Table of Contents
st
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the quarterly period
ended September 30, 2025
OR
☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the transition period from _______ to _______
Commission File Number 0-21719
Steel Dynamics, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Indiana
35-1929476
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
7575 West Jefferson Blvd, Fort Wayne, IN
46804
(Address of principal executive offices)
(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (260) 969-3500
Not Applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report.)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.
Title of each class
Trading Symbol
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock voting, $0.0025 par value
STLD
NASDAQ Global Select Market
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧ No ◻
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧ No ◻
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ⌧
Accelerated filer ◻
Non-accelerated filer ◻
Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No⌧
As of October 22, 2025, Registrant had 146,034,859 outstanding shares of common stock.
STEEL DYNAMICS, INC.
PART I. Financial Information
Item 1.
Financial Statements:
Page
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 (unaudited) and December 31, 2024
1
Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited)
2
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited)
3
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited)
4
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
5
Item 2.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
15
Item 3.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
24
Item 4.
Controls and Procedures
PART II. Other Information
Legal Proceedings
25
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Mine Safety Disclosures
Item 5.
Other Information
Item 6.
Exhibits
26
Exhibit Index
Signature
27
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share data)
September 30,
December 31,
2025
2024
Assets
(unaudited)
Current assets
Cash and equivalents
$
770,356
589,464
Short-term investments
-
147,811
Accounts receivable, net
1,697,298
1,362,969
Accounts receivable-related parties
64,663
54,230
Inventories
3,195,660
3,113,733
Other current assets
351,428
163,131
Total current assets
6,079,405
5,431,338
Property, plant and equipment, net
8,493,550
8,117,988
Intangible assets, net
206,549
227,234
Goodwill
477,471
Other assets
708,055
681,202
Total assets
15,965,030
14,935,233
Liabilities and Equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable
1,201,459
972,645
Accounts payable-related parties
13,306
7,267
Income taxes payable
3,088
3,783
Accrued payroll and benefits
302,245
373,216
Accrued expenses
435,199
366,682
Current maturities of long-term debt
1,429
426,990
Total current liabilities
1,956,726
2,150,583
Long-term debt
3,781,026
2,804,017
Deferred income taxes
1,105,134
902,186
Other liabilities
151,819
133,201
Total liabilities
6,994,705
5,989,987
Commitments and contingencies
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
141,226
171,212
Equity
Common stock voting, $0.0025 par value; 900,000,000 shares authorized;
268,417,974 and 268,377,165 shares issued; and 146,156,096 and 151,117,153
shares outstanding, as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively
652
Treasury stock, at cost; 122,261,878 and 117,260,012 shares,
as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively
(7,743,046)
(7,094,266)
Additional paid-in capital
1,243,261
1,229,819
Retained earnings
15,495,603
14,798,082
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(1,328)
Total Steel Dynamics, Inc. equity
8,995,142
8,934,287
Noncontrolling interests
(166,043)
(160,253)
Total equity
8,829,099
8,774,034
Total liabilities and equity
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except per share data)
Three-Month Periods Ended
Nine-Month Periods Ended
Net sales
Unrelated parties
4,651,398
4,162,651
13,233,695
13,103,464
Related parties
176,817
178,964
528,838
564,788
Total net sales
4,828,215
4,341,615
13,762,533
13,668,252
Costs of goods sold
4,070,335
3,736,398
11,899,641
11,307,400
Gross profit
757,880
605,217
1,862,892
2,360,852
Selling, general and administrative expenses
200,844
167,692
580,662
487,215
Profit sharing
42,389
34,444
95,790
145,149
Amortization of intangible assets
6,890
7,644
20,684
22,953
Operating income
507,757
395,437
1,165,756
1,705,535
Interest expense, net of capitalized interest
13,573
17,071
43,085
41,768
Other (income) expense, net
(19,662)
(29,659)
(59,695)
(75,151)
Income before income taxes
513,846
408,025
1,182,366
1,738,918
Income tax expense
109,920
87,131
259,570
398,834
Net income
403,926
320,894
922,796
1,340,084
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
(241)
(3,092)
(3,234)
(10,243)
Net income attributable to Steel Dynamics, Inc.
403,685
317,802
919,562
1,329,841
Basic earnings per share attributable to Steel
Dynamics, Inc. stockholders
2.75
2.06
6.19
8.50
Weighted average common shares outstanding
146,947
154,061
148,532
156,528
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Steel
Dynamics, Inc. stockholders, including the effect
of assumed conversions when dilutive
2.74
2.05
6.17
8.46
Weighted average common shares and share equivalents outstanding
147,600
154,810
149,123
157,248
Dividends declared per share
0.50
0.46
1.50
1.38
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands)
Other comprehensive income (loss) - net unrealized income gain (loss)
on cash flow hedging derivatives, net of income tax expense (benefit)
of ($805) and $314 for the three months ended, and ($426) and ($276)
for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
(2,506)
983
(866)
Comprehensive income
401,420
321,877
921,468
1,339,218
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests
Comprehensive income attributable to Steel Dynamics, Inc.
401,179
318,785
918,234
1,328,975
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
Operating activities:
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by
operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization
138,487
121,052
405,108
353,357
Equity-based compensation
14,238
12,828
45,341
41,453
147,570
14,832
202,948
(1,615)
Other adjustments
(7,986)
(10,523)
(13,071)
1,779
Changes in certain assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable
(60,985)
210,435
(344,762)
43,350
64,501
28,169
(85,106)
(151,501)
(34,551)
(11,851)
(58,877)
(22,054)
(4,817)
(13,852)
238,516
(11,604)
Income taxes receivable/payable
(65,070)
(12,971)
(104,965)
7,017
127,295
100,840
(31,106)
(102,635)
Net cash provided by operating activities
722,608
759,853
1,176,822
1,497,631
Investing activities:
Purchases of property, plant and equipment
(165,692)
(621,355)
(759,529)
(1,414,831)
Purchases of short-term investments
(430,826)
(39,571)
(699,879)
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments
39,571
204,543
186,996
775,851
Other investing activities
5,593
(4,357)
7,121
(15,656)
Net cash used in investing activities
(120,528)
(851,995)
(604,983)
(1,354,515)
Financing activities:
Issuance of current and long-term debt
407,965
1,185,657
2,298,186
2,145,538
Repayment of current and long-term debt
(408,291)
(527,977)
(1,743,423)
(1,531,969)
Dividends paid
(73,894)
(71,584)
(218,098)
(212,216)
Purchases of treasury stock
(210,388)
(309,901)
(660,574)
(917,024)
Other financing activities
(5,056)
1,177
(67,243)
(13,153)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
(289,664)
277,372
(391,152)
(528,824)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
312,416
185,230
180,687
(385,708)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period
463,281
835,526
595,010
1,406,464
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period
775,697
1,020,756
Supplemental disclosure information:
Cash paid for interest
25,645
9,102
88,859
59,466
Cash paid for income taxes, net
22,192
81,742
150,662
383,455
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Note 1. Description of the Business and Significant Accounting Policies
Description of the Business
Steel Dynamics, Inc. (SDI), together with its subsidiaries (the company), is one of the largest and most diversified domestic steel producers and metals recycler, combined with a meaningful steel fabrication manufacturing platform. The company has four reporting segments: steel operations, metals recycling operations, steel fabrication operations, and aluminum operations. Effective the fourth quarter 2024, results from an entity previously reported within the metals recycling operations segment were moved to the aluminum operations segment, consistent with a change in how the company’s chief operating decision maker manages the business. Segment information provided within this Form 10-Q, including within Note 8. Segment Information, has been recast for all prior periods consistent with the current reportable segment presentation.
Steel Operations Segment. Steel operations include the company’s electric arc furnace (EAF) steel mills, including Butler Flat Roll Division, Columbus Flat Roll Division, Southwest-Sinton Flat Roll Division, Structural and Rail Division, Engineered Bar Products Division, Roanoke Bar Division, and Steel of West Virginia; steel coating and processing operations at The Techs, Heartland Flat Roll Division, United Steel Supply, and Vulcan Threaded Products, Inc.; warehouse operations in Mexico; and a 75% controlling equity interest in SDI Biocarbon Solutions, LLC.
Metals Recycling Operations Segment. Metals recycling operations include the company’s OmniSource ferrous and nonferrous processing, transportation, marketing, brokerage, and scrap management services throughout the United States (US), and in Central and Northern Mexico.
Steel Fabrication Operations Segment. Steel fabrication operations include the company’s New Millennium Building Systems’ joist and deck plants located throughout the US, and in Northern Mexico. Revenues from these plants are generated from the fabrication of girders, steel joists and steel deck used within the non-residential construction industry.
Aluminum Operations Segment. Aluminum operations include the company’s recycled aluminum flat rolled products mill nearing completion of construction in Columbus, Mississippi, two satellite recycled aluminum slab centers in the southwest United States and Central Mexico, and an ancillary recycled aluminum deox-rod facility, formerly included in the results of the metals recycling operations segment. The flat rolled products mill is a joint venture with Unity Aluminum, Inc. of which SDI has a 94.4% equity interest.
Other. Other operations consist of subsidiary operations that are below the company’s quantitative thresholds required for reportable segments and primarily consist of certain joint ventures and the company’s idled Minnesota ironmaking operations. Also included in “Other” are certain unallocated corporate accounts, such as the company’s senior unsecured credit facility, senior notes, certain other investments and certain profit sharing expenses.
Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of SDI, together with its wholly- and majority-owned or controlled subsidiaries, after elimination of intercompany accounts and transactions. Noncontrolling and redeemable noncontrolling interests represent the noncontrolling owners’ proportionate share in the equity, income, or losses of the company’s majority-owned or controlled consolidated subsidiaries. Redeemable noncontrolling interests related to USS (owned 95% and 90% by SDI at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) are $30.0 million and $60.0 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Redeemable noncontrolling interests related to Mesabi Nugget (owned 86% by SDI) are $111.2 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.
Note 1. Description of the Business and Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
On April 1, 2025, a noncontrolling member of USS exercised its option to require SDI to purchase its 5% equity interest, increasing SDI’s ownership to 95%. The remaining noncontrolling member has the option to require SDI to purchase, and SDI has the option to acquire, the remaining 5% equity interest of USS.
Use of Estimates
These consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, and accordingly, include amounts that require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and in the notes thereto. Actual results may differ from these estimates and assumptions.
In the opinion of management, these financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the interim period results. These consolidated financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Correction of an Immaterial Prior Period Error
During the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recorded a cumulative adjustment related to the write-off of consumable assets within its Steel Operations. The adjustment resulted in an increase to cost of sales and a decrease to supplies inventory of $32.3 million. The Company evaluated the impact of this correction under the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99, “Materiality”, (“SAB 99”) and SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 108, “Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements when Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements,” (“SAB 108”) from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives and concluded that it was not material to the previously reported annual and interim financial statements and is not expected to be material to the current annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
Cash and cash equivalents include all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at the date of acquisition. Restricted cash is primarily funds held in escrow as required by various insurance and government organizations. The balance of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the consolidated statements of cash flows includes restricted cash of $5.3 million at September 30, 2025, $5.2 million at June 30, 2025, $5.5 million at December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024, and $5.6 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, which are recorded in Other Assets (noncurrent) in the company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Short-Term Investments
Short-term investments include investments with maturity dates of longer than three months but less than one year when purchased. The company’s short-term investments are classified as trading securities. Interest income from invested cash and short-term investments was $6.8 million and $25.1 million for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $27.0 million and $72.0 million for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively and is recorded in other (income) expense, net as earned.
6
The company’s goodwill consisted of the following at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
Steel Operations Segment
272,133
Aluminum Operations Segment
14,000
Metals Recycling Operations Segment
189,413
Steel Fabrication Operations Segment
1,925
Credit Losses
The company is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonpayment of accounts receivable by customers. The company mitigates its exposure to credit risk, which it generally extends on an unsecured basis, by performing ongoing credit evaluations and taking further action if necessary, such as requiring letters of credit or other security interests to support the customer receivable. The allowance for credit losses for accounts receivable is based on the company’s reasonable estimate of known credit risks and historical experience, adjusted for current and anticipated economic and other pertinent factors affecting the company’s customers, that may differ from historical experience. Customer accounts receivable are written off when all collection efforts have been exhausted and the amounts are deemed uncollectible.
At September 30, 2025, the company reported $1,762.0 million of accounts receivable, net of allowances for credit losses of $5.5 million. Changes in the allowance were not material for each of the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The company routinely enters into exchange traded futures contracts to manage price risk associated with nonferrous metal inventory, as well as purchases and sales of nonferrous (primarily aluminum and copper) and ferrous metals, to reduce exposure to commodity related price fluctuations. These exchange traded futures contracts meet the definition of derivative financial instruments. The company does not enter into these derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. The company recognizes all derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets and measures those instruments at fair value. Derivatives that are not designated as cash flow hedges must be adjusted to fair value through earnings. For the effective fair value hedges, the hedged item is recognized on the balance sheet at fair value. Changes in the fair value of the hedged balance sheet item are recognized as an offset against the change in fair value of the derivative in cost of goods sold. Changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges are recognized in other comprehensive income, until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. The ineffective portion of a derivative’s change in fair value is immediately recognized in earnings for fair value hedges.
The company offsets fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments executed with the same counterparty under master netting agreements. The fair value of the Company’s derivative instruments and required margin deposit amounts totaled $38.0 million and $26.0 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and are reflected in other current assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Total gains and losses related to derivatives in fair value hedging relationships, as well as those not designated as hedging instruments, are recognized in costs of goods sold and were insignificant for each of the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedges, for which gains and losses are recognized in other comprehensive income, along with net amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income, were insignificant for each of the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
7
Recently Issued Not Yet Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which modifies the rules on income tax disclosures to require entities to disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation, the income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit (separated between domestic and foreign) and income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations (separated by federal, state and foreign). ASU 2023-09 also requires entities to disclose their income tax payments to international, federal, state and local jurisdictions, among other changes. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. ASU 2023-09 is to be applied on a prospective basis, but retrospective application is permitted. The company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this new guidance on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, requiring public entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements on an interim and annual basis. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this new guidance on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Note 2. Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share is based on the weighted average shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share assumes the weighted average dilutive effect of common share equivalents outstanding during the period applied to the company’s basic earnings per share. Common share equivalents represent potentially dilutive restricted stock units, deferred stock units, restricted stock, and performance awards, and are excluded from the computation in periods in which they have an anti-dilutive effect. There were 62,000 anti-dilutive common share equivalents for the three-month period ended March 31, 2025 excluded from common share equivalents for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025. There were no anti-dilutive common share equivalents as of or for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 or the three-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
Three-Month Periods Ended September 30,
Weighted
Average
Net Income
Shares
Per Share
(Numerator)
(Denominator)
Amount
Basic earnings per share
Dilutive common share equivalents
653
749
Diluted earnings per share
Nine-Month Periods Ended September 30,
591
720
8
Note 3. Long Term Debt
Senior Unsecured Notes
In March 2025, the company issued $600.0 million of 5.250% notes due May 15, 2035 (2035 Notes) and $400.0 million of 5.750% notes due May 15, 2055 (2055 Notes, and together with the 2035 Notes, Notes). The net proceeds of $972 million, after expenses and the underwriting discount, from these notes are intended to be used for general corporate purposes, which included the repayment at maturity of the company’s $400.0 million 2.400% notes due June 2025, and may include working capital, capital expenditures, advances for or investments in the company’s subsidiaries, acquisitions, redemption and repayment of other outstanding indebtedness, and purchases of the company’s common stock.
The Notes are in equal right of payment with all existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness and are senior in right of payment to all subordinated indebtedness. Early redemption of the 2035 Notes is permitted any time prior to February 15, 2035, at the greater of par or a make-whole price of the remaining payments to be made discounted at the applicable U.S. Treasury rate plus 0.20%, and on or after February 15, 2035, at 100.000%. Early redemption of the 2055 Notes is permitted any time prior to November 15, 2054, at the greater of par or a make-whole price of the remaining payments to be made discounted at the applicable U.S. Treasury rate plus 0.25%, and on or after November 15, 2054, at 100.000%.
Financing Activity
The company’s $400.0 million of 2.400% senior notes due June 2025 were paid at maturity.
Note 4. Inventories
Inventories are stated at lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using a weighted average cost method for raw materials (including scrap and purchased steel substrate) and supplies, and on a first-in, first-out basis for other inventory. Inventory consisted of the following (in thousands):
Raw materials
1,430,372
1,323,920
Supplies
809,833
805,035
Work in progress
372,263
269,031
Finished goods
583,192
715,747
Total inventories
9
Note 5. Changes in Equity
The following tables provide a reconciliation of the beginning and ending carrying amounts of total equity, equity attributable to stockholders of Steel Dynamics, Inc., and equity and redeemable amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests for each of the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands).
Stockholders of Steel Dynamics, Inc.
Accumulated
Additional
Other
Redeemable
Common
Treasury
Paid-In
Retained
Comprehensive
Noncontrolling
Total
Stock
Capital
Earnings
Income (Loss)
Interests
Balances at December 31, 2024
Dividends declared
(74,690)
Noncontrolling investors, net
(2,303)
Share repurchases
(250,138)
9,809
(11,584)
(125)
(1,900)
217,151
528
217,679
Balances at March 31, 2025
(7,334,595)
1,218,235
14,940,418
(162,028)
8,662,682
(1,665)
(29,986)
(200,048)
1,937
11,574
(131)
13,380
298,726
2,465
301,191
Other comprehensive income, net of tax
1,178
Balances at June 30, 2025
(7,532,706)
1,229,809
15,165,119
(161,228)
8,702,824
(73,078)
48
13,452
(123)
13,377
241
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
Balances at September 30, 2025
Balances at December 31, 2023
651
(5,897,606)
1,217,610
13,545,590
421
(198,351)
8,668,315
(72,624)
(969)
(298,059)
13,391
(20,434)
(139)
(7,182)
584,041
3,459
587,500
(434)
Balances at March 31, 2024
(6,182,274)
1,197,176
14,056,868
(13)
(195,861)
8,876,547
10,398
(309,064)
1,969
10,595
(134)
12,430
427,998
3,692
431,690
(1,415)
Balances at June 30, 2024
(6,489,369)
1,207,771
14,413,148
(1,428)
(181,771)
8,949,002
(70,400)
5,265
51
12,318
(124)
12,245
3,092
Balances at September 30, 2024
(6,799,219)
1,220,089
14,660,426
(445)
(173,414)
8,908,088
10
Note 6. Fair Value Measurements
Accounting standards provide a comprehensive framework for measuring fair value, sets forth a definition of fair value and establishes a hierarchy prioritizing the inputs to valuation techniques, giving the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable value inputs. Levels within the hierarchy are defined as follows:
The following table sets forth financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated balance sheets and the respective levels to which the fair value measurements are classified within the fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
Quoted Prices
Significant
in Active
Markets for
Observable
Unobservable
Identical Assets
Inputs
(Level 1)
(Level 2)
(Level 3)
September 30, 2025
Commodity futures – financial assets
15,310
Commodity futures – financial liabilities
33,957
December 31, 2024
19,323
6,272
The carrying amounts of financial instruments including cash equivalents approximate fair value (Level 1). The fair values of short-term investments and commodity futures contracts are estimated using quoted market prices, estimates obtained from brokers, and other appropriate valuation techniques based on references available (Level 2). The fair value of long-term debt, including current maturities, as determined by quoted market prices (Level 2), was approximately $3.7 billion and $3.0 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively (with a corresponding carrying amount in the consolidated balance sheet of $3.8 billion and $3.2 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively).
Note 7. Commitments and Contingencies
The company is involved in various litigation matters, including administrative and regulatory proceedings, that arise in the ordinary course of business, none of which are expected to have a material impact on the company’s financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.
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Note 8. Segment Information
The company’s chief operating decision maker (CODM), who is the Chief Executive Officer, analyzes the results of the business through the following reportable segments: steel operations, metals recycling operations, steel fabrication operations, and aluminum operations. The segment operations are more fully described in Note 1. Description of the Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements. In the fourth quarter 2024, results from an entity previously reported within the metals recycling operations segment were moved to the aluminum operations segment, consistent with a change in how the CODM manages the business. Segment information provided within this Form 10-Q has been recast for all prior periods presented consistent with the current reportable segment presentation.
The CODM assesses segment performance and allocates resources primarily based on operating income. The CODM uses operating income to allocate operating and capital resources and assesses performance of each segment by comparing actual operating income results to historical and previously forecasted financial information. The accounting policies of the reportable segments are consistent with those described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. Intra-segment sales and any related profits are eliminated in consolidation.
The company’s segment results, with prior periods recast consistent with our current reportable segments presentation, including disaggregated revenue by segment to external, external non-United States, and other segment customers, are as follows (in thousands):
Metals
Steel
For the three-month period ended
Recycling
Fabrication
Aluminum
Operations
Other (a)
Eliminations
Consolidated
Net sales - disaggregated revenue
External
3,380,992
361,107
376,869
71,139
316,942
4,507,049
External Non-United States
157,052
159,879
814
3,421
321,166
Other segments
112,812
613,141
576
33,305
400
(760,234)
3,650,856
1,134,127
378,259
104,444
320,763
Less:
Cost of goods sold
3,095,740
1,076,364
244,038
106,899
308,130
(760,836)
Other segment items (b)
58,324
26,230
27,201
54,055
84,684
(371)
250,123
Operating income (loss)
496,792
31,533
107,020
(56,510)
(72,051)
973
101,913
16,471
3,415
3,229
13,459
Capital expenditures
76,113
30,858
4,061
65,774
17,371
(28,485)
165,692
Total Assets
8,795,670
1,465,519
677,757
3,659,662
4,494,314
(c)
(3,127,892)
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Note 8. Segment Information (Continued)
September 30, 2024
2,745,491
327,814
446,663
66,842
402,290
3,989,100
171,530
170,802
602
138
9,443
352,515
106,987
531,061
2,538
16,229
(656,815)
3,024,008
1,029,677
449,803
83,209
411,733
2,665,655
992,761
259,109
79,505
400,442
(661,074)
57,099
30,782
25,102
25,722
71,445
(370)
209,780
301,254
6,134
165,592
(22,018)
(60,154)
4,629
91,114
17,989
2,829
1,882
7,238
121,037
17,226
5,379
477,261
20,518
(20,066)
621,355
For the nine-month period ended
9,440,009
1,108,509
1,069,333
203,347
1,020,233
12,841,431
440,602
470,093
1,305
921,102
308,804
1,790,185
756
95,311
1,265
(2,196,321)
10,189,415
3,368,787
1,071,394
298,658
1,030,600
8,912,032
3,210,057
676,768
286,219
1,003,384
(2,188,819)
170,635
80,197
77,746
138,311
231,359
(1,112)
697,136
1,106,748
78,533
316,880
(125,872)
(204,143)
(6,390)
298,220
47,322
9,621
8,716
41,229
244,192
84,911
12,588
484,899
29,084
(96,145)
759,529
13
8,817,086
982,324
1,365,549
195,952
1,149,613
12,510,524
598,404
540,729
1,727
2,496
14,372
1,157,728
371,008
1,657,993
8,026
38,721
(2,075,748)
9,786,498
3,181,046
1,375,302
237,169
1,163,985
8,212,465
3,039,962
778,129
219,742
1,135,513
(2,078,411)
163,228
99,359
72,501
60,862
260,433
(1,066)
655,317
1,410,805
41,725
524,672
(43,435)
(231,961)
3,729
266,118
53,454
8,288
4,841
20,656
348,532
62,284
18,524
989,859
38,462
(42,830)
1,414,831
(a) Amounts included in Other are from subsidiary operations that are below the quantitative thresholds required for reportable segments and primarily consist of joint ventures and the idled Minnesota ironmaking operations. Also included are certain unallocated corporate accounts, such as the company's senior unsecured credit facility, senior notes, certain other investments, amortization of intangible assets and certain profit sharing expenses.
(b) Other segment items for each reportable operating segment include selling, general, and administrative expenses including payroll & benefit expenses and professional service expenses. For the Aluminum Operations segment, other segment items largely consist of construction, start-up, and commissioning costs recorded in selling, general, and administrative expenses. Other segment items within Other include selling, general, and administrative expenses such as payroll & benefit expenses, companywide equity-based compensation expenses, and professional service expenses, as well as company-wide profit sharing expense and amortization of intangible assets.
(c) Asset amounts included in Other consist of assets held by subsidiary operations that are below the quantitative thresholds required for reportable segments and the company's corporate assets. Corporate assets primarily consist of cash, short-term and other investments, and intra-company debt.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Forward-Looking Statements
This report contains some predictive statements about future events, including statements related to conditions in domestic or global economies, conditions in steel, aluminum, and recycled metals market places, Steel Dynamics' revenues, costs of purchased materials, future profitability and earnings, and the operation of new, existing or planned facilities. These statements, which we generally precede or accompany by such typical conditional words as "anticipate", "intend", "believe", "estimate", "plan", "seek", "project", or "expect", or by the words "may", "will", or "should", are intended to be made as "forward-looking", subject to many risks and uncertainties, within the safe harbor protections of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements speak only as of this date and are based upon information and assumptions, which we consider reasonable as of this date, concerning our businesses and the environments in which they operate. Such predictive statements are not guarantees of future performance, and we undertake no duty to update or revise any such statements. Some factors that could cause such forward-looking statements to turn out differently than anticipated include: (1) domestic and global economic factors; (2) global steelmaking overcapacity and imports of steel, together with increased scrap prices; (3) pandemics, epidemics, widespread illness or other health issues; (4) the cyclical nature of the steel industry and the industries we serve; (5) volatility and major fluctuations in prices and availability of scrap metal, scrap substitutes and supplies, and our potential inability to pass higher costs on to our customers; (6) cost and availability of electricity, natural gas, oil, and other energy resources are subject to volatile market conditions; (7) increased environmental, greenhouse gas emissions and sustainability considerations from our customers and investors or related regulations; (8) compliance with and changes in environmental and remediation requirements; (9) significant price and other forms of competition from other steel and aluminum producers, scrap processors and alternative materials; (10) availability of an adequate source of supply of scrap for our metals recycling operations; (11) cybersecurity threats and risks to the security of our sensitive data and information technology; (12) the implementation of our growth strategy; (13) our ability to retain, develop and attract key personnel; (14) litigation and legal compliance; (15) unexpected equipment downtime or shutdowns; (16) governmental agencies may refuse to grant or renew some of our licenses and permits; (17) our senior unsecured credit facility contains, and any future financing agreements may contain, restrictive covenants that may limit our flexibility; and (18) the impacts of impairment charges.
More specifically, we refer you to our more detailed explanation of these and other factors and risks that may cause such predictive statements to turn out differently, as set forth in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K under the headings Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors for the year ended December 31, 2024, in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, or in other reports which we from time to time file with the Securities and Exchange Commission. These reports are available publicly on the Securities and Exchange Commission website, www.sec.gov, and on our website, www.steeldynamics.com under “Investors – SEC Filings.”
We are one of the largest domestic steel producers and metals recyclers in the United States, based on estimated steelmaking and steel coating capacity of approximately 16 million tons and actual metals recycling volumes, with one of the most diversified product and end market portfolios in the domestic steel industry, combined with meaningful downstream steel fabrication operations. We are currently continuing with commissioning and startup of our aluminum operations to further diversify our end markets with plans to supply aluminum flat rolled products with high recycled content to the countercyclical sustainable beverage can industry, in addition to the automotive and industrial sectors. Our primary sources of revenue are currently from the manufacture and sale of steel products, the processing and sale of recycled ferrous and nonferrous metals, and the fabrication and sale of steel joists and deck products.
Operating Statement Classifications
Net Sales. Net sales from our operations are a factor of volumes shipped, product mix, and related pricing. We charge premium prices for certain grades of steel, product dimensions, certain smaller volumes, and for value-added processing or coating of our steel products. Except for the steel fabrication operations, we recognize revenues from sales and the allowance for estimated returns and claims from these sales at the point in time control of the product transfers to the customer, upon shipment or delivery. Our steel fabrication operations recognize revenues over time based on completed fabricated tons to date as a percentage of total tons required for each contract.
Costs of Goods Sold. Our costs of goods sold represent all direct and indirect costs associated with the manufacture of our products. The principal elements of these costs are scrap and scrap substitutes (which represent the most significant single component of our consolidated costs of goods sold), steel substrate, direct and indirect labor and related benefits, alloys, zinc, transportation and freight, repairs and maintenance, utilities such as electricity and natural gas, and depreciation.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of all costs associated with our sales, finance and accounting, and administrative departments, including, among other items, labor and related benefits, and professional services.
Companywide profit sharing and amortization of intangible assets are each separately presented in the statements of income.
Interest Expense, net of Capitalized Interest. Interest expense consists of interest associated with our senior credit facilities and other debt, net of interest costs that are required to be capitalized during the construction period of certain capital investment projects.
Other (Income) Expense, net. Other income consists of interest income earned on our temporary cash deposits, short-term and other investments, and any other non-operating income activity, including income from investments in unconsolidated affiliates accounted for under the equity method. Other expense consists of any non-operating costs, such as certain acquisition and financing expenses.
Results Overview
In the third quarter of 2025 we achieved record quarterly steel shipments of 3.6 million tons. Our metals recycling operations benefitted from higher domestic steel industry demand, while our steel fabrication segment continued to experience consistently strong order activity as realized average selling prices declined slightly.
Consolidated operating income increased $112.3 million, or 28%, to $507.8 million for the third quarter of 2025, compared to the third quarter of 2024 as steel and metals recycling operations metal spreads expanded. Third quarter 2025 net income attributable to Steel Dynamics, Inc. increased $85.9 million, or 27%, to $403.7 million, compared to the third quarter of 2024, consistent with increased operating income.
Consolidated operating income decreased $539.8 million, or 32%, to $1.2 billion for the first nine months of 2025, compared to the first nine months of 2024. First nine months 2025 net income attributable to Steel Dynamics, Inc. decreased $410.3 million, or 31%, to $919.6 million, compared to the first nine months of 2024, consistent with decreased operating income.
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Segment Operating Results 2025 vs. 2024 (dollars in thousands)
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
% Change
Net sales:
21%
4%
10%
6%
(16)%
(22)%
26%
(11)%
5,588,449
4,998,430
15,958,854
15,744,000
Intra-company
11%
1%
Operating income (loss):
65%
414%
88%
(35)%
(40)%
(157)%
(190)%
(20)%
12%
506,784
390,808
1,172,146
1,701,806
28%
(32)%
Steel operations include our EAF steel mills, including Butler Flat Roll Division, Columbus Flat Roll Division, Southwest-Sinton Flat Roll Division, Structural and Rail Division, Engineered Bar Products Division, Roanoke Bar Division, and Steel of West Virginia; steel coating and processing operations at The Techs, Heartland Flat Roll Division, United Steel Supply, and Vulcan Threaded Products, Inc.; warehouse operations in Mexico; and a 75% controlling equity interest in SDI Biocarbon Solutions, LLC. Steel operations accounted for 73% and 67% of our consolidated net sales during the three-month periods ending September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively, and 72% and 69% during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Steel Operations Segment Shipments (tons):
Total shipments
3,613,330
14%
3,181,377
10,444,667
8%
9,640,171
Intra-segment shipments
(348,469)
(320,674)
(1,038,297)
(1,001,795)
Steel Operations Segment shipments
3,264,861
2,860,703
9,406,370
9%
8,638,376
External shipments
3,162,805
15%
2,754,853
9,123,456
8,311,539
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Steel Operations Segment Results 2025 vs. 2024
During the third quarter of 2025, our steel operations achieved record shipments of 3.6 million tons (3.3 million excluding intra-segment) as imports declined from the elevated levels seen earlier in the year. We continue to observe some hesitancy from customers due to trade uncertainties, despite several encouraging demand drivers—such as manufacturing onshoring, infrastructure program funding, lower interest rates, and the increasing regionalization of supply chains in the US. Third quarter 2025 total steel segment average selling prices increased 6%, or $61 per ton, compared to the third quarter of 2024, while segment shipments increased 14%. Net sales for the steel operations in the third quarter of 2025 increased 21% compared to the same period in 2024, due to the increased segment shipments, coupled with increased average selling prices. Net sales for the steel operations increased 4% in the first nine months of 2025 when compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to increased segment shipments offsetting decreased average selling prices, particularly in the first quarter of 2025.
Metallic raw materials used in our electric arc furnaces represent our single most significant steel manufacturing cost, generally comprising approximately 55% to 65% of our steel mill operations’ manufacturing costs. Our metallic raw material cost per net ton consumed in our steel mills increased $14 per ton, or 4%, in the third quarter of 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, consistent with overall increased domestic ferrous scrap pricing noted below in the Metals Recycling Operations segment discussion. In the first nine months of 2025, our metallic raw material cost per ton was flat compared to the same period in 2024.
In the third quarter of 2025, as a result of average selling prices rising more than scrap costs, metal spread (which we define as the difference between average steel mill selling prices and the cost of ferrous scrap consumed in our steel mills) increased 7% compared to the third quarter of 2024. As a result of this metal spread expansion, operating income for the steel operations increased 65%, to $496.8 million, in the third quarter of 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. First nine months 2025 operating income decreased 22%, to $1.1 billion, compared to the first nine months of 2024 due primarily to a 7% decrease in metal spread, as average selling prices decreased more than scrap costs despite higher shipment volume.
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Metals recycling operations include our OmniSource ferrous and nonferrous processing, transportation, marketing, brokerage, and scrap management services throughout the United States and in Central and Northern Mexico. Our steel mills utilize a large portion of the ferrous scrap sold by our metals recycling operations as raw material in our steelmaking operations, and the remainder is sold to other consumers, such as other steel manufacturers and foundries. In the third quarters of 2025 and 2024, 66% and 63%, respectively, of metals recycling operations ferrous scrap was sold to our own steel mills, while our steel mill utilization was 88% and 80% in the third quarters of 2025 and 2024, respectively. Metals recycling operations accounted for 11% and 12% of our consolidated net sales during the three-month periods ending September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively, and 12% and 11% during the nine-month periods ending September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.
Metals Recycling Operations Segment Shipments:
Ferrous metal (gross tons)
1,590,153
1,461,810
4,639,168
5%
4,429,523
Inter-company
(1,052,133)
(924,728)
(2,998,508)
(2,764,348)
538,020
0%
537,082
1,640,660
(1)%
1,665,175
Nonferrous metals (thousands of pounds)
242,842
241,292
721,499
(2)%
739,057
(53,799)
(44,556)
(142,780)
(137,720)
189,043
(4)%
196,736
578,719
601,337
Metals Recycling Operations Segment Results 2025 vs. 2024
During the third quarter of 2025, our metals recycling operations benefitted from increased domestic steel mill utilization, resulting in near record quarterly ferrous shipments. Ferrous scrap shipments increased 9% compared to the same period in 2024 while nonferrous shipments increased 1%. Ferrous scrap average selling prices increased 6% during the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024, while nonferrous scrap prices increased 3%, resulting in an overall 10% increase in segment net sales. Ferrous metal spreads (which we define as the difference between average selling prices and the cost of purchased scrap) increased 3% during the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024, and nonferrous metal spreads increased 74%, particularly due to copper. As a result of the increased metals spreads, particularly within nonferrous, metals recycling operations operating income increased 414% to $31.5 million in the third quarter of 2025 compared to the third quarter of 2024.
Net sales for our metals recycling operations in the first nine months of 2025 increased 6% compared to the same period in 2024, driven by increased ferrous volumes and increased selling prices for both ferrous and nonferrous metals. Ferrous scrap average selling prices increased 2% during the first nine months of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024, while nonferrous average selling prices increased 7%. Ferrous shipments increased 5% and nonferrous shipments decreased 2% in the first nine months of 2025 compared to the first nine months of 2024. Ferrous metal spreads were flat, while nonferrous metal spreads increased 32% in the first nine months of 2025 compared to the first nine months of 2024. As a result of the combination of these volume and metal spread changes, metals recycling operations operating income in the first nine months of 2025 of $78.5 million increased 88% from the first nine months of 2024.
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Net sales for our metals recycling operations in the first nine months of 2025 increased 6% compared to the same period in 2024, driven by increased ferrous volumes and increased selling prices for both ferrous and nonferrous metals. Ferrous scrap average selling prices increased 2% during the first nine months of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024, while nonferrous average selling prices increased 7%. Ferrous shipments increased 5% and nonferrous shipments decreased 2% in the first nine months of 2025 compared to the first nine months of 2024. Ferrous metal spreads were flat, while nonferrous metal spreads increased 32% in the first nine months of 2025 compared to the first nine months of 2024. As a result of the combination of these volume and metal spread changes, metals recycling operations operating income in the first nine months of 2025 of $78.5 million increased 88% from the first nine months of 2024.Net sales for our metals recycling operations in the first nine months of 2025 increased 6% compared to the same period in 2024, driven by increased ferrous volumes and increased selling prices for both ferrous and nonferrous metals. Ferrous scrap average selling prices increased 2% during the first nine months of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024, while nonferrous average selling prices increased 7%. Ferrous shipments increased 5% and nonferrous shipments decreased 2% in the first nine months of 2025 compared to the first nine months of 2024. Ferrous metal spreads were flat, while nonferrous metal spreads increased 32% in the first nine months of 2025 compared to the first nine months of 2024. As a result of the combination of these volume and metal spread changes, metals recycling operations operating income in the first nine months of 2025 of $78.5 million increased 88% from the first nine months of 2024.
Steel fabrication operations include our New Millennium Building Systems’ joist and deck plants located throughout the United States, and in Northern Mexico. Revenues from these plants are generated from the fabrication of girders, steel joists and steel deck used within the non-residential construction industry. Steel fabrication operations accounted for 8% of our consolidated net sales during the three-month and nine-month periods ending September 30, 2025, and 10% during the three-month and nine-month periods ending September 30, 2024.
Steel Fabrication Operations Segment Results 2025 vs. 2024
Net sales for the steel fabrication operations decreased 16% during the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024, as average selling prices decreased $341 per ton, or 12%, and volume decreased 4% from the third quarter of 2024. While demand remained historically strong, the third quarter of 2025 sales volumes were down compared to the third quarter of 2024, with continued declining selling prices, as industry average selling prices continue to move toward pre-pandemic levels. Our steel fabrication operations continue to benefit from the solid non-residential construction market, continued onshoring of manufacturing, and the U.S. infrastructure program, as evidenced by an order backlog that extends through the first quarter of 2026. Net sales for the segment decreased 22% during the first nine months of 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, as volume decreased 8%, and average selling prices decreased 15%.
The purchase of various steel products is the largest single cost of production for our steel fabrication operations, historically representing approximately two-thirds of the total cost of manufacturing. The average cost per ton of steel consumed decreased 4% in the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Metal spread (which we define as the difference between average selling prices and the cost of purchased steel) contracted 17% in the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Metal spread compression coupled with decreased volume resulted in operating income decreasing 35% to $107.0 million in the third quarter 2025, compared to $165.6 million in the same period in 2024. For the first nine months of 2025, operating income decreased 40% to $316.9 million compared to the first nine months of 2024, as a result of an 18% decrease in metal spread, coupled with decreased volumes.
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Aluminum operations include our recycled aluminum flat rolled products mill nearing completion of construction in Columbus, Mississippi, two satellite recycled aluminum slab centers in the southwest United States and Central Mexico, and an ancillary recycled aluminum deox-rod facility, formerly included in the results of our metals recycling operations segment. We successfully produced and sold our first aluminum coils late in the second quarter of 2025, and we expect volume to steadily increase as we continue to commission and ramp operations. The results of this segment largely consist of construction, start-up, and commissioning costs recorded in selling, general, and administrative expenses, which continued to increase in the third quarter of 2025, consistent with increased headcount and start-up costs.
Other Consolidated Results
Third Quarter Consolidated Results 2025 vs. 2024
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses of $200.8 million during the third quarter of 2025 increased 20% from $167.7 million during the third quarter of 2024 primarily due to an increase in payroll and benefits expense and the ongoing commissioning related to the growth of the aluminum operations segment during 2025. Selling, general and administrative expenses represented 4.2% and 3.9% of net sales during the third quarters of 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Profit sharing expense during the third quarter of 2025 of $42.4 million increased 23% from $34.4 million during the same period in 2024, consistent with increased pretax earnings. This increase in profit sharing expense was the primary driver of increased operating loss for our other operations of 20% in the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Profit sharing expense for eligible employees is 8% of consolidated pretax income excluding noncontrolling interests and other items.
Interest Expense, net of Capitalized Interest. During the third quarter of 2025, net interest expense of $13.6 million decreased 20% from $17.1 million during the third quarter of 2024. This decrease is primarily a result of higher capitalized interest during the third quarter of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 due to ongoing construction and expansion projects, primarily within our aluminum operations.
Other (Income) Expense, net. Net other income was $19.7 million in the third quarter of 2025, compared to $29.7 million in the third quarter of 2024, a decrease of $10.0 million due primarily to decreased interest income due to lower invested cash balances during 2025.
Income Tax Expense. Third quarter 2025 income tax expense of $109.9 million, at an effective income tax rate of 21.4%, increased 26% compared to $87.1 million, also at an effective income tax rate of 21.4%, during the third quarter of 2024, consistent with increased pretax earnings.
First Nine Months Consolidated Results 2025 vs. 2024
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses of $580.7 million during the first nine months of 2025 increased 19% from $487.2 million during the first nine months of 2024 primarily due to an increase in payroll and benefits expense related to the execution of our growth strategy during 2025. Selling, general and administrative expenses represented 4.2% and 3.6% of net sales during the first nine months of 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Profit sharing expense during the first nine months of 2025 of $95.8 million decreased 34% from $145.1 million during the same period in 2024, consistent with decreased pretax earnings. This decrease in profit sharing expense was the primary driver of decreased operating loss for our other operations of 12% in the first nine months of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024.
Interest Expense, net of Capitalized Interest. During the first nine months of 2025, interest expense of $43.1 million increased 3% from $41.8 million during the first nine months of 2024. This increase is primarily a result of
21
higher outstanding long-term debt balances during the first nine months of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 due to our issuance of senior unsecured notes in March 2025.
Other (Income) Expense, net. Net other income was $59.7 million in the first nine months of 2025, compared to $75.2 million in the first nine months of 2024, a decrease of $15.5 million due primarily to the impact of decreased interest income due to lower invested cash balances in the first nine months of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024.
Income Tax Expense. First nine months 2025 income tax expense of $259.6 million, at an effective income tax rate of 22.0%, decreased 35% compared to $398.8 million, at an effective income tax rate of 22.9%, during the first nine months of 2024, consistent with decreased pretax earnings. In July 2025, U.S. Congress enacted the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”), which included significant provisions modifying the U.S. tax framework. These legislative changes did not and are not expected to have a material impact on our third quarter and future effective tax rates, tax liabilities, and cash taxes. As required by ASC 740, Income Taxes, the estimated impact of the OBBBA has been included in our financial results in the third quarter of 2025, the period of enactment.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Capital Resources and Long-term Debt. Our business is capital intensive and requires substantial expenditures for, among other things, the purchase and maintenance of equipment used in our operations, and to remain in compliance with environmental laws. Our short-term and long-term liquidity needs arise primarily from working capital requirements, capital expenditures, including expansion projects, principal and interest payments related to our outstanding indebtedness, dividends to our shareholders, potential stock repurchases and acquisitions or investments. We have met and intend to continue to meet these liquidity requirements primarily with available cash and cash provided by operations, long-term borrowings, and we also have availability under our unsecured Revolver. Our liquidity at September 30, 2025, is as follows (in thousands):
Other investments
245,569
Revolver availability
1,190,640
Total liquidity
2,206,565
Our total outstanding debt of $3.8 billion increased $551.4 million compared to December 31, 2024, due to our issuance of senior unsecured notes in March 2025 as described in Note 3, the proceeds of which may be used for general corporate purposes, which included the repayment at maturity of our $400.0 million 2.400% notes due June 2025, and may include working capital, capital expenditures, advances for or investments in our subsidiaries, acquisitions, redemption and repayment of other outstanding indebtedness, and purchases of our common stock. Our total long-term debt to capitalization ratio (representing our long-term debt, including current maturities, divided by the sum of our long-term debt, redeemable noncontrolling interests, and our total stockholders’ equity) was 29.7% and 26.5% at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
Our unsecured credit agreement has a senior unsecured revolving credit facility (Facility), which provides a $1.2 billion Revolver and matures in July 2028. Subject to certain conditions, we have the ability to increase the Facility size by $500.0 million. The unsecured Revolver is available to fund working capital, capital expenditures, and other general corporate purposes. The Facility contains financial covenants and other covenants pertaining to our ability to incur indebtedness and permit liens on certain assets. Our ability to borrow funds within the terms of the unsecured Revolver is dependent upon our continued compliance with the financial and other covenants. At September 30, 2025, we had $1.2 billion of availability on the Revolver, $9.4 million of outstanding letters of credit and other obligations which reduce availability, and there were no borrowings outstanding.
The financial covenants under our Facility state that we must maintain an interest coverage ratio of not less than 2.50:1.00. Our interest coverage ratio is calculated by dividing our last-twelve-months (LTM) consolidated Adjusted EBITDA as defined in the Facility (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, and certain other non-cash
22
transactions as defined in the Facility) by our LTM gross interest expense, less amortization of financing fees. In addition, a debt to capitalization ratio of not more than 0.60:1.00 must be maintained. At September 30, 2025, our interest coverage ratio and debt to capitalization ratio were 13.50:1.00 and 0.30:1.00, respectively. We were in compliance with these covenants at September 30, 2025, and we anticipate we will continue to be in compliance during the next twelve months.
Working Capital (representing excess of current assets over current liabilities). We generated cash flow from operations of $1.2 billion in the first nine months of 2025 compared to $1.5 billion in the same 2024 period. Working capital increased $841.9 million, or 26%, during the first nine months of 2025 to $4.1 billion at September 30, 2025, due primarily to the issuance of our $600.0 million 5.250% notes due in May 2035 and $400.0 million 5.750% notes due in May 2055, offset by the repayment of our $400.0 million of 2.400% senior notes in June 2025, as well as a $344.8 million dollar increase in accounts receivable consistent with increased steel prices and sales volumes in the third quarter of 2025 compared to the fourth quarter of 2024.
Capital Investments. During the first nine months of 2025, we invested $759.5 million in property, plant and equipment, primarily within our aluminum operations and steel operations segments, compared with $1.4 billion invested during the same period in 2024. We are nearing completion of construction of our recycled aluminum flat rolled products mill with two new supporting satellite recycled aluminum slab centers, which are being funded by available cash and cash flow from operations. Related expenditures began in the third quarter of 2022 and have continued through 2025. Our liquidity of $2.2 billion and anticipated future operating cash flow generation is sufficient to provide for our planned 2025 capital requirements.
Cash Dividends. As a reflection of continued confidence in our current and future cash flow generation capability and financial position, we increased our quarterly cash dividend by 9% to $0.50 per share in the first quarter of 2025 (from $0.46 per share for each quarter in 2024), resulting in declared cash dividends of $221.7 million during the first nine months of 2025, compared to $214.6 million during the same period in 2024. We paid cash dividends of $218.1 million and $212.2 million during the first nine months of 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our board of directors, along with executive management, approves the payment of dividends on a quarterly basis. The determination to pay cash dividends in the future is at the discretion of our board of directors, after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, results of operations, outstanding indebtedness, current and anticipated cash needs and growth plans.
Other. Our board of directors has authorized share repurchase programs during prior years and the current year, the most recent of which occurred in February 2025 for a program of up to $1.5 billion of the company’s common stock. Under the share repurchase programs, purchases take place as and when we determine in open market or private transactions made based upon the market price of our common stock, the nature of other investment opportunities or growth projects, our cash flows from operations, and general economic conditions. The share repurchase programs do not require us to acquire any specific number of shares, and may be modified, suspended, extended, or terminated by us at any time. The share repurchase programs do not have an expiration date. There were $660.6 million and $917.0 million of share repurchases during the first nine months of 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, we had $1.0 billion remaining available to purchase under the February 2025 share repurchase program.
Our ability to meet our debt service obligations and reduce our total debt will depend upon our future performance which, in turn, will depend upon general economic, financial, and business conditions, along with competition, legislation and regulatory factors that are largely beyond our control. In addition, we cannot assure that our operating results, cash flows, access to credit markets and capital resources will be sufficient for repayment of our indebtedness in the future. We believe that based upon current levels of operations and anticipated growth, cash flows from operations, together with other available sources of funds, including borrowings under our Facility, if necessary, will be adequate for the next twelve months for making required payments of principal and interest on our indebtedness, funding working capital requirements, and funding anticipated capital expenditures.
23
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Commodity Risk
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to the market risk and price fluctuations related to the sale of our products and to the purchase of raw materials used in our operations, such as metallic raw materials, electricity, water, natural gas and its transportation services, fuel, air products, zinc, and electrodes. Our risk strategy associated with product sales has generally been to obtain competitive prices for our products and to allow operating results to reflect market price movements dictated by supply and demand.
Our risk strategy associated with the purchase of raw materials utilized within our operations has generally been to make some commitments with suppliers relating to future expected requirements for some commodities such as electricity, water, natural gas and its transportation services, fuel, air products, zinc, and electrodes. Certain of these commitments contain provisions which require us to “take or pay” for specified quantities without regard to actual usage for periods of generally up to 5 years for physical commodity requirements and commodity transportation requirements, with some extending beyond, and for up to 15 years for air products and 27 years for water products. We utilized such “take or pay” requirements during the past three years under these contracts. We believe that production requirements will be such that consumption of the products or services purchased under these commitments will occur in the normal production process.
In our metals recycling, aluminum, and steel operations, we have certain fixed price contracts with various customers and suppliers for future delivery of nonferrous and ferrous metals. Our risk strategy has been to enter into base metal financial contracts with the goal to protect the profit margin, within certain parameters, that was contemplated when we entered into the transaction with the customer or vendor. As of September 30, 2025, substantially all of these financial contracts have a settlement date within the next twelve months. We believe the customer contracts associated with the financial contracts will be fully consummated.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
As required, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act). Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2025, the end of the period covered by this quarterly report, our disclosure controls and procedures were designed to provide and were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
No changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2025, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are involved in various litigation matters, including administrative proceedings, regulatory proceedings, governmental investigations, environmental matters, and commercial and construction contract disputes, none of which are currently expected to have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.
We may also be involved from time to time in various governmental investigations, regulatory proceedings or judicial actions seeking penalties, injunctive relief, and/or remediation under federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations. The United States EPA has conducted such investigations and proceedings involving us, in some instances along with state environmental regulators, under various environmental laws, including RCRA, CERCLA, the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act. Some of these matters have resulted in fines or penalties, exclusive of interest and costs, which did not exceed $1 million in aggregate, as of September 30, 2025.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
No material changes have occurred to the indicated risk factors as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
(c) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
We purchased the following equity securities registered by us pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act during the three-month period ended September 30, 2025.
Period
Total Number of Shares Purchased
Average Price Paid per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs (1)
Maximum Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Programs(in thousands) (1)
Quarter ended September 30, 2025
July 1 - 31
361,680
131.25
1,200,856
August 1 - 31
941,719
126.38
1,083,036
September 1 - 30
321,465
136.56
1,039,579
1,624,864
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
During the three-month period ended September 30, 2025, none of the Company’s directors or executive officers adopted, modified or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as such terms are defined under Item 408 of Regulation S-K.
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
Reference is made to the Exhibit Index preceding the signature page hereto, which Exhibit Index is hereby incorporated into this item.
EXHIBIT INDEX
Articles of Incorporation
3.1
Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Steel Dynamics, Inc., reflecting all amendments thereto through May 11, 2023, incorporated herein by reference from Exhibit 3.1 to our Form 10-Q filed August 8, 2023.
3.2
Amended and Restated Bylaws of Steel Dynamics, Inc., reflecting all amendments thereto through January 31, 2024, incorporated herein by reference from Exhibit 3.2 to our Form 10-K filed February 29, 2024.
Executive Officer Certifications
31.1*
Certification of Chief Executive Officer required by Item 307 of Regulation S-K as promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission and pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*
Certification of Chief Financial Officer required by Item 307 of Regulation S-K as promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission and pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1*
Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2*
Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
XBRL Documents
101.INS*
XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Document
101.DEF*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Definition Document
101.LAB*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Document
101.PRE*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Document
104*
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
*
Filed concurrently herewith
SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
October 24, 2025
By:
/s/ Theresa E. Wagler
Theresa E. Wagler
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)