,236
Redeemable preferred shares	9,961		—		—		9,961

Liabilities:
Contingent Consideration	1,542		—		—		1,542



			Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using
	December 31, 2017		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash equivalents	$	137,975	$	137,975	$	—	$	—
Fair value option investments	82,966		—		—		82,966
Available-for-sale securities:
Convertible debt securities	11,354		—		—		11,354
Redeemable preferred shares	15,431		—		—		15,431

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

The following table provides a roll-forward of the fair value of recurring Level 3 fair value measurements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Assets
Fair value option investments:
Beginning Balance	$	77,933		$	82,887		$	82,966		$	82,584
Total gains (losses) included in earnings	(3,035		)	(1,448		)	(8,068		)	(1,145		)
Ending Balance	$	74,898		$	81,439		$	74,898		$	81,439
Unrealized gains (losses) still held ⁽¹⁾	$	(3,035	)	$	(1,448	)	$	(8,068	)	$	(1,145	)
Available-for-sale securities
Convertible debt securities:
Beginning Balance	$	11,070		$	11,931		$	11,354		$	10,038
Purchase of convertible debt security	—			—			—			1,612
Proceeds at maturity of convertible debt security	—			(1,843		)	—			(1,843		)
Transfer to other equity investment upon conversion of convertible debt security	(2,508		)	—			(2,508		)	—
Total gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(541		)	(575		)	(1,042		)	(533		)
Total gains (losses) included in earnings ⁽²⁾	2,215			1,355			2,432			1,594
Ending Balance	$	10,236		$	10,868		$	10,236		$	10,868
Unrealized gains (losses) still held ⁽¹⁾	$	2,599		$	512		$	2,405		$	816
Redeemable preferred shares:
Beginning Balance	$	14,576		$	17,788		$	15,431		$	17,444
Total gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income (loss)	—			(1,865		)	—			(1,521		)
Impairments included in earnings	(4,615		)	—			(5,470		)	—
Ending Balance	$	9,961		$	15,923		$	9,961		$	15,923
Unrealized (losses) gains still held ⁽¹⁾	$	(4,615	)	$	(1,865	)	$	(5,470	)	$	(1,521	)

Liabilities
Contingent Consideration:
Beginning Balance	$	—		$	14,600		$	—		$	14,588
Issuance of contingent consideration in connection with acquisition	1,589			—			1,589			—
Settlements of contingent consideration liabilities	—			(7,858		)	—			(7,858		)
Reclass to non-fair value liabilities when no longer contingent	—			(6,778		)	—			(6,778		)
Total losses (gains) included in earnings	14			36			14			48
Foreign currency translation	(61		)	—			(61		)	—
Ending Balance	$	1,542		$	—		$	1,542		$	—
Unrealized losses (gains) still held⁽¹⁾	$	(47	)	$	—		$	(47	)	$	—


(1)	Represents the unrealized gains or losses recorded in earnings and/or other comprehensive income (loss) during the period for assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 that are still held (or outstanding) at the end of the period.


(2)	Represents a gain at maturity of a previously impaired convertible debt security, accretion of interest income and changes in the fair value of an embedded derivative.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, including assets that are written down to fair value as a result of an impairment. The Company recorded a $4.6 million impairment of an other

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

equity investment for the three months ended June 30, 2018. To determine the fair value of the investment, the Company considered the financial condition of the investee and applied a market approach. The Company has classified the fair value measurement of that other equity investment as Level 3 because it involves significant unobservable inputs. The Company did not record any other nonrecurring fair value measurements after initial recognition for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

Estimated Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value

The following table presents the carrying amount and fair value of equity securities that were classified as cost method investments as of December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	December 31, 2017
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value
Cost method investments ⁽¹⁾	$	25,438	$	32,792


(1)	See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Standards, and Note 6, Investments, for information about the Company's adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018 and its impact on accounting for equity investments without readily determinable fair values that were previously subject to the cost method of accounting.

The fair values of the Company's cost method investments were determined using the market approach or the income approach, depending on the availability of fair value inputs such as financial projections for the investees and market multiples for comparable companies. The Company classified the fair value measurements of its cost method investments as Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2017 because they involve significant unobservable inputs such as cash flow projections and discount rates.

The Company's other financial instruments not carried at fair value consist primarily of accounts receivable, restricted cash, accounts payable, accrued merchant and supplier payables and accrued expenses. The carrying values of those assets and liabilities approximate their respective fair values as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 due to their short-term nature.

15. INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares and the effect of potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive securities include stock options, restricted stock units, performance share units, performance bonus awards, ESPP shares, warrants and convertible senior notes. If dilutive, those potentially dilutive securities are reflected in diluted net income (loss) per share by application of the treasury stock method, except for the convertible senior notes, which are subject to the if-converted method.

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share of common stock for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands, except share amounts and per share amounts):



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share:
Numerator
Net income (loss) - continuing operations	$	(92,254	)	$	(5,403	)	$	(95,049	)	$	(26,272	)
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	2,780			2,547			6,873			6,579
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders - continuing operations	(95,034		)	(7,950		)	(101,922		)	(32,851		)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders - discontinued operations	—			(1,376		)	—			(889		)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	(95,034	)	$	(9,326	)	$	(101,922	)	$	(33,740	)
Denominator
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	565,284,705			559,762,180			563,502,954			560,978,712

Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share⁽¹⁾:
Continuing operations	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.01	)	$	(0.18	)	$	(0.06	)
Discontinued operations	0.00			(0.01		)	0.00			0.00
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.18	)	$	(0.06	)


(1)	The potentially dilutive impacts of outstanding equity awards, warrants and convertible senior notes have been excluded from the calculation of dilutive net income (loss) per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 as their effect on net income (loss) per share from continuing operations was antidilutive.

The following weighted-average potentially dilutive instruments are not included in the diluted net income (loss) per share calculations above because they would have had an antidilutive effect on the net income (loss) per share from continuing operations:



	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018	2017	2018	2017
Restricted stock units	32,602,563	30,134,808	30,378,335	27,247,728
Other stock-based compensation awards	1,615,249	3,437,075	2,413,637	3,667,440
Convertible senior notes	46,296,300	46,296,300	46,296,300	46,296,300
Warrants	46,296,300	46,296,300	46,296,300	46,296,300
Total	126,810,412	126,164,483	125,384,572	123,507,768

The Company had outstanding performance share units as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 that were eligible to vest into shares of common stock subject to the achievement of specified performance conditions. Contingently issuable shares are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share if, based on current period results, the shares would not be issuable if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period. There were up to 7,706,474 and 2,505,346 shares of common stock issuable upon vesting of outstanding performance share units as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, that were excluded from the table above as the performance conditions were not satisfied as of the end of the respective periods.

16. SEGMENT INFORMATION

The segment information reported in the tables below reflects the operating results that are regularly reviewed by the Company's chief operating decision maker to assess performance and make resource allocation decisions. The Company's operations are organized into two segments: North America and International.

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

The following table summarizes revenue by reportable segment and category for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
North America
Service revenue:
Local	$	185,870	$	207,534	$	373,281	$	408,079
Goods	3,796		4,112		8,670		5,816
Travel	19,888		22,320		39,972		42,782
Product revenue - Goods	170,710		217,946		351,597		468,592
Total North America revenue ⁽¹⁾	380,264		451,912		773,520		925,269

International
Service revenue:
Local	71,425		66,108		146,003		129,683
Goods	4,967		4,984		8,381		9,268
Travel	9,706		10,796		21,142		21,798
Product revenue - Goods	151,034		128,819		294,890		250,227
Total International revenue ⁽¹⁾	$	237,132	$	210,707	$	470,416	$	410,976

(1)

North America includes revenue from the United States of $371.1 million and $442.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $756.5 million and $907.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. International includes revenue from the United Kingdom of $91.5 million and $74.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $174.5 million and $139.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. There were no other individual countries that represented more than 10% of consolidated total revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

The following table summarizes gross profit by reportable segment and category for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
North America
Service gross profit:
Local	$	165,285	$	179,609	$	332,041	$	348,951
Goods	2,990		3,207		6,931		4,514
Travel	16,303		17,755		32,305		32,920
Product gross profit - Goods	34,793		33,289		67,774		68,412
Total North America gross profit	219,371		233,860		439,051		454,797

International
Service gross profit:
Local	67,360		62,303		137,575		121,497
Goods	4,565		4,506		7,652		8,161
Travel	8,919		9,996		19,570		20,032
Product gross profit - Goods	23,443		17,402		44,695		33,031
Total International gross profit	$	104,287	$	94,207	$	209,492	$	182,721

GROUPON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(unaudited)

The following table summarizes operating income by reportable segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Operating income (loss) ^{(1) (2) (3) (4)}:
North America	$	(68,524	)	$	(12,033	)	$	(70,384	)	$	(26,816	)
International	4,279			4,635			9,524			7,738
Total operating income (loss)	$	(64,245	)	$	(7,398	)	$	(60,860	)	$	(19,078	)


(1)	Includes stock-based compensation of $15.0 million and $20.0 million for North America and $1.3 million and $1.3 million for International for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $32.9 million and $38.3 million for North America and $2.7 million and $2.7 million for International for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.


(2)	Includes acquisition-related (benefit) expense, net of $0.7 million for International for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.


(3)	Includes restructuring charges (credits) of $0.2 million and $3.0 million for North America and $(0.6) million and $1.6 million for International for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $0.2 million and $4.9 million for North America and $(0.3) million and $2.4 million for International for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.


(4)	Includes a $75.0 million charge recognized in the second quarter of 2018 to increase the accrual for the IBM patent litigation matter for North America for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. See Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information.

The following table summarizes the Company's total assets by reportable segment as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Total assets:
North America ⁽¹⁾	$	871,222	$	1,045,072
International⁽¹⁾	617,478		632,433
Consolidated total assets	$	1,488,700	$	1,677,505

(1)

North America contains assets from the United States of $846.3 million and $1,006.2 million as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. International contains assets from Ireland of $162.7 million and $219.7 million as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. There were no other individual countries that represented more than 10% of consolidated total assets as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included under Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion contains forward-looking statements about our business and operations. Our actual results may differ materially from those we currently anticipate as a result of many factors, including those we describe under Risk Factors and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. See Part I, Financial Information, Forward-Looking Statements, for additional information.

Overview

Groupon operates online local commerce marketplaces throughout the world that connect merchants to consumers by offering goods and services, generally at a discount. Consumers access those marketplaces through our websites, primarily localized groupon.com sites in many countries, and our mobile applications. Traditionally, local merchants have tried to reach consumers and generate sales through a variety of methods, including online advertising, paid telephone directories, direct mail, newspaper, radio, television and other promotions. By bringing the brick and mortar world of local commerce onto the Internet, Groupon is helping local merchants to attract customers and sell goods and services. We provide consumers with savings and help them discover what to do, eat, see, buy and where to travel.

We offer goods and services through our online marketplaces in three primary categories: Local, Goods and Travel. During 2017 and continuing in 2018, we are shifting more of the focus on our websites and mobile applications in North America to offerings in our Local category, which we believe provides us with the greatest opportunity for long-term gross profit growth. As part of our growth strategy, we have also been developing and testing a number of product enhancements that are intended to make our offerings easier to use for both customers and merchants, including voucherless offerings that are linked to customer credit cards.

We generate both product and service revenue from our business operations. In prior years, we referred to product revenue and service revenue as "direct revenue" and "third-party and other revenue," respectively. This terminology change did not impact amounts presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.

We earn product revenue from direct sales of merchandise inventory through our Goods category. Product revenue is reported on a gross basis as the purchase price received from the customer. Product revenue, including associated shipping revenue, is recognized when title passes to the customer upon delivery of the product.

We primarily earn service revenue from transactions in which we earn commissions by selling goods or services on behalf of third-party merchants. Those transactions generally involve a customer's purchase of a voucher through one of our online marketplaces that can be redeemed with a third-party merchant for specified goods or services (or for discounts on specified goods or services). Service revenue from those transactions is reported on a net basis as the purchase price collected from the customer less the portion of the purchase price that is payable to the third-party merchant. We recognize revenue from those transactions when our commission has been earned, which occurs when a sale through one of our online marketplaces is completed and the related voucher has been made available to the customer. Service revenue also includes commissions that we earn when customers make purchases with retailers using digital coupons accessed through our websites and mobile applications and from voucherless merchant offerings in which customers earn cash back on their credit card statements when they transact with third-party merchants. We recognize those commissions as revenue when earned, which occurs when the underlying transactions between the customer and the third-party merchant are completed.

On April 30, 2018, we acquired 80% of the outstanding shares of Cloud Savings Company, Ltd. ("Cloud Savings"), for total consideration of $74.3 million, consisting of $64.1 million in cash, an $8.6 million financing obligation, and contingent consideration of $1.6 million. Cloud Savings is a UK-based business that operates online discount code and digital gift card platforms, and its results of operations are reported within our International segment.

On March 2, 2016, International Business Machines Corporation ("IBM") filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware against us (the "Delaware Action"), alleging that we have infringed and continue to willfully infringe certain IBM patents. Trial commenced in the Delaware Action on July 16, 2018 and on July 27, 2018 a jury returned a verdict finding the Company willfully infringed those patents and awarded damages of $82.5 million to IBM. The court has the discretion to enhance this award for willfulness, impose interest, impose a continuing royalty for two unexpired patents or award injunctive relief. The court also has the discretion to reduce or vacate the damages award or enter judgment for us on some or all of the claims notwithstanding the jury verdict. We intend to seek to overturn the verdict and reduce the damages award through post-trial motions and appeal. For the three months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded a $75.0 million charge to increase our contingent liability for this matter. That charge is classified within Selling, general and administrative in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations.

How We Measure Our Business

We measure our business with several financial and operating metrics. We use those metrics to assess the progress of our business and make decisions on where to allocate capital, time and technology investments. Certain of the financial metrics are reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP and certain of those metrics are considered non-GAAP financial measures. As our business evolves, we may make changes in future periods to the key financial and operating metrics that we use to measure our business. For further information and reconciliations to the most applicable financial measures under U.S. GAAP, refer to our discussion under Non-GAAP Financial Measures in the Results of Operations section.

Financial Metrics

•

Revenue. Product revenue is earned from direct sales of merchandise inventory through our Goods category and is reported on a gross basis as the purchase price received from the customer. Service revenue is earned from transactions in which we earn commissions by selling goods or services on behalf of third-party merchants, primarily through sales of vouchers and similar transactions in which we collect the transaction price from the customer and remit a portion of that transaction price to the third-party merchant who will provide the related goods or services. Service revenue from those transactions is reported on a net basis as the purchase price collected from the customer less the portion of the purchase price that is payable to the third-party merchant. Service revenue also includes commissions we earn when customers make purchases with retailers using digital coupons accessed through our websites and mobile applications and from voucherless merchant offerings in which customers earn cash back on their credit card statements when they transact with third-party merchants.


•	Gross profit. Gross profit reflects the net margin earned after deducting our cost of revenue from our revenue. Due to the lack of comparability between product revenue, which is reported on a gross basis, and service revenue, which primarily consists of transactions reported on a net basis, we believe that gross profit is an important measure for evaluating our performance.

•

Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as net income (loss) from continuing operations excluding income taxes, interest and other non-operating items, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, acquisition-related expense (benefit), net and other special charges and credits, including items that are unusual in nature or infrequently occurring. For further information and a reconciliation to Income (loss) from continuing operations, refer to our discussion under Non-GAAP Financial Measures in the Results of Operations section.

•

Free cash flow. Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure that comprises net cash provided by (used in) operating activities from continuing operations less purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software from continuing operations. For further information and a reconciliation to Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities from continuing operations, refer to our discussion in the Liquidity and Capital Resources section.

The following table presents the above financial metrics for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017			2018			2017
Revenue	$	617,396	$	662,619		$	1,243,936		$	1,336,245
Gross profit	323,658		328,067			648,543			637,518
Adjusted EBITDA	56,231		53,293			108,838			98,073
Free cash flow ⁽¹⁾	26,802		(34,775		)	(113,089		)	(186,937		)

(1)

Prior period free cash flow information has been updated from negative $36.1 million and $186.4 million previously reported for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively, to reflect the adoption of ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Restricted Cash, on January 1, 2018. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Standards, for additional information on the adoption of ASU 2016-18.

Operating Metrics

•

Gross Billings. This metric represents the total dollar value of customer purchases of goods and services. For sales of vouchers and similar transactions in which we collect the transaction price from the customer and remit a portion of the transaction price to the third-party merchant who will provide the related goods or services, which comprise a substantial majority of our service revenue transactions, gross billings differs from revenue reported in our condensed consolidated statements of operations, which is presented net of the merchant's share of the transaction price. For product revenue transactions, gross billings are equivalent to product revenue reported in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. We consider this metric to be an important indicator of our growth and business performance as it measures the dollar volume of transactions generated through our marketplaces. Tracking gross billings on service revenue transactions also allows us to monitor the percentage of gross billings that we are able to retain after payments to merchants.

•

Active customers. We define active customers as unique user accounts that have made a purchase during the trailing twelve months ("TTM") either through one of our online marketplaces or directly with a merchant for which we earned a commission. We consider this metric to be an important indicator of our business performance as it helps us to understand how the number of customers actively purchasing our offerings is trending. Some customers could establish and make purchases from more than one account, so it is possible that our active customer metric may count certain customers more than once in a given period. For entities that we have acquired in a business combination, this metric includes active customers of the acquired entity, including customers who made purchases prior to the acquisition. We do not include consumers who solely make purchases with retailers using digital coupons accessed through our websites and mobile applications in our active customers metric, so the acquisition of Cloud Savings on April 30, 2018 did not impact that metric.

While our active customer metric increased on a year-over-year basis, that metric declined to 49.3 million for the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to 49.7 million for the trailing twelve months ended March 31, 2018. That sequential decline is attributable, in part, to our efforts to improve the efficiency of our marketing segmentation by focusing spend on customers that we believe to have higher long-term value. That strategy has resulted in lower marketing spend on less engaged customers, which contributed to the sequential decrease in our active customer metric. We expect that trend to continue for the remainder of 2018.

•

Gross billings and gross profit per active customer. These metrics represent the TTM gross billings and gross profit generated per active customer. We use these metrics to evaluate trends in customer spend and in the average contribution to gross billings and gross profit on a per-customer basis. We updated the calculation of these metrics in the current year to reflect active customers as of the end of the period, rather than the average of active customers as of the beginning and end of the period, in the denominator of the calculations. Because our active customer metrics are based on purchases over a TTM period, we believe that this change improves the usefulness of these metrics. The prior period metrics presented below have been updated to reflect this change.


•	Units. This metric represents the number of purchases during the reporting period, before refunds and cancellations, made either through one of our online marketplaces or directly with a merchant for which we earned a commission. We consider unit growth to be an important indicator of the total volume of business conducted through our marketplaces.

Our gross billings for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		2018	2017
Gross billings	$	1,264,263	$	1,364,233	2,557,527	2,722,209

Our active customers, gross billings per active customer and gross profit per active customer for the TTM ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:



	Trailing Twelve Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017
TTM Active customers (in thousands)	49,309		48,346
TTM Gross billings per active customer ⁽¹⁾	$	111.16	$	116.88
TTM Gross profit per active customer ⁽¹⁾	$	27.27	$	26.53


(1)	TTM Gross billings per active customer have been updated from $121.24 previously reported and TTM Gross profit per active customer has been updated from $27.52 previously reported for the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2017 due to the change in the calculation discussed above.

Our units for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018	2017	2018	2017
Units	39,950	44,461	82,374	90,192

Factors Affecting Our Performance

Attracting and Retaining Local Merchants. As we seek to build a more complete online local commerce marketplace platform, we depend on our ability to attract and retain merchants who are willing to offer discounted products and services through our marketplaces. Additionally, merchants can generally withdraw their offerings from our marketplaces at any time and their willingness to continue offering products and services through our platform depends on the effectiveness of our marketing and promotional services. We primarily source the deal offerings available on our marketplaces through our sales teams, which comprise a significant portion of our global employee base. We have also entered into commercial agreements with third parties that enable us to feature additional merchant offerings through our marketplaces. We continue to focus much of our sales efforts on sourcing local deal offerings in subcategories that we believe provide us with the best opportunities for high frequency customer purchase behavior. In connection with our efforts to grow our offerings in those high frequency subcategories, which include food and drink, health, beauty and wellness, and events and activities, we may be willing to offer more attractive terms to local merchants that could reduce our deal margins in future periods.

Growing our Active Customer Base and Customer Value. We must acquire and retain customers that we expect to have long-term value and improve gross profit per customer in order to grow our business. We have significantly increased our marketing spending in recent years in order to drive customer growth. Our marketing spending includes investments in offline campaigns intended to increase customer awareness and understanding of the Groupon brand and our product and service offerings. The organic traffic to our websites and mobile applications, including organic traffic from consumers responding to our emails, has declined in recent years, such that an increasing proportion of our traffic is generated from paid marketing channels, such as search engine marketing. As such, we are focused on developing sources of organic traffic other than email and optimizing the efficiency of our marketing spending, which is primarily guided by return on investment thresholds that are currently based on expected months-to-payback targets ranging from 12 to 18 months. Additionally, we consider order discounts and certain other initiatives to drive customer acquisition and activation to be marketing-related activities, even though such activities may not be presented as marketing expenses in our consolidated statements of operations.

Investing in Growth. We have invested significantly in product and technology enhancements intended to support the growth of our online marketplaces and we intend to continue to do so in the future. We have also invested in business acquisitions to grow our merchant and customer base and advance our product and technology capabilities. We are currently developing and testing a number of product enhancements intended to make our offerings easier to

use for both customers and merchants, including voucherless offerings that are linked to customer credit cards, which we refer to as Groupon+, and functionality enabling appointment booking at the time an offering is purchased. We believe that those initiatives may be important drivers for increasing customer purchase frequency and growing our business over time. We are currently focusing our efforts on growing customer awareness of the products and scaling the related merchant base. As such, our gross profit and operating income may be adversely impacted in the near term as we focus more of our marketing initiatives and related efforts on early stage voucherless offerings. Additionally, Groupon+ offerings provide cash back on the customer's credit card and involve Groupon collecting a net fee from the merchant, rather than selling a voucher to the customer and then remitting a portion of the proceeds to the merchant. As we report sales of vouchers to customers as gross billings, the growth of Groupon+ transactions in future periods could adversely impact our gross billings trends.

Managing Operating Efficiency. We are focused on effectively managing our cost structure as we seek to generate and grow our profitability in future periods. As a result of numerous divestitures and other exits from countries in which we previously operated, which were completed from 2015 through 2017, we reduced the global footprint of our operations from 47 countries to 15 countries. Additionally, we significantly reduced our global workforce over that period as a result of our restructuring actions. Those restructuring actions and our continuing efforts to automate internal processes have allowed us to centralize many of our back office activities in lower cost shared service centers resulting in significant reductions in our selling, general and administrative expenses in recent periods. We have primarily used those savings to invest in marketing and product enhancements intended to drive the growth of our business. We intend to continue to focus on maintaining operating efficiency.

Results of Operations

Gross Billings

Gross billings is an operating metric that represents the total dollar value of customer purchases of products and services. Gross billings is presented net of customer refunds, order discounts and sales and related taxes. In our Goods category, we generate gross billings from product revenue transactions in which we sell merchandise inventory directly to customers, as well as service revenue transactions in which we sell products on behalf of third-party merchants.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Gross billings for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
Gross billings:
Service	$	942,519	$	1,017,468	$	(74,949	)	(7.4	)%
Product	321,744		346,765		(25,021		)	(7.2	)
Total gross billings	$	1,264,263	$	1,364,233	$	(99,970	)	(7.3	)

The effect on our gross billings for the three months ended June 30, 2018 from changes in exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar was as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
	At Avg. Q2 2017 Rates ⁽¹⁾		Exchange Rate Effect ⁽²⁾		As Reported
Gross billings	$	1,236,153	$	28,110	$	1,264,263


(1)	Represents the financial statement balances that would have resulted had exchange rates in the reporting period been the same as those in effect in the prior year period.


(2)	Represents the increase or decrease in the reported amount resulting from changes in exchange rates from those in effect in the prior year period.

Gross Billings by Segment

Gross billings by category and segment for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
North America
Service gross billings:
Local	$	548,056	$	615,833	$	(67,777	)	(11.0	)%
Goods	25,791		27,978		(2,187		)	(7.8	)
Travel	93,809		112,670		(18,861		)	(16.7	)
Product gross billings - Goods	170,710		217,946		(47,236		)	(21.7	)
Total North America gross billings	838,366		974,427		(136,061		)	(14.0	)

International
Service gross billings:
Local	203,248		189,408		13,840			7.3
Goods	22,849		25,598		(2,749		)	(10.7	)
Travel	48,766		45,981		2,785			6.1
Product gross billings - Goods	151,034		128,819		22,215			17.2
Total International gross billings	425,897		389,806		36,091			9.3
Total gross billings	$	1,264,263	$	1,364,233	$	(99,970	)	(7.3	)

The percentages of gross billings by segment for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:



Q2 2018		Q2 2017



	North America			International

North America

North America gross billings for the three months ended June 30, 2018 decreased from the prior year, reflecting decreases of $67.8 million in our Local category and $49.4 million in our Goods category. Factors impacting North America gross billings included the following:

•

We continued to shift customer impressions from traditional voucher offerings with food and drink merchants toward Groupon+ voucherless offerings as we seek to scale that product. While we believe that voucherless offerings have the potential to ultimately drive long-term gross profit growth, the shift away from traditional food and drink vouchers is adversely impacting our gross billings in the near term;


•	We ceased most of our food delivery operations in the third quarter of 2017, which resulted in a $16.0 million decrease in Local gross billings as compared to the prior year period; and


•	A decrease in gross billings from our Goods category, which reflected our ongoing efforts to de-emphasize lower margin product offerings in connection with our strategic initiative to optimize for gross profit generation.

The above drivers adversely impacted gross billings per active customer, which was $114.52 for the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to $124.37 in the corresponding prior year period. Additionally, the total number of units sold decreased to 26.6 million units for the three months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to 31.0 million units in the prior year period.

Order discounts, which are presented as a reduction of gross billings and revenue, decreased by $14.6 million to $32.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to $46.7 million in the prior year period.

For the three months ended June 30, 2018, there was an $8.2 million unfavorable impact on gross billings as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting the ASU and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

International

International gross billings increased during the three months ended June 30, 2018, reflecting increases of $13.8 million and $19.5 million in our Local and Goods categories. That increase was primarily driven by a $27.9 million favorable impact from year-over-year changes in foreign currency rates for the three months ended June 30, 2018.

Order discounts, which are presented as a reduction of gross billings and revenue, increased by $4.6 million to $13.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to $9.1 million in the prior year period.

For the three months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $0.9 million unfavorable impact on gross billings as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting the ASU and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Gross billings for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
Gross billings:
Service	$	1,911,040	$	2,003,390	$	(92,350	)	(4.6	)%
Product	646,487		718,819		(72,332		)	(10.1	)
Total gross billings	$	2,557,527	$	2,722,209	$	(164,682	)	(6.0	)

The effect on our gross billings for the six months ended June 30, 2018 from changes in exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar was as follows (in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	At Avg. Q2 2017 Rates ⁽¹⁾		Exchange Rate Effect ⁽²⁾		As Reported
Gross billings	$	2,477,373	$	80,154	$	2,557,527


(1)	Represents the financial statement balances that would have resulted had exchange rates in the reporting period been the same as those in effect in the prior year period.


(2)	Represents the increase or decrease in the reported amount resulting from changes in exchange rates from those in effect in the prior year period.

Gross Billings by Segment

Gross billings by category and segment for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
North America
Service gross billings:
Local	$	1,091,077	$	1,203,599	$	(112,522	)	(9.3	)%
Goods	54,380		39,920		14,460			36.2
Travel	196,308		226,833		(30,525		)	(13.5	)
Product gross billings - Goods	351,597		468,592		(116,995		)	(25.0	)
Total North America gross billings	1,693,362		1,938,944		(245,582		)	(12.7	)

International
Service gross billings:
Local	420,555		380,627		39,928			10.5
Goods	42,432		53,269		(10,837		)	(20.3	)
Travel	106,288		99,142		7,146			7.2
Product gross billings - Goods	294,890		250,227		44,663			17.8
Total International gross billings	864,165		783,265		80,900			10.3
Total gross billings	$	2,557,527	$	2,722,209	$	(164,682	)	(6.0	)

The percentages of gross billings by segment for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:



Q2 2018 YTD		Q2 2017 YTD



	North America			International

North America

North America gross billings for the six months ended June 30, 2018 decreased from the prior year, reflecting decreases of $112.5 million in our Local category and $102.5 million in our Goods category. Factors impacting North America gross billings included the following:

•


•	We ceased most of our food delivery operations in the third quarter of 2017, which resulted in a $33.4 million decrease in Local gross billings as compared to the prior year period; and


•	A decrease in gross billings from our Goods category, which reflected our ongoing efforts to de-emphasize lower margin product offerings in connection with our strategic initiative to optimize for gross profit generation.

The above drivers adversely impacted gross billings per active customer, which was $114.52 for the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to $124.37 in the corresponding prior year period. Additionally, the total number of units sold decreased to 54.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 as compared to 62.7 million units in the prior year period.

Order discounts, which are presented as a reduction of gross billings and revenue, decreased by $25.7 million to $71.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to $97.0 million in the prior year period.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $6.3 million unfavorable impact on gross billings as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting the ASU and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

International

International gross billings increased during the six months ended June 30, 2018, reflecting increases of $39.9 million, $33.8 million and $7.1 million in our Local, Goods and Travel categories, respectively. That increase was primarily driven by a $79.7 million favorable impact from year-over-year changes in foreign currency rates for the three months ended June 30, 2018.

Order discounts, which are presented as a reduction of gross billings and revenue, increased by $9.1 million to $27.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to $18.4 million in the prior year period.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $0.4 million unfavorable impact on gross billings as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting the ASU and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

Revenue

We earn product revenue from direct sales of merchandise inventory through our Goods category. Product revenue is reported on a gross basis as the purchase price received from the customer. Service revenue is earned from transactions in which we earn commissions by selling goods or services on behalf of third-party merchants, primarily through sales of vouchers and similar transactions in which we collect the transaction price from the customer and remit a portion of that transaction price to the third-party merchant who will provide the related goods or services. Service revenue from those transactions is reported on a net basis as the purchase price collected from the customer less the portion of the purchase price that is payable to the third-party merchant. Service revenue also includes commissions we earn when customers make purchases with retailers using digital coupons accessed through our websites and mobile applications and from voucherless merchant offerings in which customers earn cash back on their credit card statements when they transact with third-party merchants.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
Revenue:
Service	$	295,652	$	315,854	$	(20,202	)	(6.4	)%
Product	321,744		346,765		(25,021		)	(7.2	)
Total revenue	$	617,396	$	662,619	$	(45,223	)	(6.8	)

The effect on revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2018 from changes in exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar was as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
	At Avg. Q2 2017 Rates ⁽¹⁾		Exchange Rate Effect ⁽²⁾		As Reported
Revenue	$	600,314	$	17,082	$	617,396


(1)	Represents the financial statement balances that would have resulted had exchange rates in the reporting period been the same as those in effect in the prior year period.


(2)	Represents the increase or decrease in the reported amount resulting from changes in exchange rates from those in effect in the prior year period.

Revenue by Segment

Revenue by category and segment for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
North America
Service revenue:
Local	$	185,870	$	207,534	$	(21,664	)	(10.4	)%
Goods	3,796		4,112		(316		)	(7.7	)
Travel	19,888		22,320		(2,432		)	(10.9	)
Product revenue - Goods	170,710		217,946		(47,236		)	(21.7	)
Total North America revenue	380,264		451,912		(71,648		)	(15.9	)

International
Service revenue:
Local	71,425		66,108		5,317			8.0
Goods	4,967		4,984		(17		)	(0.3	)
Travel	9,706		10,796		(1,090		)	(10.1	)
Product revenue - Goods	151,034		128,819		22,215			17.2
Total International revenue	237,132		210,707		26,425			12.5
Total revenue	$	617,396	$	662,619	(45,223		)	(6.8	)

The percentages of revenue by segment for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:



Q2 2018		Q2 2017



	North America			International

The percentages of service gross billings that we retained after deducting the merchant's share for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:



North America		International

North America

The decrease in North America revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2018 reflects decreases of $21.7 million and $47.6 million in our Local and Goods categories, respectively. The decreases were attributable to the following:


•	decreases in Goods and Local gross billings, as discussed above; and


•	an increase in the proportion of service revenue transactions in our Goods category, which are reported on a net basis, with a corresponding decrease in the proportion of product revenue transactions, which are reported on a gross basis.

The above decreases were partially offset by an increase in the percentage of gross billings that we retained after deducting the merchant’s share in service revenue transactions to 31.4% for the three months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to 30.9% in the prior year period. The percentage of gross billings that we retain after deducting the merchant's share reflects the overall results of individual deal-by-deal negotiations with merchants and can vary significantly from period-to-period.

For the three months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $1.7 million unfavorable impact on revenue as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting the ASU and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

International

The increase in International revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2018 reflects increases of $5.3 million and $22.2 million in our Local and Goods categories, respectively. The increases were primarily attributable to the following:


•	a $17.0 million favorable impact on international revenue from year-over-year changes in foreign exchange rates for the three months ended June 30, 2018; and


•	a decrease in the proportion of service revenue transactions in our Goods category, which are reported on a net basis, with a corresponding increase in the proportion of product revenue transactions, which are reported on a gross basis.

The percentage of gross billings related to service revenue transactions that we retained after deducting the merchant’s share was substantially consistent with the prior year.

For the three months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $4.3 million unfavorable impact on revenue as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting the ASU and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
Revenue:
Service	$	597,449	$	617,426	$	(19,977	)	(3.2	)%
Product	646,487		718,819		(72,332		)	(10.1	)
Total revenue	$	1,243,936	$	1,336,245	$	(92,309	)	(6.9	)

The effect on revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018 from changes in exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar was as follows (in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	At Avg. Q2 2017 Rates ⁽¹⁾		Exchange Rate Effect ⁽²⁾		As Reported
Revenue	$	1,197,565	$	46,371	$	1,243,936


(1)	Represents the financial statement balances that would have resulted had exchange rates in the reporting period been the same as those in effect in the prior year period.


(2)	Represents the increase or decrease in the reported amount resulting from changes in exchange rates from those in effect in the prior year period.

Revenue by Segment

Revenue by category and segment for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
North America
Service revenue:
Local	$	373,281	$	408,079	$	(34,798	)	(8.5	)%
Goods	8,670		5,816		2,854			49.1
Travel	39,972		42,782		(2,810		)	(6.6	)
Product revenue - Goods	351,597		468,592		(116,995		)	(25.0	)
Total North America revenue	773,520		925,269		(151,749		)	(16.4	)

International
Service revenue:
Local	146,003		129,683		16,320			12.6
Goods	8,381		9,268		(887		)	(9.6	)
Travel	21,142		21,798		(656		)	(3.0	)
Product revenue - Goods	294,890		250,227		44,663			17.8
Total International revenue	470,416		410,976		59,440			14.5
Total revenue	$	1,243,936	$	1,336,245	(92,309		)	(6.9	)

The percentages of revenue by segment for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:



Q2 2018 YTD		Q2 2017 YTD



	North America			International

The percentages of service gross billings that we retained after deducting the merchant's share for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:



North America		International

North America

The decrease in North America revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018 reflects decreases of $34.8 million and $114.1 million in our Local and Goods categories, respectively. The decreases were attributable to the following:


•	decreases in Goods and Local gross billings, as discussed above; and


•	an increase in the proportion of service revenue transactions in our Goods category, which are reported on a net basis, with a corresponding decrease in the proportion of product revenue transactions, which are reported on a gross basis.

The above decreases were partially offset by an increase in the percentage of gross billings that we retained after deducting the merchant’s share in service revenue transactions to 31.4% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to 31.1% in the prior year period. The percentage of gross billings that we retain after deducting the merchant's share reflects the overall results of individual deal-by-deal negotiations with merchants and can vary significantly from period-to-period.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $2.2 million unfavorable impact on revenue as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting the ASU and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

International

The increase in International revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018 reflects increases of $16.3 million and $43.8 million in our Local and Goods categories, respectively. The increases were primarily attributable to the following:


•	a $46.3 million favorable impact on international revenue from year-over-year changes in foreign exchange rates for the six months ended June 30, 2018;


•	a decrease in the proportion of service revenue transactions in our Goods category, which are reported on a net basis, with a corresponding increase in the proportion of product revenue transactions, which are reported on a gross basis; and

•

an increase in the percentage of gross billings that we retained after deducting the merchant’s share in service revenue transactions to 30.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to 30.2% in the prior year period. The percentage of gross billings that we retain after deducting the merchant's share reflects the overall results of individual deal-by-deal negotiations with merchants and can vary significantly from period-to-period.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $2.0 million unfavorable impact on revenue as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting the ASU and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue is comprised of direct and certain indirect costs incurred to generate revenue. Costs incurred to generate revenue, which include credit card processing fees, editorial costs, compensation expense for technology support personnel who are responsible for maintaining the infrastructure of our websites, amortization of internal-use software relating to customer-facing applications, web hosting and other processing fees are attributed to the cost of product and service revenue in proportion to gross billings during the period. For product revenue transactions, cost of revenue also includes the cost of inventory, shipping and fulfillment costs and inventory markdowns. Fulfillment costs are comprised of third-party logistics provider costs, as well as rent, depreciation, personnel costs and other costs of operating our fulfillment center.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Cost of revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
Cost of revenue:
Service	$	30,230	$	38,478	$	(8,248	)	(21.4	)%
Product	263,508		296,074		(32,566		)	(11.0	)
Total cost of revenue	$	293,738	$	334,552	$	(40,814	)	(12.2	)

The effect on cost of revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2018 from changes in exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar was as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
	At Avg. Q2 2017 Rates ⁽¹⁾		Exchange Rate Effect ⁽²⁾		As Reported
Cost of revenue	$	283,397	$	10,341	$	293,738


(1)	Represents the financial statement balances that would have resulted had exchange rates in the reporting period been the same as those in effect in the prior year period.


(2)	Represents the increase or decrease in the reported amount resulting from changes in exchange rates from those in effect in the prior year period.

Cost of Revenue by Segment

Cost of revenue by category and segment for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
North America
Service cost of revenue:
Local	$	20,585	$	27,925	$	(7,340	)	(26.3	)%
Goods	806		905		(99		)	(10.9	)
Travel	3,585		4,565		(980		)	(21.5	)
Product cost of revenue - Goods	135,917		184,657		(48,740		)	(26.4	)
Total North America cost of revenue	160,893		218,052		(57,159		)	(26.2	)

International
Service cost of revenue:
Local	4,065		3,805		260			6.8
Goods	402		478		(76		)	(15.9	)
Travel	787		800		(13		)	(1.6	)
Product cost of revenue - Goods	127,591		111,417		16,174			14.5
Total International cost of revenue	132,845		116,500		16,345			14.0
Total cost of revenue	$	293,738	$	334,552	$	(40,814	)	(12.2	)

The percentages of cost of revenue by segment for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:



Q2 2018		Q2 2017



	North America			International

North America

The decrease in North America cost of revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was primarily attributable to the decrease in product revenue transactions as discussed above.

For the three months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $7.0 million favorable impact on cost of revenue as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting Topic 606 and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

International

The increase in International cost of revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was primarily attributable to a $10.3 million unfavorable impact from year-over-year changes in foreign exchange rates and the increase in product revenue transactions as discussed above.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Cost of revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
Cost of revenue:
Service	$	61,375	$	81,351	$	(19,976	)	(24.6	)%
Product	534,018		617,376		(83,358		)	(13.5	)
Total cost of revenue	$	595,393	$	698,727	$	(103,334	)	(14.8	)

The effect on cost of revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018 from changes in exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar was as follows (in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	At Avg. Q2 2017 Rates ⁽¹⁾		Exchange Rate Effect ⁽²⁾		As Reported
Cost of revenue	$	568,181	$	27,212	$	595,393


(1)	Represents the financial statement balances that would have resulted had exchange rates in the reporting period been the same as those in effect in the prior year period.


(2)	Represents the increase or decrease in the reported amount resulting from changes in exchange rates from those in effect in the prior year period.

Cost of Revenue by Segment

Cost of revenue by category and segment for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
North America
Service cost of revenue:
Local	$	41,240	$	59,128	$	(17,888	)	(30.3	)%
Goods	1,739		1,302		437			33.6
Travel	7,667		9,862		(2,195		)	(22.3	)
Product cost of revenue - Goods	283,823		400,180		(116,357		)	(29.1	)
Total North America cost of revenue	334,469		470,472		(136,003		)	(28.9	)

International
Service cost of revenue:
Local	8,428		8,186		242			3.0
Goods	729		1,107		(378		)	(34.1	)
Travel	1,572		1,766		(194		)	(11.0	)
Product cost of revenue - Goods	250,195		217,196		32,999			15.2
Total International cost of revenue	260,924		228,255		32,669			14.3
Total cost of revenue	$	595,393	$	698,727	$	(103,334	)	(14.8	)

The percentages of cost of revenue by segment for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:



Q2 2018 YTD		Q2 2017 YTD



	North America			International

North America

The decrease in North America cost of revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was primarily attributable to the decrease in product revenue transactions as discussed above.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $13.3 million favorable impact on cost of revenue as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting Topic 606 and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

International

The increase in International cost of revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was primarily attributable to a $27.2 million unfavorable impact from year-over-year changes in foreign exchange rates and the increase in product revenue transactions as discussed above.

Gross Profit

Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
Gross profit:
Service	$	265,422	$	277,376	$	(11,954	)	(4.3	)%
Product	58,236		50,691		7,545			14.9
Total gross profit	$	323,658	$	328,067	$	(4,409	)	(1.3	)

The effect on gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2018 from changes in exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar was as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
	At Avg. Q2 2017 Rates ⁽¹⁾		Exchange Rate Effect ⁽²⁾		As Reported
Gross profit	$	316,917	$	6,741	$	323,658


(1)	Represents the financial statement balances that would have resulted had exchange rates in the reporting period been the same as those in effect in the prior year period.


(2)	Represents the increase or decrease in the reported amount resulting from changes in exchange rates from those in effect in the prior year period.

Gross Profit by Segment

Gross profit by category and segment for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
North America
Service gross profit:
Local	$	165,285	$	179,609	$	(14,324	)	(8.0	)%
Goods	2,990		3,207		(217		)	(6.8	)
Travel	16,303		17,755		(1,452		)	(8.2	)
Product gross profit - Goods	34,793		33,289		1,504			4.5
Total North America gross profit	219,371		233,860		(14,489		)	(6.2	)

International
Service gross profit:
Local	67,360		62,303		5,057			8.1
Goods	4,565		4,506		59			1.3
Travel	8,919		9,996		(1,077		)	(10.8	)
Product gross profit - Goods	23,443		17,402		6,041			34.7
Total International gross profit	104,287		94,207		10,080			10.7
Total gross profit	$	323,658	$	328,067	$	(4,409	)	(1.3	)

The percentages of gross profit by segment for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:



Q2 2018		Q2 2017



	North America			International

North America

The decrease in North America gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2018 reflects a $14.3 million decrease in gross profit from our Local category, which was attributable to the decrease in revenue, as discussed above.

Gross profit from product revenue transactions in our Goods category increased by 4.5%, as compared to the 21.7% decrease in revenue from those transactions. That difference was attributable to higher gross margins on product revenue transactions, which were 20.4% for the three months ended June 30, 2018 as compared to 15.3% in the prior

year period. The margin improvement resulted from our ongoing efforts to de-emphasize lower margin product offerings and reduce our shipping and fulfillment costs.

For the three months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $5.4 million favorable impact on gross profit as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. That favorable impact was primarily driven by the change in the timing of recognition of variable consideration from redeemed vouchers. As a result of the Company’s increased use of pay-on-redemption terms with merchants in North America beginning in the third quarter 2017, we expect that the change to recognizing estimated variable consideration at the time of sale under Topic 606 will drive continued favorability in North America gross profit during the remainder of 2018, as compared to the gross profit that would have been reported in the current year under the previous accounting guidance. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting Topic 606 and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

International

The increase in International gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was primarily attributable to the following:


•	a $6.7 million favorable impact on International gross profit from year-over-year changes in foreign exchange rates for the three months ended June 30, 2018; and


•	our ongoing efforts to de-emphasize lower margin product offerings in our Goods category and to reduce our shipping and fulfillment costs.

For the three months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $4.3 million unfavorable impact on gross profit as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. That unfavorable impact primarily reflected $2.6 million related to the change in the timing of recognition of variable consideration from unredeemed vouchers and $1.8 million related to customer credits issued for relationship purposes, which are classified as a reduction of revenue under Topic 606. Our international segment continues to primarily use pay-on redemption terms with merchants and the impact of the change to recognizing variable consideration at the time of sale under Topic 606 could be favorable or unfavorable from period to period for that segment based on seasonal revenue levels, particularly in our Local category, and changes in redemption rates. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting Topic 606 and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
Gross profit:
Service	$	536,074	$	536,075	$	(1	)	—	%
Product	112,469		101,443		11,026			10.9
Total gross profit	$	648,543	$	637,518	$	11,025		1.7

The effect on gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2018 from changes in exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar was as follows (in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	At Avg. Q2 2017 Rates ⁽¹⁾		Exchange Rate Effect ⁽²⁾		As Reported
Gross profit	$	629,384	$	19,159	$	648,543


(1)	Represents the financial statement balances that would have resulted had exchange rates in the reporting period been the same as those in effect in the prior year period.


(2)	Represents the increase or decrease in the reported amount resulting from changes in exchange rates from those in effect in the prior year period.

Gross Profit by Segment

Gross profit by category and segment for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
North America
Service gross profit:
Local	$	332,041	$	348,951	$	(16,910	)	(4.8	)%
Goods	6,931		4,514		2,417			53.5
Travel	32,305		32,920		(615		)	(1.9	)
Product gross profit - Goods	67,774		68,412		(638		)	(0.9	)
Total North America gross profit	439,051		454,797		(15,746		)	(3.5	)

International
Service gross profit:
Local	137,575		121,497		16,078			13.2
Goods	7,652		8,161		(509		)	(6.2	)
Travel	19,570		20,032		(462		)	(2.3	)
Product gross profit - Goods	44,695		33,031		11,664			35.3
Total International gross profit	209,492		182,721		26,771			14.7
Total gross profit	$	648,543	$	637,518	$	11,025		1.7

The percentages of gross profit by segment for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:



Q2 2018 YTD		Q2 2017 YTD



	North America			International

North America

The decrease in North America gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2018 reflects a $16.9 million decrease in gross billings from our Local category, which was attributable to the decrease in revenue, as discussed above.

Gross profit from product revenue transactions in our Goods category decreased by 0.9%, as compared to the 25.0% decrease in revenue from those transactions. That difference was attributable to higher gross margins on product revenue transactions, which were 19.3% for the six months ended June 30, 2018 as compared to 14.6% in

the prior year period. The margin improvement resulted from our ongoing efforts to de-emphasize lower margin product offerings and reduce our shipping and fulfillment costs.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018, there was an $11.1 million favorable impact on gross profit as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. That favorable impact included $8.4 million related to the change in the timing of recognition of variable consideration from unredeemed vouchers and $2.6 million related to the change in the timing of recognition of revenue from hotel reservation offerings. The favorable impact from recognizing revenue from hotel reservation offerings at the time of booking was primarily driven by seasonal travel patterns and we do not expect a significant impact from that change for the full year 2018. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting Topic 606 and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

International

The increase in International gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was primarily attributable to the following:


•	a $19.1 million favorable impact on International gross profit from year-over-year changes in foreign exchange rates for the six months ended June 30, 2018; and


•	our ongoing efforts to de-emphasize lower margin product offerings in our Goods category and to reduce our shipping and fulfillment costs.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $2.0 million unfavorable impact on gross profit as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. That unfavorable impact primarily reflected $2.9 million related to customer credits issued for relationship purposes, which are classified as a reduction of revenue under Topic 606. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting Topic 606 and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

Marketing

Marketing expense consists primarily of online marketing costs, such as search engine marketing, advertising on social networking sites and affiliate programs, and offline marketing costs, such as television and radio advertising. Additionally, compensation expense for marketing employees is classified within marketing expense. We record these costs within Marketing on the condensed consolidated statements of operations when incurred. From time to time, we offer deals with well-known national merchants for customer acquisition and activation purposes, for which the amount we owe the merchant for each voucher sold exceeds the transaction price paid by the customer. Our gross billings from those transactions generate no service revenue and our net cost (i.e., the excess of the amount owed to the merchant over the amount paid by the customer) is classified as marketing expense. We evaluate marketing expense as a percentage of gross profit because it gives us an indication of how well our marketing spend is driving gross profit growth.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Marketing expense by segment as a percentage of gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018		% of Gross Profit		2017		% of Gross Profit		$ Change			% Change
Marketing:
North America	$	66,402	30.3	%	$	78,461	33.6	%	$	(12,059	)	(15.4	)%
International	27,776		26.6		22,197		23.6		5,579			25.1
Total marketing	$	94,178	29.1		$	100,658	30.7		$	(6,480	)	(6.4	)

Marketing by Segment

The percentages of marketing expense by segment for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:



Q2 2018		Q2 2017



	North America			International

North America

North America segment marketing expense for the three months ended June 30, 2018 decreased from the prior year period, which was primarily attributable to a decrease in offline and mobile marketing spend. Marketing expense as a percentage of gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2018 decreased from the prior year period because we shifted a greater proportion of our global marketing spend to our International segment in the current year period.

International

International segment marketing expense and marketing expense as a percentage of gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2018 increased from the prior year period, which was primarily attributable to a $2.0 million unfavorable impact from year-over-year changes in foreign exchange rates and our ongoing strategic initiative to increase our marketing activities to drive customer growth.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Marketing expense by segment as a percentage of gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		% of Gross Profit		2017		% of Gross Profit		$ Change			% Change
Marketing:
North America	$	137,853	31.4	%	$	142,004	31.2	%	$	(4,151	)	(2.9	)%
International	55,481		26.5		44,996		24.6		10,485			23.3
Total marketing	$	193,334	29.8		$	187,000	29.3		$	6,334		3.4

Marketing by Segment

The percentages of marketing expense by segment for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:



Q2 2018 YTD		Q2 2017 YTD



	North America			International

North America

North America segment marketing expense for the six months ended June 30, 2018 decreased from the prior year period, which was primarily attributable to a decrease in offline marketing spend. Marketing expense as a percentage of gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was substantially consistent with the prior year period.

International

International segment marketing expense and marketing expense as a percentage of gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased from the prior year period, which was primarily attributable to a $5.5 million unfavorable impact from year-over-year changes in foreign exchange rates and our ongoing strategic initiative to increase our marketing activities to drive customer growth.

Selling, General, and Administrative

Selling expenses reported within Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") on the condensed consolidated statements of operations consist of sales commissions and other compensation expenses for sales representatives, as well as costs associated with supporting the sales function such as technology, telecommunications and travel. General and administrative expenses include compensation expense for employees involved in customer service, operations, technology and product development, as well as general corporate functions, such as finance, legal and human resources. Additional costs included in general and administrative include depreciation and amortization, rent, professional fees, litigation costs, travel and entertainment, recruiting, office supplies, maintenance, certain technology costs and other general corporate costs. We evaluate SG&A expense as a percentage of gross profit because it gives us an indication of our operating efficiency.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

SG&A as a percentage of gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018		% of Gross Profit		2017		% of Gross Profit		$ Change		% Change
Selling, general and administrative	$	294,124	90.9	%	$	230,223	70.2	%	$	63,901	27.8	%

The increase in SG&A and SG&A as a percentage of gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2018 as compared to the prior year period was attributable to a $75.0 million charge related to a patent litigation case with IBM as a result of an adverse jury verdict in July 2018. Although Groupon cannot predict the ultimate outcome of this lawsuit, it currently intends to continue vigorously pursuing its position through post-trial motions and appeal. That increase was partially offset by our continued efforts to improve our cost structure, including the following:


•	a $5.7 million decrease in compensation-related costs; and


•	decreases in facilities costs and other general expenses.

There was a $5.2 million unfavorable impact from year-over-year changes in foreign currency exchange rates for the three months ended June 30, 2018.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

SG&A as a percentage of gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		% of Gross Profit		2017		% of Gross Profit		$ Change		% Change
Selling, general and administrative	$	516,185	79.6	%	$	462,281	72.5	%	$	53,904	11.7	%

The increase in SG&A and SG&A as a percentage of gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2018 as compared to the prior year period was attributable to the $75.0 million charge recorded in the second quarter 2018 related to a patent litigation case with IBM. That increase was partially offset by our continued efforts to improve our cost structure, including the following:


•	a $10.1 million decrease in compensation-related costs; and


•	decreases in facilities costs, systems costs, and other general expenses.

There was a $13.9 million unfavorable impact from year-over-year changes in foreign currency exchange rates for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Restructuring Charges

Restructuring charges represent severance and benefit costs for workforce reductions and other exit costs resulting from our restructuring activities. See Note 12, Restructuring, for information about our restructuring plan.

Income (Loss) from Operations

Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Income (loss) from operations by segment for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			$ Change			% Change
Income (loss) from operations
North America	$	(68,524	)	$	(12,033	)	$	(56,491	)	(469.5	)%
International	4,279			4,635			(356		)	(7.7	)
Total income (loss) from operations	$	(64,245	)	$	(7,398	)	$	(56,847	)	(768.4	)

North America

The increase in our loss from operations was attributable to a $14.5 million decrease in gross profit and the $75.0 million charge recorded in the second quarter 2018 related to a patent litigation case with IBM, partially offset by a decrease of $18.1 million in other SG&A costs, including compensation-related and facilities-related costs, a $12.1 million decrease in marketing expense and a $2.8 million decrease in restructuring costs.

Income (loss) from operations includes stock-based compensation of $15.0 million and $20.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

For the three months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $4.7 million favorable impact on income (loss) from operations as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting Topic 606 and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

International

The decrease in our income from operations was primarily attributable to a $7.0 million increase in SG&A and a $5.6 million increase in marketing expense, partially offset by a $10.1 million increase in gross profit and a $2.1 million decrease in restructuring costs.

Income (loss) from operations includes stock-based compensation of $1.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

For the three months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $2.7 million unfavorable impact on income (loss) from operations as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting Topic 606 and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Income (loss) from operations by segment for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			$ Change			% Change
Income (loss) from operations
North America	$	(70,384	)	$	(26,816	)	$	(43,568	)	(162.5	)%
International	9,524			7,738			1,786			23.1
Total income (loss) from operations	$	(60,860	)	$	(19,078	)	$	(41,782	)	(219.0	)

North America

The increase in our loss from operations was attributable to a $15.7 million decrease in gross profit and the $75.0 million charge recorded in the second quarter 2018 related to a patent litigation case with IBM, partially offset by a decrease of $38.2 million in other SG&A costs, including compensation-related and facilities-related costs, a $4.2 million decrease in marketing expense and a $4.7 million decrease in restructuring costs.

Income (loss) from operations includes stock-based compensation of $32.9 million and $38.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $9.9 million favorable impact on income (loss) from operations as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting Topic 606 and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

International

The improvement in our income from operations was primarily attributable to a $26.8 million increase in gross profit and a $2.7 million decrease in restructuring costs, partially offset by a $17.2 million increase in SG&A and a $10.5 million increase in marketing expense.

Income (loss) from operations includes stock-based compensation of $2.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018, there was a $0.4 million favorable impact on income (loss) from operations as a result of adopting Topic 606 as compared to previous accounting guidance. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information on the impact of adopting Topic 606 and its related amendments on the Company's accounting policies.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net includes interest income, interest expense, gains and losses on fair value option investments, impairments of investments and foreign currency gains and losses, primarily resulting from intercompany balances with our subsidiaries that are denominated in foreign currencies.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Other income (expense), net for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017		$ Change			% Change
Other income (expense), net	$	(26,457	)	$	5,878	$	(32,335	)	(550.1	)%

Other income (expense), net for the three months ended June 30, 2018 primarily consisted of the following:


•	$12.5 million in foreign currency losses, which primarily resulted from intercompany balances with our subsidiaries that are denominated in foreign currencies. The foreign currency losses on those intercompany balances were primarily driven by the decline of the Euro against the U.S. dollar from an exchange rate of 1.2321 on March 31, 2018 to 1.1683 on June 30, 2018;


•	$9.2 million of impairments of minority investments. See Note 6, Investments, for additional information;


•	$5.2 million of interest expense; and


•	$3.0 million of losses on our fair value option investments. See Note 6, Investments, for additional information.

Those items were partially offset by $1.8 million in interest income and a $1.7 million gain on an embedded derivative related to an available-for-sale security.

Other income (expense), net for the three months ended June 30, 2017 primarily consisted of $10.8 million in foreign currency gains, partially offset by $4.9 million of interest expense.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Other income (expense), net for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017		$ Change			% Change
Other income (expense), net	$	(34,972	)	$	1,276	$	(36,248	)	(2,840.8	)%

Other income (expense), net for the six months ended June 30, 2018 primarily consisted of the following:


•	$11.1 million in foreign currency losses, which primarily resulted from intercompany balances with our subsidiaries that are denominated in foreign currencies. The foreign currency losses on those intercompany balances were primarily driven by the decline of the Euro against the U.S. dollar from an exchange rate of 1.1996 on December 31, 2017 to 1.1683 on June 30, 2018;


•	$10.7 million of interest expense;


•	$10.0 million of impairments of minority investments. See Note 6, Investments, for additional information; and


•	$8.1 million of losses on our fair value option investments. See Note 6, Investments, for additional information.

Those items were partially offset by $3.3 million in interest income and a $1.7 million gain on an embedded derivative related to an available-for-sale security.

Other income (expense), net for the six months ended June 30, 2017 primarily consisted of $10.9 million in foreign currency gains, partially offset by $10.3 million of interest expense.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Provision (benefit) for income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			$ Change			% Change
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	$	1,552		$	3,883		$	(2,331	)	(60.0	)%
Effective tax rate	(1.7		)%	(255.5		)%

The Company's U.S. Federal income tax rate is 21% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and was 35% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017. The primary factor impacting the effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was the pretax losses incurred in jurisdictions that have valuation allowances against their net deferred tax assets. We expect that our consolidated effective tax rate in future periods will continue to differ significantly from the U.S. federal income tax rate as a result of our tax obligations in jurisdictions with profits and valuation allowances in jurisdictions with losses.

We are currently undergoing income tax audits in multiple jurisdictions. It is likely that the examination phase of some of those audits will conclude in the next 12 months. There are many factors, including factors outside of our control, which influence the progress of and completion of those audits. During the fourth quarter 2017, we received an income tax assessment and a notification of proposed assessment from the tax authorities in two foreign jurisdictions, totaling $134.5 million in the aggregate. We believe that the assessments, which primarily relate to transfer pricing on transactions occurring from 2011 to 2014, are without merit and we intend to vigorously defend ourselves in those matters. In addition to any potential increases in our liabilities for uncertain tax positions from the ultimate resolution of those assessments, we believe that it is reasonably possible that reductions of up to $40.6 million in unrecognized tax benefits may occur within the 12 months following June 30, 2018 upon closing of income tax audits or the expiration of applicable statutes of limitations.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Jobs Act") was signed into law on December 22, 2017. In general, it is our practice and intention to reinvest the earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries in those operations. Additionally, while we do not expect to incur the deemed repatriation tax established by the Jobs Act, an actual repatriation from our non-U.S. subsidiaries could be subject to foreign and U.S. state income taxes. Aside from limited exceptions for which the related deferred tax liabilities recognized as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are immaterial, we do not intend to distribute earnings of foreign subsidiaries for which we have an excess of the financial reporting basis over the tax basis of our investments and therefore have not recorded any deferred taxes related to such amounts. The actual tax cost resulting from a distribution would depend on income tax laws and circumstances at the time of distribution.

On July 24, 2018, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals issued an opinion in Altera Corp. v. Commissioner requiring related parties in an intercompany cost-sharing arrangement to share expenses related to stock-based compensation. This opinion reversed an earlier decision of the United States Tax Court. We are currently evaluating the impact of that opinion; however, we currently do not expect that it will have a material impact on our provision for income taxes for the year ending December 31, 2018 due to the valuation allowances against our net deferred tax assets in the related jurisdictions.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

Provision (benefit) for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			$ Change			% Change
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	$	(783	)	$	8,470		$	(9,253	)	(109.2	)%
Effective tax rate	0.8		%	(47.6		)%

Our U.S. Federal income tax rate is 21%. The primary factor impacting the effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was the pretax losses incurred in jurisdictions that have valuation allowances against their net deferred tax assets. The effective tax rate for six months ended June 30, 2018 also reflected a $6.4 million income tax benefit resulting from the impact of adopting Topic 606 on intercompany activity in certain foreign jurisdictions.

Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operations

From November 2016 through March 2017, we exited our operations in 11 non-core countries and their results have been presented as discontinued operations. See Note 3, Discontinued Operations and Other Business Dispositions, for additional information about the dispositions and see Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies, for information about indemnification obligations related to discontinued operations.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to financial results reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we have provided the following non-GAAP financial measures: Adjusted EBITDA, free cash flow and foreign currency exchange rate neutral operating results. Those non-GAAP financial measures, which are presented on a continuing operations basis, are intended to aid investors in better understanding our current financial performance and prospects for the future as seen through the eyes of management. We believe that those non-GAAP financial measures facilitate comparisons with our historical results and with the results of peer companies who present similar measures (although other companies may define non-GAAP measures differently than we define them, even when similar terms are used to identify such measures). However, those non-GAAP financial measures are not intended to be a substitute for those reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP performance measure that we define as net income (loss) from continuing operations excluding income taxes, interest and other non-operating items, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, acquisition-related expense (benefit), net and other special charges and credits, including items that are unusual in nature or infrequently occurring. Our definition of Adjusted EBITDA may differ from similar measures used by other companies, even when similar terms are used to identify such measures. Adjusted EBITDA is a key measure used by our management and Board of Directors to evaluate operating performance, generate future operating plans and make strategic decisions for the allocation of capital. Accordingly, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and Board of Directors. However, Adjusted EBITDA is not intended to be a substitute for income (loss) from continuing operations.

We exclude stock-based compensation expense and depreciation and amortization because they are primarily non-cash in nature and we believe that non-GAAP financial measures excluding those items provide meaningful supplemental information about our operating performance and liquidity. Acquisition-related expense (benefit), net is comprised of the change in the fair value of contingent consideration arrangements and external transaction costs related to business combinations, primarily consisting of legal and advisory fees. The composition of our contingent consideration arrangements and the impact of those arrangements on our operating results vary over time based on a number of factors, including the terms of our business combinations and the timing of those transactions. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, special charges and credits included charges related to our restructuring plan. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, special charges and credits also included the $75.0 million charge recorded in the second quarter 2018 related to a patent litigation case with IBM. We exclude special charges and credits from Adjusted EBITDA because we believe that excluding those items provides meaningful supplemental information about our core operating performance and facilitates comparisons with our historical results.

The following is a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, Income (loss) from continuing operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	(92,254	)	$	(5,403	)	$	(95,049	)	$	(26,272	)
Adjustments:
Stock-based compensation ⁽¹⁾	16,266			21,392			35,544			41,042
Depreciation and amortization	28,954			34,679			58,615			68,746
Acquisition-related expense (benefit), net	655			36			655			48
Restructuring charges	(399		)	4,584			(116		)	7,315
IBM patent litigation	75,000			—			75,000			—
Other (income) expense, net	26,457			(5,878		)	34,972			(1,276		)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	1,552			3,883			(783		)	8,470
Total adjustments	148,485			58,696			203,887			124,345
Adjusted EBITDA	$	56,231		$	53,293		$	108,838		$	98,073


(1)	Represents stock-based compensation expense recorded within Selling, general and administrative, Cost of revenue and Marketing. Other income (expense), net includes $0.05 million and $0.05 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Other income (expense), net includes $0.1 million and $0.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Free cash flow. Free cash flow is a non-GAAP liquidity measure that comprises net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations less purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software from continuing operations. We use free cash flow to conduct and evaluate our business because, although it is similar to cash flow from continuing operations, we believe that it typically represents a more useful measure of cash flows because purchases of fixed assets, software developed for internal use and website development costs are necessary components of our ongoing operations. Free cash flow is not intended to represent the total increase or decrease in our cash balance for the applicable period.

Free cash flow has limitations due to the fact that it does not represent the residual cash flow available for discretionary expenditures. For example, free cash flow does not include cash payments for business acquisitions. In addition, free cash flow reflects the impact of the timing difference between when we are paid by customers and when we pay merchants and suppliers. Therefore, we believe it is important to view free cash flow as a complement to our entire condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. For a reconciliation of free cash flow to the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, see Liquidity and Capital Resources below.

Foreign currency exchange rate neutral operating results. Foreign currency exchange rate neutral operating results show current period operating results as if foreign currency exchange rates had remained the same as those in effect in the prior year period. Those measures are intended to facilitate comparisons to our historical performance. For a reconciliation of foreign currency exchange rate neutral operating results to the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures, see Results of Operations above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations, cash balances, which totaled $662.9 million as of June 30, 2018, and available borrowing capacity under our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.

Our net cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities from continuing operations for three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities ⁽¹⁾	$	44,175		$	(19,390	)	$	(75,572	)	$	(157,476	)
Investing activities	(75,714		)	(13,782		)	(96,096		)	(27,802		)
Financing activities	(18,729		)	(47,924		)	(39,628		)	(93,650		)

(1)

Prior period net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations has been updated from negative $20.7 million and negative $156.9 million previously reported for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively, to reflect the adoption of ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Standards, for additional information on the adoption of ASU 2016-18.

Free cash flow is a non-GAAP liquidity measure that comprises net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations, less purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software from continuing operations. Our free cash flow for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and reconciliations to the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities from continuing operations, for those periods are as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities from continuing operations ⁽¹⁾	$	44,175		$	(19,390	)	$	(75,572	)	$	(157,476	)
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software from continuing operations	(17,373		)	(15,385		)	(37,517		)	(29,461		)
Free cash flow ⁽¹⁾	$	26,802		$	(34,775	)	$	(113,089	)	$	(186,937	)

(1)

Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations and free cash flow have been updated from negative $20.7 million and negative $36.1 million previously reported, respectively, for the three months ended June 30, 2017, and from negative $156.9 million and negative $186.4 million previously reported, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2017 to reflect the adoption of ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Standards, for additional information on the adoption of ASU 2016-18.

Our revenue-generating transactions are primarily structured such that we collect cash up-front from customers and pay third-party merchants at a later date, either based on a fixed payment schedule or upon the customer's redemption of the related voucher. For merchants on fixed payment terms, we remit payments on an ongoing basis, generally bi-weekly, throughout the term of the merchant's offering. For purchases of merchandise inventory, our supplier payment terms generally range from net 30 to net 60 days. We have primarily paid merchants on fixed payment terms in North America and upon voucher redemption internationally. In the third quarter of 2017, we began to increase our use of redemption payment terms with our North America merchants as well and we expect that trend to continue.

Our cash balances fluctuate significantly throughout the year based on many variables, including gross billings growth rates, the timing of payments to merchants and suppliers, seasonality and the mix of transactions between Goods and Local. For example, we typically generate strong cash inflows during the fourth quarter holiday season, driven primarily by our Goods category, followed by significant cash outflows in the following period when payments are made to inventory suppliers. We are currently developing and testing voucherless offerings that are linked to customer credit cards, which we refer to as Groupon+. For Groupon+ deals, we offer cash back on customers' credit card statements based on qualifying purchases with participating merchants. For those offerings, we typically remit payment to a card brand network within two weeks of the qualifying purchase for the customer's cash back incentive and then we collect from the merchant both our commission and reimbursement for the customer's cash back incentive, usually on a monthly basis. The working capital impact of Groupon+ offerings is less favorable to us than voucher transactions, for which we collect payment from customers at the time of sale and remit payment to merchants at a later date. As such, we expect that our cash flows will initially be adversely impacted to the extent that Groupon+ offerings begin to scale in future periods.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018, our net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations was $75.6 million, as compared to our $95.0 million net loss from continuing operations. That difference was primarily attributable to $111.6 million of non-cash items, including depreciation and amortization and stock-based compensation,

partially offset by a $92.1 million net decrease from changes in working capital and other assets and liabilities. The working capital impact was primarily related to the seasonal timing of payments to inventory suppliers.

For the six months ended June 30, 2017, our net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations was $157.5 million, as compared to a $26.3 million net loss from continuing operations. That difference was primarily due to a $248.2 million decrease from changes in working capital and other assets and liabilities. The working capital impact was primarily related to the seasonal timing of payments to inventory suppliers and payments related to our restructuring activities. The difference between our net cash provided by operating activities and our net income from continuing operations due to changes in working capital was partially offset by $117.0 million of non-cash items, including depreciation and amortization and stock-based compensation.

Our net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations was $96.1 million and $27.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, our net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations included $37.5 million and $29.5 million, respectively, in purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software.

Our net cash used in financing activities was $39.6 million and $93.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, net cash used in financing activities included $17.2 million in payments of capital lease obligations and $16.1 million in taxes paid related to net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, net cash used in financing activities included $51.5 million in purchases of treasury stock under our share repurchase program, $16.7 million in payments of capital lease obligations and $15.4 million in taxes paid related to net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards.

Our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement provides for aggregate principal borrowings of up to $250.0 million and matures in July 2019. As of June 30, 2018, we had no borrowings under our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and were in compliance with all covenants. See Note 8, Financing Arrangements, for additional information.

As of June 30, 2018, we had $259.5 million in cash held by our international subsidiaries, which is primarily denominated in Euros, British Pounds Sterling, Canadian dollars, and, to a lesser extent, Australian dollars and Japanese yen. In general, it is our practice and intention to re-invest the earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries in those operations. We have not, nor do we anticipate the need to, repatriate funds to the United States to satisfy domestic liquidity needs arising in the ordinary course of business.

In May 2018, the Board of Directors authorized us to repurchase up to $300.0 million of our common stock under a new share repurchase program. The Company's prior share repurchase program expired in April 2018. Upon its expiration, up to $135.2 million of our common stock remained available for purchase under that prior share repurchase program. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock. The timing and amount of share repurchases, if any, will be determined based on market conditions, limitations under our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, share price and other factors, and the program may be terminated at any time. Repurchases will be made in compliance with SEC rules and other legal requirements and may be made, in part, under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, which permits share repurchases when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so.

Our cash and cash equivalents and cash flows generated from our operations may be used to fund strategic investments, business acquisitions, working capital needs, investments in technology, marketing, share repurchases and litigation-related payments, including any payments related to the IBM patent litigation matter. Additionally, we have the ability to borrow funds under our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. We could also seek to raise additional financing, if available on terms that we believe are favorable, to increase the amount of liquid funds that we can access for acquisitions, share repurchases or other strategic investment opportunities. Although we can provide no assurances, we believe that our cash and cash equivalents balance and cash generated from operations and available borrowings under our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement should be sufficient to meet our working capital requirements and capital expenditures for at least the next twelve months.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Our contractual obligations and commitments as of June 30, 2018 did not materially change from the amounts set forth in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K, except as disclosed in Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of June 30, 2018.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and classifications of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent liabilities. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based upon our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2017, as amended. In addition, refer to the critical accounting policies and estimates under Part II, Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, as amended.

The changes to our revenue recognition policies upon the adoption of Topic 606 on January 1, 2018 represents a material change to our critical accounting policies and estimates during the six months ended June 30, 2018. See Note 2, Adoption of New Accounting Standards, and Note 11, Revenue Recognition, for additional information related to our revised revenue recognition policies.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). This ASU will require the recognition of lease assets and liabilities for operating leases with terms of more than 12 months, in addition to the capital lease assets and liabilities currently recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. Presentation of leases within the consolidated statements of operations and cash flows will be substantially consistent with current accounting guidance. The ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods. We are continuing to evaluate the impact of the ASU and expect that it will have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheets. See Note 10, Commitments and Contingencies, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2017, as amended, and Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies, in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for information about our lease commitments.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) - Measurement of Credit Losses of Financial Instruments. This ASU requires entities to measure credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will be required to recognize credit losses through an allowance for credit losses. The ASU will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those annual periods. While we are still assessing the impact of ASU 2016-13, we currently believe that the adoption of this guidance will not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This ASU eliminates Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test and requires a goodwill impairment to be measured as the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of its goodwill. The ASU is effective for annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. We believe that the adoption of this guidance will not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. This ASU expands the scope of Topic 718 to make the guidance to share-based payment awards to nonemployees consistent with the guidance for share-based payment awards to employees. The ASU will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those annual periods. We believe that the adoption of this guidance will not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

There are no other accounting standards that have been issued but not yet adopted that are expected to have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial position or results of operations.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We have operations both within the United States and internationally, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business, including the effect of foreign currency fluctuations, interest rate changes and inflation. Information relating to quantitative and qualitative disclosures about those market risks is set forth below.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

We transact business in various foreign currencies other than the U.S. dollar, principally the euro, British pound sterling, Canadian dollar and Australian dollar, which exposes us to foreign currency risk. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we derived approximately 38.4% and 37.8%, respectively, of our revenue from our International segment. Revenue and related expenses generated from our international operations are generally denominated in the local currencies of the corresponding countries. The functional currencies of our subsidiaries that either operate or support those markets are generally the same as the corresponding local currencies. However, the results of operations of, and certain of our intercompany balances associated with, our international operations are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Upon consolidation, as exchange rates vary, our revenue and other operating results may differ materially from expectations, and we may record significant gains or losses on the re-measurement of intercompany balances.

We assess our foreign currency exchange risk based on hypothetical changes in rates utilizing a sensitivity analysis that measures the potential impact on working capital based on a 10% change (increase and decrease) in currency rates. We use a current market pricing model to assess the changes in the value of the U.S. dollar on foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities. The primary assumption used in this model is a hypothetical 10% weakening or strengthening of the U.S. dollar against those currency exposures as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

As of June 30, 2018, our net working capital deficit (defined as current assets less current liabilities) from subsidiaries that are subject to foreign currency translation risk was $2.4 million. The potential increase in this working capital deficit from a hypothetical 10% adverse change in quoted foreign currency exchange rates would be $0.2 million. This compares to a $21.5 million working capital deficit subject to foreign currency exposure as of December 31, 2017, for which a 10% adverse change would have resulted in a potential increase in this working capital deficit of $2.2 million.

Interest Rate Risk

Our cash balance as of June 30, 2018 consists of bank deposits, so exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates is limited. In April 2016, we issued convertible notes with an aggregate principal amount of $250.0 million (see Note 8, Financing Arrangements). The convertible notes bear interest at a fixed rate, so we have no financial statement impact from changes in interest rates. However, changes in market interest rates impact the fair value of the convertible notes along with other variables such as our credit spreads and the market price and volatility of our common stock. In June 2016, we entered into the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement that provides for aggregate principal borrowings of up to $250.0 million. As of June 30, 2018, there were no borrowings outstanding under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. Because the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement bears interest at a variable rate, we are exposed to market risk relating to changes in interest rates if we borrow under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. We also have $36.8 million of capital lease obligations and $10.2 million of investments in convertible debt securities issued by nonpublic entities that are classified as available-for-sale. We do not believe that the interest rate risk on the long-term capital lease obligations and investments is significant.

Impact of Inflation

We believe that our results of operations are not materially impacted by moderate changes in the inflation rate. Inflation and changing prices did not have a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that, as of June 30, 2018, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

For a description of our material pending legal proceedings, please see Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies, to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, as amended, and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

During the three months ended June 30, 2018, we did not issue any unregistered equity securities.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On May 7, 2018, the Board authorized us to repurchase up to $300.0 million of our common stock under a new share repurchase program. The Company's prior share repurchase program expired in April 2018. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock. The timing and amount of any share repurchases, if any, will be determined based on market conditions, limitations under the amended and restated credit agreement, share price and other factors, and the program may be terminated at any time. We will fund the repurchases, if any, through cash on hand, future cash flows and borrowings under our credit facility. Repurchases will be made in compliance with SEC rules and other legal requirements and may be made in part under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, which permits stock repurchases when the Company might otherwise be precluded from doing so. See Note 10, Stockholders' Equity and Compensation Arrangements, for discussion regarding our share repurchase program.

The following table provides information about purchases of shares of our common stock during the three months ended June 30, 2018 related to shares withheld upon vesting of restricted stock units for minimum tax withholding obligations:



Date	Total Number of Shares Purchased ⁽¹⁾	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under Program
April 1-30, 2018	265,788	$	4.29	—	—
May 1-31, 2018	184,591	4.58		—	—
June 1-30, 2018	700,880	4.51		—	—
Total	1,151,259	$	4.47	—	—


(1)	Total number of shares delivered to us by employees to satisfy the mandatory tax withholding requirement upon vesting of stock-based compensation awards.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS



Exhibit Number		Description
31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1		Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS		XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on this 3rd day of August 2018.



GROUPON, INC.
By:	/s/ Michael Randolfi
	Name:	Michael Randolfi
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer

Groupon - 10-Q quarterly report FY2018 Q2

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